Science-CBSE-Grade-X-2020, (Series-JBB/1), (Code No, 31/1/1)

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Light - Reflection & Refraction

Electricity

Acids, Bases and Salts

How Do Organisms Reproduce?

Management of Natural Resources

Control and Coordination

Human Eye and Colourful World

Life Processes

Carbon and Its Compounds

No. of Questions Previous year’s questions average

Q. Name cyclic unsaturated carbon compound.

Solution
Cyclic unsaturated carbon compounds are having at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms in a cyclic compound.

Given molecule 5 carbon atom ring and one double bond hence IUPAC name is "Cyclopentene"

Q. The change in magnetic field lines in a coil is the cause of induced electric current in it. Name the underlying phenomenon.

Solution

If there is a change in magnetic field in a coil then there will be induced e.m.f. in the circuit. Induced e.m.f. in turn produces induced current.
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which an e.m.f. is induced in the coil if there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with the coil.

Q. The growing size of the human population is a cause of concern for all people. The rate of birth and death in a given population will
determine its size. Reproduction is the process by which organisms increase their population. The process of sexual maturation for
reproduction is gradual and takes place while general body growth is still going on. Some degree of sexual maturation does not necessarily
mean that the mind or body is ready for sexual acts or for having and bringing up children. Various contraceptive devices are being used by
human beings to control the size of the population.
(a) List two common signs of sexual maturation in boys and girls.
(b) What is the result of reckless female foeticide?
(c) Which contraceptive method changes the hormonal balance of the body?
(d) Write two factors that determine the size of a population.

Solution

(a) (i) In males, the size of the penis increases with respect to age. On the other hand, the development of breasts is observed in females.
(ii) In males, the testes start to produce male gametes, called sperm. And in females, the ovaries start developing and release one mature ovum
every 28 days.
(b) Female foeticide leads to a decrease in the female population in the population. As a result of it, the sex ratio has drastically decreased.

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(c) Oral pills containing progesterone and/or estrogen are taken to prevent the formation of the ovum.
(d) The two factors that determine the size of a population are the birth rate and the death rate.

Q. Human body is made up of five important components, of which water is the main component. Food as well as potable water are essential
for every human being. The food is obtained from plants through agriculture. Pesticides are being used extensively for a high yield in the fields.
These pesticides are absorbed by the plants from the soil along with water and minerals and from the water bodies, these pesticides are taken
up by the aquatic animals and plants. As these chemicals are not biodegradable, they get accumulated progressively at each trophic level. The
maximum concentration of these chemicals gets accumulated in our bodies and greatly affects the health of our mind and body.
(a) Why is the maximum concentration of pesticides found in human beings?
(b) Give one method which could be applied to reduce our intake of pesticides through food to some extent.
(c) Various steps in a food chain represent:
(a) Food web (b) Trophic level
(c) Ecosystem (d) Biomagnification
(d) With regard to various food chains operating in an ecosystem, man is a:
(a) Consumer (b) Producer
(c) Producer and consumer (d) Producer and decomposer

Solution

(a) The concentration of the toxic substance is highest at the last trophic level of the food chain. Human beings are present at the top of any food
chain. So, the maximum concentration of pesticides is found in human beings.
(b) Washing food with warm water reduces the concentration of pesticides. Washing food with a small amount of detergent also reduces the
concentration of pesticides.
(c) Based on the source of nutrition or food, organisms occupy a specific place in the food chain that is known as their trophic level.
(d) Consumers are the organisms that depend on the producer for their food. Since man cannot make their own food. So they are consumers.

Q. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water produce slaked lime .

CaO(s) + H2 O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
This reaction can be classified as:
(A) Combination reaction (B) Exothermic reaction
(C) Endothermic reaction (D) Oxidation reaction
Which of the following is the correct option?

A (A) and (C)

B (C) and (D)

C (A), (C) and (D)

D (A) and (B)

Solution

[D] (A) and (B)

Hint:
A combination reaction is a reaction where two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single compound.
General reaction: A + B → AB

Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide with no extra side product. Hence, it is a combination reaction.
CaO(s) + H2 O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
It is a highly exothermic reaction with lots of heat liberates with a hissing sound during the reaction.
Hence, option D is correct

Note: Combination reactions are always exothermic. For example, barium metal and fluorine gas will combine in a highly exothermic reaction to
form the salt barium fluoride

Q. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and
the sulphuric acid so formed remains in the solution. The reaction is an example of a;

A Combination reaction

B Displacement reaction

C Decomposition reaction

D Double displacement reaction

Solution

[B] Displacement reaction

Hint:
A displacement reaction is one wherein the atom or a set of atoms is displaced by another atom in a molecule.
The reactions in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions.

Chemical Reaction: H2 S + CuSO4 → CuS + H2 SO4

This reaction is an example of a double displacement reaction.

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When two compounds react, the positive ions and negative ions of two reactants switch places, forming two new products.
Here, On adding hydrogen sulphide to blue copper sulphate solution, combines to give copper sulphide and sulphuric acid.
Hence, option B is correct.

Q. In a double displacement reaction such as the reaction between sodium sulphate solution and barium chloride solution :
(A) exchange of atoms takes place (B) exchange of ions takes place
(C) a precipitate is produced (D) an insoluble salt is produced
The correct option is:

A (B) and (D)

B (A) and (C)

C only (B)

D (B), (C) and (D)

Solution

[B] (A) and (C)

Hint:
A displacement reaction is one wherein the atom or a set of atoms is displaced by another atom in a molecule. For instance, when the iron is
added to a copper sulphate solution, it displaces the copper metal.
A + B-C → A-C + B
The above equation exists when A is more reactive than B.
The reactions in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions.

When sodium sulphate reacts with barium chloride solution, barium sulphate which is an insoluble product (i.e., precipitate) and sodium chloride
are formed.
Na2 SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 ↓ (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Here, the exchange of ions takes place.
Hence, option D is correct.

Q. Baking soda is a mixture of :

A Sodium carbonate and acetic acid

B Sodium carbonate and tartaric acid

C Sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid

D Sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid

Solution
[B] Sodium carbonate and tartaric acid

Hint: Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 .

Baking soda is a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3 ) and a mild edible tartaric acid.
Hence, option B is correct.

Q. The chemical formula for plaster of Paris is :

A CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2 O

B CaSO4 ⋅ H2 O
1
C CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2 O

D 2CaSO4 ⋅ H2 O

Solution

[B] CaSO4 ⋅ H2 O

Hint: POP, quick-setting gypsum plaster consisting of a fine white colour powder (calcium sulphate hemihydrate), which hardens when moistened
and allowed to dry.

The chemical formula for the plaster of Paris (POP) is CaSO4 . H2 O and is better called calcium sulphate hemihydrate.

Q. The laws of reflection hold true for:

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 A plane mirrors only

B concave mirrors only

C convex mirrors only

D all reflecting surfaces

Solution

[D] all reflecting surfaces

A light ray obeys the following two laws while reflecting from a surface. These are called the laws of reflection.
(1) The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r (i.e. ∠i = ∠r.
(2) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, lie in the same plane.

The above laws of reflection hold true for all reflecting surfaces.

Q. When an object is kept within the focus of a concave mirror, an enlarged image is formed behind the mirror. This image is :

A real and inverted

B real and erect

C virtual and inverted

D virtual and erect

Solution
[D] virtual and erect

When an object is kept within the focus of a concave mirror, an enlarged image is formed behind the mirror.

Ray diagram is given below.

The nature of the image is virtual and erect.

Thus option D is correct.

Q. At the time of short circuit, the electric current in the circuit:

A vary continuously

B does not change

C reduces substantially

D increases heavily

Solution

[D] increases heavily

A circuit is shorted when two ends of a wire gets connected which offers a low resistance path to the current.

When current gets a low resistance path then the current in the circuit increases heavily since I = V. When voltage remains the same and the
R
resistance decreases then the current is bound to increase.

Q. Two bulbs of 100 W and 40 W are connected in series. The current through the 100 W bulb is 1A. The current through the 40W bulb will be:

A 0.4 A

B 0.6 A

C 0.8 A

D 1A

Solution
[D] 1 A

Current through a series resistance remains the same.

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Thus, current through 40 W bulb will be the same as current through 100 W bulb i.e. 1 A.

Q. Which one of the following is responsible for the sustenance of underground water?

A Loss of vegetation cover

B Diversion for high water demanding crops

C Pollution from urban wastes

D Afforestation

Solution

[D] Afforestation

Sustenance of the ground water means the maintenance of groundwater, which can be achieved by afforestation.
Afforestation is the process of planting trees. Trees roots and trunks will form a barrier for run-off water, it will help seepage of water thus,
increasing the ground water level.
Thus, 'Afforestation' is responsible for the sustenance of ground water.

Q. Incomplete combustion of coal and petroleum:

(A) increases air pollution.
(B) increases the efficiency of machines.
(C) reduces global warming.
(D) produce poisonous gases.
The correct option is:

A (A) and (B)

B (A) and (D)

C (B) and (C)

D (C)and (D)

Solution

[B] (A) and (D)

Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels.

All fossil fuels on combustion release carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Thus they increase air pollution.

In addition to that they produce poisonous gases.

They are not known to increase any efficiency in machines and they are the main contributors of global warming.

Q. For the question, two statements are given - one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below :
Assertion (A): Esterification is a process in which a sweet-smelling substance is produced.
Reason (R): When esters react with sodium hydroxide an alcohol and sodium salt of a carboxylic acid is obtained.

A Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

B Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

C A is true but R is false.

D A is false but R is true.

Solution

[B] Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Assertion:
Esterification is a process in which carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol to produce a sweet-smelling compound, ester.
Example:

Reason:
When an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide, alcohol along with sodium salt of carboxylic acid are produced. This process is known as hydrolysis
of the ester. This alkaline hydrolysis of the ester is called saponification.

Hence, both assertion and reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Thus option B is correct.

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Q. Assertion (A): In the process of nuclear fission, the amount of nuclear energy generated by the fission of an atom of uranium is so
tremendous that it produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal.
Reason (R): The nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium, when bombarded with low energy neutrons, splits apart into lighter nuclei. The mass
difference between the original nucleus and the product nuclei gets converted to tremendous energy.

A Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the Assertion.

B Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

C A is true but R is false.

D A is false but R is true.

Solution
[A] Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the Assertion.

When a heavy nucleus is bombarded with lighter nuclei or particles then the nucleus gets split in to two or more lighter nuclei. This process is
called nuclear fission.
Thus, both the assertion and reason is true and R is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Q. 1g of copper powder was taken in a China dish and heated. What change takes place on heating? When hydrogen gas is passed over this
heated substance, a visible change is seen in it. Give the chemical equations reactions, the name, and the colour of the products formed in each
case.

Solution
When 1g of copper powder is taken in a china dish and heated, a black coloured substance is formed. This substance is copper oxide.
2Cu + O2 ⟶ 2CuO (Black)
The copper gets oxidized to copper oxide.
When hydrogen gas is passed over this heated substance, CuO, copper metal is obtained.
The black-coloured CuO is reduced and brown colour Cu metal is produced.
CuO + H2 ⟶ Cu (brown) + H2 O

Q. List the important products of the Chlor-alkali process. Write one important use of each .

Solution
The Chlor-alkali process is used in the electrolysis of NaCl . The important products formed in this process is sodium hydroxide, chlorine and
hydrogen gas.
2NaCl + H2 O → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
An electric current is passed through the brine (10% NaCl) to form hydrogen gas (H2 ) at the cathode and chlorine gas (Cl2 ) at the anode, leaving a
solution of sodium hydroxide.
Uses:
NaOH - For soaps and detergents.
Cl2 - PVC, pesticides.
H2 - Fuels, production of NH3 .

Q. How is washing soda prepared from sodium carbonate? Give its chemical equation.
State the type of this salt. Name the type of hardness of water that can be removed by it?

Solution

Washing soda is prepared by sodium carbonate by adding 10 molecules of water of crystallization to each formula unit and is also known as
sodium carbonate decahydrate or washing soda.
Na2 CO3 + 10H2 O ⟶ Na2 CO3 .10H2 O (washing soda)
Washing soda ( Na2 SO4 ) is a sodium salt of sulphuric acid that is basic in nature.
Washing soda (Na2 SO4 ) can be used to remove both temporary and permanent hardness in water. It is water-soluble and adds carbonate ions to
the water. These react with dissolved calcium ion (Ca2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) ions to produce insoluble precipitates.
Sodium carbonate (Na2 CO3 ) is soluble but calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3 ) are insoluble.

Q. 3mL of ethanol is taken in a test tube and warmed gently in a water bath. A 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate is added first
drop by drop to this solution, then in excess .
(i) How is 5% solution of KMnO4 prepared?
(ii) State the role of alkaline KMnO4 in this reaction. What happens on adding it in excess?
(iii) Write chemical equation of this reaction.

Solution
.(i) To make a 5% solution of KMnO4 , 5 grams of KMnO4 is added to 100 ml of water.
(ii) Role of Alkaline potassium permanganate is to add oxygen to alcohol and converts it to acid. Hence, it acts as an oxidizing agent. When
KMnO4 is added, initially colour disappears because coloured permanganate ions (MnO−4 ) of potassium permanganate are consumed to oxidize

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ethanol (CH3 CH2 OH ). When an excess of KMnO4 is added, colour does not change because there is no more alcohol left for the reaction.
(iii) Chemical equation
C2 H5 OH + Alkaline (KMnO4 ) ⟶ CH3 COOH
Ethanol Acetic acid

Q. A squirrel is in a scary situation. Its body has to prepare for either fighting or running away. State the immediate changes that take place in
its body so that the squirrel is able to either fight or run?

Solution
During fight or flight conditions, the adrenal gland secretes adrenalin hormone.
The following are the immediate changes in the body of a squirrel to enable it to either fight or run:
Squirrel sends the signal to the brain during a scary situation.

The hypothalamus sends a signal to the adrenalin gland to release adrenaline.

Adrenalin increases the heartbeat and rate of respiration. It also increases the blood supply to the muscles and releases more glucose into
the blood by the liver.

Q. Why is chemical communication better than electrical impulses as a means of communication between cells in a multi-cellular organism?

Solution
Chemical communication is carried out by hormones, and electrical communication is carried out by nerve cells.
The following are the reasons why the chemical signal is better than electrical impulses:
Since chemical communication is carried through hormones, it does not require any specialized tissue like nervous tissue for signaling to
take place.

Since chemical communication doesn't require any specialized cells to transmit its signal, it is not limited to some regions of the body.
Electrical communication is limited to only those regions which are connected by nerves.

Chemical communication can be done steadily and persistently, whereas nervous coordination can be done only at intervals. After the
cells connected by nervous tissues, after generation and transmission of the impulse, the cells connected by nervous tissues take some
time to rest before the generation and transmission of a new impulse.

Q. Define the term pollination. Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination. What is the significance of pollination?

Solution

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.
Self-pollination takes place in the same flower. Cross-pollination takes two flowers.
There is less variation in self-pollination. There is more variation in cross-pollination.
Due to pollination, the male and female gametes of plants fuse, and results in the production of fruits we can eat, and seeds that will create more
plants.

Q. What are homologous structures? Give an example. Is it necessary that homologous structures always have a common ancestor? Justify your
answer.

Solution
The organs that perform different functions in different species but have a similar basic structure and similar embryonic origin are called
homologous structures. For example, the forelimbs of a frog, a lizard, a bird, and a human being show similarities in their basic structure.
Yes, it is necessary that homologous structures always have a common ancestor. Homologous organs follow the same basic plan of the
organization during their development, but in the adult condition, these organs are modified to perform different functions as an adaptation to
different environments.

Q. Why Tyndall effect is shown by colloidal particles? State four instances of observing the Tyndall effect.

Solution

Tyndall effect is the phenomenon in which the particles in a colloid scatter the beams of light that are directed at them. This effect is exhibited by
all colloidal solutions.
When light is passed through a true solution, dissolved particles are too small to deflect the light. However, dispersed particles of a colloid being
larger, do deflect light.
For example:
(1) The Tyndall effect can be observed when a fine beam of light enters a room through a small hole.
(2) The Tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense forest.
(3) Visible beams of headlights in fog are caused by the Tyndall effect.

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(4) When a beam of light is directed at the glass of milk, the light is scattered.

Q. Differentiate between a glass slab and a glass prism. What happens when a narrow beam of (i) a monochromatic light, and (ii) white light
passes through
(a) glass slab and (b) glass prism?

Solution
Glass Slab: It is a transparent glass plate in which both reflecting surfaces are rectangular in shape, and are parallel to each other. In the glass slab,
the direction of the incident ray and the emergent ray of light are parallel to each other.
Glass Prism: It is made up of a homogeneous transparent glass material which have two triangular sides, two inclined rectangular sides, and one
rectangular base. In glass prism, the direction of the incident ray and the emergent ray of light is not parallel to each other.
When a narrow beam of monochromatic light passes through:
Glass Slab: It deviates from the actual path but the direction of the incident ray and emergent rays remain parallel to each other.

Glass Prism: It has deviated from the actual path but the direction of the incident ray and emergent ray of light are not parallel to each other.

When a narrow beam of white light passes through:

Glass Slab: The splitting of white light into its constituent colours does not occur. And, the direction of the incident ray and emergent ray of light
are parallel to each other.
Glass Prism: The splitting of white light into its constituent seven colours occurs, and the direction of the incident rays and emergent rays are not
parallel to each other.

Q. Draw a labelled diagram to show (i) reddish appearance of the sun at the sunrise or the sunset and (ii) white appearance of the sun at noon
when it is overhead.

Solution

Light from the Sun near the horizon passes through thicker layers of air and larger distance in the earth’s atmosphere before reaching our eyes.
Near the horizon, most of the blue light and shorter wavelengths are scattered away by the particles. Therefore, the light that reaches our eyes is

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of longer wavelengths. This gives rise to the reddish appearance of the Sun.
Light from the Sun overhead would travel relatively shorter distance. At noon, the Sun appears white as only a little of the blue and violet colours
are scattered.

Q. A V-I graph for a nichrome wire is given below. What do you infer from this graph? Draw a labeled circuit diagram to obtain such a graph.

Solution
The V-I graph of the nichrome wire shows a straight line. It means that the resistance of the wire remains constant when the current supply is
changed. It follows the ohm's low and therefore, it is considered as an ohmic conductor.
Also, we can conclude that the current flowing through the wire is directly proportional to the potential difference V across it.
It follows ohm's law → V = IR.
V
R= I

Q. (a) Write the mathematical expression for Joule’s law of heating:

(b) Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulombs of charge in two hours through a potential difference 40 V.

Solution
V2
(a) Mathematical expression for Joule's law of heating is given by, H = V Q = V It = I 2 Rt = t
R
Where,
H = Heat
I = Current flowing through the conductor.
R = Amount of electric resistance in the conductor.
t = Time taken.
(b) Given :
Amount of charge transferred = 96000 C
Time taken = 2 hrs = 2×60×60 sec = 7200 sec
Potential difference = 40 V

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Heat generated = V×i×t
and we know that ; i = Q/t
So, H = VQ
H = 40×96000
H = 3.84 × 106 J

Q. Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium, and aluminum to their respective metals. Why? Where are these metals placed in
the reactivity series? How are these metals obtained from their ores? Take an example to explain the process of extraction along with chemical
equations.

Solution

According to the reactivity series, All given elements (i.e. sodium and magnesium as well as aluminium) are more reactive than carbon as these
elements are kept above the carbon in the reactivity series.
As a result, being less reactive in nature carbon is unable to reduce oxides of Na, Mg and Al
Metals of high reactivity such as sodium, magnesium & aluminium etc. are extracted from their ores by electrolytic reduction (Electrolysis)
method.
Example: Electrolysis of Molten NaCl
1
At Anode: Cl− ⟶ ( 2) Cl2 + e−
At Cathode : Na+ + e− ⟶ Na
Overall reaction: 2NaCl ⟶ 2Na + Cl2

Q. The position of certain elements in the Modem Periodic Table are shown below,

Using the above table answer the following questions giving reasons in each case:
(i) Which element will form only covalent compounds?
(ii) Which element is a non-metal with valency 2?
(iii) Which element is a metal with valency 2?
(iv) Out of H, C and F which has the largest atomic size?
(v) To which family does H, C, and F belong?

Solution

(i) Element E is Silicon. It will form only covalent bonds only. The outermost orbit of silicon has 4 electrons and needs 4 more electrons to become
stable.
(ii) Nonmetal with valency 2 is B, which is oxygen. Oxygen has high electronegativity.
(iii) Element D is a metal with valency 2. Hence, it is magnesium.
(iv) Element F has the largest atomic size. According to the electronic configuration of element F which is Argon, it occupies 3 energy shells
compared to element H and C.
(v) Element H, C and F belong to group 18 which means according to their electronic configuration their octet is complete. Hence, they are stable.

Q. Define atomic size. Give its unit of measurement.

In the modern periodic table what trend is observed in the atomic radius in a group and a period and why is it so?

Solution
Atomic Size is the distance between the centre of an atom i.e from the nucleus to the outermost (valence) shell of that atom.
Atomic size is measured in Angstroms, where 1Angstrom = 10−10 m

In the modern periodic table,

the atomic size of elements increases down the group, and the atomic size decrease along the period from left to right.
Down the group, as the number of energy shells of the atoms keeps on increasing from top to bottom, hence, the atomic radius also
increases.
Along the period, the atomic number of elements increases, which leads to an increase in the number of protons, thus, effective nuclear
charge increases. So, the atomic radius decreases across the period.

Q. (a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms? Explain.
(b) Draw a diagram of the human respiratory system and label - pharynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm, and alveolar sac on it.

Solution

(a) The rate of breathing depends on the oxygen requirements of the body as well as the availability of oxygen in the surrounding environment.
The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than in terrestrial organisms because the amount of dissolved oxygen is lower in water
than in air and also because aquatic organisms like fish obtain oxygen from the water present in the dissolved state.
Since the quantity of dissolved oxygen in water is very much less as compared to the quantity of oxygen present in the air, aquatic animals can
only breathe dissolved oxygen, so to fulfill the need for the required amounts of oxygen to the body cells for proper functioning, aquatic animals

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have to breathe faster as compared to terrestrial animals.
(b) The respiratory tract includes nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles & lungs.

Q. (a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.

Solution
(a) The human excretory system is composed of a pair of kidneys. A tube called a ureter; comes out of each kidney and goes to the urinary
bladder.
(b) There are three processes involved in urine formation: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
(i) Filtration: It occurs in the glomerulus. When blood enters the glomerulus under pressure, some of the plasma from the blood is forced out of
the walls of the blood capillaries into the Bowman's capsule and then through the thin wall of the capsule into the tubule. The filtrate contains
water, sodium, glucose, amino acids, urea, and uric acid.
(ii) Reabsorption: As the filtrate moves down the tubule, useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, water, sodium, etc. are reabsorbed by the
cells of the walls of the tubule.
(iii) Secretion: When the filtrate passes through the last part of the tubule, most of the potassium is secreted into it in exchange for reabsorbed
sodium. The remaining fluid moves down through the collecting duct as urine, then into the pelvis, and next through the ureters into the urinary
bladder.

Q. (a) What is the law of dominance of traits? Explain with an example.

(b) Why are the traits acquired during the life time of an individual not inherited? Explain.

Solution
(a) - Law of dominance states that when a pair of alleles or allelomorphs are brought together in F1 hybrid, then only one of them expresses itself,
masking the expression of others completely. The trait which appeared in the F1 generation was called dominant and the other which did not
appear in the population was called recessive. For example - When Tall (TT) pea plant is crossed with dwarf (tt)plants, all plants in F1 generation
were found to be tall (Tt). When these tall plants were self-fertilized, both the tall and dwarf plants were appeared in F2 ​generation in 3: 1 ratio.
generation, the dominant character (Tall) appeared and the recessive character (dwarf) got
Hence, in F1
suppressed, which reappeared in F2 generation.

A monohybrid cross between a tall and dwarf pea plant.

(b) Acquired traits are those traits that develop in response to the environment and cannot be inherited. They are acquired due to changes in
lifestyle and happen in the somatic cells. For example, a person learns to swim or cook. Acquired traits do not get inherited in the next generation
as they do not cause any change in the DNA or the genetic material of human cells as they happen in the somatic cells that don’t affect the
reproducing cells. For instance, the decrease in the bodyweight of beetles due to starvation is an acquired trait by the beetles during their

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lifetime. It is characterised by alterations in non-reproductive tissues produced by environmental influences. It will have no effect on the DNA. As a
result, even if some generations of beetles are underweight due to malnutrition, this feature cannot be passed down across generations.

Q. Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases to show the formation of image, when the object is placed:
(i) between optical center and principal focus of a convex lens.
(ii) anywhere in front of a concave lens.
(iii) at 2F of a convex lens.
State the signs and values of magnifications in the above-mentioned cases (i) and (ii).

Solution

When object is between optical centre nd principal focus of a convex lens then image formed is virtual, enlarged and erect. The image distance is
negative and magnification is more than 1.

When object is anywhere near a concave lens then the image formed is virtual, erect and highly diminished. The image distance is negative and
the magnification is less than 1.

When object is placed at twice the focal length of a convex lens then the image formed is of the same size but inverted and also real. The image
distance is positive and the magnification is exactly 1.

Q. An object 4.0 cm in size, is placed 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm.
(i) At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image?
(ii) Find the size of the image.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of an image in this case.

Solution

(i) We can see that the object is at a distance greater than that of focal length.
We can use the mirror formula to get the image distance, v
1 1
= u
+ v1
f
1 1 1
∴ v= f − u
1 1 1
∴ v = (−15) − (−25)
1 5 3
∴ v= − [ 75 − 75
]

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 1 2
∴ v= − 75
−75
∴v= 2
= −37.5 cm
Negative sign indicates that the image is real and in the direction of the object.
Therefore, screen should be placed at a distance of 37.5 cm to the left.
(ii) We can use the magnification formula to get the size of the image.
I
m= = − uv
O
−37.5
∴I = − 25 (4)
∴I = − 32(4)
∴ I = −6 cm.
Negative sign indicates that the image will be inverted and it is also enlarged.
(iii)

Q. (a) What is an electromagnet? List any two uses.

(b) Draw a labeled diagram to show how an electromagnet is made.
(c) State the purpose of the soft iron core used in making an electromagnet.
(d) List two ways of increasing the strength of an electromagnet if the material of the electromagnet is fixed.

Solution

(a) An electromagnet is a soft iron piece converted into a magnet when a current is passed in the coil wound around the iron piece.
Uses of the electromagnet:
(i) The electromagnets are also used in motors and generators.
(ii) The electric bells are based on the principle of an electromagnet.
(b)

(c) Soft iron core is used in electromagnets because they get easily magnetised/demagnetised when current is flowing or not flowing along the
coil wound around it. The piece of soft iron increases the strength of the magnetic field produced by the electromagnet.
(d) The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by:
(i) increasing the number of loops of wire wound around the iron core
(ii) increasing the current flowing through the coil.

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