Unit: I

MANAGEMENT
OF SPORTING
EVENTS
INTRODUCTION
In our everyday life, we use and manage every item and service according to Similarly,
in sports whether it is on a large scale or small level, proper management plays a very
important role in achieving its set goals. Sports management is m planning, organizing,
appointing, directing, and controlling any sporting event. It is a system doing work
itself and getting the work done by others, which organizes the p Before organizing any
sport or event. we make a good plan, so everyone has an m This can prevent wastage of
time.
Management is necessary to run all types of organizations. It includes organizing,
staffing, directing, and controlling. Several people with different roles are involved in
its execution. Sports event managers are responsible for delivering. They work at every
level to ensure that the event becomes successful

Objectives of Management 
 To keep control over all activities which suggests that planning & control are
connected. 
  it also helps in keeping good control in organizing a tournament. 

 Reduce the chances of mistakes 

 It suggests programs can be conducted with proper coordination

with mistakes rather than focusing on success. 

 To promote innovative ideas. 

 To provide direction towards the goal 
 To reduce undue pressure 
 To provide proper coordination among the committees. 
 To have good control over all the activities.
 To improve efficiency.
 To reduce the chances of mistakes. 
 To increase creativity.
 To enhance sports performance.  
 To protect existing facilities. 
 Provide new facilities to meet demand.  
 Helps in decision-making. 
Functions of Sports Events Management
Sports managers must perform in several functional areas and execute various activities to
fulfilling the demands of their jobs. Some of the functional areas used to describe what managers
do include planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating.

Planning: In sports and sports events planning plays an important role to make the event run smoothly
and effectively. Effective planning should define the aims, goals, and objectives of the event. It should also
explain the procedure or method to achieve the target in a simple and easy-to-understand way. Planning is
also defined as a process that identifies the goals or objectives to be achieved, formulates strategies to
achieve them, arranges or creates the means required, and implements direct and monitors all steps in their
proper sequence.

According to Harren. "Planning is an important procedure to determine excellent personality and sports
demonstration",

Organizing: Organizing sports events play a very important role in school education. On the
one hand, they are important because they help children acquire sport-specific theoretical and
practical knowledge, and develop their motor skills. It also includes distributing resources and
organizing personnel to achieve the goals traditional in planning.

According to Theo Haimann, Organising is the process of defining and grouping t activities of the enterprise
and establishing the authority relationships among them."

Staffing: Staffing is the process of hiring eligible candidates in the organization for specific
positions. Their primary responsibilities include preparing venues and setting up chairs and stages
for events working as ushers and operating cash registers.

According to S. Benjamin. The process involved identifying, placing, evaluating, and directing individuals at
work.

Directing: Directing is the heart of management functions. All other functions of management
such as planning, organizing, and staffing have no importance without directing. It refers to a
process or technique of instructing, guiding, inspiring, counseling, overseeing, and leading people
towards the accomplishment of organizational goals.

According to Ernest Dale. Direction is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their
ability, it includes making assignments with corresponding procedures, seeing that mistakes are corrected

Controlling: Controlling means keeping under control a certain situation, to Inform through
figures on its status, events, and processes, respectively on their causes on influencing factors as
well as on effects and have initiatives so that management can achieve its goals. It involves
establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance, and comparing their
irregularities.

According to Brech, "Controlling is a systematic exercise which is called as a process of checking actual
performance against the standards or plans to ensure adequate progress."
VARIOUS COMMITTEES AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES
(PRE, DURING, POST).

Different committees work together for the smooth conduct of the sports events. The  various
committees are:

 Technical Committee: This committee is responsible for the technical conduct of the Emmis. This
committee selects various officials such as referees, judges,  starters, umpires, timekeepers, etc. 
 Transport Committee; This committee is responsible for providing the facilities for the
transportation of various teams If the venue of sports events. 
 Reception Committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the
Chief Guest and spectators at the opening and closing ceremonies. 
 Boarding and Lodging Committee: This committee is responsible for making  necessary
arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the  sportspersons Abel
other officials, 
 Ground and Equipment Committee: This committee makes necessary arrangements
for equipment related to events. 
 Medical and First Aid Committee: This committee i5 Formed +to  provide
medical assistance. e to participants round the clock 
 Protest Committee: it's a protest against a judgment, and the members of this
committee decide about it. 
 Publicity Committee: All the press releases and press conferences are conflicted by
Who’s a committee. 
 Finance Committee: This committee is assigned to make the budget for the event and
handle the expenses. 
 Refreshment Committee: This committee is formed to profile refreshments for the
participants.

Tournaments: 
A tournament is a competition involving a relatively large number of competitors, all
participating in sports or games. It is a series of contests with several rounds in which
many contestants compete, individually or as a team to decide the winner. In other
words, a tournament is a series of contests in which several contestants compete and
the one that prevails through the final round or that finishes with the best record is
declared the winner.
Tournament: A series of sports competitions, in which, a team finally wins and
the rest of the participating teams lose the matches. It depends on various factors
i.e... - No. of participating teams, availability of grounds and equipment, 
No. of days and funds.  

Importance of tournament 

Source of Recreation; A large number of people go to watch various games and

sports for getting recreation. Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the
spectators. Development of Social Qualities: Social qualities such as cooperation,
tolerance, sympathy, group cohesion, brotherhood, and discipline are developed
among participants through sports tournaments. The sportsman learns discipline by
playing in tournaments. The sportsman meets another sportsman on a single
platform. He learns ethical values such as honesty, fair play, and respect for others.
Tournaments provide recreation to all,  i.e... organizers, spectators, and students. 

Type of tournament:
Knock out: In this type of tournament, the team once defeated, gets
eliminated from the tournament. Only the winning teams contest in the next
rounds. Opportunities are given to the winning players/teams.
League: In a single league tournament all participating teams compete once,
with each other, whereas in a double league, each team plays with every as in
double league, each team plays with every other team twice,  without any
consideration of victory or defeat. 
Combination Tournaments: Combination tournaments are organized in
group or zonal matches. Whenever there is a large number of teams, 
combination tournaments facilitate the Physical Education Teachers, job. It
gives them elbow room to try out new experiments. 
There are mainly four types of combination tournaments: • Knock out
cum Knock out 
1. League cum league 
2. Knock out cum league 
3. League cum Knock out 

Seeding a Team:- The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the stronger
teams do not meet each other in earlier rounds are known as Seeding.  This method is good if we
know the real strong teams. The organizers should find out the really strong teams from the
previous tournaments or old records figure starting a new tournament. 

Bye: Bye is a privilege given to a team, genre by drawing lots, exempting it from plays first round. 
The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, and exempting it from paying a match in
the first round is known as Bye. These are given to a  specific number of teams in the first round.
The number of byes is decided by subtracting the number of teams from the next higher number
which is in the power of two’s. 
Bye Next Higher No-no of Team  

[2n-no of teams] The procedure of giving byes is as follows: 

The first bye is given to the last team of the lower half. The second bye is given to the first team of
the upper half. The third bye is given to the first team of the lower half The fourth bye is given to
the last team of the upper half.  The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described
above.

 Advantages of knock out Tournament:  

 These are Less expensive.
 Helpful in enhancing the standard of sports.
 It requires less time to complete the tournament.
 minimum no. of officials are required. 
 Disadvantages of knock-out tournament: 
 There are many chances of elimination of good teams in preliminary rounds.
 There are many chances for weak teams to enter the final round.
 Spectators may not have enough interest in the final round. 

Methods of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out Tournaments:- 

 Total number of teams participating in the tournament 

 Total number of matches to be played in the tournament
 The formula for calculating several matches=n-1, where n is the
total number of teams participating in the tournament. 
 the Total number of rounds played in the tournament depends upon two
things:-
a) The number of teams playing in the tournament 
b) The higher nearest number from the total number of teams of power of two’s = 

Method of determining the number of teams in the upper half and lower half:- •

 If the number of teams is even, then an equal number of teams will be divided into both
halves i.e...- n/2, where n is the total number of teams. 
 If the number of teams is odd, the following method is applied: Number of
teams in the upper half=(n+1)/2, where n=number of teams. Number of
teams in lower half=(n-1)/2, where n=number of teams 
 The number of bytes in a knock-out tournament is decided by subtracting
the total  number of teams from the next higher nearest number in a power
of two’s 

Q. Draw a knockout fixture of 11 teams? 

No. of teams = 11

Total No. of matches = N-1 = 11-1 = 10

No. of teams in upper half =(N+1)/2 = 11+ 1 = 6

No. of  teams in lower half (N-1)/2 =11 - 1 = 5

Total no. of byes = 16-11=5 byes,

No. of byes in upper half =(NB -1)/2 = (5-1)/2=2 byes
No. of byes in lower half =(NB + 1)/2 = (5+1)/2=3 byes
Total rounds = 4

League tournament:
The league tournament is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of
tournament, all teams play against each other team irrespective of winning or
losing. The number of matches played in a league tournament is calculated by
the following formula: N(N-1)/2 for example, if the number of participating teams
is 9 then there will be 36 matches, then >
9(9-1)/2=36

Double League Tournament: In a double league tournament, every team plays

with every other team twice. The number of matches can be determined with the
help of the following formula The number of matches = N(N-1) Where N stands
for the number of teams participating in a tournament,

for example, if 8 teams are participating in a tournament, the number of matches

to be played will be calculated as follows:

Number of matches = 8(8-1) = 56 matches

Advantages of Round-robin Tournament:[LEAGUE]

 All teams/players play with each other.

 Each player or team has equal chances against all other opponents.
 The element of luck is considerably reduced as compared to a knockout
system since bad performances do not cripple a competitor's chance of
ultimate victory.
 The final rankings of participants are, thus, seen to be more accurate as
they represent the results since it was arrived at over a longer period
against equal competition.
 This can also be used to determine the teams which are the poorest
performers.
Disadvantages of Round-robin Tournament:

 The main disadvantage of a round-robin tournament is that it requires

more time to complete. It is expensive as more matches are to be played.
 It requires greater resources and management efforts.
 Another problem is related to so claimed fairness as the victory is
gradually arrived at through multiple rounds of play and teams who
perform poorly can be eliminated from title contention rather early on, yet
they are forced to play out their remaining games.
 Some later matches may pair one competitor who has something left to
play for against another who does not. This asymmetry means that playing
the same opponents is not necessarily equitable: the same opponents in a
different order may play harder or easier matches.
 Teams may also suffer injuries to their star players during competition and
thus a match-up may have a completely different complexion than it would
have if the order of play was different.
Cyclic Method: In the cyclic method, if the number of teams is even, team
number 1 is fixed on the top of the right-hand side and other teams in ascending
order consecutively downward and then upward on the left side and rotate
clockwise. If the number of teams is odd, then bye is fixed on the top right side
and the rest procedure remains the same. The number of rounds in case of an
even number of teams will be n -1, where n = number of teams. The number of
rounds in case of an odd number of teams will be n, where n = the number of
teams.
Q. Draw a fixture of 5 teams.[CYCLIC METHOD]
Sol. No. of round= N = 5

No. of match= N(N-1)/2=5(5-1)/2= (5x4)/2= 10 matches

Stair-case Method: In the stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a 
ladder or a staircase. In this method, no bye is given to any team and there is the
problem of an even or odd number of teams. 

Q. Draw a fixture of 8 teams.

Sol> No. of round= N-1 = 8-1= 7

No. of match= N(N-1)/2=8(8-1)/2= (8x7)/2= 28 matches

Scoring of League Matches
The scoring is done as per the details given below:

 Winner of the match =2 points

 Draw of the match=1 point
 The loser of the match -0 point

the points are added for all the played matches. The team which scores the maximum is declared the winner. In the
case of a bi-tie, the team which defeated the other team is declared the winner. If three or more teams are tied,
then the position is decided by calculating the goal average.

There are two methods of declaring the winners in the league tournament

British Method: In this method, the percentage of points is calculated as per the formula given below
Percentage of points = (total points obtained/Maximums possible points) x 100

Q. The team has played 8 matches and won 5 matches, lost 2 matches and draw 1 match.

Sol. The percentage of points will be calculated as below

Percentage of points= (11/16) x 100 = 68.75%

American Method: In this method, the percentage of points is calculated as per the formula given below:
Percentage of points= (Number of matches won/Total number of matches played) × 100

Q. : The team has played 8 matches and won 5 matches, lost 2 matches and draw 1 match.

Sol. The percentage of points will be calculated as below

Percentage of points= (5/8) x 100=62.50%