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Chapter 7 of our textbook “Elementary Principles of Material and

Energy Balances” - Felder, Rousseau

• Earth-atmosphere stable energy (or temperature)

Energy received by earth-atmosphere (from sun) = Energy lost by earth-atmosphere (to space)

• Global warming
Energy received by earth-atmosphere (from sun) > Energy lost by earth-atmosphere (to space)

• Global cooling
Energy received by earth-atmosphere (from sun) < Energy lost by earth-atmosphere (to space)

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Blue: System: Earth+amosphere

In = out = 100 units
Red: System: atmosphere
In = out = 156 units
Yellow: System: earth’s surface
In = out = 145 units

https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/energy

https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?topic=th&chap_sec=01.1&page=theory

Closed System Open System Isolated System

Batch reactor, Planet Earth Automobile, CSTR Universe, Thermos flask

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• Kinetic energy:

• Rate of transport of kinetic energy:

• Gravitational potential energy:

• Rate of transport of gravitional potential energy:

• For closed systems, energy interactions is via

• Heat energy: energy that flows due to temperature difference bet system and surrounding
• Work energy: energy that flows due to movement of system boundary (cylinder-piston)

• Sign convention:

pressbooks.bccampus.ca/thermo1/wp-
content/uploads/sites/499/2021/07/Heat-and-work-to-closed-systems.png

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WL = 0
W=Wf + Ws = 0 + Ws = Ws

for solid / liquid delH = del U

Accumulation = input -output

• Final system energy - initial system energy = net energy transferred to system by heat and work

• First law of thermodynamics for closed systems

• Continuous processes are typically open systems

• Feed, heat coming in continuously; product, by-product, heat going out continuously

• Example: distillation column

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo
s/fractional-distillation

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• Open system: mass as well as energy can cross system boundary

• Most chemical engineering unit operations are continuous and hence open systems (distillation, valves,
HEX)

• Steady-state: No accumulation of energy or mass in system: Mass/energy in = mass/energy out

• In open systems work can be

• Shaft work
• Flow work

www.tec-science.com/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-
processes-in-open-systems/shaft-work-in-open-systems/

system par work -ve

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• Work is needed to push the fluid into or out of the boundaries of a control volume if mass flow is
involved. This work is called the flow work (flow energy).

• Flow work is necessary for maintaining a continuous flow through a control volume

Wfl = F.s = PA.s = PV

• Flow work = work done by the fluid at system outlet － work done on fluid at system inlet

• Total energy of moving fluid, E = Internal energy U + KE + PE

• Net rate of work done by the open system on its surrounding:

• Sometimes the flow work PV can be combined with the internal energy U to give enthalpy

• Hin = Uin + PinVin = internal energy + work done by surrounding to push the fluid into system

• Hout = Uout + PoutVout = internal energy + work done by the fluid at outlet on surrounding

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• Variables that define state of system:

• Temperature
• Pressure
• Specific volume Path 1 Path 2
• Specific Internal Energy
• Specific Enthalpy

• State variables do not depend on the path taken

• Path variables depend on path taken: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/P

hysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Text
• Heat book_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_%28
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry%29
• Work /Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Ther
modynamics/State_vs._Path_Functions

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• For water, reference state is the triple point: 0.01 deg C, 0.0061 bar

• From steam table, internal energy of steam at 400 deg C, 10 bar is

• But this is really the change with respect to the reference state: