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 MARTNEMETTORoLocY 755
7g M,{RINEMETF'RoLoGY NalticalAlmoel

ev alEration is 6cu ri ng at -the wet bulb. Hygrcrmcr obaq The two common types of instrumenls for measuring humidty lblation must not be made trtwen figures on differenl sides of thc
md is kcF misr by being connebd by avick b a smallcontaind of Mason's hygromter. consisting of the weF ild dry-bulb nnc,
distilled waEr, ild is known 6 lhe wd-bulb thcmometer. when irrportmt, as by means of o apprcpriate tablc, srch t I dt:-{d)
f,!-or","r, stde by side. in a louvred sreen<xposd on rhe Fo. dry-bulb temperaturcs below 0" C. (32" F.) it will he noticed
evaporalion hkes plrce from the surfu of the wcr butb. heal is helow, it is possible to fmd what fall in tempcratuE will ship. (Table A)l (r)The'roptrated prychrcmeter
absttuted from lhe themomeler4d itsF{dine is lc$than thal of the lbrmion of mist or fog in the sumunding air. fr learher sideof_the lhat, when the depression of the wer bulb is rero, i.e. when lhe
ro whifh aircm becmledwithourconacnd-
remperarure in which a steady cuffenl ot alr ls drawn patlhe lwo lhemorcteN h\ tempemturc of $e wetsbulb is equal to that of the dry bulb, lhe dew
dry-bulb themorcter by m mount which indicaes the humidity, or cltrlwork- or hed-operated fm. tTable B r. point may be below thc dry bulb, so that the rclative humidity is less
dampness, of the air. When the air bccoms etumtcd this so-called 6ems of a rmallelectric.
thil lmpercent.Thes appdentoomdi€sm aconwquenceof the
depression of lhe wet r!r, deres to nothing becaus no When rhe temperaturcofthe wet bulb is below 0" C. (32" F.) it may rethod of computingdew points md relativc humidities now adopted
supercmled waler or ice ild in order lo avoid
b€ covercd with either by the Meieorological Office, in which, fortemperdurcs below 0o C.
(32'F.) the dew point is the remperatureat which the rctual vapour
incenainties. pHaulions must b€ laken ro ensure lhat it is always
uith ice. ln lhe lables. thereforc. liner tre ruled todras pressure is equal lo lhe saturation vapDur prcssure over supercoled
TASLE FORFINDINGTTIERELATIVEHUMIDITY (7O)
"overed
(A. Foru* with Stevenson
sreen) inention to the frct thal above the line evaporation is going on from a water { not over icel dd rhe relalive humidity is rhe ratio, cxpressd o
*u1615srface. while below the line il is going on from o ice surfee a p€rcenhge of lhe trlual vapDur pressure to the satumtion vamur
Dry
of WetBulb i'C.)
Deprcssion rweFbulb temperature below 0" C. (32'F.). OwinS to this, inter- pressurc over superc@led water al the lemp€raturc of the dry bilb.
BuiU

TABLE FORFINDINGTHE RELATIVEHUMIDITY (%)

0.2' 0.4' 0-6' 0.8' IO' l2' 1.4' 1.6" 1.8" 20' 5' 3.0. 3.5" 4.0. 4.5' 5.0' 5.5' 6.0" 6.5" 7.0" 7.5' 8.(r (8. For us sith lheAspiraEdPsychromebr)

40 E) 9't 96 95 94 92 9t 90 89 88 85 82 79 76 73 7l 68 66 63 61 58 56
'13 70 68
39 99 g't 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 87 84 82 79 76 '13 'tO 67
65 63 60 58 55
38 q) 97 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 8? 84 81 78 75 65 62 59 57 54
3'7 99 9't 96 95 93 92 91 90 88 87 84 8l 78 75 12 69 67
't2
64 6t 59 56 54 10" I l' 12" t3" t4" 15" 16' 17"
36 99 9't 96 95 93 92 91 90 88 87 84 8f 78 75 69 66 63 61 58 55 53
'tt
JJ r y 9 7 9 6 9 5 9 3 9 2 9 1 8 9 8 8 8 7 83 80 77 74 68 65 63 60 5't 55 52
68 6s 100 97 93 89 86 83 80 7'l 14 71 68 65 62 59 57 54 52 50
34 9 D 9 7 9 6 9 5 9 3 9 2 9 1 8 9 8 8 8 683 80 77 74 1t
'tO 62 59 56 54 5t '14 49
67 64 61 98 97 93 89 86 83 80 7't 71 68 65 62 59 56 53 51
9 9 9 7 9 6 9 4 9 3 9 1 m 8 9 8 7 8 683 80 76 73 58 56 53 50 't3
9 9 9 7 9 6 9 4 9 3 9 1 m 8 9 8 7 8 68 3 79 76't3 10 6't 64 61 58 55 52 49 96 97 93 89 86 83 19 16 10 67 & 6t 58 56 53 50 4A
'16
9 4 9 1 9 6 9 4 9 3 9 1 q ) 8 8 8 7 8 826 79 75 72 69 66 63 60 57 54 51 48 94 9't 93 89 86 82 19 73 69 66 63 60 57 55 52 49 4'7
J I
'12 '15
30 98 91 95 94 93 91 90 88 87 85 82 78 75 68 65 62 59 56 53 50 47 92 96 92 89 85 82 78 72 69 66 63 60 57 54 51 48 45
90 96 92 89 85 8t ?8 15 7t 68 65 62 59 56 53 50 41 44
'14
98 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 85 8l 78 74 7l 68 65 6t 58 55 52 49 46 88 96 92 89 85 8t 78 7l 6'7 U 61 58 55 52 49 46 43
29 't7 't4 '14 '10
28 98 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 85 8l 70 61 CA ffi 51 54 51 48 45 86 96 97 89 85 8t 11 6'1 63 60 5'l 54 51 48 45 42
21 98 97 95 94 92 90 89 87 86 8,1 8t 7't 73 70 66 63 60 56 53 50 4'l 44 l{4 96 92 88 84 8t 1'l 73 10 66 63 59 56 53 50 4'1 44 4l
't6 't3 49
26 98 97 95 93 92 m 89 87 86 114 80 76 13 69 6 62 59 55 52 49 46 42 8l 96 92 88 U 80 69 65 62 58 55 52 46 43 N
'16 51 48 45
25 98 97 95 93 92 90 88 87 85 E4 ao 76 72 68 65 61 58 54 51 47 44 4l 80 96 92 88 84 80 72 68 65 61 57 54 41 38
't9 '19 '15 ,lO
E8 86 85 83 75 7t (fr 53 50 46 96 92 8? 8l 7l 67 61 60 56 53 50 46 43 37
'lt 6A & 57 43 39
24 98 97 95 93 9t 90 78
'19 95 91 8? 83 79 ?5 70 6'1 63 59 55 52 49 45 42 38 35
98 96 95 93 91 90 88 86 84 83 15 6? 63 59 56 52 48 45 41 38 16
'lO
'74 47 43 40 95 9f 87 82 78 74 66 62 58 54 5l 47 43 ,lO 31 3l
22 98 96 95 93 91 89 88 86 8,1 82 18 10 66 62 58 54 51 36 't't '13
2l 98 96 94 93 9t 89 87 85 84 82 1A 73 69 65 6t 57 53 49 45 42 3a y 72 95 9t 87 82 69 65 61 5? 53 49 46 42 39 15 72
't7
20 98 96 94 92 91 89 87 85 83 8l 13 68 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 33

l9 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 85 83 8l 76 72 67 63 59 55 50 46 'r2 38 34 3l
't6 70'80" 9.0'10.0'll.0'120'
l8 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 't5 7t
'to 6 62 58 53 49 45 4l 36 32 28 0.5. 1.0. 1.5'2.0' 25" 30' 3.5'4.0'4.5'5.0'6.0"
98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 65 61 56 52 4't 13 39 31 30 26
l6 98 96 9.1 91 89 87 85 83 8l ?9
71 69 64 60 55 50 46 1t 37 32 28 24 70 98 95 93 m 88 86 83 8l 79 7'7 72 68 64 60 56 52 48
98 96 93 9t 89 87 85 83 81 78
73 68 63 58 53 49 44 39 35 30 26 2l '16 'll 50 46
IJ
't2 68 97 95 92 90 88 86 83 8l 78 6'1 62 59 54
t4 98 95 93 91 89 86 84 82 80 78 67 62 57 52 47 42 31 32 28 23 18 66 g7 95 92 90 87 85 82 80 78 15 71 66 61 57 53 49 45
'19 't1 -l'l 'lO
98 95 93 9f 8n 86 81 8l 7t 6 6t 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 t6 64 g't 95 92 90 87 85 82 80 75 65 61 56 52 41 43
98 95 93 90 88 86 83 81 78 76 70 65 59 54 48 43 38 32 27 22 l7 t2 62 s7 94 92 89 86 84 81 79 76 74 69 64 60 55 51 46 4l
tl 9't 95 92 90 87 85 83 80 78 75 69 63 58 52 46 4t 35 30 25 19 t4 9 '15 '13 49 44 39
'tg 60 91 94 91 89 86 u 81 78 68 63 58 53
IO 91 95 92 90 87 84 82 77 74 68 62 56 50 ,14 38 31 21 22 t6 lt 5 '17 '12 4'1 42 37
5E 91 94 9t 89 86 83 80 14 67 62 57 52
'13 45 & 35
56 g't 94 9t 88 85 a2 79 77 7l.r 66 60 55 50
't3 5.1 97 94 91 88 85 82 19 76 73 70' 65 59 53 48 43 38 12
9 97 95 92 89 86 8.1 8t 79 16 67 61 54 48 42 36 30 2.1 18 13 1 1 '12 4A 35 30
't2 52 97 s4 90 87 84 8l ?8 75 69 63 57 52 46
8 97 94 92 89 86 83 80 78 75 6 6 5 9 5 2 4 6 4 0 33 2 1 2 1 1 5 9l 'l'l 38 33 2'l
50 96 93 m 87 83 80 74 7l 68 62 56 50 44
1 9'7 94 91 88 85 82 aO 11 11 7l 64 57 50 44 31 3t 2.t 18 lt 5 5 ,IE 96 93 m 86 83 80 16 ?3 69 66 60 51 48 42 36 30 24
'19 '15
6 97 91 9t 88 E5 82 '19 16 11
'to
63 55 48 4t 14 28 2t t4 l-6 4b 96 93 89 86 a2 12 68 65 58 52 45 19 33 21 2l
96 92 89 85 81 78 14 7l 61 64 57 50 43 36 30 21 t1
5 91 94m 8? 84 8t 7875 1269 61 5:l 46 .19 1l 2.r2t t5 8 l
l 9't 91 87 83 80 71 11 10 67 5e sl .t-t 36 i-:3 18 t0 42 96 92 88 84 81 77 71 69 65 62 55 4'1 40 33 21 24 18
l
l 96 93 89 ft6 E3 79 76 72 69 66 5'l 49 41 36 28 2l t3 c
2 9 6 9 1 8 9 8 5 n : 7 8 7 5 7 t 6 1 6 /5F?6 +r i3 24 16 e r Depression of wet Bulb
I 96 9l li8 85 Ul 78 75 1t 61 64 55 46 17 l9 20 t2 3
0.2. 0.4" 0.6' 0.8' l.o' ll' 1.4' 1.6" l8' 20" 22' 2.1" 26' 28" 30" l2' -]4"
{l ffii-Ib 76 71 6e 65 6r 52 43 31 2,1 16 7
-14
40 98 g't 96 94 92 90 tt9 8? 86 83 lt: 8r 79 78 15 7l
95 91 87 n3 78 7,{ 70 66 62 58 4 9 3 9 2 9 : { ) i l | '16 74 12
'7'l t8 98 96 95 94 9t ttg 87 86 85 8l 81 80 78 15 '13
94 tt9 85 al 72 611 6.1 60 56 45 35 25 ls 5 '14 1l
98 96 95 94 91 89 87 86 84 82 81 79 1'l 16
9_r 8E 84 79 75 70 66 6t 57 5l 42 31 2l r0
91 87 82 1't 12 68 63 16 s 't6
5q 54 49 3827 l4 98 96 95 94 91 89 87 85 8.1 8l tt0 7lt 15 7l 1l 69
x) n,s 80 75 70 65 6t 56 5t t6 3.1 22 ll 't9
89 E4 79 73 68 63 5n 5:r .tu .{l 30 l? 5 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 a2 80 11 75 11 7l 69 68
'tt
88 82 77 7I 66 60 55 49 .1.1 39 .10 g7 95 93 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 7'l 75 71 69 6'1 66
.t6 'il
87 8l 75 69 63 57 52 .10 15 2 0 6 t8 96 91 91 89 87 85 8.1 8l 79 16 13 69 61 65 63
It5 .ltt 'l ({)
79 73 67 61 5,t 4: -16 30 t5 96 s2 90 88 86 8.1 82 19 17 75 71 l 69 6'1 61 6l
95 92 88 86 84 82 80 77 15 7l 7l 68 67 63 60 58 56
'18 73 5.{ 5l
u 1't 1t 6,1 58 5l .ls 38 12 26 22 9,1 90 87 84 82 lio 75
't3
1| 68 66 6t 60 5E
8l 76 69 6? 55 48 4t 34 21 ?l 20 93 89 85 83 8t 79 j6 7t 68 65 63 60 57 5.1 51 50
81 74 67 59 5: ,14 37 l8 j.t .t4 i2 68 65 6-l 60 51 5.1 5I .18 17
30 22 t5 ln the tables. lincs are ruled k) draw anenlion lo the lacl lhat 91 86 84 8l 79
80 7? 64 56 41t .tj ltt
4l t.t 25 t7 9 ahove lhc line e\agnati()n ts Boing on Iftrm u wrter \urface, t6 till 86 83 80 ?5 13 69 65 62 59 57 5,1 5t
79 70 62 53 .t5 36 28 20 il :l while belrtu thr. lrne rt irgoing on from an ice:urface twet- l,l rJn lr5 80 78 75 71 70 65 62 59 51 i4
7 7 6 8 5 9 5 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 t 4 5 bulb temperaturc bekrw 0'C.). Owing b this. inte4nlation t2 't9 '15 61 64 60 57
87 83 73 70
7 6 6 6 s 6 4 j ] . 7 2 j t a B musl nol tr madc bctween figures on dif'fercnt sidei of th€
1 4 6 4 5 3 4 ] , 3 ] 2 2 1 2 2 Inc,
 \t \Rl\ll \lll l E()R()1.(X;\
:-
-,-..,.,t Almanacl MARTNE lrETEoRoLocY 757
TABI,E FOR }.INDIN(; I.HE DI]W POINT -t r ! u " ' -
Bf POPRA\\'SKl JER/,Y. Ii.ttruMu.sttr
cLOuDS
^^,r,is drc aggFgalcof minutc watcr drops or ice crystalsheld rn suspcnsionin lhc atmosphcrc.Cloud Allascsarc availablcillutraiins
Thistablccnablcs ,rnetresufcloud foms For practiel purposcsa classtnca[on nto I0 main l]p6 rs adoptcd This clasilicalion is as follows:
thcDewPoinlto hc lirrrrtl.gircrrtheairrcnrpcrature
andthcrclative- 66-mmr
Thevalucol thcabsolute t (fJ l-o||Clouds
hurnidityin gnrs.I)crcu.nrerre
con.csp;ndin_s
to rhcairre-fi;;iltH:ill* ,r, 11,r1r11,'uds \2) MediunCloudr 14) InwCloudrofnoiled
verticolextent
hurnicritv
lllii,lli;ff.Ii i;l'.:i,ffil'l#$ll ,Ji',,1',]''''" rrrcr
thi'tabrc'i.',t'.'"'i"".""a
*i.r,,r,"
):,-,.iC,r
ii..-u.rturtCct
Altaumulus(Ac)
Altostratus(As)
Strat@umulus(Sc)
Stratus(St) Cumulus(Cu)
Nimboslratus(^-s) Cumulonimbus(Cb)
iiror,rr,u, iCil

Exanrple: t e t n p e r i t l u rle- 5 "C . , r . c l a t i r eh u n t i t l i t yl l 5 7 ofthc difcrcnt cloudtypcsarc grvenbclow:

Bricfdc$frplrons
l;rorr tablc A b s o l u l ch' L r r n i d i t y= l ] . 9 g / c u . r r r .
ll.9 x fi-51= Cirs r( ri Dc(achcdcloudsof dclicatcand fihruusapfrcamne. Approxihrt. Height! of C]Nd 8$6
i I 1 . 0q / eu . n r . of a silky
*irhn,: ,haJrng, tcncrall) whitc in colour, oflm 'Marcs
High clouds... .abovc5.5m m.t.cs
l l o t t tT a h l e l)cu P(llt = l l l ... aipcrrunt Tulted onus clouds an popularly knuwn as Medium clouds 2.0mto 5,5mmcrrcs
Tails
Lowclouds.. ...bclow 2,0mmclrcs
Cirrddlus (Cc) A cirrifom laycr or patch @mposcdof small
Atls()t,ut'E H UllttDITY ()F..\ I R whilc llakc! or of vcry small globular mas*s, wllhoul lhadows' which
rescmbltng Ttleselimits tend to be highcrin low
granls ol u atcr llt cu.nl. ol nil ar drdng.J In.Sroupsor ltncs,ot morc ollcn In ripples latiludcs,and lowcr,espccrall!
Lhosc,'flhr tand on tnc sa shorc for high clouds,in high latitudes
lt/cu. ln C g/cu.nr. "C 'C'
g/cu.m. Ciridrntos (Cs) A thin. whilish vcil, whrch docs not blur thc
5 -t.+ + 5 u..1 + I l.r.-l outlincsof the sunor moon, but givcsriscto halos
+ 3.1 31.7
l .1.7 It.8 + 19.-+ Altoonul6 (Ac) A laycr, or patchcs,composcdof laminac or Fog is cloud on thc surface, and rs spccificd a€ordinS to thc
+ .l-5 39.7 Bther flatt€ncdglobularmasss, thc smallcstcldents of lhc rcgularly visibrlitywhich it allows.
-t 3.9 + t 0 9..1 + 23 t().6 + J6 :11.8 anangcdlaycr bcingfairly smalland thin, wilh or withoul shadtnS.
Ii lherc is any obscutityor abnomal refraclionthc visiblchonzon
2 + l l + ) 1
Altostnt6 (As) Slriated or fibrous vcil, more or less 8rcy or may bc vcry nisleadingas a meansofjudglng disune, particularly
+ 37 .1.1.0
I +:) + ll + 25 blu6h rn colour whcnrhc heightof thc eyc is greal as in thc cascof an obscncr on thc
+.1u .+6.-3
o +.u + l.l + 26 + 39 ,+u.u
Srrrroonul6 (Sc) A lay.r, or patchcs,66mpo*d of globular bridgcof a largclincr.
+ I massesor rolls; lhc smallcstof thc rcgularlyafianScdelcmentsarc
5.1 + t + + 27 In dcnotingfog or visibilityby ncans of B.aufort Noulion lcltcrs,
+ -+0 -5t.3 fairly largc;lhcy arc soft ud grcy wtth darkcr parts
Fos. ti Misl. m: Haz., :: arc uscd to indical. a dctcriotalion of lhc
+ l 5.6 + 15 + 2u Srntus (Sl) A unifom laycr of cloud, re*mbling fo8. but not toirpat"ncy of thc lowcr la)crs of lhc atmosph.rc causd by
+ .lt -s-3.9
+.1 60 + i6 + rcstingon lhc gromd suspcnocd particlcs Mrst tnd fog both rcfcr propcrly to watcr
l9
+-+ 6.-l limbdtrrtu. (Ns) A low, amorphous,and rainy laycr of a dark' droplets.whcneithcr is cxpcrioced th.rc will bc littlc or no diffcrcncc
+ 1 7 t-+,5 + lo -r0.1 gro colourand neady uniform. bctwcn thc rcadingsof th. dry and wct bulb th.momctctt. w}lcn
+ 5 6.u + lli t5l + l l th. obeurity docsnol intcrfcrcwith navigation,il may bc idcnlifi.d as
Cunulus{Cu) Thick cloudswith veilical dcvclopmcnt;lhc uppcr
+ 6 7.3 mist A f(igin which watcr is dcpositedcopiouslyon cxposcdsurfaccs
+ 1 9 r6.l + I t.q surlac rs dome-shapcdmd qhibits protubemnes, whilc the bascis
shouldbe rotcd by mcansof thc letlers/e
+ 7 7.lt +l0 ncarl\ horrzonhl.
+ 1t Fog and mist shouldnot be confuscdwith'hae' Fo8 and mlsl are_
Cumulonimbu(Cbf Hcavy masrs of cloud with greal vcrttcal
patliclesof
dc\clopmant, whosc cumulifom summiis risc in thc fom of susendcd 0articlesof walcr, whlle hazc' is suspcnded
m,'untirnr or lowcrs, $a uppcr parls havrng a hbrous lcxlura and solid mattcr suchas mokc, dusl and elt particlcs.Thc hygromeleris
oftcn sprcadingoul in tic shapcofan anvil a surc gridr rn distinglrshrngbct*ccn fog and haze If lhc deprcssion
visibi)ityis due lo fo8 or
Tlc dcgrec of cloudincss is nomally axprcsscdon a salc from 0 of the w.t bLrlbis zero or smallthc impaircd
I N T I . ] R N , \ ' I ' I O N A I -( ' O D F ] S I N ( ; I , E - I , I i T ' I ' E R to . , in which0 r.prc$nls a sky quttc frecfrom cloud and 8 an cntrrcly mist. In huc thc dcprcssron will havc a very definltevaluc
SI(;NAI,S
orercas sky rn which no patches of bluc sky arc visiblc. Ttrc At nigil ii rs dimcult lo Judgcthc dcnsilyof fog with any accuracy,
u"i,::1
, , : . , r \ r \ , r I , , , . rr r r c I r . r i l r r r r ,. , ., r,\ , r , ! r f cslrmalionis onc of cighlhsof sky covcrcd(oktas)
l,,.! l' llr :. r' l \ll ]j lll :, r r \ r \ 1 t l , .t l t h t , t , t t t , . t t , t ,L , , i , . / i Q \l\ \('*| r. hL.rl,t.\.,r.t | ..\1ilil. trrr and thc usual practicc is to usc the ditrractql blur around thc
+ lr,r\4.l\.r. ,rrrr.rr.tr.r l.r.rlrqur Tle herghl of basc of cloud is now a faclor of gtcal lmportancc Io mastheadlighl as a critcrron
' rt\ fnliltc\ .ltr rLrilt! ,t\lfll
l r , ' \ h r . n ) . r , i . t , \ . r . r \ , , r . r r r , , . t . . r. I l , r t r [ ,
|.,r rrr,*r 3\ratron DurinS thc daytimcit may bc measurcdby timing lhc asent
r. 1r )] l. ii)l r L) '. "t '$' l,l r' .l r . i l r , r \ t r i l \ 1 , , , . \ , , r r , 'l
of a small ballioonnsng al a fixcd mtc. Al night a Grlrng lighl In wcathcr oulletns thc words'poor visibility'implics a vrsual
I,cl.,s KceI elcar r)' ntci I nilr .rlriilc(l
,\ Ihrrcr,lner
in Jrrtf lr.t$ tlno
prolccror (cloud scarchlight)may bc u*d on larg. ships.As thc usc of mngc of bctuqm l,0m melrcs and 2 nautical mlcs: modcrale is
rlosn Kccplellt.lc.rr I
ar rlo* spccrt \','u "rg,ar"'r* into tiarrrcr halloonsand cloud scarchligs is impracli€blc in host ships,cloud equl to a tr ,,JI rangc of 7 to 5 nautrcalmrlcs. Sood'i\ applioblc
Il l . r r t r t r k r n t r r r .o r r l r . r h . r r s r l . . , l whcn visibilil! rs grcaterthan 5 nauticalmiles
rlrrrrrrs dulgerour LLrxls \ | rtqurrc rsrrrtrnec. hcightcan nomally only bc cslimkd at ea.
,
irrsrrrrr,\,r,,\1..,.[(.r..\,.,,,\Jnrr| \\ I requrrc lrcdreitl r\\t\l.lnra
.l r. r: , i l r ;i \.t t1\ ., r, r. .:rrl r i. l,r,r rl r , . . r I r . I r . r t r \ . .
,
'l) \ St,r| e.UrIn" ,tul \ir| tnlcntr(nr\.Ir(l \\.llfh l(n.n)\ \tg0ajs,
'
K a c l ) a l e r r( r l n r c :l . r n r n t r n r t u r i l n t $ t l J l d r l l e u l t \
\ | url drrcrrnl nt
LET-IERSTO INDICATETHE STATEOF T}IE WEAI'HER(BEAUFORTNOTATION)
l: anchir.
I .lill .lltcr Ing nl\ rr\rf\. 'Bcaufort bc
lrJ \t.il bonfll
/ I.rcqurrc lt t!! Notation', a systcmof norationdcvisedby Adminl Beaufort,consislingas a rulc of thc inilial leltcr of thc phcnomcnonlo
l\\'hcI t)lr(1.h\ lt\tltn! \c\\ej\ opcrattngIn
I I rilr (lr\irlrlc(l e(r[|]lufrrrtc \ rlh rr!. rndtcatcd,has bccn in uscfor many ycars.It affordsa simplaand conciscmcansof rndicalingby a group of lcttcn cithcr $c actul statcof thc
r L x g p 1 q r 1 1 1 1 1 1o1n1 r h c l r s h rr r r
rrorrntls ri ntc.ut. .l rnr .htxriing iprcsmt *cathcr'; or a gcncral
(,
l.fequjrc.rpll(r 1\\llcn rnil(lchr
*."rt.i "i t* t our of obscoation summaryof thc conditionsovci thc intcnal sincclhc last obseflationwas
l.rshrll iesrrl.oferrtrnrrn nel\')
. 1 , ' . c | 1 q ' q 1 1 1 1 , {1nt r t h c l t \ l l t n !
mdc.'oast *cathcr'
!rrrnd\tt -1.|llllilultr)!
nrc.ill\

'll
I l)r\r.r frl(n (,n h(Jrr(l
'I TABLTS(BEAUFORTNOTATION)
I r | r . r l t c r r r . cn l \ f ( ) i l r \ e t ( ) I I r \r!rr.rl\ ol letrcr.
l)0rt r r r a r l c t l l r r h . r n . r s r c r r s ks l t c n n t a t l c b y
.r I rrll ()n ,Ie iil(l lrrre thrrrcrrrrs \()trfLl t)l t\
_ rlr!(' orr h'rr(l l'rf
onl\ lle nl:l(le lt (1rnr|llrnre $tlh the Beaufor t Beoufort
\\cll l((lrl r(nr.lI\
.Jcrr (ll nlr n1 thc liltrnttttt,iltl Iztters weother l2lters Weather
Rrlillnttr,n\ lt, I'r.t,eil-
trtr'( ,,llt\k,tt\ tr \rtt LightnrnI
K I s t \ l ) l ( ' f o i l l J i l u i l r f . l t cs t t h I Blu. sky (0-l) cloudcd.
\i{l
h. Skv mrtlv ( l-3) cloudcd Mist
l. \ ( { r \ l r t ) i l J ( .i l o f \ o i l r \ r \ \ c l I n . r n n i l \
. Cl;idy tmorc than I clouddi) Ovcrcast sky (i c. completcly covcrcd with a urfom
\l \lr resrel r\ \toilrc(i.Ir(i rrrrkrrr! d Dinlg lalcr ofthick or heavycloud)
n(r $ir\ llr(rr!ll the tr rtcr
e Wct air (wlthoutPrclpltalionr Passrngshowers.
\ 'lhc.nnrtre.rrrc,,1
or rhc l,rcr,ru. "r,,uI l I Fog. q Sqully wcath.r
)' '"r(,' ' l \ r s . t r ! e
r r , l ' . r r . r , tl r r l r . . , , , . , , , , , , Rain
| 1 , , . . , . , , , , , , r , \j \ . r r \ r . r , , , , r r -/, Fol ovcr sa (coail sbllon)
' ' I r " ' " " ' r u r " " '' r ' " ' ' r ' . . ' ,' r /6 Fog ovcr low Sroud (inlandsutr,'nt Sl€t
: l : l i l ; ' ,l.,:l ' f Gaic (Baufort fore 8 or 9 mainldIncdfor prrrod o[ J Snow
nol lcs than l0 minutcs) I Tlmdcr.
6 Slom (Bcauforl forcc l0 mainuincd for pcriod of ur o( IB Thudcrstom wlth an or snow
Ugly, thrcatcnrnS sky
l:,1J,:lllll h'rft'l',,c
ll,llrr\\r' '"rLr' e')()"" \r.\, nol lcsslhan l0 minulcs)
il,,,.)ll i Hail. v Unusul visibihly
Dcw
Prcoprtaltonrn sightofslalion
il,:i:,,,1',:llll,ll:, sr' ' rgrr"r
s1,',,r'.r
\ir r.
t-lt l:lrS Srrrr.rlr (i 1,. rrrri I
il).r\ ll.r\e (trllerenl ntcrniltg5. .ip
kq Hoar frosl.
i'liir11,r (l.l\'D,jilr! ulrrr sl).ther
rhcr .rrcu.cti
Lrnc squall
 \l \Xl\h lll- l U(|lt()l-(X;] \l \Rt\[. \ll:'ll.]()Rot.(x;\
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:f \ 1 9 \
t \ t \
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\(irlh lililrl 5 \ o \ I .. r'lcttrdrr ()l Ih,)lt)slrfh\ illu\lr.ilrn!.r rrtrrrhrr ,rl tccttrnrr

t7 s lr \
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: L L ra' r l r r e ( r \ i
'tHt_()R(;\\ts,\1.to\ol
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fEri(d of
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. to enclorc
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. j ,j|l \ ,)rr h()irl()iltdl .ur1.tr.. .rr,l.,l hr nocrrrrrr,

l\()b!r\ l _tna. rlt.t$ | thro!!h J)o\ll()n\ hr\ rnc lllc santc

bartrnctrrc
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,,,|,l.lt\.tlt('rr
l\rilhrrnts l-ilrc,,lrr\t) tltJou!h lx)\[r(!r\ hr\in! thc \an]r lcnt
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lrl0r)tetrr l , c r , . l I l l . r r l . r \ l r r r r ot Jh r '
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. , , r , r . r h L ) u l l O . r r f . i l r ( l O l ) r r ' ' r Lr r r r r r r r l l . r , l l l ) l r l - l r . r I
\ il\l lloe: r r.. I /,,. I i I' rl L'!rl llrllc

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tr rrd.ll| \c.rlh.J (,)r){ltttor\ trf.trrUntrlittl()f {rI lhr hr
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to shrl.
l ( . . r r ( L i l t r r l . l l r , , |i l r . t \ L f r . 0 t l r ( i I l r i l c .
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l r l r t ) r r ( i l l . r f , l l , \ l l r f ! r , , r r ) { 11 , ' 1 l r . l l , ' s t i llr. 'trr I

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(l' I \r I I Lrrr'rr'
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r r r ,L r 1 . f i l . 1 , ' i \ r ' , 1 . l l f . L ( , 1 L L ; r r . r r . l .' L r , l l h ' " ' r r " ' l ' ' r r
\ ilr{l' ,il lrrrlt.r l.tlr1tr,l..
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.t o n t h e s l d e n e a r e s ll h e
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: : : 1 , 1 : :'': :J.i '\ ]. l :ui :l <f :J | t hee
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J
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r:.: rjf$c\irrilolllre\oilhPrc:lrcoetr' nr"'a,lh;.rnrlrlrlionollheseasurfacebanarih,,.rno,n" I

\rrriilr {rr trt sr::J ':r J clock\rrsc

\ .ii.rr!c 1nrne d)recrron | ;:::::'':,ll:"::11-:ltflit-^1n^:-:Tllt"lil:l:p:''.1:
I t,rrmrd (hrn Lhc lunnel shapd cloud has descended far
t _ -r n .o u.g h. l o- - ,u p_ * [ h
loln lhe cloud of spray fhe spoul then
I
\ t c r n u s e d l n d e s c r r b l n gl l c 1 . r ; l . p r r c n c ro i l h e I rr:umestherpptlranceofacolumnof*ater.
\i\ihilit\

SOIIE FOREC^STI\C RULES

L0 nlrke hts o*n I A non lrontrl dcpresslon lends to mo\e *rlh lhc tlrongc5i
\ \ :r'r:r\lrr \hould ndL. tn generrl.:lctd
tlr !.1\ recel\cd r dlrecl rre.rlhtr t'Iti l\l or d Ioreca5l * r n d c r r c u l a L r n ga r o u n d r t
1(rrfrr.
, , , t , . . r r c r H o * e r e r ' l l m r \ b c l h r l . l l : , r J c qurle foreclsl l: I r\ lronl $hlch l5 crossed by rsohers $h1ch rrc clo\c
n,";.
lle loiio*rng ruies r,,rrth<r u:lL probahly k..r.r nro\in!
n,,, ,..,.,.rn," ll)r J pJrlrcular lrer. 1n*htcn i.r'c
r e l e r e n e e l o c ( d r . l s l l . 1 i { ' u l l h e $e.tLhcr 9 .{ fronl shlch rs purallel io Lhe r\obrrs srll bc slo*
* : , , c r . . r n l cr r c . r r o n . r b i e
cor'.t ..,'il' tt, OctrPCCtcd m()\li!
.t nlJI ls.i\rllrhlc ) \\lrilr lionls more ll aboul hrll the:pted ol lhc *lnd rl
| .r$t.lihtr
Lhelronl
\.rr;cs o: $crLher maf\ slll enable slmi.. J.ducllons Lo ht oner
Reeurlalurrt)l sk,rrn l l t r , c r p r r . s r L r r rr c r c r \ r ( Jt h . J C ( , U t \ . 1 't' fms uslng lhe rule Small rnLrclclones usulll! mo\e li{\lcr LhJn hr!€
I a ol n r r , 1 . . r t r ) u 1l h c i u l u r e m ( ) \ e m e n l o f p r e s s u r c
r l r r I r . t r l ( ) l ! t r ( , l r r r . r lf \ . 1 ( ' r ) c . s h r u l ) r \ . r I \ l r i i r l r $ealher nrrn lhc obser\cr *ho nc'lescrrelull!
lr.il!r. ,r thc (ri r.r\:\iar!t Ihrs assumes lh!l lulure mir\( llenl\ rnd chanSe\ B I .fr *rlhoul
i r L r t ( , i l t \ t)l thc\. fhcn()iltcrlr ll r, .rl*j l,f()s| liom past
!r.,11
-r..lt\r
. lh. :'r i:t.r\il\ ol prcssure s\slems rnJ\ ht .'llnlrlcd L h ( s . . rt h e r c h r n g e 5 t r k t n g p i r c e c r n l i r r m l b r a p c r : o d o f e b o u- tl - h6e
lr) llrc n(!lhcrn hcrIr.phrre r tr(,lt(.rl !\.1(,|. di\(.,.irnrrrl Ob!1ou\1!. lhe shorler lhc r.:.:!.rl bciseen *ealher .rhead- ! usclul esllni.tle ol lhc trcdlher lo eome
.rltcr hour.
l)nLclllrl.- il r Irrl. of lc.\ rc,tcrI L l r r r e l r o r r _I . r f r r \ . \ . i l l r l m.r;.' irl bcitcr lhe esLimate Lhrl.r: a made oi lulurc follon ! polnt5 \hould be ol rstrstance
ll')rJIr.'ll\ l.rlr\ .t ti('[h c.r.tct I dilce!o|:
In lha ,L Ltjlctn Jert,,r.n;rr.L.. but ln xn) case forecarts l,,r,r grealer perrod thln 6 I .\ fallrng hlrometer ts an indtcatton ol hrd trtrlher Lo
ll.||\fllctr t l t r l i l t . t lr l t r f ( t t , , n t \ r ) ( ! n t . i l t \ \ ( , U r t c f , \ l r r \ h,'L.r' r l r r . r L s
i r l l n o L t x r e h a b l e
I rrr, i or,lr one map ls alailable u'r u, Jeductrons cdn \Llil bc I A flsln! b!ronelcr doc\ nol necessartll indlaJlc -{ood
tr.r(lt I L'rc\dmPle st,rlher lo conre In uns!'llled condttions a rapld rlse can
j l'ronlrl dePressions lend i() rno\ e ln fumihes. etch ll lhe
qu,.klr be lollo*ed b} I raprd fell In 8cncrrl
J c p r e s s r o n f o l l o u r n g L l sF r t d . i ( " o r bul ln a sllghil! l()$er
brI, mcLtr rlsc5 and sLr\s hlSh for at lerst ll hours. l{
L.lLllude he crpccted l1 rt rtrrs htgh
hoLrr' ol setlled ueaLhtr nlr!
R(taring I ()rli(\ . \ n . r rl r \ r l ( \ | r f . . t ( , n I ,\ dcprcsston *lth d sarm:crlt'r landt lo no\e slln lne
l,jr lhr r.!r,, ,r $u\l.rl\ 1or 1.1 hours. sererrl du)s ol scltled $cdlher mr\ bc
(il,.i. | . , , r t , r , . r . a . . . . t .1 . , . . r r . . " r r , t *rnd parallel lo lhe isobrr! i:r lilL'\\irm seclor at Jboul
..,,r, :r( .lr.l (\ r!aled
dc\ri(,lnrcfl \,rll: tji -10 S \ ihrcc quarlers of the qlnd \F-cd dnd rl lhe sJme
!cncr.rl tenrr l{,r L .
fr.\.Ilrrr! I | . rrus clou.i rpproatnes from lhe *esl
\\c\tcrl\ slIrl\ ilr lJl. t.r||rr.rt, I l)cnrcssions tend lo nrrrc sill lht *lnd rround lJrgc.
.tttt!rt.. L)ltrfl) |r\lrltetr\ t\ l:o:c hc hart'nleler )\ lrllrnS. and lhc *rnd rs blcklng
lltit\ | lh \t tt till\ scll eslJbllrhed anllc\clort5
slo*l\ ind I\ ll lhen brd qerlhcr mel be erpected
1 \n occluded depressron tcnJs Lo mole
.1 l;r\l ri.r^lng. high cl()uds ollcn lndlcrlc lhrL b!d serlher
St. l.-lnx,'\ l,irr rrregulrrl!
i $Jrmscclorll nl\ d Ltidcnc\ t 51 0 i r r L L o $
ll lhcdepresslon hJs a llrlt
i ll rlltr lhc l.Lss!!c ()1 r rold fronL lhc brromelcr hlls
i{) dcsPcn
rnd lrt *tnd I'acks t\ H ) lirrthrr bad *calher m!) |t
| \\ r llenressron occluilcr ihc deeptnrnS rr(rcesse\
c\nar Lrd I
dr(ir.rsc

FORhCASTI\G FOG
I t:rrc irprs ol lor rre lrlelr 1o rllccl lhc mrrrncr

L \dr6tion Iog.
lhr. c.rn lorm uhen $rrm- molsl Jlr ilo*s o\cr r cold \lrli.t.! .tld
rscooitti Lo bclo* rts I)c* I'ornl lcmncrrlure \\'hllc rl !,:r L\' i,r rl
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