The History and Development of Local Government in Sri Lanka

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jk ´kEu f,aLk fldgil wkjir kej; m<lsÍula l¾;D ysñlï W,a,x>khla fõ'
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fuu m%ldYkh isiqkaf.a wOHdmk wjYH;d fjkqfjka jk yqÿ úIhh mqkÍlaIK wu;r
lshùuls' fuh lsisfia;a foaYk j,g fyda bka b.ekafjk úIhh lreKq j,g wdfoaYlhla
fkdfõ'
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ksÆmq,a .,mam;a;s
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Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh
úOdhl lñgqj - 2017
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wOHdmk f,alï
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1' ye¢kaùu ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 1
2' iïm%odhsl .súiqï kS;sh yd rcfha ueÈy;aúu ……………………………...…………………... 2
3' fiajd .súiqï j¾. fyj;a fiajd kshqla;s j¾. ………………………………………................. 5
4' /lshd .súiqula yd iajdëk fiajd .súiqula w;r fjki ……………………………………….. 10
5' ld¾ñl iïnkaO;djhka YS% ,xldj ;=, j¾Okh jQ wdldrh …………………………….. 11
6' 1950 wxl 43 orK ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; ………………………………………………….. 13
7' lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk;-1971 wxl 45 ……………………………………….. 38
8' idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl ^fiajh yd fõ;k úêu;a lsÍfï& mk;-1954 wxl 19……….. 40
9' ud;D m%;s,dN wd{d mk; -1939 wxl 32……………………………………………………………. 44
10' mämd,l iNd wd{d mk; - 1941 wxl 27………………………………………………………… 45
11' lïlrejkag isÿjk wk;=re iïnkaOfhka mj;ajd kS;sh………………………………………… 47
12' l¾udka; Yd,d wd{d mk; - 1942 wxl 45………………………………………………………. 52
13' jD;a;Sh iñ;s kS;sh…………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
14' fiajd fhdaclhl= .kakd ls%hd ud¾.…………………………………………………………………….... 61
15' úY%du hEfï§ ,nk m%;s,dN i|yd ieliq úêúOdk………………………………………………... 63
Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017


1' ye¢kaùu
Y%u ixl,amh
zzY%u ixl,amhZZ hkak uE; hq.fha § jeo.;a fjkialï j,g ,la ù ;sfí' wE; w;S;fha ;snqfKa zzrdcH
ks¾ndê; m%;sm;a;shhs'ZZ tkï rdcH ueÈy;a ùulska f;drj wdfhdaclhkag ßis mßÈ ;u jHdmdr md,kh
l< yels jQ W.% OkjdÈ m%;sm;a;shls' fuys§ lïlrejd jyf,l= f,i Y%uh ñ,g §ula úh' fiajd fldkafoais
fkdue;s ;rï úh'
fuysu fjkialula jQ jy,a l%ufhka miq we;s jQ jevjiï l%uh bvï md,lhdg m%fõKsodihka jy,a ùu
muKla úh' whs;sjdislï lSmhla ysñ jQjo Y%uh iQrdlEï tf,iu úh' lïlrejd iïmQ¾Kfhkau
iajdñhdf.a wKilg hg;a jk f,i mej;s kS;s Í;s ydïmq;=kag jdisodhl úh'
§¾> ld,hla ;=, iajdñhd yd fiajl msßi w;r we;s jQ w,sÅ; jHjydßl ls%hd u.ska fï ;;a;ajh áflka
ál fjka úh' lïlrejd" iajdñhd lshk iEu fohlgu wjk; ùu fyda tfia fkdjqjfyd;a fiajh w;ayer
hdug isÿjk ;;ajh fjkia úh' ixúOdkh jQ lïlre mka;sfha n,mEï yd iajdNdúl hqla;s O¾u ms<smÈñka
wêlrKh ÿka ;SrK u.ska lïlrejd yd ydïmq;d ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha § fmdÿ yjq,alrejka njg m;aúh'
fuf,i uQ,Okh Y%uh hk ksIamdok uQ,sldx.hkaf.ka yjq,aùu zzld¾ñl m%cd;ka;%jdohZZ kï fõ'
iudc hqla;s O¾uh ms<sn| ixl,amh

ñksia j¾.hdg iduqyslj Ôj;a ùug yelshdj ,eî we;af;a zhqla;shZ kï moku u;h' tkï iEu
mqoa.,fhl=gu Tyqg fyda wehg ysñúh hq;= whs;sjdislï ,nd fokafka fuuÕsks'
hqla;s O¾uh hkak ;=ka wdldrhlg fnfoa'

1' fm!oa.,sl hqla;s O¾uh
2' iudc hqla;s O¾uh iy
3' Okh fnod yeÍfï hqla;s O¾uhhs'
lïlre kS;sh yeoEÍfï§ jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka iudc hqla;s O¾uh hkakhs' iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu ;ud
Ôj;ajk iudch iuDêu;a lsÍu i|yd bgql, hq;= ld¾h Ndrh fuhska woyia fõ'
uq¿ lïlre kS;s fCI;%fhau moku iudc hqla;s O¾uh ms<sn| ixl,amhhs' rchla lïlrejka yd
ydïmq;=ka w;r m%Yakhlg ueÈy;a jkafkao fï moku u; msysgdh'
ld¾ñl úma,jh yd lïlre mka;shla ìysùu

kj ksmoùï fidhd .ekSula iu.u oy wgjk Y; j¾Ifha ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha úYd, j¾Okhla
we;sjqKs' .Dy l¾udka; uÜgfï ;snq ksIamdok rdYshla jvd;a mq¿,a jdKscuh ;;a;ajhlg fmr¿Ks'
fuuÕska iudcfha wksl=;a ish¿u wxYhkago n,mEï we;sjqKs' fuh ld¾ñl úma,jh kï fõ'
uyd mßudK ksIamdok wdrïN ùula iu.u .Dy l¾udk; f,i mj;akd f.k wd iq¿ mßudK l¾udka;
miq nEug ,laúh' .Dy l¾udka; j, ;snQ ;;ajh jqfhA mjqf,a idudðlhka yd jev mqyqKqjk jegqma
fkd,nk msßila u.ska ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hduhs'
kuq;a uyd mßudK l¾udka; i|yd úYd, l¾udka; Yd,d bÈ flreKs' Èukdjla i|yd fiajh lsÍfï
moku u; lïlrejka úYd, ixLHdjla n|jd .eKqks' fuh lïlre mka;shl wdrïNh úh' rdcH
ks¾ndê; m%;sm;a;sfhka mkakrh ,enQ Okm;sfhda ;u Okh fhdojñka" wêl ,dN ,eîu i|yd fuu
úYd, l¾udka;Yd,d mj;ajdf.k .shy' fuh hqfrdamhg iSud fkdù cd;Hka;rhgo me;sr .sfhah' fuhska
mSvdjg m;ajQfha lïlrejdh'
wvq úhoñka jeä ,dNhla ,eîu l¾udka;Yd,d ysñhkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j úh' ksIamdokh jeäùula
iuÕ we;s jQ fj<|fmd, ;rÕhg uqyqK§ug fï ;;ajh wjYH úh' fuhska mSvdjg m;a jQ lïlrefjda
;u whs;sjdislu Èkd .ekSu i|yd iduqysl ls%hdud¾. .ekSu werUQy'
Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 1


2' iïm%odhsl .súiqï kS;sh yd rcfha ueÈy;aúu
iïm%odhsl .súiqï kS;sh wkqj .súiqul ld¾hhka ld¾ñl iudchl§ isõ jeoEreï úh'
^1& .súiqï kñka ye¢kafjk ffk;sl idOk m;%h u.ska ld¾ñl iudch ;=, NdKav yd mqoa.,hkaf.a
ksoyia p,khg bvlv i,id fohs' fuh /lshd lafIa;%fha§ ls%hd lrkq ,nkafka Y%uh l=,shg
.ekSug;a wkjYH jQ úg neyer lsÍug;a ;ukag wjYH jq úúO fldkafoais wkqj Y%uh ,nd.ekSug
yd fhoùugh'
^2& .súiqula iEu úgu md¾Yjlrejkaf.a wNsu;hkag .re lrk tlla úh'
^3& isÿúh yels wd¾Ól wjodkï u. yrjd .ekSug .súiqula Wmldß fõ'
^4& ks;shg mgyeks fkdjk ;dla ÿrg ;ukag leu;s ´kEu fldkafoaishla u; YdÍßl mSvdjla fyda
fjk;a n,mEula ms<sn| ìhlska f;drj iEu úgu iudk uÜgñka .súiqulg t<öug
md¾Yjlrejkag yelshdjla we;'
kuq;a md¾Yjlrejkag iu ;;a;ajfha isáñka .súiqï j,g t<fU;ehs iïm%odhsl .súiqï kS;sfha jQ
ms<s.ekSu /lshd fCIa;%fha§ olakg fkd,enqKs' tfiau fldkafoais j,g tlÕ ù we;af;a ish leue;af;kau
hkak ;j;a ñ;Hdjls' fuys fiajdfhdaclhka yd fiajlhka w;r mr;rh jeäjk úg rdcH Y=N idOk
ixl,amh u; fuu iudc widOdrKh keje;aùu i|yd jHjia:dms; kS;sh u.ska .súiqïj,g n,mEï
lsÍug rchkag isÿúh' fuuÕska ;ukag wNsu; ´kEu fldkafoaishla u; .súiqï j,g t<öug
md¾Yjlrejkag we;s yelshdj fiajd .súiqï iïnkaOfhka hï m%udKhlg iSud ù ;sfí'
hqkhsgâ bxðkshßka j¾l¾ia hqkshka ta' foajkdh.ï

zziajdñhd yd fiajlhd iïnkaO fmdÿ kS;sh ±ka wNdjhg m;aj we;'ZZ hs fvd,agka idñjrhd m%ldY lf,a
fuu ;;a;ajh myod §ugh'
ld¾ñl kS;sfha mrud¾:h" idudðh yd wd¾Ól idOdrK;ajhla <Õd lr .ekSuhs'
19 jk ishjfia w. Nd.h olajd ;snQ mqoa.,hka w;r we;sjk iudÔhSh" wd¾Ól yd jdKscuh iïnkaO;d
j,§ rch ueÈy;a fkdúh hq;=h hk ixl,amh lïlre mka;sfha j¾Okhla iuÕ ì| jegqks' rcfha
ueÈy;a ùulska f;drj kshu iudc iudk;ajhla fyda iqrCIs;Ndjhla we;s úh fkdyelsh hk ixl,amh
bkamiqj ms<s.ekSug ,laúh' tys ld¾ñl wdrjq, iïnkaOfhka § we;s w¾:l;kh j;auka mkf;a
w¾:l;kfhka fjkia jkafka iq¿ jYfhks'
1931 mk; m%Odk mrud¾: 2 la mokï fldg f.k we;s lrk ,§' tajd kï ´kEu l¾udka;hl we;s
wdrjq,a úNd. lsÍu i|yd flduidßiajrhl= m;a lsÍug wdKavqldrjrhdg n,;, ,nd§u iy ld¾ñl
wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsÍu i|yd wjYH ls%hd mámdáhla yd l%u fõohka i|yd m%;smdok ie,eiaùuhs' jir 10
muK fuu mk; ld¾ñl iïnkaO;d j¾Okh lsÍfuys,d jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lf<ah'
fiajd .súiqu yd fiajd .súiqï j¾. fyj;a fiajd kshqla;s j¾.

fiajd .súiqï wka .súiqï fukau md¾Yjhka 2 la w;r hï ld¾hka bgq lsÍu i|yd .súi.kq ,nk
.súiquls' tfy;a fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh kï tla mlaIhla jvd;a n,j;a ùuhs' tkï iajdñ mlaIhhs' wE;
w;S;fha isgu fiajd .súiqu iïnkaOfhka w;a;fkdau;sl f,i ;u n,h m%fhdackhg f.k lghq;= lsÍug
iajdñ mlaIhg ;snQ wjia:dj rcfha ueÈy;a ùfuka je<l=Ks' ta wkqj fiajlhkago flaj,a lsÍfï yd hï
idOdrK;ajhla ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj ,enqKs' fï i|yd lïlrejka iduqyslj ixúOdkho ùuo jD;a;Sh
iñ;s wdrïN ùuo rel=,la úh'
frä ñlaiaâ fldkalS%Ü iud.u t' ñksiag¾ T*aa fmkaIkaia wekaâ fidaI,a bkaIqjrkaia
zzmd¾Yjlrejkaf.a iïnkaO;djh iajdñ fiajl iïnkaO;djhlao tfia ke;skï fjk;a iïnkaO;djhlao
hkak lreKq u; ;SrKh l< hq;= kS;suh ks.ukhla úh hq;=h' tu lreKq iajdñ fiajl in|;djhla
fy<sorõ lrkafka kï muKla .súiqu iajdñ fiajl .súiqula úh yelsh' tfia fkdue;sj md¾Yjhka
.súiqu wka wdldrhlg y÷kajd § ;sîu jeo.;a fkdfõ' .súiqfï olajd we;s whs;sjdislï yd hq;=lï u;
mokïj iajdñ fiajl iïnkaO;djhla we;ao hkak ks.ukh lsÍug wmyiq wjia:djl§ md¾Yjlrejka
.súiqu y÷kajd § we;s wdldrho ;SrKhla .ekSug wdOdr lr.; yel'ZZ
fuysoS fiajd .súiqula y÷kd .ekSu i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais 3 la bÈßm;a lrk ,§'
1' jegqmla i|yd fiajh ,nd §ug tlÕ ùu'
2' md,khg hg;aùu i|yd m%ldYs;j fyda jHx.j tlÕ ùu'
3' wksl=;a fldkafoais j,ska fiajd .súiqul iajNdjh fy<sorõ ùu'
wêlrKh jeäÿrg;a m%ldY lf<a tla md¾Yjlrejl= wfkldf.a md,khg hg;aj fiajh ,nd §ug
tlÕùu muKla fiajd .súiqula ;sfío hkak ks.ukh lsÍug m%udKj;a ke;s kuq;a th wjYHu lreKla
njhs'

hx.a wekaâ jqâia iud.u t' fjiaÜ

fuys§ fomd¾Yjh úiska .súiqu u.ska fjiaÜ iajhx /lshdjl fh§ we;s nj ms<sf.k ;snqko fiajfhka
fkrmSfï§ ;ud fiajlfhl= nj mjiñka kvq mejßh' fï kvqfõ§ wêlrKh m%ldY lf<a md¾Yjhka
w;r we;s i;H iïnkaO;djh Bg wuqKd we;s f,an,hla u.ska kshudldrfhka fy<sorõ lrkafkao hkak
wêlrKh u.ska fidhd n,d ;SrKh l< hq;= njhs' tfiau wdrïNfha§ md¾Yjlrejka hï ;;ajhla
ms<s.;a;;a fomd¾Yjfha iïnkaO;djh wkqj fjkia ia:djrhla .; yels nj;ah'
fIdaÜ t' fykav¾ika

fuysoS fiajd .súiqula y÷kd .ekSug lreKq 5 la ±laúh'
1' f;dard .ekSu 2' wK lsÍu 3' md,kh
4' bj;a lsÍfï whs;sh 5' jegqmla fyda Y%ñlhla f.ùu
fï ish¿ kvq ;Skaÿ u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka md,k udmlh fyj;a md,k mÍlaIdj iajdñ fiajl
iïnkaO;djh fy<sorõ lsÍfï ñkqï oKav njhs' kuq;a iqúfYaI ksmqK;d we;s fiajlhka fiajhg fhdod
.ekSula iuÕ fjk;a ñkqï fh§fï wjYH;djh we;súh'
iSudiys; ,xld ghsïia t' ksoyia ld¾ñl iy fj<| fiajl jD;a;Sh iñ;sh ^63 NLR 126&
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a lïlre hk mdGhg iajdëk .súiqïlrefjl= whs;s fkdjk nj ;SrKh lrk ,§'
fuys§ we;s jQ isoaêuh lreKq w;r jQfha" mqj;am;a fnodyeÍu /lshdj f,i l, wfhl=f.a fiajh i|yd
mqj;am;a iud.fuka f.ùï lrk ,oafoa úl=Kk ,o mqj;am;a ixLHdjg wod,j fldñia uqo,a f,ih' fuu
fiajlhd yg ;u /lshdj l, fkdyels jQ Èkhg fjk wfhla ta i|yd fhoùulao lr ;snQ kuq;a iud.u
úiska fiajh wjika lsÍu ksid m%Yakh Woa.; ùuhs'
fnf,dma t' fm%isvï iud.u

mqoa.,hl= hï fCIa;%hl ksmqK;djhla we;s úg ish lghq;= lsÍug we;s ksoyi tla;rd m%udKhlg we;s
fõ' m%ùK;ajh md,kh hkq ta ta wjia:dj wkqj n,mE yels fjk;a fndfyda foa w;r tla ñkqï oKavla
muKla njg m;a fõ'
iaájkaika fcd¾vka wekaâ yeßikaia iud.u t' uelafvdak,aâ wekaâ tjkaia

fvkska idñjrhd m%ldY lf,a fiajlhd iajdñhdf.a jHdmßl lghq;=j,g fl;rï ÿrg iïnkaO o hkak
fidhd ne,sh hq;= njhs' l=la úksYaphldr;=ud mejiQ mßÈ Tyq ;ukaf.a jHdmdrhla f,i tu ld¾hka lrkq
,nkafkao hkak fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' fuu ix>gk udmlh fyda úIhdkqnoaO mÍcIdj f,i ye¢kafõ'
^taldnoaO mÍlaIKh&
,xld fj<| ix.uh t' fmdfydr ixia:dj (1985 (1) SLR 401)
fiajlhska f;jk md¾Yjhka úiska imhkq ,enqjo ixia:dfõ fiajlhska nj ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa md,k
mÍlaIKh fukau taldnoaO mÍlaIKh o Wmfhda.s lr .ekSfuks'
fuys§ we;s jQ isoaêuh lreKq w;r iuQmldr ix.uh úiska fmdfydr ixia:dfõ fiajh i|yd fiajlhska
502la imhk ,§' fmdfydr ixia:djg tu fiajlhskaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍu ksid ,xld fjf<| ix.uh
úiska uq,skau whÿïm;la lïlre úksYaph iNdjg fhduq lrK ,§' lïlre úksYaph iNdj ;SrKh lrk
,oafoa tu fiajlhska ixia:dfõ fiajfhka widOdrK f,i my lr we;s neúka kej; fiajfha msysgqjd 6
uil ysÕ jegqma ,ndfok f,i;a tfia fkdyels kï jirl jegqma yd mdßf;daIsl ,ndfok f,i;ah'
fuu fiajlhska fj; jegqma f.jd ;snqfka Tjqka imhk ,o iuQmldr ix.uh ud¾.fhks' fuys§ Woa.;
jQ m%Yakh jQfha tu fiajlhska fmdfydr ixia:dfõ fiajlhskao hkakhs' lïlre úksYaph iNdj ;SrKh
lrk ,oafoa Tjqka ixia:dfõ fiajlhska jk njhs'
miqj ,xld fmdfydr ixia:dj tu ;SrKhg úreoaOj wNshdpkdêlrKhg fm;aiula bÈßm;a lsÍfuka
ixia:dj tu fiajlhskaf.a fiajlhd fkdjk nj ;SrKh lsÍfuka w;Dma;shg m;a ,xld fj<| ix.uh
fY%aIaGdêlrKhg bÈßm;a lrk ,o fm;aiu uÕska uq,ska olajk ,o ;SrKh ,nd ÿks'
fuysÈ iurfldaka w.% úksYaphldr;=ud ;u ;SrKfhka fm;aiu ksIam%Nd l,;a jkiqkaor yd úu,r;ak
hk úksYaphldrjreka úiska fm;aiu ms<sf.k 3(2 wkqmd;fha ;SrKhla ,ndÿks'
nekalajq¾ yekaâ,ka ials%¾m%dÜ t' ie,am¾â

fvksx idñjrhd m%ldY lf,a kQ;k hq.fha fiajlhl=o keoao hkak ;SrKh lsÍfï§ Tyq wK ms<sme§ug
zne£ we;s ;ru u;u r|d mj;skakla fkdj Tyq wksldf.a jHdmdßl lghq;= j, fldgilao keoao hkak
u; r|d mj;sk njh'


hq' tia' tÈßj is,ala

.,a wÕ=re nEug yd megùug fhdod.;a fiajlhka ;ukaf.a wdïmkak fhdodf.k leu;s fõ,dj,
jevl<o megjQ m%udKh wkqjf.ùu l<o Tjqka ;ukaf.au jHdmrhla f.k .sfhao hkak i,ld ne,Sfï§
fiajd .súiqula u; fiajh l, nj úksYaphldr;=ud ;SrKh lf,ah'
udlÜ bkafjiaÜf.aIkaia iud.u t iudc wdrlaIK weu;s

by; ix>Gk udklh ;j ÿrg;a ú.%y lsÍfï§ fuu kvqfõ§ w¨;au udmlhla bÈßm;a úh' tkï wd¾Ól
h:d¾:udmlhhs' lsishï fiajhla bgq lsÍu i|yd fhdojd .kakd ,o ;eke;a;d ;udf.au jHdmdrhla
lrkafkao hk m%Yakh ke.= úg ,efnk ms<s;=r zzTõZZ kï th fiajd iemhSï i|yd jQ .súiquls' W;a;rh
zzke;ZZ kï th fiajd .súiquls'
ta i|yd my; ±lafjk lreKq j,g wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§'
^1& ;udf.au wdïmkak iy WmlrK mdúÉÑ lrkq ,nkafkao @

^2& ld¾h bgqlsÍu i|yd Tyq ;udf.au w;a Woõldrhka n|jd .kq ,nkafkao @
^3& Tyq fld;rï ÿrg uQ,H wjodkula ndrf.k weoao @
^4& Tyq fld;rï ÿrg wdfhdack iïnkaOfhka j.lSu yd wjodku orhs o @
^5& ;u ld¾Hh bgq lsÍfï§ oCI l<uKdldß;ajhla u.ska ,dN ,eîu i|yd fld;rï ÿrg ls%hd
lrkafkao @
wef,laisia fnkäla t' fvkais,a fmf¾rd hk kvqfõ ;SrKho fi,skaflda rlaIK kvqfõ lreKq o fï
i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
.af,dan,a ma,dkaÜ iud.u t' fi!LH yd iudc wdrCIl rdcH f,alï

w.% úksYaphldr;=ud hq' tia' tÈßj is,ala kvqfõ§ ±la jQ ñKqï oKav ms<sn| fufia m%ldY lf,ah' ud
ys;k yeáhg l=la úksYaphldrhd yd wksl=;a úksYaphldrjreka wd¾Ól h:d¾: udmlfhka lshd isáfha
lsishï whl= lsishï ksYaÑ; f.ùula i|yd ksYaÑ; jev fldgila bgq lsÍug ndr .ekSfï§ tu ld¾h
blauka lf<d;a ,dN ,nd .ekSug;a m%udo lf<d;a mdvq ú¢ug;a isÿfõ kï ta ;eke;a;d fiajd iemhSï
i|yd jQ .súiqula u; tkï iajdêk .súiqï lrejl= f,i fiajh lrk njhs'
jhs' ms' o is,ajd t' is$i tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u - YS% ,xld fY%aIaGdêlrKh
fmdÿ kS;sfha msgqjy, ,nd .ksñka fiajd .súiqula ;sfío hkak ;SrKh flreKs' ta wkqj kqjr m%foaYfha
iuQy m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrejl= f,i n|jd .;a mqoa.,hl=f.a fiajd ld,h fldka;%d;a mokula u; §¾>
lrñka ;snqK w;r tf,i §¾> lsÍu m%;slafIam l< úg ta ms<sn|j lïlre úksYaph iNdjg bÈßm;a
lr ;snqKs' Èkm;d fiajhg jd¾;d l< hq;= nj" m%ido §ukd f.ùu" ksjdvq wjYH jQ úg wjir ,nd.;
hq;= ùu" re' 300$- fiajfha r|jd .ekSfï f.ùula lsÍu hk lreKq u; b,a¨ïlre iajdëk .súiqïlrejl=
fkdj fiajd .súiqula hgf;a jQ fiajlhl= nj ;SrKh flreKs'
is $ i ,xld fÜ%äka lïmeks t' o ue,a - YS% ,xld fY%aIaGdêlrKh

fuys fiajlfhda ;dlaIKsl wf,ú ksfhdað;fhda jQy' jevlrk fõ,dj ;SrKh lsÍu" wjYHhhs yefÕk
úg muKla jd¾;d iemhSug ksoyi ;snqKs' tfy;a B,Õ i;sfha lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk jev ms<sn|
jd¾;d i;sm;d iemhsh hq;= úh' Tjqka iajdëk .súiqïlrejka njg fomd¾Yjhu ms<sf.k ;snqKs' jev
mßlaId lsÍug iqmÍlaIlhl= isá w;r" jevg hk tk fõ,djka ,l=Kq l< hq;= úh' ksjdvq wjYH úg
iud.fï wjirh .; hq;= úh' fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a iajdñ $ fiajl iïnkaO;djhla .súiqfï
lreKq u;u ;SrKh l, fkdyels nj;a" Tjqka fldf;la ÿrg iajdñhdf.a md,khg hg;a jQfhao hkak;a
tu ksfhdað;hka ;ukaf.au jHdmdrhl fh§ isáfhao" ke;fyd;a fiajd fhdaclhdf.au jHdmdßl lghq;=j,
fh§ isáfhao" hkak;a i,ld ne,sh hq;=h hkakh' ta wkqj fuh iajdñ fiajl iïnkaO;djhla f,i ;SrKh
úh'


3' fiajd .súiqï j¾. fyj;a fiajd kshqla;s j¾.

fiajdfhdaclhka úiska fiajlhka úúO j¾. hgf;a kï lrkq ,efí' kS;shg wkqj fiajlhkag fokq ,nk
fun÷ ye¢kaùï jeo.;a m%;sM, we;s lsÍug ;=vq Èh yel' kuq;a fuu ye¢kaùï ;SrKd;aul fkdjkafka
we;eï wjia:dj, fiajdfhdaclhka úiska we;eï jHjia:dms; j.lSï u. yeÍug yd tajd uev mj;ajd
.ekSug fun÷ mo fhdod .kq ,nk ksid;a ta fya;=fjka we;eï úg widOdrK lïlre ls%hd ud¾.j,g
bv ie,fik ksid;ah'
YS% ,xldfõ idudkHfhka Ndú; jk ye¢kaùï kï mßjdislhka" wdOqkslhka" ks;H ld,Sk fiajl" ;djld,sl
fiajl" wkshï fiajl" jdr ld,Sk fiajl wdÈhhs'
wdOqkslhka
by; fiajl j._ .ek bf.kSug m%:u wdOqkslhd hk ixl,amh idlÉPd l< hq;=h' idudkHfhka fiajd
.súiqulska isÿ jkafka tla md¾Yjhla wfkldg" lsishï jegqmla $ mdßf;daIslhla wfmalaIdfjka fiajhla
bgq lsÍuh' kuq;a wdOqkslhl= f,i n|jd.kq ,nkakd hkafkka jD;a;shla $ /lshdjla bf.k .ekSug
n|jd .kq ,nk msßils' Tjqka lrk fiajh iïnkaOfhka jegqmla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdfõ' jev bf.kSug
wfkldg fiajh lrhs' fiajdfhdaclhd wdOqkslhdg mqyqKqj ,nd §ug ne£ isáhs'
bx.S%is kS;shg wkqj fiajdfhdaclhd úiska wdOqkslhl=g ksis mqyqKqjla ,nd fkdÿkfyd;a wdOqkslhdg
fiajdfhdaclhdf.ka jkaÈ ,nd .; yel' fndfyda úg wdOqkslhdg f.ùug ne£ we;af;a wdOqkslhdf.ka
hï wdldrhl fiajhla isÿjk ksidh' fï wkqj wdOqksl .súiqulska ne¢ we;s wdOqkslhl=g ;=ka wdldrhl
wdrlaIdjla ,efí tajd kï"
1' wdOqksl ld,h ;=, §ukdjla ,eîu'
2' jev mqyqKq ùug whs;sh
3' mqyqKqjg miqj iaÓr /lshdjla
wdOqkslhka ^jev mqyqKqjkakka& $ wNHdi,dNshd - 1978 wxl 8 orK mqyqKqjkakka fiajhg n|jd .ekSfï
^fm!oa& kS;shg wkqj lïlre wdrjq,a mk;" fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk;" mä md,l iNd wd{d mk;"
jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mk;" idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl mk; wod, fkdjk nj olajd we;' w¾: idOl
wruqo,a mk; wod, fõ' wdOqkslhka j¾. 3 ls'
^1& mä md,l iNdj u.ska jev mqyqKqjkakka f,i kï lrk ,o msßia ^fudjqkag wod, ld,fhka miq
iaÓr /lshdjla msß keñh hq;=h&
bxðfkare" weÕ¿ï" uqøK l¾udka; fjkqfjka msysgqjd we;s mä md,l iNd úiska mkjd we;s
fr.=,dis j, wdOqkslhka iïnkaOfhka m%;smdok i,id we;'
Wod (- mqyqKq ld,h" tu ld,fha § f.úh hq;= §ukdj" ksjdvq ''''
tfiau mä md,l iNd hgf;a .efkk l¾udka; j,g wdOqkslhka n|jd .ekSug kï lïlre
flduidßiajrhdf.a wjirh w;HdjYhh' Tyq wjir ,nd Èh hq;af;a tjeks mqyqKqjla ,nd§ug
yelshdj we;s l¾udka;Yd,d j,g muKs'
^2& 1978 wxl 8 orK mqyqKq jkakka fiajhg n|jd .ekSfï ^fm!oa.,sl wxYh& mk; hg;g .eksh
yels mqyqKq jkakka
f.ùula ;SrKh lr we;' wjqreÿ 1g fkdjeä mqyqKq ld,hls' Èk 7 l wkshï ksjdvq we;' mqyqKq
ùfï ld,fhka miq iaÓr rCIdjla msßkeñh hq;= njg kshuhla we;'
^3& 1971 wxl 49 orK cd;sl wdOqksl;aj uKav, mk;g wkqj ta hgf;a mqyqKq jkakka fiajfha
fhoùu lïlrefjl= f,i fiajfha fhoùula fkdfõ' úúO jD;a;Ska i|yd mqyqKq ùug whÿïm;a
le|jd mqyqKq jkakka n|jd .kS' tla tla wdh;k j, jev lrñka mqyqKqj ,nd .kS' cd;sl
wdOqksl;aj uKav,h §ukdjla f.jhs' m%.;s jd¾;djlao Tjqka fjkqfjka ielfihs' mqyqKq ùfuka
miq iaÓr /lshdjla §ug ne¢ ke;' mqyqKq ùfï .súiqug nefokafka mqyqKq jkakkaf.a fouõmshkah'
Èk 14 l wkshï yd Èk 7 l ffjoH ksjdvq we;s w;r tu ksjdvq wjika jQj;a wod, wdh;kfha
fr.=,dis j,g hg;aj wu;r ksjdvq ,nd.; yel'
mßjdislhka
zzmßjdislZZ hkafkka woyia jkafka fiajdfhdaclfhl= iuÕ fiajd kshqla;s .súiqulg t<efUk fiajlfhls'
hï w¿;a fiajlfhl= fhÈ isák /lshdjlg Tyq iqÿiq o yd Tyqf.a ;;a;ajh ;SrKh lsÍugo Tyqf.a
yelshdjka l=i,;d yd oCI;djhkao" /lshdj flf¾ Tyq olajk Wkkaÿj mÍlaId lsÍugo tu fiajlhd
fiajfha fhojQ wdh;k u.ska fiajd .súiqfï hï ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ûdi 6 la muK& fhdod .kS' kuq;a
fiajdfhdaclhdg fiajlhdf.a /lshdfõ lghq;= wi;=gqodhl nj fmkS hkafka kï fuu ld, iSudj §¾>
l< yelsh'


mßjdi ld,h ;=,§ ±kqï §ulska f;drj fiaajlhdf.a /lshdj wjika lsÍug yel' idudkHfhka fun÷
kshuhla fiajd .súiqfïu we;=,;a lsÍu lrkq ,efí'
mßjdislhl= hkq iaÓr ;k;=rla ±Íug iEu w;skau iqÿiq nj ikd: lsÍug lghq;= lrk wfhls' bx§h
kvqjl§ mßjdislhl=f.a hï hï ,laIK y÷kajd § we;' Venkathacharya Vs. Mysoor Sugar Co. §
Venkatharamaiya úksiqrejrhd m%ldY lf<a mßjdi fiajlhl= meyeÈ,sju wfkla fiajlhkaf.a ;;a;ajfha
fkdie,fla' wúksYaÑ; ;;ajhla we;' neÆ ne,aug wfkla fiajlhkag ysñ whs;sjdislï b,a,d isáh
fkdyels nj;ah'
isf,daka fÜ%äka fldïmeks t' tlai;a f;a rn¾ iy foaYSh ksYamdok lïlrejkaf.a jD;a;Sh iñ;sh
fuys§ úksiqrejrhd by; kvqfõ m%ldYhg fhduq lrñka fufia m%ldY lf<ah' mßjdih hkq mÍlaIK
ld,hls' tys jeo.;a lreK kï mßjdi ld,h ;=, mßjdislhl=f.a ksmqK;djh muKla fkdj Tyqf.a
pß;h" Tyq olajk iyfhda.h" fiajdfhdaclhdg fl;rï ys;j;a o hk lreKq ms<sn|j fiajdfhdaclhd
iEySug m;aúh hq;=h'
YS% ,xldfõ mßjdislhka iïnkaO kvq j,§ fndfyda úg by; ±lajQ fjkalgpd¾h kvqj .=refldg .kS'

ßpâ mSßia t' ch;=x.
mßjdi fiajlhl=f.a ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j wNshdpkdêlrKh §¾> f,i idlÉPdjg .eKsk' fuys§ my;
i|yka uQ, O¾u bÈßm;a lf<ah'
1' fiajdfhdaclhd wfmalaId lrk ;;a;ajhg mßjdislhd m;a fkdfõkï Tyqj fiajfhka bj;a l<
yel'
2' mßjdislhd bj;a lsÍug fmr fiajdfhdaclhd úiska Tyqf.a jerÈ $wvqmdvq fmkajd § tajd uÕ yrjd
.; hq;= hehs jdÑlj fyda ,sÅ;j ±kqï §u wkjYHh'
3' kshu lrk ,o mßjdi ld,hg fmr jQjo mßjdislhd bj;a lsÍug fiajdfhdaclhdg whs;sh we;;a
b;sß ld,h fjkqfjka jkaÈ f.úh hq;=h'
Bg miqj wêlrKfha idlÉPdjg Ndckh jQfha uQidÔ t' rdihshd kvqjhs' fuys§ Richard Pieris kvqj
wkqu; l< wêlrKh my; lreKq o bÈßm;a lf<ah'
1' mßjdislhd úiska ;ud fiajfha iaÓr l< hq;= hehs b,a,d isàug whs;shla ke;'
2' mßjdislhl=f.a fiajd iudma;sfha § fya;= ±laùu wkjYHh'
3' mßjdislhd" fiajdfhdaclhd iEySug m;ajk wdldrhg fiajh l< hq;=h'
4' mßjdislhdf.a fiajh i;=gqodhl o keoao hkak ms<sn|j úksYaphlg meñKsh yels tlu úksiqrd
fiajdfhdaclhdh'
5' fiajdfhdaclhdf.a ;SrKh .ek úksYaph lsÍug lsisÿ úksYaph iNdjlg fkdyel'
6' mßjdislhdf.a fiajd iudma;sh isÿ lr we;af;a wioaNdjfhka" oafõY iy.;j fyda m<s.ekSfï
fÉ;kdfjka o hkak .ek muKla úuid ne,Sug yelshdj we;'
YS% ,xld isfuka;s ixhqla; uKav,h t' m%kdkaÿ

È ;SrKh jQfha lïlre wdrjq,a mkf;a 31 B ^4& j.ka;sfha we;s idOdrK jQ;a hqla;s iy.; jQ;a ;Skaÿjla
§fï§ mßjdi ld,h ms<sn| fldkafoaish o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= nj;ah'
Ijq*ãka t' YS% ,xld rdcH jeú,s ixia:dj ^942 SLR 357&
§ m%ldY jQfha mßjdislhl=f.a fiajd iudc;shl§ fiajdfhdaclhd wioaNdjfhka fyda oafõY iy.;j ls%hd
lr we;ao hkak fidhd ne,Su lïlre úksYaph iNdfõ j.lSula njh'
mßjdi ld,h §¾> l< yels nj m;aùfï ,smsfha i|yka jQj;a ke;;a tu ld,h §¾> lsÍug
fiajdfhdacldhg whs;shla we;s njhs' fmdÿ kS;shg wkqj kï .súiqfï fldkafoais m%ldYs;ju i|yka úh
hq;=h hkak fkdi,ld yer we;s nj fmfka'
mßjdi ld,h wjika jQjo mßjdislhdj iaÓr l< njg ,sÅ;j ±kqï fok ;=re iaÓr fkdfõ' tkï
mßjdislhl= bfí iaÓr fkdfõ' fï nj fyÜáwdrÉÑ t' úoHd,xldr úYaj úoHd,h kvqfõ§ wêlrKh
m%ldY lr we;'
rcfha fiajlhl=f.a mßjdi ld,h iïnkaOfhka nKavdr t' fm%aupkaø kvqj jeo.;a fõ' fY%aIaGdêlrKh
m%ldY lf<a mßjdislhl= fiajfhka bj;a lsÍfï§ fya;= ±laùu wkjYH nj wdh;k ix.%yh m%;smdok
i,id we;;a thska .uH jkafka fya;= fkd;sìh hq;= nj fkdfõ' tksid wêlrKh b,a,d isáhfyd;a fya;=
bÈßm;a lsÍug fiajdfhdaclhd ne¢ we;s nj;ah'
rdcH iald.dr ixia:dj t' celaika rEmisxy ^1997 2 SLR 395&

l,ska ±lajq ish¿ kvq ;Skaÿ ish,a,u mdfya wkqu; l< fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a


• mßjdi ld,h wjidkfha § fiajlhd iaÓr fkdlf<a kï ;jÿrg;a mßjdislhl= njg ie,lsh
hq;= hehs ;SrKh l< úoHd,xldr úYaj úoHd,h t' fyÜáwdrÉÑ kvqj mßjdi ld,h wjika
l< fiajlhl=f.a mßjdi ;;a;ajh wjika fkdfldg §¾> ld,hla iaÓr fkdlr ;nd .kS kï
by; kvqfõ uQ, O¾uh fhdod .ekSu widOdrK njh'
• lsishï mßjdislhl=f.a jev $ yeisÍu ms<sn|j fiajdfhdaclhd iEySug m;a fkdfõ kï Tyqf.a
mßjdi ld,h ;jÿrg;a §¾> lsÍu fyda wjika lsÍu l< hq;=h'
• mßjdislhl=f.a fiajh .ek fiajdfhdaclhd iEySug m;a fkdfõ kï Tyqj fiajfhka bj;a l<
hq;=h'
• mßjdislhdf.a fiajfha wvqmdvq we;akï Tyqg jdÑl $ ,sÅ; j mQ¾j wjjdo ,nd§u wkjYH njg
;SrKh l< ßp^¾&â mSßia yd uqid¾ð hk kvqj, ;Skaÿ m%ldY wd.ka;=l m%ldY f,i ie,lsh
hq;= nj;a mßjdislhl=f.a wvqmdvq fmkajd fkdfoakï fiajdfhdaaclhd Tyqf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka l=ula±hs ±k .ekSug wjia:djla fkd§u widOdrK njhs'
• mßjdislhl=f.a wvqmdvq fmkajd fkdfoakï mßjdi ld,h §¾> lsÍfuka m%fhdackhla ke;'
• mßjdislhl=f.a wvqmdvq fmkajd ÿkaúg tu wvqmdvq uÕ yrjd fkd.kS kï mßjdi ld,h §¾>
lsÍu fyda fiajfhka bj;a lsÍu l< hq;=h'
• .súiqulg t<öfï§ fomd¾Yjfhka ´kEu md¾Yjhlg ;ukg n,mdk fmdÿ fldkafoais bj;a
lr .ekSug fyda ;ukag wjYH fldkafoais we;=,;a lr.; yels ksid mßjdi ld,h iïnkaOfhka
jQ fldkafoaish md¾Yjlrejkag wjYH f,i ksYaÑ;j yd meyeÈ,j ilia lr.; hq;=h'
wkshï fiajlhka
wkshï fiajlhka iy iaÓr fiajlhd w;r fjki mÍlaId l< hq;=h' wkshï fiajlfhla hkq fiajd
.súiqula fkdue;sj wyïfnka fiajfhys fhdojkq ,nkakls' Tyqg jev ,efnkafka jev ;sfnk úg muKs'
wkshï fiajlfhl= fkdlvjd jevg meñfK;ehs fiajdfhdaclfhl=g n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyelsh' Tyqg
is;=Kq úg is;=Kq mßÈ jevg meñKsh yelsh' Tyqg ;u whs;shla f,iska fiajdfhdaclhdf.ka jev
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyelsh'
hï lïlrefjl= ;ud wkshï fiajlfhl= f,i ye¢kaùug leue;a; m< l< ,shú,af,ys ±lafjk úia;rh
fyda ;k;=re kduh fï ldrKfhys ,d ;SrKd;aul jkafka ke;' fomd¾Yjh tkï lïlrejd iy fiajd
fhdaclhd w;r mj;akd kshu iïnkaO;dj mÍlaId l< hq;=h' ish fiajdfhdaclhd úiska tu fiajlhd
iaÓr ;;ajfha flfkl=fia i<ld ;sfnk nj fmkS .shfyd;a túg Tyq wkshï fiajlfhl= f,i i,lkq
fkd,efí'
hï fiajlfhl= wkshï o keoao hkak ksYaph lsÍfï § ta fiajlhdg kshu lrk ,o jefvys iajNdjh
jeo.;a idOlhla fõ' fuu jev fiajdfhdaclhd úiska hï ld, iSudjla ;=, muKla Èh yels fyda fiajd
fhdaclhdg hï ld,hla ;=, wjYH jk iajNdjfhka hqla; kï tu lïlrejd idukHfhka wkshï
fiajlfhl= f,i j¾. lrkq ,efí' ^lrk l¾;jHfha& wkshï iajNdjhla ke;skï th iaÓr fiajhls'
^tu jHdmdrfha meje;au Wfoidh&'
iska;;ïì t' r;akùr ^67 NLR 518&

ysÈ hï jevlg muKla .;a fiajlhskag w¾: idOl fkdf.jd isáh yels nj ;SrKh úh' wfkla w;g
tu fiajdfhdaclhd úiska §¾> ld,hlg fkdlvjd ,ndÈh yels iajNdjhlska hqla; rdcldßhla kï tn÷
jefvys kshqla; fiajlhd idudkHfhka iaÓr fiajlfhl= f,i ie,fla'
,xld jdKsc ld¾ñl lïlrejkaf.a iñ;sh' ta' mSßia

fuys§ wod, jHdmdrh jQfha f,dß iy nia fndä .eiSfï tlls' fuys§ wêlrKh m%ldY lf<a
fiajdfhdaclhd úiska bÈßm;a l< ;¾lh jQ fujeks jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hdfï§ tys ish¿u fiajlhka
wkshï fiajlhka úh hq;= hkak ms<s.; fkdyels njhs'
idudkHfhka wkshï lïlrejl= flá ld,hla ;=, hï lsis ksYaÑ; jevla lsÍu;a" jevh fyda ld, iSudj
wjika jQ úg fiajh ksud ùula isÿfõ' kuq;a fuu jHdmdrfha isá fiajlhka iuyrla jev wdrïN l<
Èk isgu tl È.g fiajh l< ;eke;a;ka jQ w;r Tjqka iEu i;shlu wjidkfha jegqma ,ndf.k ;snqKs'
;j;a iuyre tl È.gu wjqreÿ .Kkdjla fiajfha fhÿfkda jQy' tu ksid Tjqka wkshï lïlrejka f,i
ie,lsh fkdyels nj ;SrKh jqks'
fiajlhdg ffoksl mokulska wkshï ld, iSud ;=, jegqma ,efí kï Tyq idudkHfhka wkshï fiajlhl=
f,i ie,fla' wfkla w;g Tyqg i;sm;d fyda udislj jegqma kshu fldg foi;shla fyda udihla fyda w.§
iïmQ¾K uqo,la f.jhs' kï Tyq idudkHfhka iaÓr fiajlhl= f,i ie,fla'


tlai;a bxðfkare yd idudkH lïlre iñ;sh t' fmf¾rd

fuys§ wod< fiajlhkag i;sm;d jegqma f.jk ,o w;r Tjqkaf.a kï meñKSfï f,aLKfha wvx.= úh'
Bg wu;rj Tjqka fkdlvjd È.= ld,hla uq¿,af,a fiajhg meñKs wh jQy' fuu lreKq wkqj wêlrKh
;SrKh lf<a Tjqka wkshï fiajlhka fkdjk njh'
ksr;=reju jev ,eîu fiajlhl= wkshï fiajlhl= fkdjk nj ;yjqre lrk idOlhls' úúO ld,hka
ys§ wl%uj;a f,i hul= /lshdjg meñKs úg ta lreKq u;u msysgd Tyq wkshï lïlrejl= nj ;SrKh
l< fkdyel'
fiajd ld,fha m%udKho hï fiajlhl= wkshï o iaÓr o hkak ksYaph lsÍfuys,d m%fhdackj;a úh yels
idOlhls' fiajd fhdaclhd úiska úáka úg we;s lrk ,o iajNdúl fkdjQ fiajd w;aysgqùu iys;j fyda
ry;sj fiajlhd È.= l,la wLKavj jev lr ;sfí kï Tyq iaÓr fiajlfhl= f,i ie,fla' wfkla w;g
fiajlhd flá ld,lg wksh; ld, iSud ;=< fndfyda úrdu iys;j fiajfha fh§ ;sfí kï wkshï
fiajlfhl= f,i ie,fla'
r;ak iNdm;s t' weis,ska fkdakd

fndfyda wdh;k j, zzfiajlhkaZZ wkshï moku u; jefvys fh§ isáh;a" wkshï fiajl lKavdhï j,g
wh;aj isáh;a Tjqka wkshï o keoao hkak b÷rd ksYaph lsÍug j,x.= mÍlaIKhla fyda ksiel uÜgula
ke;' tla tla wjia:djg wod< úfYaI lreKq wkqj th ksYaph l< hq;=h' fï nj à' tia' m%kdkaÿ úksiqre
;=ud fuysoS m%ldY lf<ah'
wkshï fiajlhka iïnkaOfhka fhfok jeo.;a mÍlaIdjla jkafka wkshï fiajlhkag lsisÿ úgl
/lshdfõ fh§ug wfmalaId lsÍug whs;shla ke;s ùuhs' tkï lïlrejka fiajfha fhfokafka
fiajdfhdaclhdg ukdm ùg muKs'
fuß,a m%kdkaÿ iy iud.u t' fv,auka ^88 2 SLR&

wkshï fiajlfhl=g jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug fyda kej; fiajh b,a,d isàug whs;shla ke;s nj ;SrKh úh'
.x.d ksïk ixj¾Ok uKav,h t' hqkhsgâ bxðkshßka j¾lia hqkshka

fuys§ wkshï f,i i,lkq ,enQ lïlrejka wLKav mokula u; fiajfha fhdojd ;snQ nj fY%aIaGdêlrKh
úiska ;SrKh lrK ,§'
ks;H ld,Sk fiajlhka

• iaÓr $ ksYaÑ; ld,hla i|yd
• by; fY%aKsj, fiajlhska iïnkaOfhka" Wod ( rcfha ixia:dj, idudkHêldßjreka
• fldka;%d;a moku u; fiajhg fhdod .ekSula f,i ye¢kaúh yel'
• lïlre kS;sfha ysñ ishü jrm%idohka ,efí'
• fiajh §¾> fkdlrk úg jeo.;au ffk;sl m%Yakh Woa.; fõ' tkï fiajh wjika l<do ke;skï
kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùfuka fiajh wjika ùula isÿ jQjo hkakhs'
• we;a; jYfhkau isÿ jkqfha kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùfuka fiajh wjika ùuls' túg mqoa.,fhl=f.a
ueÈy;a ùula isÿ fkdfõ'
• fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk; ^1971$45& úêúOdk wkqjo ld,h bl=;a ùfuka fiajh wjika úh
yels nj olajd we;'
• ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a lïlre úksYaph iNdfjka kej; fiajh ,ndfok f,i lrK
b,a,Sula isÿ lsÍug kï fiajHhd úiska wjika lr ;sìh hq;=hs'
NÜgdpd¾hd t' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha uy f,alï ^1971 1 LTJ 688& - bkaoshdj
ì%;dkH .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj t' wfhdfkdõ ^1975 2 AER 999& - tx.,ka;h
´' ta' nhsi¾ ta' yeßika iy fl%dia*S,aâ iud.u - YS% ,xldj

fuu kvqfõ isoaêuh lreKq jQfha fiajd .súiqu wjika ùu ksid fiajh wjika ùuls' ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa
fiajlhdg fiajh È.gu mej;Su $ ;u fiajh kshñ; ld,hg jvd wjYH úh yels ùu ms<sn|j jQ
jHjia:dkql+, $ iy;sl n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla we;s lr .ekSfï yelshdjla ;snQ nj fmkS hd hq;=h' tjeks
wjia:djl§ tfia jQ n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Tmamq lsÍu i|yd fya;= idOl ;sìh hq;=h' fufia n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla
we;s ú fkdue;s wjia:djl wêlrKfhka iyk ,nd.; fkdyel' fiajhg n|jd .ekSfï§ jir 3 g
n|jd .ekSu idudkH isß; nj;a tu ld, iSudj wjidkfha § o wod, /lshdj mj;sk njg fiajlhdg
ta;a;= .ekaùu;a úY%du jhi wjqreÿ 55 nj ,sÅ;j okajd ;sîu;a ksid idOdrK wfmalaIdjla ;snqKq ksid;a
fiajh wjika lsÍu widOdrK njg ;Skaÿ lf<ah'


,xld fj<| ix.uh t' o ue,a

fuysÈ ;SrKh jQfha kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùfuka fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk; wod, fkdjk njhs'
.=Kr;ak t' is,ajd

jßka jr fiajh §¾> l< fiajlhl= fiajd §¾>hla b,a,s isá úgu m%;slafIam l<fyd;a th fiajh wjika
lsÍuls' jkaÈ ,nd .; yel'
ld,Sk fiajd kshqla;sh îD;= fiajlhska&

fï jQ l,s fiajdfhdaclfhl= úiska j¾Ifha hï úfYaI ld, iSudjla ;=, muKla fiajlhka fiajfhys fhdod
.ekSfï fiajd ;;ajhls' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka ixpdrl jdrfha§ ixpdrl l¾udka;fhys fiajfhys fhdod
.kq ,nk fiajlhka ie,lsh yelsh' jdrh wjidkfha§ fiajdfhdaclhdg tu fiajlhkaf.a fiajh w;aysgq
ùug wjir ;sfí' funÿ ld,Sk fiajd kshqla;sfhysÈ fiajdfhdaclhd idudkHfhka tu fiajlhka ó,Õ
jdrfhao fiajfhys fhdod .kS' tfy;a tfia fiajlhka fiajfha fhdod .ekSfï j.lSula Tyq i;= fkdfõ'
Wod ( mq,auqfâ b,aukhsÜ megùu ^jdrlka ld,fha§ isÿ fkdfõ&
ÿïfld< fõ,Su ^wõj we;s úg muKla fiajlhka n|jd .kS&
;djld,sl fiajlhka
hïlsis ld,hla i|yd muKla ;djld,sl mj;sk mqrmamdvqjla msrùu i|ydh'


4' /lshd .súiqula yd iajdëk fiajd .súiqula w;r fjki

fiajd .súiqul yrh kï" fiajlhd úiska fiajh iemhSu;a ta iïnkaOfhka iajdñhdg we;s md,kh lsÍfï
whs;sh;ah' fiajd .súiqu yd fiajh iemhSfï .súiqula w;r meyeÈ,s fjkila we;' fiajd .súiqula u.ska
iajdñ fiajl iïnkaO;djh we;s lrhs' fiajh iemhSfï .súiqula iajdëk fldka;%d;a lrejl= iajdëk
fiajd iemhqïlrefjl= fyda ksoyia .súiqï lrefjl= f,i ye¢kaúh yel' fï jpk yqfola jpk Ndú;d
lsÍfuka muKla we;s jQjla fkdfõ'
Wod ( l=,S r: ßhÿfrl=f.a" jvq ld¾ñlfhl=f.a jeks wfhl=f.a fiajh
frlaia ta' fka.=ia

kvqjg wkqj fiajlhd úiska fiajd ld,h ;=, iajdñhdf.a ksfhda. j,g lSlre úh hq;= fukau Tyqf.a
md,khg hg;a úh hq;= nj ±lafõ'



5' ld¾ñl iïnkaO;djhka YS% ,xldj ;=, j¾Okh jQ wdldrh

m%Odk jYfhkau ld, iSud lSmhla y÷kd.; yels w;r tu ld, mßÉfþo ;=, ld¾ñl iïnkaO;djhla
ys isÿ jQ wd¾Ól" idudÔh yd foaYmd,ksl j;djrKhka fjka fjkaj i,ld ne,Su jeo.;ah'
bx.%Sis md,k iuh

1900 g fmr ld,h iïnkaOfhka i,ld ne,Sfï§" bx.S%iskaf.a md,k iuh wdrïNfha§ mej;sfha
mdßfNda.sl lDIsld¾ñl w¾: l%uhls' fï i|yd m%d:ñl uÜgfuka jQ jeú,s l¾udka;h mokï úh' úYd,
jYfhka jjk ,o m%:u YdLh jQfha fldams .ihs'1827 muK jkúg f;a" rn¾ iy fmd,a hk j.djkao
m%Odk jYfhka f.k hk ,§' tl, Y%u iïm;a f,i bkaÈhdkq lïlrejka fhdod .ekSu isÿúh' fldams
j.dfõ ÈhqKqj i|yd rch bvï wlalrhla iS,sx 5 ne.ska úlsKSuo isÿ lrK ,§'
bkaÈhdfjka z;=KavqZ l%uh hgf;a furgg meñKs lïlrejka flfrys ne£ula we;s lrkq msKsi YS% ,xldj
;=, lïlrejka i|yd ls%hd;aul jQ m%:u jHjia:dms; úê úOdk we;=,;a 1841 wxl 5 orK zl=,s yd
fiajd .súiqï wd{d mk;Z we;s lrk ,§'
1860 § muK kej;;a we;s jQ Y%u ysÕhg ms<s;=re jYfhka 1861 wxl 20 orK zhg;a úð;hlska
lïlrejka f.k tau i|yd jQ wd{d mk;Z u.ska kej;;a bkaÈhdkq lïlrejka furgg ixl%uKh úh'
1865 § mkjk ,o fiajd .súiqï wd{d mk; iy 1889 § mkjk ,o j;= ld¾ñl ^bkaÈhdkq& wd{d
mk; u.ska jdÑl .súiqula u; fiajhg fhdojd .;a lïlrejka n, meje;aúh hq;= kS;s ud,djla ielisk'
1900 isg 1931 olajd ld, mßÉfþoh i,ld ne,Sfï§" 1923 § bkaÈhdkq ixl%uKsl ^lïlre& wd{d
mk; u.ska lïlrejka flfrys hï md,khla we;s lrk ,§' lxldksjreka úiska z;=xvqZ l%uh hgf;a
f.k tk ,o j;= lïlrejka yg isÿ jQ widOdrKhka je,elaùu msKsi 1921 ;=Kavq l%uh ;ykï lsÍfï
wd{d mk; t,s ±laúK'
ful, ,dxlSh ckhd iDcq f,iu j;= fiajfha fkdfhÿk;a m%jdykfhka" fj<| lghq;= wdÈfhka iïnkaO
ùula isÿúK' ;jo bx.S%is wOHdmkhla ,enQ furg jeishka bxðfkareuh l¾udka;" uqøK lghq;=" nexl=
lghq;= jeks fiajdjkays ksr; jQy' j;= lïlrejkaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh uqøK lghq;=" nexl= lghq;= jeks
fiajdjkays ksr; jQy' j;= lïlrejkaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh ksis f,i mj;ajd .ekSug 1872 § ls%hd;aul
flreKq wd{d mk; u.ska fkdyels jQ w;r 1879 § m;a l, fldñiula u.ska 1880 wxl 17 orK
ffjoH myiqlï wd{d mk; ìysúh' fuh 1882 § ixfYdaOkhlgo ,laúh' 1912 § fuu mk; úYd,
ixfYdaOkhlg ,laj frda. ^lïlre& wd{d mk; u.ska lïlrejkaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh wdrlaId lsÍug
mshjr .eksk' furg wOHdmkh ,enqjkaf.a ls%hd l,dmh ksid lïlrejkag ffjoH myiqlï ksis mßÈ
,nd .ekSug yelshdj ,enqKq w;r wju fõ;k i|yd jQ wd{d mk;lao 1927 § lïlrejkaf.a ke.S
isàu ksid ìysúK'
YS% ,xldfõ m<uq jev j¾ckh f,i y÷kd.; yelafla 1893 § uqøKlrejkaf.a jev j¾ckhhs' 1919
isg 1928 olajd ld, mßÉfþoh ;=, jeú,s l¾udka;h iy fj<| ixia:dj, fukau rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=
j,;a jev j¾ck /,a,la ls%hd;aul úK' 1931 ka miq 1948 olajd ld, mßÉfþoh ;=, YS% ,xldfõ
úYd, f,iu isÿ jQfha md,k l%ufha fjkia ùuls' 1931 § y÷kajd fok ,o fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK
;=,ska YS% ,dxlSh ckhdg ,enqKq jákdu jrm%idoh f,i ie,lsh yelafla i¾jck Pkao n,hhs' fvdkfuda¾
jHjia:dj u.ska ld¾ñl yd iudc fiajdjka kj uqyqKqjrlska ls%hd;aul ùug mgka .eksK'
YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl jHdmdr w;r uq,a ;ek.;a ,xld iudc fiajd tluq;=j iy ,xld fiajl iqn idOl
tluq;=j úh' foaYmd,kh ;=,ska fiajlhskaf.a whs;sh ,nd §ug werUqKq mlaIhla f,i 1935 § werô
fg%dialsjdÈ ,xld iuiudc mlaIh y÷kd .; yel'
m%:u jrg" ld¾ñl wdrjq,a úi£u i|yd jQ mk;la f,i 1931 § ld¾ñl wdrjq,a îu: lsÍfï& wd{d
mk; we;s jQ w;r fuh fohdldrhlska isÿ ù we;'
^1& jevlrk meh .Kk" ksjdvq" l¾udka;Yd,d fiajlhkaf.a wdrlaIdj ms<sn|j úê úOdk" jegqma"
úY%du" mßf;daIsl" fi!LH wdÈ fkdfhl=;a fiajd fldkafoais ms<sn| wju m%ñ;Ska we;s lsÍu'
^2& ´kEu md¾Yjhlg ksis ±kqï§ulska miq fiajd .súiqu wjika lsÍug ;snQ ksoyi jHjia:dms;
kS;s u.ska iSud lsÍu'
fï mrud¾: uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd wm rfÜ úúO jHjia:dms; kS;s we;s fldg ;sfí' fuu wdldrfhka
mekjQ úúO mk;a tajdfha mrud¾: u; fldgia 5 g fjka l, yel'
^1& fiajd fldkafoais iy jegqma

idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl ^fiajd kshqla;sh yd fõ;k úêu;a lsÍu& mk; - 1954 wxl 19


^2& iudc wdrCIKh

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a mk; - 1958 wxl 15
fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,a mk; - 1980 wxl 46
mdßf;daIsl §ukd f.ùfï mk; - 1983 wxl 12
^3& ld¾ñl wdrCIdj

l¾udka;Yd,d wd{d mk; - 1942 wxl 45
^4& ld¾ñl iïnkaO;d

jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mk; - 1955 wxl 14
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; - 1950 wxl 43
fiajd kshqla;shkaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍfï úfYaI úêúOdk mk; - 1971 wxl 45
^5& <uqka" nd,jhialdrhka yd ldka;djka jefvys fhoùu

ia;S%ka" ;reKhka iy <uqka fiajfha fhoùfï mk; - 1956 wxl 47
m%iQ;sldOdr wd{d mk; - 1939 wxl 32
1934 § fiajhskag fiajd ld,h ;=, fiajh ksidu isÿjk yÈis wk;=re j,g jkaÈ ,nd .ekSu i|yd jQ
jHjia:dms; úêúOdk we;=,;a lïlre jkaÈ wd{d mk; we;s úh' 1935 § jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mk;
we;s ùu ;=,ska fiajlhska yg tla /ia ùfï whs;sh ,nd §ula isÿ flßK' 1937 wxl 13 wd{d mk;
u.ska ldka;djka m;,a fiajfha fhdod .ekSu ;ykï lsÍu isÿúh' ud;D m%;s,dN mk; u.ska l¾udka;
fiajfha fhfok ldka;djka i|yd m%iQ; ksjdvq wdÈh ,nd §u ms<sn| úêúOdk we;=,;a flßK' ldka;djka"
;reKhska yd <uhska fiajfha fhdojd .ekSfï wd{d mk; 1931 § t,s ±lajqkq w;r 1940 § ldka;d
fiajl wd{d mk; ìysúh' 1938 § idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl mk; ìysúh' l¾udka;Yd,d wd{d mk;
1942 È ìys jQ w;r tu.ska l¾udka;Yd,d fiajlhskaf.a wdrlaIdj" fi!LH yd iqn idOkh iy;sl
lsÍug mshjr .eksk'
fojk f,dal hqoaOhla iuÕ we;s jQ w;HjYH fiajhkays ld¾ñl wdrjq,a je,elaùu i|yd jvd ±ä kS;shla
mekùu wjYH úh' fï i|yd yÈis wjia:d fr.=,dis hgf;a zzw;HjYH fiajd - jev j¾ck iy fiajlhka
msguka fldg fodr jeiau je,elaùfïZZ wd{djla 1942 § ksl=;a lrk ,§' fuu.ska w;HjYH fiajhkays
jev j¾ck yd fiajlhka msg ux lsÍu je<l=Ks' tf,iu l<ska mk; hgf;a ld¾ñl wdrjq,a iafõÉPdfjka
fíreïlrefjl=g fhduq lsÍu fjkqjg wksjd¾fhkau fíreïlrejl=g fhduq lsÍu y÷kajd ÿks' 1940 -
1946 olajd ld,fha mej;s ;;a;ajh yd fuu úêúOdk .e,mqKo yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis bj;a l, úg l,ska
;snQ mkf;a úê úOdk iS.%fhka j¾Okh jk wd¾Ól fjkialï j,g uqyqK §ug ;rï m%udKj;a fkdùh'
fï ksid w¿;ska 1950 wxl 43 orK ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; mkjk ,§' 1947 § m;,a wdldr iy ndysr
wd{d mk; mekjqkq w;r tu.ska tu fiajlhskaf.a wdrlaIdj iy;sl flßK'
ksoyiska miq hq.h

1947 § tka.,ka;fha md,kh ysñ jQ lïlre mlaIfha ls%hd l,dmh ksid YS% ,xldjg 1948 § ksoyi
,eîfuka miq ld¾ñl iïnkaO;d flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkq olakg ,efí' ta wkqj 1950 §
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a ke;s lsÍu" úu¾Ykh lsÍu iy úi£u i|yd úê úOdk imhk ,o mk;la f,i ld¾ñl
wdrjq,a mk; t<s ±laúK' fuh ±kg ls%hd;aul jk lïlrejkag n,mdk mk;a w;ßka jeo.;au mk;
f,i ye¢kafõ' 1956 § ldka;djka" ;reKhska yd <uhska fiajfha fhdod .ekSu md,kh lsÍu i|yd kj
mk;la ìysúh' 1958 § iudc fiajd fldñifï ks¾foaY mßÈ fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,a mk; mkjk
,§' 1971 muK ld,h jkf;la fuf;la mej;s mk;a o tf,iu ls%hd;aul l, w;r 1971 § fiajlhskaf.a
fiajh wjika lsÍfï ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk; ^1971 wxl 45& y÷kajd fok ,§'
1971 § YS% ,xldfõ n,hg m;a iu.s fmruqK rch jvd;a lemS fmfkk f,i f.k .sh iudcjd§
wdl,amuh foaYmd,kh ;=, mqoa.,sl wxYfha ;snq fndfyda iud.ï cki;= ùulg ,laúh' j;=lrfha j;=
iud.ï" rlaIK iud.ï" m%isoaO mqoa.,sl wdmk Yd,d ^Wod ( nqydß fydag,h& wdÈh cki;= flßK' fiajl
uKav, mk; ls%hd;aul ùfuka cki;= lrk ,o iud.ï j, fldgia fiajlhskago ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj
,eìK' fuuÕska fiajlhskago wdh;k md,kfhys wjia:djla ,eìK' tkï ld¾ñl m%cd;ka;%jdoh
ls%hd;aul úh'
1977 § YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfha isÿ jQ úYd,;u fmr<sh YS% ,xldjg újd; wd¾Ól l%uh yÿkajd §ula
iu.u isÿúh' jvd;a hym;a jQ rduqjla hgf;a m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uhla iys; úOdhl ckdêm;s OQrhla
y÷kajd §u foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;a ixêia:dkhls' ld¾ñl iudcfha hym; Wfoid 1977 ka miq
y÷kajd ÿka mk;a w;r" mdßf;daIsl mk; ^1983 wxl 12& iy fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a Ndr wruqo,a mk;
jeo.;a fõ' ;jo lïlre m%{ma;sh u.skao fiajl iajdñ iïnkaO;djh flfrys jvd;a jeo.;a jQ ld¾h
Ndrhla bgq lsÍula isÿjk nj;a fmfkkakg ;sfí' tu.ska whs;sjdislï leá fldg ±laùula isÿ fldg
;sfí'

6' 1950 wxl 43 orK ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk;

fï mk; hgf;a olajd we;s jeo.;a w¾: ±laùï lSmhla ms<sn|j m<uqj i<ld ne,Su jeo.;ah'
zzlïlrejdZZ hk jpkh w¾: ±laùu

48 jk j.ka;sh wkqj zzlïlrejdZZ hkafkys fiajdfhdaclhl= iu. .súiqulg ne÷Kq ke;fyd;a .súiqulg
ne¢ fln÷ ms<sfj,la fyda jevl fhÈ isák flfkl= woyia lrhs' .súiqu m%ldYs; fyda jgyd .; yels
ke;fyd;a jdÑl fyda ,sÅ; tlla úh yelsh' tfi;a ke;akï .súiqu fyda fiajh fyda rlaIdj;a bf.kSu
ms<sn| .súiqula fyda hïlsis jevla mqoa.,slj lr§u ms<sn| .súiqula fyda úh yelsh' ;jo tn÷ .súiqula
hgf;a idudkHfhka fiajhg ne÷Kq whl= o Tyq tla;rd wjia:djl fiajfha fhÈ isáfha fyda fkdisáfha
kuqÿ zzlïlrefjlaZZ hkakg we;=,;ah' ;jo fiajh wjika lrkq ,en isák hï ;eke;a;l=o we;=,;a fõ'
fuu w¾: ksrEmKhg wkqj lsishï mqoa.,hl= we;a; jYfhkau fiajdfhdaclhl= hgf;a jev lr ;sîu
wjYH ke;' .súiqulg t<eU we;akï th m%udKj;ah' ish fiajdfhdaclhd iuÕ .súiqulg t<eU ;sìu
wksjd¾h wjYH;djhla fõ'
^1& fuu w¾:l:khg wkqj fln÷ ms<sfj,l fyda jevl fhÈ isák hkqfjka ±lafõ'
úÿ,s n, uKav,h ta' ã' wdnD

lsishï mqoa.,hl=g mjrd we;s jefvys iajNdjh" tkï by, uÜgfï jevlao ke;akï my, uÜgfï
jevlao hkak fidhd ne,Su wjYH ke;s nj f;kakfldaka úksYaphldr;=ud m%ldY lf,ah'
^2& .súiqu m%ldYs; fyda jgyd.; yels ke;fyd;a jdÑl fyda ,sÅ; tllau úh hq;= ke;s nj lshefõ'
iS' tï' hq' t' m¾Ü,hsi¾ fldamf¾Ika

jkiqkaor úksYaphldr;=ud m%ldY lf<a zzfuu w¾: ksrEmkh wkqj l=uk wdldrhl fyda m%ldYs;
ke;fyd;a jdÑl .súiqula woyia lrk fyhska mj;akd ish¿ ;;ajhka i,ld n,d .súiqula weoao
keoao hkak fidhd ne,Sug;a ta wkqj lsishï wdldrhl .súiqula jgyd .; yelso hkak fidhd
ne,Sug;a wêlrKhg wjldY we;s njh'
^3& fï w¾: ksrEmKfha ;=ka wdldrhl fiajd .súiqfï olajd we;'

fiajd .súiqu
jev bf.kSfï ke;fyd;a wdOqksl .súiqula
hïlsis jevla mqoa.,slj lr§u ms<sn| .súiqula
we;a; jYfhkau fiajd .súiqula fkdjk wdOqksl;aj .súiqula fuu w¾: ksrEmkhg tla lsÍfuka
iïm%odhsl w¾: ksrEmkh ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a lr we;s nj tia' wd¾' o is,ajd uy;d fmkajd foa'
úfÊodi t' fíìfkdakd

.Dy fiaúldjlao lïlrejl= f,i .efkk nj fY%aIaGdêlrKh m%ldY lf<ah'
mdïia fm%dvlaÜia wekaâ fia,aia fldamf¾áõ fidihsá t' jdks lkaohshd

fuysÈ iud.fï fldgia lrefjl=go fiajlfhla úh yels nj ;SrKh flßK'
fï lreKq ish,a, i,ld ne,SfïÈ fmks hkafka zzlïlrejdZZ hkak w¾: ksrEmkh lr we;af;a lsishï
ksYaÑ; w¾:hlg ;j;a tl;= lsÍfuka njhs' kvq ;Skaÿj wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka fiajdfhdaclhkago § we;s
w¾:ho ie,ls,a,g f.k lsishï mqoa.,hl= fiajdfhdaclhl= iuÕ fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;djhla we;s
lrf.k ;sfío tfia ke;akï ;snqfkao hkak fidhd ne,sh hq;= njhs'
fudkaá%fh,a f,dfldfudáõ j¾laia iud.u t' kS;sm;s" fudkaá%fh,a" lekvdj

fuysoS rhsÜ úksiqrejrhd bÈßm;a l< p;=¾úO mÍlaIdjo jeo.;a fõ' tajd kï"
1' md,kh
2' ;udf.au wdïmkak yd fuj,ïj, whs;sh
3' ,dN wfmalaIdj
4' mdvq ú£ug we;s bvlv $ wjOdku
fuys§ i|yka l< hq;= jeo.;a lreKla kï fuu w¾:l:khg fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;djhla ke;s
iajdëk .súiqïlrejl= we;=,;a fkdjk njhs' fï fjkalsÍu ms<sn|j fiajd .súiqï ms<sn| igyfka§ §¾>
jYfhka olajd we;'


zzfiajd fhdaclhdZZ w¾: ±laùu

hï lïlrefjl= fiajfhys fhdojkakd jQ hï ;eke;a;l= fyda Tyq fjkqjg hïlsis ;eke;a;l= úiska hï
lïlrefjl= fiajfha fhdojkakd jQ ;eke;a;l=o woyia flf¾' ^;jo uKav,h& fj<| iud.ula" fj<|
uKavmhla" ixia:djla fyda jD;a;sh iñ;shla jQjo fiajdfhdacl uKav,hlao" wkalsis ;eke;a;l= fjkqjg
hï lïlrejl= fiajfha fhdojk ;eke;a;l= o Bg we;=<;a fõ'
zzfiajd fhdaclhdZZ hkakg § we;s w¾: ksrEmkh i<ld ne,Sfï§ fmdÿ kS;sh hgf;a fiajH fiajl
iïnkaO;djhla weoao hkak i,ld ne,Su w;jYH fõ' ta i|yd fiajd iemhSï i|yd jQ .súiqulska fiajd
.súiqu fjka fldg y÷kd.; hq;=h' ta iïnkaOfhka óg fmr igykl ±lajQ lreKq wod, fõ'
ldika lïnneÉ iud.u t' kkaofiak

f;kakfldaka úksYaphldrjrhd zzfiajd fhdaclhdZZ hkakg§ we;s w¾:l:kh iïnkaOfhka ú.%yhla fldg
we;' fuu w¾: ksrEmkfhys m<fjks fldgiska ;ukau lïlrefjl= fiajfha fhdojd .kakd ,nk
mqoa.,hl= yd ksfhdað;hd fyda tacka;jrhl= ud¾.fhka lïlrejl= fiajfhys fhdojd .kq ,nk mqoa.,hl=
wdjrKh flf¾' tjeks wjia:djl tacka;jrhd ;j;a whl= fjkqfjka ;ud fiajhg n|jd .kq ,nk nj
lïlrejd ±k isáh hq;=h' tu w¾: l:kfha fojeks fldgiska ;ud fjk;a whl= fjkqfjka tu wka
;eke;a;df.a wkkH;djh fy,sorõ fkdlr tu fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= fjkqfjka tacka;jrhd lïlrejl=
n|jd .kakd úg ta fjk;a mqoa.,hd fiajd fhdaclhd f,i ie,fla' tys ;=kafjks fldgiska by; fofjks
fldgi hgf;a olajk ,o tacka;jrfhl= woyia flf¾' tfia jkafka fmdÿ kS;sh wkqj tacka;jrhd ;ud
fjkqfjkau .súiqulg t<fUk nj woyia lrk fyhsks'
ldika lïn¾neÉ kvqfõ isoaêuh lreKq kï tu iud.u *dïia wekaâ ßfÜ,a udláx iud.u fjkqfjka
lk.isx.ï keue;s whl= iyldr f.dúm, l<ukdlrefjl= f,i n|jd .kakd ,§' m;aùfï ,smsh w;aika
lf<a *dïia wekaâ ÍfÜ,a udláx iud.u fjkqfjka ldika lïnneÉ iud.fï wOHlaIjrfhls' ta
wdldrfhka Tyq l<uKdlrefjl= f,i m;a lsÍuo fiajh wjika lsÍuo isÿ flßks'
fuu kvqfõ§ f;kakfldaka úksYaphldr ;=ud m%ldY lf<a fiajh i|yd fhdojd .kq ,nk ;eke;a;d;a
fiajfha fhdojd .kakd;a w;r fiajd .súiqula ;sìh hq;= njhs' w¾: ksrEmkfha fojeks fldgi wkqj
m%Odkshdf.a wkkHd;jh fy,s fkdlr tacka;jrfhl= fiajhg n|jd.;a úg m%Odkshd ljq±hs hkak
±k.;a úg Tyq .súiqfuka ne| ;nkakg lïlrejdg yelshdj we;' fï kvqfõÈ ldika lïnneÉ iud.u
m%Odkshdf.a wkkH;djh fy<sfldg we;s ksid tacka;jrhd fiajdfhdaclhd njg by; w¾:l:kh wkqj
;SrKh l< fkdyel'
o fidhsid iy iud.u t' iurkdhl

o fidhsid iud.u j;= ysñhl= fjkqfjka j;= wêldßjrfhl= fiajhg n|jd .ekSfï§ tacka;jrfhl=
jYfhka ls%hd lrk nj fy<sorõ lr fkd;snq neúka zzfiajdfhdaclhdZZ njg ;Skaÿ úh' fIda fjd,ia wekaâ
fycia iud.u t' ma,sujq;a ys§ o fuhu ;SrKh úh'
jhs' mS' o is,ajd t' tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u

zzf,dau*a fudaÜiaZZ kï fmdf;a ieukaâ úiska lr we;s ú.%yhg wjOdrKh fhduq flreKs' zzlsishï mqoa.,hl=
;j;a mqoa.,hl= úiska jev lrkq ,eìh hq;= wdldrh fiajd fhdaclhdf.a md,khg hg;aúh hq;=h hk
fldkafoaish u; fhdodjd.kq ,enQ mqoa.,fhl= fiajlhl= f,i ie,lsh yelsh'zztfy;a md,k mßCIdfõ
wvqÿqvq lïo fuysÈ idlÉPd fldg we;'
;ud úiska ;udu fiajfha fhdod .;a wjia:djl"
- iud.ul wOHlaIl uKav,fha wfhla ^fldgia ysñfhla&

- l<uKdldr wOHlaIl ;k;=rg jeks ;k;=rlg m;a jQ úg
- fujeks wjia:djla we;s úh yel'
- ,xld lsß ksIamdok iud.u t' iS' m%kdkaÿ ñh 1989 2 SLR 304
kvqjg fya;= jQ isoaêuh lreKq jQfha" m%:u wOHlaIljßh miqj ksIamdok l<uKdldßksh jYfhka m;a
jQ kuq;a wOHlaIl uKav,fhka bj;a jk úg ±rE l<uKdldß;ajh Oqrfhka o bj;a ùugo isÿ
úh'
- kvqfõ§ ;SrKh jQfha" tla wjia:djl§ hï wfhl=g fiajHhd yd fiajlhd hk ;k;=re 2 u ±ßh yels
nj;a
- tu ;k;=re 2 fjka fjkaj ±laùu wjYHnj;ah'
- fuu ;SrKhg mdol jQfha kjis,ka;fha ;SrKh jQ Lee Vs Lee Air Ferming kvqjhs'
- .=Kj¾Okh t' .=Kj¾Ok ysÈ bvul fldgia lrejka fofofkla jk úg tla wfhla wfkla
whf.a fiajdfhdaclhd keu;s ;;ajhg m;ajk njhs'


.*Q¾ t' ä' w,afïod

lïlrejl= fiajhg n|jd .ekSug §¾>ld,hlg miqj yjq,alrejl= f,i tla jQ ;eke;a;l=
fiajdfhdaclhl= nj ;SrKh flreKs'
lïlre wdrjq,a mkf;a 48 jk j.ka;sh wkqj rcfha fiajlhka iïnkaOfhka tu mk; wod, fkdjk
nj ±lafõ' 1971 wxl 35 orK jHdmdßl wdh;k rchg mjrd .ekSfï mk; hgf;a rdcHhg mjrd
.;a wdh;k iïnkaOfhkao fï ;;ajh n,mdk nj .Eia j¾l^¾&ia hqkshka t' fld<U .Eia iud.u
kvqfõ§ wNshdpkdêlrKh ;SrKh lf,ah'
ä' ue,a t' fld<U .Eia iud.u

,xld nexl= ix.uh t' hgjr
úl%uisxy t' fldßhka tlaiafmdaÜ (1994) 3 SLR 41

kvq ;Skaÿfõ wd.ka;=l m%ldYho rch fiajdfhdaclhd ùu iïnkaOfhka jeo.;ah'
thd¾ isf,daka t' rdikdh.ï (71 NLR 271)

rcfha uqo,a wdfhdackh fldg mj;ajdf.k hk rdcH ixia:dj, fiajlhkag 48 jk j.ka;sh n,mdkafkao
hkak idlÉPd flreKs' rch uq, Okhg odhl ù ;sîu' uKav,fha idudðlhska weu;sjrhd m;alsÍu iy
Y=oaO ,dNh taldnoaO wruqo,g jefgk neúkao th rdcH wdh;khla f,i ;¾l l<o ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
mkf;a olajd we;s fiajdfhdaclhd hk w¾:l:khg thd¾ isf,daka mkf;a olajd we;s wdldrhg
fiajdfhdaclhl= f,i ;¾l lsÍug lsisÿ úê úOdkhla ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a we;=,;aj ke;s njg;a
taksid rch fï wjia:dfõ fiajdfhdaclhl= f,i ie,lsh fkdyels nj;a wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<ah'
fmd,a m¾fhaIK uKav,h t' iqn%ukshï"

is' tï' hq' t' fmdfydr ixia:dj ,xld msÕka ixia:dj ta' fm%auodi
m<d;a md,k fiajh rcfha fiajhg we;=,;a fõo hkak uq,a ld,fha§ rcfha fiajhla f,i fkdie,l=j;a
miqj m<d;a md,k wêldr ^úfYaI úêúOdk& 1979 wxl 3 orK mkf;a 6 jk j.ka;sh u.ska m<d;a
md,k fiajlhskag ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; wod, fkdjk nj mejisK'
iuqmldr fiajlhska iïnkOfhka ie,l+ l<"
iuQmldr fiajl mk; 1939 wxl 1 orK mkf;a iuQmldr fiajlhska i|yd ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a
lsisÿ úê úOdkhla n, fkdmdk nj i|ykah' kuq;a miqj l< ixfYdaOkhl§ tu mk; hg;g .efKk
fiajlhkag;a lïlre úksYaph iNdjg iyk m;d hdug wjia:dj ,eìK'
fiajdfhdaclhd ñh .sh úg fiajlhd kue;s ;;ajho wjika jk nj - wdfkda,avd ta' f.damd,ka"
fiajdfhdaclhd ñh .sh úg md¾Yjlrefjl= fiajdfhdaclhd l< fkdyels nj - iefjdhs iskudy,' ta
mdrefi,a,d by; kvq wod, jkqfha ;ks mqoa., jHdmdr" iïnkaOfhks' yjq,a jHdmdr fyda ixia:dms;
wdh;k iïnkaOfhka by; ;;a;ajh wod, fkdfõ'
—ld¾ñl wdrjq,˜ w¾: ±laùu

mkf;a olajd we;s w¾:l:khg wkqj ld¾ñl wdrjq, hkq zzfiajdfhdaclfhla yd lïlrefjla w;f¾ fyda
fiajd fhdaclhka iy lïlrejka w;f¾ fyda hï lïlrejka yd lïlrejka w;f¾ hï ;eke;af;l=g
/lshdj §u fyda fkd§u iïnkaOfhka fyda flfkl= fiajd kshuhla iïnkaOfhka fyda lïlrejka
;;ajhka fyda hï ;eke;a;l=f.a fiajh wjika lsÍu fyda Tyq h,s;a fiajhg .ekSu iïnkaOfhka fyda
lïlrejka w;f¾ jQ u; fNaohla woyia flf¾' fuys lïlrefjda hkakg lïlrejkaf.ka iukaú;
jD;a;Sh iñ;shla o we;=,;a fõ'
fuh úfNaokhg fldg ±lajqjfyd;a ld¾ñl wdrjq,la hkq
^1& fiajd fhdaclfhl= iy lïlrefjl= w;r;a
^2& fiajd fhdaclhka iy lïlrejka w;r;a
^3& lïlrejka iy lïlrejka w;r;a
(i) /lshdj §u
(ii) /lshdj fkd§u
(iii) fiajd fldkafoais
(iv) fiajd ;;ajhka iy hï ;eke;a;l=f.a fiajh wjika lsÍu
(v) h,s fiajfha msysgqùu hk lreKq iïnkaOfhka we;s úh yels hï wdrjq,la fyda
u; fNaohla fõ'
ì;ï' ta' á%ksveâ isfuka;s iud.u

fvkska idñjrhd jD;a;Sh wdrjq, hkak fufia ú.%y fldg we;' zzfNaohla we;s iEu úglu jD;a;Sh
wdrjq,la we;s úh yel' md¾Yjlrejka we;a; jYfhkau .eàulg t<öug fndfyda l,lg fmr we;s
jQ fNaohla úh yel' fNaohla we;s ùug md¾Yjhka w;r .=áneg yqjudrejla ;sîu wjYH ke;' wr
we§ula m%udKj;ah'

f*avf¾gâ T*a ñ,aia áïn¾ hd¾â wekaâ fckr,a jqâ j¾la tïmaf,dah¾ia wefidaisfhaIka t' fcïia uqj¾
fm%dmarhsgß ,sñgâ' - íafÜ%,shdj
.S%ms;a w.% úksiqre;=ud m%ldY lf<aZZ zzwLKavj mj;sk tfukau lsishï m%;sl¾uhla fkdfhÿj fyd;a
m%cdjf.a ld¾ñl iduh wk;=rlg m;aúh yels h:d¾: jq;a ie,lsh hq;= jQ;a fNaohla úh hq;=h'ZZ
bkaÈhdkq kvq ;Skaÿjlska m%ldY ú we;s mßÈ hï lsis b,a,Sula m%ldY lsÍfuka miq tu b,a,Su m%;slafIam
jQ úg u; fNaohla yg .kS hkqfjka ld¾ñl wdrjq, hkak ú.%y lr we;' ;jo wdrjq,la fomd¾Yjhlgu
tl t,af,a n,mdk fukau fiajd fhdaclhdg m%;sl¾uhla fhÈh yels jq;a ksYaÑ; yd ie,lsh hq;= tlla
úh hq;= hehs tia' wd¾' o is,ajd uy;d olajhs' tu ksid fomd¾Yjh w;r we;sjk ´kEu wdrjq,la ld¾ñl
wdrjq,la fkdfõ' ta i|yd w¾:l:kh ;=,g jefgkakla úh hq;=h' fï i|yd iïmQ¾K úh hq;= wxl 3
ls'
^1& fNaohla fyda wdrjq,la ;sîu'

^2& th w¾: ksrEmkfha olajd we;s md¾Yjhka w;r ùu'
^3& th w¾: ksrEmkfha olajd we;s lreKla iïnkaOfhka ùu'
fuysÈ i|yka l, hq;= ;j;a lreKla kï wdrjq,la fyda fNaohla we;s úh yelafla b,a,Sula iy tlS
b,a,Su m%;slafIam lsÍula isÿ jQ úgh' tu b,a,Su fiajdfhdaclhd ±k .; hq;=h' tf,i fkdokafka kï
wdrjq,la we;s úh fkdyel'
1962 wxl 4 orK ixfYdaOk mk; u.ska fiajdfhdaclhl= yd tla lïlrejl= w;r we;s jk wdrjq,la
fï w¾: ksremkh ;=,g we;=,;a lrk ,§' Bg fmr l,ïnq wfmd;slß iud.u t' úfÊiQßh kvqfõ§
fY%aIaGdêlrKfha úksiqre 7 fofkl=f.ka nyq;rh fuf,i fiajdfhdaclhl=;a tla lïlrejl=;a w;r
ld¾ñl wdrjq,la mej;sh yels njg ;Skaÿ lf,ah' fuysÈ fiajh wjika l< lïlrejl= yd
fiajdfhdaclhl=;a w;r fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;djhla fkdue;s ksid ld¾ñl wdrjq,la we;s úh fkdyels
njg f.kd ;¾lh m%;slfIam flreKs'
zz/lshdj §u fyda fkd§uZZ hkafkka /lshdjg n|jd .ekSu yd /lshdfõ fhoùufukau fiajh ,nd
fkdÿkakd jQ fiajlhl= iïnkaOfhka o we;s úh yels wdrjq,a wka;¾.; fldg we;' thg my; wjia:d
we;=,;a úh yel'
^1& fiajdfhdaclhl= úiska ±kgu;a /lshdj § we;s whl=g /lshdj fkdÈh hq;=hehs jD;a;sh iñ;shla
b,a,d isáh yel'
^2& hïlsis whl= fiajhg n|jd .ekSug woyia lrk nj fiajdfhdaclhd mejiQ úg jD;a;sh iñ;shla
Bg úreoaO úh yel'
^3& fiajdfhdaclhl= lsishï mqoa.,hl= /lshdj i|yd n|jd .ekSu m%;slafIam lsÍu fyda n|jd.;a
whl= fiajfhka bj;a lsÍuo l< yel'
^4& ixjD; fiajd ia:dk m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| wdrjq,la we;s úh yel'
by; ish¨ wjia:d /lshdj §u fyda fkd§u ms<sn| wdrjq,a fõ' /lshdjla fmdfrdkaÿ jQ whl=g /lshdj
fkd§u ld¾ñl wdrjq,la fkdjQjo ta iïnkaOfhka ;u fiajlhka iuÕ wdrjq,la we;s jqjfyd;a th
ld¾ñl wdrjq,la fõ'
bkaoSh rdcH nexl=j t' iqkaor,sx.ï (1970) 73 NIR 514

kvqfõ § fY%aIaGdêlrKh m%ldY lf<a zzld¾ñl wdrjq, hkakg § we;s w¾:l:kh wkqj wdrjq,la we;s
úh hq;af;a fiajdfhdaclhd;a lïlrejd;a w;rh' tu ksid fiajdfhdaclhd;a úY%du .sh lïlrejl=;a w;r
wdrjq,la we;s úh fkdyel' úY%du hdul § isÿjkafka /lshdj wjikaùula ñi iudma; lsÍula fkdfõ'
tu ksid w¾:l:kfha we;s fiajh wjika lsÍu hkak fuhg wod, ke;'
fuu kvqfõ § nexl=fõ Wm .Kldêldrjrfhl= jQ ;=f¾isxyï keue;a;d úY%du .ekSug fmr Èkl isg
n,meje;afjk fia tu fY%aKsfha fiajlhskaf.a jegqma jeäùula lrk ,§' fuu fiajlhd ;¾l lf<a ;uka
úY%du .ekSug fmr Èkl isg n,meje;afjk neúka Tyqg o fuu jegqma jeäùu ls%hd;aul jk njh'
jegqma ms<sn| wdrjq,a Tyq úY%du hkakg fmr isgu ;snQ nj iqkaor,sx.ï ;rla lf<ah' tfy;a
fiajdfhdaclhd lshd isáfha Wm .Kldêldrjreka jegqma ixfYdaOkhla b,a,d fkdisá nj;a wfkl=;a
fiajlhskaf.a b,a,Sï ,nd§fï § fiajdfhdaclhdf.a leue;a; mßÈ th Wm .KldêldÍkag;a" wod, l<
njhs' tu ksid tu wdrjq,g iqkaor,sx.ï iïnkaO fkdjQ njhs' fY%aIaGdêlrKh fuu ;¾lh ms<sf.k
iqkaor,sx.ï yd fiajdfhdaclhd w;r ld¾ñl wdrjq,la fkd;snQ njg ;SrKh lf<ah'
tia î fmf¾rd t' iagEkavâ pdg¾â nexl=j iy ;j;a wh (1995) 1 SLR 73

fuys lreKq kï ,smslrejl= jYfhka fiajhg ne£ wjqreÿ 32 lg miq l<uKdldr ;k;=rlg m;ajQ
;udg ysñ úY%du jegqma m%;s,dN ,ndf.k úY%du .kakd jhig l<ska úY%du hdug Tyq b,a,Sula lrk ,§'


tu b,a,Su fiajdfhdaclhd úiska m%;slafIam lf<ah' ta;a Bg by; fiajlhska fofofkl=g fufia úY%du
hdug bv§ ;snqKs' Tyqf.a úY%du hEu nexl=j ms<sfkd.ka;;a Tyq nexl= fiajfhka b,a,d wiaúh' wiaùfuka
miq Tyq fiajdfhdaclhdf.ka úY%du m%;s,dN b,a,d isá kuq;a ,enqfKa ke;' fuu wdrjq, ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
mk; hgf;a fíreïlrejl= fj; fhduq lrk ,§' fíreïlre fiajlhdg mlaIj m%odkhla lf<ah'
fiajdfhdaclhd wNshdpkdêlrKhg wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a lf<ah' wNshdpkdêlrKh lïlrejd fiajfhka
bj;ajQjdg miq ld¾ñl wdrjq,la we;s úh fkdyels nj lshd fíreïlref.a m%odkh wfydais lf<ah'
wNshdpkdêlrK kvq ;Skaÿjg tfrysj fiajlhd fY%aIaGdêlrKhg wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a lf<ah'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh wNshdpkdêlrK kvq ;Skaÿj wfydais fldg fíreïlref.a m%odkh ls%hd;aul lf<ah'
1' fiajlhd m<uqfjkau úY%du hdug b,a¨ wjia:dfõ úY%du m%;s,dN ms<sn| wdrjq, mekkeÕS ;sìKs'
tu ksid fuu wdrjq, wdrïN jqfha úY%du hdug m<uqjh' fuh úY%du hdfuka miqj wdrïN jQ
wdrjq,la fkdfõ'
2' fuu w¾:l:kfha i|yka jkafka lïlrejl= hkak fkdfõ' hï ;eke;a;l= hkakhs' tu ksid fiajd
.súiqfuka wE;a jQjl= iïnkaOfhka o wdrjq,la we;s úh yel'
3' w¾: ú.%yh wkqj zzfiajh wjika lsÍuZZ hkafkka woyia lrkafka ;udf.a leue;af;ka isÿjk
fiajh wjika lsÍu fkdfõ'
4' fiajdfhdaclhdf.a leue;af;ka f;drj flfrk fiajd wjika lsÍï muKla fkdj b,a,d wiaùï jeks
leue;af;ka isÿjk fiajfhka b,a,d wiaùï o fuhg we;=<;a fõ'
5' .súiqu wjika ù we;;a th wjika ùug m<uq we;s jQ wdrjq,la .súiqu wjika jQjdg miqj ld¾ñl
wdrjq,la f,i i,ld fíreïlrejl= fj; fhduql< yels njhs'
6' ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 19 jk j.ka;sh wkqj fíreïlrejl=f.a m%odkhla fiajd .súiqfï jHx>
fldkafoais njg m;ajk nj i|yka jk ksid fiajd .súiqula ke;akï tu m%odkh jHx. fldkafoais
njg m;ajkafka flfia±hs fuys§ fiajdfhdaclhd fjkqfjka ;¾l l< kuq;a fY%aIaGdêlrKh m%ldY
lf<a fiajd .súiqula ke;akï m%odkhla j,x.= fkdjk nj bka woyia lr ke;s njhs'
fiajd fldkafoais
jevlrk meh .Kk"úfõlh" jegqma" úY%du .ekaùfï m%;s,dN iy ksjdvq jeks lreKq fiajd fldkafoais
j,g we;=,;a úh yel' fiajd .súiqul úIh m:hg jefgk lreKq fï .Khg .efka' tu ksid Wiiaùula
ms<sn| b,a,Su ld¾ñl wdrjq,la úh yel'
jD;a;Sh iñ;shla ms<s.ekSug fiajd fhdaclhl= úiska m%;slafIam l< úg th ld¾ñl wdrjq,la úh fkdyels
njg uq,ska ;snQ woyia ì;ï t' á%ksveâ isfuka;s iud.u kvqfõ§ tx.,ka;fha rdcdêlrKh m%;slafIam
lf,ah' iageÜf*â t' ,skaâ,s kvqfõ§ rdcdêlrKh yd idñ uKav,h fuh ;yjqre lrñka jD;a;Sh
iñ;shla fkdms<s.ekSu ld¾ñl wdrjq,la nj ;SrKh lf<ah'
fiajd fldkafoais ms<sn| wdrjq,la we;s ùug fiajd .súiqula ;sìh hq;=h' tu ksid fiajl .súiqï wjika
lr we;s fiajlhl=g fiajd fldkafoais iïnkaOfhka ld¾ñl wdrjq,la we;súh fkdyel'
jev ;;a;ajhka
fuhska woyia jkafka lsishï fiajlfhl= jevl, hq;af;a l=uk ;;a;ajhla hgf;ao hkakhs' jev lsÍug
§ we;s myiqlï" fN!;sl ´kE tmdlï" wdrCIl úêúOdk" iem myiqlï wdÈh we;=,;a fõ' fuhg fN!;sl
jd;djrKh fukau udkisl jd;drjKho we;=,;a fõ'
zzhï ;eke;a;l=ZZ hk moh

fuu w¾: ksrEmkh zzhï ;eke;a;l=g /lshdj §u fyda fkd§u hkqfjka i|yka fõ' fuys zzhï ;eke;a;dZZ
hkq ljrl=o hkak ms<sn|j .eg¿ we;s úh yel' l,ïnq wefmd;slß kvqfõ§ f;kakfldaka úksYaphldr
;=udZZ zzhï ;eke;a;l=ZZ hkak fufia ú.%y fldg we;'
zzne¨ ne,aug fuhska fiajfha fh§ isák uE;l§ fiajfhka bj;a l< iy /lshdj n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkakl=
we;=,;a jk nj fmfkk kuq;a thg /lshdj §u" fkd§u fiajd fldkafoais" fiajd ;;a;ajhka" fiajh
wjika lsÍu" kej; fiajfha msysgqùu hk wdrjq,g ;=vq § we;s foa bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk lsishï Wkkaÿjla
fyda iïnkaOhla ´kEu wjia:djl tu Wkkaÿj olajk mqoa.,hl= we;=,;a fõ' zzlïlrejdZZ hk jpkh
fjkqjg zzhï ;eke;a;l=ZZ hk jpkh fh§fuka ld¾ñl wdrjq,l úIh m:h mq¿,a fldg we;'ZZ
flfia fj;;a zzhï ;eke;a;l=ZZ hkafkka f,dalfha isák ´kEu mqoa.,hl= woyia fkdfõ' fiajH - fiajl
iïnkaO;djhla ke;s fyda tjekakla fldfy;au we;s úh fkdyels mqoa.,hl= fuhg we;=,;a fkdfõ'
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a wdrjq,la ksrjq,a lsÍu

fï hgf;a lïlre flduidßia jrhdg;a" lïlre weu;sjrhdg;a fjk fjku ld¾hNd¾hka mjrd we;'


lïlre flduidßia jrhdf.a ld¾hNdrhka

fï iïnkaOfhka ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 2 fjks j.ka;sh jeo.;a fõ' ta wkqj zz±kaùula l< úgl fyda
tfia fkdjk úgl lïlre flduidßia jrhdg ld¾ñl wdrjq,la mj;akd nj fyda ta ms<sn| iEySug
m;aúh yels úg wdrjq,g fya;= jQ lreKq ms<sn|j iqÿiq wkaoug úNd. lsÍugo ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a
olajd we;s wkaoug fyda fjk;a ´kEu iqÿiq wdldrhlg wdrjq, ixis|ùfï wfmaCIdfjka wjYHhhs
yefÕk úê úOdk ie,eiaùï flduidßiajrhdf.a ld¾h Ndrhg we;=,;a fõ'
fuysÈ wdrjq,la we;a; jYfhkau we;s ù fkd;snqk;a we;s ùug bv we;s wjia:djl mjd ueÈy;a ùug
bv ie,iSfuka o wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsßu i|yd mkf;a we;s úê úOdkhkag ndysrj ´kEu iqÿiq wdldrhlg
lghq;= lsÍug ksoyi §fuka flduidßia jrhdg mq¿,a n,;, ,nd§ we;'
wdrjq,a fíreï lsÍu i|yd mkf;a úê úOdk lSmhla imhd we;' 3 ^1& j.ka;sfha úê úOdk wkqj hï
l¾udka;hl ld¾ñl wjq,la we;s njg fyda we;s ùug bv we;s njg flduidßia jrhdg ieySug m;aúh
yels úg Tyqg my; ls%hd ud¾. .; yel'
^1& tu wdrjq,a md¾Yjlrejka w;r lsishï .súiqula tfia;a ke;skï iduqysl .súiqu;a u.ska
we;slr.;a wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsÍfï l%uhla fyda m%;smodjla we;akï tu l%uh fyda m%;smodj wkqj
wdrjq, ksrjq,a lr.ekSgu úêúOdk ie,eiaúh yel' 3 ^1& ^w&
^2& iu.s lsÍu u.ska iu:hlg m;a lsÍu i|yd W;aidy l< yel' fï i|yd wdrjqf,a md¾Yjhkaf.a
ys;j;l=f.a fyda fï ms<sn| Wkkaÿj olajk whl=f.a ueÈy;a ùu f,iska lghq;= lr md¾Yjhkag
lreKq jgyd § Tjqka idudodk lsÍug W;aidy l< yel'
fuys§ iu:h we;s lr .kakd fldkafoais ;SrKh lrkafkao ta fomd¾Yjhuh' fuh iafjÉPdfjka
we;s lr .kakd úi÷ula fyhska fomd¾Yjhu ;Dma;shg m;a fõ' ta ksid wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsÍfï
id¾:l l%uhls' 3 ^1& wd'
^3& iudodk lsÍu ;=kafjks l%uh n,h,;a ks,Odßhl= ud¾.fhka iu: lsÍfï 3 ^1& we ls%hd ms<sfj,hs'
îduodklsÍu& 11 ^1& fuysÈ wkq.ukh lrk ls%hd ms<sfj, mkf;a 39 ^1& (f) j.ka;sh m%ldrj
weu;sjrhd idod we;s fr.=,dis j,g hg;aj ilialr .; yelsh' fuys§ idOdrK jQ;a ñ;%YS,S jq;a
úi÷ulg t<öu i|yd md¾Yjlrejka fm<Uùu iqÿiq hhs yef.k ´kEu mshjrla .ekSu
kS;Hdkql+,fõ' fujka mÍlaIKhla wdrïN lsÍfuka uila we;=,;a wjika l< hq;=h'
flduidßiajrhdg tu ld,h §¾> l< yel 11 ^3&
flduidßia jrhd fyda n,h,;a ks,Odßhd fyda wdrjq, iu:hlg m;a lsÍug iu;a jqjfyd;a iu:h ms<sn|
,sÅ; ixfoaYhla ms<sfh, fldg ta i|yd md¾Yjlrejkaf.a w;aika ,nd.; hq;=h' n,h,;a ks,Odßhd
úiska jydu tu iu:h flduidßiajrhd fj; bÈßm;a l, hq;=h' ^12& ^1& n,h,;a ks,Odßhd tu wdrjq,
iu:hg m;a lsÍug wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a ;ud ta iïnkaOfhka .;a ls%hdud¾.h we;=,;a iïmQ¾K
jd¾;djla ms<sfh, l< hq;=h' tu jd¾;dfõ tu iu:h i|yd W;aidy .ekSfï§ ;ud úiska .;a ls%hd
ud¾.hla ms<sn| úia;ro wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsÍu i|yd ;uka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk fhdackd yd woyia
o we;=,;a fldg tu wdrjq,g wod, jk fiajdfhdaclhka iy lïlrejka ljf¾o hkak 12 ^4& g wkqj
meyeÈ,s fldg ±laúh hq;=h' th jydu flduidßiajrhd fj; bÈßm;a l, hq;=h' 12 ^5&'
tu wdrjq, úYd, wdrjq,la hehs flduidßiajrhd woyia lrkafka kï tu iu:h rcfha .eiÜ m;%fha
m< lrúh hq;=h' 12 ^6&
iu:hla we;s fkdjq wjia:djl n,h,;a ks<Odßhd úiska by; lS mßÈ bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ks¾foaY
wdrjqf,a md¾Yjlrejkaf.a ie,ls,a,g Ndckh lr ;snqfka ke;akï flduidßiajrhd úiska tu jd¾;dfõ
msgm;la md¾Yjlrejka fj; fhduq fldg ta i|yd Tjqkaf.a leue;a; fyda wlue;a; Èk 14 la we;=<;
okajd tjk f,i ±kqï Èh hq;=h' 12 ^7& w hgf;a fomd¾Yjhu leue;a; m< l<fyd;a flduidßiajrhd
tu ks¾foaYh 12 ^7& wd g wkqj .eiÜ m;%fha m< l< hq;=h' tla md¾Yjhla fyda tu ks¾foaY ms<s.ekSu
m%;slafIam l<fyd;a ta ls%hd ud¾.h t;lska kj;S' hï md¾Yjhla Èk 14 ;=, ms<s;=re tu meyer
yeßfhd;a tu md¾Yjh tlS ks¾foaY ms<s.;a; fia i,lkq ,efí' flduidßia jrhdf.a wNsu;h mßÈ
ks¾foaYhla ms<sfkd.;a wjia:djl jQjo tu ks¾foaY tfia ms<sfkd.;a njg i|yka fldg .eiÜ m;%fha
m< l< yel' 12 ^7& we'
iduodkfhka l< ksrjq,a lsÍula n,meje;aùu

.eiÜ m;%fha m< lrjkq ,enQ iu:hla th" ls%hd;aul jk Èkh tu iu:fhau fkd±lafjk wjia:djl
th .eiÜ m;%fha m< jQ Èkh n,mj;ajk Èkh f,i ie,fla' .eiÜ m;%fha m< fkdlrk ,o iu:hla
kï tu iu:fha ±lafjk Èkh fyda tfia Èkhla fkd±lafjkafka kï th md¾Yjlrejka w;aika l<
Èkh .Kka .kq we;' 13 ^1&


ksrjq,a lsÍula n, mj;akd ld, iSudj tu iu:fhau i|yka jkafka kï tu Èkh olajd fyda 15 jeks
j.ka;sh hgf;a Bg l,ska ta ls%hd úrys; lrk f;la n, meje;afõ' 13 ^2&
j,x.= ld,h i|yka fkdjk úg 15 jeks j.ka;sh hgf;a wj,x.= lrk f;la n, meje;afõ' 13 ^3&
tjeks iu:hlg we;=<;a jk ish¿u fldkafoais wod, iEu lïlrefjl=f.au fm!oa.,sl fiajd .súiqï
jHx. fldkafoais njg m;a fõ' 14
iudodkfhka l< ksrjq,a lsÍula wjika ùu'

^1& iu:hlska ne¢ we;s lsishï fiajdfhdaclhl= fyda jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg fyda lsishï md¾Yjlrejl=g
fyda lïlrejl=g fyda wjYH jQúg wksl=;a md¾Yjlrejkag msgm;la iy;sj kshñ; wdlD;s
m;%hla u.ska ta i|yd flduidßiajrhdg b,a¨ï l< yel' flfia fj;;a iu:h t<U we;af;a
lsishï jD;a;Sh iñ;shla iuÕ kï tu jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha idudðlhskag fm!oa.,slj fjka fjka
jYfhka ±laùu wjYH fkdfõ' 15 ^1& w
^2& tfukau jD;a;Sh iñ;shla úiska t<eU we;s iu:hla fm!oa.,slj lïlrejkag wj,x.= l<
fkdyel 15 ^1& wd
^3& flduidßiajrhd wjx,.= lsÍfï kS;Hdkql+, ±kaùula ,enqKq úg u;= ±lafjk ls%hd ms<sfj,
wkq.ukh l, hq;=h' 15 ^2&
^w& tjeks wj,x.= lsÍfï ±kaùula flduidßiajrhd úiska ndr.kq ,enQ udihg miqj tk udih
wjidkfha§ ls%hd úrys; jkafkah' 15 ^2& w
^wd& flduidßjrhd úiska ta wdldrhg wjika jk Èkh o olajd tu wj,x.= lsÍfï ksfõokhla
.eiÜ m;%fha m< lrùh hq;=h' 15 ^2& wd'
^we& lsishï iu:hlg t<ô md¾Yjlrejka w;r tllg jeä .Kkla jD;a;Sh iñ;s fyda
fiajdfhdaclhka isáhs kï tajd w;ßka tllg fyda jeä .Kklg jQjo wj,x.= lsÍfï
b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a l< yel' tjeks wjia:djl th wj,x.= jkafka tfia wj,x.= lsÍu
b,a,d isá md¾Yjh iïnkaOfhka muKs' 15 ^2& w;=re úOdkhg wkqj wksl=;a wh
iïnkaOfhka th n,mj;ajkafkah' iu:h t<U we;af;a ixúOdkhla u.ska fkdj lïlrejka
lSmfofkl= iu. muKla kï tu lïlrejkaf.ka tla whl=g fyda iu:h wj,x.= l< yel'
iduodk lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jQ kvq ;SrK f,i bkaÈhdkq kvq ;SrK lSmhla jeo.;af õ'
rdclSh l,algd iudc ix.uh t' ngysr fnx.d, m%dka; rch

fuys§ iduodk lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a jkakd isÿ lrkqfha wêlrKuh ld¾hhlafkdj mßmd,kuh ld¾hhla
nj mejisK' idOdrK jQ;a" iqyo jQ;a iu: lsÍula muKla l, hq;= nj;a fomd¾Yjhu bÈßfha l< hq;=
hehs kshuhla ke;s nj;a ±laúK' fla' tÉ' .dkaê' t' wd¾' tï' ms' isxy ys§ ;SrKh jQfha mj;akd fyda
we;s úh yels hehs is;sh yels ld¾ñl wdrjq,la iduodk lsÍug iduodk lrefjl=g yelshdjla mj;sk
njhs'
fíreïldrhska u.ska fíreï lsÍu

by; lS l%u tllskaj;a wdrjq, iu:hg m;a lsÍug wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a flduidßiajrhdg ;j;a
mshjrla .; yel' tkï wdrjq, fíreï lsÍu i|yd iajdëk fíreïlrefjl= fj; fhduq l< yel'
iu:hg m;a lsÍfïÈ ;=kajekakl= ueÈy;a jQjo ;SrKhla .kq ,nkafka md¾Yjlrejka tlÕjk fldkafoais
u; muKs' iu: fldkafoais ;SrKh lsÍug ueÈy;a jkakdg n,hla ke;' tfy;a fíreï lsÍulÈ
md¾Yjlrejkaf.ka lreKq úuid úNd. fldg ;SrKhla §u fíreïlref.a ld¾hhla jkafkah' fï ksid
fíreïlrejfl=f.a ;SrKh ^m%odkh& md¾Yjlrejka ms<s.; hq;=h' fïksid md¾Yjlrejka fyda wvqu
;rñka tla md¾Yjhlaj;a ;Dma;shg m;a fkdjkafkakï ;djld,slj hgm;a jk wdrjq, kej;;a tu
iajrEmfhkau fyda fjk;a iajrEmhlska u;= jkakg bv we;'
fíreï lsÍfï l%u 2 ls' tkï iafjÉPd fíreïlsÍu iy wksjd¾h fíreï lsÍuh'
iafõÉPd fíreï lsÍu

mkf;a 3 ^1& wE j.ka;sh m%ldrj wdrjq,la fíreï lsßu i|yd fíreïlrefjl=g fhduq lsÍug
flduidßiajrhdg n,h we;af;a th i|yd md¾Ijlrejka tlÕ kï muKs' tla md¾Yjhla fyda tlÕ
ke;akï tfia l< fkdyel' tu ksid flduidßiajrhd úiska fíreïlrejl=g fhduq lsÍu iafõÉPd fíreï
lsÍula fõ' fíreïlrejl= m;alr .ekSu md¾Yjhkaf.a tlÕ;ajfhka o isÿl< yel' tfia tlÕ ùula
ke;skï tla tla md¾Yjhg ;uka leu;s wh kï l< yel' túg flduidßjrhd yd fomd¾Yjh kï l<
;eke;a;ka fofokd tla ù fíreïldr uKav,hla ù tys iNdm;s;ajh flduidßia .kS' kï lsÍu
md¾Yjhka isÿ fkdl< úg flduidßia jrhdg ;u wNsu;h mßÈ fíreïlrejl= kï l< yel' tfia
fkdue;s kï lïlre wdrjq, lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg fhduq lsÍug flduidßiajrhdg n,h we;'
fíreïldr uKav,hl wjidk ;SrKh nyq;r u;fhka ;SrKh fõ'
flduidßiajrhd wdrjq,la fíreïlrejl=g fhduq lsÍfï§ Bg wod, lreKq iïnkaOfhka úia;r wvx.=
ixfoaYhla ms<sfh, l< hq;=h' tys i|yd lreKq j,g ndysr lreKq i,ld ne,Sug fíreïlrejl=g


n,;, ke;;a wod, wdrjq,g ióm iïnkaO;djhla we;ehs fíreïlre woyia lrk lreKq .eko Tyq
i,ld ne,sh yels nj 16 jk j.ka;sfha ±lafõ'
fíreï uKav,hla m;alsÍfïÈ th my; mßÈ iukaú; úh hq;=h'
^1& fiajdfhdaclhd úiska m;alrk whl=

^2& fiajlhka úiska m;alrk whl=
^3& lïlre flduidßiajrhd
^4& uKav,fha iNdm;s f,i fomd¾Yjfha tlÕ;ajh u; m;alr .kakd whl= fyda tjekakl= ke;súg
flduidßiajrhd fyda Tyq kïlrk ;eke;a;l=g lghq;= l< yel'
by; i|yka ls%hdu¾.hka wkq.ukh lsÍfuka wdrjq,la ksrjq,a lsÍug fkdyels jQfha kï
flduidßiajrhd iqÿiq hehs yefÕk úg Tyqf.a n,;, fhdod .ksñka l,ska ls%hd ud¾.hu kej;
wkq.ukh fldg wdrjq, ksrjq,a lsÍug W;aidyhla .ekSug flduidßiajrhdg n,h we;'
wksjd¾h fíreï lsÍu

ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 4 jk j.ka;sfha úêúOdk wkqj lïlre weu;s jrhdg md¾Yjhkaf.a leue;af;ka
f;drj jQjo ld¾ñl wdrjq,la ksrjq,a lsÍu i|yd fíreïlrejl= fyda ld¾ñl wêlrKhla fj;
wksjd¾fhkau fhduq lsÍug yel' lïlre weu;sjrhdg ñka bÈßhg we;s úh yels wdrjq,la iïnkaOfhka
lghq;= lsÍug 4 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a n,h ke;' tfia jQjo md¾Yj lrejka tlÕ fkdjqj;a tu wdrjq,
fíreï lsÍu i|yd mshjr .; hq;= hehs lïlre weu;sjrhd woyia lrkafka kï tu wdrjq, fíreï
lsÍu i|yd mshjr .; hq;= hehs lïlre weu;sjrhd woyia lrkafka kï tu wdrjq, weu;sjrhdf.a
wNsu;h wkqj fíreïlrejl= fyda ld¾ñl wêlrKhla fj; fyda fhduq lsÍug mq¿jk' th wksjd¾h
fíreï lsÍula f,i ye¢kafõ' wksjd¾h fíreï lsÍulg fhduq lsÍug lïlre flduidßia jrhdg n,;,
ke;'
4 ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj wdrjq, iq¿ tlla hehs weu;sjrhdf.a u;h jk úg ,sÅ; ksfhda.hla u.ska th
Tyq úiska m;al< fíreïlrejl= fyda lïlre úksYaph iNdjla fj; fhduql< yel'
4 ^2& j.ka;sh wkqj weu;sjrhdg iq¿ fyda nrm;, ´kEu ld¾ñl wdrjq,la ,sÅ; ksfhda.hla u.ska
ld¾ñl wêlrKhgl fhduq l< yel' fuysÈ wdrjq, nrm;, tlla kï wksjd¾fhkau ld¾ñl
wêlrKhlg fhduq l< hq;= w;r iq¿ tlla kï fíreïlrejl= fyda lïlre úksYaph iNdjla fj;
fhduq lsÍfï wNsu;hla we;' fuyso wdrjq, iq¿ fyda nrm;, o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug ñkqï oKavla §
fkdue;s ksid tho weu;sjrhdf.a wNsu;h wkqj isÿ fõ'
ld,djfrdaO jQ lreKla jQj;a fhduq lsÍfï yelshdj weu;sjrhdg mj;sk nj úks*%svd ñ,aia t' ;s,lr;ak
§ ;SrKh lr we;' ûdi 6&
weu;sjrhdf.a yd flduidßiajrhdf.a n,;, w;r mj;sk fjkialï

^1& lsishï wdrjq,la fíreïlrejl=g fhduq lsÍfï§ flduidßiajrhdf.a n,;, weu;s jrhdf.a n,;,
j,g jvd mgqh' fya;=j wksjd¾h fíreï lsÍulg fhduq lsÍu i|yd Tyqg n,;, fkdue;s ùuhs'
tfy;a iafjÉPd fíreïlsÍulg wu;rj fjk;a ls%hdud¾. /ila 3 jk j.ka;sfha úêúOdk wkqj
.ekSug flduidßiajrhdg yel' wfkla w;g weu;sjrhdg l< yelafla wksjd¾H fíreïlsÍulg
fhduq lsÍu muKs'
^2& lïlre weu;sjrhdg ueÈy;a úh yelafla we;a; jYfhkau ld¾ñl wdrjq,la mj;akd wji:djl
muKs' tfy;a flduidßiajrhdg bÈßhg we;s úh yels hehs woyia lrk wdrjq,a iïnkaOfhka o
n,;, fhoúh yel'
^3& flduidßiajrhdf.a n,;, olajd we;s 3 jeks j.ka;sh wkqj Tyqg n,;, ,eî we;af;a lsishï
l¾udka;hl ld¾ñl wdrjq,la we;s jQ úgh' wfkla w;g 4 jk j.ka;shg hï l¾udka;hl hk
jpk fhdod ke;' ta wkqj weu;sjrhdg ´kEu wdrjq,la iïnkaOfhka ueÈy;a ùug wjir we;s
njg woyila we;s fõ' tfy;a m%dfhda.slj fuys t;rï jákdlula ke;' fya;=j ld¾ñl wdrjq,la
we;s jkafka l¾udka;hl muKla jk neúks'
idudkHfhka fiajh wjika lsÍula iïnkaOfhka lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg b,a¨ïm;%hla fhduq l< hq;=
jQjo tjeks wdrjq,la fíreïlrejl= fj; fhduq l< wjia:djl ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=, lïlre úksYaph
iNdjlg b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a fkdlsÍug idOdrK fya;=jla bÈßm;a lsÍu wjYH úh yel' lïlre
úksYaph iNdjlg b,a¨ï m;%h;a bÈßm;a lsÍug i,id we;s úêúOdk fkd;ld fíreïlrejl= u.ska
wdrjq, wksjd¾fhka fíreïlsÍug weu;sf.a n,;, mdúÉÑ lsÍu fhda.H fkdjk njg ;¾l l< yel'


iSudiys; isf,daka ms%kag¾ia iud.u t' tlai;a lïlre ix.uh
fíreïlrejl= u.ska wdrjq,la fíreï lsÍug .; hq;= ls%hd ud¾.h mkf;a 15 A j.ka;sfha isg 21
j.ka;sh olajd ;sfí'
iafõÉPd fíreï lsÍfï§ fukau wksjd¾h fíreï lsÍul§o wod, wdrjq, iïnkaO lreKq wvx.=
ixfoaYhla flduidßiajrhd úiska ms<sfh, l< hq;=h' th wod, mßÈ flduidßia jrhd fyda weu;sjrhd
úiska wod, fíreïlre fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;=h' ^16&
ixfoaYfha wvx.= fkdjQ wdrjq,g iïnkaO lreKla ms<sn|j fíreïlrejl=g wjOdkh fhduq l< yelafla
my; iSudjkag hg;ajh' 16 ^w;=re úOdkh&
^1& ;ukag fhduq lrk ,o wdrjq,g iïnkaO fyda thska mek ke.=K lreKla úh hq;=h'
^2& tu wka lreKq ;ukag fhduq lrk ,o lreKg fmrd;=j jQjla njg fíreïlre iEySulg
m;aúh hq;=h'
fï wkqj fíreïlrejl=f.a n,;, ;ukag fhduql, lreKgu iSud fkdjk nj fmfka' flfia fj;;a tu
wka lreKq fhduql< lreKg fmrd;=j we;s jQ tu lreKg iïnkaO fyda thska mek ke.=K tlla úh
hq;=h' tu ksid fhduq l< lreKg miqj we;s jQjla kï bka mek k.skakla jQjo th i,ld ne,sh fkdyel'
tu iSud blaujd n,;, mdúÉÑ lf<d;a th n,d;sl%uKhla f,i i,ld wNsfhda.hg ,lal< yelsfõ'
iSudiys; fI,a iud.u t' fmf¾rd kvqfõ Woa.; jQ m%Yakh kï fíreïlrejl=g úksYaph lsÍug ;snqfka
wdh;kfha fiajlhka wvq lsÍu idOdrKo tfia kï wvqlrk ,nk fiajlhkag f.úh hq;= jkaÈ f.úh
hq;af;a l=uka wdldrhlgo hkakh' fhduqlsÍfuka miq lsishï fiajl msßilf.a fiajh wjika lrkq ,enqj
fyd;a tu wialrkq ,nk fiajlhd fu;rï jkaÈ uqo,la jkaÈ f.úh hq;=h hkqfjka .kq ,nk ;SrKhla
ish n,;, blaujd hEula f,i wêlrKh ;Skaÿ lf<ah'
fï wkqj by; iSudjkaf.a msg; fíreïlrejl=g ;ukag fhduq l< lreKla iïnkaOfhka ls%hdl<
fkdyels nj fmfka' fï wkqj fíreïlrejl=g ;ukag wdfõksl ksh; n,;, fkdue;s njla n,;,
,efnkafka ;ukag bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk fhduq lsÍfï ksfhda.h wkqj muKla nj;a jgyd.; hq;=h'
tfy;a wdrjq,la fíreïlsÍu i|yd ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fhduq lsÍfï§ fï ;;ajh uola fjkiajk nj
fmfka' mkf;a 23 jk j.ka;sfha olajd we;s wdldrhg ld¾ñl wêlrKh ish n,;, mdúÉÑ lsÍug
fhduql< lreKg wu;rj tu fhduq lsÍug fmrd;=j md¾Yjlrejka w;r we;s jQ wdrjq,la .eko i,ld
ne,sh yels kuqÿ tu wka lreK fhduq.; wdrjq,g iïnkaO fyda thska mek k.ska tlla fyda ùu wjYH
ke;'
fíreïlrejl=f.a n,;, iy hq;=lï

fíreïlrejl=g wdrjq,g iïnkaO md¾Yj lrejka bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk idCIs úuid ;ukag wjYHhhs
yefÕk ishü lreKqo fidhd n,d bka miqj ;ukag idOdrKhehs yefÕk tkï hqla;s iy.; jq;a
idOdrKjQ;a m%odkhla lsÍug ;ukag fhduql< lreKq wkqj l< yel' fï nj mkf;a 17 ^1& j.ka;sfha
±lafõ'
ld¾ñl wêlrKhg bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk idCIs muKla fkdj ;ukag wjYHhhs yefÕk ishü idCIs
úuid ne,sh hq;= nj 24 j.ka;sfha ±lafõ' ;jo ld¾ñl wêlrKhg hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK hehs
yefÕk m%odkhla lsÍug 24 j.ka;sh hgf;a n,h we;'
;srekdjlreiq t' isßj¾Ok

fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;Skaÿ lf<a isú,a kS;sh hgf;a m;a lrkq ,nk fíreïlrejl=g jvd mq¿,a n,;, ld¾ñl
wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a m;alrk fíreïlrejl=g we;s njhs'
n%jqka iy iud.u t' r;akdhl

m%ldY jQfha úNd.hla mj;ajk wjia:dfõ md¾Yj lrejkag ysñ whs;sjdislï yd j.lSï .ek m%ldYhla
lsÍu muKla fkdj tlS md¾Yjlrejkag ysñúh hq;=hehs ;ud woyialrk j.lSï iy whs;sjdislï
iïnkaOfhkao m%ldYhla lsÍu l< yels njhs' fï wkqj md¾Yjlrejkaf.a kS;Hdkql+, whs;sjdislï
iïnkaOfhka muKla fkdj bka mßndysrjo whs;sjdislï msßkeóug fíreïlrejl=g n,h we;'
fíreïlrejl=g kS;sfhka ,nd§ ke;s n,hla md¾Yjlrejkag ,ndÈh fkdyelsh' tfia fokq ,nk
n,;,hla u; ls%hd fldg fokq ,nk ;Skaÿjla ÍÜ wd{djla u.ska wNsfhda.hg ,lal< yel'
iafÜÜ nEkala Tma bkaÈhd t' tÈßisxy

fíreïlref.a OQrh wêlrK ks,hla fkdjk w;r Tyq úksYaphl ,S,dfjka lghq;= l< hq;= nj mejisK'


fld<U fldu¾I,a iud.u t' Ikauq.,sx.ï

fuys§ ;SrKh jQfha fomd¾Yjhu tlÕ jQj;a kS;sfhka ,nd § we;s n,h blaujd hEfï yelshdjla
fíreïlrefjl=g ke;s njhs'
fíreïlrejl=g lrkq ,enQ fhduqlsÍula weu;sjrhd miqj m%;HdÈIaG lsÍula fyda wj,x.= lsÍula l<
fkdyel'
iSudiys; kvrdcd t' ls%IaKodika

tfia fhduq lsÍula weu;sjrhdg wj,x.= l< yelshehs l,ska ,Sj¾ ifydaorfhda t' ls%IaKodika f.k ;snQ
;Skaÿj wkq.ukh fkdlrk ,§'

,xld gh¾ kej; msrùfï iud.u t' fmf¾rd (1980) 2 SLR 6
mshodi t' ndgd mdjyka iud.u (1982) 1 SLR 91
iS $ i fjdl¾ iy mq;% iud.u t' .=K;s,l (1985) 1 SLR 208)
hka;% ks¾udK iud.u t' rKisxy ^1985& 1 SLR 82
fI,a iud.u t' fmf¾rd

mru ffki¾.sl wêlrK n,hla ld¾ñl wêlrKhg fkdue;s nj;a ld¾ñl wêlrKh ish n,h
,nd.kafka fhduqlsÍfï ksfhda.h u.ska muKla fyhska fhduq lsÍfï rcfha fÉ;kdj fkdi,ld yeÍug
tu wêlrKhg mq¿jkalula ke;snj fuu kvqfõ§ m%ldY úh'
iS $ i whsIa,dì j;=hdh t' ùrfialr

lsishï m%Yakhla 4 ^1& j.ka;sh hg;a fíreïlsÍu i|yd fhduqlsÍu wud;Hjrhd úiska m%;slafIam l<
úg kej; th fíreïlsÍug i|yd fhduqlsÍug kS;sfhka ndOdjla ke;' tajd mßmd,kuh ;SrK ñi
wêlrKuh fyda w¾O wêlrKuh ;Skaÿ o fkdfõ' weu;sjrhdg úreoaOj ßÜ wd{djla .; fkdyels
nj î' iS' iS' t' ùrfialr ysÈ ;SrKh flßK'
úu,fiak t' kjr;ak iy ;j;a fofofkla

ld¾ñl wdrjq,la lïlre úksYaph iNdjl úNd.hg ,lafjñka ;sìh§ thu 4 ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a
fíreïlrejl=g fhduq l< yels ±hs hk m%Yakh fuysÈ mek ke.=Ks' th wêlrKuh iajNdjhlska hq;a
mÍlaIKhlg weÕs,a .eiSula fkdj weu;sjrhd fj; mejÍ we;s n,;,hla mdúÉÑ lsÍula nj
wêlrKh m%ldY lf<ah'
iS $ i Wmd,s m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u t' tlai;a lïlre iñ;sh

§ ;SrKh jQfha lïlre úksYaph iNdjla bÈßfha úNd. fjñka mj;sk wdrjq,la iïnkaO lreKla 4^1&
j.ka;sh hgf;a weu;sjrhd úiska wksjd¾h fíreïlrKhg fhduq lsÍu wêlrK ld¾hhlg ueÈy;a
ùula nj;a ta ksid weu;sjrhdg fíreïlrKhg fhduq lsÍug n,hla fkdue;s nj;a Wimalasena Vs
Nawarathna, Ceylon Tyre Rebuilding Co. Ltd Vs. Perera hk kvq wkq.ukh lsÍu j¾;udkhg
fkd.e,fmk nj;a fY%aIaGdêlrKh ks.ukh lf<ah'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh fuu ;SrKhg t<öfï§ wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ 114 yd 170 hk jHjia:d ie,ls,a,g
.;a w;r Bg wu;rj pl% f,aLlhla u.ska iSudjkag hg;aj lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjrekag
ufyaia;%d;a n,;, ,nd § ;sîu o ie,ls,a,g .eKsk'
flfia kuq;a úfõpko ke;=jd fkdfõ' lïlre úksYaph iNdjla wêlrK ld¾hhla bgq lrhs kï idOdrK
yd hqla;s iy.; ;Skaÿ §ug Tjqkag yelshdjla ;sìh fkdyels njg ;¾l flf¾'
iS $ iyS;a iy iud.u t' ldßhjiï

fíreïlrejl= wêlrKuh ;Skaÿjlg fkdt<eôh;a idCIs i,ld ne,Sfï§ wêlrKuh iajNdjhlska ls%hd
l, hq;= nj m%ldY lf,ah' tfia i,ld fkd,enq wjia:djlg ßÜ wd{djla u.ska wod, m%odkh wjx,.=
l< yel' olaIsK ,xld m%cd;ka;%jdÈ lïlre ix.uh t' fi,ajfodf¾ kvqjo fï iïnkaOfhka jeo.;ah'
fíreïlrejl= úiska lrkq ,nk m%odkhla ls%hd;aul lsÍu
^1& ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 18 ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj fíreïlrejl= úiska ;u úNd.h wjidkfha§ .kq
,nk ;Skaÿj fkdfyd;a m%odkh lïlre flduidßia fj; heúh hq;= w;r Tyq tu m%odkh rcfha
.eiÜ m;%h u.ska m%ldYhg m;al, hq;= fõ'
^2& iEu m%odkhlau tys olajd we;s ls%hd;aul jk Èkfha isg ls%hd;aul jkq we;' flfia fj;;a tu
Èkh wdrjq, mgka .ekSug fmr Èkhla fkdúh hq;=h' 18 ^2&


^3& 18 ^3& j.ka;sh wkqj lsishï m%odkhla n,meje;aúh hq;= ld,h fíreïlre úiska ish m%odkfha
i|yka l< hq;=h' tfia ke;akï mkf;a 20 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a tu m%odkh l,ska wjika
fkdl<fyd;a tfia kshu lrkq ,nk ld,h olajd n,meje;aúh hq;=h'
^4& fíreï úiska ish m%odk n,meje;aúh hq;= ld,h i|yka lr fkdue;s wjia:djl 20 jeks j.ka;sh
hgf;a th wfydais lrkq ,nk f;la n,meje;aúh hq;=h'
19 jk j.ka;sh wkqj fíreïlrejl= úiska lrkq ,nk iEu m%odkhlau lïlrejka yd fiajdfhdaclhka
w;r mj;akd fiajd .súiqfï jHx> fldkafoais f,i ie,fla'
m%odkhl ffk;sl iajNdjh yd m%odkhla wjika ùu

mkf;a 20 jk j.ka;sh wkqj fíreïlrefjl= úiska lrkq ,enQ m%odkhlska ne÷kq ´kEu md¾Yjhla
tkï jD;a;Sh iñ;shla" fiajdfhdaclfhla fyda fiajlhl=g kshñ; wdlD;sfha ,sÅ;j flduidßiajrhdg
iy wka ish¿u md¾Yjhkag hjk ,o ±kaùula u.ska tu m%odkh wjika $ wfydais l< yel' tfy;a
md¾Yjlre jD;a;Sh iñ;shla jQ wjia:djl tu iñ;sfha idudðlhkag fm!oa.,slj th wjika l<
fkdyel' by; wdldrfha wjika lsÍu ms<sn| ±kaùu jD;a;Sh iñ;shla iïnkaOfhka jQ úg iñ;sfha
idudðlhkag fjka fjka jYfhka ±kqï §u wjYH fkdfõ'
tfia ±kqï §ula l< miq tu ±kaùï l< udih <Õg tk ;=ka udih wjidkfhaÈ wod, m%odkh wjika
jkafkah' tfia ke;fyd;a m%odkh j,x.= jQ Èkfha isg fodf<dia uila bl=;a jQ Èkfha§ wjika fõ' fï Èk
follska miqj meñfKk Èkfha§ m%odkh wjx,.= fõ' 20 ^2& ^w& j.ka;shg wkqj m%odkhla wvqu .Kfka
fodf<dia uilaj;a ls%hd;aulj ;sîu iy;sl lr we;'
ue,snka ìialÜia uekq*elap¾ia ,sñgâ t' iqn%ukshï"

;srekdjlreiq t' isßj¾Ok" l=,;=x. lïlre ks,Odß t' fodvxf.dv
lsishï wdrjq,la fíreïlsÍu i|yd fíreïlrejl= fj; fhduqlrkq ,en th úuiSug Ndckh jk ld,h
;=,§ tu wdrjq, iïnkaOfhka jD;a;Sh iñ;s ls%hdud¾.hla u.ska jev j¾ckhla fyda fodrjeiaula fyda
tjekaklg lïlrejka fyda fiajdfhdaclhka fm<Uùu fyda ls%hdfõ fh§uo m%odkhla ls%hd;aul ;sfnk
ld,h ;=, tu m%odkfha fjkila we;s lsÍug jev j¾ck fyda msgux lsÍula fyda ta i|yd fm<Uùula
fyda lsÍuo 40 ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a ovqjï ,eìh yels jrola jkafkah'
tfiau wdrjq,la fíreï lsÍug fhduq lr we;s wjia:djl tu wdrjq,g iïnkaO lïlrejka fiajd
fldkafoais Tjqkag wys;lr f,i fjkialsÍu yd fiajlhkaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍuo o~qjï ,eìh yels
jroj,a jkafkah'
m%odkhla wjika lsÍfï§ tu m%odkh u.ska ;Skaÿ lrk ,o ish,a, l¿ ,E,a,la msi ±uqjd fia ke;s ú
hkafkao hkak ;srekdjlriq t' isßj¾Ok kvqfõ§ 1981 SLR 185 i,ld n,k jkiqkaor
úksYaphldr;=ud tfia fkdjk nj m%ldY lf<ah' m%odkhla wjika lsÍfï§ isÿjkafka th bka bÈßhg n,
fkdmEu muKls' tls m%odkh u.ska md¾Yjlrejkag ysñ jQ whs;sjdislï yd mejreKq j.lSï ta u.ska
wfydais ùula jkafka ke;'
fíreïlrejl=f.a m%odkhla wNsfhda.hg ,lalsÍu'

fíreïlrejl=f.a m%odkhla wêlrKuh wNshdpkhla u.ska wNsfhda.hg ,lalsÍug m%;smdok imhd ke;'
lïlre úksYaph iNdjl ksfhda.hla iïnkaOfhka kS;suh lreKla u; wNshdpkhlg bv i,id we;'
flfia fj;;a wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 140 jeks j.ka;sh hgf;a wNshdpkdêlrKhg ,nd § we;s ßÜ
wd{d ksl=;a lsÍfï n,;, hgf;a fíreïlrejl=f.a m%odkhg tfrysj ßÜ wd{djla ,nd .ekSug we;s
bvlv wêlrKh úiska i,ld n,d we;' idudkH kS;sh kï wNsfhda.hlg ,lalrk ;Skaÿjg fyda
;SrKhg úreoaOj fjk;a úl,am ls%hd ud¾.hka wod, lr.; yels kï tu fjk;a ls%hdud¾. wkqj
iykhla ,nd.ekSug m<uqj lghq;= l< hq;= nj;a tfia fkdfldg ßÜ wd{d n,;, Wmfhda.s lr .;
fkdyels nj;a ms<s.;a kS;shls'
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mKf;a 20 ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj fíreïlrejl=f.a m%odkhla iïnkaOfhka iEySulg m;a
fkdjkakl=g tu m%odkh m%;HdÈIaG lrk f,i flduidßiajrhdg b,a,sula l< yels nj i|yka fõ' fuu
m%;smdokh úl,am iykhlao hkak Tfífialr t' we,anÜ iy m%kdkaÿ t' hqkhsgâ j¾l^¾&ia hqkshkaa hk
kvq j,§ i<ld n,d ;SrKh lf<a úl,am ls%hd ud¾.hla we;s neúka m%odkhg tfrysj ßÜ wd{djla
b,a,d isáh fkdyels njhs'
by; ;;ajh i<ld ne¨ fY%aIaGdêlrK úksYaphldr jreka ;sfokl= fidauiqkaorï jkakshisxyï ta' fÊ'
ví,sõ' f*d¾ìia iy ;j;a whl= hkq uE; ld,Sk kvqfõ§ ;SrKh lf<a tu kvq idjoH f,i ;Skaÿ lrk
,o tajd ksid wkq.ukh fkdl< hq;= njhs'


fï iïnkaOfhka iS $ i ms%úka iy iud.u t' rxð;a w;m;a;= iy ;j;a wh hk kvqjo jeo.;a úh'
fuys§ iduqysl .súiqul fldgila n,mj;ajk fia jHdma; lsÍug weu;sjrhd .;a ;SrKh wkqj we;s jQ
wdrjq, ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fhduq flßKs' th wjx,.= lrjd .ekSug ßÜ wd{djla b,a,d
wNshdpkdêlrKhg bÈßm;a l< fm;aiu ms<s.ksñka lïlre weu;sjrhd n,;, blaujd ls%hdlr we;ehs
;SrKh l< wêlrKh tu jHdma; lsÍu wj,x.= lrk ,§'
ld¾ñl wêlrKh
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a IV jeks fldgfia 22 isg 31 olajd j.ka;s fï iïnkaOfhka m%;smdok i,ihs'
22 ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj ld¾ñl wêlrKhla msysgqùu i|yd 5 fofkl=g fkdwvq mqoa.,hka ixLHdjlska
hq;a uKav,hla ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,efí' th rcfha .eiÜ m;%h u.ska m%ldYhg m;a flf¾'
Tjqka m;alrk wjia:dfõ§ ckdêm;sjrhd ;SrKh lrk mßÈ Tjqka l,ska OQrh w;afkdyeßfha kï wjqreÿ
;=klg fkdjeä ld,hlg m;a lrkq ,efí' tfia jQj;a OQrh ±Íu wjika jk wjia:dj jk úg wdrïN
lrk ,o mÍCIKhla wjika ù ke;akï wod, mÍlaIKh wjika jk ;=re OQrh ±ßh hq;= fõ'
idudkHfhka ±kg Tjqka m;a lrkq ,nkafka wjqreoaol ld,hlgh' wjqreÿ m;d Tjqkaf.a ld,h §¾>
lsÍu idudkH ms<sfj; njg m;a ù we;' lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjreka fuka ld¾ñl wêlrKj,
idudðlhka iaÓr ;k;=re fkdor;s' lsishï wdrjq,la fhduq lrkq ,eîula iu.u ;u n,;, ,nd.kakd
ld¾ñl wêlrK idudðlhska tu wdrjq, fíreïfldg m%odkhla §fuka miqj tu n,;, wfydais jkafkah'
4 ^2& j.ka;sh hgf;a lïlre weu;sjrhd wdrjq,la ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fhduqlsÍfï§ hg lS mßÈ
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,enQ idudðl uKav,fhka tla mqoa.,hl= fyda mqoa.,hka ;=ka fofkl=
ld¾ñl wêlrKfha idudðlhka f,i lïlre weu;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,efí' ;=kafofkl= m;a lsÍfï§
bka tla whl= weu;sjrhd úiska iNdm;s f,i m;al< hq;= fõ'
17 jk j.ka;sh wkqj fíreïlrejl= wdrjq,la iïnkaOfhka úNd. lsÍfï§ md¾Yjlrejka úiska

bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk idCIs muKla i,ld ne,sh hq;= kuq;a 24 jk j.ka;shg wkqj ld¾ñl wêlrKhla
úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk idCIs muKla fkdj Tyqg wjYH hehs yefÕk ish¿u idCIs úuid ne,sh yel'
24 ^2& j.ka;sh wkqj mÍCIKhla meje;aùfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hd ms<sfj; WÑ; hehs yefÕk
mßÈ ld¾ñl wêlrKfha wNsu;h mßÈ 39 ^1& B j.ka;shg wkql+,j ilia lr.; yelsh' ld¾ñl
wêlrKhlg my; wdldrfha n,;, mejÍ we;'
^1& uq,a wêlrK n,h

weu;sjrhd úiska fhduq lrkq ,nk wdrjq,a iïnkaOfhka mÍCId lr n,d m%odkhla §u 4 ^2&
^2& iSñ; wNshdpkd n,;,

mkf;a 10 A yd 10 ^9& j.ka;s j,g wkqj iduqysl .súiqï iïnkaOfhka lïlre flduidßia jrhd
úiska .kq ,nk ;Skaÿ iïnkaOfhka ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a l< yel' tjeks
wNshdpk flduidßiajrhdf.a ;Skaÿj § Èk 30 la we;=,; kshñ; wdlD;s m;%h u.ska bÈßm;a l<
hq;=h'
^3& iSñ; m%;sfYdaOk wêlrK n,h

27 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a ld¾ñl wêlrKhla úiska fok ,o m%odkhla kej; i,ld ne,Su i|yd
weu;sjrhd úiska fhduq lrkq ,enQ úgl tu ld¾hh bgqlsÍfï§ m%;sfYdaOk n,;, Wmfhda.S lr
.kshs' iu.s lsÍul§ fyda fíreïlsÍul§ t<fUk iu:hla fyda ,nd fok m%odkhla m%;Hd ÈIaG
lsÍug yelshdj we;;a ld¾ñl wêlrKhla u.ska ,ndfok m%odkhla wj,x.= l< fkdyel' kuq;a
weu;sjrhd u.ska kej; tu lreKu ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg bÈßm;a lr m%;sfYdaOkhla lrk
f,i b,a,d isàug yelshdj we;' flduidßiajrhdf.a u;h wkqj tkï m%;sfYdaOkhla wjYHo
keoao hkak flduidßiajrhd weu;sjrhdg ,nd fok ±kaùug wkqj ;SrKhla .; yel' fuh
flduidßiajrhdf.a u;h wkqj isÿjkakls' tjeks m%;sfYdaOkhla i,ld n,d my; i|yka
;SrKhkaf.ka tllg t<öug yels nj 28 jk j.ka;sfha ±lafõ' tkï tls m%odkh ta
wdldrfhkau iaÓr lsÍu" tlS m%odkh bj; ,Eu" tls m%odkh bj;,d ta fjkqjg fjk;a m%odkhla
lsÍu" wjYH mßÈ tlS m%odkh ixfYdaOkh lsÍu hk tajdhs'
^4& iSñ; w;s úfYaI wêlrK n,h

lsishï fíreïlrejl= lïlre úksYaph iNdjla fyda ld¾ñl wêlrKhla úiska .kq ,enq ;SrKhla
iïnkaOfhka w¾:l:khla ,nd.ekSug wjYH kï tu ksfhda.h ÿka wêlrKhgu fhduq l< yel'
tfia fkdyels jk wjia:d j,§ tjeks w¾: ksrEmkhla i|yd ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fhduq l<
yel' 34 ^1&
lïlre úksYaph iNd

fuu lïlre úksYaph iNd ms<sn| m%;smdok ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk;g we;=,;a lrkq ,enqfha 1957 wxl
62 orK ixfYdaOfhks' óg l,ska ld¾ñl wdrjq,la ksrjq,a lr.; yels jQfha iu.s lsÍfuka"

fíreïlsÍfuka fyda ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fhduq lsÍfuks' tfy;a tfia l< yels jQfha lïlre
flduidßiaf.a fyda lïlre weu;sjrhdf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka muKs'
iduQysl .súiqul lïlrejl= wialsÍu iïnkaOfhka .;hq;= úfYaI ls%hd ud¾.hla olajd fkdue;s úg
lïlrejl=g kï m%Yakh fíreïlrejl=g fyda ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fhduqlr .ekSug lïlre
flduidßiajrhd fyda lïlre weu;sjrhdf.a wNsu;h u; ls%hdud¾.hla .kakd ;=re n,d isàug isÿùu
mkf;a ;snQ ysveila úh' tfia ls%hdud¾.hla fkd.; fyd;a we;s tlu ms<shu jQfha idudkH kS;sh ^fmdÿ
kS;sh& hgf;a Èid wêlrKfha kvqjla mejßuh' Èid wêlrKh i,ld n,kafka fiajdfhdaclhd úiska
.súiqfï fldkafoais W,a,x>Kh lr lïlrejdf.a fiajh wjika lr we;a±hs hkak muKs' .súiqfuka
mßndysrj widOdrK f,i fiajh wjika lsÍulg osid wêlrKhg ms<shï fhÈh fkdyel' wfkla w;g
Èid wêlrKhg jkaÈhla kshu lsÍu yer kej; fiajfha msysgqùula l< fkdyel' fï iïnkaOfhka
úfodaHdoh úYaj úoHd,h ta' ,skia is,ajd kvqj jeo.;ah'
widOdrK fiajd wjika lsÍula iïnkaOfhka blauka iyk ie,iSug;a mkf;a jQ ysvei mqrjd ,Sug;a
1957 wxl 62 orK ixfYdaOkh u.ska lïlre úksYaph iNd msysgqjk ,§' fuu.ska fiajd wjika lsÍul§
lïlre flduidßia jrhd fyda weu;sjrhd ;u wNsu;h mdúÉÑ lrk f;la n,d fkdisg fl,skau lïlre
úksYaph iNdjg ;u m%Yakh fhduqlsÍug lïlrejdg wjia:dj ,nd fok ,§'
fï iïnkaO úê úOdk lïlre wdrjq,a mk;g w¿;ska tlal, IV ^w& fþofha wvx.= fõ' 31 ^w& ^1&
wkqj lïlre úksYaph iNd" lïlre wêlrK fuka fkdj iNdm;sjrfhl=f.ka iukaú; iaÓr uKav,
fõ' ;jo tajdg ks;H wêlrK n,hla ysñúh' fuh wdrjq,la fhduq ùu;a iu.u wêlrK n,h ,nk
ld¾ñl wêlrK j,g fjkia úh' uq,a wjêfha§ lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjre m;a lf<a rdcH fiajd
fldñiu u.sks' tjeks m;a lsÍï j, kS;Hdkql+,Ndjh ms<sn| u;fNao mej;=kq w;r ta iïnkaOfhka jQ
mriamr úfrdaê kvq ;Skaÿ lSmhls' th jßka jr wêlrK fiajd fldñiug;a rdcH fiajd fldñigu;a
jßka jr n,h ,eìK' fuu .eg¿j ks;H f,iu ksrdlrKh lf<a wm wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj u.ska
lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjreka wêlrK ks,Odßka f,i kï lsÍu;a Tjqkaf.a m;a lsÍu wêlrK
fiajd fldñiu u.ska l< hq;=hehs kshu lsÍfuka wk;=rejh' ta ksid ±kg lïlre úksYaph iNdm;sjreka
m;a lrkqfha wêlrK fiajd fldñiu u.sks'
lïlre úksYaph iNdjl ld¾hNdrhka fohdldrh

1' mkf;a 3 ^1& ^wE& j.ka;sfha m%;smdok wkqj iafjÉPd fíreï lsÍulg fhduql< wdrjq,la iu:hlg
m;a lsÍu fyda 4 ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a lïlre weu;sjrhd úiska wdrjq,la wksjd¾Hfhka fhduq lrkq
,enQ wjia:djl tu wdrjq, iu:hlg m;a lsÍu'
2' lïlrefjl= úiska fyda lïlrejl= idudðl;ajh orK jD;a;Sh iñ;shla úiska tu lïlrejd
fjkqfjka fyda 31 wd ^1& hgf;a bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk whÿï m;%hla úksYaphg ,lalsÍu' ^ksfhda.hla
,nd§u&
fuys m<uq ;;ajh ms<sn|j óg fmr olajd we;' tu ksid 31 ^wd& ^1& hgf;a lrk b,a,Sula iïnkaOfhka
lïlre úksYaph iNdjl n,;, i,ld ne,sh hq;=h'
fï iïnkaOfhka 1990 wxl 32 orK ixfYdaOkfhka lrk ,o fjkialï o jeo.;a fõ'
31 ^wd& ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj lïlrefjl=g fyda tu lïlrejd idudðl;ajh orK jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg fyda
my; ±lafjk lreKq iïnkaOfhka lïlre úksYaph iNdjlska zzmsysglaZZ fyda zziykhlaZZ b,a,d b,a¨ï
m;%hla bÈßm;a l< yel'
Walker Sons and Co. Ltd. Vs Fry 1966/68 NLR 73 kvqfõ § Thambaiya úksiqrejrhd fuu jpk 2 g
w¾:hka 2 la imhd we;' ziykhZ (Redress) hkq fiajd .súiqug fyda fjk;a wdldrhg fiajlhdg ysñlula
we;s wjia:djl tu ysñlu ,nd § ke;af;a kï tu ,nd fkdÿka ysñlu ,nd §uhs'
zmsysg (Relief) hkq .súiqu wkqj fiajdfhdaclhd úiska ish¿ hq;=lï yd j.lSï bgq lr we;s úg tu
.súiqug mßndysrj hï hï whs;Ska fyda iykhla ,nd §u fõ' fï wkqj .súiqug mßndysrj lïlre
úksYaph iNdjlg kj whs;sjdislï ks¾udKh lsÍug yels nj fuu.ska .uH fõ'
tu lreKq kï
^w& fiajdfhdaclhd úiska ;ukaf.a fiajh wjika lrkq ,eîu'

^wd& fiajh wjika lsÍul§ lsishï lïlrejl= fyda Tyq fjkqfjka b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a lrkq ,en
we;s wjia:djl§ fiajd fhdaclhd lïlrejka 15 fofkl=g wvqfjka fmr udi 12 ;=, fiajfha
fhdojd we;s l¾udka;hl fiajh lrk lïlrejdg mdßf;daIslhla ysñúh hq;=o keoao hkak i,ld
ne,Su'
^we& 1983 wx; 12 orK mdßf;daIsl mk;g wkqj mdßf;daIsl uqo,a wysñlr we;s wjia:djl tfia
wysñ lsÍu ksjerÈj lr weoao hkak fidhd ne,Su iy'
^wE& fiajd fldkafoais iïnkaOfhka kshu lrkq ,eìh yels fjk;a lreKq ^weu;sjrhd fï jk;=re
fr.=,dis mkjd ke;s ksid fuu iykh ±kg ,nd.; fkdyel&

fuys by; ^wd& fþofha yd ^we& fþoh ±kg mj;akd wdldrhg ixfYdaOkh lrkq ,enqfõ 1983 wxl
12 orK mdßf;daIsl §ukd f.ùfï mk; u.sks' Bg l,ska mdßf;daIsl §ukd f.ùug fiajdfhdaclhkag
kS;suh ne£ula fkdùh' tu ksid mk; ls%hd;aul ùug l,ska mdßf;daIsl uqo,la fiajdfhdaclhd
leue;af;kau ,nd kqÿkfyd;a th idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; moku u; ,nd .ekSug lïlre úksYaph
iNdjg b,a¨ï l< hq;= úh' ±kg fuu bvlv we;af;a mdßf;daIsl mkf;ka wdjrKh fkdjk fiajlhskag
muKs'
tu ksid ^we& fþofha l,ska i|yka jQfha fiajh wjika lrkq ,enQ úg fiajdfhdaclhd úiska mdßf;daIsl
uqo,la fyda fjk;a m%;s,dNhla idOdrK moku u; f.úh hq;=o tfia kï tu uqo, fldmuK úh hq;=o
hkak ;SrKh lsßug lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg n,h we;s njhs' ±ka fiajd wjidkfhaÈ mdßf;daIsl
uqo,la ,eîu lïlrefjl=f.a ks;Hdkql+, whs;shla ksid tu mk; hgf;a kS;Hdkql+, ysñlula fkdue;s
fiajlhkag idOdrK moku u; lsishï mdßf;daIslhla 15 lg wvq fiajlhska ixLHdjla fiajfha fhdojd
we;s wjia:djl§ f.úh hq;=o keoao hkak muKla ±ka i,ld ne,sh yel'
by; ^wE& fþofha i|yka mßÈ lïlre úksYaph iNdfõ úIh iSudj mq¿,a lrñka kshu lrkq ,eìh
yels úIh lrkq lsisjla weu;sjrhd fuf;la kshu lr ke;'
by; lreKq wkqj fiajfha fh§ isák lïlrefjl=g ;u fiajd kshuhka yd fldkafoais ms<sn|j lsisu
lreKla iïnkaOfhka lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a lsÍug ±kg wjldY ke;' fï
ksid jegqma kskshdldrj fkdf.ùu" widOdrK udre lsÍï fyda Wiia ùï fkd§u wdÈ lreKq .ek b,a¨ï
l< fkdyel'
fï ksid lïlre úksYaph iNdjla fj; hdug kï fiajdfhdaclhl= úiska lïlrejl=f.a fiajh wjika
lsÍula lr ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' ;ud úiska iafõÉPdfjka fiajh wjika lrkq ,enQ wjia:djl lïlre
úksYaph iNdjlg hd fkdyel' tfy;a fl,skau fiajdfhdaclhd fiajh wjila fkdl< o fiajh wjika
lsÍula f,i ie,lsh yels ls%hdjla u.ska fiajdfhdaclhl= úiska lïlrejl=f.a fiajh wkqñ; f,i wjika
l< yel' iDcq fiajd wjika lsÍula ke;;a fiajh wjika lsÍug wkshï ud¾. j,ska fm<Uùfuka
fiajdfhdaclhl= úiska wkqu; f,i wjika l<d hehs ie,lsh yels wjia:d we;' tjeks wjia:djl
fiajdfhdaclhl= úiska wkqñ; f,i fiajh wjika lr we;ehs ;¾l l< yel' tfiau lsishï fiajlfhl=f.a
jev ;ykï fldg fpdaokd m;%hla mjd fkd§ lsisiq mÍlaIKhla fkdmj;ajd §¾> ld,hla tfia jev
;yku u; lïlrejd fiajhg meñKSu j<lajd we;akï fyda widOdrK f,i ;k;=frka my< ±óula
fyda lr we;s wjia:djl§ wkqñ; fyda jHx>sl fiajd wjila lsÍula we;ehs lreKq bÈßm;a l< yel'
fï iïnkaOfhka mKaä;r;ak ta' Tnd¾ j;=hdfha wêldÍ kvqj jeo.;a fõ' fuys§ b,a¨ïlre m%ldY lf<a
;ud fiajfhka my; ±óula isÿl< ksid jevg fkdmeñK fiajh wjika l< njg b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a
l< njh' Tyqf.a ;¾lh jQfha ;ud ±rE iyldr jHdma;s l<uKdldr ;k;=ßka jev mÍlaIlhl= f,i
my; ±óu widOdrK nj;a th wkqñ; fiajd wjika lsÍula f,i ie,lsh hq;= nj;ah' Tyq ck;d j;=
ixj¾Ok uKav,fha fiajhg f.k we;af;a ;djld,sl iyldr jHdma;s l<uKdlrejl= f,i jQj;a Tyqg
m;aùfï ,smshla ksl=;a lr fkd;sìKs' Tyq ,enQ jegqma yd l< rdcldß wod, ;k;=rg iß,k nj Tmamq
l< fkdyels jQ ksid fiajfha my; ±óula isÿ ù fkdue;s nj;a tu ksidu wkqñ; fiajd wjika lsÍulao
ke;s nj;a ;SrKh úh'
;udf.a leue;af;ka fiajh wjila l< o wkqñ; fiajd wjika lsÍula fkdue;s jQjo mdßf;daIs; f.ùï
ksis mßÈ isÿ fkdfõ kï lïlre úksYaph iNdjla fj; b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a l< yel' tfy;a th
fiajh wjika lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fkdj mdßf;daIslhka ,nd.ekSu i|ydh'
tfiau mdßf;daIsl mk; wkqj ks;Hdkql+, fkdjk wvqlsÍula mdßf;daIslfhka lr we;akï ta
iïnkaOfhkao b,a¨ï l< yel' wvq lsÍï l< yelafla mkf;a olajd we;s ksYaÑ; lreKq iïnkaOfhka
muKs' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a th kS;s úfrdaë fõ'
b,a¨ïlrejl= fjkqfjka Tyqf.a kS;s{hdg b,a¨ï m;%hla w;aika l< yelso hkak .ek úúO kvq ;Skaÿ
j,ska úúO u; bÈßm;a flreKq w;r ±kg wjidk jYfhka ks.ukh l< yelafla tfia l< yels njhs'
iuQmldr f;d. fj<| wdh;kfha wOHCI uKav,h t' chiqkaor

iSudiys; ,xld fjda,aghs,aia iud.u t' isß,a
fuu kvqj, u;=jQ m%Yakh jQfha b,a¨ïlre fjkqfjka Tyqf.a kS;s{jrhdg kS;Hdkql+,j w;aika l<
yelso hkakh' fuys§ ;SrKh jQfha wêlrK ixúOdk mk; ^1978$2& hgf;a kS;s{hl=g we;s n,;,
j,g wkqj ;u fiajdodhlhd fjkqfjka lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug wdfõKsl n,hla we;s nj;a b,a¨ïlref.a
iy;slh fjku f,aLkhl ,nd Èh hq;= nj;ah' fuys iy;slh hkq zzby; i|yka lreKq i;H nj iy;sl
lrñ'ZZ hk m%ldYh wvx.= f,aLkhhs'


27 jeks fr.=,dishg wkqj lsishï b,a¨ï m;%hla iïnkaOfhka Wkkaÿjla olajk whl=go Bg iïnkaO
úh yels nj fmfka'
32 ta fr.=,dish wkqj b,a¨ï m;% folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla taldnoaO fldg úNd. l< yel' fuh
lïlre úksYaph iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhdf.a wNsu;h wkqj wod, lreKq ie,ls,a,g .ksñka tfia lrkq
we;'
wêlrK NdIdj isxy, neúka bx.S%isfhka ms<sfh, lr b,a¨ï m;%hla ms<s.; yelso hkak kvqj,§ i<ld
n,d tfia l< yels njg ;Skaÿ lr we;'
,xld tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u ta' chisxy

úl%uisxy t YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ uQ,H uKav,h
iS' ví,sõ' B' t' chiqkaor
.=K;s,l t' YS% ,xld uOHu .ukd .uk uKav,h
fiajHhd f,i Tyqf.a ksfhdað;hd kï lsÍu

fuysÈ úksYaÑ; kvq lSmhla jeo.;a fõ' mkf;a 31 B ^6& j.ka;sh hgf;a ysgmq fiajdfhdaclhl=g
tfrysj;a kvqjla mj;ajdf.k hd yel'
l<ukdlre" hQß j;=hdh" miair t' m%cd;ka;%jdÈ lïlre ix.uh

fuys§ kvq mjrd ;snqfka l<ukdlre" j%hs j;=hdh" miair hkqfjks' ;SrKh lf<a ffk;sl mqoa.,fhl=
fkdjQjo fiajHhd y÷kd.; yels kï ffk;sl .eg¿jla u;= fkdjk njhs' fuys§ jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka
lïlre m%Yak j,È hqla;sh yd idOdrKh i,ld ne,Su nj jeäÿrg;a i|yka úh'
l<uKdlre" kdlshdfoksh j;=hdh t' ,xld j;= lïlre ix.uh

ffk;sl mqoa.,fhl= jYfhka fiajHhl= ms<s.ekSu jeo.;a nj ;SrKh úh' kvq ;Skaÿjla ls%hd;aul lf<a
kï wod, mqoa.,hdf.a foam, ;ykug .; yels fõ' kuq;a ffk;sl fyda iajNdúl mqoa.,fhl= fkdue;sk
ï foam, ;ykï l< fkdyels fõ'
fï fya;=fjka ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 1968 wxl 39 orK ixfYdaOkfhka hï j;a;l j;= wêldßjrhd
jeks wfhla o fiajHhd f,i ms<s.ekSug wjia:dj i,id ÿks'
yh udifha Í;sh
lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a lsÍu fiajh wjika lrkq ,enQ Èkfha isg yh udihla
bl=;a ùug fmr l< hq;= njg 1973 wxl 53 ld¾ñl wdrjq,a ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mkf;a 21 j.ka;sfha
±lafõ' tu ksid ih uilg miq bÈßm;a lrk b,a¨ï m;%hla ld,djfrdaê ù ksIam%Nd jkq we;'
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a 1958 § mkjk ,o fr.=,dis wkqj b,a¨ï m;%hla ;=ka uila we;=<; È
bÈßm;a l< hq;=j ;sìK' uq,a mkf;a tjeks iSud lsÍula i|yka fkdjk ksid lïlre weu;sjrhd tjka
iSudjla lsÍu Tyqf.a n,;, blaujd hdula f,i rïnKavd t' .x.d ksïk ixj¾Ok uKav,h kvqfõ§
fY%aIaGdêlrKh tu fr.=,dish n,d;sl%uKhla nj;a ta ksid kS;s úfrdaê njg ;SrKh lf<ah' kej; th
kS;s úfrdaê fkdjk njg .x.d ksïk ixj¾Ok uKav,h t' fIßma kvqfõ§ wêlrKh ;SrKh l<dh'
fuu wjq, úi£u i|yd isf,daka j¾l¾ia fldka.%ia ta' j;= wêldß" fnr., j;=hdh kvqfõ§ tjlg
WmßudêlrKh jQ wNshdpkdêlrKhg fuu m%Yakh fhduq flreKs' tysÈ fr.=,dish kS;s úfrdaê nj;a
rïnKavd kvqj ksjerÈj f,i ;Skaÿ lr we;s nj;a ;Skaÿ flreKs'
wNshdpkdêlrKh fuu m%Yakh úi£u i|yd jHjia:dodhlg ueÈy;a úh hq;= njg ;jÿrg;a fhdackd
lrk ,§'fïwkqj uq,a mk; ixfYdaOkh lrñka bÈßm;a l< 1973 wxl 53 orK ld¾ñl wdrjq,a ^úfYaI
úê úOdk& mk; u.ska uq,a mkf;a 31 wd j.ka;shg wxl 7 orK Wm j.ka;shla tl;= lrñka lïlre
úksYaph iNdjlg b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a lsÍu fiajh wjika lsÍfuka ih uila we;=<; úh hq;= njg
m%;smdok ie,iSh'
;jo l<ska we;s jQ wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajh u; bÈßm;a l< b,a¨ï m;% iïnkaOfhka ls%hdl< hq;= wdldrh
ms<sn| úfYaI úê úOdko mkf;a úh' fuu.ska jHjia:dodhlh ueÈy;a ùfuka úYd, wjq,la ksrdlrKh
lsÍug yels úh'
lïlre úksYaph iNdjl n,;,

fiajd .súiqulg i|yka kshuhkag jvd jeä iykhla ,nd §ug we;s yelshdj u.ska lïlre úksYaph
iNdj,g úfYaI n,;, we;s nj uekúka fmkakqï lrhs' fï nj 31 ^wd& ^4& j.ka;sh olajhs' ;jo kej;
fiajfha msysgúh hq;=ehhs ^mqkia:dmkh& kshu lsÍug idudkH wêlrKhlg fkdue;s n,hla lïlre
úksYah iNdjlg we;' idudkH isú,a wêlrK j,g kS;sh mis|,Sh yelafla mj;akd ffk;sl whs;sjdislï
fyda .súiqï whs;sjdislï u; muKs' .súi f.k we;s kshuhka yd fldkafoais by; ;¾lh yd whq;=
jqfjd;a ñi tajd blaujd hEug Tjqkag fkdyelsh'

tfiau cem¾ð iud.u ta' iqn%ukshï kvqfõ§ lïlre Widúhlg §m jHdma; wêlrK n,hla we;s njg
;SrKh lf<ah'
31 wd ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg b,a¨ï m;la bÈßm;a lrk lïlrefjl=g msysgla
fyda iykhla b,a,d isáh yel' fï jpkj,g w¾: ksrEmkhla fjdal¾ ikaia iy iud.u ta' *%hs kvqfõÈ
;ïnhshd úksiqre;=ud bÈßm;a lf<ah' Tyqg wkqj ziykhZ (Redress) hkq lsishï ,nd fkdÿka ysñlula ,nd
§u jk w;r zmsysgZ (Relief) hkq .súiqfï ish¿ j.lSï bgql< o Bg wu;rj msysgla ùug lïlre
úksYaph iNdjg we;s yelshdjhs'
idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; hehs yefÕk ´kEu ksfhda.hla lsÍug 31 we ^1& hgf;a lïlre úksYaph
iNdjlg yelsh' fuu hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK Ndjh ms<sn|j úia;rd;aulj fjku igykl olajd
we;'
;jo b,a¨ï m;%hg wod, ldrKh iïnkaOfhka lïlrejdf.a fiajd fhdaclhd yd Tyq idudðl;ajh orK
jD;a;Sh iñ;sh w;r idlÉPdjla mj;sk njg lïlre úksYaph iNdj iEySulg m;ajqjfyd;a wod,
idlÉPdj wjika jk f;la b,a¨ï m;%h iïnkaOfhka ls%hd lsÍu w;aysgqjd bkamiqj idlÉPdfjka hï
iu:hla we;s jqj fyd;a ta wkqj ksfhda. Èh hq;=h' 31 wd ^2& w
isf,dka uef,a rn¾ .=âia iud.u t oykdhl
by; i|yka wdldrhg úNd.h fjk;a Èklg l,a ;nd we;s úg B<Õ Èkfha fiajdfhdaclhd meñK
fkdisá ksid tal mdlaIslj úNd. fldg ;Skaÿjla §u kS;shg tlÕ fkdjk njg ;SrKh jqKs' fuys§ l<
hq;=j ;snqfka l,a ;eîu fkdj úNd.h w;a ysgqùu nj;a B,Õ Èkfha i<ld ne,sh hq;af;a iu:hlg
t<eU we;ao hkak nj;a m%ldY jqks' 28 jeks fr.=,dishg wkqj fya;=jla fkdolajd md¾Yjhka fkdmeñKs
úg tal md¾Yaúlj úNd. lsÍfï n,h fuysÈ fhdod fkd.; hq;= njo ;SrKh jqKs'
;jo weu;sjrhd úiska 4 jk j.ka;sh m%ldrj b,a¨ï m;%hg wod, ldrKh wksjd¾H fíreï lsÍulg
fhduqlr we;s úg md¾Yjhkag w.;shla fkdjk mßÈ b,a¨ïm; ksIam%Nd l< hq;=h' fufia ksIam%Nd lsÍu"
idudkH isú,a kS;sh hgf;a kvqjla mejÍug we;s whs;shg ndOdjla fkdjk nj hqkhsgâ bxðkhßka
j¾l¾ia hqkshka ta foajkdh.ï kvqfõ§ ;SrKh úh'
iS $ i Wmd,s m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u t' tlai;a lïlre iñ;sh

fuys§ ;SrKh jQfha lïlre úksYaph iNdjla bÈßfha úNd. fjñka mj;sk wdrjq,la iïnkaO lreKla
4^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a weu;sjrhd úiska wksjd¾h fíreïlrKhg fhduq lsÍu wêlrK ld¾hhlg
ueÈy;a ùula nj;a ta ksid weu;sjrhdg fíreïlrKhg fhduq lsÍug n,hla fkdue;s nj;a Wimalasena
Vs Nawarathna Ceylon Tyre Rebuilding Co. Ltd Vs. Perera hk kvq wkq.ukh lsÍu j¾;udkhg
fkd.e,fmk nj;a fY%aIaGdêlrKh ks.ukh lf<ah'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh fuu ;SrKhg t<öfï§ wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ 114 yd 170 hk jHjia:d ie,ls,a,g
.;a w;r Bg wu;rj pl% f,aLlhla u.ska iSudjkag hg;aj lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;s jrekag
ufyaia;%d;a n,;, ,nd § ;sîu o ie,ls,a,g .eKsk'
flfia kuq;a úfõpko ke;=jd kï' lïlre úksYaph iNdjla wêlrK ld¾hhla bgq lrhs kï idOdrK
yd hqla;s iy.; ;Skaÿ §ug Tjqkag yelshdjla ;sìh fkdyels njg ;¾l flf¾'
31 wd ^3& j.ka;sh wkqj my; wjia:dj,§ b,a¨ïm; úNd. lsÍu w;aysgq úh hq;=h'
^1& b,a¨ïlref.a b,a¨ï m;%hg iEu w;skau iudk lreKla iïnkaOfhka b,a¨ïlref.a fiajd
fhdaclhd md¾Yjlrejl= fldg tu lreK iïnkaOfhka úNd.hla mkf;a m%;smdok wkqj
mj;ajdf.k hkafka hehs lïlre úksYaph iNdj iEySug m;ajk wjia:djl'
^2& b,a¨ï m;%fha i|yka lreKq fjk;a ´keu kS;shla hgf;a mj;akd fjk;a kS;s lD;Hlg n,mdk
úg
Wod (- fiajlhl= fidrlulg iïnkaO hehs iel lrk wjia:djl
fujeks mÍCIK wjika jQ miq b,a¨ï m;%h úNd. lsÍu kej; wdrïN l< hq;= w;r tu mÍCIKj,
ks.ukhkao ksfhda.hla §fïÈ ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= fõ'
;jo 31 wd 2 wkqj - fiajlhd ksfhdackh lrk jD;a;Sh iñ;sh" fiajd fhdaclhd iuÕ fuu m%Yakh
ms<sn|j idlÉPdjla mj;sk nj lïlre úksYaph iNdj iEySulg m;a jQ úfgl" o úNd.h w;aysg úh
hq;=h'
fï iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a kvq ;Skaÿjls' iSudiys; isf,daka bkaIqjrkaia iud.u t fmf¾rd uqo,a jHjyrKh
lsÍu ms<sn| iel lsÍug fya;= fmd,sish úiska l< mÍlaIKfha§ fy,s jQ ksid fiajlhkaf.a fiajh wjika
fldg ;snqKs' Tjqka lïlre úksYaph iNdjg b,a¨ï m;%hla bÈßm;a l< úg fmd,sish wmrdO kvq úOdk


ix.%yfha m%;smdok wkqj úu¾Ykhla lrf.k hk ksid 31 wd ^3& hgf;a úNd.h w;aysgq úh hq;= njg
fiajdfhdaclhd ;¾l lf,ah' tfy;a fmd,sia úu¾Ykh kS;Hdkql+, ;Skaÿjla fyda m%odkhla ,ndÈh yels
kS;s lD;Hhla fkdjk ksid 31 wd ^3& hgf;a úNd.h w;aysgq úh hq;= ke;s njg ;SrKh jqKs'
fuys§ i<ld ne,sh hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla kï fiajh wjika lsÍu i|yd fiajlhd fhdod.;a lreKq
iïnkaOfhka b,a¨ïlreg úreoaOj we;s wmrdO kvqjl§ Tyq ksjerÈlre ù we;s úg lïlre úksYaph
iNdj 31 ^wd& 3 hgf;a th ie,ls,a,g f.k ksfhda.hka Èh hq;=o hkakhs' wefidaisfhagâ negß
uekq*elap¾ia îsf,dka& iud.u t hqkhsgâ bxðkshßx j¾l^¾&ia hqkshka kvqfõ§ ;SrKh lf<a ta .ek
ie,ls,a, fhduq l< yels jQj;a ta u;u lghq;= lsÍug lïlre úksYaph iNdj ne¢ ke;s nj;a ;Skaÿjla
§fïÈ wêlrK lghq;a; ie,ls,a,g .ekSug yels nj ffjoH,sx.ï úksiqre m%ldY lf<ah' pQÈ;fhl=
wmrdO kvqjl§ jrolreùu wmrdOhla l< njg m%udKj;a idlaIshla jQj;a ksfodia fldg ksoyia lsÍu
tu wmrdOh fkdl< njg m%udKj;a idCIshla fkdfõ' fya;=j idOdrK ielfhka Tíng Tmamql< hq;=ùfï
Ndrh iy idukH úksYaph iNdjla bÈßfha ms<s.; yels tfy;a wmrdO wêlrKhl§ ms<s.; fkdyels
idCIs bj;alsÍu jeks lreKq ksidh'
isßmd, t' iS$i n%jqka iy iud.u 3 SLR 155
31 wd ^4& j.ka;sh wkqj lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg fiajd .súiqfï kshuhka fkd;ld ksfhda.hla §ug
n,h ,nd § we;' fiajd .súiqfï we;s oro~q fldkafoais fkd;ld yeÍug;a zzlïlre úksYaph iNdjlg
fkdhd hq;=hZZ" jeks fldkafoais fjf;d;a tajd fkd;ld yeÍug muKla yels nj;a fiajd .súiqu uq¿ukskau
wu;l fkdl< hq;= nj;a fuu j.ka;shg mgq w¾: l:khla foñka iS$i fjdal¾ ikaia iud.u t m%hs
kvqfõ§ ;SrKh jqks'
mßjdi ld,h ms<sn| fiajd .súiqul we;s fldkafoais 31 wd ^4& j.ka;sh hgf;a fkdi,ld yeßh yelso
hk m%%Yakh YS% ,xld isfuka;s ixhqla; uKav,h ta m%kdkaÿ kvqfõ§ we;s jqks' j.ka;sh wkqj lïlre
úksYaph iNdjla fiajd .súiqul fldkafoais u.ska ne¢ ke;' tfy;a mßjdi ld,fha§ fiajdfhdaclhl=g
fiajlhl=f.a wdl,am" ksmqK;d" pß; ,CIK" jevg olajk Wkkaÿj wd§ lreKq i<ld n,d iaÓr fiajhla
msßkeóug Tyq fld;rï WÑ;o hkak uek ne,Sula isÿfõ' lïlre úksYaph iNdjla idOdrK yd hqla;s
iy.; f,i ls%hd l< hq;= ksid fiajdfhdaclhdg we;s fiajlhl= iaÓr fiajhg iqÿiqo keoao hkak ;SrKh
lsÍfï whs;sh wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍu idOdrK ls%hdjla fkdjk njh'
lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg b,a¨ïm;la bÈßm;a lr tys kS;s lD;Hhla wjika lr we;s úg b,a¨ïmf;a
wvx.= wod, ldrKhla iïnkaOfhka tu lïlrejdg fjk;a ffk;sl iykhlg ysñlula fkdue;s nj
31 wd ^5& j.ka;sh olajhs' Res Judicata isoaOdka;h'
m%ldYs; ffk;sl iykhla hkq fmdÿ kS;sh hgf;a fyda mj;akd jHjia:dms; kS;sh hgf;a ,nd .; yels
m%;sl¾uhls' tfy;a thg mßmd,kuh iyk whs;s fkfõ' wêlrKhla u.ska idudkH kS;sh hgf;a iyk
fiùu lrk wjia:djl mjd lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a b,a,Sula l<
fkdyels nj fuu j.ka;sfha woyia fõ'
tf,iu m<uqj fjk;a kS;s iykhla i|yd mshjr f.k we;s úgo lïlre úksYaph iNdjla u.ska
iykhla ,nd.; fkdyelsh' uekaÈia t' .x.d ksïk ixj¾Ok uKav,h kvqfõÈ lïlre úksYaph
iNdjlska iykhla ,nd.; yelafla fjk;a ffk;sl ls%hd ud¾.hlska iykhla ,nd.; fkdyels kï
muKla nj m%ldY jqks' ffk;sl jrola fya;f
= ldg f.k fiajlhd bj;a lr we;akï lïlrejd hd hq;af;a
lïlre úksYaph iNdj fj;h' ta i|yd flduidßiajrhdg n,hla ke;' kuq;a flduidßiajrhd fj;
wdrjq, bÈßm;a lr thska iykhla fkd,o úg lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg whÿï lsÍug fkdyels o
hkak m%Yak iy.; fõ'
iS $ i ÿïfld, iud.u t' b,x.isxy

fiaúldj ;djld,sl mokula u; udi 6 l ld,hla fiajh l<dh' .súiqï ld,h wjidkfha§ wehg ysñ
§ukd f.jkq ,eîh' wk;=rej weh lïlrejkaf.a rlaIdj wjika lsÍfï ^1971$45& mk; hgf;a
flduidßiajrhdg b,a,Sula l<dh' flduidßiajrhd wehf.a b,a,Su fuu mk;ska wdjrKh ú fkdue;s
njg ;Skaÿ lsÍfuka miq weh iykhla i|yd lïlre úksYaph iNdjg ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 31 wd 1
hgf;a b,a,Sula lsÍfï§ by; m%Yakh mek k.S' kuq;a ;SrKh jQfha fjk;a kS;suh ud¾.hlska iykhla
,nd .ekSug b,a,Sula lr ;sîuu úksYaph iNdjlska iykhla ,nd .ekSu j<lajk njhs'
fuu ;;ajh l,la mej;s w;r miqj rch úiska fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk;g f.fkkq ,enQ 1988 wxl
51 orK ixfYdaOkh u.ska tu mk; hgf;a iykhla m;d kS;s lD;Hhla wdrïN lr ;snqK o fiajd
iudma;sh iïnkaOfhka fjk;a iykhla i|yd b,a¨ï lsSug th ndOdjla fkdúh hq;= njg i|yka úh'


flfia kuq;a lïlre wdrjq,a mkf;a 31 B ^5& j.ka;sh ixfYdaOkh fkdlsÍu ksid fï hgf;a we;s
ndOlh bj;a fkdjk njg f.k wd ;¾lh lïlre úksYaph iNdj ms<s.ekSu ksid we;s jQ .eg¿j
Independent Newspapers Ltd., Vs. Commercial and Industrial Workers Union kvqfõ § ksrdlrKh
lrk ,§' fuys§ m%ldY jQfha fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk;g f.k wd ixfYdaOkh 31 B ^5& hgf;a jQ
ndOlh bj;a lsÍug m%udKj;a njhs'
lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg iNdm;sjreka m;a lsÍu

1948 wdKavq l%u jHjia:djg wkql+,j lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjreka rdcH fiajlhka f,i i,ld
m;aùï isÿ lrk ,oafoa rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj u.sks'
fjdal¾ ikaia iy iud.u t' *%hs

fuysÈ ;SrKh lf<a lïlre úksYaph iNd iy iNdm;sjreka wêlrKuh n,hla mdúÉÑ lrk njh' fï
ksid rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj u.ska l< m;aùï kS;s úfrdaê nj yd tu ksid Tjqkaf.a ;SrK wjx.=
jk ;;ajhla Woa.; jqks' fï ksid fY%aIaGdêlrKhg .sh wNshdpkd ish,a, kS;s úfrdaê mokula u;
ksYam%Nd jqKs' fï ;Skaÿj ksid Tjqka wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj u.ska m;a flreKs' tfy;a Tjqka
wêlrK n,;, mdúÉÑ lrkafkao iy jHjia:djg wkql+,j wêlrK ks,Odßka f,i ie,lsh yelso
hkak iïnkaOfhka È.gu u;fNaohla mej;=Ks'
,shkf.a t' /ðk

jHjia:djg wkqj n,h fn§fï wdldrh;aa wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn| bÈßm;a flrekq ks.uk ksid
fï m%Yakh kej; i,ld ne,Sug isÿúh' fï ksid fjdl¾ ikaia kvqfõ ;SrKh kej; i,ld ne,Sug uqidð
iud.u t' m%kdkaÿ kvqjg fY%aIaGdêlrK úksYaphldjreka mia fofkl= m;a lrk ,§' fuys§ by; kvqj,
lreKq kej; i,ld n,d fjdl¾ ikaia ;Skaÿjg hï m%;sfYdaOkhla l< o lïlre úksYaph iNd
iNdm;sjreka wêlrK fiajd fldñiu u.ska m;al< hq;=h hkak ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre flßKs'
hqkhsgâ bxðkshßka j¾l^¾&ia hqkshka t' foajkdh.ï

rdcdêlrKh by; kvq ;Skaÿ .ek lsisÿ i|ykla fkdlr lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjreka wêlrK
n,;, mdúÉÑ fkdlrk nj m%ldY lf<ah' fï ;SrK ksid we;s jQ wjq,a iy.; ;;ajh ksrjq,a lsÍug
1968 wxl 37 orK ld¾ñl wdrjq,a ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk; iïu; lrk ,§' ta wkqj iNdm;sjreka
m;alsÍu kej; rdcH fiajd fldñika iNdjg mejreKs'
1972 ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska n,h fn§fï kHdh lsishï m%udKhlg ixfYdaOkh fldg
lïlre úksYaph iNd iNdm;sjreka hqla;sh mis|,Sfï ld¾hg wh;a mqoa.,hka f,i i,ld leìkÜ
uKav,fha ks¾foaY u; Tjqkaf.a m;a lsÍu wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdjg h<s mjrk ,§'
1978 kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska n,;, fn§fï kHdfha fjkialï we;s jQjo lïlre úksYaph iNd
iNdm;sjreka m;a lsÍfï ld¾hh ;j ÿrg;a wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj fj;u mjrk ,§'
lïlre úksYaph iNdjg Èh yels iyk - 33 j.ka;sh

^1& ysÕ jegqma iuÕ kej; fiajfha msysgq ùu' ^33 ^1& wd&
^2& ysÕ jegqma rys;j fiajfha msysgq ùu'
^3& fiajfhka my lsÍu idOdrK fya;=ka u; isÿú we;akï b,a¨ï m;%h ksYam%Nd lsÍu'
^4& kej; fiajfha msysgq ùu fjkqjg idOdrK jkaÈ uqo,la ,nd§u' ^33 ^5&" 33 ^6&" 33 ^3&
^5& fiajdfhdaclhd lïlrejka 15 lg wvqfjka fiajfha fhoùu ksid kS;sfhkau mdßf;daIsl uqo,la
wysñ jk fiajlhkag idOdrK moku u; mdßf;daIsl uqo,la ,nd §u'
^6& mdßf;daIsl mkf;a úêúOdk wkqj mdßf;daIsl uqo,ska lsishï wvqlsßula l< úg ta wvq lsÍu
idOdrK yd kS;Hdkql+,j isÿ ù ke;s njg meñKs,a,la lr we;s úg ta .ek fidhd n,d wvql<
m%udKh idOdrKo keoao hkak ;SrKh lsÍu yd ta ms<sn| ksfhda. lsÍu'
kej; /lshdj fjkqjg jkaÈ uqo,la f.ùfï§ th .Kka .ekSfï§ ysÕ jegqmao ie,ls,a,g .; yels
kuqÿ jkaÈ uqo,g wu;rj ysÕ jegqma f.ùug kshu lsÍu kS;shg mgyeks nj wefidaisfhagâ ksõia
fmam¾ia' ,sñgâ t' chisxy kvqfõ§ ;SrKh úh'
YS% ,xld rdcH jeú,s ixia:dj t' ,xld fmdÿ fiajd ix.uh
kvqfõ§ fiajlhd bj;a lsÍu widOdrK hehs lïlre úksYaphdêldrh ;SrKh l<fyd;a Í;shla f,i
Tyq h,s fiajfha msysgqúh hq;= nj mejisK'
kej; fiajfha msysgqùug úl,amhla jYfhka jkaÈ uqo,la f.jk f,i fiajlhd b,a,d isá wjia:djl§
33 ^5& iy
kej; fiajfha msygqùu fjkqjg úl,amhla jYfhka jkaÈ ,nd §u iqÿiq nj lïlre úksYaph iNdj
;SrKh lrk wjia:djl§" 33 ^6&
tkï" - fiajdfhdaclhdf.a fiajd ia:dkfha fjkia ùï fya;= fldg f.k
- kvqj úNd. ù wjika jk úg úY%du hEug ksis ld,h t<U ;sîu jeks wjia:djla wod,
lr .; yelsh'

mqoa.,sl fiajlfhl=" Wod ( mqoa.,sl ,smslre" mqoa.,sl ßhÿre" mqoa.,sl f,alï wd§ka iïnkaOfhka kej;
fiajfha msysgqùula ksfhda. lsÍug n,hla fkdue;s w;r jkaÈ ,nd§ula i|yd muKla lïlre úksYaph
iNdjlska ksfhda. l< yel ^33 ^3& j.ka;sh& 33 ^2& wkqj fkdf.jQ uqo, ovhla f,i wh lr .ekSug
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh fj; fm;aiula bÈßm;a l< yel' ûqo,a fyda uqo,ska w.h l< yels hula i|yd
muKla& ;jo lïlre úksYaph iNdjlska ,nd.;a ;SrKhla n,d;aul lrjd .ekSug kï ufyaia;%d;a
wêlrKfha kvqjla mejÍu l< hq;= fõ' lïlre úksYaph iNdjlska ksl=;a lrkafka idOdrK iy hqla;s
iy.; wd{djla jQjo tajd n,d;aul jkafka ufyaia;%d;a wêlrK ksfhda.hlska 43 w j.ka;sh wkqj fõ'
40 jk j.ka;sfha jerÈ olajk w;r 43 ^2& j.ka;sfhka ta i|yd jk o~qjï olajd we;'
wNshdpkd mámdáh
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 31 wE ^1& j.ka;shg wkqj lïlre úksYaph iNdjl ksfhda.hla wjidkd;aul
jk w;r lsisu wêlrKhl § m%Yak l< fkdyelsh' tfy;a ksfhda.hlska w;Dma;shg m;a md¾Yjhlg
kS;s m%Yakhla iïnkaOfhka muKla wNshdpkd bÈßm;a l< yel' 1990 wxl 32 orK ixfYdaOk mk;
u.ska wNshdpkd ld¾h mámdáh lïlrejdg jdisodhl f,i fjkia fldg we;'
l,ska jQfha ksfhda.hla ;eme,a u.ska md¾Yjlrejkag ±kqï §fï l%uhls' wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a lsÍu
ksfhda.h ÿka Èkfha isg Èk 14 la we;=,; l< hq;= úh' tu Èk 14 .Kka .ekqfka md¾Yjlrejkag
ksfhda.h ;emEf,ka ,o Èk isgh' ;emef,a§ we;sjk m%udo jeks lreKq ksid ksfhda.h iaÓr jYfhkau
,enqKq Èkh ;SrKh lsÍfï§ úúO .eg¿ mek ke.=Ks'
fï ;;a;ajh fjkia lrñka lïlre úksYaph iNdj úiska md¾Yjlrejkag ±kqï fok Èkl újD;
úksYaph iNdjl§ ksfhda.h m%ldYhg m;a l< hq;= nj 31 wE ^1& ixfYdaê; j.ka;sh olajhs' fï ksid
Èkh ms<sn| .eg¿jla we;s fkdfõ' ksfhda.h m%ldYhg m;a l< Èk isg ld,h .Kka .kq ,efí' tf,iu
ish¿u wNshdpkd fld<U msysg wNshdpkdêlrKhg bÈßm;a lsÍu ixfYdaOkhg fmr w;HdjYH úh' fï
ksid ÿr neyer m%foaYj, lïlrejka úfYaIfhka wmyiq;djhlg uqyqK mEug isÿúh' kj ixfYdaOk
u.ska wNshdpkd lsÍfï ld,h Èk 14 isg Èk 30 olajd jeä lsÍu u.skao m<d;a no uydêlrKhg
wNshdpkd bÈßm;a lsÍug úêúOdk ie,iSu u.ska o fuu wmyiq;djh u. yeÍug lghq;= lr we;'
isoaêuh lreKq u; wNshdpkhla boßm;a l< fkdyels nj meyeÈ,s lreKls' kS;suh m%Yakhlg
wka;¾.; úh hq;= lreKq fudkjdo hkak iSudiys; fld,Üia iud.u t' ,xld nexl=j kvqfõ§
fY%aIaGdêlrKh olajd we;' kS;suh m%Yakhla hkakg jeo.;a jk kvq ;SrK w;r" lfrda,sia wmamqydñ t'
mqxÑrd, ^64 NLR 44& ys§ ;SrKh jQfha tla md¾Yjhl muKla woyia i,ld ne,Sug lïlre úksYaph
wêldßh bÈßm;a ùu ffk;sl wjYH;d lv lsÍula njhs'
l<uKdlre" kdlshdfoksh j;=hdh t' ,xld j;= lïlre ix.uh (77 CLW52)
fuys§ m%ldY jQfha isoaêuh lreKq jerÈ iy.; f,i fhduq lsÍu ffk;sl m%Yakhla njhs'
,xld .ukd.uk uKav,h t' ;=x.odi (73 NLR 215)

fuys§ m%ldY jQfha iuyr ;SrK" idlaIs iuÕ fkd.e,fma kï fyda mriamr kï th kS;suh m%Yakhla jk
njhs'
fya,Sia iud.u t' o is,ajd ^64 NLR 130&
fuys§ iEu jeo.;a m%Yakhlau i,ld n,d ta .ek ;SrKhla .ekSug wiu;a ùu ffk;sl m%Yakhla nj
;SrKh úh'
ùrflaiß iud.u t' m%kdkaÿ 66 NLR 125

fuys§ ;SrKh jQfha jd¾;djl fldgila jk f,aLkhla jrojd f;areï .ekSu fyda ie,ls,a,g Ndckh
lsÍug wiu;a ùu ffk;sl m%Yakhla njhs'
jg/l úúO fiajd iud.u t' úl%unkaÿ ^70 NLR 227&

fuys§ Tmamq lsÍfï Ndrh ms<sn| fkduÕ heùula fyda jrojd f;areï .ekSula kS;suh m%Yakhla nj
;SrKh úh' lïlre úksYaph iNdjl§ Tmamq lsÍfï Ndrh mejfrkafka fiajlhdgh' th fiajHhd
fkdms<s.kafka kï tu fiajh wjika lsÍu kS;Hdkql+, nj Tmamq lsÍfï Ndrh fiajHhdg mejf¾'
,xld f;,a lïlre ix.uh t' ,xld LKsc f;,a ixia:dj ^78 - 79 SLR 72&
;SrKhla ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd idlaIs fkdue;s ùu kS;suh m%Yakhla njg ;SrKh úh'
;jo lïlre úksYaph iNd ksfhda.hla fl;rï idOdrK yd kS;Hdkql+, jQjo jkaÈ uqo,a f.ùu m%udo
lsÍu yd lïlrejkag ysßyer lsÍu i|yd fndfyda fiajdfhdaclhka wNshdpkd bÈßm;a lrk njg fpdaokd
ke.=Ks' wNshdpkd ld¾h mámdáhg .;jk §¾> ld,h ksid ta ld,h ;=, uqof,a w.h wvqùfuka jkaÈ

uqo,a ,nd§fï m%;sM,h wvq úh' tf,iu fiajdfhdaclhdg tu uqo,a wdfhdackh fldg ;u mdvqj uÕ yrjd
.; yels úh' fuhska mSvkhg m;ajQfha lïlrejkah' fuf,i kslrefKa lrk wNshdpkd je,elaùug;a
m%udofhka lïlrejdg we;s jk mdvqj wju lsÍug;a kj ixfYdaOkfhka mshjr .kakd ,§'
ta wkqj jkaÈ uqo,a m%odkhg úreoaO fiajdfhdaclfhl= wNshdpkh lrk úg tu uqo, kshu lrkq ,nk
nexl=jl ;ekam;a fldg ta ms<sn|j lïlre úksYaph iNdj ksl=;a lrk iy;slhla iuÕ wNshdpkd
fm;aiu bÈßm;a l< hq;=h' kej; /lshdj ,ndÈh hq;= njg ksfhda.hla lr we;akï jirl jegqmg
iudk uqo,la kshu lrkq ,nk nexl=jl ;ekam;a l< njg iy;slhla iuÕ bÈßm;a fkdlrk wNshdpkd
m%;slafIam flf¾'
wNshdpkh lïlrejg mlaIj fokq ,enqjfyd;a tkï l,ska fok ,o ksfhda.h iaÓr l<fyd;a lïlrejdg
;ekam;= uqo, fmd<sh iuÕ ,nd.; yels ùfuka m%udo ùu ksid jk mdvqj ;rula ÿrg uÕ yef¾' wfkla
w;g fiajdfhdaclhkg mlaIj ;Skaÿjla ,ofyd;a Tyqgo ;ekam;= uqo, fmd,sh iuÕ ,nd.; yel' Tyqgo
tu.ska mdvqjla isÿ fkdfõ' lïlre úksYaph iNd ;SrKhlska w;Dma;shg m;a lïlrejl= wNshdpkhla
bÈßm;a lsÍfï È uqo,a ;ekam;= lsÍula wjYH fkdfõ' re' 5$- .dia;=jla f.ùu m%udKj;a fõ' wNshdpk
mámdáh 1990 wxl 32 orK mK;ska ixfYdaê; 31 ã' j.ka;sfha ±lafõ' uydêlrK ;Skaÿjlska
w;Dma;shg m;ajk md¾Yjlrejl= 31 ã' j.ka;sh wkqj fY%aIaGdêlrK wNshdpkd l< yel' fuhg ld,
kshuhla ke;;a idudkH fY%aIaGdêlrK Í;s n,mdkq we;'
lïlre úksYaph iNdfõ ksfhda. iïnkaOfhka m%;sfYdaOk n,;, m<d;a n| uydêlrKhg;a

wNshdpkdêlrKhg;a iu.dój ysñjk nj mkf;a ixfYdaê; 31 ã j.ka;sh wkqj ±lafõ' 1990 wxl
32 orK ixfYdaOkhg fmr lïlre úksYaph iNd ksfhda.hla iïnkaOfhka m%;sfYdaOk n,;,
wNshdpkdêlrKhg fkd;snQ nj
Nadaraja Vs. Thilaganathan 1986 3 CALR 307 yd

Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation Vs De Silva 1981 2 SLR 298
flfia kuq;a by; ixfYdaOkfhka miqj lïlre úksYaph iNd ksfhda.hla iïnkaOfhka jQ m%;sfYdaOk
n,;, m<d;a no uydêlrKhg ,nd § we;' 1990 wxl 32 orK ixfYdaOk mkf;a m%;smdok j,g
wkqj lïlre úksYaph iNd ksfhda.hlg tfrysj I¾Isfhdardß" ;ykï wdÈ jQ ßÜ b,a,d isàfï wjia:j
,nd § we;'
T. Weeragama Vs. United Lanka Estate Workers' Union

fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 13 jk ixfYdaOkh m%ldrj lïlre úksYaph iNdfõ'
ksfhda.hlg tfrysj ßÜ ksl=;a lsÍfï n,hla m<d;a no uydêlrKhg fkdue;s njhs'
1990 ixfYdaOkhg wkqj lïlre úksYaph iNd ksfhda.hla iïnkaOfhka m<d;a no uydêlrK
;Skaÿjlg tfrysj wNshdpkh iDcqju fY%aIaGdêlrKhg bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj i|ykah'
idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; Ndjh ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh

ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 17 ^1&" 24 ^1& iy 31 we ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj fíreïlrejl= ld¾ñl wêlrK
iy lïlre úksYaph iNd hk ish,a,u zzidOdrK yd hqla;s iy.;ZZ ksfhda.hla Èh hq;= nj ±lafõ' tia'
wd¾' o is,ajd uy;d ;u Some Concepts of Labour Law kue;s fmdf;a i|yka fldg we;af;a hqla;s iy.;
foa idOdrK jkjd fukau idOdrK foa hqla;s iy.; jk nj;a idOdrK hkq iajNdúl hqla;s O¾uhg
jeä fohla fkdjk njhs' fï jpk folskau tla woyila cks; fõo @ ke;akï w¾: folla we;ao @ hk
m%Yakh mek k.S'
idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; ksfhda.hla §u hkq mj;akd kS;shg tlÕj kS;Hdkql+, ksfhda.hla §u woyia
fkdl< o ks;sh .ek ie,ls,su;a fkdú hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK ;Skaÿjla Èh fkdyelsh' kuq;a ishü
kS;s iEu úgu iEu flfkl= flfrysj hqla;s iy.; hehs lsj fkdyel' kS;sh widOdrK jQjo th
ms<smeÈh hq;=h' kS;sfha oro~q iajNdjh ksid iuyr fofkl=g iuyr úg widOdrKhla ùug bv we;'
fï ksid hqla;s iy.; iy idOdrK ksfhda.hla §ug n,;, we;a;l=g ks;sfha oro~q iajNdjh ;rula
,sys,a l< yel' ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 31 î ^4& Wm j.ka;sh wkqj fiajd .súiqfï l=ula i|yka jQjo
tu fldkafoais fkdi,ld idOdrK yd hqla;s iy.; ksfhda.hla l< yels nj ±lafõ'
isßmd, t' n%jqka iy iud.u

zzidOdrK;ajh iy iajdNdúl kS;sh ms<sn| fjkia l< fkdyels uQ, O¾u ke;' ia:djrj mj;skafka
idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| woyi muKla jk w;r tys wka;¾.;h fjkiajk iq¿h' idOdrK;ajh hk
ixl,am isf;ys mj;akd fohla jk fyhska th mqoa., uQ,sl iy idfmaCI jkafkah' idOdrKhehs flfkl=g
is;=kq fohla fjk;a whl=g tfia fkdjkakg mq¿jk' hqla;sh hkqfjka úúO whg úúO foaj,a wÕjk
fyhska hqla;sh ms<sn| iïu;hla fidhd .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu ksIaM, fohls' tu ksid iajdNdúl kS;sh
jQ l,s tla w;lg mQ¾K hqla;sh i|yd ñksid lrk .fõIKhla iy tys wid¾:l;ajh ±lafjkakls'ZZ

kS;sfha we;s oro~q iajNdjh u.yerùu i|yd tx.,ka; kS;s b;sydifha pdkai,¾jrhdf.a idOdrK
n,;, o frdau kS;sfha cd;Hka;r kS;sh kï jQ kS;s m%fNaoho we;s úh'
kvq ;Skaÿ .KkdjlÈ fuu hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK ixl,amh ms<sn|j wêlrKh jeo.;a m%ldY lr
we;'
msßia t' fmdäisxf[da

zzhqla;s iy.; iy idOdrK wd{djla ms<sn| mÍlaIKh kï tu wd{dj lshjk idOdrK ukilska hqla;
´kEu ;eke;a;l=g tys tu idOdrK;ajh fmfkkakg mq¿jka jQ .=Kdx.hhsZZ hehs m%ldY flreKs'
ßpâ msßia iy iud.u t' úfÊisßj¾Ok

hqla;sh iy idOdrK;ajh hk foaj,a ueksh yelafla lreKdjka; yoj;lska u;=jk ´kElï wkqj fkdj
kS;sfha rduqj ;=,g .efkkakla muKs' hehs ms' tia' m%kdkaÿ úksYaphldr;=ud m%ldY lf<ah'
fya,sia t' fl%diÜ ;ïnhshd

zzhqla;s iy.; iy idOdrK hehs ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fmkS hd yels jQ m%odkhla lsÍug ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
mkf;a 24 j.ka;sh u.ska n,h ,nd ÿka úg rfÜ kS;sh iïmQ¾Kfhkau fkdi,ld yer w;a;fkdau;sl
wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍug tu wêlrKhg yels jkafka hehs i|yka lsÍu thg jeä hula tl;= lsÍula
jkafkaZZ hehs ;ïnhshd úksYaphldr;=ud m%ldY lf,ah'
,xld .ukd.uk uKav, t' .=Kisxy 72 NLR 76

fuu kvqfõ§ hï ;SrKhla hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK ùug kï lïlre úksYaph wêldßh úksYaphl
,S,dfjka lghq;= < hq;=h' tkï iajNdúl hqla;s uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' tajd kï"
- ;ud úi£ug hk lreKg hïlsis iïnkaO;djhla fkd;sìh hq;=h' ^;u kvqfõ úksiqrejrhd ;ukau
fkdúh hq;=h&
- fomd¾Yjhgu weyqïlka Èh hq;=hs'
fmf¾rd t' O¾uodi

In Pari Delicto isoaOdka;h Wmfhda.s lr .eksk' tkï ;ud o jerÈ lr we;s úg wêlrKhlska iyk
b,a,d isáh fkdyels nj mejisK'
tl, mej;s fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a kS;s úfrdaê lghq;a; yd Tyq l< ld¾hh fjka lr .; yels
kï iykhla Èhhq;= njh' kuq;a wNshdpkdêlrKh tl, jQ by,u wêlrKh jQ w;r tys ;SrKh
jQfha Tyq l< ld¾h kS;s úfrdaê njhs'
fn%daysh¾ t uqksodi
hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK ;Skaÿjla §fï§ lïlrejd n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ m%udKhg jvd iykhla bgq l<
fkdyels njg wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<ah' fuys§ lïlrejd úiska ;ud fiajfhka widOdrK f,i fkrmSug
úreoaOj bÈßm;a l< whÿïm;ska udi 3 la jegqma b,a,d ;snqk;a udi 6 jegqma f.ùug kshu lrk ,§'
fufia ksfhda. lsÍug n,hla lïlre úksYaph iNdjlg ke;'
fya,sia ta' is,ajd

hqla;sh yd idOdrK;ajh bIaG lsÍug kï wod, iEu m%Yakhlau fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' tfukau tjeks
;SrKhla i|yd fya;= ±laúh hq;=h'
fï wkqju yhsf*dfrdiaÜ j;=hdfha wêldß t' YS% ,xld j;= lïlre ix.uh kvqfõ§
bkaÈhdkq j;= lïlre wd{d mkf;a 24 jeks j.ka;sfha m%;smdok wkqj iajdñ mqreIhd fiajfhka wial<
úg Nd¾Hdjo wial< hq;= hehs i|yka jk ksid" hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK moku u; tlS kS;sh
fkdi,ldyeßh fkdyels nj mS' tia' m%kdkaÿ úksYaphldr ;=ud m%ldY lf<ah'
fld<U uy k.r iNdj t uqKisxy kvqfõ§

zzhqla;s iy.; iy idOdrK m%odkhla lsÍfï wNsu;h ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; u.ska fíreïlrejl=g
,nd§fï§ fíreïlrefjl=g j,anQre ksoyila ,nd fokafka ke;' hï m%odkhla wdrjq,l md¾Yjlrejka
w;f¾ hqla;s iy.; iy idOdrK úh hq;= w;r tla md¾Yjhla lsisu wdldrhlska j.lsj hq;= fkdjk
fm!oa.,sl wjia:dkq.; lreKq fya;=fjka ÿIalr ;;ajhlg uqyqK mEug tla md¾Yjhlg isÿùu ksid
hqla;sh yd idOdrK;ajh wkqj wfkla md¾Yjh úiska wksis jrm%ido ,nd§u wjYH fkdfõ' wêl Wjukdj
u; ys;=jlaldrlu u.ska fyda ldishla Wv±ófuka fyda ;SrKh lrkq ,eìh fkdyelsh' tjekakla u.ska
;SrKh lrkq ,nk lsisjla hqla;s iy.; iy idOdrK fkdjk fyhska ;udf.a leue;a; mßÈ jQ m%odkhla
,nd§fï n,m;%hla jHjia:dodhlh u.ska fíreïlrejl=g ,nd § ke;'Z hehs tÉ' tka' ð' m%kdkaÿ
úksYaphldr;=ud m%ldY lf<ah'


kdlshdfoksh j;= l<uKdldre t' ,xld lïlre fldka.%ih

hqla;s iy.; iy idOdrK ksfhda.hla §fï§ ie,ls,a,g .; hq;af;a lïlrejdf.a hym; muKla fkdj
fiajdfhdaclhdf.a iy rfÜ hym;o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= hehs m%ldY flreKs'
iduqysl .súiqï
ld¾ñl m%cd;ka;%jdofha jeo.;a ,laIKhla f,i iduqysl .súiqï ±laúh yel' fuh lïlrejka iy
fiajdfhdaclhka w;r meje;afjk iduqysl idlÉPd yd flaj,a lsÍï j, id¾:l m%;sM,hls' ±kgu;a
ms<sf.k we;s my; i|yka uQ,sl whs;sjdislï M,odhs iduqysl .súiqula we;s lr .ekSfuys ,d wdOdr
fõ'
ixúOdkh ùfï iy iñ;s iud.fï msysgqùfï whs;sh" l:d lsÍfï iy woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh
iduldñ f,i /iaùï meje;aùfï ksoyi" jD;a;Sh iñ;s msysgq ùfï iy tjeks iñ;shl idudðl;ajh
,nd .ekSug ;sfnk whs;sh'
tf,iu my; olajd we;s ffk;sl m%;smdoko iduqysl .súiqï iïnkaOfhka msgqjy,la fõ'
1935 wxl 14 orK jD;a;sh iñ;s wd{d mk;
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 5 ^1& isg 10 ^wd& olajd jQ úê úOdk" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 14 ^1& iy
15 jHjia:dj, we;s uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%;smdok"
jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ lrk ,o jD;a;Sh iñ;shla ;sìu iduqysl .súiqula i|yd
w;HdjYH mQ¾j wjYH;djhla fõ' iduqysl .súiqula we;s lr .ekSu fiajl jD;a;Sh iñ;shlska f;drj
l< fkdyel' fiajdfhdaclhkaf.a n,hg iß,k f,i flaj,a lsÍfï yelshdjla we;s m%n," Yla;sula
jD;a;Sh iñ;shla ;sîu M,odhs iy fiajlhskag jdisodhl yd idOdrK fldkafoais we;s .súiqulg uÕ
mdohs' fuh wl¾ukH fyda wvq idudðl msßila we;s jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg l< fkdyel' m%n, igkaldñ
Yla;sula jD;a;Sh iñ;shla fkd;snqKfyd;a fiajdfhdaclhka fm!oa.,sl fiajd .súiqul§ fuka ;ukag
jdisodhl fldkafoais we;=,;a iduqysl .súiqulg t<öug lïlrejka fmd<Ujd .kq we;'
;jo jD;a;sh iñ;shlg jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mk; u.ska ,nd § we;s ffk;sl ;;ajh" ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
iïnkaOfhka .kq ,nk jD;a;Sh igka ls%hd ud¾.hkag kS;sfhka ,eî we;s /ljrKh iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s
w;r taldnoaO iïfï,k we;s lr.ekSug we;s ksoyi M,odhS iduqysl .súiqï we;slr .ekSug wdOdr
fõ'
iduqysl .súiqï iïnkaOfhka ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a úê úOdk

ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a 5 ^1& j.ka;sh ziduqysl .súiquZ hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'
zzfuu mkf;ysZZ iduqysl .súiqu hkafkka woyia jkafka
w' ^1& hï fiajdfhdaclhl= fyda fiajdfhdaclhka iy
^2& hï lïlrejka fyda lïlrejkaf.ka hqla; hï jD;a;Sh iñ;shla fyda jD;a;sh iñ;s w;r
jQo"
wd' lïlrejkaf.a fiajh ms<sn| kshu yd fldkafoais j,g fyda hï fiajdfhdaclhl=f.a fyda
fiajdfhdaclhkaf.a fyda hï lïlrejkaf.a fyda lïlrejkaf.ka hqla; hï jD;a;Sh iñ;shl fyda
jD;a;sh iñ;sj, jrm%ido j,g whs;sjdislï j,g fyda hq;=lï j,g fyda hï ld¾ñl wdrjq,laa
ksrjq,a lsÍfï wdldrhg wod, jkakd jQo .súiquls'
5 ^2& wkqj iduqysl .súiqul th wod, jk md¾Yjlrejka tkï fiajl fldgia jD;a;Sh iñ;s
fiajdfhdaclhka ljf¾o hkak meyeÈ,sj i|yka l< hq;=h'
iduqysl .súiqula ,sÅ;j ;sìh hq;= w;r tu ,sÅ; .súiqu lïlre flduidßiajrhdg bÈßm;a l< úg
tys i|yka fldkafoais mj;akd kS;shg yd wod, lïlrejkaf.a mj;akd fldkafoais j,g mgyeks fkdjkafka
kï Tyq th rcfha .eiÜ m;%fha m, lrjkq ,efí' tjeks .súiqul we;s fldkafoais tu Èia;s%lalh ;=<
thg wod, l¾udka; j, kshq;= fiajlhkag ±kgu;a n,mdk kshuhkag jvd wvq jdisodhl ;;ajhla
fkdjk njg lïlre flduidßiajreka iEySulg m;aúh hq;= nj 6 jk j.ka;sfha ±lafõ' fmdÿ kS;sh
wkqj ;j;a flfkl= fjkqfjka .súiqulg t<öug fkdyels w;r tfia l< yels jkafka weg¾ks n,m;%hla
(Power of Attorney) we;s wjia:djl muKs' kuq;a ld¾ñl kS;sfha§ jD;a;sh iñ;shlg ;=kajk
md¾Yjhla fjkqfjka .súiqï j,g t<öug bvlv i,id we;'
7 jk j.ka;sh wkqj .eiÜ m;%fha m<lr jkq ,nk iEu iduqysl .súiqulau tls .súiqu ls%hd;aul jk
Èkh .súiqfïu i|yka lr fkdue;s wjia:dj,§" .eiÜ m;%fha m<jk Èkh ls%hd;aul jk Èkh f,i
i,lkq we;' iEu iduqysl .súiqulu tu .súiqu n,mj;akd ld,h ksYaÑ;j i|yka úh hq;=h' tu ld,h
bl=;ajk f;la tu iduqysl .súiqu j,x.=j mj;skafkah' flfia fj;;a .súiqulg t<eô md¾Yjlrejkag
my; ±lafjk fldkafoais j,g hg;aj ,sÅ; ±kqï §ulska iduqysl .súiqu m%;Hd§Iag lsÍug fyda wjx,.=
lsÍug mq¿jk' 9 j.ka;sh
^w& wj,x.= lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk md¾Yjh úiska wks;a md¾Yjlrejkago msgm;la iys;j"
mkf;a fr.=,dis u.ska kshu lrk ,o wdlD;s m;%hg idrdkql+,j ms<sfh, lrk ,o ±kqï §u

u.ska lïlre flduidßiajrhdg ±kqï Èh hq;= fõ' flfia fjk;a md¾Yjlrejl= jQ jD;a;Sh
iñ;shl idudðlhl=g ;ukaf.a wNsu;h wkqj ffijÍj .súiqula wj,x.= l< fkdyelsh' tfukau
hjkq ,nk ±kaùfï msgm;a fjk fjku lïlrejkag heùuo wjYH ke;'
^wd& m%;slafIam lsÍfï kS;Hdkql+, ±kaùula flduidßiajrhdg ,enqKq úg tu .súiqu wj,x.= jkafka
tu ±kaùï ,enqKq udihg blaì;sj meñfKk udifha wjidk Èkfha§h'
;ukag bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk úêu;a wj,x.= lsÍï iïnkaOfhka flduidßiajrhd úiska .eiÜ m;%fha m<
l< hq;=h'
iduqysl .súiqul n,mEu

iduqysl .súiqula ls%hd;aul jQ úg tys i|yka ish¿ fldkafoais j,ska md¾Yjlrejka nef|a' fï ksid
.súiqfï kshu md¾Yjlrejka ta ta jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha idudðlhka jq lïlrejka fkdjqj;a wod, .súiqug
w;aika lrkq ,enQ iñ;sj, idudðlhskaj;a fiajdfhdaclhkag;a tlfia n,mdhs' wod, fiajdfhdaclhd;a
lïlrejd;a w;r we;s fm!oa.,sl fiajd .súiqfï jHx> fldkafoais njg m;a fõ' 8 ^1&
8 ^2& j.ka;sh wkqj iduqysl .súiqïj,ska ne÷Kq lïlrejka lsishï l¾udka;hlg fhdojd isák
wjia:djl tls iduqysl .súiqfï m%;súreoaO hula i|yka fkdjkafka kï tls l¾udka;fha fiajd fhdaclhka
úiska iduqysl .súiqfuka fkdne÷Kq lïlrejkago tls iduqysl .súiqfï i|yka fldkafoais j,g wvq
jdisodhl fkdjk fiajd kshuhka ,nd Èh hq;=h'
by; lreKq wkqj my; ±lafjk ffk;sl m%;sM, we;s fõ'

^1& jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha idudðlhka ish¿ fokdu iduqysl .súiqfuka nef|a'
^2& iduqysl .súiqfï fldkafoais fm!oa.,sl .súiqfï jHx> fldkafoais njg m;a fõ'
^3& m%;súreoaO fldkafoaishla ke;akï md¾Yjlrejl= jQ jD;a;sh iñ;shl idudðlfhl= fkdjqko tls
l¾udka;h iïnkaOfhka iEu lïlrejl=gu wod, fiajdfhdaclhd iduqysl .súiqfï fldkafoais ,nd
Èh hq;=h'
^4& iduqysl .súiqulg hg;ajk lïlrejl=f.a fiajd fldkafoais w;r iduqysl .súiqfï kshuhkag
mgyeks fldkafoais fjf;d;a tajd n,rys; jkafkah'
31 ^wd& ^4& j.ka;sh wkqj fiajd .súiqul we;s fldkafoais fkd;ld iyk ie,eiaùug lïlre úksYaph
iNdjlg we;s yelshdj iduqysl .súiqulgo wod, jkafkaoehs m%Yakhla we;s fõ' tls j.ka;sfha
±lafjkafka zzlïlrefjl= yd fiajd fhdaclhd w;r jQ hï fiajd .súiqula hkqfjka ksid th n,mdkafka
fm!oa.,sl fiajd .súiqulg ñi iduqysl .súiqulg fkdfõ hehs ;¾l lrkq ,efí' yhsf*driaÜ j;=
wêldÍ t' ud,mk YS% ,xld j;= lïlre ix.uh kvqjg wkqj fm!oa.,sl fiajd .súiqulg fkdue;s
kS;suh ;;ajhla we;s iduqysl .súiqu" ffk;sl idOl m;%hla ksid rfÜ kS;sh fkd;ld iyk ie,iSug
fkdyels njg ;SrKh úh'
isf,daka u¾lkaghs,a hqkshka t yS;a iy iud.u kvqfõ§ fíreïlre fufia m%ldY lr we;'
zziduqysl .súiqu jQ l,S md¾Yjlrejka w;r mj;akd lreKq we;=,;a fldg ta iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o
úYd, mßudKfha wOHhkhl m%;sM,hls' tfia fyhska iduqysl .súiqula ilia lr .ekSug n,mE .eg¿
md¾Yjhkaf.a fÉ;kdj u.ska úia;r iys;j wdjrKh jkakla f,i iduqysl .súiqula ie,lsh hq;= nj
ug fmkS hkafkah' fuu ld¾ñl wêlrK kvqfõ§ iduqysl fldkafoais ms<s.ekSug ;ud ne¢ we;s nj
fíreïlre m%ldY lf<ah'
iduqysl .súiqula jHdma; lsÍu

mkf;a 10 ^2& j.ka;sh u.ska iduqysl .súiqula Bg wod, jQ md¾Yjlrejkaf.ka msg;g jHdma; lsÍfï
n,;, lïlre wud;Hjrhdg ,nd È we;' fuh idudkH .súiqï kS;sh wNsnjd hduls' tkï idudkHfhka
md¾Yjlrejka fkdjk whg .súiqul n,mEula we;súh fkdyel'
tfy;a iduqysl .súiqulg iïnkaO md¾Yjlrejka úiska YS% ,xldj ;=, ta Èia;s%lalfhys isák fyda ta
l¾udka;fhys kshqla;
^1& fiajdfhdaclhka iy lïlrejka fyda

^2& fiajdfhdacl mx;shla iy lïlre mx;shla fyda
^3& fiajdfhdacl mx;shla iy lïlrejka
m%udKj;a f,i ksfhdackh lrkq ,nkafka kï tu iduqysl .súiqfï i|yka ms<s.;a kshuhka iy fldkafoais
fyda Bg jvd wvq jdisodhl fkdjk fldkafoais tu l¾udka;fha lïlrejkag ,ndÈh hq;= njg lïlre
weu;sjrhdg ksfhda. l< yel' tjeks ksfhda.hla rcfha .eiÜ m;%fha iy isxy," bx.S%is fou< hk NdId
;=fkka m<jk mqj;am;a ;=klj;a m<lrúh hq;=h' tfia ksfhda.hla lsÍug m<uqj tfia lsÍugweu;sjrhd
woyia lrk njg .eiÜ m;%fha iy mqj;a m;aj, m<fldg úfrdaO;d fjf;d;a kshñ; Èklg fmr
bÈßm;a l< hq;= njg ksfõokh l< hq;=h' úfrdaO;d fjf;d;a tajd ;u ksÍlaIK iuÕ flduidßiajrhd

úiska weu;sjrhdf.a ie,ls,a,g fhduq l< hq;=h' weu;sjrhd tu úfrdaO;d yd ksÍlaIK i,ld n,d tu
iduqysl .súiqu jHdma; lsÍug fyda fkdlsÍug fyda iSudiys;j jHdma; lsÍug ;SrKh l< yel'
fujka jHdma; lsÍfï ksfhda.hla lrk f,i 10 ^6& j.ka;sh hgf;a iduqysl .súiqfï md¾Yjlrefjl=g
b,a,d isáh yel' 10 ^7& j.ka;sh wkqj weu;sjrhd úiska l< jHdma; lsÍula Tyqgu bj;a l< yel'
wod, iduqysl .súiqu iudma; jk Èkfha jHdma; lsÍuo iudma; fõ'
1972 § bxðfkare iy fmaI l¾udka; iy uqøK l¾udka;fha fh§ isá fiajlhkag yd fiajd fhdaclhkag
Tjqkaf.a iduqysl .súiqula u.ska wod, jQ we;eï úê úOdk tu iduqysl .súiqfuka ne¢ fkdisá iudk
l¾udka; j, fhÈ isá mqoa.,hka flfrys jHdma; lrk ,§' fï wjia:dfõ wud;Hjrhd iïmQ¾K .súiqu
fkdj fiajlhskag jeä jdisodhl fldkafoais lSmhla muKla jHdma; lrk ,§' fï ksid iduqysl .súiqfuka
fkdne÷Kq fiajdfhdaclhka wjdisodhl ;;ajhlg jeáKs' fufia fldgila muKla jHdma; lsÍug
weu;sjrhdg n,hla ke;s nj;a jHdma; lrkafka kï th uq¿ukaksu jHdma; l< hq;= nj;a ta' tma' fcdakaia
tlaiafmdag¾ia iud.u t nd,iqn%ukshï kvqfõ§ ;Skaÿ úh' fuhgu wod, fjk;a lreKq idlÉPd l<
mS%ùka iy iud.u t' rxð;a w;m;a;= iy ;j;a fofofkl= hk kvqjo jeo.;ah'
by; iduqysl .súiqu jHdma; lsÍu u; mS%úka iud.u wod, fldkafoais ls%hd;aul lsÍu wdrïN lf<ah'
bka miqj A.F. Jones iud.u jHdma; lsÍug úreoaOj wêlrKhg f.dia tlS jHdma; lsÍu wjx,.= lrjd
.;af;ah' Freevien iud.u o tu iykh wêlrKfhka b,a,d isáfhah' ta jk úg;a jHdma; lsÍug
wkql+,j lghq;= lsÍu wdrïN lr ;snQ ksid ta wkqj È.gu ls%hd l< hq;= nj wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<ah'
iduqysl .ssúiqul wvx.= úêúOdk w¾: ksrEmKh iïnkaOfhka .eg¿jla we;akï 10 ^w& j.ka;sh wkqj
ta iïnkaOfhka ;SrKhla .ekSug lïlre flduidßiajrhd fj; fhduql< yel'
10 ^wd& j.ka;sh wkqj iduqysl .súiqulska ne¢ we;s fiajdfhdaclhka tu .súiqfï fldkafoais lïlrejkag
myiqfjka n,d.; yelsjk mßÈ m%o¾Ykh l< hq;=h'
10 ^9& ms<s.;a fiajd fldkafoais lv lsÍu ms<sn|j wNshdpk úNd. lsÍu ld¾ñl wêlrK i;=j mj;S'
40 jk j.ka;shg wkqj iduqysl .súiqula iïnkaOfhka my; i|yka f,i ls%hdlsÍu o~qjï ,eìh yels
jrols'
^1& iduqysl .súiqul ksYaÑ;j kshu lr we;s kshuhkag jvd wvq jdisodhl kshuhkag lïlrejka
hg;a lsÍu'
^2& ms<s.;a kshuhka yd fldkafoais ms<s fkdme§u'
^3& iduqysl .súiqul fldkafoais yd kshuhka fjkialr .ekSu i|yd jev j¾ckhla" fodrjeiaula lsÍu
fyda tjekaklg fjk;a wh fm<Uùu fyda ta i|yd lïlrejka fyda fiajdfhdaclhka fm<Uùu'
^4& iduqysl .súiqulg hg;ajk fiajlhl=g tu .súiqu hgf;a we;s jrm%ido j,g ysñlï ,efnk
ksid Tyq fyda Tjqka fiajfhka wia lsÍu" ;;a;ajfhka my< ±óu fyda wka f,ilska o~qjï lsÍu'
^5& iduqysl .súiqul kshuhka yd fldkafoais lvlsÍug wdOdr fyda wkqn, fok fyda wjqiaik fudkhï
fyda ls%hdjla lsÍu'
fiajlhka wvq lsÍu iy ;djld,sl wia lsÍu'

fiajlhka wvq lsÍu zz;djld,sl wia lsÍuZZ lska fjkia f,i y÷kd.; hq;=h' ;djld,sl wia lsÍu hkqfjka
woyia lrkafka hkaf;%damlrK ls%hd úrys; ùu" wuqøjH ysÕh iy wksl=;a ta yd iudk fya;= ksid
;djld,slj fiajlhka wvq lsÍuls' ;;ajh idudkH w;g m;a jQ úg wialrkq ,enQ fiajlhka ish
whs;sjdislï j, kej; msysgqùu ;djld,sl wia lsÍfï kshuhls' 48 j.ka;sfha jeämqr fiajlhska f,i
wialsÍu w¾: olajd we;' 31 b ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a we;s w;sßla; fiajlhka wvq lsÍu iïnkaO
úêúOdk my; ±lafjk wjia:dj,§ wod, fkdfõ'
^1& fiajdfhdaclhd úiska fiajlhdg" fiajlhka wvq lsÍu hgf;a wialsÍfï ±kaùu §ug woyia l<
Èkg fmr udifha idudkHfhka tla jev lrk Èkl fiajlhka 15 g wvqfjka fiajfha fhdojd we;s
fiajdfhdaclhl=g
^2& tla ld,hl§ muKla mj;ajdf.k hk l¾udka;hlg fyda jßka jr jev lrk jHdmdr fyj;a
l¾udka;hlg Wod (- ol=Kq fjr<nv ;Srfha mj;ajd f.k hk fndfyda ixpdrl fydag,a
^3& hïlsis l¾udka;hlg tla wjqreoaolg jvd wvq ld,hla fiajh lr we;s fiajlfhl=f.a fiajh
k;r lsÍu'
31E ^3& g wkqj by; ^1& ys i|yka fiajlhkaf.a ixLHdj .Kka ne,Sfï§ l¾udka;fhys wjqreoaolg
jvd wvq ld,hla jev l< ´kEu fiajlfhl=o .Kka .kq ,efí' lsishï l¾udka;hla jdßlj mj;ajdf.k
hk iajNdjfhao tfia ke;akï jßka jr jevlrk iajNdjfhao hk m%Yakhla mek keÕfkd;a tjeks
m%Yakhla úi¢h hq;af;a lïlre flduidßia jrhd úisks' tjeks m%Yakhla i|yd Tyq fok ;SrKh wjidk
iy ;SrKd;aul fõ' fuys§ fiajlhdf.a jrola fya;= fldg f.k fkrmSula isÿ fkdfõ'


hïlsis l¾udka;hla flfrys fiajlhka wvq lsÍfï úêúOdk n,d;aul lsÍfuka ta l¾udka;hg nrm;,
wk;=re úmdl we;sjk wkaoug th n,mE yels hehs weu;sjrhd l,amkd lf<d;a fiajlhka wvq lsÍu
ms<sn| úêúOdk wod, fkdúh hq;= nj fyda b;du;a iSudldÍ wkaoñka wod, úh hq;= nj ;SrKh lsÍug
Tyqg yelsh' 31 E ^2&
by; i|yka úê úOdk wdh;khla jid ±ófï§ n, fkdmdhs' ukao w;sßla;hla isàug kï fldgila
fiajfha fh§ isáh hq;= ùuh' jid ±óul§ lsisjl= fiajfha fh§ fkdisák ksid w;sßla;hla ms<sn|
m%Yakhla mek fkdk.S'

rdcd t' f*dfgdaisfklaia
fuys§ wod, iud.u ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a IV B fldgfia m%;smdok wkq.ukh fkdlrñka Tjqka fh§ isá
úúO jHdmdr j,g wh;a tla fldgila jid ±ïfïh' fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a fldgiska fldgi jid
±óu (Phase Closure) u.ska hï wdh;khla iïmQ¾Kfhkau jid ±óug yelshdj we;s njh'
by; kvq ;Skaÿj Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka fiajdfhdaclhka úiska ;u l¾udka;Yd,d j, mshjr fldgia
mshjßka jid ±óu u.ska fiajlhka wksis f,i bj;a lsÍug mgka .;a w;r 31 E j.ka;s o wkq.ukh
fkdlrk ,§'
fï ;;ajh uev meje;aùfï mshjrla yd fjk;a fndfyda fya;=kao u; 1970 n,hg m;a iu.s fmruqKq
wdKavqj úiska úkhdkql+, fkdjk fiajd iudma;sh iïnkaOfhka n,mdk 1971 wxl 45 orK fiajd
kshqla;slhskaf.a ^rlaIdj wjika lsÍfï& mk; iïu; lf<ah'
fuf,i weu;sjrhd úiska lrkq ,nk ´kEu ksfhda.hla m%dfdha.slj yels blaukska wkqu; lsÍu i|yd
md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a l< hq;=h' tfia wkqu; lrkq fkd,enQ ksfhda.hla n,rys; f,i i,lkq ,efí'
31 E ^2& w;=re úOdkh'
fiajdfhdaclhd úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hd mámdáh

ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk;g wkqj ;ud úiska fiajfhys fhdojd isák hï fiajlhl= fiajfhka wialsÍug fiajd
fhdaclfhl= woyia lf<d;a tjeks wialsÍula lrkqfha fiajd .súiqul m%;sM,hla jYfhka fkdfõ kï"
^1& tjeks wvq lsÍula lsÍug woyia lrk nj wvq .Kfka udihlg l,ska fiajlhdg ±laúh hq;=h'
31 B
^2& 31 B ^wd& g wkqj tjeks ±kaùul msgm;la lïlre flduidßiajrhdgo ta fiajlhd jD;a;sh
iñ;shl idudðlfhl= kï ta jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg heúh hq;=h' 31 B ^w&
^3& 31 W j.ka;sh wkqj tfia wvq lsÍug woyia lrk ±kaùï hejQ Èk isg udi folla .;jk ;=re
fiajl wvq lsÍï ls%hd;aul fkdl< hq;=h' by; ^1& wkqj hjk ,o ±kaùul ld,h bl=;a jQ miq
;j;a udihla l,a foñka kej; fiajlh wvqlsÍfï ±kaùula fiajlhdg heúh hq;=h'
^4& fï udi fofla ld,h we;=,; woyia lrk ,o fiajlhka wvq lsÍu ms<sn| wdrjq,a iudodkfhka
fíreï lsÍu msKsi lïlre flduidßia úiska n,h ,;a ks,Odßfhl=g fhduq lrkq,enqfjd;a fyda
weu;sjrhd úiska fíreïlrefjl=g fyda ld¾ñl wêlrKhlg fhduq lrkq ,enqfjd;a wod,
fiajlhd fiajfhka wialsÍu msKsi we;s fiajdfhdaclhdf.a whs;sh tfia fhduq lrkq ,enQ Èk isg
udi foll ld,hlg w;aysgjkq ,efí' fï ld,h ;=,È fíreïlre fyda ld¾ñl wêlrKh úiska
wjidk ;SrKhla .; hq;=h' 31 W
1976 wxl 4 orK mk;ska ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o 1971 wxl 45 orK lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wjika
lsÍfï ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk;



7' lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk;-1971 wxl 45
rfÜ mej;s wd¾Ól w¾nqoh wkqj fiajlhka wia lsÍfï jeä m%jK;djhla jQfhka th je<elaùfï mshjrla
f,i uyck wdrCIl wd{d mk; hgf;a yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis f,i y÷kajd ÿka fï mkf;a úêúOdk miqj
1971 wxl 45 orK mk; f,i kS;s.; flreKs' fmdÿ kS;sh hgf;a ±kqï §ula lsÍfuka fyda ta fjkqjg
f.ùula lsÍfuka fiajlhkaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍug fiajdfhdaclhdg ;snQ whs;sh ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk;ska
iSud lrkq ,eîfuka miq th jvd;a iSudldÍ lsÍu fuu mk;ska isÿ flreKs' fuu mkf;a 1988 wxl 51
orK ixfYdaOkho b;d jeo.;ah'
tkï w;a;fkdau;sl f,i fiajlhla wvq lsÍu yd ;djld,sl f,i fiajlhka wia lsÍu fuu.ska je<elafõ'
flfia jQjo fiajlhka ,jd lrjd .; hq;= ld¾hhla fkdue;s wjia:dj,§ Tjqkaf.a fiajh k;r lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka fiajdfhdaclhdg we;s whs;sh thska iïmQ¾Kfhkau bj;a fkdflf¾'
fuu mkf;a 2 jka j.ka;sh wkqj

^1& fiajlhdf.ka l,ska ,nd.;a ,sÅ; wjirhla fkdue;sj 2 ^1& w
^2& lïlre flduidßiajrhdf.ka m<uqfjka ,nd.;a ,sÅ; wkque;shla fkdue;sj Wmf,aLk.;
/lshdjl fhÈ isák fiajlfhl=f.a fiajh wjika lsÍu ;ykï fõ' 2 ^1& wd
fuys Wmf,aLk.; /lshdj hkakg hïlsis jD;a;shla i|yd mämd,l iNdjla msysgqjd we;akï tu
jD;a;sh o ta yd wdY%s; jD;a;skao" idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl mkf;a w¾:h wkqj iEu idmamqjla" ld¾Hd,hla
yd l¾udka; Yd,djlao woyia flf¾' tfy;a my; wjia:dj,§ mk; wod, fkdfõ'
^1& lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍug ;SrKh l< udihg fmr yh udihl ld, iSudjla ;=,
idudkHfhka 15 fofkl=g wvqfjka fiajfha fhdojd we;s úg
^2& rch" m<d;a md,k n, uKav,hla" iuqmldr iñ;shla fyda rdcH ixia:djla fiajd fhdaclhd jk
úg
^3& fiajlhd fiajfha fhdod ;snqfka Èk 180 l ld,hlg wvq ld, iSudjlg jQ úg îsh¨ ksjdvq Èko
we;=,;aj&
^4& hïlsis kS;shla W,a,x>kh lrñka fiajfha fhdojd we;s úg
^5& fiajd .súiqul fyda iduqysl .súiqul úêúOdk wkqj úY%du .ekaùfuka fiajh wjika jQ úg
2 ^3& j.ka;sh" fiajh wjika lsÍu hkafkka l=ula woyia jkafkao hkako jeo.;a fõ' úkhddkql+,
ls%hdjlska mkjk ,o o~qjul fya;=fjka yefrkakg fjk;a ´kEu lreKla i|yd lrk fiajh wjika
lsÍïj,g n,mdhs' fiajh wjika lsÍu ;djld,sl fyda iaÓr úh yel' wld¾hlaIu;dj ksid lrk fiajh
wjikalsÍïj,go mk; n,mdhs'
fikaÜ weka;kSia ydâfjhd¾ iafgda¾ia t' l=ud¾

zzwld¾hCIu;djh iy wolaI;dj" flfkl=g mjrk ,o jev fldgi bgq lsÍug Tyq ;=, ;sfnk
fkdyelshdj olajk w;r mkf;a w¾:h wkqj o~qjï jYfhka úkhdkql+, ls%hd ud¾.hla .; yels
úIudpdrhkag tajd iu l< yelafla flfia ±hs l,amkd lsÍu ÿIalrh hkqfjka wêlrKh l< m%ldYfhka
Tmamq fõ' wdld¾hlaIu;djh úkhdkql+, fya;=jla fkdfõ'
88 ixfYdaOkh u.ska fiajdfhdaclhdg fiajh wjila lsÍu ms<sn| woyia ±laùug wjia:dj ,nd § we;'
ta wkqj úkhdkql+, fya;=jla u; fiajh wjika l< nj flduidßiag ,sÅ;j ±kqï §ula l< hq;=h' tu
±kqï§u fiajh wjika l< Èkg miqj t<fUk 2 jk jev lrk Èkg fmr úh hq;=h'
;djld,slj fyda iaÓr f,i fiajlhl= fiajfhys fkdfh§u fiajh wjila lsÍuls' 1976 ixfYdaOkfhka
miq hïlsis jD;a;shla l¾udka;hla fyda jHdmdrhla jid ±ófï m%;sM,hla jYfhka fiajlhl= fiajfhys
fkdfhÿùu fiajh wjika lsÍuls'
iS' tï' hq' t' o ue,a

3 ^W& j.ka;shg wkqj kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i fiajh wjika jk úg mk; wod, fkdfõ'
yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis wkqj ish ;k;=re yer.shd hehs ie,flk w;HdjYH fiajdjka j, fiajlhkag
lïlrejkaf.a fiajh k;r lsÍfï mkf;a úêúOdk hgf;a kej; fiajfha msysgqùu i|yd b,a,d isàug
whs;shla ke;'
t fïu ld,iSudj kshu lr we;s .súiqïj, fuka ld,iSudj bl=;aj hEfuka fiajd .súiqu wfydais jk
wjia:dj,§ mk; wod, fkdfõ' tkï mk; wod, jkafka fiajlfhl=g jk w;r .súiqï ld,h wjidkfha
fiajh k;r jQ fudfydf;a Tyq fiajlhl= fyda lïlrefjl= f,i .Kka .ekSu k;r fõ'


iduqysl .súiqul úêúOdk hgf;a fyda iaÓr jYfhka úY%du hk jhfia miqjk úg fyda fiajh wjika
lsÍu fiajd .súiqfï meyeÈ,sj ±lafjk úg fuu úê úOdk wod, fkdfõ' fiajh wjika lsÍu fiajd
fhdaclhdf.a ls%hdjlska úh hq;=h' tkï fiajHdf.a taldmdlaIsl ls%hdjl m%;sM,hla f,i fiajh wjila
lsÍu fyda fiajfhys fkdfhoùu woyia flf¾'
fiajh wjika lsÍu i|yd ,sÅ; wkque;shla fiajHfhl= b,a,d isá úg lïlre flduidßiajrhdg my;
foa l< yel' 2^2&
úkhdkql+, fya;=jla u;" o~qjula jYfhka fiajh wjila lrk wjia:djla yer wka iEu wjia:djlu
lrkq ,nk fiajh wjila lsÍula .; yelsh' ;djld,sl fyda iaÓr jYfhka fiajh wjika lf<a kï tho
.; yelsh'
(88) ixfYdaOkfha 6B (2) - fuu mk; hgf;a iyk b,a,d we;s úg wfkl=;a l%uhlgo iyk me;sh yel'
(Winifreda Case - Labour Tribunal)
^1& 2 ^2& C j.ka;shg wkqj fï whÿï ,enqk Èk isg ;=ka uila we;=,; fï wkque;sh §ug fyda
m%;slafIam lsÍug flduidßiajrhdg n,h ;sfí'
kd.,sx.ï t' o ue,a

flfia jQjo fï ld, iSudj úOdkd;aul fkdj WmfoaYd;aul tlla muKla hehs fuys§ ;SrKh úh'
^2& ish ;SrKh Tyq úiska fiajHdg iy fiajlhdg ,sÅ;j ±kaúh hq;=h' 2 ^2& D
^3& fiajh wjila lsÍul§ fiajHhd úiska fiajlhdg f.úh hq;= mdßf;daIslhla fyda fjk;a kshuhka
iy fldkafoais ish mQ¾K wNsu;h mßÈ ;SrKh l< yel' 2 ^2& E
jHdmdrh jid ±óula lr we;s úg jkaÈ f.ùu kshu lsÍug flduidßiajrhdg n,h we;'
flduidßjrhdf.a ;SrKh wjidkd;aul yd ;SrKd;aul jk w;r ta iïnkaOfhka ßÜ wd{djla u.ska
fyda ´kEu úksYaphdêldrhl§ fyda lïlre wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a msysgqjd we;s wdh;khl fyda m%Yak
l< fkdyelsh'
5 jk j.ka;shg wkqj fï mkf;a úê úOdk W,a,x>kh lrñka fiajHhl= úiska fiajlhl=f.a

Wmf,aLk.; /lshdj wjika l< úg tjeks wjika lsÍula kS;s úfrdaê" Y=kH iy n, rys; jk w;r
lsis fia;a n, iys; fkdfõ' Tyq fmr ;snQ ;;ajfha kej; ia:dmkh lsÍug flduidßiajrhdg n,h ;sfnk
w;r fiajlhdf.a fiajh wjila fkdlrk ,oafoa kï Tyqg ,eìh hq;= ysÕ jegqma iy wfkl=;a m%;s,dN
iys;j ta fiajlhdg fiajh lr f.k hdu i|yd bv fok f,i kshu lsÍug Tyqg yel'
(iurisxy t' o' ue,a 1982 1 SLR 07)
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a IV wd fldgfia wvx.= w;sßla; fiajlhka bj;a lsÍu ms<sn| úê úOdk
lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wjila lsÍfï ^úfYaI úê úOdk& mk;ska wdjrKh ù we;s fiajlhkag wod, fkdfõ'


8' idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl ^fiajh yd fõ;k úêu;a lsÍfï& mk;-1954 wxl
19
fuu mk; furg lïlre fkdjk fiajlhkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wêldr m;%h f,i ie,fla' fuu
mkf;a wruqK jkqfha fj<| Yd,d iy ld¾hd, j, fiajfha kshq;= ;eke;a;lka fiajfha fhoùu Tjqka
jev l< hq;= meh .Kk iy Tjqkaf.a mdßY%ñl úêu;a lsÍu i|yd o Bg iïnkaO fyda wdkqIx.sl
ldrKd i|ydo úêúOdk ie,eiaùu fõ'
mkf;a 68 jk j.ka;shg wkqj idmamqjla hkafkka f;d. fyda is,a,r fj<| jHdmdßl lghq;= mj;ajd
f.k hk ia:dkhla woyia fõ' thg fkajdisl fydag," wdmk Yd,d' ^wdydr yd îu j¾.&" fldKav lemSu
ia:dk f,dkavß" PdhdrEmYd,d iy fr.=,dis u.ska ksYaÑ; lrk fjk;a hï jHdmdrhla fyda fj<|dula
we;=,;a fõ' ld¾hd,h hkakg mq¿,a w¾:l:khla § we;s nexl=" fndal¾jre" rlaIK iud.u" keõ iud.ï"
yjq,a jHdmdr" iud.ï" j;= ksfhdað;hka" fj<| ±kaùï m%pdrl ksfhdað;hka fldñia ksfhdað;hka nvq
hjk fyda nvq f.kajk tacka;jrhka" .Kldêldrjrhka" jHdmdßl lghq;= lrf.k hEfï ld¾hh i|yd
mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk wdh;khla woyia fõ'
;jo hï fjf<| Yd,djl" l¾udka; Yd,djl jeú,a,l" m;,l" fydag,hl" iudc Yd,djl fyda úfkdao
lghq;= i|yd mj;ajdf.k hk ia:dkhl fyda fjk;a hï ld¾ñl fyda jdKsc wdh;khl ,smslre wxYho
we;=,;a fõ' tfiau kS;s{hka" .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amSka jeks jD;a;Skaf.a jD;a;Sh lghq;= i|yd mj;ajdf.k
hk ,smsldr wdh;ko hï iñ;shl ixia:dms; fkdjk mqoa., uKav,hl jHdmdßl lghq;= mßmd,kh
lsÍu i|yd mj;ajdf.k hk iEu wdh;khlao woyia fõ' ;jo rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixia:do ixia:d.;
fkdl< wdh;k o óg we;=,;ah'
mk; my; mßÈ fjka fldg ±laúh yel'
^1& fiajd ld,h
hï fj<| Yd,djl fyda ld¾hd,hl jHdmdßl lghq;= j, fyda ta iïnkaOfhka hï ;eke;a;l= hï tla
Èkhl§ fiajfha fhoúh hq;= idudkH ld,h meh 8 la úh hq;=h' fuu meh 8g lEu meh we;=,;a fkdfõ'
hï tla i;shla ;=, idudkH jev lrk ld,h meh 45 lg jeä fkdúh hq;=h'
^3 j.ka;sh&
hï Èkl jev lrk ld,h lEu .ekSu iy úfõlh i|yd muKla jQ úrduhla iuÕ wLKav ld,hla
úh hq;=h' i;sfha tla Èkl lEu meh fkdue;sj jev l< hq;= ld,h meh 5ls'
by; lS ld,hkag jeäfhka jevlr we;akï ta i|yd w;sld, f.jkq ,eìh hq;=h' w;sld, idudkHfhka
.Kka n,kq ,nkafka mehlg kshñ; m%udKh fuka tlyudrla jYfhks' w;sld, fiajfha Wmßu i;shlg
meh 12 ls
w;sld, meh 1 g f.ùu } udia mäh 240 x 3/2
w;sld, rdcH wxYfha úOdhl fyda l<uKdldr ;k;=re orkakkag wod, fkdfõ'
9 jk j.ka;sfha i|yka úfõlhla Èh hq;= fõ' ojfia fiajd ld,hg fm'j' 11'00 isg m'j' 2'00
w;r ld,h we;=,;a kï mehl lEu úfõlhla Èh hq;=h' fiajd ld,h fï ld,h ;=,§ wjika jQjo fï
úfõlh Èh hq;=h' óg wu;rj m'j' 4 isg m'j' 6 olajd ld,h we;=,;a kï meh 1$2 l úfõlhlao m'j'
7'00 isg m'j' 10'00 olajd ld,h we;=,;a kï mehl lEu úfõlhlao Èh hq;=h' È.gu rdcldßfha fh§
isák iEu meh 4 gu meh 1$2 úfõlhlaÈh hq;=h' kuq;a meh 5 lg wvqld,hla fiajh lsÍfï§;a ;ukaf.a
mjqf,a flfkl= fiajfha fhoùfï§;a fuh wod, fkdfõ'
^2& ksjdvq
fï i|yd mkf;a 5" 6" 7" 7A iy 7B hk j.ka;s jeo.;a fõ' 5 j.ka;sh i;sm;d ,efnk ksjdvq .ek
olajhs'
i;shlg wju jYfhka meh 28 la fiajh l< wfhl=g Èk 1 1$2 l ksjdvqjla ,ndÈh hq;=h' fuu meh
28 g w;sld, meh we;=,;a fkdfõ' fuu ksjdvqj jegqma iys; ksjdvq .Khg jefÜ' i;sh ;=,§ ,nd.;a
wkqu; ksjdvq rcfha ksjdvq hkdÈh;a jev l< Èkhka f,i ie,fla'
idudkHfhka fuh fikiqrdod jrejla iy bßod Èk ksjdvqj u.ska ,efí' bßod Èk fiajfha fhÿkfyd;a
ta i|yd Èk 3 l jegqma ysñfõ' bßod jev l<fyd;a B<. Èk 6 we;=,; fyda flduidßiaf.a wjirh
we;sj udih wjik § jegqma iys; ksjdvq Èkhla ,nd Èh hq;h
= '
tkï udisl jegqma } x : x/30 x 3 f,ihs'

fuu Èk 3 kï 1' bßodg ysñ jegqm

2'' B<Õ i;sfha jegqma iys; ksjdvq Èkh
3' tla Èkl jeämqr jegqm
6 jk j.ka;sh jd¾Isl ksjdvq iy wkshï ksjdvq ms<n|j olajhs'
jd¾Isl ksjdvq
jirlg ysñ jd¾Isl ksjdvq .Kk 14 ls' fuu 14 Èk ksjdvqfjka wju jYfhka Èk 7 la j;a tlg .;
hq;=h' b;sß ksjdvq ;ks ;ks Èk jYfhka ,nd .; yelsh' fuu ksjdvq ,nd§u fiajdfhdaclhd
wksjd¾hfhkau l< hq;a;ls' fuu ksjdvq B<Õ jirg l,a ±ñh fkdyel' uqo,a l< fkdyelsh' jeo.;a
lreK kï fuu ksjdvq fiajdfhdaclhdg yd fiajlhd idlÉPd lr iïuq;shlg t<eö ,nd .kakd ksjdvq
ùuh' fuu ksjdvq ,nd.kakd udih fyda Èkh fiajdfhdaclhdg ±kqï § wjir .; hq;=h'
fiajhg ne÷kq uq,a jif¾§ jd¾Isl ksjdvq ysñ fkdfõ' tu ksjdvq B<Õ jif¾§ ysñ jkafka m<uq jif¾
fiajhg neÿkq Èk jljdkq i,ld n,d Bg kshñ; jQ Èk .Kkgh' tkï m<uq jif¾§ Wmhd .kakd ksjdvq
fojk jif¾§ N=la;s ú¢h yelsh'
WodyrKhla f,i m<uq jif¾§ fiajhg neÿfka"

1999 ckjdß 01 iy ud¾;= 31 w;r Èkh kï (
1999 jir ;=, jd¾Isl ksjdvq } 0
1999 wfm%a,a 01 iy cQks 30 w;r Èkl kï"
1999 cQ,s 01 iy iema;eïn¾ 30 w;r Èkl kï"
1999 Tlaf;daïn¾ 01 iy foieïn¾ 31 w;r Èkl kï"
fuf,i jir ld¾;=j,g fldgia lr ksjdvq kshu lrkq ,efí' ta wkqj 1999'12''31 Èk fiajhg neÿk
wfhl=g;a 2000 jif¾ jd¾Isl ksjdvq 4 lg Wreulï lsj yelsh'
fiajlhl= úY%du hdfï§ miq.sh jif¾ bmhQ jd¾Isl ksjdvq 14 yd úY%du hk jif¾ fiajh l< tla
udihlg Èk 1 ne.ska jd¾Isl ksjdvq ,nd .; yel' tfiau úY%du hdfï§ ,nd fkd.;a jd¾Isl ksjdvq
uqo,a l< yelsh' Tlaf;dan¾ 01 odg miqj úY%du hkafka kï fmr j¾Ifha bmhQ jd¾Isl ksjdvq 14 g
wu;rj úY%du hk j¾Ihg o ;j;a jd¾Isl ksjdvq 14 la ysñ fõ'
wkshï ksjdvq 6 ^3& Wm j.ka;sh

j¾Ihlg wkshï ksjdvq 7 la ,efí' fuu ksjdvq mqoa.,sl fya;= u;" ffjoH Wmfoia u; fyda fjk;a
idOdrK fya;= u; ,nd.; yelsh' fiajdfhdaclhdg ±kqï § mQ¾j wkque;sh ,nd.ekSug wjYH fkdfõ'
fuu ksjdvq B<Õ jirlg l,a ±ñh fkdyel' uqo,a l< fkdyel'
fiajhg neÿKq uq,a jif¾§ jQj;a fuu ksjdvq Èk ,nd .; yel' tfy;a 7u fkd,eîug mq¿jk' fiajhg
ne÷Kq oji u; th r|d mj;S' fiajfha fhÿkq iïmq¾K udi 2 lg tla Èkla wkshï ksjdvq f,i ,efí'
fojk jif¾ Tyqg Èk 7 lg Wreulï lsj yelsh' fuu Èk 7 leue;s wdldrhlg ,nd .; yelsh'
7 jk j.ka;sh m%isoaO ksjdvq ms<sn|j i<ld n,hs'

idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajlhkag jirlg Wmßu jYfhka Èk 9 hla mQ¾K jegqma iys; m%isoaO ksjdvq f,i
msßkefï' fuu m%isoaO ksjdvq weu;sjrhd úiska ;SrKh lrk w;r .eiÜ m;%fha tu Èkhka m%isoaO lrkq
,efí'
flduidßia;=udf.a mQ¾j wkque;sh u; fiajlfhl=g fuu m%isoaO ksjdvq Èkhl fiajhg fhdojd .kafka
kï" tu jif¾ foieïn¾ 31 jkodg fmr jegqma iys; ksjdvqjla fyda tfia ke;akï Èk foll jegqma ta
i|yd m%odkh l< hq;= fõ'


fmdah ksjdvqj 7 w j.ka;sh

mqr mif<diajl fmdah Èk jegqma iys; ksjdvq Èkhls' flfia fj;;a by; lS m%isoaO ksjdvq Èkhl fyda
i;s ksjdvq Èkhl mqr mif<diajl fmdah fh§ ;snqfka kï ta i|yd w;sf¾l ksjdvqjla ,nd §u wjYH
fkdfõ'
fmdah ksjdvq Èkfha§ hï fiajlfhl= jefvys fhdojd .;af;a kï Èkl jegqm fuka 1 1$2 l m%udKhla
Tyqg ,ndÈh hq;=h' tfiau jefvys fhdojd .ekSu fya;=fjka ys,õ ksjdvq ,nd Èh fkdyel'
^3& fi!LH iy iem myiqlï
iEu idmamqjlu fyda ld¾hd,hl iEu fldgilau m%udKj;a f,i wdf,dalh yd ksis jd;dY%h ,eîug
ie,eiaúh hq;=h' jev lrk ia:dkfhau mÈxÑj isàug lsisu fiajlfhl=g n, fkdl< hq;=h' ;jo wdydr
.ekSu i|ydo m%udKj;a myiqlï iemhSh hq;=h' ia;S% mqreI fomlaIh i|yd fjk fjku jeisls,s iy
fia§fï myiqlï iemhSh hq;= w;r fiaúldjka i|yd fj<| Yd,djl 3 ( 1 ne.ska wdik myiqlï
ie,eiaúh hq;=h'
ud;D m%;s,dN ^18 w - W! j.ka;sh&

hï ia;S% fiaúldjl úiska ±laùfï i|yka Èk isg Èk y;rla we;=<; ;ud ore m%iQ;sh wfmalaId lrk
njg ±kaùula ;u fiajdfhdacldhg ÿka úg t;eka isg m%iQ;sh olajd Èk 14 lao m%iq;sfhka miq Èk 70
lao Wmßuhlg hg;aj jegqma iys; ksjdvq ,eîug ysñlï ,nhs' fï jrm%idoh m%:u m%iq;s 2 i|yd muKs'
;=kajk iy mYapd;a m%iq;s i|yd ksjdvq ysñlï jegqma iys; ojia 42 ls' tkï m%iQ;shg l,ska Èk 14 la
b;sß Èk 28 m%iq;sfhka miqj jYfhka' m%iq;s ksjdvq Èk ixLHdj .Kka ne,Sfï§ i;sm;d úfõl Èk"
rcfha ksjdvq Èk iy fmdah Èk .Kka .kq fkd,efí' Èk 14 la ,nd fkd.;a ksjdvq Èk wef;d;a tajd
mYapd;a m%iq;s ksjdvq j,g tl;= lsÍug bv ie,fik mßÈ mQ¾j m%iq;s Èk 14 ,sys,a lrkq ,efí' m%iq;s
ksjdvq ld,h ;=, iïmQ¾K jegqmu ,eîug ysñlï ,nhs'
idudkHfhka f;jk orejd .Kka .efKkqfha Ôj;aj isák orejka .Kk wkqjh' WodyrKhla jYfhka
ore m%iQ;s 5 lg uqyqK ÿkak;a Ôj;aj isák orejka .Kk 1 la kï B,Õ ore m%iQ;shg Èk 84 l jegqma
iys; ksjdvq j,g weh ysñlï ,nhs' u< ore Wm;la kï ysñjkqfha Èk 42 la muKs' m%:u m%iQ;sfha§u
ksjqka orejka ,enqfKa kï yd Tjqka Ôj;aj isà kï B<Õ m%iQ;sfha§ ,efnkqfha Èk 42 la muKs' ore
m%iQ;shla isÿ jkafka fïre .enla we;s ;eke;a;shlf.ks' ta nj ffjoHjrhl= úiska iy;sl l< hq;=h'
wkshï fiaúldjlg jQj;a fuu ksjdvq ysñ w;r thg fiaúldjf.a ;;ajh n, fkdmdhs' m%iq;shlg
f;uilg fmr yd miq ld,h ;=,§ orejdg fyda ujg wk;=reodhl úh yels jefvys fhoùu ;ykïh'
m%iq;shfyda ore ms<si| .ekSu fya;=fjka we;súh yels frda.hla ksid fiajfhka my l< fkdyels w;r
ksjdvq msg isák wjia:dfõ§ fiajfhka my lsÍu ms<sn| ±kaùula lsÍug fkdyelsh'
mdßY%ñl f.úh hq;= ld,h yd wdldrh .ek mkf;a 19 jk j.ka;sfha ±lafõ' jegqmska wkqu; wvq lsÍï
yer fjk;a wvq lsÍï fkdlr wod, ;eke;a;dg uqo,skau f.úh hq;=h' wkqu; wvq lsÍï j, uq¿ m%udKh
wod, jegqmska 60] la fkdblauúh hq;=h' wkqu; wvq lsÍï j¾. 2 ls'
1' fiajlhdf.a leue;a; we;sj

2' fiajlhdf.a leue;a; ke;sj lrk wvq lsÍï
jHjia:dms; wvq lsÍï hkq fiajlhdf.a leue;a; fkdue;sj isÿ l< yels wvq lsÍïh' jHjia:dms; wvq
lsÍï j,g EPF yd ETF wh;a fõ' óg wu;rj fiajlhdf.a leue;a; fkdue;sj wdodhï nÿ" wêlrK
ksfhda.hla u.ska hï uqo,la wvq l< hq;= hehs ksfhda. lr we;s wjia:djla ^Wod ( kv;a;= f.ùu i|yd
jQ ksfhda.hla& ±laúh yel'
jeo.;a lreKla kï by; wkqu; ,ehsia;=jg wh;a fkdue;s ldrKhla i|yd fiajlhdf.a leue;a;
;snqKo jegqmska wvq l< fkdyelsùuh'
fiajlhdf.a leue;a; wjYh wvq lsÍï lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

1' wdydr øjH j, jákdlï yd kjd;eka .dia;=
2' fiajHhd úiska imhd we;s ks, ksjdi i|yd l=,sh'
3' Kh jdßl
4' flduidßia;=ud wkqu; l< fjk;a myiqlï i|yd .dia;=
5' ksYamdok j,g fokq ,nk jÜgï
6' f;jk md¾Yjhlg lrk f.ùï Wod (- nexl=jlska ,nd .;a Khla
úIupdrhlg jrolre jqjfyd;a fiajlhdf.ka ovhla wh lr .; yels w;r tu wvq lsÍï jegqmska 5]
g jeä fkdúh hq;=h' tfiau tu ov uqo,a fiajHhdf.a jHdmdr i|yd fhdod .ekSug fkdyels w;r th
fjku .sKqul ;ekam;a lr fiajlhskaf.a iqn idOdkh fjkqfjka jeh l< hq;=h'

fuu mk; wkqj wju jegqmla kshu lr ke;' jegqma ;SrKh jk wdldr 3 la we;'
1' fiajlhd yd fiajHhd w;r idlÉPd lsÍfuka
2' lïlre flduidßiajrhdf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka fomd¾Yjfha u leue;a; we;sj
3' mdßY%ñl úksYaphdêldr u.ska
fuu úksYaphdêlr flduidßia" fiajlhska" fiajdfhdaclhka yd msgia;r mqoa.,hkaf.ka iukaú; 7 lg

fkdwvq .Kklska iukaú; fõ' j¾;udkfha by; 2 yd 3 l%u Ndú;d fkdjk ;rïh' idmamq yd ld¾hd,
fiajl mkf;a 17 jk j.ka;sh wkqj fiajlhkag m;aùï ,smshla §u wksjd¾h jk w;r tu ,smsfha wvx.=
úh hq;= lreKq fr.=,dis j, olajd we;' mä md,l iNd hg;g .efkk fiajlhskag m;aùï ,smshla
,nd§u wksjd¾hh ke;'


9' ud;D m%;s,dN wd{d mk; -1939 wxl 32
ldka;d lïlrejkag ud;D m%;s,dN f.ùu i|yd iy tn÷ ldka;djka m%iq;shg l,ska iy miq fiajfha
fhoùug wdkqIx.sl fjk;a lreKq iïnkaOfhka wd{d mk; úê úOdk i,iajhs' fj<| Yd,djl fyda
ld¾hd,hl fyda ta wkshï fyda ;djld,sl mokula u; fyda fiajfha fhd|jd we;s whg yer wfkla
ish¿u ldka;d lïlrejkag fuu wd{d mk; wod, fõ'
hï ldka;djla ud;D m%;s,dN f.jkq ,eîug ysñlu ,nkakd jQ ld,mßÉfþoh wehf.a ore m%iq;shg
l,ska i;s folla iy ore m%iq;sfhka miqj i;s 10 la jYfhka i;s 12 la úh hq;=h' ta i|yd m%iq;sh
fya;=fjka iÔú orejl= ìysúh hq;= w;r wehg tla orejl= muKla isáh hq;=h' ke;fyd;a orejl=
fkdisáh hq;=h' tkï i;s 12 la m%iq;s ksjdvq fokq ,nkafka m<uqjk fyda fojk orejdf.a Wm; i|yd
muKs'
fjk;a iEu wjia:djl§u kshñ; ksjdvq m%udKh m%Odk m%{ama;sfha uq,ska úêúOdk i,iajd ;snqKs mßÈ
i;s 6 la tkï ore m%iq;shg l,ska i;s 2la iy miqj i;s 4la jkafkah'
m%iq;s ksjdvq ld,h ;=, jegqm idudkH ffoksl jegqfmka 6$7 m%udKhla fyda i;sm;d jegqma ,nkafka kï
Èk 6 jegqm ,efí' fuu úêúOdk idmamq iy ld¾hd, fiajd mk; hgf;a jQ úêúOdk j,g iudk nj
fmkS hhs' tfy;a tla fjkila we;akï' tkï idmamq iy ld¾hd, fiajl mk; hgf;a kï m%iq;s ksjdvq
Èk .Kka ne,Sfï§ i;sm;d úfõl Èk iy ksjdvq Èk .Kka k.kq fkd,eîuhs' tys Èk 70 la iy Èk
42 la .ek i|yka jk fyhsks' ud;D m%;s,dN wd{d mk; hgf;a fuu ksjdvq Èk .Kka .kq ,nk w;r
tys i|yka jkafka i;s 12 la yd i;s 06 la hkqfjks'
udi ;=kla we;=,; orejl= m%iq; lsÍug ;ud n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk nj ldka;djla fiajdfhdaclhdg ±kqï
fokq ,enQ úg tu ld, mßÉfþoh ;=,§ wehg;a orejdg;a ydkslr lsisu jevl weh fkdfhoúh hq;=h'
jhi wjq' 1 g jvd wvq orejka isák úg oreõkg uõlsß §u i|yd fiaúldjkag meh 9 l fiajd ld,h
;=, úfõl ld, 2 Èh hq;=h' odrld.dr we;s úg úkdä 30 g fkdwvq úfõl 2 odrld.dr fkdue;s úg
mehg fkdwvq 2 hs' tfiau .eí .ekSu fyda orejl= m%iq; lsÍu hk fya;= u; ldka;d fiajlfhl=f.a
/lshdj wysñ lsÍu fkdl< hq;= njg wd{d mk; úê úOdk i,iajhs'


10' mämd,l iNd wd{d mk; - 1941 wxl 27

fuu mkf;a wruqK jkqfha we;eï jD;a;shkays fhÈ isák ;eke;a;kaf.a jegqma iy fõ;k úêu;a lsÍu"
mämd,l iNd we;s lsÍu iy fjk;a wkqIdx.sl lreKqh' fuys m%Odk fldgia 3 ls'
m<uqjk fldgi
fuys ish¿u mqoa.,sl wxYfha jD;a;Skag wod, fõ' jD;a;shla hkakg fiajd fhdaclhl= fyda lïlrejl=
úiska lrf.k hkq ,nk" bgq lrkq ,nk fyda ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk hï l¾udka;hla jHdmdrhla"
jD;a;shla fyda Ôjfkdamdhla iy hï jD;a;shla hï wxYhla fyda hï ld¾hhla fyda ls%hdj,shla we;=,;a
fõ' tfy;a m%Odk jYfhkau nd, wmrdOlrejkag" wkd:hkag fyda wirK f.d¨" ìysß fyda wkaO
;eke;a;kag ld¾ñl mqyqKqjla ,nd §fï ld¾hka i|yd lrf.k hkq ,nk hï jHdmdrhla" l¾udka;hla
fyda wdh;khla we;=<;a fkdfõ' rdcH wxYfha ixia:d yd iuQmldr fiajfha mä md,l iNd j,g .efkk
fldgia o wh;a fõ' jegqma f.ùu iy jegqma jd¾;d mj;ajdf.k hdu .eko fï fldgia wod, fõ'
jegqma f.ùï iïnkaOfhka i,lk úg jegqma f.úh hq;af;a hï ld, iSudjla ;=,o tu ld, iSudjo jegqma
j,ska wvq lsÍï ms<sn| iSud lsÍï .eko úê úOdk we;=,;a fõ' ta wkqj jegqma tl i;shl ld,mßÉfþohla
i|yd jk úg" B<Õ Èk ;=k we;=<; f.úh hq;= w;r" i;shlg jeä i;s foll olajd jQ ld,
mßÉfþohla jQ úg B<Õ Èk 5 ;=,§o udihla i|yd jk úg§ B<Õ udifha uq,a Èk 10 ;=,§o jegqma
f.úh hq;=h'
idudkHfhka fiajlhdf.a jegqfmka fiajdfhdaclhdg l< yels Wmßu wvq lsÍu 50] ls' tfy;a úfYaI
wjia:d.; lreKq hgf;a wvq lsÍï 75] olajd jeä lsÍfï n,h lïlre weu;sjrhdg we;af;ah' jegqfmka
l< yels wvqlsÍï j,g n,h,;a wvqlsÍï hhs lshkq ,efí' 75] olajd wvq lr .; yels fiajlhka
ljqreka±hs .eiÜ m;%fha m, l< hq;=h'
n,h,;a wvq lsÍï hkq"

• jegqma w;a;sldrï
• fiajlhd fyda Tyqf.a ksfhdað;fhl= yer fjk;a flfkl=g fiajlhdf.a b,a,Su u; f.jkq ,nk
f.ùï'
• fiajHhd úiska imhk ,o wdydr øjH i|yd wh flfrk idOdrK uqo,la" úY%du jegqma" w¾:
idOl" rlaIK" b;sß lsÍï" ffjoHdOdr'
• flduidßia;=ud wkqu; lrk ,o iqn idOl jD;a;sh iñ;sj, idudðl uqo,a
• wd.ñl wruqo,la i|yd fiajlhdf.a wkque;sh we;s wvq lsÍï'
• fiajHhd úiska imhd we;s ksjdi myiqlï i|yd l=,S
• wemlr i|yd jdßlh
• fldudißia;=ud úiska wkqu; lrk ,o lrKjEñ iy frÈ wems,a,Sfï fiajh i|yd .dia;=
• wkqu; Kh l%uhlska ,nd.;a Kh jdßlh yd fmd,S " ov uqo,a
flfia jQjo wvq lsÍï iïnkaO by; lS iSud foaYSh wdodhï mk; hgf;a fyda fjk;a hï ,sÅ; kS;shla
hgf;a lrk ,o wd{djla fyda wêlrKhla úiska lrkq ,enQ wd{djla fyda wkqj jegqfmka lrkq ,nk
we;eï wvqlsÍï j,g wod, fkdfõ'
ovhla kshu l< yels jroj,a
ovhla f,i wh lr .kakd uqo, jegqfmka 5] fkdblauúh hq;=hs'

• ms<s.; yels fya;=jlska f;drj fiajhg fkdmeñKSu'
• ms<s.; yels fya;=jlska f;drj m%udo ù jevg meñKSu'
• fkdie<ls,a, ksid isÿjk øjHuh w,dN ydks
• ukafoda;aidyh
• jev lrk ld,h ;=,È ksod .ekSu
• kS;sHdkql+, ksfhda. ys;du;du fkdms<sme§u
• fidrlu jxpdj yd jxl Ndjh
• jev lrk ld,h ;=,§ îu;aj isàu'
• ys;du;d wlSlre ùu yd úkh úfrdaëj yeisÍu'
• mdßfNda.slhkag wúkS; ùu yd ysßyer lsÍu
• jerÈ fyda fkduÕ hjk iq¿ m%ldY lsÍu

• fndre f,v .ekSu yd WodiSklu

• fiajd ia:dkfha we;s wdrlaIs; WmlrK j,g wkjYH f,i w; .eiSu
• wjir fkdue;sj fiajd ia:dkfha§ m;s%ld fn§u yd fmdaiag¾ we,ùu'
• fiajd ia:dkfha msßisÿlu ms<sn| Wmfoia lv lsÍu'
• ;ykï m%foaYhl ÿïîu
lïlrejkaf.a kï" jev lrk Èk .Kk" jev lrk ,o ld,h" jegqma f.jk ,o ld, mßÉfþoh" f.ùï
lrk ,o Èkh iy jegqfmka lrk ,o wvq lsÍu jeks úia;r iys;j jd¾;d mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= hehs
3 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a fiajd fhdaclhdg kshu lrkq ,en we;' mqr mfidf,diajla fmdah Èkh ksjdvq
Èkhla jk neúka tÈkg jev lf<d;a idudkH jegqm fuka 1 1$2 .=Khla f.úh hq;=h'
fojk fldgi
fuys mämd,l iNd msysgqùu iïnkaO úê úOdk we;=<;a fõ' ljr fyda jD;a;Shla i|yd mä md,l iNd
we;s lsÍu i|yd wd{d mkf;a 8 jk j.ka;sfhka lïlre weu;sjrhdg n,h § we;' mä md,l iNdjla
hkq fiajdfhdaclhkaf.a fiajlhkaf.a" ksfhdað;hka iy rch úiska kï lrk ,o idudðlhkaf.ka
iukaú; jk ff;%md¾Yúl uKav,hls' ±kg mä md,l iNd msysgqjk ,enQ jD;a;Ska 37 la muK we;'
fuu mä md,l iNd j,ska iuyrla bxðfkare" fudag¾ m%jdyk" mdjyka" frÈms<s" weÕ¨ï ksIamdokh"
wdrlaIl fiajd" f;a wmkhkh" rn¾ wmkhkh" uqøK Ys,amh iy f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu hk jD;a;Ska
i|yd msysgqjd we;'
mä md,l iNd j,g my; i|yka n,;, we;af;ah'
^1& wju fõ;k m%udKh kshu lsÍu

^2& w;sld, m%udKhla kshu lsÍu'
^3& Èkla" i;shla" udihla i|yd jev l< hq;= Wmßu meh .Kk kshu lsÍu'
^4& wdydr .ekSu iy úfõlh i|yd úrdu ixLHdj iy ta i|yd ld,h kshu lsÍu'
^5& i;sm;d úfõl Èkh" fiajlfhl=g jd¾Isl ksjdvq jYfhka Èh hq;= ojia .Kk m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu'
;=kajk fldgi
fuys wka;¾.; jkafka
^1& flduidßia;=udf.a yd n,h,;a fjk;a ks,Odßkaf.a n,;,

^2& wd{d mk; hg;g .efkk jroj,a
^3& jro isÿù wjqreÿ 6 we;=,; kvq mejßh hq;= nj
^4& jrola Tmamq ùfuka miq Widúh u.ska kshu l< yels ovqjï
^5& ks¾jpk" fiajHhd" fiajlhd" l¾udka;h wdÈh ms<sn|jh'


11' lïlrejkag isÿjk wk;=re iïnkaOfhka mj;ajd kS;sh

lïlrejkag isÿjk wk;=re iïnkaOfhka bx.S%is kS;sh weiqßka kùlrKh jQ frdau ,kafoais ks;sh idudkH
kS;sh f,i fhfok w;r jHjia:dms; kS;sh f,i 1934 § mkjk ,o lïlre jkaÈ wd{d mk; 1934 $
19 ls%hd;aul fõ'
idudkH ^fmdÿ& kS;sfha ;;ajh

frdau ,kafoais kS;sfha tk È,sla;uh isoaOdka; iy bx.S%is kS;sfha tk f;darl kS;s isoaOdka; j,ska
fiajlhdg isÿjk wk;=re iïnkaOfhka fiajHhd flfrys j.lSula we;s lrhs' ta wkqj fiajHhd úiska
;u fiajlhskag wdrlaIs; mßirhla f.dvkeÕSu hq;=lula f,i ie,lsh hq;=fõ'
wk;=rg m;ajQ fiajlhd úiska idudkH kS;sh hgf;a ;udg isÿjQ wk;=rg fiajHhdg úreoaOj mshjr
.kafka kï Tyq úiska Tmamq l< hq;= lreKq lSmhls'
^1& ;u fiajHhd úiska wdrlaIs; fiajd mßirhla fkdimhd ;sîu" idOdrK f,i wdrlaIs; ia:dkhla iy
idOdrK f,i wdrlaIs; hka;% iQ;% moaO;shla iemhSug fyda iúlsÍug fyda kv;a;= lsÍug fyda
wfmdfydi;a ùu ksid wk;=r isÿjQ nj
^2& fiajHhdf.a fkdie,ls,su;a md,kh ksid wk;=re isÿ jQ nj idudkH kS;sh hgf;a fiajHhdgo fhdod
.; yels ú;a;s jdÑlo lSmhls'
^1& fjd,kaá kka*sÜ bkacQßhd îafõÉPd ydksh mSvdjla fkdfõ&
fuhska lshfjkqfha ;udg isÿjk wk;=re ;ud úiskau ú| ord .kakd njhs'
^2& wk;=rg fya;= jQfha fiajlhdf.a fkdie,ls,su;a ls%hdjla kï
^3& iyhl fkdie,ls,a, ksid isÿjQ wk;=rla kï wk;=f¾ m%udKhg idfmalaIj jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug
we;s yelshdj fuu.ska ,nd § ;sfí'
lïlre jkaÈ wd{d mk; - 1934 wxl 19
1943 $ 03" 1957$31" 1959$22" 1966$04 ys§ ixfYdaOkh ù we;s w;r jeo.;au iy úYd,;u jYfhka
isÿjQ ixfYdaOkh 1990 wxl 15 orK ixfYdaOkhka u.ska isÿ ù we;' lïlrejdg isÿjk wk;=re i|yd
bmhSfï Yla;sh wvq jQ m%udKhg jkaÈ ,nd .ekSu ms<sn|j jQ jHjia:dms; kS;shhs' wd{d mkf;a 3 jk
j.ka;shg wkqj jkaÈ ,nd .ekSu msKsi fiajlhl= úiska lreKq lSmhla Tmamq l< hq;=hs'
fiajlfhl=g
1' fm!oa.,sl ;=jd,hla isÿ ú ;sìh hq;=h' YdÍßl fyda udkisl ;=jd,hla wdjrKh fõ'
2' fuu mk; hg;g .efKk lïlrejl= úh hq;=h'
3' ;=jd,h wyUq ^wkfmalaIs;& f,i isÿ jQjla úh hq;=h'
4' wk;=r /lshdfjka mek ke.=Kq tlla úh hq;=h'
5' wk;=r /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,§ isÿ jQjla úh hq;=h'
fiajlhd hkak wd{d mk;ska wdjrKh lr we;s wdldrh i,lk úg jHdmdr iy fj<|du iïnkaOfhka
muKla wod, jk w;r mqoa.,sl iajNdjfha /lshdjla lrkakka wh;a fkdfõ' tkï wkshï lïlrejka
fuu mk;ska wdjrKh fkdjk nj 2 j.ka;sh hgf;a lïlrejd hkakg È we;s w¾: ksrEmkfhka .ïH
fõ' by; lreKq 5g wu;rj wk;=rg m;a fiajlhdg Èk 3 lg jvd jeäfhka tu wk;=r ksid fiajhg
jd¾;d lsÍug fkdyels úh hq;=h' fiajhg fkdmeñKsfha Èk 3 la kï jkaÈ ysñ fkdfõ'
1934 uq,a mk;ska wdjrKh jQfha remsh,a 300$- jvd wvq jegqma ,nk iaÓr lïlrejka muKla jqjo
1990 ixfYdaOkfhka jegqma iSudjka bj;a lr .súiqula hgf;a fiajfha fh§ isák lïlrejka ish¨
fokdu wh;a jk nj olajhs'
mkf;a 2 ^2& g wkqj lïlrejd hkakg Tyq ñh .shfyd;a Tyqf.a hefmkakka o we;=,;a fõ' fmd,sish"
hqo yuqodj" kdúl yuqodj yd .=jka yuqodj hk fiajdjkays fiajlhska yer wka ishü rcfha fiajlhskao
wh;a fõ' ^kuq;a ikakoaO fiajdjkays isú,a fiajlhska wdjrKh fõ' fiajdfhdaclhd hkak mk; u.ska
w¾: olajd we;s wdldrh'
wd{d mkf;a 2 ^1& u.ska wdjrKh jkfka ljqrekao hkak olajd we;'
^1& YS% ,xldfõ ckrch wh;a fõ' kuq;a ikakoaO fiajd neyr lr we;'
^2& mqoa.,hskaf.ka ieÿï,;a ixia:djla fyda ixia:duh fkdjk wdh;khla
^3& fiajdfhdaclhdf.a l<uKdlrk ksfhdað;hd


^4& fiajdfhdaclhd urKhg m;a ù we;akï Tyqf.a Wreulre" fmd,au#lre fyda woañksia;%dislre
^5& m%Odk iajdñhd úiska ;djld,slj fjk;a wfhl=g fiajlhdf.a fiajh ,nd fok úg§ jQjo
m%Odk iajdñhd'
tfia kuq;a m%Odkshd yd ksfhdað;hd w;r .súiqula we;akï ta wkqj lghq;= l< hq;=h'

;,ard uÈkakkaf.a iuQmldr iñ;s iud.u" ls,sfkdÉÑ t' jdks lkaohshd
fuysoS we;s jQ isoaêuh lreKq jkqfha tu iñ;sfha idudðlfhla jQ ;,a rd uÈkafkla fiajfha fh§ isáh§
.ilska jeá isÿjQ j;=jd, j,g iñ;sfhka jkaÈ b,a,Sula lf<ah' fuu kvqfõ wNshdpkfhaÈ iñ;sh;a tys
idudðlfhl=;a w;r fiajH - fiajl iïnkaOhla ;snqfkao hkak;a wd{d mkf;a ±lafjk fiajdfhdaclhd
hkakg iñ;sh we;=,;a fõo hkak;a m%Yak.; úh' ;SrKh jQfha iñ;sh u.ska tys idudðlhka fiajfhys
fhdojd .; yels njhs'
iajdëk .súiqïlrefjla f,i fiajfha fhfok fiajlfhla mqoa.,sl wk;=rlg uqyqK ÿka úg Tyqg ;ud
fiajhg .;a iDcqj y÷kd.; yels iajdñhdf.ka fyda iajdñhd jk ksfhdað;hdf.a iajdñhdf.ka" tkï
m%Odk iajdñhdf.ka fyda hk fofokdf.ka tla wfhl=f.ka muKla jkaÈ ,nd .; yel' 22 ^1& j.ka;sh
wd{d mkf;a 3 jk j.ka;sfhka ±lafjk yÈis wk;=r hkak ú.%y lsÍfï§" meyeÈ,s w¾:l:khla wd{d
mk; u.ska ,nd § ke;' tu ksid kvq ;skaÿ wdY%fhka woyila .ekSug isÿù ;sfí'
rdcH biald.dr ixia:dj t' fïß fkdakd

isoaêuh lreKq w;r fiajd ld,h ;=,§ ^fiajfha fhÈ isáh§& yDohdndohla je<¢ ñh.sh fiajlhd f,dß
ßhÿfrla úh' kvqfõ § my; m%Yak mek ke.sK'
^1& fiajlhd ñh .sfha yÈis wk;=rlska o @
^2& tu yÈis wk;=r fiajd ld,h ;=, fiajh ksidu isÿ jQjlao @
;ïnhshd úksiqre yÈis wk;=re hkak Fenton Vs. Thorley kvqfõ ;SrKh Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka w¾:
olajk ,§' tysÈ mejiqfka l,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjq iy ie,iqï fkdlrk ,o fN!;sluh isoaêhla
yÈis wk;=rla njhs' ;j;a WodyrKhla f,i úÿ,s ld¾ñlfhla fiajfha fhÈ isáh§ úÿ,s ierhlg ,laaùu
.; yelsh'
jh,Ü fmf¾rd t' n%jqka iy iud.u

ysÈ o ñh.sh fiajlhdf.a urKh isÿùug fya;= jQ isoaêh mkf;a 3 jk j.ka;sfha ±lafjk yÈis wk;=r
hkakg wh;a jkafkao hkak m%Yak .; úh' ta wkqj yÈis wk;=rla hkak wyUqjlska fyda m%udo fodaIhlska
fyda n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ isÿùulska fyda jk mdvqjla f,i .; yelsh' nj ;SrKh flßK' /lshd
lafIa;%h ;=,§ /lshdfjka mek ke.=Kla ksidu yÈis wk;=r isÿj ;sîu lïlre jkaÈ wd{d mkf;a 3
jk j.ka;sfha ;j;a wjYH;djhla fõ'
;fudaorï úksiqre mjid we;s wdldrhg /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,§ hkafkys woyi wk;=r isÿúh hq;af;a
fiajlhd ;udf.a idudkH rdcldß lghq;= j, fhÈ isák ld,h ;=,§h' /lshdfjka mek ke.=Kla ksidu
hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍfï§" isÿjq yÈis wk;=r fiajh mj;ajd .ekSu u; isÿ jQfhah hkak i,ld ne,Su
fndfyda úg .eg¿ iy.; fõ'
úksYaÑ; kvq ;SrK lSmhl§ by; lreKq ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ù we;s wdldrh i,ld ne,Su fuys§
jeo.;ah'
tf,da fkdakd t' m%kdkaÿ

fuys Woa.; jQ isoaêuh lreK jQfha fiajlhd úiska lr;a;hlg hka;% fldgia megùfï§ wk;=rlg m;a
ùuh' ;SrKh jQfha ^tjlg& wd{d mk; hgf;a mej;s úêúOdk u; tjeks wk;=rla i|yka fkdjQ neúka
Tyq jkaÈ ysñlï fkd,nk njhs' vhia t' fÊka fkdakd kvqfõÈ wk;=rg m;a fiajlhd j;a;l l¾udka;
Yd,d fiajlfhla jqfhah' j;af;a ;udf.a idudkH ffoksl jev fldgi wjika fldg ksod.ekSu i|yd j;=
wêldßjrhdf.a nx.,djg .sfhah' tys§ Tyq j;= wêldß jrhd úiska mj;ajdf.k .sh l=l=,a fldgqfõ
fiajdjkao bgq lf<ah' Èkla Tyq tu l=l=,a l+vqj ;=,§ i¾mfhlaa oIaG lsÍfuka ñh .sfhah' ;SrKh jQfha
j;= wêldßjrhd iy fiajlhd w;r l=l=,a fldgqj n,d.ekSu iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,sl uÜgfï fiajdjla jQ
ksid;a wk;=r isÿ jQfha j;af;a ffoksl rdcldß ksudlsÍfuka miq ksid;a fiajd ld,h ;=, fiajh ksidu
we;s jQ yÈis wk;=rla fkdjk njhs'
jh,Ü fmf¾rd t' n%jqka iy iud.u

fuysÈ ñh .sh fiajlhd ;j;a fiajlhska iuÕ fld<ôka msg fiajdjla i|yd fiajdfhdaclhd úiska msg;a
lr yer ;sìK' fiajdfhdaclhd úiska kjd;eka myiqlï imhd fkd;snQ neúka fiajd jev ìfï wêldßkaf.a
wjirh u; tu fiajlhska tys /¢ isáhy' tu jev ìfï§ ñh.sh fiajlhdg wh;a bial=remamq kskkla
u; ;j;a wfhla iuÕ jdohg meg,sk' Bg Èk 3 lg miq Èkfha fiajd ld,h ksuùfuka miq wdmk


Yd,dfõÈ kej; Tjqka fofokd yuqjQ úg fiajlhd urdka;sl f,i myr lEulg ,la ùfuka miq ñh
.sfhah'
kvqfõ§ Woa.; jQ m%Yak jQfha'

- wd{d mkf;a 3 jk j.ka;sfha w¾:h mßÈ urKh isÿ jQfha yÈis wk;=rlskao @
- yÈis wk;=rg we;sjQfha /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,§ o @ tu wk;=r /lshdfjka mek ke.=Klao @
fndaâ T*a fÜ%ka fcdhskaÜ ial+,a t' fl,S

by; m<uq m%Yakhg ms<s;=re fiùfï§ fuu kvqfõ ;SrKh Wmfhda.S lr .kakd ,§' tys§ tu yÈis wk;=r
fiajlhd úiska n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ Tyqf.a m%udo fodaIhlska isÿ jQjla fyda hful= úiska ´kElñka l<
ls%hdjla ksid úh yels nj olajk ,§'
fojk m%Yakhg ms<s;=re imhñka ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa ñh.sh fiajlhd ;u fiajd .súiqu u.ska fyda
iajdñhdf.a iDcq fyda jHdx> w;lska kshu fkdlrkq ,enqjla lr ;sîu ksid fiajd ld,h ;=, fiajh ksidu
we;s jQ yÈis wk;=rla fkdjk njhs'
bx.S%is kS;sfha /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,§ we;s jQjla hkak i|yd mq¿,a jQ w¾:l:khla imhd we;' thg
wjir ,;a f;a mdkh i|yd jk úfõlhka" ÿïîu i|yd jk úfõlhka rdcldßuh ld,h ;=, mj;sk
úfõlhkaa fiajd ld,hgu wh;a f,i ie,fla' tx.,ka;fha ;SrKh jQ lïlre jkaÈ flduidßia kï jQ
tal md¾Yaúl kvq ;Skaÿj fï iïnkaOfhka wod, fõ' ;jo bx.S%is kS;sh" ms<s.kakd lreKla jkafka fiajd
fhdaclhd úiska fiajdia:dkh fj; meñKSug iy kej; hEug m%jdyk myiqlï imhd ;sfí kï
m%jdykfha§ isÿjk wk;=rla /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,È isÿ jQjla f,i ie,flk w;r fiajlhd úiska fiajhg
meñKSu iy wdmiq hEug imhd .;a m%jdykfha§ isÿjk wk;=rla idudkHfhka /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,È isÿ
jQjla f,i fkdie,fla' kuq;a meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; yels wjia:djl§ kï /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,È hkakg
wh;a fõ' kkafld,ia t' rlaIK ks,Odß kvq ;Skaÿj fï iïnkaOfhka jeo.;ah'
we,sia fkdakd t' úl%uisxy

ysÈ niar: ßhÿfrla bkaOk .sks .ekSu ksid ,;a ms,siaiqï ;=jd, j,ska urKhg m;a úh' ta i|yd fya;=
jQfha ñksfila úiska úis lrk ,o .sksl+rla ±,aùuh' ;SrKh jQfha yÈis wk;=r jQ urKh isÿ jQfha /lshd
lafIa;%h ;=,§ /lshdj ksidu njhs'
ñf,ka;s fkdakd t mSßia iy o is,ajd iy iud.u

fuys§ wjq' 60 jQ fiaúldjla jevm, ;=<§ jev lrk w;r ;=r§ yDohdndOhlska ñh .shdh' jevlrk
wjia;dfõ § wehg wikSm ksid wehg myiq jev imhd § ;snqKs' hefmkakka jkaÈ b,a,d isá wjia:dfõ§
jkaÈ flduidßia ;SrKh lf<a /lshdj ksid mekkeÕ=Kq lreKla fkdjk ksid jkaÈ f.úh fkdyels
njhs' tu ;SrKh fY%aIaGdêlrKh o wkqu; lf<ah'
ls%IaKl=Üá t' udßhd wïud 52 NLR 66

rd;S% uqrlrefjl=g fiajdfhdaclhd úiska rd;S% wdydrh fkdiemhQ ksid Tyq mqreoaola jYfhka rd;S%
wdydrhg ksjig hdug mqreÿj isáfhah' ksjig hk w;r ;=r§ fjk;a whl= úiska Tyq urKhg m;alrk
,§' fuys§ m%Yakh jQfha fuh /lshdfjka mek kÕsk isoaêhlao hkakhs'
th tfia fkdjk njg wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<ah'
OkqIafldä t uhsl,a m%kdkaÿ 49 NLR 169

fiajlhd fiajdfhdaclhdf.a ksfhda.j,g mgyeksj ls%hdfldg wk;=rlg ,laùu ksid ñh .sfhah' Tyqg
jkaÈ ,nd.; yels nj wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<ah'
fuys isoaêuh lreKq jQfha ld¾hd,hl jevl< ld¾hd, ld¾h iydhlhl= ld¾hd,fha ;ud jev lrk
úOdhl ks,Odßhdf.a ldurfha ;snqKq YS;lrKhla újD; lsÍug f.dia úÿ,sier je§ ñh.sfhah'
YS;lrKh weÍu fyda jeiSu Tyqf.a rdcldß lghq;= j,g wh;a fohla fkdfõ' tfy;a Tyq ;u
ks<Odßhdf.a úreoaO;djhlska f;drj È.gu fï lghq;a; lrf.k f.dia we;'
fï i|yd fiajdfhdaclhd úiska jkaÈ f.úh hq;= nj ;SrKh lrk ,§'
j,a,s wïud t' àf*da,aâ rn¾ j;=hdh 62 NLR 468

fuu j;=hdfha jevl< lïlrejl= fiajfha fh§ isák w;r;=r§ cd;sjd§ l,n, iuhl wikajeis
.ïjeishka úiska Tyqg myr§u ksid ñh.sfhah' Tyqf.a jekaoUq Nd¾hdj j;= wêldßf.ka jkaÈ b,a,d
isáfhah' wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a jkaÈ ,nd.; fkdyels njhs' cd;sjd§ l,n, hkak /lshdfjka mek
kÕsk fohla fkdjk ksid'


fodka weis,ska t iurfldka ifydaorfhda 39 NLR 90

f.dvke.s,s fldka;%d;alrejl=f.a fldka;%d;a lghq;a;lg wdh;k ixlS¾Khla iE§ug kshu úh' tys
<s|la lemSug o ;sìKs' fuys§ .,la wiqùu ksid fndar .id msmsrúh hq;= úh' fndar .ilakl=g ±kaùula
ouk ,§' wjidkfha § fndar .ikakdo ñh .sfhah' Tyqf.a Nd¾hdj fldka;%d;alref.ka jkaÈ b,a,k ,§'
fldka;%d;alre úiska fndar .ikakd ish jD;a;shg msg;ska fhojQ flfklah hk ;¾lh f.fkk ,§' jkaÈ
flduidßia jkaÈ f.jk f,i kshu lf<ah' fY%aIaGdêlrKfha§ lshd isáfha Tyq jHdmdrfhka neyer
flfkla fkdjk njhs' tu ksid jkaÈ f.úh hq;= njhs'
uq;=ùrka t' j;= wêldß tâkd j;=hdh 41 NLR 269

Tyq tl weila muKla fmfkk mqoa.,fhls' rdcldÍ ld,h ;=<§ isÿjQ fjk;a wk;=rl§ Tyqf.a wfkla
weila wkaOjqks' m%Yakh jQfha fuh mQ¾K fn,ySk;djhlao w¾O fn,ySk;djhlao hkakhs' wêlrKh
;SrKh lf<a mQ¾K fn,ySk;djhla njhs'
fl,dÜ t mshodi 44 NLR 485

lïlrejl= f.dvke.s,a,la bÈlsÍfï ia:dkhl fiajh lrk ,§' Tyqg ndrj ;snqfKa ìu isg wdhqO iy
fjk;a wdïmkak lnhla uÕska by<g ,nd§uhs' Tyqg y¾kshd frda.h ;snqK ksid m,xÑhg fkdkÕsk
f,i wjjdo lrk ,§' kuq;a tla Èkl fudyq jev lrñka isák w;r;=r nq,;aúg lEu i|yd m,xÑhg
k.sk ,§' tys§ iunr;djh ke;s ú ìu jeáKs' fuys§ fuh rdcldßh ;=<ska mekkÕsk tllao hk
m%Yakh u;=úh' fudyq nq,;aúg lEug kÕsk ,o ksid tfia fkdjk njg ;SrKh úh'
vhia t' fÊka fkdakd

j;a;l jevl< lïlrejl= jev wjika jQjdg miq ijia hdufha j;= wêldßf.a ksjfia jev lghq;= lrk
,§' j;= wêldßf.a l=l=,a fldgqjlo fudyq jevlrk ,§' tys isá kfhla oIag lsÍu ksid fudyq ñh .sfhah'
Nd¾hdj úiska jkaÈ b,a,d isák ,§'
th /lshdfjka msg;§ mek kÕsk ksid jkaÈ ,eìh hq;= ke;s nj ;SrKh úh'
we.akia t' rejkaje,a, úúO fiajd iuQmldr iñ;sfha iNdm;s 77 NLR 307
tu iuQmldr iñ;sfha nvq .nvdjl wdrlaIl lghq;= i|yd rd;S% ld,fha fiajfha fhdojd ;snQ uqrlrejl=
tu .nvdfõ nvq fidrlï lsÍug rd;s%fha meñKs fidruq,la iuÕ .eàu ksid tu fidrekaf.ka Tyq
urKhg m;aúh'
m%Yakh jQfha th rdcldßfhka u;=jk lreKlao hkakhs' th iDcqju rdcldßfhka mek kÕsk lreKls'

;,ard uÈkakkaf.a iuQmldr iñ;sh t' jdks lkaohshd (1984) 1 SLR 230
;,ard uÈkakkaf.a iuQmldr iñ;sfha idudðlhka jQfha fuu ;,ard uÈkakkah' fuys§ .ilska .ilska
neihdfï§ iñ;shg wh;a g%elagrhl .eà tla mqoa.,fhl= ñh.sfhah' lïlrejd fiajdfhdaclhl=f.a
;;ajfha isák ksid Tyqg iñ;sfhka jkaÈ b,a,d isáh fkdyels nj j.W;a;rlrefjda m%ldY l<y'
kS;suh mqoa.,hd;a" idudðlhd;a fofofkl= ksid tu iñ;sh j.lsj hq;= nj wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<ah'
tia' mqrem;s t' w;sf¾l ixia:d md,l

ysÈ ñh.sh fiajlhd ;s%l=Kdu,fha m%dfoaYSh lDIsl¾u ld¾hd,fha lïlrefjla f,i fiajh lf<ah'
YS;lrKh újD; lsÍu i|yd ;e;a lsÍfï§ úÿ,s ierhla jeÈ ñh .sfhah' tu YS;lrKh mY= ffjoH
ks,Odßjrhdf.a fnfy;a fok ia:dkfha ;snQ tlla úh' tu mY= ffjoH ld¾hd,ho m%dfoaYSh lDIsl¾u
ld¾hd,fhau mj;ajdf.k hk ,§' mY= ffjoH ks,Odjrhd m%ldY lf<a Tyq yer ;udf.a ld¾hd, ld¾h
iydhlhd iy tkak;alrejd yg muKla YS;lrKh újD; lsÍfï whs;sh ;snQ njhs' kuq;a ñh.sh
fiajlhd ;u ks,Odßkag c,h tu YS;lrKfha ;nd isis,a lrf.k ú;a §u mqreoaola f,i lr ;sìKs'
wk;=rg fmr fiajlhd úiska ùÿrejlao /f.k YS;lrKh fj; .sh nj idlaIsj,ska fy<súK' ;SrKh
jQfha wk;=r fiajlhdf.a /lshdfjka mek ke.=Kla yd /lshd lafIa;%h ;=,§ isÿ jQjla njhs'
rdcH biald.dr ixia:dj t' fïß fkdakd

ysÈ ixia:dj lshd isáfha fiajlhd ñh .sfha fiajd ld,h ;=, jQj;a yDohdndOhlska njhs' Woa.; jQ m%Yakh
jQfha isÿ jQ wk;=r jQ yDohdndOh Tyq l< fiajfha iajNdjhg iïnkaOlula ;sfío hkakhs'
idlaIs u.ska fy<s jQfha óg fmr ñh .sh fiajlhdg yDohdndOhla je<È fkd;snq njhs' ;jo Tyq u;ameka
fyda ÿïîï fyda udkisl wd;;sh jekakla fyda Èhjeähdj fyda wêlj jevqkq isrerla jeks frda.S ;;ajhka
fyda fkd;snQ njhs' ffjoH idlaIs u.ska fy<s jQfha f,dß r: ßhÿrka §¾> ld, iSud ;=, jD;a;sfhys fh§u
ksid yDohdndO je<§ug we;s yelshdj by, nj njhs' tu ksid fiajh ksidu yÈis wk;=r we;s jQ nj
;SrKh úh' YdÍßlj fyda udkislj jk mdvqj ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sfï§ wdldrh y;rla hgf;a olajd
we;'
^1& ;djld,sl wl¾ukH;dj
^2& iaÓr w¾O wl¾ukH;dj

^3& iaÓr mQ¾K wl¾uKH;dj

^4& urKh
;djld,sl wl¾ukH;djh
wk;=r ksid ;djld,sl jYfhka" fiajlhdf.a bmhSfï Yla;sh wvqùu fyda ;djld,sl jYfhka
fkdyelshdjlg m;aùu'
Wod ( jvq ld¾ñlfhl=f.a weÕs,a,la ;=jd, ùu ksid Tyqg wod, WmlrK j,ska jev lsÍug fkdyels
ùula iy Tyq fjk;a jvq ld¾ñlfhla ta i|yd fhoùula ksid isÿjk wdodhfï wvqùu' th ;djld,sl
w¾O wl¾uKH;djhhs'
;djld,sl wl¾ukH;djh Èk 3 la fyda Bg jvd wvq jk úg§ jkaÈ uqo,la ,eîug ysñlï fkd,nhs' jvq
ld¾ñlhdf.a weÕs,a,la oreKq f,i lemS fjka ù kï Tyq ;djld,sl iaÓr wl¾ukH;djhg m;ajk w;r
bmhSfï fkdyelshdj Èk 3 lg jvd jeä jkafka kï 1990 ixfYdaê; wd{d mkf;a IV jk Wmf,aLKhg
wkqj w¾O udisl jegqm ,eîug ysñlï ,nhs'
w¾O udisl f.ùu .Kka .kakd wdldrh'
IV jk Wmf,aLKh wkqj
2001 - 2200 w;r jegqma ,nkafkl= kï
m<uq Èk 3 - f.ùula ke;'
4 Èkfha isg 19 Èkg f;la - 832 $ 50
19 Èkfha isg - 832 $ 50
fuh wjqreÿ 5 hk;=re n, mj;ajhs'
iaÓr w¾O wl¾ukH;djh

wk;=r ksid bmhSfï Yla;sh iaÓr f,iu wvqùu fuu.ska woyia flf¾'
Wod ( w;la ke;sùu" mh;a ke;sùu" weiSu wvqùu fyda tla lKl weiSu iïmQ¾Kfhka ke;sùu"
weÕs,a,la ke;s ùu'
ixfYdaê; wd{d mkf;a 1 jk Wmf,aLkfha isÿjQ ydksfha m%udKh m%;sY;hla jYfhka olajd we;'
iaÓr mQ¾K wl¾ukH;djh

wk;=r fya;=fjka iïmQ¾K f,iu wl¾ukH;djhg m;a ùuhs' tkï wd{d mkf;a 1 Wmf,aLkfha olajk
w;a folu ke;sùu" weia foflau fmkSu ke;sùu" iaÓr jYfhka T;am, ùula isÿ flfrkakd jQo widOH
jQo" wjhj wxYNd. ;;ajhg m;a flfrkakd jQo ;=jd, iy jevlsÍfï Yla;sh mQ¾K jYfhkau wls%h
lrk iaÓr jYfhkau udkisl Yla;sh ke;s flfrk iïmQ¾K fn,ySk;djhg m;a flfrk ;=jd, fï
hg;g jefÜ'
jkaÈ f.ùu ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sfï§ wd{d mkf;a IV jk Wmf,aLKh wkqj isÿl< yelsfõ'
ta wkqj re' 2000$- l jegqmla ,nkafkla"
iaÓr iïmQ¾K ÿn,;djhla i|yd re' 134"093$- o
iaÓr w¾O ÿn,;djhla i|yd
^1 Wmf,aLkh wkqj isÿjk ydksfha m%;sY;hg wod,j jkaÈ ,eîug iqÿiqlï ,nhs&
lïlrejdf.a urKh isÿ ù kï Tyqf.a hefmkakkag re' 122"918$- l jkaÈhla ,nd .; yelsh'
lïlrefjl= yg re' 250"000$- la olajd jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug 1990 wd{d mk;g l< ixfYdaOkfhka
wjldY ,nd § we;'
by, jegqma ;,hkays fiajfha kshq;= jQj;a jHjia:dms; kS;sfhka jkaÈ ysñlï ,eîug jvd idudkH
kS;sfhka jkaÈ b,a,d isàu jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka jHjia:dms; kS;sfhka ,nd Èh yels Wmßu jkaÈ uqo,
jkafka re' 250"000$- ùu ksidh'
3 B j.ka;shg wkqj fiajdfhdaclhd jkaÈ f.ùulska neyer flfrk wjia:djka lSmhlao fjhs' tajd w;r
^1& iïmQ¾K fyda w¾O wl¾ukH;djh Èk 3 la fyda Bg jvd wvqjk úg§" tkï iq¿ ;=jd, j,g jkaÈ
f.ùula isÿ fkdfõ'
^2& u;ameka fyda u;a øjH f.k we;s úfgl isÿ jQ yÈis wk;=rla jQ úg'
^3& fiajlhskaf.a wdrlaIdj i|yd m%ldYs;j mkjk ,o Í;shlg wjk; fkdjQ úgl
^4& wdrlaIdj iqrlaIs; lsÍu msKsi we;s wdrlaIs; WmlrK fldgia .e,ùu fyda ,nd§ we;s wdrlaIs;
WmlrK Ndú;d fkdlsÍu' flfia kuq;a wk;=r ksid urKh isÿ ù kï hefmkakkag wksjd¾fhka
jkaÈ ,efí'
wd{d mkf;a 10 jk j.ka;sh wkqj lïlre jkaÈ fldudißia jrhd jkaÈ f.ùï isÿ lrkq ,nhs' wd{d
mkf;a III jk Wmf,aLKfha jD;a;Suh frda.hla yd ta i|yd úh yels ls%hdj,ska olajd we;' fuys A yd B
hkqfjka fldgia 2 we;s w;r w;r B fldgfia frda.hla je<ÿk nj Tmamq lsÍug kï wju jYfhka udi
6 j;a wod, ls%hdj,sh iuÕ .eá ;sìh hq;=h' tkï tlS /lshdfõ fhÈ isáu wjYH fõ'

12' l¾udka; Yd,d wd{d mk; - 1942 wxl 45

YS% ,xldfõ l¾udka; Yd,d ;=, fiajh lrkakkag YdÍßl fyda fi!LHuh jYfhka isÿ úh yels wk;=re
je<elaùug fiajH fiajl fomlaIh ms<smeÈh hq;= Wmfoia ls%hd;aul lsßu fuuÕska isÿfõ'
fiajl j.lSï w;r fiajl wdrlaIdj fi!LH yd iqn idOkhg ilia lr we;s øjHhkag ´kelñkau
idOdrK fya;= rys;j ndOd fkdl< hq;= w;r tajd wksis f,i m%fhdackhg .ekSuo fkdl< hq;=hs'
fiajH j.lSï w;r

• hka;% ls%hd;aul lrùfï§ mqyqKq fiajlhska fukau ls%hdlrùu ms<sn|j ksis Wmfoia o ,ndÈh
hq;=hs'
• ia;S%ka yd nd,jhialrejka hka;% ls%hd;aul fjñka ;sìh§ tajd msßisÿ lsÍu i|yd fkdfhoúh
hq;=h'
nd,jhialrejka ta whg wdmodjla úh yels ;;ajfha nr tiùï i|yd fkdfhoúh hq;=h'
• f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu iïnkaOfhka
• lEu ldurhla imhd §u iïnkaOfhka
• jeisls,s myiqlï yd fia§fï myiqlï imhd §u iïnkaOfhka
• we÷ï ;nd .ekSug ia:dkhla iemhSu
• .skakla jekakl§ msgùu i|yd úfYaI fodrgq iemhSu
• yÈis wjia:djl§ m%:udOdr §ug ksmqk;ajhla we;s wfhl= m;a lsÍu
• ;dmh yd WIaK;ajh fukau msßisÿ jd;ho mú;%;djh o ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'
• fndhsf,are lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,Odßfhla ,jd udi 12 lg jrlaj;a mßlaId lr
iy;slhla ,nd .ekSu'
• fodUlr yd wfkl=;a tiùfï hka;% o udi 14 lg jrla ksmqK;ajhla we;s wfhl= ,jd mÍlaId
lrjd .; hq;=h'
fiajdfhdaclhka úiska fiajlhskag l¾udka; Yd,dj ;=,§ isÿjk wk;=re ms<sn|j Èia;s%la l¾udka; Yd,d
mÍlaIl fyda bxðfkare ;ek fj; ±kaùu l< hq;=h' urKhla iïnkaOfhka olajd isáh hq;= w;r fjk;a
wk;=re Èk 7 we;=,; okajd isáh hq;= fõ'



13' jD;a;Sh iñ;s kS;sh

jD;a;Sh iñ;s kS;sfha b;sydih
;udf.a ukdmh mßÈ jD;a;sh iñ;shla msysgqùu iy tjeks iñ;shlg ne£ug we;s whs;sh ixúOdkh
ùfï whs;shhehs lshkq ,efí' th j¾;udk wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka iy;sl lr wdrlaId lr we;s uQ,sl
whs;sjdisluls' th 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjkao ms<sf.k ;snqKs'
wdßhmd, .=Kr;ak t' uyck nexl=j

kshñ; j¾. iuyrlg yer ish leue;af;ka ix.ï msysgqjd,Su i|yd ish¿ fiajlhka i;= whs;sh rfÜ
kS;sfha fldgila hehs 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj w¾: ksrEmkh lrñka fuu kvqfõ§ fY%aIaGdêlrKh
;SrKh lf<aah' fiajd .súiqfï fuhg úreoaO fldkafoais mkjñka fuu jHjia:dms; whs;sh bj;a lsÍug
lsisu fiajdfhdaclfhl=g fkdyelsh'
wdKavql%u jHjia:d iy jHjia:dms; úê úOdk hgf;a tjeks ms<s.ekSula iy wdrlaIdjla wo jD;a;Sh

iñ;sj,g ;snqKo j¾;udk jeo.;a ;;ajh ,nd.; yels jQfha b;du;a ÿIalr wjê miq lrñks' jD;a;sh
iñ;s j, wdrïNh tlai;a rdcOdksfha 18 jk ishjfia mä ,nk lïlre mx;shla ìysùula iuÕh' tl,
fiajlhkag uqyqK mEug isÿjQ whym;a ;;a;ajh md¾,sfïka;=fõ iïu; lr.;a lïlre kS;s u.ska hym;a
njg m;alsÍug fuu ixúOdkh W;aidy ork ,§'
m%xY úma,jh iufha§ jD;a;Sh iñ;s iSudj blaujd lrk ,o ls%hdjka ksid md,lhkaf.a is;a ;=, fuu
iñ;s flfrys wúYajdihla we;s jqks' jD;a;sh iñ;s idmrdê iñ;s njg m;a lrñka taldnoaO mk;a kñka
kS;s ud,djla 1799 iy 1800 § iïu; lr .kakd ,§' jD;a;sh iñ;shlg nef|k fyda jev j¾ckhlg
iyNd.S jk ´kEu fiajlfhl= ,>q kvq úNd.hlska miq isr.; lrkq ,eîfï ;;a;ajhg m;a úh' jD;a;sh
iñ;s kS;s úfrdaê wdh;k njg m;a jQ fyhska fmdÿ kS;sh hgf;a l=uka;%Khla lsÍfï jrogo Ndckh
úh' kuq;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s ryia ixúOdk f,i ls%hd lrñka fkdfhla wjia:dj, jev j¾ckh lsÍfuka
ler,s flda,dy, lsÍfuka ;u wm%idoh m, lrñka ish ixúOdkh f.dv k.d .;af;ah'
l%u l%ufhka jD;a;sh iñ;s flfrys mkjd ;snqk iSud lsÍu ,sys,a lsÍug mgka .eKqks' taldnoaO kS;s
wj,x.= lr 1871 isg 1875 ld, j,§ wmrdO kvq mejÍfï ;¾ckhg bj;a lrñka jHjia:d iïu;
lrk ,§'
1871 jD;a;sh iñ;s mk; hgf;a N=la;s úÈ jrm%ido ,;a ;;ajh fuu.ska wysñ ùu ksid ta ms<sn|j
È.gu Woaf>daIK isÿjqKs' kj rchla n,hg m;a ùfuka miq by; ;Skaÿj wfydais lr ±óu msKsi
jHjia:d bÈßm;a lsÍug lghq;= lrk ,§' ta wkqj jD;a;Sh iñ;shla úiska fyda jD;a;Sh iñ;shla
fjkqfjka l<d hehs lshk ´kEu f;darl ls%hdjla wrUhd jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg iy tys wruqo,a j,g
úreoaOj lsis Èkl kvqjla mejÍug bv Èh hq;= ke; hkqfjka 1906 jD;a;Sh wdrjq,a mk;ska meyeÈ,s
f,i m%ldY jQfhah' fï ksoyi jD;a;sh ix.ï úiska ;ju;a N=la;s ú¢kq ,efí'
foaYmd,k wruqKq i|yd wruqo,a úhoï lsÍug jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHmdrh ÈhqKqùula iuÕu tajd fhduqjqKs'
Tiafndaka t' weue,a.fïfâ fidihsÜ Tma f¾,afõ i¾j¾kÜia

fï whs;sh fuu kvqfõ§ wNsfhda.hg m;a lrk ,§' fuf,i uqo,a úhoï lsÍug wjir foñka jQ iñ;sfha
Í;shg úreoaOj fuu kvqj mejreKs' jD;a;Sh iñ;shl mrud¾: jD;a;Sh iñ;s mk;a j, úia;r lr
we;s mrud¾: j,g iSud jk neúka tu Í;sh wj,x.= nj ;SrKh úh'
flfia fj;;a 1913 jD;a;Sh ix.ï mk; u.ska fuu ;;ajh fjkia jqKs' jD;a;sh iñ;shla foaYmd,k
lghq;= j,g uqo,a iemhSu l< hq;af;a ish idudðlhkaf.ka jeä ixLHdjlf.a Pkaofhka iïu; lr.;a
fhdackdjla wkqj msysgqúh yels fjku wruqo,lska njo mk; kshu lf,ah' fï wruqo, i|yd uqo,a
/ial, yelafla fjkuu tl;= lrkq ,nk uqo,a wh lsÍulsKs' thg uqo,a §u ´kEu idudðlfhl=g
m%;slafIam l< yels w;r thska jD;a;sh iñ;sh ;=, ;ud i;= whs;sjdilsï j,g lsisÿ ydkshla isÿ fkdúh
hq;=h'
YS% ,xld kS;s moaO;sh hgf;a ixúOdkh ùug we;s whs;sh
ixúOdkh ùug we;s whs;shg wod, úêúOdk YS% ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka yd 1935 wxl 14 orK
jD;a;sh iñ;s wd{d mk; yd tys ixfYdaOkhkayso we;'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ úêúOdk

14 ^1& jHjia:djg wkqj iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu iud.fï ksoyig iy jD;a;sh iñ;s msysgqùfï iy jD;a;sh
iñ;sj,g ne£fï ksoyig ysñlï we;' 4 ^we& jHjia:dj wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka m%ldY fldg
ms<s.kq ,nk uQ,sl whs;jdislï ish¨ md,l wdh;kh úiska .re lrkq ,eìh hq;af;ah' wdrlaId lrkq


,eìh hq;af;ah' j¾Okh lrkq ,eìh hq;af;ah' ;jo ta uq,sl whs;sjdislï fuys ñka u;= úêúOdk i,iajd
we;s wdldrhg iy m%udKhg ñi ixCIsma; lsßu" iSud lsÍu fyda wysñ lsÍu fkdl< hq;af;ah'
fï whs;sjdislï úksYaphg Ndckh l< yels neúka tajd ;j ÿrg;a Yla;su;a fõ' thska woyia flfrkafka
úOdhl fyda mdßmd,k ls%hdjla ksid uQ,sl whs;sjdislula W,a,x>Kh lsßula fyda W,a,x>Kh lsÍug
wdikak iajNdjhla we;akï ta iïnkaOfhka fY%aIaGdêlrKh fj; lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug ´kEu
mqoa.,fhl=g yels njhs' 17 jk jHjia:dj
15 ^7& jHjia:dj u.ska 14 jHjia:dfjka ms<s.;a whs;sjdislï j,g iSudjla olajhs' tkï cd;sl wdrlaIdj"
uyck iduh" fi!LH fyda iodpdrh /lSu" wkHhkaf.a whs;sjdislï iy ksoyi ms<s.ekSu iy f.!rjh
;yjqre lsÍu" m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchl fmdÿ Y=N idOkhg wh;a hqla;s iy.; wjYH;d imqrd,Su hk
lreKq i|yd kS;sfhka kshu lrekq ,nk iSud j,g hg;a fõ'
jD;a;sh iñ;s wd{d mk;

1935 § mkjk ,o jD;a;sh iñ;s wd{d mk; 1946 wxl 3 orK wd{d mk;skao" 1948 wxl 15 orK
iñ;s ixfYdaOk mk;skao 1970 wxl 24 orK mk;skao ixfYdaOkh lrkq ,eìh' th jD;a;sh iñ;s
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd iy md,kh lsÍu i|yd mkjk ,o wd{d mk;la nj tys mQ¾úldfõ ±lafõ'
fï wd{d mk; mek ùug fmr o YS% ,xldfõ jD;a;sh iñ;s mej;=ks' YS% ,xldfõ m%:u jD;a;Sh iñ;sh
fld<U uqøKlrejka úiska 1893 iema;eïn¾ jd¾;dfõ'
wd{d mkf;a mrud¾: imqrd,Su i|yd tys ksYaÑ; f,i m%ldY lr we;s wruqKq tlla fyda jeä .Kkla
iïnkaOfhka iñ;shla msysgqùug lïlrejka fyda fiajlhka tlÕjk m<uq Èkfha §u jD;a;Sh iñ;sh
msysgjkq ,efí hehs wd{d mk; m%ldY lrhs'
wd{d mkf;a mrud¾:h

wd{d mkf;a mQ¾úldfjys i|yka wdldrhg fï wd{d mkf;a mßud¾:h jD;a;sh iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu
iy md,kh lsÍuhs' ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfuka woyia lrk ,oafoa jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, lghq;=" úfYaIfhka jHjia:d
iy .sKqï iïnkaOfhka tla;rd m%udKhl wêlaIKhla iy;sl lsÍuhs' ta iu.u ,shdmÈxÑ fkdl<
jD;a;Sh iñ;s i;=j ke;s iuyr jrm%ido Tjqkag ,ndfok ,§' fï mk; rdcH uka;%K iNdjg bÈßm;a
lrkq ,enQ wjia:dfõ§ zzjD;a;Sh iñ;s uev meje;aùug rch úiska lrkq ,enQ l+g Wml%uhlaZZ f,i
y÷kajñka lïlre kdhlfhda ±ä f,i úreoaO jQy' jD;a;Sh iñ;shla f,i uq,skau ,shdmÈxÑ lrk ,oafoa
,xldfõ ydïmq;=kaf.a iïfï,kh nj fuys,d i|yka l< hq;=h'
jD;a;shl iñ;shl ks¾jpkh

my; ±lafjk lreKq tlla fyda jeä .Kkla tys wruqKq jYfhka we;s ;djld,slj fyda iaÓr ´kEu
lïlre fyda fiajdfhdaclhskaf.a iñ;shla fyda tluq;=jla jD;a;sh iñ;shla nj wd{d mkf;a 2 jk
j.ka;sh ks¾jpkh lrhs'
^w& fiajlhka yd fiajdfhdaclhka w;r fyda fiajlhka yd fiajlhka fyda fiajdfhdaclhka yd fiajd
fhdaclhka w;r fyda iïnkaO;d úêu;a lsÍu'
^wd& hïlsis jD;a;shl fyda jHdmdrhl ls%hd l,dmh flfrys iSudldÍ fldkafoais mekùu'
^we& jD;a;Sh wdrjq,a j,§ fiajlhka fyda fiajdfhdaclhka ksfhdackh lsÍu'
^wE& ´kEu jD;a;shl fyda l¾udka;hl jev j¾ck fyda msg;,Eï we;s lsÍu fyda ixúOdkh lsÍu
fyda jev j¾ckhla fyda msg;,Eula mj;ajk wjia:dfõ § tys idudðlhkag jegqma fyda wksl=;a
m%;s,dN iemhSu'
fï i|yd Strike fyda Lock out Fund tlla mj;ajd f.k hhs'
fuhg jD;a;sh iñ;s folla fyda jeä .Kkla tlg ne£ ix.uhlao wh;a fõ' ish jHjia:d ud¾.fhka
wruqKq ´kEu .Kkla tlg ne¢ ix.uhlao ;sìh yel' tfy;a ffk;sl jYfhka th jD;a;sh iñ;shla
ùug kï jHjia:dms; wruqKq j,ska tlla fyda jeä .Kkla tys m%Odk wruqKq úh hq;=h'
jD;a;Sh iñ;shla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu'

jD;a;sh iñ;shla msysgqjkq ,o Èk isg ;=ka uila we;=,; th ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= nj wd{d mkf;a 8 jk
j.ka;sfha ±lafõ' ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd ndr.kq ,nk wdldrh iy fldkafoais 9 jk j.ka;sfha ±lafõ'
tjeks b,a¨ï m;%hla my; ±lafjk úia;r iys;j kshñ; wdlD;s m;%hl bÈßm;a l< hq;= w;r wvq
.Kfka idudðlhka 7 fofkl=j;a w;aika fldg re' 1 la uqoaorhla w,jd ;sìh hq;=h' th jD;a;sh iñ;s
,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï f,aLldêldÍ fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'


tys
^1& b,a¨ïm; bÈßm;a lrk idudðlhkaf.a ku" ,smskh" /lshdj" we;=<;a úh hq;=h'
^2& ix.ufha ku we;=,;a úh hq;=h' ;ukaf.a ld¾hd,h mj;ajdf.k hk ia:dkfha ,smskh we;=,;a
úh hq;=h'
^3& jD;a;sh iñ;sfha ks,OdÍkaf.a ku" jhi" ks, kduh" jD;a;Sh yd ,smsk bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'
^4& iñ;sfha jHjia:dfõ msgm;lao b,a¨ïm; iuÕ bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'
fuys§ mÍlaId lr n,kafka wd{d mkf;a wruqKq 4 ka tlla j;a wruqKq fia ;sfí±hs hkak;a wruqKq
j,ska tlla fyda kS;s úfrdaë o hkak;ah'
frðiag%d¾jrhdg jD;a;Sh iñ;shla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu m%;slafIam l< yels wjia:djka 14 j.ka;sfhka
±lafjk w;r" 15 jk j.ka;sfhka wj,x.= l< yels wjia:djka ±lafõ'
^1& idudðlhkaf.a b,a,Sula u;

^2& ,shdmÈxÑh jxpd iy.; f,i fyda jer§ulska ,ndf.k we;s úg
^3& jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha hï mrud¾:hla kS;s úfrdaë jk úg
^4& jHjia:d úfrdaë jk úg
^5& jD;a;Sh iñ;sh ys;du;du mkf;a úêúOdk W,a,x>Kh lr we;s úg tu jD;a;Sh iñ;shg ta
nj ±kqï §fuka miqj
^6& jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha uqo,a kS;s úfrdaë wruqKq j,g wdfhdackh lr we;s úg
^7& jD;a;Sh iñ;s ;jÿrg;a ls%hdldÍ fkdjk úg
frðiag%d¾jrhdf.a ;SrKhg tfrysj Èia;s%la Widúhg wNshdpkhla l< yels nj 18 jk j.ka;sfhka

olajhs' Èia;s%la Widúfhka fY%aIaGdêlrKhg wNshdpkd l< yel'
iñ;sfha ks,Odß uKav,fha wvlaj;a jD;a;sh iñ;sh yd iïnkaO jQ l¾udka;fhys fyda jD;a;sfhys ksfh,S
fyda iïnkaOj isák mqoa.,hka úh hq;=hehs 32 jk j.ka;sh m%ldY lrhs' foaYmd,k{hka jeks ndysr
whg ks,Odß uKav,hg tlaúh yelsj we;af;a fï j.ka;sh hgf;ah'
;jo iñ;shla ,shdmÈxÑ lrk ;=re ,shdmÈxÑ l< jD;a;sh iñ;shla i;= whs;sjdislï fyda uqla;s fyda
jrm%ido tu iñ;sh úiska N=la;s fkdú¢kq we;ehs 25 jk j.ka;sh m%ldY lrhs'
,shdmÈxÑ lrk ,o jD;a;Sh iñ;shla i;= whs;sjdislï uqla;s yd jrm%ido

wd{d mkf;a 26 jk j.ka;sh u.ska my; ±lafjk fya;= u; jD;a;Sh ix.ufha wdrjq,l meje;aula
fyda wdrjq, i|yd fyda lrk ,o ls%hd ms<sn|j kvq mjrkq ,eîfï fpdaokdfjka jD;a;Sh iñ;h fyda tys
ks,Odßka ksoyia lrkq ,efí'
^1& fiajd .súiqula lv lsÍug ;j;a mqoa.,hl= fm<Uùu'
^2& wksl=;a hï mqoa.,fhl=f.a jD;a;shg" jHdmdrhg fyda fiajhg ndOd lsßu' flfia kuq;a m%pKav
f,i yeisÍu o~qjï ,eìh hq;= jrols'
^3& ;u m%d.aOkh fyda Y%uh §u i|yd wksl=;a mqoa.,hkag i;= whs;sjdislïj,g ndOd lsÍu'
jD;a;Sh wdrjq,la fyda meje;au wrNhd lrkq ,nk f;darl ls%hd j,ska jD;a;sh iñ;shl idudðlhkag
iy tys ks<Odßkag 27 jk j.ka;sh uqla;shla ,nd fohs' by; j.ka;s fol hgf;a wdrlaId ,nd .ekSug
kï tu ls%hdj l< hq;af;a jD;a;sh wdrjq, meje;aùug fyda wdrjq,la i|ydh'
jD;a;Sh iñ;s j, wruqK jD;a;Ska uev meje;aùugh hk moku u; hïlsis jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg úreoaOj
kvqjla mejßh fkdyels nj 29 jk j.ka;sh m%ldY lrhs' ta wkqj jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg úreoaOj idmrdê
j.lSula mjrñka kvq mejßh fkdyel'
30 ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj ´kEu ,shdmÈxÑ l< jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg tys ,shdmÈxÑ kñka kvq mejßh yels
w;r Bg úreoaOj o kvq mejßh yel'
,shdmÈxÑ l< jD;a;sh iñ;shlg tys Ndrlrejkaf.a kñka ksYap, fyda pxp, foam, ±ßh yelsh'
jD;a;Sh iñ;shl foam,j,g úreoaOj ;ykï ksfhda. mekúh yels jQjo iqn idOk wruqo,a kñka we;s
odhl uqo,a ;ykï l< fkdyel' foaYmd,k wruqKq i|yd mdúÉÑ l< yels foaYmd,k wruqo,la we;=¿j
wruqo,a ±Íug ,shdmÈxÑ l< jD;a;sh iñ;shlg yelsh' jD;a;sh iñ;shlg ±ßh yels wruqo,a yd uqo,a
iïnkaOfhka" 45 - j.ka;sh u.ska jD;a;sh iñ;sh msysg jQ ldrKh i|yd muKla uqo,a tl;= l< yels
nj ±lafõ'
46 - j.ka;shg u.ska idudðl wruqo,ska wêlrK ov f.úh fkdyels nj ±lafõ'

49 - j.ka;sh u.ska Ndkavd.dßljrhdf.a j.lSu olajd we;'
50 j.ka;sh u.ska jd¾Isl jd¾;djla bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj olajd we;'
foaYmd,k wruqo,a iïnkaOfhka 47 jk j.ka;sh jeo.;a jk w;r idudðl uqo,g wu;rj fuu wruqo,a
/ial< yelsh' kuq;a idudðlhkag yg fuu foaYmd,k wruqo,g odhl ùug n,mEï l< fkdyel' fj<|

iud.ï mk;" iñ;s wd{d mk;" jHdmdr kdu mk;" iuqmldr iñ;s mk; ,shdmÈxÑ l, jD;a;sh
iñ;shlg wod, fkdfõ'
rcfha fiajlhkaf.a jD;a;sh iñ;sj,g wod, úêúOdk ^1948 ixfYdaOkh&

1935 § jD;a;sh iñ;s wd{d mk; mek jQ úg tu.ska rcfha fiajlhkag jD;a;sh iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug
bv i,id fkd;snqKs' tfy;a Woaf>daIKj, iy 1947 uyd jev j¾ckfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka fï wd{d
mk; 1948 wxl 15 orK mk;ska ixfYdaOkh lrkq ,eîh' fï ixfYdaOkh u.ska wkH ix.ï iuÕ
taldnoaO ùï foaYmd,k wruqKq" foaYmd,k wruqo,a iy ndysr ks,Odßka iïnkaO iuyr iSudldÍ
fldkafoais j,g hg;aj ixúOdkh ùfï whs;sjdislu rcfha fiajlhkag fok ,§' fuf,i iSudjka mekùu
cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkfha ^whs' t,a' ´& iïuq;shla W,a,x>kh lsÍuls' fï iSudldÍ fldkafoais 1970
ixfYdaOkfhka ,sys,a flreKs' wd{d mk; wkqj j¾;udkfha my; i|yka rcfha fiajlhkag" ixúOdkh
ùfï whs;sh ke;' tkï"
^1& wêlrK ks,Odßka ^2& ;s%úO yuqodj, idudðlhka

^3& fmd,sia ks,Odßka ^4& nkaOkd.dr fiajlhka
^5& lDIsld¾u yuqod wd{d mk; hgf;a msysgqjk ,o yuqodjl idudðhka
^6& jrdh wdrlaIl fiajfha kshq;= jQj;a
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 15 ^8& jHjia:dj wod, fõ'

fuu rcfha fiajlhkaf.a jD;a;sh iñ;s j,go mkf;a we;s wruqKq 4 la tllaj;a ;sìh hq;=h Bg wu;rj
my; lreKqo jeo.;a fõ'
^1& idudkHfhka fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ´kEu jD;a;shl iñ;shlg ´kEu wfhl=g ne¢h yel' kuq;a
rcfha fiajlhkag
- fomd¾;fïka;=jl jD;a;sh iñ;shla f,i (Department Wise)
- rcfha lsishï fiajdjlg iSud jQ jD;a;sh iñ;shla f,i ^rcfha ,smslre jD;a;sh iñ;s& (Clas Wise)
- lsishï j¾.hl fiajlhkag iSud jQ jD;a;Sh iñ;shla f,i muKla jD;a;sh iñ;shla msysgqjd
.; yel' Wod (- úOdhl yd úOdhl fkdjk (Grade Wise)
^2& msgia;r mqoa.,hka fofokl= ;u ks,Odß uKav,hg we;=,;a lr.; yel' Tjqkaf.ka tla wfhl=
iNdm;s fyda f,alï úh hq;=h'
^3& úOdhl fY%aKsj, whg yd .%du fiajl ks<Odßkag jD;a;sh iñ;s msysgqjd .; yels jQjo ;j;a
jD;a;sh iñ;s yd iïnkaO ùug fyda iïfï,khla ùug fkdyel'
^4& úOdhl ks,OdÍkaf.a iñ;s j, foaYmd,k wruqKq fyda foaYmd,kh wruqo,a ;nd.; fkdyel'
idudkH fiajlhkag tjeks wruqKq" wruqo,a mj;ajd f.k hd yel'
jD;a;sh iñ;sj, ls%hdldÍ;ajh

ixúOdkh ùugwe;s whs;shg jD;a;Sh iñ;sj,g kshu ls%hdldÍ;ajhg ys;lr iuyr ,laIK o we;=,;a
fõ' fïjdhska iuyrla kï my; tajdh'
jD;a;Sh iñ;s ms<s.ekSu yd md,kh

,shdmÈxÑ lrk ,o jD;a;sh iñ;shla ms<sf.k ta iuÕ .KqfoKq lsÍu fiajdfhdaclhdg n, lrk úê
úOdk YS% ,xldfõ ke;' idudðl ixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh wkqj ksfhdack bÈßm;a lsÍug n,h,;a iñ;s
iaÓrj ±k .ekSug lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j cku; úuiqï mj;ajhs' tfy;a tf,i l< yelafla ta i|yd
ix.ï yd fiajdfhdacl tlÕ jqjfyd;a muKs'
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk;g 1999 wxxl 56 orK mk; u.ska tla l< VA fldgi jeo.;a fõ' fuys 32 A
j.ka;sh u.ska widOdrK lïlre ms<sfj;a y÷kajd § we;' tajdhska lSmhla my; ±lafõ'
• jD;a;sh iñ;shlg ne£ug fyda jD;a;sh iñ;shlska bj;a ùug n, fkdl< hq;=h'
• jD;a;sh iñ;shl idudðl;ajh ,eîu u;u fiajfhka bj;a l< fkdyel'
• jD;a;Sh iñ;shlska bj;a jkq msKsi jeä jrm%ido ,nd Èh fkdyel'
• jD;a;Sh iñ;shla msysgqùfuka je<elaùu fkdl< hq;=h'
• jD;a;Sh iñ;shlg iyfhda.h ±laùu" ls%hdldßj iyNd.Sùu je<elaùu fkdl< hq;=h'
• wod, wdh;kfha uq¿ fiajl ixLHdfjka 40] la j;a hï jD;a;Sh iñ;shl idudðl;ajh ,nd isà
kï tu jD;a;Sh iñ;sh fiajdfhdaclhd ms<s.; hq;=h'
by; ms<sfj;a lv l<fyd;a fiajdfhdaclhd re' 20"000$- l ovhlg hg;a úh hq;=h'


iduqysl .súiqï
jD;a;sh iñ;shl m%Odk wruqKq j,ska tlla jkafka ish idudðlhskag jvd fyd| fiajd kshuhka yd
fldkafoais ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lsÍuhs' fï wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug i|yd ta ta fiajdfhdaclhka úiska
iñ;s ms<s.; hq;= w;r ta fiajdfhdaclhka iuÕ idlÉPd lr ksoyia tlÕ;djhlg taug yelsúh hq;=h'
jev j¾ckh lsÍfï whs;sh

jD;a;sh iñ;shla úiska ish whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lr tajd ÈhqKq lr .; yels tl l%uhla jkafka jev
j¾ck lghq;=h' tneúka th ixúOdkh ùfï whs;sfha jeo.;a wxYhls' jev j¾ckh lsÍfï whs;sh YS%
,xldfõ jHjia:dms; kS;sfhka meyeÈ,s f,i ,nd § ke;' flfia jQjo jD;a;sh wdrjq,a j, hym; i|yd
lrk ,o isú,a yd f;darl ls%hd iïnkaOfhka jD;a;sh iñ;sj,g iy tys idudðlhkag jD;a;sh iñ;s
wd{d mkf;a 26 iy 27 j.ka;s j,ska wdrlaIdj iemhSfuka fï whs;sjdislï ,nd § we;ehs is;Sug
mq¿jk'
Yasapala Vs Ranil Wickramasinghe § jev j¾ckh lsÍu uQ,sl whs;shla fkdjk kuq;a hï whs;shla njg
;SrKh úh'
jev j¾ckh
jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mkf;a 2 jk j.ka;sfhys jev j¾ckhg § we;s w¾: ±laùu fufiah' fuh ld¾ñl
wdrjq,a mk;go tf,iu wod, fõ' zzhï jHdmdrhl fyda l¾udka;hl fiajfhys fh§ isák mqoa., iuQyhla
úiska iduqyslj ls%hd lrñka jev w;aysgqùu fyda tfia fiajfhys fhÈ isák hï mqoa., ixLHdjla úiska
fmdÿ tlÕ;ajhla we;sj" ie,iqï iy.; jev ms<sfj,la wkqj jev lrf.k hdu fyda fiajd kshqla;sh
ndr .ekSu m%;slafIam lsÍuZz'
fï m%Odk wxY 3 ls'
^1& jev k;r lsÍu;a ;sìh hq;=h'

^2& jev k;r lrkq msKsi tfia l< hq;af;a iduqysljh'
^3& jev k;r lsÍu hï b,a,Sula Èkd .ekSfï wdhqOhla jYfhka wruqKq lr.; hq;=h'
,xld j;= lïlre ix.uh t' fj,a,dhs Th j;= wêldß

kvqfõ§ fiajfhys fh§ isá mqoa., lKavdhula hï tla wruqKla" tkï jev w;aysgqùu fj; Tjqkaf.a
is;=ú,s fhduq lrñka tluq;=j lghq;= lrk nj fmkaúh hq;= hehso tls jev w;aysgqùu fufia tluq;=j
lghq;= lrk msßfia iDcq fmdÿ wruqK úh hq;= hehso ;SrKh lrk ,§' fiajlhd jevg fkdmeñKSu Tyq
iy fjk;a mqoa.,hka w;r we;s lr .kakd ,o hï tlÕ;ajhl m%;sM,hla jQ nj fyda ;jÿrg;a jev
fkdlsÍug Tyq yd fjk;a mqoa.,hla yd w;r fmdÿ iïuq;shla ;snqk nj fyda fmkaùug idCIs ;sìh
hq;=h' tfyhska jev k;r lsÍu hïlsis ld¾ñl b,a,Sula Èkd .ekSfï woyiska l< taldnoaO ls%hdud¾.hla
jqjfyd;a ñi jev k;r lsÍu muKla jev j¾ckhla fkdjkafkah' fuys,d zzjevZZ hkq fiajlhka úiska
idudkHfhka l< hq;= ld¾hhla fõ' ;uka lsÍug ne¢ fkdisák w;sld, jev lsÍu fiajlhka úiska
m%;slafIam lsÍu jev j¾ckhla fkdfõ'
jev j¾ckh lsÍfï whs;sh úfYaIfhka ,ndfok úê úOdkhla wm wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjys fyda
jHjia:dms; kS;sfhys fyda ke;' wfma wd{d mk;o tx.,ka; jD;a;sh ix.ï kS;sh mokï lr.; fyhska
jev j¾ckh lsÍfï whs;sh úfYaI jYfhka ms<s.ekSula fkdue;sj úfYaI uqla;s wfma kS;shgo we;=,;a
lr we;' ta wkqj 2 jk j.ka;sfhys zjD;a;sh iñ;shZ hkak w¾: olajoaÈ jev j¾ck ixúOdkh lsÍu
fyda Bg uqo,ska wkqn, §u fyda jd;a;sh iñ;shl tla wruqKla jYfhka olajd we;' jD;a;sh wdrjq,la
È.ska È.g mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ mjrkq ,nk isú,a kvq j,§ yd jkaÈ kvq j,§ jD;a;Sh ix.ï tajdfha
ks,Odßka yd idudðlhka wdrCId lsÍu wd{d mkf;a 26 yd 27 j.ka;s u.ska bgq fõ'
jev j¾ckh lsÍfï whs;sh hqla;s iy.; lrkq ,nkafka th fiajl fiajH mlaI fol w;f¾ mj;akd
fyÜgq lsÍfï n,fha wiu;=,s;;djh bj;a lsÍfï m%n,;u wdhqOh jYfhka i,lñks' fiajHhd i;=
wêlrK fyÜgq lsÍfï n,h ii|k úg fiajlhdf.a ;;ajh ÿ¾j, fõ' fuu wiu;=,s;djh bj;a fldg
iyk ie,iSfï tla l%uhla kï rcfha ueÈy;a ùuhs' wfkl jD;a;sh iñ;s ls%hd ud¾.hhs' jD;a;sh iñ;s
úiska fiajH mlaIh iuÕ fyÜgq lsÍfïÈ jev j¾ckh keue;s wdhqOh fiajlhka Yla;sula fldg tla
tla md¾Yjh i;= wd¾Ól fyÜgq lsÍfï n,h Wr.d ne,Sug u. mdohs'
jev j¾ck iSud lsÍu yd jev j¾ckhla kS;s úfrdaê jk wjia:d

wka fndfyda whs;ska fukau jev j¾kh whs;sho mQ¾K whs;shla fkdjk nj ie,lsh hq;=h' ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
mkf;a 32 ^2& j.ka;sh wkqj zjev j¾ckhlaZ wdrïN lsÍug hgla msßfihska Èk 21g j;a fmr kshñ;
wdlD;sfha tu jev j¾ckh lsÍfï fÉ;kdj ,sÅ;j ±kqï §ula fkdue;sj w;HjYH l¾udka;hl hï
jD;a;sh wdrjq,la ms<sn| jev j¾ckhla weröu" fkdlvjd mj;ajdf.k hEu" Bg iyNd.S ùu fyda th
jeä ÈhqKq lrjk hï ls%hdjla lsÍu fyda lsisu lïlrejl= úiska fkdl< hq;=h' zzfuh W,a,x>kh lsÍu
40 ^1& wE j.ka;sh hgf;a jrola jk w;r kS;s úfrdaê jev j¾ckhlg iyNd.s jk lïlrejl=
fiajfhka myl< yels jkafkah'

fuu.ska w;HdjYH fiajdj,o jev j¾ckh l< yels nj ms<sf.k we;' tu ksid wksla fiajd j,go
±kqï §ula fkdue;sj jev j¾ckh l< yels nj fuhska yeÕ fõ'
wdrjq, úi£u i|yd ld¾ñl wêlrKhg" fíreïlrejl= fj; fyda lïlre úksYaph iNdjla fj; fyda
th fhduqlr ;sfnk úg m%odkhla §ug fmr lïlrejka jev j¾ckhla fkdkj;ajd f.k .shfyd;a th
40 ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a fiajfhka my lsÍfuka o~qjï l< yels jrols'
;jo iduqysl .súiqu;a fyda mk; hgf;a t<UqKq iuÕs lsÍula fíreï lrefjl=f.a" ld¾ñl wêlrKhl
fyda lïlre úksYaph iNdjl ;SrKhlska fyda m%odkhlska ne¢ isák hï ;eke;a;l= lïlrefjl=
jYfhka tu .súiqfuys ;SrKfhys fyda m%odkfhys kshuhka yd fldkafoais w;=ßka tlla fyda lsysmhla
fjkia lrjd .ekSu msKsi jev j¾ckhlg iyNd.s jkafka kï Tyq mk; hgf;a jrolrejl= jkafkah'
tfiau iduqysl .súiqulska fyda fíreï lsÍulska fyda ne|s isák hï ;eke;a;l= jevj¾ckh lrk f,i
hï ;eke;a;l= fmd<Ujhs kï fyda Wis.kajhso ta ;eke;a;d jrola lrkafkah'
;jo uyck wdrCIl wd{d mk; hgf;a fyda 1979 wxl 61 orK w;HjYH uyck fiajd mk; hgf;a
fyda ckdêm;sjrhd úiska w;HdjYH l¾udka;hla f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o l¾udka;hl jev
j¾ckhla weröug fyda th fkdlvjd mj;ajdf.k hduo jrols'
rcfha tlai;a fyÈ fiajd ix.uh t' chúl%u iy fjk;a wh

fuys n,;, fld;rï mq¿,a o hkak 1980 cq,s 16 Èk wxl 97$8 orK rcfha w;s úfYaI .eiÜ m;%h
u.ska my; ±lafjk fiajdjka w;HdjYH fiajdjka lsÍfuka fmkS hhs' tkï zzrcfha hï
fomd¾;fïka;=jlska fyda tys YdLdjlska fyda hefmk fiajd ljr j¾.fha jqjo NdKav wdkhkh lsÍu"
wmkhkh lsÍu" úlsKSu" iemhSu fyda fnod yeßu hk fuys,d fh§ isák hï jdKsc fyda fj<|
jHdmdrhla u.ska iemfhk fiajd zzfï ksfhda. hgf;a rch úiska lsisu úfYaIfhka fkdue;sj úYd, fiajd
mrdihla we;=,;a lr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,sh' ueKsla jHdmdrfha isg frÈms<s iy f,day NdKav ksIamdokh
jeks ld¾h iuQyhl fhÈ isák rcfha fiajd yd ks;s.; ixia:d fï ksfhda. hg;g .efka' jdKsc yd
fj<| jHdmdrj,g wod, ksfhda.h .ek úuid n,k úgo th fldmuK mq¿,a ±hs lsjfyd;a uyck
Wmfhda.s;djla f,i cd;sl wdrlaIdjg w;HjYH f,i fyda lsisfia;a ie,lsh fkdyels iqj| ú,jqka yd
u;ameka wdÈ NdKavo we;=,;a jkfia ta ksfhda.h w¾: l:kh l< yels nj fmfka'
jev j¾ckhla fiajd kshqla;s .súiqug n,mdk wdldrh

bx.S%is fmdÿ kS;shg wkqj jev j¾ckhla ms<sn| ±kaùula fiajlhd tal md¾Yaúlj l< úg bka woyia
jkafka Tyq yd fiajdfhdaclhd w;r mj;akd fiajd .súiqu kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùfuka wjidk ùuhs' fï wkqj
jev j¾ckh lsÍu ms<sn|j whs;sjdislu mek k.skafka fiajlhdg ;u fiajd .súiqu hgf;a ±kaùula
lr fiajh wjika lsÍug we;s whs;sjdislfuks'
fuh fndfyda ld,hla ;=, mej;s ;;a;ajh jqjo bka isÿúh yels ydks je<elaùug 1971 § ld¾ñl
iïnkaO;d mk;la mkjk ,§' fï wkqj wo tx.,ka;fha ;;ajh jkqfha m%ldYs;j fiajd .súiqu wjika
lrk nj olajd ke;akï tjeks ±kaùula u.ska iajhxls%h f,i fiajd .súiqu wjika fkdjk njhs'
frdau ,kafoais kS;sh wkqj jev j¾ckh ms<sn| ±kaùula u.ska fiajd .súiqu wjika fkdfõ' tfiau jev
j¾ckhla u.ska fiajd .súiqu wjidk ùula fyda w;aysgqùula o isÿ fkdfõ' jev j¾ckh hkq fiajd
.súiqu lv lsÍula muKs' hï fiajlhl= fiajd .súiqulg we;=¿ jQ úg tlÕ jQ fõ,djla ;=,§ ;u fiajh
iemhSug fiajlhdg hq;=lula ;sfí' tneúka tf,i fiajh iemhSug we;s hq;=lñka mek k.sk j.lSu
lv lsÍula iduqyslj jev keje;aùfuka isÿfõ' fï wkqj fmkS hkafka frdau ,kafoais kS;sh bx.S%is fmdÿ
kS;shg jvd ;¾ldkql+, isoaOdka;hla f.kyer olajk njhs' m%xY iy b;d,s kS;s l%uhkag wkqjo jev
j¾ck u.ska isÿ flfrkqfha fiajd .súiqula w;aysgqùu muKs' bkaÈhdkq kS;shg wkqj jev j¾ckhla u.ska
isÿ flfrkqfha fiajd .súiqula w;aysgqùu muKs' bkaÈhdkq kS;shg wkqj o jev j¾ckhla u.ska iajhxlS%hj
fiajd iïnkaOh k;r lsÍula fyda wjidk lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ'
YS% ,xldfõ isú,a wêlrK frdau ,kafoais fmdÿ kS;sfhys ±ä kHdh wkq.ukh lrkq we;' tfy;a iajdñhd
iy fiajlhd w;r fmdÿ kS;sh ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a msysgqjk ,o wêlrK wkq.ukh lsÍug
ne£ ke;' hï fiajd kshqla;s .súiqul fyda ia:djr ksfhda. j, fyda fuhg úreoaOj l=ula i|ykaj we;;a
kS;s úfrdaê fkdjk jev j¾ckhla ksid fiajdfhdaclhd;a fiajlhd;a w;r iïnkaO;djh wjika
fkdjkafka hhs ,xldfõ lïlre wêlrK ;SrKh fldg we;'
jev j¾ckhla mj;sk ld,h w;r;=r fiajlhska fõ;k fkd,nk w;r fiajHhdgo wjdis iy.; úh
yel' fiajd kshqla;s .súiqula f,i fõjd ke;fyd;a mj;akd ;;ajh f,i fyda fõjd ljr f,ilska ta .ek
i,ld ne¨j;a jev j¾ckhla we;s jQ úg fiajdfhdaclhd;a fiajlhd;a w;r iïnkaO;djh uq¿ukskau
wjika fkdjk njo tfy;a ta iïnkaO;dj ;djld,slj w;aysgqjd we;s igkaldó ;;ajhla f,i úia;r
l< yels ;;ajhl mj;sk njo meyeÈ,s lreKls'

fjk;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s ls%hdud¾.
fiñka jev lsÍu

jD;a;Sh iñ;sh úiska .kakd ls%hd ud¾. ;=,ska jev j¾ckh fjkqjg .kakd ;j;a ls%hdud¾.hls' fiñka
jev lsÍu we;a; jYfhkau jev j¾ckhla fkdfõ' ukao jev keje;aùula isÿ fkdjk neúks' fuys§ isÿ
jkafka hï l¾udka;hl fiajfhys fhdojd we;s fiajl msßila idudkH m%udKhg wvq m%udKhla jev
lrñka idudkH uÜgug wvq ksIamdokhlg uÕ ie,eiaùuhs'
b;d,sh" m%xYh" lekvdj" bkaÈhdj jeks rgj, fukau YS% ,xldfõ§ o fiñka jev lsÍu úIudpdrhla f,i
i,ld fiajdfhdaclhdg fiajlhdg tfrysj úkhdkql+, ls%hd ud¾. .; yel' ,xldfõ lïlre Widú
iïnkaOfhka fuu m%YakfhaÈ yeu úgu mdfya bkaÈh kvq ;Skaÿ wkq.ukh lr we;s ksid fï iïnkaOfhka
bkaÈhdfõ mj;sk ;;ajh i,ld ne,Su jà'
Ndr; iSks lïy, ta' cdhs isx

kvqfõÈ ;SrKh jQfha fiñka jev lsÍu úIudpdrhla nj;a fiajd fhdaclhdg fiñka jev lrk fiajlhka
fkrmSug n,h we;s nj;ah' fiñka jev lsÍfuka ms<sônq jkafka ys;du;du ksIamdokh m%udo lsÍuhs'
we;af;kau fyñka jev lsÍu jev j¾ckhg jvd ydkslr tlls' ulaksidoh;a jev j¾ckhl§ hka;% iQ;%
kj;d ±óug yels jQjo fiñka jev lsÍulÈ ish¿u hka;% iQ;% ls%hd;aul fõ' fï fya;= ksid fiñka jev
lsÍu nrm;, úIudpdrhla f,i ie,lsh hq;=h' ,xldfõo fuu u;h ms<sf.k we;'
f;a" rn¾ fmd,a iy idudkH ksIamdok lïlre iñ;sh ta' fcdaka iy iud.u
kvqfõ§ wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a hï ls%hdjla m%ldYs;j ;ykï lr ke;akï tu ls%hdj widOdrK lïlre
ls%hd ud¾.hla fkdjk njg ;¾lh ms<s.; fkdyels njhs' fiñka jev lsÍu widOdrK lïlre ls%hd
ud¾.hlao hkak ksIamdokfha kshe,S isák ish¿ fokdgu n,mdk jeo.;a m%Yakhls' wm rfÜ fndfyda
l¾udka;hla fukau jeú,s l¾udka;ho lrkq ,nkafka ukqIH Y%u Yla;sfhka ñi hka;%dkqidrfhka fkdfõ'
tneúka fuf,i Y%u Yla;sh fhdojk lïlrejka úiska ksIamdokh wvq lsÍug hï ;eka lsÍulska isÿ
jkafka rfÜ wd¾Ólh yd fi!Nd.H wvmk lsÍuls' fuys§ wod, bkaÈhdkq kvq ;skaÿ i,ld neÆ wêlrKh
;SrKh lf<a fiñka jev lsÍu úIudpdrhla njhs'
fya,sia ,sñgâ ta' o is,ajd kvqfõ§ wd.ka;=l m%ldYhla jYfhka wêlrKh m%ldY lf<a fiñka jev lsÍu
fiajlhka fkrmd yeÍug idOdrK mokula úh yels njhs' tneúka fiñka jev lrk fiajlhka fiajfhka
fkrmSug fiajdfhdaclhdg n,h we;'
fï iïnkaOfhka tia' wd¾ o is,ajd uy;d my; idrdxY lsÍu olajhs'
^1& fiñka jev lsÍu úIudpdrhla jk w;r" ta u; fiajlfhl= fiajfhka fkrmSug fiajdfhdaclhdg
n,h ;sfí'
^2& fiñka jev l< ish¿u fokdgu ovqjï §ug fiajdfhdaclhd ne£ ke;' bka lSmfofkl= f;dard
.ekSug Tyqg ksoyi we;'
^3& tf,i f;dard.;a whgo fjkia ovqjï §ug jQjo fiajdfhdaclhdg ksoyi we;'
^4& by; ls%hd ud¾. .kakd fiajdfhdaclhl= ioaNdjfhka ls%hd l< hq;=h'
wl=rg jev lsÍu fiñka jev lsÍug jvd fjkia f,i ie,fla' wl=rg jev lsÍfï§ fiajlhd w;ska fiajd
.súiqu W,a,x>kh ùula isÿ fkdfõ' tfy;a Tyq yqfola ;u jev ms<sfj, b;d ±äj iúia;rj wl=rgu
ms<sme§u ksid fiñka fiñka jev lsÍfïÈ l%ufhka ksIamdokh wvq lrhs'
mslÜ lsÍu'
mslÜ lsÍu hkq jev j¾ckhlg iyNd.s fkdjk lïlrejka j¾ckhg fmd<Ujd .ekSu msKsi fyda
wdfoaYl lïlrejka jevm, ;=<g hdu je<elaùu msKsi fyda hï ld¾ñl wdrjq,lg wod, jevm,la $
ld¾hd,hla wjg mqoa.,hka r|jd ;eîuh'
j¾ckhla mj;soaÈ ish l¾udka;fha idudkH lghq;= w;aysgqùug fiajdfhdacl ne¢ ke;s w;r Tyqg th
È.gu mj;ajd f.k hdug mshjr .; yel' hï f,ilska j¾ckhla mj;soa§ fiajdfhdaclhd ;u jHdmdrh
iy l¾udka;h È.gu lrf.k .sfhd;a j¾ckhl uq,sl wruqK jk fiajdfhdacl flf¾ n, lsÍu m%;M s ,
rys; úh yel'
tfyhska tu ;;a;ajh we;s ùu je<elaùug mslÜ lsÍu fhdod .ks' fuys§ wksjd¾fhkau j¾ckhla isÿ
fkdfõ' wdydr fõ,l§ yd fjk;a fiajh fkdlrk úg mslÜ lrk wjia:d j,§ j¾ckhla isÿ fkdfõ'
mslÜ lsÍu my; f,i ±laúh yel' ld¾ñl wdrjq,lska fj,s isák wh jeä ìï bÈßhg meñK wdrjq,
iïnkaO j.ka;s iys; ±kaùï f.k m%o¾Ykh lrñka Tn fudn weú§uhs'
jD;a;sh iñ;s wd{d mkf;a mslÜ lsÍu .ek i|yka fkdfj;;a tys 26 iy 27 j.ka;s ,shdmÈxÑ l<
jD;a;sh iñ;s" tys ks,Odßka iy idudðlhka jD;a;sh wdrjq,a jHdma; lsÍu fyda ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd
lrk ls%hdj,ska we;s jk isú,a yd f;darl whs;sjdislï jeks j.lSï j,ska wdrlaId lrhs'
mslÜ lsÍul mrud¾:
^1& jev j¾ckhla mj;soa§ j¾ckh lvdlmam,a lrk yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s j,g ne¢ ke;s wh jevg
hdu je<elaùu'

^2& ;u igkg uyck wkqlïmdj ,nd .ekSu'

^3& ;ukaf.a ÿla .ekú,s m%isoaO lsÍu'
mslÜ lsÍfïÈ lsisu fiajlfhl=g ysxid lsÍu" m%pKav ls%hd lsÍu" nh .ekaùu" wvkaf;aÜgï lsÍu fkdl<
hq;= w;r wdh;kfha WmlrK f.dvke.s,s wdÈhg ydks fkdl< hq;=h' tfia l< fyda yeisÍfuka
úIudpdrhla isÿ ù /lshdj wysñ ùula yd idmrdê fpdaokd ,eîug;a bv ;sfí'
idudldó f,i mslÜ lsÍu jrola fkdfõ' ksoyia ld¾ñl yd fj<| fiajl jD;a;sh iñ;sh t' ld¾ud¾Ü
wdh;kh kvqfõ§ ld¾ñl wêlrKh fufia m%ldY lf<ah' zzjD;a;sh iñ;shl idudðlhkag hï fiajd
ia:dkhl mslÜ lsÍfï n,h ;snqk;a fjk;a fiajlhka tu ia:dkhg we;=¿ùu j<lajkq msKsi fodrj,a
fyda f.aÜgq yria lsÍug lsisfia;a whs;shla ke;'ZZ
je<lS isàu
je<lS isàu hkq hï jHdmdrhla iuÕ .kqfokq lsÍfuka yd Bg wkq.%yh ±laùfuka je<lS isàuhs' fuhg
m%d:ñl je<ls isàu hhso lshkq ,efí'
m%d:ñl wdrjq,g iïnkaO fkdjQ ;=kafjks md¾Yjhla iuÕ m%d:ñl wdrjqf,a fiajdfhdaclhd iuÕ
.kqfokq meje;aùu je<elaùfï woyiska tu ;=kafjks md¾Yjh iuÕ .kqfokq lsÍfuka je<lS isàu
oaú;shsl je<ls isàu hhs lshkq ,efí'
tia' wd¾' o is,ajd uy;d fï fjki fufia myod fohs' zzidudkHfhka lsjfyd;a oaú;shsl je<lS isàul
,laIK folla ;sfí' m<uqjekak" jD;a;sh ix.uh yd fjk;a hï fiajdfhdaclhl= iuÕ wdrjq,l uOHia:
md¾Yjhlg tfrysj fï ls%hdud¾.h fufyhjkq ,eîuhs' fojekak wdrjq,g iïnkaO fiajdfhdaclhd
jD;a;sh ix.uh yd tlÕ;ajhg fmd<Ujd .ekSfï woyiska Tyqf.a jHdmdrhg ydks meñfKk mßÈ tu
uOHia: ;=kafjks md¾Yjh ,jd .kqfokq yd jdKsc iïnkaO;d kj;d,Sfï woyiska flfrkakls' tla
wdh;khl fiajlhka fjk;a wdh;khl fiajlhka iuÕ yqfola iyfhda.S;djka olajk woyiska .kakd
wkq.%dysl ls%hdud¾.hla fkdj oaú;shsl je<lS isául§ wdrjq,lg iïnkaO fiajdfhdaclhd iuÕ .kqfokq
w;ayßk f,i ;=kafjks uOHia: md¾Yjfhka b,a,d isákq ,efí'
je<ls isàu hkq jev j¾ckhlaj;a tys iSñ; iajrEmhlaj;a fkdfõ' je<lS isàu widOdrK lïlre
ls%hdud¾.hla nj YS% ,xldfõ ld¾ñl wêlrK ;SrKh lr ;sfí'


14' fiajd fhdaclhl= .kakd ls%hd ud¾.

msg ux lsÍu
jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mk;g wkqj msgux lsÍu hkq hï wdrjq,l m%;sM,hla jYfhka ;ud fiajfha fhdojd
we;s fiajlhka ´kEu ixLHdjlg tlS fiajd kshu ms<s.kakd f,i n, lsÍula i|yd fiajd ia:dkh jid
±óu" jev keje;aùu fyda /lshdj ;j ÿrg;a §ug m%;slafIam lsÍuhs'
msg ux lsÍu fyj;a msg;,Eu hkak jev j¾ckhlg mriamr ls%hd ud¾.hls' fuu ls%hd ud¾.h .kq
,nkafka fiajdfhdaclhd úisks' ;ud bÈßm;a lr we;s fiajd kshu iy fldkafoais j,g ;u fiajlhka n,
lsÍfuka tlÕ lrjd .ekSu i|yd ;djld,slj jev keje;aùu fyda jHdmdrh jid ±óu fï u.ska isÿfõ'
YS% rdupkaøka fmfylïy, t' uÿrdis m%dka;h

fiajdfhdaclhl= ;udg wuqøjh ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid fyda bkaOk ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu
ksid l¾udka;fha jid ±óu fyda ;u NdKav úl=Kd .ekSug we;s ÿIalr;djh fyda jHdmdrfhka mdvqùu
ksid jHdmdrh jid ±óu msg;,Eula fkdfõ'
fuysÈ fiajlhakg n,mEula lsÍug tys ls%hd ud¾.h f.k ;sìh hq;=h' tkï hï ms<s.egqï ls%hdjla ;sìh
hq;=h' tu l¾udka;h jid ±ófï fyda /lshdj fkd§fï fya;=j fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' /lshdj ;j ÿrg;a
§u m%;slafIam lsÍu hkafkka /lshdfjka fkrmsu fyda ksoyia lsÍu woyia fkdfõ'
g¾l¾ t' iõoka iy iud.u

fuu kvqfõ§ m%ldY jQfha /lshdj ;j ÿrg;a Èu m%;slafIam lsÍu hkafkka woyia jkafka jegqma f.ùu
m%;slafIam lsÍu ñi jev §u m%;slafIam lsÍu fkdfõ' tneúka hï jevla fkdÈ È.gu jegqma f.jqjfyd;a
túg th msg;,Eula fkdfõ'
tlai;a m%jd;a;s m;% iud.u t tys lïlrejka

kvqfõ§ jid ±óu iy msg; ,Eu w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrk ,È' tkï jid ±ïul§ fiajdfhdaclhd
fiajd ia:dkh muKla fkdj uq¿ jHdmdrhu iïmQ¾Kfhka jid ouhs' msg ux lsÍul§ isÿ jkafka fiajd
ia:dkh jid ±óula muKs' jHdmdrh jid ±óula tys§ isÿ fkdfõ'
ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mkf;a msg ux lsÍug my; iSudlsÍï mkjd we;'
^1& w;HjYH l¾udka;hl msg ux lsÍula isÿ lsÍug fmr Èk 21 l l,a §ula lsÍu;a ta ms<sn|j
kshñ; ±kqï §ula lsÍula wjYH fõ'
^2& iduqysl .súiqulska ksrjq,a lsÍulska fyda fíreïlrejl=f.a ld¾ñl wêlrKhl fyda lïlre
úksYaph iNdjl ;skaÿjlska neÿKq fiajdfhdaclfhl= tu .súiqfï ksrjq,a lsÍfï fyda ;skaÿfõ
kshuhka fjkia lrjd .ekSfï woyiska msg;,Eu wdrïN lsÍu mk; hgf;a ovqjï ,eìh yels
jrols'
^3& ld¾ñl wdrjq,la ksrjq,a lsÍu i|yd ld¾ñl wêlrKhla fyda fíreïlrejl= fj; fhduq l< miq
tu wdrjq, .ek ;skaÿjla §ug fmr fiajdfhdaclfhl= fodr jeiaula mgka .ekSu" mj;ajdf.k
hEu fyda thg wdOdr jk ls%hdjla lsÍu mk; hgf;a ovqjï ,eìh yels jrols'
iEu kS;Hdkql+, fodr jeiaulau widOdrK fkdfõ' tkuqÿ kS;s úfrdaê fodr jeiaula lsisfia;au idOdrK
tlla fkdfõ'
.Dyia: ^úkh& mÍCIK

fuh wksjd¾Hfhkau l< hq;= njg kS;shla ,xldfõ ke;' tfy;a bkaÈhdfõ we;' fuh lsÍfï fya;= f,i
my; lreKq ±laúh yel'
01' ;uka fok ,o o~qju idOdrKSlrKh l< yel' fiajdfhdaclhdf.a ioaNdjh mÍlaId l< yel'
02' iajdNdúl kS;sfha fomd¾Yjhgu lkaÈh hq;=h hkak u; mokïj fiajlhdg ;uka lshk fohlaa
bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:djla ,ndfoa'
03' fuys§ fiajlhd jrog fm<Uqfka wehs o hkak fidhd .ekSu u.ska fiajdfhdaclhdg tu jro
ksjerÈlr .ekSug wjia:dj ,efí'
04' fiajlfhl= wialsÍu ms<sn| lïlre Widúhg .sh úg úkh mÍlaIKhla kej; mj;ajk úg l,ska
ÿka idlaIs iuÕ mriamr idlaIs §fuka idlaIslrejka je<elaúh yel'
úkh mÍCIKfha ls%hd mámdáh

01' meñKs,a,la lsÍu'
02' jydu meñKs,a, l< whf.a yd weiska ÿgq idlaIslrejkaf.a m%ldY igyka lr.; hq;=h' uQ,sl
mÍlaIKhla mj;ajd meñKs,a, fya;= iy.;o ke;ao hkak fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' neÆ ne,aug
fpdaokd kÕkakg lreKq ke;akï meñKs,a, w;ayer ±ñh hq;=h'
03' ne¨ ne,aug lreKq ;sfí kï tu lreKq wkqj fpdaokd m;%hla Èh hq;=h'
04' jeä nr idlaIs kHdh u; jro Tmamq l< hq;=h'
05' ksoyig lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug ld,hla ,ndÈh hq;=h' bÈßm;a fkdlf<d;a úkhdkql+,j lghq;=
lrk nj ±kaúh hq;=h'


06' ksoyig lreKq ±laùu m%udKj;a kï th ms<sf.k fpdaokdj bj;alr .; hq;=h'

07' iEySugl m;a fkdfõ kï úkh mÍCIKhla mj;ajk nj ±kaúh hq;=h' úkh mÍCIl
ks,Odßhdf.a kï ta wjia:dfõ§u ±laúh hq;=h' ke;fyd;a miqj okajk nj ±kaúh hq;=h'
08' úkh mÍCIl ks,Odßhd yria m%Yak wid úêu;a mÍlaIKhla mj;ajkq ,efí'
09' pQÈ; fiajlhdg Tyqj ksfhdackh lsÍug flfkl= /f.k wd yelso hkak wdh;kfha fr.=,dis
u; ;SrKh fõ' iuyr úg fiajlhl=" kS;s{fhl= fyda ksÍCIlfhl= fmkS isà'
10' fomd¾Yjfhau lreKq úuid úkh mÍCIK ks,Odßhd úiska wod, fiajlhd fpdaokdjg jrolreo
keoao hkak ms<sn|j jd¾;djla ,nd fohs'
11' fuh ms<s.ekSu fyda ms<sfkd.ekSu fiajdfhdaclhdf.a wNsu;h wkqj isÿfõ' ms<s.kS kï ta jd¾;dj
u; o~qjï ,nd foa'


15' úY%du hEfï§ ,nk m%;s,dN i|yd ieliq úêúOdk

fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,a mk; - ^1958 wxl 15&
we;eï fiajl mka;sj, m%fhdackh i|yd w¾: idOl wruqo,la msysgqùug;a ta yd iïnkaO jQ yd thg
wod, jQ lreKq i|yd úêúOdk ie,eiaùug;a wruqKq lrf.k mkjkq ,enQ mk;la fõ'
mk; ls%hd;aul ùu yd md,kh

fuu wruqo, lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j;a uy nexl=j;a yjqf,a mßmd,kh lrkq ,efí' wruqof,a
idudðlhkaf.a fm!oa.,sl jd¾;d mj;ajdf.k hEu" fiajdfhdaclhka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu" idudðlhkaf.a
b,a,Sï ms<sn| lghq;= lsÍu iy mk; n,d;aul lsÍu lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska lrkq ,efí' odhl
uqo,a tl;= lsÍu" .sKqï mj;ajdf.k hdu iy lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j ks¾foaY lrkq ,nk idudðlhkag
m%;s,dN f.ùu flfrkqfha uy nexl=j úisks'
1958 g fmr fujka fiajlhkag fiajh wjika ùfï m%;s,dN f.ùfï l%uj;a l%uhla fkdùh' kuq;a
iuyr fiajdfhdaclfhda fm!oa.,sl w¾: idOl wruqo,a mj;ajdf.k hk ,§' fïjd ±ka ld,hdf.a
wejEfuka ke;s ù hkakg bv yer we;'
±ka mj;akd odhl uqo,a m%;sY; m%udKh fiajlhdf.a uq¿ bmhSï j,ska fiajdfhdaclhd úiska 12] lao"
fiajlhd 8] lao wruqo,g odhl lsÍuhs' uq¿ bmhSï j,g uQ,sl jegqm" ÔjkdOdr uqo,a" ksjdvq Èkj, jev
lf<d;a f.jk uqo,a lEu i|yd lïlre flduidßia wkque;sh wkqj f.jk jákdlu hk tajdfha tl;=j
.Kka .kS' tfy;a w;sld, .Kka fkd.kS'
tla fiajlhl= isáho tla Èkla jev l<o wruqo,g odhl úh hq;=h' mjqf,a idudðlhkag f.úh hq;=
ke;' tfy;a wdOqkslhkag yd jev mqyqKqjkakkago w¾: idOl wruqo,a f.úh hq;=h' iud.ul wOHCI
uKav,fha isák m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSug odhl jk wOHCIjre fuu.ska wdjrKh fkdfõ' ;jo yjq,a
jHdmdrhl yjq,a lrejkao" wdjrKh fkdfõ' tfiau rcfha iy m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, úY%du jegqma
wruqo,lg whs;sjdislï we;s whg wod, fkdfõ' msgrgl úY%du wruqo,a we;akï fuu Èjhsk ;=, úOdhl
;k;=rlao orkafkl= wdjrKh fkdfõ' Ys% ,xldj fjkqfjka msgrgl fiajh lrk wfhl=o wdjrKh
fkdfõ' fï yer wka ish¿ fokdu w¾: idOl wruqo,g odhl úh hq;=h'
w¿;ska wdh;khla wdrïN fldg fiajl ,ehsia;=j lïlre flduidßiag ±ka jQ úg fiajdfhdacl wxlhla
,efí ^Wod ( 15051& w¿;ska nef|k whg wxl ,nd§u fiajdfhdacl úiskalrkq ,efí' fiajlhdf.a we.s,s
i<l=Kq úia;r urKska miq Wreuh ysñ wh wvx.= f,aLkhla o heúh hq;=h' túg fiajlhdg zîZ ldâm;la
,efí' tla fiajl ia:dkhlska fjk;a ;eklg .sh úg zìZ ldâm; tu fiajdfhdaclhdg Èh hq;=h' túg
w¿;a wxlh ,shd mrK wxlh r;= brlska fmfkk mßÈ lmd heúh hq;=h' túg mrK .sKqu yd taldnoaO
lrkq ,efí'
ziSZ fmdaruh iuÕ uy nexl=jg uqo,a heúh hq;=h' m%udo jk iEu udihlgu ov uqo,a f.úh hq;=h' udi
6 la miq jQ úg fo.=Khla f.úh hq;=h' ov uqo,a o .sKqug tl;= fõ' ish¨ uqo,a i|yd 11] la fmd,shla
,efí'
uq¿ bmhSï j,g whs;s foa l=ula o@ fiajlfhl= f,i wdjrKh fõo @ hk lreKq iïnkaOfhka fï mk;
hgf;a m%Yak mek ke.sh yel'
w¾: idOl wruqof,a m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu

wjqreÿ 55 msß /lshdfjka wiajk fiajl msßñfhl=g w¾:idOl wruqof,a m%;s,dN ,nd.; yel' ia;S%
mlaIhg wjqreÿ 50 iïmQ¾K jQ úg fuu m%;s,dN ,nd .; yel' rcfha úY%du jegqma ,nk ;k;=rlg
.sfhd;a tf;la odhl jQ uqo,a ,nd .; yel' ffjoH fya;=ka u; fiajh k;r lrkafka kï ta fya;= u;
w¾: idOl wruqo,a ,nd .; yel' ta i|yd ffjoH uKav,hla úiska ks¾foaY l< hq;=h' ;jo wdmiq
fkdmeñfKk n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka fiajlfhl= rg w;ayer hkafka kï túgo fiajl w¾: idOl wruqof,a
m%;s,dN ,nd .; yel'
fiajlhl= urKhg m;a jQ úg tu fiajlhdf.a Wreulalrejkag fuu m%;s,dN ,nd .; yel' wruqo,g
nefok úgu ;ukaf.a urKska miq m%;s,dN ,efnk ;eke;a;d kï l< yel' tfia ke;akï hefmkakkag
ysñ fõ' újdyhg fmr kï lrk ;eke;a;d újdy ùfuka wj,x.= fõ' ldka;djla kï l< yel' tfia
ke;akï hefmkakkag ysñ fõ' újdyhg fmr kï lrk ;eke;a;d újdy ùfuka wj,x.= fõ' ldka;djla
kï újdy ùfï fya;=j u; kej; /lshdj lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdfõ kï újdyfhka wjqreoaola
we;=,; m%;s,dN ,nd.; yel'


w¾: idOl wruqof,a uqo,a fkdf.ùu

1971 wxl 8 orK ixfYdaOkh wkqj mkf;a 38 j.ka;sh hgf;a w¾: idOl wruqo,a fkdf.ùu ms<sn|j
lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍka lrk mÍlaIKhlska miq lïlre flduidßia ksl=;a lrk iy;slh
u; ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKhl kvq mejßh yel'
f.ùu l< nj Tmamq lsÍfï Ndrh fiajHhd i;= fõ' isá leßh¾ia t kS;sm;s 38 ^3& j.ka;sh wkqj
lïlre flduidßiajrhd úiska fiajHhd uqo,a fkdf.jQ njg ksl=;a lrk iy;slh wNshdpkdêlrKfha§
wNsfhda. lsÍug fkdyels nj ;SrKh úh' kuq;a iy;slh kS;Hdkql+,j ilia ù ke;akï fyda wvx.= úh
hq;= lreKq yßhdldrj wvx.= ù ke;akï wNsfhda.hg ,la l< yels nj fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;Skaÿ lf<ah'
tkï iy;slfha wvx.= lreKq wNsfhda.hg ,la l< fkdyels jQj;a iy;slfha j,x.=Ndjh wNsfhda.hg
,la l< yel'
YS% ,xld fÜ%äka fldïmeks t lïlre flduidßia

fuu kvqfõ§ fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,a mkf;a 38 ^3& j.ka;sh hgf;a fiajdfhdaclhd ;uka úiska wod,
uqo,a f.ùug kS;sfhka ne¢ ke;s nj lshd isáh fyd;a ufyaia;%d;ajrhd th fidhd ne,sh hq;=h'
ta' tï' tï' isoaks t iyldr lïlre flduidßia

kvqfõ§ lïlre flduidßiajrhdf.a iy;slh wNsfhda.hg ,la l< fkdyels nj wNshdpkdêlrKh
;SrKh lf<ah' ;jo yjq,a jHdmdrhl ish¿u yjq,alrejka uqo,a fkdf.ùu iïnkaOfhka fjka fjka
jYfhka j.lSug nefok nj ;SrKh jqks'
fuu mk; hgf;a .eiÜ m;%fha m%isoaêhg m;a lrk fr.=,dis u.ska wdjrKh jk jD;a;shla f,i w¾:
olajd we;s ish¿ jD;a;skag wod, fõ' j;auka ;;ajh kï ish¿ jD;a;skag fuu fr.=,dis u.ska wdjrKh
ù ;sîuhs' tfy;a .Dyia: fiajlhka" iajhx /lshdj, kshq;= jQj;a iy mjqf,a idudðlhka úiska muKla
mj;ajdf.k hk wdh;k j,g wod, fkdfõ' fuysÈ i|yka l< hq;= lreKla kï fuu mk; u.ska wkshï
fiajlhka" ;djld,sl fiajlhka yd wdOqkslhkao wdjrKh ùuhs'
1980 wxl 46 orK fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,

lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j iuÕ iïnkaOhla ke;s fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,a uKav,h kï jHjia:dms;
uKav,hla u.ska fuys md,kh isÿ fõ' th wud;Hjrhd úiska kï lrk y;r fofkl= uqo,a wud;Hjrhd
kï lrk tla whl= fj<| wud;Hjrhd kï lr tla whl= ,xld fiajdfhdaclhkaf.a ix.uh úiska kï
lrk tla whl= iy idudðl;ajh 100"000 lg jeä jD;a;sh iñ;sj, idudðlhka úiska f;dard.kq ,nk
fiajl idudðlhka fofofkl= f,i idudðlhka 9 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; fõ' uKav,fha iNdm;sjrhd
wud;Hjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,nhs'
fuu uKav,fha wruqKq my; mßÈ fõ'

^w& uQ,H iïm%odkhg iy wdfhdackhg iyNd.s ùfuka fiajl whs;sh" fiajl iqn idOkh" wd¾Ól
m%cd;ka;%jdoh m%j¾Okh lsÍu'
^wd& jHjidhkays idudkH fldgia w;alr .ekSfuka l<uKdlrKfhys fiajl iyNd.s;ajh m%j¾Okh
lsÍu'
^we& fiajd kshqla;slhkag úY%du .ekSfï§ odhl fkdjk m%;s,dNhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd úê úOdk
ie,eiaùu'
^wE& by; lreKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH úê úOdk fyda ta i|yd Wmldß úh yels wka ish¨
ls%hd fyda foaj,a lsÍu'
iEu tla tla fiajlhd iïnkaOfhka Ndr wruqo,g odhl uqo,a f.jkq ,nkafka fiajdfhdaclhd úiska
muKs' ±kg odhl uqo,a m%udKh tla tla fiajlhdf.a uq¿ bmhSï j,ska 3] ls'
wjq' 5 la j;a wLKav fiajfha fhÈ isá wfhl=g ysñfõ'
mkf;a ish¿u mßmd,k lghq;= fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,a uKav,h lrkq ,nhs' uqo,a ;ekam;=j yd md,kho
uKav,hu lrhs' fuu uqo,a úúO ms<s.;a wdh;kj, wdfhdackh lr we;' fiajl iqn idOkh i|yd
ksjdvq jHdmD;s wdrïN lsÍu" rlaIKh lsÍu jeks lghq;= wdrïN lr we;'
fuu mk; hgf;a hï jrola mqoa., uKav,hla úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk wjia:djl ixia:d.; wdh;khla
kï iEu wOHCIjrfhlau iy ks,Odßfhla o jHdmdßl wdh;khla kï tys iEu yjq,alrefjlau o
jD;a;sh iñ;shla kï tys iEu ks,Odßfhlau o jrolre f,i i,lkq ,eìh hq;=h'
fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo, iïnkaOfhka fuka fkdj" fiajd kshqla;sh wjika lrkq ,enQ úg odhl uqo,a
wdmiq ,nd.; yel' tfy;a idudðlhdf.a jhi wjqreÿ yegg jeäjk wjia:djl yd YS% ,xldjg wdmiq
fkdmeñKSfï fÉ;kdfjka úfoaYhl iaÓr mÈxÑhg hk wjia:djl yer wjqreÿ myl ld,iSudjla we;=,;
tla jrlg jeäfhka m%;s,dN ,nd.ekSug ysñlï ke;'

rcfha fiajfhys m<d;a md,k fiajfhys Èid fiajfhys fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;k fiajfhys úY%du jegqma
iys; fiajd kshqla;shla ndr.;a Èkg we;s uqo, f.úh hq;=h' ;jo yÈis wk;=rlska fyda wikSm ;;ajh
ksid fiajh l< fkdyels úg wjqreÿ 5 l ld,h j,x.= fkdfõ'
rchg mjrd .;a wdh;khla" ixia:djla fyda uKav,hla kej; fm!oa.,sl fyda fmdÿ iud.ula njg m;a
jQ úg fyda ck;dlrKh l< úg fiajh wjika ùula isÿ jQ úg uqo,a ,nd.; yel'
fiajlhd ñh.sh úg kdñlhdg fyda tfia kï lr fkdue;s kï nqo,fha Ndrlreg fyda Wreulrejkag
f.úh hq;=h'
wruqof,a úfYaI m%;s,dN

idudðlfhl= ñh.sh úg Tyq fjkqfjka Ôú; rlaIK uqo,la Tyqf.a hefmkakg ysñ fõ' th wjidk jegqm
fuka yh .=Khla fõ' Wmßu remsh,a 50000$- ls'
idudðlfhl= ks;H ÿn,;djhlg m;a jQ úg§ jkaÈ uqo,la ,efí' th wjidk jegqm fuka 24 .=Khls'
Wmßuh remsh,a ,laIhls'
wruqof,a idudðlfhl=f.a orefjla 5 jir YsIH;aj úNd.fhka by, ,l=Kq ,nd .kafka kï tu orejdg
wOHdmkh bÈßhg lrf.k hdug uqo,la msßkeóu'
idudðlhd nexl=jlska .kakd Khla jeks j.lSula i|yd fuu wruqof,a Tyq fjkqfjka b;sß lr we;s
uqo, wemhg ;eîfï yelshdj tkï fï u; Kh uqo,la ,nd .ekSug yelshdj we;' odhl uqo,a f.ùu
m%udo l< úg ov uqo,lg hg;a fõ'
mdßf;daIsl f.ùfï mk; - ^1983 wxl 12&

fuu mk; mekùug l,ska 31 wd ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a" fiajh wjika lrk wjia:dfõ hï lïlrefjl=g
mdßf;daIslhla ,eìh hq;=j ;snqfkao tys m%udKh l=ulao @ tjeks m%;s,dNhl iajNdjh yd úys§u
fldf;lao hk lreKq ;SrKh lsÍfï n,h lïlre úksYaph iNdjg mejß ;snqks' fï ;;ajh hgf;a
fndfyda fiajlhka lïlre úksYaph iNd fj; b,a,Sï fldg mdßf;daIsl ,nd .kakd ,§'
fiajlhdf.a §¾> ld,Sk fiajh l=i,;d mQ¾K nj yd wjxl nj hk lreKq fuu wjia:dfõ§ i,ld n,k
,§' lïlre úksYaph iNdj úiska fiajdfhdaclg fuu uqo,a f.ùug wd¾Ól yelshdjla we;ao @ hkako
i,ld n,k ,§' f.jk m%udKh úksYaphldrjre u; ;SrKh jQ w;r th l%uj;a fkdùh'
úksYaphdêldrhka ys wêlrK n,h kS;Hdkql+, mdßf;daIsl ,eìh hq;= wjia:djkag muKla iSud úh hq;=
nj fY%aIaGdêlrKh uq,ska ks.ukh lf,ah' tfy;a hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK fya;= u; mdßf;daIsl
m%odkh lsÍug yels nj foajkdh.ï kvqfõ rdcdêlrK ;SrKfhka miq úksYaphdêldr ;SrKh l<y'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh úiska wjqreoaol fiajhg i;s 2 l jegqm f.ùu idOdrK nj m%ldY ù we;' uQ,Huh
jYfhka fiajdfhdaclhdg w,dN isÿ lr we;s úg mdßf;daIslfhka tajd wvq lr.; yel'
mk; we;sùfuka miq ;;ajh

mdßf;daIsl f.ùfï mk; hgf;a mdßf;daIsl i|yd iqÿiqlï ,eîu msKsi lïlrefjl= fiajdfhdaclfhl=
hgf;a hg;a msßifhka wjqreÿ my;a fyda fiajh iïmQ¾K lr ;sìh hq;=h 5 ^1&' fuysÈ fiajh iïmQ¾K
lsÍug hkakg fkdlevqKq fiajhla woyia jk w;r wod, lïlrejdf.a hï jrola ksid fkdjk ljr
fyda fya;=jla u; ksjdvq wkqu; lsÍula u.ska levqKq fiajlhkao we;=,;a fõ'
7 jk j.ka;shg wkqj my; ;;ajhka hg;g jefgk wh mdßf;daIsl f.ùï i|yd iqÿiqlï fkd,nhs'
tajd kï fm!oa.,sl .Dyhl .Dy fiajlhl= fyda fm!oa.,sl ßhÿfrl= iy odhl fkdjk úY%du jegqma
l%uhla hgf;a úY%du jegqmlg ysñlï we;s fiajlhl= hk whh' ;jo hï fiajlfhl= f.a fiajd kshqla;sh
wjika ùug l,ska udi 12 l ld, mßÉfÉoh ;=, fiajlhka 15 fofkl=g wvqfjka isá fiajdfhdaclhl=
hgf;a fiajh lf<a kï lïlre wdrjq, mkf;a 31 ^wd& ^1& hgf;a hqla;s iy.; yd idOdrK moku u;
lïlre úksYaph iNdfjka mdßf;daIslla b,a,Sug muKla yel'
fuh fiajdfhdaclhd kS;sfhkau ne¢ we;s fohla nj;a fuu f.ùu lrkafka fiajfhka wia ù hk
wjia:dfõ§ nj;a fmfka' 5 ^1& Wm j.ka;shg wkqj udi 12 la we;=,; idudkHfhka fiajlhka 15
fofkl= fyda Bg jeä .Kkla fiajfha fhdojd we;s l¾udka;hl wjqreÿ 5 lg jeä fkdlevqKq fiajhla
we;s whg fiajh wjika lsÍfuka Èk 30 la we;=,; mdßf;daIslh f.úh hq;=h' 9 jk j.ka;shg wkqj
fiajlhd ñh.sh úg Tyqf.a Wreulrejkag mdßf;daIslh ysñ fõ' tfiau fiajhdfhdaclhd ñh .shfdy;a
Tyqf.a ffk;sl ksfhdað;hd úiska wod, mdßf;daIsl f.úh hq;= nj 5 ^2& j.ka;sh olajhs'
mdßf;daIslh jYfhka f.jkq ,nk uqo, ;SrKhlr lrkafka fiajlhd wjidk jYfhka ,nd .;a udisl
jegqfmka iïmQ¾K jYfhka fiajh lrk ,o tla tla j¾Ih i|yd udi 1$2 l jegqmla hk moku u;h'

ojia mä ,nkakl= kï wjika jYfhka ,nd.;a ffoksl jegqm u; fiajh l< iEu j¾Ihlgu Èk 14
l jegqm ne.sks' 6 ^2& j.ka;sh'
mk; mekùfuka miq mdßf;daIslh iudma;s m%;s,dNhla fyda jDoafOdam.; m%;s,dNhla f,i ie,l+ ;;ajh
fjkia jqks' mQ¾K ld,Sk f,i f.k fiajd ld,h foi ne,Sfuka §¾> ld,Sk iy hym;a fiajlhka Tmamq
lsÍu u; ,eìh yels jkafkah' fiajd ld,h ;=, ,enQ m%ido §ukd fyda fjk;a m%;s,dNo w¾: idOl
wruqo,g fiajdfhdaclhd f.jd we;s odhl uqo,o fuys§ wod, fkdfõ'
kuq;a ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; hgf;a mdßf;daIslh ,nd .ekSug lïlre úksYaph iNdjg b,a,Sula lr
;sfí kï fuu mk; hgf;a ysñlï ,nd .; fkdyel'
m%ido uqo,a ^fndakia&

fõ;kh jQ l,s .súiqfï wka;¾.; fldkafoaishls' m%ido uqo,a fiajdfhdaclhd ,nd.;a ,dNfhka f.jkakls'
fï ,dNh .Kka lrkafka ,dNdxYhla yd fjk;a ne£ï iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o f.ùï wvq lsÍfuka miqjh'
m%ido uqo,la idudkHfhka fiajdfhdacl f.jkafka ;u wNsu;h wkqjh' tksid fiajlhkag m%ido uqo,la
iïnkaOfhka lsisu whs;sjdislula ke;' fiajlhkag idudkHfhka m%ido uqo,la f.jkafka my; fya;=
u;h'
1. fiajdfhdacl úiska úYd, ,dNhla tu j¾Ifha ,ndf.k we;s w;r fiajlhkag tu jif¾ lrkq
,nk fõ;kh iïnkaOj f.ùu b;d iq¿ jQ úg
2. fiajlhdf.a Y%u Yla;sh ksid fiajdfhdaclhdg úYd, ,dNhla ,eîu'
3. fiajlhd yd fiajdfhdacl w;r m%ido uqo,a idudkHfhka f.ùug ne£ula ;snqk úg fuu ne£u
my; lreKq j,ska ks.ukh l< yel'
§ j¾I .Kkdjlau fkdlvjd m%ido uqo,a f.jd we;s úg
§ jeämqr uqo,la f.jk ,oafoa fiajdfhdaclhdf.a ;Hd.YS,s nj ksid fkdj m%ido uqo,la
f,i nj Tmamq l< úg
iuyr wjia:dj,§ ,dNhla fkd,enQ jir j,§ o m%ido uqo,a f.jkq ,efí' fiajlhkaf.a fyd| ys; Èkd
.ekSu i|yd fuh lrkq ,efí' ;jo fiajdfhdaclhka ksIamdokh jeä jQ wjia:dj,§ m%ido uqo,a f.jhs'
;j;a iuyr fiajdfhdaclhka ks;r fiajhg meñKs fiajlhkag m%ido uqo,a f.jkq ,efí'
fiajlhd m%ido uqo,a b,a,Su w;miq l<fyd;a m%ido uqo,a miqj ,nd .ekSug wjirhla ke;' lïlre
wêlrKh iEu wjia:djl§u ish¿u ;rd;srïj, fiajlhkag jirlg tl iudk m%ido uqo,la f.úug
wkqn, fohs'
fiajlhl= úIudpdß fya;=jka ksid fiajfhka wialrk úg tu fiajlhdg tu jif¾ m%ido uqo,la
f.jkq ,efí' kuq;a úIudpdrh fya;= fldg f.k fiajdfhdaclhdg w,dNhla isÿ ù we;akï m%ido uqo,a
fkd,efí'


The History and Development of Local Government in Sri Lanka

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The History and Development of Local Government in Sri Lanka

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ishÆu ysñlï weúßKs'

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh"

iudf,dapk" m%;spdr iy úfõpk:

iudc yd iqnidOk f,alï

iydh wOHdmk f,alï

iydh l%Svd f,alï

ks, fkdjk ldrl iNsl" msßñ

ks, fkdjk ldrl iNsl" ldka;d

1' ye¢kaùu ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 1

2' iïm%odhsl .súiqï kS;sh yd rcfha ueÈy;aúu ……………………………...…………………... 2

3' fiajd .súiqï j¾. fyj;a fiajd kshqla;s j¾. ………………………………………................. 5

4' /lshd .súiqula yd iajdëk fiajd .súiqula w;r fjki ……………………………………….. 10

5' ld¾ñl iïnkaO;djhka YS% ,xldj ;=, j¾Okh jQ wdldrh …………………………….. 11

6' 1950 wxl 43 orK ld¾ñl wdrjq,a mk; ………………………………………………….. 13

7' lïlrejkaf.a fiajh wjika lsÍfï mk;-1971 wxl 45 ……………………………………….. 38

9' ud;D m%;s,dN wd{d mk; -1939 wxl 32……………………………………………………………. 44

10' mämd,l iNd wd{d mk; - 1941 wxl 27………………………………………………………… 45

11' lïlrejkag isÿjk wk;=re iïnkaOfhka mj;ajd kS;sh………………………………………… 47

12' l¾udka; Yd,d wd{d mk; - 1942 wxl 45………………………………………………………. 52

13' jD;a;Sh iñ;s kS;sh…………………………………………………………………………………………… 53

14' fiajd fhdaclhl= .kakd ls%hd ud¾.…………………………………………………………………….... 61

15' úY%du hEfï§ ,nk m%;s,dN i|yd ieliq úêúOdk………………………………………………... 63

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017

iudc hqla;s O¾uh ms<sn| ixl,amh

hqla;s O¾uh hkak ;=ka wdldrhlg fnfoa'

ld¾ñl úma,jh yd lïlre mka;shla ìysùu

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 1

2' iïm%odhsl .súiqï kS;sh yd rcfha ueÈy;aúu

hqkhsgâ bxðkshßka j¾l¾ia hqkshka ta' foajkdh.ï

fiajd .súiqu yd fiajd .súiqï j¾. fyj;a fiajd kshqla;s j¾.

hx.a wekaâ jqâia iud.u t' fjiaÜ

fIdaÜ t' fykav¾ika

fnf,dma t' fm%isvï iud.u

iaájkaika fcd¾vka wekaâ yeßikaia iud.u t' uelafvdak,aâ wekaâ tjkaia

nekalajq¾ yekaâ,ka ials%¾m%dÜ t' ie,am¾â

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 3

hq' tia' tÈßj is,ala

udlÜ bkafjiaÜf.aIkaia iud.u t iudc wdrlaIK weu;s

^1& ;udf.au wdïmkak iy WmlrK mdúÉÑ lrkq ,nkafkao @

.af,dan,a ma,dkaÜ iud.u t' fi!LH yd iudc wdrCIl rdcH f,alï

is $ i ,xld fÜ%äka lïmeks t' o ue,a - YS% ,xld fY%aIaGdêlrKh

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 4

3' fiajd .súiqï j¾. fyj;a fiajd kshqla;s j¾.

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 5

YS% ,xld isfuka;s ixhqla; uKav,h t' m%kdkaÿ

rdcH iald.dr ixia:dj t' celaika rEmisxy ^1997 2 SLR 395&

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 6

iska;;ïì t' r;akùr ^67 NLR 518&

,xld jdKsc ld¾ñl lïlrejkaf.a iñ;sh' ta' mSßia

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 7

tlai;a bxðfkare yd idudkH lïlre iñ;sh t' fmf¾rd

r;ak iNdm;s t' weis,ska fkdakd

fuß,a m%kdkaÿ iy iud.u t' fv,auka ^88 2 SLR&

.x.d ksïk ixj¾Ok uKav,h t' hqkhsgâ bxðkshßka j¾lia hqkshka

ks;H ld,Sk fiajlhka

´' ta' nhsi¾ ta' yeßika iy fl%dia*S,aâ iud.u - YS% ,xldj

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 8

,xld fj<| ix.uh t' o ue,a

.=Kr;ak t' is,ajd

ld,Sk fiajd kshqla;sh ^iD;= fiajlhska&

Y%S ,xld kS;s YsIH ix.uh 2017 9

4' /lshd .súiqula yd iajdëk fiajd .súiqula w;r fjki