b;sydih

w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

12"13 fY%AKs
^2017 isg l%shd;aul fõ&

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
www.nie.lk
 ye`Èkaùu

2017 kj úIHud,d ixfYdaOk hgf;a wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< ksNd.hg wod< b;sydih úIh ks¾fÿYh fldgia
i;rlsla iukaú; fõ'

• YS% ,xldõ b;sydih ^wE; w;S;fha isg ls%'j 1978 olajd&

• bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih ^wE; w;S;fha isg ì%;djH md,kh wjidkh o;ajd&
• hqfrdamd b;sydih ^.S%l"frdau YsIagdpdr wjÈfha isg 1989 olajd&
• kQ;k f,dal b;sydih ^ls%'j 1500 isg ls%'j 1989 olajd&

YS% ,xldfõ j¾;udk ;;a;ajh foi n,k úg w;S;fha isg yqol,dj j¾Okh jqjla fkdj úúO f.da,Sh n,mEï u; foaYshlrKh fjñka
fmdaIKh ù j¾Okh jQ nj fmfka'tjeks m%jK:d yd n,mEï y`ÿkd.ekSu i`oyd YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih iu. bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih" hqfrdamd
b;s ydih " kQ ;k f,da l b;s ydih hk úIh ks ¾ foa Y o w' fmd' i ^W'fm< & b;s y dih i`oyd tla l r we;'

w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& i`oyd b;sydih úIhud,dj f;dard .kakd YsIHhkag YS% ,xldõ b;sydih úIh ks¾foaYh wksjd¾h fõ' bkaÈhdfõ
b;s y dih" hq f rda m d b;s y dih" kQ ; k f,da l b;s y dih hk úIh ldKa v w;= ß ka tla úIh ldKa v hla muKla ;u wNs u ;h
mßÈ f;dard .; hq;=h'

2017 § ls%hd;aul ùug kshñ; fuu úIh ks¾foaYhg bf.kqï b.eksùï ls%hdj,sh iy úIh wka;¾.;fha wruqKq lrd hdu jvd;a myiq
lsÍu i`oyd bf.kqï m, ilia lr we;' YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih f.dvke.Sfï§ Bg wkql+,kh jQ f.da,Sh m%jK;d wo`kd .ekSu iy uE;
ld,fha is ÿ l< b;s y di m¾fha I K wkdjrK weiq ß ka tla tla úIh ks ¾ foa Y hka y wka ; ¾.;fha ixfYda O k ls y s m hla is ÿ
lr we;'

i
YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih #
 merKs ks¾foaYhg jvd jeä wjOdkhla m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h ms<sn`k j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

 uQ,dY%h j¾. lsÍfï § j¾;udk ks¾foaY fhdod .ekSu

 " wfma merKs ;dCIKh" kj úIh ks¾foaYhg tl;= lsÍu

bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih #

 merKs ks¾foaYhg wkqj ls%'j 1206 olajd muKla wjOdkh fhduq lr ;snQ w;r th kj ks¾foaYfhys
bkaÈhdj ksoyi Èkd .ekSu olajd §¾> lr we;'

 iïmQ¾K bkaÈhd b;sydihg jvd YS% ,xldjg n,mEula t,a, jQ isÿùï flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu

hqfrdamd b;sydih #

 f.da,Sh jYfhka n,mEula jQ f.daîh n,fõ. ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

kQ;k f,dal b;sydih #

 f,dalfha isÿ jQ f.da,Sh m%jK;d ms<sn`o j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;'

fuu úIh ks¾foaYh 12 iy 13 fYA% Ks i`oyd jQjls' ta wkqj úIh wka;¾.;h tla tla fY%AKs i`oyd ks%hd;aul lsÍug ixúOdkh lr .;
hq;= fõ'

ii
 mgqk

msgqj

ye`Èkaùu i - ii

mgqk iii

cd;sl wruqKq iv

uq,sl ksmqK;d v - vii

b;sydih úIhfha wruqKq viii

cd;sl wruqKq iy úIh wrïKq w;r iïnkaO;dj ix

jdr i`oyd fhdacs; ksmqK;d uÜgï x

úIh ks¾foaYh 1 - 50

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka 51

we.hSu iy ;lafiarelrKh 52

úIh ks¾foaY iïmdol uKav,h 53 - 54

iii
 cd;sl wruqKq
mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.dùu i`oyd mqoa.,hskag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg iydh
úh hq;= h' jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su i`oyd
wruqKq kshu lrKq ,eî h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHqyhka yd l%shdj,ska ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqj
we;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.dlr .; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska y÷kdf.k we;' fuu wruqKq imqrd
.ekSu" wOHdmk moaO;sh i`oyd jQ ;u bÈß oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska m%;HlaI fldg f.k we;'

I udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl
taldnoaO;dj" cd;sl iDcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;+<ska cd;sh f.dvke.Su iy Y%S ,dxlSh
wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu

II fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye`.s odhdohka y`ÿkd.ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu

III udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn`o oekqj;a ùu" yDohdx.u ne`§ulska hq;= j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu
hk .=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;ka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udK
lsÍu iy mj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu

IV mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hhkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu

V iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla i`oyd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh" úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=¨ fjk;a
Okd;aul wx.,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VI mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj.=Kh jeäÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i`oyd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka i`oyd
wOHdmk ;=<ska udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VII YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiSug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iy
ixlS¾K yd wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

VIII cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh" iudk;ajh iy wfkHdkH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ
wdl,am yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu ^ Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj &

iv
 uq,sl ksmqK;d
wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; i`oyka cd;sl wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'

(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<sn`o oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh hk wkqldKav 4la u;
ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï fõ'

idlaIr;dj : idjOdk j weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu i`oyd lsshùu"
ksjerÈ j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu" M,odhs whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu

ixLHd ms<sn`o oekqu : NdKav wjldYh yd ld,h .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï i`oyd l%udkql+,
b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K
.,mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hla ;=<§ o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha§ o
f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ksßudKYS,Snj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd
ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r in`o;d" kj fidhd.ekSï iy .fõIKh
jeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d:
- iDcq .=Kh" bjid ord isáfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu" jeks w.hhka
- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh

v
(III) mßirhg wod< ksmK
q ;d

fuu ksmqK;d idudðl" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'

iudc mßirh : cd;sl Wreuhka ms<sn`o wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl idudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd
l=i,;d" idOdrK hqla;sh ms<sn`o ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" mqoa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl
iïm%odhka" whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne`§ï

ffcj mßirh : iÔú f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqo" c,h" jd;h iy cSjh - Ydl"
i;a;aj yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõoSnj yd l=i,;d

fN!;sl mßirh: wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia ðú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we`ÿï"
ksjdi" fi!LH" iqj myiqj" Yajikh" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u,my lsÍu hkdÈh yd
iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;dj bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu i`oyd fuj,ï iy
;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=i,;d fuys wvx.=fõ'

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu" ;u jD;a;Sh ,eÈhd iy wNsfhda.;d y`ÿkd .ekSu" yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka ?lshdjla
f;dard .ekSu" iy jdisodhl yd ;srir Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug
wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisßï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a
WÑ; foa f;dard thg iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu i`oyd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

vi
(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;H" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY
jk úfkdaoh" i;=g" wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï

(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<sn`o ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixls¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd
.ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a i`oyd mqoa.,hska yg Yla;sh ,nd
§u' ^ Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj &

vii
 b;sydih úIhfha wruqKq

6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk fY%AKsh f;la jQ úIhud,dj wOHhkh lsÍfuka my; i`oyka wruqKq isiqka idOkh lr .kq we;e hs wfmalaId
flf¾'

1' ft;sydisl úldYkh yd m%jK;d ms<sn`o wjfndaOfhka b;sydih mqrd isÿ jQ fjkialï ms<sn`o jgyd .ekSu

2' w;S;h yeoEÍfuka ,efnk wjfndaOh u`.sska j¾;udkh f;areï .ekSu yd wkd.; ;;a;ajhka oelSu

3' cd;sl wkHk;dj y`ÿkdf.k foaYSh Wreuh iqrlsñka oEys;ldó mqrjeishl= njg m;aùu

4' cd;sl m%Yak foi ;=,kd;aul j ne,Su

5' wkH ixialD;Skag .re lsßu

6' ld,dkqms<sfj," uQ,dY%h úfõpkh yd fya;=M, iïnkaOh weiqfrka f.dvkef`.k úpdrd;aul YslaIKh yd oekqu m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hg
Ndú; lsÍu

7' jeo.;a ft;sydisl mqoa.,hkaf.a pß;dmodk pß;dhkh lr .ekSu

8' ft;ssydisl f.da,Sh m%jK;d furg b;sydih flfrys n,md we;s wdldrh ms<sn`o wjfndaOfhka f,dal m%jK;dj,g uqyqK oSfï
Yla;sh we;s lr .ekSu

9' ld,h yd wjldYh ms<sn`o oekqu j¾Okh lr .ekSu

10' ft;sydisl f;dr;=re weiqfrka ia:dk y`ÿkd .ekSu

viii
 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq iy úIh wruqKq w;r iïnkaO;dj

cd;sl fmdÿ wruqK

úIh wruqK
i i iii iv v vi vii viii

1' ft;sydisl úldYkh yd m%jK;d ms<sn`o wjfndaOfhka b;sydih mqrd isÿ jQ   

fjkialï ms<sn`o jgyd .ekSu
2' w;S;h yeoEÍfuka ,efnk wjfndaOh u`.sska j¾;udkh f;areï .ekSu yd 
   
wkd.; ;;a;ajhka oelSu
3' cd;sl wkHk;dj y`ÿkdf.k foaYSh Wreuh iqrlsñka oEys;ldó mqrjeishl=    
njg m;aùu
4' cd;sl m%Yak foi ;=,kd;aul j ne,Su   

5' wkH ixialD;Skag .re lsßu 

 

6' ld,dkqms<sfj," uQ,dY%h úfõpkh yd fya;=M, iïnkaOh weiqfrka


f.dvkef`.k úpdrd;aul YslaIKh yd oekqu m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hg
Ndú; lsÍu
7' jeo.;a ft;sydisl mqoa.,hkaf.a pß;dmodk pß;dhkh lr .ekSu 

8' ft;ssydisl f.da,Sh m%jK;d furg b;sydih flfrys n,md we;s wdldrh    
ms<sn`o wjfndaOfhka f,dal m%jK;dj,g uqyqK oSfï
Yla;sh we;s lr .ekSu
9' ld,h yd wjldYh ms<sn`o oekqu j¾Okh lr .ekSu

10' ft;sydisl f;dr;=re weiqfrka ia:dk y`ÿkd .ekSu


ix
 jdr i`oyd fhdacs; ksmK
q ;d uÜgï

fYA%Ksh iy jdrh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih hqfrdamd b;sydih kQ;k f,dal b;sydih

1 jdrh 1'1" 2'1" 3'1" 4'1" 5'1 1'1" 2'1" 3'1 1'1" 2'1" 1'1" 2'1

12 fY%AKsh
2 jdrh 5'2 4'1" 5'1 2'2" 3'1" 4'1 3'1" 4'1

5'1" 6'1" 7'1 5'1" 6'1" 7'1

3 jdrh 6'1
5'1" 6'1

7'1" 8'1 7'1" 8'1" ^uq,a fldgia fol& 8'1" 9'1" 10'1 8'1" 9'1
1 jdrh

13 fY%AKsh
8'1^fojk fldgi&" 9'1 11'1" 12'1" 13'1 10'1
2 jdrh 9'1" 10'1

11'1 10'1" 11'1 13'2" 14'1 11'1" 12'1

3 jdrh

x
úIh ks¾foaYh

xi
 w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh
YS% ,xld b;sydih ^wE; w;S;fha isg 1978 olajd&
12 jk fY%AKsh

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

ft;sydisl yr moaO;s 1' b;sydih ye|skaùu  b;sydih ms<sn| w¾:l:k 07

yd ld,dkqms<sfj< /ia lrhs
ms<sn| wOHhkh lr bka  b;sydih w¾:l:kh  b;sydi úIhh i|yd
1'1 b;sydih hkq
,nk YslaIKh ðú;hg w¾:l:khla f.dvk`.hs
l=ula oehs meyeos,s
wdfoaY lr .kshs
lrhs  b;sydih yeoEÍfuka
,nd.; yels
1'2 b;sydih yeoErSfuka  b;sydih yeoEÍfï m%fhdack úia;r lrhs
,efnk m%fhdack m%fhdack  b;sydih bf.kSfï
fmkajd fohs jákdlu w.hñka l:d
lrhs

ld,h yd wjldYh 1'3 b;sydih wOHhkh  wOHhk ld,h  b;sydi úIhh i|yd jQ
mokï lrf.k l< hq;= ld, rduqj - m%d.a ft;sydisk hq.fha wOHhk ld, mrdih
YsIagdpdr úldYkh jk yd wjldYh meyeÈ,s fmkajdfohs
isg ls%'j 1978 olajd
wdldrh ms<sn`o lrhs  bf.kSfï myiqj i|yd ld,
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= mrdih j¾. lr olajhs
lrhs

1
12 jk fY%AKsh YS% ,xld b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

rgl b;sydih 2' wjldYh  ,xld b;sydifha wOHhkh 10

2'1 ,xld b;sydifha
f.dvke`.Sfï oS w¾OY=Ial l,dmh l< hq;= wjldYh fmkajd
wOHhkh l< hq;=
N+f.da,Sh idOl n,mdk uOHu l`ÿlrh fohs
wjldYh ms<sn`o
wdldrh ms<sn| fjr<nv ;ekak  ,xld b;sydifha wOHhkh
meyeÈ,s lrhs
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= l< hq;= m%foaY is;shul
lrhs ,l=Kq lrhs

 N+f.da,Sh msysàu yd udkj  Y%S ,xldfõ ndysr yd

2'2 N+f.da,Sh msysàu Y%S
yeisÍu wNHka;r msysàu úia;r
,xldfõ b;sydih
- bkaÈhdjg wdikak j lrhss
flfrys n,mE
msysàu  N=f.da,Sh úIu;d udkj
wdldrh úu¾Ykh
- bkaÈhdfjka fjka j in`o;d flfrys n,mEu
lrhs
msysàu fmkajd fohs
- bkaÈhka id.rfha  Y%S ,xldfõ N+f.da,Sh msysàu
uOH.; j msysàu is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

 wNHka;r N+f.da,Sh
idOl
- l`ÿ" .x.d" ;eks;,d"
jrdh udkj yeisÍu
flfrys we;s l<
n,mEu
iïm;a úirKh yd
udkj ls%hdjka w;r
noaO;d

2
12 jk fY%AKsh YS% ,xld b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

uQ,dY%h 3' uQ,dY%h úNd.h yd úpdrh  b;sydih f.dvke`.Sug 18

úYaf,aIKfhka odhljk uQ,dY%h kï lrhs
f.dvkef`.k 3'1 b;sydih  Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih  uQ,dYhj, iajNdjh wkqj
úpdrd;aul YslaIKh f.dvke`.Sug yeoEÍug we;s uQ,dY%h tajd j¾. lrhs
m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hg odhl jk uQ,dY%h  uQ,dY%h j¾.h wkqj
Ndú; lrhs úuid n,hs - uQ,dY%h j¾.SlrKh ft;sydisl lreKq
* idys;H uQ,dY%h f.dvk`.d.; yels wdldrh
* mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h meyeos,s lrhs
* wNsf,aLk
* kdKl
* ckm%jdo yd mqrdjD;a;

 uQ,dY%h úpdrYS,S j
3'2 uQ,dY%h  uQ,dY%h úpdrYS,S j úuiSu úu¾Ykh lrhs
úYaf,aIKfhka  uQ,dY%h Ndú;fha oSs
ft;sydisl lreKq ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq
f.dvk`.k wdldrh meyeos,s lrhs
fmkajd fohs

3
 12 jk fY%AKsh YS% ,xld b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

s Y%S ,dxflah 4' ckdjdij, wdrïNh yd  Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl 20

sIagdpdrfha ft;sydisl jHdma;sh ^l%s'mq ;=ka jk wjêh meyeos,s lrhs
úldYkh yd m%jK;d ishji wjidkh f;la&  b;d merKs ld,fha isg Y%S
ms<sn| j wjfndaOfhka ,xldfõ ckdjdi ;snQ nj
lghq;= lrhs 4'1 m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h  m%d.a ft;sydisl wjêh w.h lrhss
ms<sn| f;dr;=re  m%d.a ft;sydisl ckdjdi
úu¾Ykh lrhs is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

4'2 mQ¾j ft;sydisl  mQ¾j ft;sydisl wjêh  mQ¾j ft;sydisl wjêh

hq.fha udkj meyeos,s lrhs
l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn|  mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fha
j fidhd n,hss oshqKqj w.hhs
 mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a
ia:dk is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

4'3 ft;sydisl hq.h yd  ft;sydisl hq.h  ft;sydisl hq.h meyeos,s

tys ckdjdi ms<sn| - bkaoshdfõ úúO lrhs
j úu¾Ykh lrhs m%foaYj,ska ck  ft;sydisl hq.h ckdjdi jQ
lKavdhï meñKSu wdldrh úia;r lrhs
 ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdi
is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

4
12 jk fY%AKsh YS% ,xld b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

Y%S ,dxflah 5'1 rcrg YsIagdpdrfha 5' rcrg YsIagdpdrh  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha moku 100
YsIagdpdrfha ;dlaIKsl moku ^fmdf<dkakrej wjidkh myohs
ft;sydisl úldYkh y÷kajd fohs f;la&  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha oshqKqjg
yd m%jK;d ms<sn| j tys
wjfndaOfhka lghq;=  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha moku moku odhl jQ wdldrh
lrhs ms<sn| ye|skaùu myohs
 rcrg YsIagdpdrh ms<sn|
f;dr;=re bosßm;a lrhs

5'2 rcrg YsIagdpdrfha  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha moku

foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" Y md, k , wd¾Ól, iudc"
f oa
Yla;su;a lsÍug odhl jQ
iudc" ixialD;sl yd ixialD;sl iy ;dlaIKsl rcjreka fmkajd fohs
;dlaIKh úia;r lghq;=
lrhs - foaYmd,k
* rdcH md,lfhda
* md,k ;ka;%
* hqoafOdaml%u
* úfoaY iïnkaO;d

- wd.u yd ixialD;sh  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha

* nqÿ oyu msysgqùu yd ixj¾Okh w.h lrhs
* jHdma;sh
* fjk;a wd.ï
* l,dj yd ixialD;sh

5
12 jk fY%AKsh YS% ,xld b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

 wd¾Ólh  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha

- lDIsl¾udka;h ft;sydisl ia:dk jeõ wuqKq
- l¾udka; is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
- fjf<|du

 iudch

 úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh
- jdß ;dlaIKh
- jdia;= úoHdj
- ffjoH úoHdj
- f,daydhkh

5'3 rcrg YsIagdpdrfha  rcrg YsIagdpdrfha mßydksh • rcrg YsIagdpdrfha moku

moku ÿ¾j, ùfuka yd ì|jeàu ÿ¾j, ùug fya;= olajhs
tys mßydksh yd
ì|jeàu isÿ jk • rcrg YsIagdpdrfha
wdldrh fmkajd fohs ì|jeàu isÿjQ wdldrh
meyeos,s lrhs

6
12 jk fY%AKsh YS% ,xld b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

Y%S ,dxflah 6' rcrg YsIagdpdrfhka miq  fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miq 50

YsIagdpdrfha wjÈh ìys jQ rdcOdks y÷kajdfohs
ft;sydisl úldYkh 6'1 Y%S ,dxflah  md,k uOHia:dk  rcrg rdcOdks yd
yd m%jK;d ms<sn| j YsIagdpdrh uq,a - ye|skaùu fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miq
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= mokñka fjkia jQ - oUfoKsh" hdmyqj"l=reKE., ìys jQ rdcOdks w;r fjki
lrhs wjÈhla fj; msúiSu .ïfmd< myohs
yd tys l%shdldß;ajh - úfoaY iïnkaO;d  fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miq
úu¾Ykh lrhs wd.u" ixialD;sh yd ìys jQ rdcOdks is;shul
iudch ,l=Kq lrhs

 hdmkh rdcOdksfha
6'2 hdmkh rdcOdksh  hdmkh rdcOdksh wdrïNh yd j¾Okh úia;r
ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lrhs
lrhss  hdmkh rdcOdksfha
mßydksh úia;r lrhs

6'3 fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh  fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh  fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha

ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh wdrïNh yd j¾Okh
lrhss meyeos,s lrhs
 fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha úYsIag
rcjreka w.h lrhs
 fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha
mßydksh úia;r lrhs

7
 bkaÈhd b;sydih w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh
^wE; w;S;fha isg ì%;dkH md,kh wjidkh olajd&
12 jk fY%AKsh
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

ld,dkqms<sfj<" uQ,dY%h 1 uQ,dY%h úNd.h yd úpdrh • bka§h b;sydih yeoEÍug we;s 08

yd úfõpkh yd fya;= uQ,dY%h kï lrhs
M, iïnkaOh weiqßka 1 1 bkaÈhd b;sydih • bka§h b;sydih yeoEÍug • bka§h b;sydih yeoEÍug
f.dvkef`.k yeoEÍug we;s uQ,dY%h we;s uQ,dY%h we;s uQ,dY%h j¾. lrhs
úpdrd;aul YsCIKh yd ú.%y lrhs • uQ,dY%h j¾.SlrKh • bka§h b;sydih
±kqu m%dfhda.sl cSú;hg • uQ,dY%h Ndú;fha § mek f.dvke`.Sfï § uQ,dY%h
Ndú; lrhs k`.sk wNsfhda. Wmfhda.S lr.kakd wdldrh
• uQ,dY%h ms<sn| úfõpk meyeÈ,s lrhs
• uQ,dY%h ixikaokd;aul
wOHhkfha jeo.;alu

8
12 jk fY%AKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

rgl b;sydih 2 N+f.da,Sh idOl bkaÈhdkq • bkaÈhdfõ ndysr yd wNHka;r 15

f.dvke`.Sfï § b;sydih flfrys n,mEu msysàu úia;r lrhss
fN!;sl idOl n,mdk • bkaÈhdfõ msysàu foaYSh yd
wdldrh ms<sn| 2'1 N+f.da,Sh msysàu bkaÈhd • N+f.da,Sh msysàu úfoaYSh udkj in|;d flfrys
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= b;sydih flfrys n,mE - ndysr msysàu n,mEu fmkajd fohss
lrhs wdldrh úu¾Ykh - wNHka;r msysàu • bkaÈhdfõ fN!;sl ,CIK
lrhs • N+f.da,Sh idOl bkaÈhdkq is;shul ,l=Kq lrhss
b;sydih flfrys n,mEu
• bkaÈhdfõ úYd,;ajh iy
úúO;ajh

9
12 jk fY%AKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

bka§h b;sydifha 3' iskaOq kÈh flakaøfldg ìys jQ • yrmamd YsIagdpdrh ms<sn| 30
ft;sydisl úldYkh yd kd.ßl YsIAgdpdrh f;dr;=re úia;r lrhss
m%jK;d ms<sn| • yrmamd YsIagdpdrfhys
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= 3'1 bkaÿ ksïk • yrmamd YsIagdpdrh ye|skaùu úYsIAg;ajh w.h lrhss
lrhss YsIAgdpdrfhys wdrïNh" • wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh ms<sn| • yrmamd YsIagdpdrh is;shul
j¾Okh yd mßydksh j we;s u;jdo yd iuld,Sk ,l=Kq lrhss
ms<sn| f;dr;=re fjk;a YsIAgdpdr w;r
úu¾Ykh lrhs in|;d
• kd.ßl ie,iqu
• iudc" wd¾Ól yd wd.ñl
;;a;ajh
• l,d;aul yelshd
• mßydksh yd ta ms<sn| úpdrl
u;

10
12 jk fY%AKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

bka§h b;sydifha 4 .x.d ksïk Tiafia me;sr .sh • ffjÈl hq.h ms<sn| 25
ft;sydisl úldYkh yd udkj ckdjdi rgdj f;dr;=re bÈrsm;a lrhs
m%jK;d ms<sn| j 4 1ffjÈl hq . h ms < s n | • iD.a ffjÈl idys;Hfhka • ffjÈl hq.h bka§h
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= f;dr;= r e úia ; r lrhs wkdjrKh jk udkj YsIAgdpdrfha moku njg
lrhs jHdma;sfha iajrEmh f;dr;=re bÈrsm;a lrhs
• iD.a ffjÈl hq.fha • iD.a ffjÈl yd mYapdoa
foaYmd,k" iudc" wd¾Ól yd ffjÈl ckdjdi jHdma;sh
ixialD;sl rgdj is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
• mYapdoa ffjÈl ckdjdi
jHdma;sh
• mYapdoa ffjÈl hq.fha
foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc
iy ixialD;sl j¾Okh

11
12 jk fY%AKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

bka§h b;sydifha 5 foaYmd,k yd udkj • fidf<dia uyd ckmo ms<sn| 25

ft;sydisl úldYkh yd Ñka;dj,sfha j¾Okh úia;r lrhs
m%jK;d ms<sn| • fidf<dia uyd ckmoj,
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= 5 1 fidf<dia uyd ckmo • ckmo jHdma;sh yd n,j;a rdcH fmkajd fohs
lrhs jHdma;sh úia;r lrhs fidf<dia uyd ckmo • fidf<dia uyd ckmo
is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

5 2 wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl • wd.ñl Ñka;kfha • bkaÈhdfõ j¾Okh jQ kj

Ñka;kh bka§h j¾Okh wd.ñl Ñka;djka úia;r
YsIagdpdrh f.dv - ixialD;sl fjkialï lrhs
ke`.Sug odhl ù we;s kj wd.ñl Ñka;dj • kj wd.ñl Ñka;djka
wdldrh úu¾Ykh ìys ùu yd jHdma;sh foaYmd,kh flfrys n,mEu
lrhs - foaYmd,k yd kj fmkajd fohs
wd.ñl Ñka;djkays • kj wd.ñl Ñka;djka udkj
n,mEu u; fjkiajk iudch flfrys n,mE
udkj yeisÍï yd wdldrh úia;r lrhs
ls%hdldrlï

12
12 jk fY%AKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

bka§h b;sydifha 6'1 wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amh 6' wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amh yd
ft;sydisl úldYkh yd fu!¾h wêrdcHh fu!¾h wêrdcHh
m%jK;d ms<sn| weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs • md,k ixl,amj, j¾Okh
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= yd wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amh
lrhs • fu!¾h wêrdcHfha j¾Okh
• wfYdal yd Tyqf.a m%;sm;a;s
• fu!¾hka hgf;a foaYmd,k"
wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl
m%jK;d
• fu!¾h wêrdcHfha
mßydksh yd fya;=
• wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amh úia;r 30
lrhs
• Yla;su;a fu!¾h wêrdcHhla
f.dv ke.+ wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrhs
• wêrdcHhl mj;sk iqúfYaI
,CIK fu!¾h md,kh
weiqßka úia;r lrhs
• fu!¾h wêrdcHfha mßydkshg
fya;= olajhs
• fu!¾h wêrdcHfha jHdma;sh
is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

13
 hqfrdamd b;sydih w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh
^ls%'j 1500 isg ls%'j 1989 olajd&
12 jk fY%aKsh
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

úúO n,fõ. uq,a lr 1'1 kQ;k hqfrdamh Wod jQ 1' hqfrdamd YsIagdpdrfha moku
.ksñka YsIagdpdr wdldrh meyeos,s lrhs • .%Sl" frdau iy l%sia;shdks
f.dvkef`.k wdldrh m%Njhka
fmkajd fohs
• bia,dï jHdma;sh
• jevjiï l%ufha mrsydksh
• l=rei hqoaO
• fjf<\fï ÈhqKqj
• k.r j¾Okh
• uOHu mka;sfha ke`.Su
² hqfrdamd YsIagdpdrfha moku 25
ú.%y lrhs
² kQ;k hqfrdamd YsIagdpdrh
yev.eiaùug .%Sl, frdau
yd l%sia;shdks n,fõ. n,mE
wdldrh fmkajd fohs
² jevjiï l%ufha mßydksh
kQ;k hqfrdamfha wdrCIdjg
;=vq ÿka wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrhs
² .%Sl, frdau, l%sia;shdks iy
bia,dï YsIagdpdr jHdma;sh
is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

14
12 jk fY%AKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

.hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ 2' kQ;k hqfrdamfha wdrïNh ² mqkreoh ú.%y lrhs 30

fjkia ùï f,dalh
flfrys n,mE 2'1 hqfrdamh kQ;k ² mqkreoh yd nqoaê m%fndaOh ² kj m%jK;d u`.ska hqfrdamh
hq.hg wj;S¾K jQ ² úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSï kQ;k hq.hg meñKs
wdldrh fmkajd
wdldrh ú.%y lrhs ² cd;sl rdcHj, ke`.Su wdldrh fmkajd fohs
fohs

² foaY .fõIK úia;r lrhs

2'2 hqfrdamd rgj,a ² foaY .fõIK ² hqfrdamfha jHdma;sh fiiq

fjk;a uydoaùmj, rgj,g n,mE whqre ú.%y
wêrdcH f.dvke`.+ ² hqfrdamSh jHdma;sh lrhs
wdldrh mrSCId lrhs
² foaY .fõIK yd hqfrdamSh
jHdma;sh is;shul ,l=Kq
lrhs

15
12 jk fY%AKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

wd.ñl fCIa;%fha isÿ ² wd.ñl m%;sixialrKj,g ;=vq 25

jk fjkia ùï iudcfha ÿka miqìu úia;r lrhss
fiiq fCIa;% flfrys 3' wd.ñl m%;sixialrK yd m%;s ² wd.ñl m%;sixialrKj,
n,mdk wdldrh y÷kd frmrudÿ jHdmdrh m%;sM, fmkajd fohss
f.k fjkia ùïj,g 3'1 hqfrdamfha wd.ñl ² wd.ñl m%;sixialrKj, ² wd.ñl m%;sixialrK yd
uqyqK oSfï wdl,am m%;sixialrK we;s miqìu iïnkaO rgj,a is;shul
j¾Okh lr .kshs ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;= ,l=Kq lrhss
ú.%y lrhs
² frmrudÿ yd m%;sfrmrudÿ
jHdmdrh meyeÈ,s lrhss
² frmrudÿ jHdmdrh ² m%;sfrmrudÿ jHdmdrfha
3'2 frmrudÿ yd m%;s
² m%;sfrmrudÿ jHdmdrh m%;sM, ú.%y lrhss
frmrudÿ jHdmdrj,
m%;sM, msßlaihs ² frdaudkq lf;da,sl yd
frmrudÿ wd.ïj,
jHdma;sh hqfrdamfha is;shul
,l=Kq lrhs

² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOh meyeÈ,s

² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOh lrhss
3'3 wd.u uq,a lrf.k
- hqoaOfha m%Odk wjia:d ² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOfha m%;sM,
hqfrdamfha we;s jQ
- fjiaÜfma,shd .súiqu fmkajd fohss
.egqï úu¾Ykh lrhs
² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOh wjidkfha
hqfrdamh is;shul ,l=Kq
lrhss

16
12 jk fY%AKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

md¾,sfïka;= l%ufha 4'ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;= l%uh 15

n,h j¾Okh udkj
ixy;sfha m%.ukhg 4'1 ì%;dkH iudcfha we;s ² md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdrïNh yd ² wd¾Ól yd iudc fCIa;%j,
odhl jQ whqre ú.%y jQ fjkia ùïj,g j¾Okh we;s jQ fjkiaùïj,g
lrhs wkqrEm j foaYmd,k idfmaCI j foaYmd,k
fCIa;%fha we;s jQ fCI;%fha jQ m%jK;d fmkajd
m%jK;d úu¾Ykh fohs
lrhs

4'2 ì%;dkH ² md¾,sfïka;= l%ufha ,CIK ² ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;= l%uh

md¾,sfïka;=j - ksfhdack l%uh ;=< m%cd;ka;%jdoh l%shd;aul
weiqßka md¾,sfïka;= - mCI l%uh jk wdldrh úia;r lrhs
wdKavq l%ufha m%Odk - leìkÜ l%uh ² ksfhdack md¾,sfïka;= l%uh
,CIK ú.%y lrhs udkj ixy;sfha m%.ukhg
odhl jk wdldrh fmkajd
fohs
² ksfhdack l%uh" mCI l%uh
yd leìkÜ l%uh ì%;dkH
md¾,sfïka;=j weiqßka ú.%y
lrhs

17
12 jk fY%AKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

iajdNdúl wNsfhda.j,g 5' ld¾ñl úma,jh 15

uqyqK oSfï oS ñksid
w;am;a lr.;a ch.%yK 5'1 f,dalfha .uka u`. ² wdrïNh
;=,kd;aul j wjfndaO fjkia lsrSug ² jHdma;sh
lr f.k ta wkqj lghq;= ² m%;sM,
ld¾ñl úma,jh
lrhs
n,mE wdldrh ms<sn|
f;dr;=re f.dkq
lrhs

18
12 jk fY%AKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

rgl ck;dj iduQysl j 20

l%shd lsrSfuka ch.%yK 6' wfußldkq ksoyia igk
w;am;a lr .; yels
njg wjfndaOfhka 6'1 wfußld uydoaùm ² ckmo ìys ùu
lghq;= lrhs ;=< hqfrdamd - wfußldfõ uq,a mÈxÑ
YsIagdpdrh me;sr.sh lrefjda
wdldrh mrSCId lrhs - hqfrdamd cd;Ska wfußldjg ² ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,
ixl%uKh ùu yd ckmo
msysgqùu
- W;=re wfußldfõ bx.%Sis
ckmo
² ksoyia igk
6'2 wfußld ksoyia - ksoyia igk iy tys
igk f,dal wdrïNh
b;sydifha jeo.;a - ckmo jdiSkaf.a
jk wdldrh ú.%y ch.%yKhg fya;=
² ksoyia igfka m%;sM,
² ld¾ñl úma,jh we;s
ùug ;=vq ÿka miqìu iy kj
fidhd.ekSï ms<sn`o j ú.%y
lrhs
meyeÈ,s lrhs
² ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh
f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
² wfußldfõ uq,a mÈxÑ lrejka
ms<sn| f;dr;=re úia;r lrhs
² ì%;dkHhka wfußldfõ
msysgqjd .;a ckmo ms<sn|
f;dr;=re ú.%y lrhs
² W;=re wfußldfõ ì%;dkH
ckmo is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

19
12 jk fY%AKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

ksoyi iy udkj lrhs ² wfußld ksoyia igk ú.%y 20

whs;sjdislï uyck 7' m%xY úma,jh lrhs
wr.,j, m%;sM, nj ² wfußld ksoyia igk
wjfndaO lrf.k tajd 7'1 iudcfha mek k`.sk ² m%xYfha wdÈ;ka;%h f,dal b;sydifha jeo.;a
wdrCIdlr .ekSug .eg¨ wjia:d ² m%xY úma,jhg n,mE jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lghq;= lrhs fkdi,ld yerSfuka fya;= lrhs
úma,j f.dv kef`.k ² úma,jfha wdrïNh yd
nj m%xY úma,jh j¾Okh
weiqßka ú.%y lrhs ² úma,jfha m%Odk wjia:d
² úma,jfha m%;sM,

20
 kQ;k f,dal b;sydih w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh
^ ls%'j 1500 isg&
12 jk fY%aKsh
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kq;k f,dalfha Wodjg 25

n,mE ft;sydisl 1' kQ;k f,dalfha Wodj
n,fõ. ms<sn|
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= 1'1 jdKsc Okjdofha • jevjiï l%ufha
lrhs ke`.su kQ;k f,dalfha mdßyksh yd jdKsc ² m%xY úma,jhg fya;= meyeÈ,s
Wodjg n,mE wdldrh Okjdofha ke`.Su lrhs
ú.%y lrhs ² m%xY úma,jfha m%Odk wjia:d
úia;r lrhs
² m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM, ú.%y
lrhs
1'2 cd;sl rdcHhkaf.a • cd;sl rdcH ìys ùu
ke`.Su kQ;k ,dalfha
Wodj flfrys n,mE • jdKsc Okjdoh ú.%y lrhs
wdldrh ú.%y lrhs • hqfrdamfha jdKsc Okjdofha
ke`.Su úia;r lrhs
• jdKsc Okjdofha ke`.Su
kq;k f,dalfha Wodjg
n,mEu fmkajd fohs

• cd;sl rdcH ìys ùug

fya;= meyeos,s lrhs
• hqfrdamfha ìys jq cd;sl
rdcH ms<sn| úia;r lrhs
• hqfrdamfha ìysjq cd;sl
rdcHhka is;shul ,l=Kq
lrhs
21 • cd;sl rdcH ìys úu
12 jk fY%AKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kq;k f,dalfha Wodj

• foaY .fõIK flfrys n,mE wdldrh
- 16 jk ishji jk úg fmkajd fohs
wdishd" wm%sld" wfußld
uy oaùmj, mej;s ;;a;ajh

1'3 yqfol,d j meje;s • foaY.fõIK jHdmdr

rgj,a f,dalhg újr
jq wdldrh fmkajd
fohs

• 16 jk ishji jk úg wdishd"
wm%sld yd wefußld
uydoaùmj, mej;s ;;a;ajh
meyeos,s lrhs

• hqfrdamfha foaY .fõIK

jHdmdrh wdrïN úug fya;=
myohs

22
12 jk fY%AKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kq;k f,dalfha Wodjg • foaY .fõIK jHdmdrh yd 35

n,mE n,fõ. ms<sn| 2' hqfrdamd n,jHdma;sh yd tys m%;sM, fmkajd fohs
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= wêrdcH f.dvke`.su • foaY .fõIK jHdmdrh
lrhs is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
2'1 hqfrdamfha n,j;a • W;=re yd ol=Kq wfußldj
rdcH f,dalh mqrd
;u n,h jHdma; l< • wdishdj
wdldrh ú.%y lrhs
• wm%sldj

• hqfrdamd rgj, fiiq uydoaùm

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lsßug fya;= meyeos,s lrhs
• hqfrdamd rgj,a f,dalfha
fjk;a rgj, ;u n,h
jHdma; l< wdldrh fmkajd
fohs
• hqfrdamd rgj, n,jHdma;sh

23
12 jk fY%AKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kq;k f,dalfha Wodjg iu`. f,dalfha isÿ jq 20

n,mE n,fõ. ms<sn| 3' kq;k f,dalh yev.eiajq mßj¾;kh meyeos,s lrhs
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= úma,j • hqfrdamd n,jHdma;sh is;shul
lrhs ,l=Kq lrhs
3'1 md¾,sfïka;=fõ n,h • l%s j 1688 bx.%Sis úma,jh
f.dvke`.Su i`oyd
bx.%Sis úma,jfha
odhl;ajh mÍlaId
lrhs

3'2 wfußld ksoyia • wfußldkq ksoyia igk

igk f,dal
n,fõ.hla jQq wdldrh • bx.%Sis úma,jhg fya;= myohs
ú.%y lrhs • bx.%Sis úma,jfha wdrïNh yd
j¾Okh úia;r lrhs
• kQ;k f,dalh yev.eiSu
flfrys bx.%Sis úma,jfha
odhl;ajh fmkajd fohs
3'3 udkj whs;Ska • m%xY úma,jh
iq/lSfï jeo.;alu
fmkajdÿka m%xY • wfußld ksoyia igk
úia;r lrhs
• wfußldfõ ì%;dkH ckmo
is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
• wfußld ksoyia igk
f,dal b;sydih flfrys

24
12 jk fY%AKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kq;k f,dalfha Wodjg úma,jh ú.%y lrhs n,mEu úia;r lrhs 10

n,mE n,fõ. ms<sn| 4'1 ld¾ñl úma,jhg n,mE
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= 4'1 wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK idOl • m%xY úma,jh we;s ùug
lrhs oSfï oS ks¾uKd;aul • ld¾ñl úma,jh ;=vq ÿka fya;= ú.%y lrhs
Ñka;kh j¾Okh jk • ;dlaIKfha j¾Okh • m%xY úma,jfhka oskd.;a
wdldrh fmkajd fohs • jHdma;sh uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï
• m%;sM, fmkajd fohs
• udkj whs;Ska iq/lSu kQ;k
f,dalh u ms<s.;a ixl,amhla
nj meyeos,s lrhs

• ld¾ñl úma,jh y÷kajhs

• wjYH;d wkqj ksmo jQ kj
ksmehqï úia;r lrhs
• ld¾ñl úma,jh kj f,dalfha

25
12 jk fY%AKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kQ;k f,dalfha úúO j¾Okhg odhl jQ wdldrh 25

foaYmd,k Ñka;k 5'1 ,snr,ajd§ yd 5' ,snr,ajd§ yd cd;sljd§ meyeos,s lrhs
m%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjg cd;sljd§ Ñka;k Ñka;kj, j¾Okh • ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh
mßj¾;kh l< wdldrh m%dfhda.sl f,i is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
mÍCId lrhs l%shd;aul l< wdldrh • ,snr,ajd§ yd cd;sjd§
meyeÈ,s lrhs jHdmdrj, j¾Okh
- 1848 úma,jh
- n,fõ.
- b;d,sh tlai;a lsÍu
- c¾uksh tlai;a lsÍu

26
12 jk fY%AKsh
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h
n,h ms<sn| we;s jk
.egqïj, úkdYldÍ nj 6'1 m<uq jk f,dal 6' m<uq jk f,dal hqoaOh
f;areï f.k iduh /l hqoaOfha úkdYldÍ nj
.ekSug lghq;= lrhs fmkajd fohs • hqoaOh we;s ùug
n,mE ft;sydisl miqìu
- kj wêrdcHjdoh
- wm%sldj i|yd ;r.h
- fnda,alka m%Yakh
- hqfrdamh foms,lg fnoSu
• hqoaOfha m%Odk wjia:d
• hqoaOfha m%;sM,
- j¾idhs .súiqu
- hqfrdamd is;shu fjkia ùu
- cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùu
27
kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo
20
• foaYmd,k úka;kj,
j¾Okh;a iu`. úma,ùh
n,fõ. biau;= jQ wdldrh
úia;r lrhs
• ,snr,ajd§ yd cd;sljd§
Ñka;k m%dfhda.slj Ndú; jQ
wdldrh fmkajd fohs
• c¾uksh tlai;a lsÍu is;shul
,l=Kq lrhs
• b;d,ssh tlai;a lsÍu is;shul
,l=Kq lrhs
• f,dal hqoaOh isÿ jQ wdldrh
meyeos,s lrhs
• f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM, fmkajd
fohs
• f,dal hqoaOh yd iïnkaO
ia:dk yd rgj,a is;shul
,l=Kq lrhs
12 jk fY%AKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kQ;k f,dalfhys ;=, 15

úúO foaYmd,k Ñka;k 7'1 reishka úma,jh 7' reishka úma,jh
m%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjg f,dal n,fõ.hla jQ
mßj¾;kh l< wdldrh whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs • úma,jh ye`oskaùu
mÍCId lrhss • úma,jhg n,mE fya;=
• úma,jfha m%;sM,
- iudcjdoh

28
13 jk fY%aKsh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

Y%S ,dxflah s 30
YssIagdpdrfha 7' oyih jk ishjfia isg
ft;sydisl úldYkh 7'1 wjika foaYSh oywg jk ishji f;la
yd m%jK;d ms<sn| j rdcOdksh Y%S ,xldj
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh
lrhs lrhs  uykqjr rdcOdksh
• reishka úma,jh úia;r lrhs
• úma,jfhka oskd.;a iudcjdoS
ixl,am meyeos,s lrhs
• iudcjdoh f,dal n,fõ.hla
7'2 uqyqÿnv m<d;aj,
jQ wdldrh fmkajd fohs
mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais
l%shdldÍ;ajh úuid  uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, mD;=.Sis yd
,kafoais md,kh  uykqjr rdcOdksfha
n,hs
wdrïNh yd j¾Okh
úia;r lrhs
 uykqjr rdcOdksfha fY%aIaG
md,lhka w.h lrhs
 uykqjr rdcOdksfha
ft;sydisl
ia:dk is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

 uqyqÿnv m<d;a mD;=.Siska yd

,kafoaiSka w,a,d.;a wdldrh
úia;r lrhs
 uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, mD;=.Sis
yd ,kafoais md,kh úia;r
lrhs
29  mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka
hgf;a mej;s m%foaY
is;shul ,l=Kq lrh
13 jk fY%aKsh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

Y%S ,dxflah  ì%;dkH md,kh Y%S ,xldfõ 30

YsIagdpdrfha 8' Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h ia:dms; ùug fya;= meyeos,s
ft;sydisl úldYkh 8'1 ì%;dkH md,kh Y%S msysgqùu yd ia:dms; ùu lrhs
yd m%jK;d ms<sn| j ,xldfõ ia:djr jQ  iajfoaYSh úfrdaO;d yd tys
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= wdldrh fmkajd  n,h msysgqùu ls%hdldß;ajh ú.%y lrhs
lrhs fohs - 1796 uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a ;u iajdêm;H /l.ekSug

lr .ekSu Wrÿka foaYSh kdhlhka w.h
- 1815 Wvrg m%foaY lrhs
ì%;dkH wdêm;Hhg
k;=ùu

- 1818 ksoyia igk

- 1833 flda,anDDla
m%;sixialrK
- 1848 ksoyia igk

30
13 jk fY%aKsh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

wd.ka;=l ixialD;sl Odrd  ì%;dkHhka hgf;a furg 30

foaYSh iudchg tla jQ 9'1 ì%;dkH md,kh 9' ì%;dkHhka hgf;a wd¾Ól" wd¾Ólfha isÿ jQ fjkialï
wdldrh ms<sn`o hgf;a Y%S ,dxlsl iudcSh fjkialï ^1948 meyeos,s lrhs
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= iudchg tla jQ olajd&  ì%;dkH wd¾Ólh wkqj
lrhs kjdx. fmkajd fohs furg iudÔh jYfhka isÿ
 wd¾Ól yd iudc jQ fjki fmkajd fohs
- j;= wd¾Ólfha j¾Okh  ì%;dkH wd¾Ól lghq;=
- m%jdyKh yd fya;=fjka furg wd¾Ól yd
ikaksfõokh iudÔh jYfhka isÿ jQ
- foaYSh l¾udka; hym;a fjki w.hhs
- wOHdmkh  ì%;dkH wd¾Ól lghq;=
fya;=fjka hgm;a jQ foaYSh
wkkH;dj fmkajd fohs
- iudcSh fjkia ùï

 foaYSh wd.ñl yd
9'2 úfoaYSh n,fõ.  foaYSh wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl m%fndaOh meyeos,s
yuqfõ cd;sl ixialD;sl m%fndaOh lrhs
kdhlhkaf.a  foaYSh;ajh /l.ekSug
l%shdldß;ajh Wrÿka kdhlhka w.hhs
fmkajd fohs  úfoaY n,fõ. yuqfõ
foaYSh;ajh /l.ekSug
lghq;= l< hq;= nj
fmkajd fohs

31
13 jk fY%aKsh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

Y%S ,dldfõ  ì%;dkHhka hgf;a wdKavql%u 30

úfoaYdêm;H ms<sn`o j 10'1 ì%;dkH md,kh 10' wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK yd m%;sixialrK meyeos,s lrhs
wOHhkh lr ;u rfÜ yd foaYSh cd;sl jHdmdr  wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK
iajdêm;H /l .ekSug kdhlhkaf.a iuÕ Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl
lghq;= lrhs l%shdldß;ajh - 1910" 1920" 1924 jHmdrfha l%shdldß;ajh
ms<sn| úu¾Ykh wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK meyeos,s lrhs
lrhs - fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh  úfoaYdêm;Hh yuqfõ foaYSh
- 1948 fida,anß kdhlhka l%shd l< wdldrh
wdKavql%uh fmkajd fohs
- ksoyi ,eîu

32
13 jk fY%aKsh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

bka§h b;sydifha  1972 iy 1978 wdKavql%u 60

ft;sydisl úldYkh yd 11' ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldj jHjia:d úia;r lrhs
m%jK;d ms<sn| j  1972 iy 1978 wdKavql%u
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= 11'1 iajdëk rdcHhla  wdKavql%u jHjia:d j¾Okh jHjia:d úfõpkd;aul j
lrhs i`oyd msysgqjd.;a - 1972, 1978 ú.%y lrhs
wdKavql%u
jHjia:d úu¾Ykh
lrhs  ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ
ixj¾Ok Wmdhud¾. úia;r
11'2 iajdëk rdcHhla  ixj¾Ok l%shdud¾. lrhs
f,i cd;sl - wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh  ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldj
ixj¾Okh Wfoid * rdcH jHjidh ixj¾Okh i|yd .;a
l%shd;aul l< * lDIsl¾uh m%h;ak w.h lrhs
m%;sm;a;s yd * l¾udka;  ixj¾Ok Wmdhud¾.j,
jevms<sfj, M,odhS;d j ú.%y lrhs
úu¾Ykh lrhs - iudc iqNidOkh
* wOHdmkh
* fi!LHh
* i,dl l%uh
* ikaksfõokh  ksoyia Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY
m%;sm;a;s ú.%y lrhs
11'3 iajdëk rdcHhla  Y%S ,xldj úfoaYSh wjOdkhg
f,i úfoaY rdcH fhduq ùug fya;= myohs
iu`. lghq;= l<  Y%S ,xldj iu`. ñ;%
iïnkaO;d meje;ajQ
rgj,a is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

33
13 jk fY%aKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

wdldrh úuid n,hs  úfoaY m%;sm;a;s • bka§h b;sydihg n,mEï l< 30

bka§h b;sydifha úfoaYSh rdcH ms<sn| f;dr;=re
ft;sydisl úldYkh 7'1bka§h b;sydihg 7' mYapd;a fu!¾h hq.h yd úia;r lrhs
yd m%jK;d ms<sn| n,mEula l< úfoaYSh úfoaYSh foaYmd,k n,h • úfoaYSh rdcHj, f.a n,mEu
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= rdcH ms<sn| f;dr;=re • Y=x. fm<m; fmkajd fohs
lrhs ú.%y lrhs • bkaÿ .%Sl" Yl" mya,j • mYapd;a fu!¾h hq.h
md,kh yd Tjqkaf.a m%foaY is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
ixialD;sh
• l=IdK hq.h yd bka§h
b;sydifha Tjqkaf.a
odhl;ajh
• id;jyk hq.h yd

34
13 jk fY%aKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

ixialD;sh • .=ma; wêrdcHfha wdrïNh 30

bka§h b;sydifha j¾Okh yd mßydksh úia;r
ft;sydisl úldYkh yd 8'1 bkaÈhd b;sydih 8' .=ma; wêrdcHfha Wodj lrhs
m%jK;d ms<sn| f.dvke`.Sfï § .=ma; • .= ma;jrekaf.a foaYmd,k
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= wêrdcHfha • .=ma; wêrdcHfha jHdma;sh iudc" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl
lrhs odhl;ajh ú.%y lrhs • .=ma; md,lhkaf.a lghq;= bka§h iudch flfrys
l%shdldß;ajh yd bka§h n,mE wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs
iudchg th n,mE whqre • .=ma; wêrdcHfha jHdma;sh
• .=ma;hkaf.a iudc" wd¾Ól yd is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
ixialD;sl lghq;=
• .=ma; wêrdcHfha mßydksh

35
13 jk fY%aKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

bka§h b;sydifha yd yQK wdl%uK mYapdoa .=ma; wjêfha n,j;a jQ

• 35
ft;sydisl úldYkh m%foaYSh md,k tallj,
yd m%jK;d ms<sn| 9' mYapdoa .=ma; hq.fha W;=re f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= 9'1 .=ma;hkaf.ka miq bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k m%jK;d • m%foaYSh md,k tall bka§h
lrhs m%foaYSh md,k b;sydih flfrys isÿ l<
tallj, n,h • m%foaYSh n,h kej; ia:dms; n,mEï fmkajd fohs
j¾Okh jQ wdldrh ùu • mYapdoa .=ma; W;=re bkaÈhdj
fmkajd fohs - lfk!cfha n, j¾Okh is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
- y¾Ij¾Ok rcq

• md," .=¾cr m%;sydr rdIag%l+g

md,k n, yd lfk!ch
• m%dfoaYSh md,k tall hgf;a
ta m%foaYhkays foaYmd,k"
wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl
lghq;=

36
13 jk fY%aKsh bkaoshd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

bka§h b;sydifha • bkaÈhdjg t,a, jQ wrdì" ;=¾ls 20

ft;sydisl úldYkh yd wdl%uK úia;r lrhs
m%jK;d ms<sn| 10'1 uqia,sï wdl%uKj,g 10' wrdì ;=¾ls wdl%uK yd
mokï ilia jQ whqre bkaÈhd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh • wrdì" ;=¾ls wdl%uK u`.ska
wjfndaOfhka lghq;=
lrhs úia;r lrhs bkaÈhd b;sydihg jQ n,mEu
• wrdì ;=¾ls wdl%uK fmkajd fohs
• iuld,Sk bkaÈhdfõ
• wrdîka yd ;=¾lSka w,a,d .;a
m%foaY is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

37
13 jk fY%aKsh
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h
bka§h b;sydifha foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh
ft;sydisl úldYkh yd
m%jK;d ms<sn| 11' ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaYmd,k
11'1ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= miqìu
m%foaYSh rdcH bka§h
lrhs • ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaYmd,kh
b;sydih flfrys n,mE
- foaYmd,k ls%hdldß;ajfha
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs
wdrïNh
- m,a,j mdKavH fpda< yd
pd¨lH md,lhka hgf;a
ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ kj
m%jK;d
- ol=Kq bka§h iudc"
wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl
,CIK yd tys j¾Okh
flfrys n,mE idOl
• ol=Kq bkaÈhdj yd Y%S ,xldj
11'2 ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ
- ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq n,mEu
foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Y%S
,xldj flfrys n,mE
38
bkaoshd b;sydih
bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo
• ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaY iSud 20
yd m%foaYSh rdcHhka
is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaYmd,k
•
wd¾Ól yd iudc ixialD;sl
;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs
• ol=Kq bka§h m%jK;d
bka§h b;sydih flfrys
n,md we;s wdldrh úia;r
lrhs
• ol=Kq bkaÈhdj" Y%S ,xldj
flfrys n,mEug fya;=
olajhs
• Y%S ,xldj flfrys n,mEï
we;s l< rdcHka yd tys
n,mEu úia;r lrhs
13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

m%n, mqoa.,hkaf.a wdldrh ú.%y lrhs yd Y%S ,xldj ² kefmda,shka n,j;a wêrdcHhla 20
ùfrdaodr l%shd 8' kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ iy Tyq f.dvk`.d.;a wdldrh úia;r
b;sydih f.dvke`.Sug f.a wêrdcHh lrhs
odhl jQ whqre mrSCId ² Yla;su;a wêrdcHhl= mrdch
lrhs 8'1 kefmda,shka f.a ² kefmda,shka m%xYfha n,hg ùug fya;= olajhs
m;a ùu ² kefmda,shka f.a wêrdcHh
m%;sixialrK m%xY
² kefmda,shka f.a m%;sixialrK is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
cd;sl;ajh
² kefmda,shka f.a úfoaY
f.dvke`.Sug odhl
m%;sm;a;sh yd m%xY n,
jQ wdldrh meyeos,s
jHdma;sh
lrhs
² kefmda,shka mrdch ùug
fya;=

39
13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

hqfrdamfha n, 15
iu;=,s;;dj wdrCId lr 9' úhdkd iïfï,kh
.ekSu i|yd cd;Ska w;r
iduQysl l%shd ud¾.hl ² hqfrdamfha iduh wdrCId lr
we;s jeo.;alu ú.%y 9'1 hqfrdamd iduh mj;ajd ² úhdkd iïfï,kh ye|skaùu .ekSug úhdkd iïfï,kh .;a
lrhs .ekSu flfrys úhdkd ² úhdkd iïfï,kh le|ùug l%shd ud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs
iïfï,kh odhl jQ isÿ jQ fya;= ² iduh wdrCId lr .ekSu i|yd
whqre mrSCId lrhs iïfï,k l%ufha jeo.;alu
úfõpkd;aul j meyeÈ,s
lrhs
² úhdkd iuq`Mfjka miq hqfrdamh
9'2 úúO lKavdhï tl;= ² úhdkd iïfï,kh is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
ù iduQysl j lghq;= wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.
lsrSfï jeo.;alu ² úhdkd iïfï,kfha m%;sM,

40
13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

úúO foaYmd,k Ñka;k ú.%y lrhs 25

m%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjg 10' ,snr,ajdÈ yd cd;sljdÈ
mßj¾;kh l< wdldrh Ñka;kj, j¾Okh
mrSCId lrhs ² foaYmd,k Ñka;kj,
10'1 ,snr,ajdÈ yd ² ,snr,ajdÈ yd cd;sljdÈ j¾Okh;a iu`. úma,ùh
cd;sljdÈ Ñka;kj, jHdmdrj, j¾Okh n,fõ. biau;= jQ wdldrh
j¾Okh meyeos,s - 1848 úma,jh úia;r lrhs
lrhs ² ,snr,ajdÈ yd cd;sljdÈ
foaYmd,k Ñka;k m%dfhda.sl j
² n,fõ. Ndú; jQ wdldrh fmkajd fohs
- b;d,sh tlai;a lsrSu ² b;d,sh yd c¾uksh tlai;a
- c¾uksh tlai;a lsrSu lsÍfï jHdmdrh is;shï u`.ska
fmkajd fohs

41
13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

n,h ms<sn| we;s jk 20

.egqïj, úkdYldÍ nj 11' m<uq jk f,dal hqoaOh
f;areï f.k iduh /l
.ekSug lghq;= lrhs 11'1 m<uq jk f,dal • hqoaOh we;s ùug n,mE
hqoaOfha úkdYldÍ ft;sydisl miqìu
nj fmkajd fohs - kj wêrdcHjdoh
- wm%sldj i|yd ;r.h
- fnda,alka m%Yakh
- hqfrdamh foms,lg fnoSu
• f,dal hqoaOh isÿ jQ wdldrh
meyeos,s lrhs
• f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM,
fmkajd fohs
• f,dal hqoaOh yd iïnkaO
ia:dk yd rgj,a is;shul
,l=Kq lrhs

• hqoaOfha m%Odk wjia:d

• hqoaOfha m%;sM,
- j¾idhs .súiqu
- hqfrdamd is;shu fjkia
ùu
• cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùu

42
13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

kQ;k f,dalfh ys úúO 15

foaYmd,k Ñka;k 12'reishka úma,jh
m%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjg • reishdka úma,jh úia;r lrhs
mßj¾;kh l< wdldrh 12'1 reishdka úma,jh • úma,jh ye`oskaùu • úma,jfhka oskd.;a iudcjdoS
mÍCId lrhs f,dal n,fõ.hla jQ • úma,jhg n,mE fya;= ixl,am meyos,s lrhs
whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs • úma,jfha m%;sM, • iudcjdoh f,dal n,fõ.hla
- iudcjdoh jQ wdldrh fmkajd fohs

43
13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

n,h ms<sn| we;sjk 35

.egqïj, úkdYldÍ nj 13' fojk f,dal hqoaOh
f;areï f.k iduh • fojk f,dal hqoaOfha wdrïNh
/l.ekSug lghq;= lrhs 13'1 fojk f,dal • hqoaOh yd jHdma;sh meyeos,s lrhs
hqoaOfha úkdYldÍ - hqoaOfha wdrïNh • fojk f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM,
nj fmkajd fohs - hqoaOfha jHdma;sh ú.%y lrhs
- hqoaOfha wjidkh iy • fojk f,dal hqoaO iuh iy
m%;sM, miq ld,fha f,dalh is;shul
,l=Kq lrhs

13'2 f,dal iduh we;s • tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh • tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha
lr .ekSu i|yd - wruqKq wruqKq meyeos,s lrhs
iduQysl j lghq;= - jHQyh • fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq
lsÍfï jeo.;alu - l%shdldß;ajh f,dal iduh /l .ekSug .;a
m%h;ak meyeÈ,s lrhs

44
13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

n,h ms<sn| we;sjk mßlaId lrhs 25

.egqïj, úkdYldÍ nj 14' fojk f,dal ix.%dufhka
f;areï f.k iduh miq f,dalh
/l.ekSug lghq;= lrhs 14'1 n, l|jqre f.da,Sh ² n, l|jqre ² j¾;udk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhg
foaYmd,kh flfrys ² OkjdoS - fkafgda n,mE fya;= fmkajd fohs
we;s l< n,mEu ² iudcjdoS - fjd¾fida ² n, l|jqrej, foaYmd,k
meyeÈ,s lrhs ² fkdne|s cd;Ska wd¾Ól yd iudc m%jK;d
ú.%y lrhs

² ksrú hqoaOh
14'2 ksrú hqo iufha n, - u;.egqï yd u; ² ksrú hqoaOh meyeÈ,s lrhs
l|jqre w;r .egqï m%pdrKh ² ;u ms, Yla;su;a lr .ekSu
ú.%y lrhs - n, l|jqre ì|S hEu i|yd n, l|jqrej,
l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs
² n, l|jqrej,g fn§ .sh
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs

• wka;¾ f,dal hqoaO iuh

meyeos,s lrhs
• úúO .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;aj Tiafia
kj m%jK;d u;= jk wdldrh
fmkajd fohs

45
13 jk fY%aKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

.eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka 20
;=,ska ks¾udKh jk 8' wka;¾ f,dal hqoaO iuh
kj m%jK;d ms<sn| • wka;¾ f,dal hqoaO iuh
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= 8'1 m<uq f,dal • f,dal wd¾:sl w¾nqoh meyeÈ,s lrhs
lrhs hqoaOfhka miq • meisiaÜjdofha yd • .egqïldÍ ;;a;aj Tiafia
mekke`.=K kj kdisjdofha ke`.Su u;= jk kj m%jK;dj,
m%jK;d úu¾Ykh • cmdkfha ke`.Su n,mEu fmkajd fohs
• cd;Skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l • .egqïldÍ ;;a;aj Tiafia
u;=jk kj m%jK;dj,
n,mEu úu¾Ykh lrhs

46
13 jk fY%aKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

n,h ms<sn| we;s jk lrhs ùu 35

.egqïj, úkdYldÍ 9 fojk f,dal hqoaOh
nj f;areï f.k • fojk f,dal hqoaOfha
iduh /l.ekSug 9'1 fojk f,dal • hqoaOfha wdrïNh wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh meyeÈ,s
lghq;= lrhs hqoaOfha úkdYldÍ • hqoaOfha jHdma;sh lrhs
nj fmkajd fohs • hqoaOfha wjidkh iy • fojk f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM,
m%;sM, ú.%y lrhs
• fojk f,dal hqoaO iuh yd
miq ld,fha f,dalh is;shul
,l=Kq lrhs
9'2 f,dal iduh we;s • tlai;a cd;Skaf.a s
lr .ekSu i|yd ixúOdkh • tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha
iduQysl j lghq;= - wruqKq wruqKq meyeos,s lrhs
lsÍfï jeo.;alu - jHQyh
mÍlaId lrhs • fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq
f,dal iduh /l .ekSug .;a
m%h;ak meyeÈ,s lrhs

47
13 jk fY%aKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

iajdëk j isàfï w.h - l%shdldß;ajh 40

jgydf.k cd;sl 10' hg;aúð;yrKh
wkkH;dj /l.ekSug • wdishd yd wm%sld uydoaùmj,
lghq;= lrhs 10'1iajdëk;ajh • wdishdfõ iy wm%sldfõ we;s ngysr hg;a úð;
oskd.ekSu i|yd cd;sl igka jHdmdr is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs
wdishd yd wm%sld rgj,a
l%shd l< wdldrh • wdishd" wm%sld rgj,a
úuid n,hs ksoyi ,nd .ekSu i|yd
f.k.sh wr., úia;r lrhs

• iajlSh rgj, iajdëk;ajh

idlaId;a lr .ekSug Wr ÿka
kdhlhkag f.!rj lrhs

48
13 jk fY%aKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

j¾;udk f,dal m%jK;d 30

iy tys n,mEu ms<sn| 11' f,dalh n, l|jqrej,g
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= fnoShdu • f,dalh n, l|jqrej,g
lrhs fnoS.sh wdldrh meyeos,s
11'1 j¾;udk f,dalfha • ;=IaKs hqoaO lrhs
l%shd;aul foaYmd,k • fkdne|s cd;Syq
n,fõ. ms<sn| j • fidaúhÜ foaYh • fidaúhÜ foaYh ì|jeàu
meyeos,s lrhs ì|jeàu iu`. we;s jQ ;;a;ajh
ú.%y lrhs

• f,dalfha n, lojqre yd Bg
wh;a rgj,a is;shul ,l=Kq
lrhs

49
13 jk fY%aKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

úúO wNsfhda. yuqfõ 20

rgj,a m%.ukh jQ 12' wdishdfõ keÕSu
wdldrh wdo¾Yhg f.k • Ökh yd cmdkh f,dalfha
wNsjDoaêh i|yd lghq;= 12'1úis jk ishjfia YS>% • Ök úma,jh yd Ökfha oshqKq rgj,a njg m;a jQ
lrhs oshqKqjla w;a lr.;a keÕSu wdldrh úia;r lrhs
wdishd;sl rgj,a • fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka
ms<sn| j ú.%y lrhs miq cmdkfha keÕSu • Ökfhka yd cmdkfhka
Wlyd .; yels wdoa¾Y
fmkajd fohs

50
^we& mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jev igyka

b;sydih úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.; úIh lreKq id¾:l j yd M,odhS f,i wOHhkh lsÍu i`oyd;a t u`.ska bf.kqï w;a±lSï
,nd .ekSu i`oyd;a YsIH iyNd.s;ajh j¾Okh jk wdldrhg mdi,a jev igyka iïmdokh lr .ekSu tajd w;sYhska u m%fhdackj;a
úh hq;=h'

fuySs fhdackd fldg we;af;a tjeks mdi,a jev igyka lsysmhla muKs' fï wkqj fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul jev igyka yd m%;sm;a;s ilia
lr .ekSfï ksoyi b;sydih W.kajk .=rejrhdg ysñ jk nj i,lkak'

• b;sydi ix.uhla msysgqùfuka isiq ±kqu m%j¾Okh i`oyd idlÉPd" iïuka;%K" újdo" m%o¾Yk meje;aùu;a" i`.rd"
ì;a;s mqj;am;a ks¾udKh lsÍu;a jeks ld¾hhkag isiqka fhduq l< yelsh'

• hg;a msßfika jirlg jrla j;a jeo.;alulska hq;= ia:dkhlg fyda m%foaYhlg fyda wOHdmk pdßld ixúOdkh
l< hq;= h' mka;s ldurfha § ,nd .;a ±kqu ;yjqre lr .ekSug yd j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels jk mßÈ fmr
ie,iqulska hq;= j wOHdmk pdßld ixúOdkh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

• osjhsfka ms<s.;a b;sydi{hka mdi,g le`ojd Tjqkaf.a w;a±lSï fnod yod .ekSug iïuka;%K u`.ska wjia:d j
ie,ish yels h'

• m%foaYfha mqrdúoHd;aul jákdlulska hq;= iaudrl ms<sn`o j fidhd ne,Su yd tajd wdrCId lsÍu i`oyd mdi,a yd
m%cd jev igyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug mq`Mjk'

• b;sydi mdvïj,g wod< jk Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd fjk;a fl!;=l jia;= ksÍCIKh lsÍug;a" ksÍCIK jd¾;d
iemhSug;a yels jk mßÈ fl!;=ld.dr jevigyka ixúOdkh ;< yelsh'

• b;sydi mdvug wod< j wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrñka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i`oyd isiqka fhduq l< hq;= h'

51
 ^we& we.hSu iy ;lafiarelrKh

bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh u`.ska wfmaCIs; M, isiqka úiska id;aId;a lr .kq ,eîu iy ;yjqre lsÍu i`oyd;a isiqka <`.d lr
.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd;a mka;s ldurfha myiqfjka ls%hd;aul l< yels wka;¾ iïnkaO;djlska hq;a jev igyka folla
f,i ;lafiarej iy we.hSu y``ÿkajd Èh yels h';lafiarej ksis mßÈ isÿjkafka kï mka;sfha bf.kqu ,nk isiqkag wfmaCIs; ksmqK;dj,g
wod< wdika k m% ù K;d ,nd .ekS u wmyiq fkdfõ' we.hS f uka wfma C Id lrka f ka is i q k a <`.d lr .;a m% ù K;d uÜgï
ljf¾ ±hs y`ÿkd .ekSuh'

;lafiarefjys fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i`oyd fowdldrhlska ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd Èh yels h't kï m%;sfmdaIK
(Feed Back) bÈß fmdaIK (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d wkdjrKh lr .;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u.yrjd
.ekS u g m% ; s f mda I Kh;a is i q yels h d iy m% n ,;d y`ÿkd .;a úg tu oCI;d jeä Èhq K q ls Í ug bÈß fmda I Kh;a ,nd
§u .=re ld¾h Ndrh fõ'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i`oyd úIh ksmqK;d w;=frka ljr ksmqK;d ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a lr.; yels
jQfha ±hs isiqka úiska y`ÿkd .kq ,eîu wjYH fõ'we.hSï jevms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <`.d lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgï úksYaph lsÍu fï
wkqj .=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

Tn fj; bÈßm;a lrk fuu úIhud,dj YsIH flakaøsh ksmqK;d mdol ls%hdldrlï ÈYdNsuqL lr.;a m%fõYhlska hqla; fõ'
ls%hdfjka bf.kqu i`oyd isiqka fhduq lsÍu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmaCId lrk ld¾hh fõ'isiqka ls%hdldrlïj, kshef<k úg yd th
wjidkfha § ;lafiarej yd we.hSu isÿ l< yels fõ'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu myiqfjka isÿ l< yels jk mßÈ ta i`oyd fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl myla fhdackd flf¾'fï w;=frka m<uq
ks¾Kdhl ;=k ksmqK;dj f.dvke`.sug talrdYs ù ;sfnk ±kqu"l=i,;d iy wdl,am uQ,sl fldgf.k ieliS ;sfí' wjidk ks¾Kdhl
fol cSú;hg jeo.;a jk yelshd j¾Okhg WmldÍ jk whqßka ielish hq;= h' fï ks¾Kdhl yd iïnkaO p¾hd fjkialï mka;s ldurh
;=< § isiqka ls%hd;aul ùfï§ y`ÿkd .ekSug .=rejrhd W;aidy l< hq;= ;lafiarej hgf;a tu p¾hd Yla;su;a lsÍug;a we.hSu hgf;a tajd
m% u dKh ls Í ug;a .= r ejrhd fhduq úh hq ; = h' óg wu;rj mka ; s ldurh ;= < ,s Å ; mÍCIK" jHdmD;s wdÈhg;a
udisl' jdr iy jir wjidkfha
mj;ajkq ,nk mdi,a uÜgfï fyda l,dmSh uÜgfï fyda ,sÅ; mÍCIKj,g;a isiqka bÈßm;a l< yels h'

52

f,aLl uKav,h ^wNHka;r&
ã'tÉ'pkaÈud ksIdks O¾umd,
ví,sõ'tia'tia' .=Kj¾Ok
f,aLl uKav,h ^ndysr&
uydpd¾h y`.=rkafl; êrdkkao ysñ
uydpd¾h ud,kS weo.u
uydpd¾h bkaødKs uqKisxy
uydpd¾h hQ'î lreKdkkao
uydpd¾h fla'tï'mS l=,fialr
uydpd¾h tï' fidau;s,l
uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r
wdpd¾h ks¾ud,a rxcs;a foajisß
wdpd¾h frdays; oikdhl
wdpd¾h wkq;a;rd foaú úoHd,xldr
wdpd¾h ixcSú uka;S%r;ak
úIh ks¾foaY iïmdol uKav,h
fÊHIaG lÓldpd¾h
iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
lÓldpd¾h
iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h ^fiajd iïudks; uydpd¾h&
fld<U úYaj úoHd,h ^fiajd iïudks; uydpd¾h&
le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h ^fiajd iïudks; uydpd¾h&
le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h
fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h
fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h
fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h
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wd¾'tï i;shl=ud¾ lÓldpd¾h" hdmkh úYaj úoHd,h
wd¾'ví'tia oE, tÈßùr .=re fiajh I ^úY%dñl&
ví'ã'fla'ã msá., ks'úÿy,am;s ^úY%dñl&
kkaod ukïfmaß .=re fiajh I ^úY%dñl&
ta'bkaødks .=re fiajh I
tÉ'tï k,ska nKavdr .=re fiajh II
cSjk iqrx. .uf.a .=re fiajh II
tï'tÉ'tï hdl=;a m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß ^úY%dñl&
tï'fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh ks' úÿy,am;s ^úY%dñl&

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