Left 2018 January

2018 ckjdß-wfm%a,a
05 fj¿u 02 l,dmh
ISSN 2279 - 1027
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fm!oa.,sl úYajúoHd, fudv,fha ienEj 11
f,dal wOHdmk w¾nqoh 18
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2018 ckjdß - wfm%a,a
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l¾;D uKav,h wOHdmkh .ek f,kska 68
ffjoH tÉ'mS' Oïñl oekqfuka Tíng 76
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Pg 2 2018|January - April
wOHdmkh
udkj meje;afï yd wdrlaIdfõ
w;HjYH wLKav idOlh
OkqIal y¾IK úl%ur;ak
i udc ixj¾Ok
l%shdj,sh hkq
ika;;sl
m%jdyhls' th bÈßhg
iïm;a ksIamdokh
uÕska ñksid ;u Ôjk
meje;au m%;sksIamdokh
lrhs' tkï ;u ldhsl
fmdÿ YslaIK l%uhla
fyj;a yeisrùula
wjYHh' ta ;=< udkj
Y%uh whdf,a hEu j<ld
,nhs' ta wkqj YslaIK
l%shdj,sh hkq udkj
meje;afï yd wdrlaIdfõ
iudc wjYH;djhl
fufyh jk .dul yd wdOHd;añl n,h tys Wmßu ch.%yKh mek ke.Suls'
n,fõ.h ksIamdokhhs' j¾Okh lrhs' ta fj; <Õdùu b,lal ñksid ;u iudc
ksIamdok n,fõ.hkaf.a i|yd ñksid kï fuu fldg .kshs' ;jo ft;sydisl .uka ufÕys
iÔù øjHuh uQ,Od;=j iudc.; i;ajhdg tuÕska tu iudcfha tla/ia fldg .kakd
jkafka ñksidh' øjHuh wd¾Ól mokug WÑ; meje;au iy;sl lr.kq ,o Ôjk w;aoelSï
2018|January - April Pg 3
bÈß mrïmrdfjka .=Khkaf.ka iukaú; ;u f.da;%fha .egjrhd fhfoa' tf,i w;aoelSï
mrïmrdjg /f.k hdu ksYaÑ; YslaIK l%uhla wkd.;h i|yd iQodkï yd w;aú£ï ,nk kj
wOHdmkfha iajdNdúl bka cks; fõ' lrkqfha mqyqKqj uÕskah' mrmqr tajd j¾Okh
mekke.Suhs' fuf,i ñksid b.ekaùfï iy tys§ w;aoelSï iys; lrhs' kej; B<Õ
mQ¾j w;aoelSï Wlyd bf.k.ekSfï l%shdj,sh jeäysáhka wkq.ukh kj mrmqrg W.kajhs'
f.k m%.=K lrk kj wrUkafka" mrïmrd.; lsÍug bv i,iajd miqj udkj iudcfha uq,a
mrmqr tajd ;jÿrg;a w;aoelSï yqjudrejla iajdëkj w;aoelSï wjêfha l;kaor lSu"
j¾Okh lrhs' tu.ska f,iskah' jeäysá mrmqr ,eîug bv i,ihs' ;u w;aoelSï wNskfhka
fidndoyu" iudch ;u Ôjk w;aoelSï iuyr f.da;%j, bÈßm;a lsÍu" úúO
iy Ñka;kh ms<sn| ;=<ska w;aolsk m%dfhda.sl .egjrhska iudc .dhkhkaf.ka bÈßm;a
h:d¾:h;a tajd fufyh i;Hh wdNdIfhka yd .;lsÍu úfYaI W;aij lsÍu wdÈh uÕskao
fjk kshdu O¾uhkq;a mqyqKqfjka bÈß mrmqr yd wNspdÍ wjia:djla fuu wOHdmk l%shdj,sh
ish,a, yeisr úh yels fj; ,nd§u fuys njg m;afldg .kshs' isÿúh' th tla;rd
úoHd yd ;dlaIKh;a l%ufõohhs' ta i|yd iuyr f.da;% úiska tjka wdldrhl u;lfha
Ys,amSh {dkh;a ish,a, wdÈ iudcfha jeäysá mqyqKqj ,o .egjrhska yd mqreoao u; oekqï
úkaokh l< yels ck;dj úiska ;reK ;ksj jkhg uqod yßhs' rgdjka f,i ;yjqre
fi!kao¾hh;a ñksid mrmqr ;uka yd tlaj Tjqkg kshñ; ld,h lsÍuls'
fj; <Õd lr.kS' ovhï" i;aj md,kh imqrk ;=re ckdjdihg m%d:ñl iduqysl
tfukau ksYaÑ; iudc yd j.dlghq;= wd§ meñKsh fkdyel' th iudcfha wjidk wjêfha
ksIamdok rgdjlg ksIamdok lghq;=j, je<elaùu i|yd ÿkq yS we/ô wlaIr Ndú;h
wkql+, iodpdr fhdojhs' wdÈ f.da;%slhd ork msßila /ljf,ys úiska Ñka;kh ixúê;j
NdIdj ìysùu uÕska Ñka;kh
myiq iy fõ.j;a l<d fukau
woyia ikakfs õokh yd oekqu
igyka lsÍug wlaIr Ndú;h
u.ska f,aLkh WmldÍ úh'
f,aLkh wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ
b.ekaùfï l%h s dj,sh lgmdvfï
isg igyka fldg ;nd.ekSu
olajd fjkia úh'
wfkldg m%ldY lsÍfï oekqu jk fõoh Bðma;=fõ wlaIr 3500 muK& j¾Okh
yelshdj ,enqKs' NdIdj lgmdvñka /f.k Ndú;h j¾Okh jkafka úh' bkaÈhdkq ,sÅ;
ìysùu uÕska Ñka;kh tk ,§' fõo .dhkd l%s'mQ' 2000 muK §h' NdIdjka wdrïN jkafka"
myiq iy fõ.j;a weiSu my;au l=, Bðma;= wlaIr weiqfrka n%dyaó wlaIrj,skah'
l<d fukau woyia Y=øhskag wlem úh' *sksIshka wlaIr Ndú;h ,xldfõ wlaIr n%dyaóh
ikaksfõokh yd oekqu th ryiska fyda wyUq l%s'mQ' 1100 muK wdNdIfhka wdrïN
igyka lsÍug wlaIr f,i Y=øfhl=f.a lk Ndú;hg meñKsfhah' ù foaYSh W!rejlg
Ndú;h u.ska f,aLkh jeflkq t<sorõ jqjfyd;a Ökfha l%s'mQ' 1400- iliaùu u.ska j¾;udk
WmldÍ úh' f,aLkh Tyqf.a lkg r;a f,dalv 1200 w;r wkd.; isxy, ilia úh' fou<
wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ je.srùfï isg urK jla;Dka úiska wiaÓj, wlaIro bkaÈhdfjys
b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh oKavkh olajd l=ßre igyka lrk ,o oioyia ilia úh' ta wkqj
lgmdvfï isg igyka brKulg ,laùug .Kka wlaIr igyka jrm%idÈ; wd.ñl
fldg ;nd.ekSu isÿúh' olakg yels úh' mQ¾j mQclhska" md,lhska
olajd fjkia úh' flfia fyda ,sÅ; fldf,dïìhdkq wlaIr jeks ksYaÑ; me<eka;Ska
lgmdvñka mrïmrdfjka NdIdj f,dj mqrd úúO ud,djka udhd YsIagdpdrh fuu ,sÅ; NdIdfõ
mrïmrdjg úfYaIfhkau kuq;a wdikak jYfhka ;=< j¾ê;j olakg msysfgka ;ukg iSñ;
yqjudre jQfha wd.ñl ióm jljdkqjkays§ yels úh' ueá mqjre" jQ wOHdmkhl ksh,sKs'
oekquhs' wd.ñl oekqu jHdma; úh' th me/Ks .iaj, fmd;= ^bkaÿkSishd" ,xldfõ jqjo f,aLkh
;=< Ôjk w;aoelSï YsIagdpdrhkays l%s'mQ' áfngh iy weußldj& iy lshùu Wiia iudc
ôvhu" ,sx.sl lghq;=" 3500 hkak jgd wdikak u; wlaIr igyka ia:rhkaf.a ^NslaIQka"
iudc iïnkaO;d iy Èk fm< .eiaula f,i lsÍu miqj olakg rcqka" nuqKka iy
T!IO Ndú;h wdÈh& oelsh yelsh' l%s'mQ' 3400 ,enqKs' fuifmdf;añhdkq jxYj;=ka& jrm%idohla
.eí úh' WodyrKhla muK Bðma;=fjys wlaIr YsIagdpdrfhao úh' idudkH ck;dj
f,iska bkaÈhdkq iudcfha Ndú;h we/ôK' b,lalï we;=¿ wlaIr nK oyï jqj weish
l%s'mQ' 1500-600 w;r tajd .,a mqjre igyka Ndú;h fuu wdikak hq;= jQfha tu jrm%idÈ;
uq,a n%dyauK wd.ñl f,i yuqfõ' uOHu jljdkqjl ^l%s'mQ' .sys fyda meúÈ W.;=ka
fmd;a lshjd oek foaYkd ,efnkafka bka miqjh' me<eka;sh i|ydh' wdh;k .; isiqyq jQy'
lrk úg muKs' cd;l .%Sl NdIdfjka ziaflda,hZ idudkH ck;djg mdi,a flfia fj;;a tl,
l;d ,shd ;sfnk ffY,sh hkq úfkdao ld,h fkdùh' fïjdfha pdß;% wOHdmkh iqfLdamfNda.S
jkafkao y~kÕd .;lsÍu" Y%uhg miq úê" ix.S;h" Okq Ys,amh" jrm%idohla úh' mqrdK
ßoauhdkql+, ú,difhka úfkdaoh jeks woyila ßh meoùu iy Ñ;%dlaIr .%Sisfha iamd¾gdys yer
m%ldY lsÍu myiq jk fohs' wdrïNfha§ jeäysá kï l,djka myla fm!r rdcHhkays
wdldrhlgh' w;aoelSï nyq, mqoa.,hska W.kajk ,§' jhi 12§ wOHdmkh mqoa.,sl
iudc w;aoelSï .egjrhska yd ;reKhska kegqï .ehqïo jeäysá úh' l%s'mQ' 5jeks 4jeks
jvd;a mD:q, fj;au iuÕ i,a,dmfha fhfok l, ßh meoùu iy ishjiaj, we;Ekaiays
mrïmrdfjka w;aoelSï ia:dkhka f,i fïjd Okq Ys,amho b.ekajQ jir foll hqo mqyqKqj
iïfm%aIKh hkak iSñ; Ndú; úh' fujeks nj i|yka fõ' .eyekq fokq ,nhs'
ld¾hhla njg m;aúh' ia:dkhkays úúO iudc <uhska pdß;% úê" ksj/È mdi, fyda wOHdmk
th úiska Ôú;fha w;aoelSï yqjudre úh' yeisÍu" fiao ksIamdokh wdh;k úêu;a jk
wjYH;d imqrd,Sug fïjd miqld,Skj úfYaI iy úùu bf.k .; m%udKhgu b.ekaùfï
;rï fmdfydi;a fkdùh' YslaIK wdh;khka hq;=h' l%s'mQ' 551-479 úiQ ld¾hfha mqyqKqjla
tksid kj ;;ajh f,i mdi, hkqfjka od¾Yksl fldka*shqishia iys; úfYaI mqoa.,hska
úiska ixúOdkd;aul ixj¾Okh úh' l%s'mQ' ilia l< wOHdmk ìysùu wksjd¾hhls'
b.ekaùfï l%shdj,shl 1045-256 Ökfha zIQZ l%ufõoh jir 2000la thska z.=rejrhdZ hk
wjYH;djh mek ke.=Ks' rc fm<m; iufha muK meje;=Ks' zykaZ rc pß;h ìysfõ' z.=rejrhdZ
mrïmrdfjka oekqu kd.ßlj cd;sl uÜgfï fm<m; ^l%s'mQ' 221-206& keue;s jD;a;sh ìysùuo
yqjudre lsÍu fjkqjg mdi,a myla meje; ;sfí' iufha jir yf;a isg iudc wjYH;djhla
úêu;a YslaIK l%uhla thska zmS fhdka.aZ isiqjl= lshùu" ,sùu iy imqrd,Sfï m%;sM,hls'
f,i wOHdmkh wdfoaY hkq rdclSh úoHd,hls' .Kkh yeoEßh hq;= úh' bka blaì;sj mqoa.,
jkafka tf,isks' mdi,a tkï rdclShkag zykaZ iuh wjika jk fm!reIh f.dvkexùfï
jeks wOHdmk wdh;kj, fjkajQjls' wfkla mdi,a úg ^l%s'mQ' 220& Ökfha l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaê;j
m%d:ñl ;;ajh olakg y;r l=,Sk iy ro, 30"000lg jvd wOHdmk fukau thg Wmldr
fjñka wOHdmkh hï tal;ajhlg f.k tau YslaIKfha iajrEmh yd msúfik úg wêm;s
YslaIK l%shdj,shla uÕska taldhk wruqKla tys wvx.=j ks¾Kh úh' fyj;a md,l ia:r
njg m;aúh' ñksia yd b,lalhla fj; Y%ñl ck;djf.ka folla úh' tlla
fm!reI;ajh yev.eiSu ñksid fufyhùu bka th ÿriaj w,i mQcl iudcfha wdOHd;añl
ixlS¾K ohf,la;sl isÿlrhs' th iudc me<eka;sfha" wêm;Skaf.a Ôú;h yeisrjQ w;r
l%shdj,shls' ñksid ndysr meje;afï wjYH;djhls' iy foam< ysñhkaf.a wfkl úiska fN!;sl
n,meïj,g m%;sl%shd YslaIK l%shdj,sfhaoS mjq,aj, jrm%idohla Ôú;h yiqrejk ,§'
olajkafka wl¾uKH ñksidf.a mQ¾j l,ams; njg m;aúh' ta wkqj f,!lsl Ôú;h yeisr
yd wú{dklj iy wruqKq iy.; wOHdmkh md,l jQfha bvï ysñ ro,
fkdfõ' Tyq b;d il%Sh l%shdjkaf.a Wmßu M,h mx;sfha .%yKhg k;= me<eka;shhs' wdOHd;añl
yd Wkkaÿ iy.; ,nd.kafka flfiao hk úh' jy,aysñ iudcfha Ôú;h yeisrjQfha
f,i ;u l%shdjkays wNsfhda.h wOHdmkfha YslaIKfha B<Õ mshjr m,a,shhs' tys§ jevjiï
fhfoa' tys§ wfkl=;a úIh ldrKh f,i mj;S' md,l mx;sfha uÜgu YslaIKh m,a,sh
iudc iïnkaO;dys M,odhS ñksil= ìyslsÍu ;yjqre lrk iy iy ro, m%fõKsodi
wLKav fukau iÔù hkq thhs' tfy;a th Yla;su;a lrk wúhla l%uh wdrlaId lrk
iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajd mx;s iudcfha idfmalaI njg m;aùuhs' Y%ufha ,§' uOH;k hq.fha
.kq ,nhs' ;uka Ôj;a ld¾hhls' thg fya;=j nqoaêuh md¾Yajh yd mQ¾j wjÈfha frdaudkq
jk mßirh" ;u mx;s iudcfha iudc ldhsl Y%uh w;r lf;da,sl m,a,s wOHdmk
wOHhk mßirh" ;u wjYH;d mx;suh jk ÿria: njla bka cks; yd idlaIr;d uOHia:dk
jD;a;sfhys kshf,k neúks' úh' nqoaêuh wOHdmkh njg m;a úh' tajfha
mßirh" fjk;a iudc m%d:ñl iduQysl md,l mx;sfha whs;shla ,;ska NdIdj iy
iïnkaO;d cd,hka iudcfha WÉP;u njg m;a lr.kakd ,§' ,sùfï l,dj b.ekaùh'
ish,a, fm!reIh wjia:dfõ th mx;s mSvl mx;sfha orejka úYajúoHd, fufyh
f.dvke.Su flfrys jYfhka fnÿKs' bka YslaIKfha§ Y%u mqyqKqj fjkafkao m,a,sh
n,mdkq ,nhs' fuu jy,a iudch wdrïNfha hkak tys lsisfia;au mokïjh' jir ish
fm!reIhkaf.a ñksiqkaf.a Okj;a nj wvx.= fkdùh' .Kkla ;siafia tajd
úúO;ajh iudc YslaIK iy ÿmam;a nj úiska jevjiï iudchg l%sia;shdks wdY%u f,iska
jevjiï iudchg msúfik úg wêm;s fyj;a md,l

ia:r folla úh' tlla iudcfha wdOHd;añl Ôú;h
yeisrjQ w;r wfkl úiska fN!;sl Ôú;h yiqrejk
,§' f,!lsl Ôú;h yeisr jQfha bvï ysñ ro,
me<eka;h s hs' wdOHd;añl Ôú;h yeisrjQfha m,a,h
s hs'
tys§ jevjiï YslI a Kh m,a,hs iy ro, m%fõKsodi
l%uh wdrlaId lrk ,§' uOH;k hq.fha mQ¾j wjÈfha
frdaudkq lf;da,l s m,a,s wOHdmk yd idlaIr;d
uOHia:dk njg m;a úh'
mej;sKs' 11jeks iy fyd¢ka lrk ,§' .kakd ,§' lDIsl¾uh m%uqL úh' ck;dj
12jeks ishjiaj, nE.avEâj, zkeK m%Odk wd¾Ólh mrïmrdfjka ,o
b;d,sh" m%xYh" ueÿrZ" mqia;ld,hla" fldg.;a tfukau iïm%odhsl lDIsl¾ufha
tx.,ka;fha ia:dms; mßj¾;k iy wOHdmk foaY.=Kfha úfYaI w;aoelSï yqjudre
úYajúoHd, ;=< l,djka" uOHia:dkhla iys; úh' ;;ajh úiska b,a,d isá fldg .;af;ah' Ys,amSyq
kS;sh" ffjoH úoHdj iy m%d:ñl iduQysl foam< in|;djh jk fyj;a leñfhda mrïmrd
foajO¾uh b.ekajkq iudcfhka miq jy,a bvïysñ foam< mqoa.,sl wOHdmkfhka YslaIKh
,eìKs' miqj i;H ysñ iy jevjiï iudc ysñldß;ajh fkdue;s ,enQy' l=U,a l¾udka;h"
úYajúoHd, ìysjqjo l%uhka Tiafia .uka ck;dj iy tlu fmaIl¾udka;h"
j;sldkq wëlaIKfhka fkdfldg kj iudc bvï ysñhd jk rcq leghï l¾udka;h
hqla; úh' 6jeks iy ixj¾Ok udj;la w;r in|;djh;a rcq wdÈfhys§o kegqï"
7jeks ishjiaj,§ .;a kef.kysr w¾O fjkqfjka nÿ /ia lrk jehqï iy fcHda;sIh
bia,dñl f,dalfha f.da,fha ck;dj w;r ueÈ ks,Orhka wdÈfhys§o mrïmrd
bf.kSfï uqia,sï wdishd;sl ksIamdok yd ck;dj w;r jk {dkh yd yqrej fhÈKs'
uOHia:dk úh' tajdfha rgdj kï ksIamdok in|;djh;a úiska n%dyauKhska" NslaIQka
ffjoHl¾u" o¾Ykh" udÈ,sh fj; <Õd úh' fuu iudcfha ksIamdok fyda fjk;a od¾Yksl
foajO¾uh iy úoHdj wdishdj" ueofmrÈ. in|;d ixhqla; lf<ah' .=re l=, m%Odkska m%uqL
W.kajk ,È' ir;=ia;% iuyr m%foaY wh;a fuu iudc l%uh fldg m%N+ me<eka;shg
wkq.dñlhska wdishd;sl ksIamdok ;=<o rdc jxYslhska" wOHdmkh ,eìKs' th
iy m¾ishka iïm%odhka rgdj jHdma; jQ rgj, ks,Orhska we;=¿ m%N+ka i|ydu muKs'
muKla fkdj .%Sl YslaIK l%uh thg l=,Skhskaf.a wOHdmk rcqg Wmfoia §ug
iy bka§h b.ekaùïo WÑ; fjkia uÕla wjYH;djh muKla mqfrdays;fhdao jQy'
bkaÈhdfõ tu mx;sh i|yd fuhg i¾j iu fkdjqKo fndfyda ksIamdokh yiqrejkakg mq¿,a
W.kajk ;laI,d kï wOHdmk iudklï iys; wOHdmkhla úh' msßia n,hla wjYH úh' ta wkqj
wdh;khkao úh' fuys§ .=re tu wOHdmkh wdishd;sl iudcfha Y%ñl ck;dj mqyqKq lrk ck;d
m~qre f.jkq ,eìKs' tu iudcfha fmdÿ ,laIK orhs' bkaoshdfõ mdi,a wdlD;sh ìys úh' Okjd§
wkd.; rdcH Wreulaldrhdg kd,kao" ;lai,dj" WÊfÊks" iy fj<|fmd<g meñfKk kùk
Ys,am b.ekaùuo wksjd¾hhls' úl%uYs,d hkq Wiia wOHdmk ;dlaIK WmlrK mßyrKh
,xldfõ§ mkai,o wOHdmk wdh;k úh' l,dj" .Dyks¾udK i|ydo ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍfï
wdh;khls' fuys meje;s wOHdmk Ys,amh" Ñ;% l,dj" ;¾l Ydia;%h" l%shdj,shla fõ' OfkaYajr l%uhg
l%ufha úIh m:h Odrdjka folls' .Ks;h" jHdlrK" o¾Ykh" meñfKk úg úoHq;a udOH úiskao
ta" Ys,am yd Ydia;% jYfhks' fcHda;sIh" idys;H" nqoaOd.u" u;jd§ wOHdmkhla fokq ,nhs'
uOH;k hq.fha§ ,xldfõ NslaIqj yskaÿ wd.u" w¾:Ydia;%h mdi,a" Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k iy
wOHdmkfha§ oerE m%n, ia:dkh ^wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,k&" kS;sh úYajúoHd, ìyslrk ,§' wd.ï
wkqj rdcH Wreulrejd f;dard iy ffjoH úoHdj wdÈ úIhka úiskao" jeäysá mrmqr úiskao"
.ekSfï§o Tyq i;= n,hla úh' b.ekaúK' ;laI,dj ffjoH wOHmkh fokq ,nhs' wOHdmkh
fn!oaO NslaIQkao wOHdmkh ,o úoHdjg;a WÊfÊksh fcHda;sIhg;a mx;shlg iSudù ke;;a" th
msßils' Tjqyq lù;ajfhka yd jeä m%isoaêhla oeÍh' úl%uYs,d jrm%idohla f,i Okm;sh i;=fõ'
mdKaä;Hfhka fyì msßila jQy' uyd úydrh fn!oaO wOHdmk wfkl=;a mx;Skag fmdÿ wOHdmkh
NslaIq wOHdmkh i|yd msßfjka uOHia:dkhls' 18jeks ishjfia ;snqKo wOHdmkfha wruqK
kï wdh;khla úh' bkaÈhdfõo mkai,a" m,a,s" .u mokïj mdi,la jD;a;shlg iqodkï lsÍu neúka
úh' tajdfha lshùu" ,sùu" Okm;s mx;shg th wjYH ke;'

.Ks;h" foajO¾uh" kS;sh" wOHdmkh wjika l<o jD;a;shl
fcHda;sIh" wNsO¾uh" wdpdr fkdfhfok ixÑ;h Èfkka
úoHdj" ffjoH úoHdj" wd.u Èk mq¿,a fõ' úêu;a" wúêu;a"
hk úIhka we;=<;a úh' fkdúêu;a jYfhka wOHdmkh
ir, yqjudrej úksúo fokq ,nk l%ufõohka fjkia fõ'
hñka OfkaYajr fj<| NdKavh iudcjdoh iajNdúlju
ìysùu;a iuÕ OfkaYajr l%uh ixl%uKSh wjêhls' iudcjd§
lr<shg wdfõh' OfkaYajr iudc wjêfha§ kj ñksid
l%uhg mej;s wdldrfha mgq ìyslsÍu b,lal fldg.;a
ia:rj,ska hq;a YslaIKhla mq¿,a wOHdmkhla wjYHh'
jeo.;a fkdùh' ta fjkqjg ie,iqïiy.; iy m%cd;ka;%jdoS
ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh iuÕ uOH.; fufyhqula iys;
iudcjd§ wd¾Ólfha úNd. fjkqjg ;;aj wjidkfha wOHdmkh hkq
ck;d wOHdmkh iudc mÍlaIK we.hSï l%u fm!oa.,sl foam<ska úhqla;
wjYH;djhls' tneúka fhofõ' fuh ;dlaIKh iduQysl iudc iodpdrhl
wOHdmkh iudc i;= udOH fldg b.ekafjk ksYaÑ; ld¾hhla fjkqfjka
whs;sjdislulao fõ' úoHdj" w;r tys wjika b,lalh fkdjk" jegqma fkdf.jk"
iudcúoHdj" o¾Ykh wdÈh fldñhqksiaÜjd§ YslaIKhhs' Y%uld¾hh Ôjk mqreoao
fmdÿ úIhka njg m;ajk" iudch fldñhqksiaÜ iudc njg m;a iudchl újD;
úúO úIh Odrdjka ìysfõ' wjêfha§ wOHdmkh Ñka;kh u; ilia jk
úIh Odrdj f;dard.ekSu jegqma Y%ufhka ksoyia mq¿,a udkj YslaIKhla
jD;a;Sh ;r.ldß;ajh ñksiqkaf.a fmdÿ Y%u njg m;afõ' th ñksid iy
mokïj fkdj" YsIHhdf.a yelshdj ÈhqKq lrk iy fidndoyu w;r i;=re
reÑl;ajh yd YlH;djh fmdÿ iduQysl iudc Y%u fkdjk m%;súfrdaOh .dul
u; mokïj isÿfõ' úIh YslaIKhla we;s lrk n,h njg m;afjñka
Odrdjkays wjia:dj mqyqKqjls' Y%uh je.srùug ixj¾Okh jk iudchl
iQodkï lrkqfha by; wu;rj úfõlh" úfkdaoh" meje;afï iy wdrlaIdfõ
wjYH;djh i,lñks' th riúkaokh" ks¾udKlrKh ud¾f.damfoaYkh fõ'
úNd. mdol tlla fkdj iy l%Svdj wdÈh ms<sn|
kHdh yd Ndú;h mdol mqyqKqj yd YslaIKhg
tlls' tneúka udrdka;sl wh;a fõ' ta wkqj
fm!oa.,sl"
,dN fkd,nk
úYajúoHd,
fudv,fha ienEj
^;udrd ys,ß" ,dfka tßlaika iy fuydka fcdaka
hk f,aLlhka úiska tlai;a ckmo wOHdmk
fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska lrk ,o ióCIK yd
o;a; mokï lrf.k ilia lrk ,o ,smshl
mßj¾;khls'
fuys uq,a ,smsh ^The Quality Crisis at America's
Private Non-profit Colleges&
wfma iriúj, isiqúhka we;=¿ jk oeÍug isÿ úh' fuu ia:rj,g <Õd ùug
m%ñ;sh fyd|o@ w;r" 2015 jif¾§ bka ;reK YsIH YsIHdjkag Wojq lrk wdh;k
wefußld ,CI 17la u tlai;a wjYH wOHdmkh ,nd § f,io ie,efla' tlai;a
tlai;a ckmoh ;=< ckmoh ;=< iriú Tjqka jev f,dalhg ckmofha úYajúoHd,
fm!oa.,sl" ,dN isiqkg wOHdmkh iß,k Y%ñlhka njg WmdêOdÍka w;r
fkd,nk j¾.SlrKhg i|yd ,nd fok Kh m;a lsÍug lghq;= ú/lshdj ishhg
wh;a jk isõ wjqreÿ uqo, ^Pell Grants& ,nd lsÍu fuu iriúj,g 2'6la muKla ùfuka
Wmdê wOHdmkhla .;a wh fj;s' 2013-14 mejÍ we;s m%Odk by; Wml,amk tla
,nd fok úYajúoHd, jir ;=< § fuu Pell j.lSuhs' wfkla w;g me;a;lska ksje/È
oyilg jeä m%udKhla Grants Kh uqo, ,nd fuu úYajúoHd, njgo .uH fõ' ukao
^1027la& ;sfí' fuu .;a isiqka m%udKh ,CI tlai;a ckmo iudcfha h;a" tlai;a ckmoh
iriúj,g jirl§ 11la jQ w;r" ta tu Kh my< yd uOHu uÜgfï ;=< WmdêOdÍ Y%ñlfhda
,CI 27la muK uqo,a ,nd §ug tlai;a wdodhï we;s iudc ;u Ôú; ld,h ;=<
mQ¾Kld,Sk isiq ckmo NdKavd.drhg mka;sj, orejkag Wmhk jegqmaj,
fvd,¾ ì,shk 4'5la iudcfha by< wdodhï tl;=j ämaf,daudOdÍ
Y%ñlfhla Ôú; ld,h fomd¾;fïka;=fõ .kakd isiqkaf.ka ;Sre fj; .uka lsÍug
;=< § Wmhk uq¿ úYajúoHd, ms<sn| w;s úYd, my< yd idudkH
jegqmaj, tl;=jg jvd o;a; úYaf,aIKh l< nyq;rhlg ;ud wdodhï ,nk mka;sj,
fvd,¾ ñ,shkhlska úg ^Department of ,nd .;a Kh isiqkag wjia:djla
muK jeä ksidfjks' Education's College f.ùug mjd Wod fõh hkqfjka fuu
u;=msg ;;ajh Score Card& fuu ,dN fkdyels fjhs' iriú ms<sn| wm rg
tfia jqj o" wOHdmk fkd,nk fm!oa.,sl fuu iriú oyfia ;nd ;sfnk úYajdih
fomd¾;fïka;=j úYajúoHd, oyfia ;;ajh úYaf,aIKh iïmQ¾Kfhka u
úiska ,nd § we;s fmdÿ ;;ajh lreKq lsßug wm úiska m%,dmhla njg
o;a; úYaf,aIKh ;=klg f.dkq l< ks¾Kdhl moaO;shla m;aj ;sfí' fuu
l< úg úfYaIfhka u yels h' ilia lrk ,§' tu úYajúoHd,j,
fm!oa.,sl yd ,dN 1' we;=<;a jk ks¾Kdhl uÕska my< we;s ù ;sfnk m%ñ;sh
fkd,nk tlai;a isiqkaf.ka wvlau yd idudkH wdodhï lvdjeàfï w¾nqoh;a
ckmo úYajúoHd,j, Wmdêh iïmQ¾K ,nk mka;s ia:rj,g wdh;ksl ì|jeàu;a
bf.kqu ,nk isõ fkdlrhs' wh;a isiqkaf.a wOHdmk i,ld n,k úg fuu
wjqreÿ mdGud,d 2' Wmdêh iïmQ¾K yd iudc - wd¾Ól iriúj, mdGud,d
yodrk mQ¾Kld,Sk lrk msßif.kao uÜgu by< oeóug .dia;= wêl uÜgñka
YsIHhkaf.a mdGud,d nyq;rhlg Wmdêh fuu iriú uÕska lrk jeä ùu ms<sn|j oekg
idOkh foi n,k wjika lr jir ,o odhl;ajh ms<sn|j we;s ù ;sfnk m%Yakhg
úg fuu iriúj, .Kkdjlg miqjo úYaf,aIKh l< úg jvd lsysm .=Khlska
we;s wdh;ksl m%udKj;a wdodhula ,efnk m%;sM,h nrm;<h' wm rfÜ
lvdjeàu w;sYh Wmhd .; yels w;sYh krlh' iriú iriúj, we;s ù
nrm;< yd lïmd /lshd fkd,efnhs' wOHdmkh ,eîu uÕska ;sfnk w;s oejeka;
lrjk iq¿h' wOHdmk 3' wOHdmkh ,nd by< iudc - wd¾Ól m%ñ;s w¾nqofha m%Odk
me;slv lsysmhla wms ie,elsh hq;= ;j;a ,eî ;sìKs' tkï 415l tkï" ishhg
my; ieflúka i|yka lreKla kï" fuu 37]lf.a jegqma 41l u Wmdêh
lruq' iriúj, wh lrk uÜgu ämaf,daudOdÍ iïmQ¾K lrkafka
1' Èfkka Èk wvq jk .dia;= 1980 oYlfha uÜgfï fyda Bgo ishhg 50la fyda Bg
Wmdêh iïmq¾K ;snQ m%udKh fuka my< njh' wvq msßils'
lsÍfï m%;sY;h ( fo.=Khlgo jvd fmdÿfõ fuu iriúj,ska 170
fuu ,dN fkd,nk jeä ù ;sìfh§;a iriúj, Kh îshhg 16'6&l
fm!oa.,sl iriúj, ;;ajh fu;rï ,nd .;a mfyka muKla isiqka ishhg
jir y;rl Wmdê ÿ¾j, ùuhs' tlla îshhg 75lg jvd Wmdêh
mdGud,dj,g 2' wOHdmk Kh 19la& iriúfhka iïmQ¾K lrhs'
we;=<;a ù jir ,nd .;a isiqkg bj;a ù jir ;=klg fuu fm!oa.,sl
yhla ;=< fyda Wmdêfhka miqjo miqj o lsisÿ Kh ,dN fkd,nk
Wmdêh iïmQ¾K b;d wvq jegqma f.ùula lr ke;' iriúj,ska 50l
lrkafka ishhg iys; /lshd lsÍug ksYaÑ; b,lalj,g Wmdê iïmQ¾K
55ls' tkï" isÿ ùu .shfyd;a" 1027la lsÍfï m%;sY;h
j¾Ihlg isiqka 27 fuu fm!oa.,sl ,dN muK jk fuu ishhg 25lg o
,CIhlska ishhg fkd,nk iriúj, fm!oa.,sl jvd wvq h'
45la tkï" isiqyq Wmdê ,nd .;a ,dN fkd,nk fïjdfha iuyr
12"15"000la Wmdêh yd bf.kSu i|yd iriúj,ska 230 úYajúoHd,j,
iïmQ¾K fkdlr;s' rcfha wOHdmk îshhg 22&l Wmdê iïmQ¾K
fuu zfm!oa.,sl Kh ^Pell Grants& isiqka ishhg 25la lsÍfï m%;sY;h
,dN fkd,nk ,nd .;a isiqkaf.ka iriúfhka bj;a ù ishhg 10lg o jvd
iriú 1027lska ishhg 63la muKla jir ;=klg miqj o wvq h'
266l muKla jirlg wefußldkq Kh uqo,a f.ùu
^tkï 26]l ;u fvd,¾ 25"000la meyer yer ;sìKs' Wmdê ,nk m%udKh
isiqkaf.ka ^2$3la& blau jQ ^we't' Wod(
ishhg 67lg jvd fvd,¾ 25"000 hkq tlai;a ckmofha 1. Paul Quinn
Wmdêh jir yhla tlai;a ckmoh ;=< m%dka;j, msysgd we;s College - 2.3%
;=< iïmQ¾K lr ämaf,daudOdßhl=f.a zfm!oa.,sl ,dN 2. Boston
;sìKs' ta wkqj jd¾Isl jegqma fkd,nkZ iriúj, Architectural College,
b;sß iriú 761l iSudjhs& jegqmla Wmdêh w;rueo w;ayer Massachusetts -7.8%
Wmdê wjika lsÍfï ,nk /lshdjla hdfï m%jK;djh 3. Bacone College in
;;ajh b;du ÿ¾j, jir yhla ;=< by; iriúj,ska Oklahoma - 8.1%
w;r" tajd zmdi,a
f,i ie,el=fõ
kïZ <Õ § tlai;a
ckmo md¾,sfïka;=j
iïu; l< m%d:ñl
yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk
mk;g wkqj Wmdêh fkd,nd
Wmdêh ,enQ
zúfYaI wjOdkhla yer .sh
fhduq l< hq;=
ÿ¾j, mdi,aZ hk
j¾.SlrKhg we;=¿
jkq we;' fuys ,d
fuu iriúj,ska mjq,l isiqfjl= ;u wOHhkh lf<uq' ì|jeàug ,la fõ'
;=fkka folla bmhSïj,ska ishhg ,dN fkd,nk
tlai;a ckmo 84la muKu ;u iriú fm!oa.,sl iriúj, 4' wOHdmk Kh
wOHdmk kS;sh wkqj wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd jir y;rl Wmdê f.ùfï u|lu
zisiqka yer hdfï fjka lr .; hq;=j mdGud,d iïmQ¾K yd wvq jegqma
lïy,aZ ^Drop out we;s neúks' Okj;a l< yd ;u wOHhk iys; /lshd w;r
factories& njg mjq,l YsIHhl=f.a lghq;=j,g Pell in|;djh
m;a ù ;sfí' fuu wOHdmk úhou Grants Kh uqo, tlai;a ckmo
mdi,a 1"027ka 761la Tjqkf.a wdodhfuka ,nd .;a isiqkf.ka f*vr,a nÿ uqo,a
tkï ishhg 74l u ishhg 15la muK fõ' ishhg 63la muKla uÕska isiqkg
jir yhla ;=< fuu ,dN fkd,nk nj iriúhg we;=¿ ù wOHdmk Kh
Wmdêh iïmQ¾K lshk fm!oa.,sl iriú jir yhlg miqj ,nd foa' isiqka tu
lrk isiqka m%udKh fndfyduhl oekaùï" mÍCId lsÍfï§ Kh /lshd ,enQ
ishhg 66lg wvq h' m;s%ld wdÈfha i|yka jirlg wefußldkq miq f.úh hq;=h'
jkafka isiqkag by< fvd,¾ 25"000lg fuys ,d n,kafka"
Wiia wOHdmkh iudc uÜgfï m%ñ;sfhka hq;a jvd jeä jegqmla Wmdêh wjika lr
Oqrdj,sfha by<g hdug Wmdêhla iy bka miqj ,nk /lshdj, fyda iriúfhka
ienE f,i u WmldÍ by< jegqma iys; ysñlrefjda ù bj;a ùfuka jir
fjhso@ /lshdjlg fodrgqj isáhy' tkï" ;=klg miq fuu
fndfyda idudkH njh' kuq;a" ieneúkau bka ishhg 37lau Kh uqo,ska tl
wefußldkqjkag tu fmdfrdkaÿ bgq ;=fkka tllg fvd,rhla fyda f.jQ
Wmdêhla hkq uQ,H fõ o@ u|la jeä Kh isiqka Kh uqo,a
ia:djrNdjh yd ÈhqKqj ,nd .;a isiqkf.a f.jk wh f,i;a"
ms<sn| iy;slhls' 3' Wmdêh" /lshdj iy jegqma uÜgu Wiia tl fvd,rhla fyda
isiqka iriúj,g jegqmaj, h:d¾:h ämaf,daudOdßhl=g jir ;=klg miq;a
we;=<;a ùfï m%Odk tlai;a ckmoh ;=< jvd wvq uÜgul f.jd ke;s wh Kh
wruqKq folla we;s Wiia mdi,a wOHdmkh úh' fkdf.jQ wh f,iska
nj zkj wefußldkq yudr l< tkï" mdi,a 170 ^17]&l ie,efla'
wOHhk lKavdhuZ ämaf,daudOdßhl=g muK isiqkaf.ka fï wkqj Wmdê ,enQ
úiska lrk ,o ,efnk /lshdjlska ishhg 50lf.a u iy Wmdê fkd,nd
wOHhkhlska fy<s ù jirlg Wmhd .; jegqma uÜgu msgj .sh ish¨ u
;sfí' yels uqo, wefußldkq jir yhlg isiqkaf.ka ishhg
fvd,¾ 25"000la njg miqj;a j¾Ihlg 19la iriúfhka
1' /lshd wjia:d jeä fmdÿfõ ms<s.kS' wefußldkq fvd,¾ bj;a ù jir
lr .ekSug ta wkqj iriú 25"000lg wvq úh' ;=klg miqj;a tl
WmdêOdßhl=g ,nd .; ta wkqj iriú fvd,rhla fyda ;u
2' jeä uqo,la bmehSug yels /lshdj, uÜgu m%fõYfhka jir wOHdmk Kh uqo,ska
ta wkqj wvq wdodhï,dNS Bg jvd jeä jk w;r" yhlg miqjo f.jd ke;' fuhg
mjq,aj, isiqkg iriú Tjqkf.a jegqmao Bg isiqkaf.ka ishhg 37la m%Odk u fya;=j
wOHdmkfhka miq jvd jeä úh hq;=h' muKlf.au wdodhï /lshd fkdue;slu
fyd| jegqmla ,nk fï ksid iriúhg uÜgu my< w.hla yd lrk /lshdj,
/lshdjla ,eîu we;=<;a ù jir yhlg .;a w;r tuÕska wvq jegqma
w;HjYH fõ' ukao miq isiqkf.a ^Wmdêh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ m%udKhkah'
h;a" tlai;a ckmofha iïmQ¾K l<& /lshd uQ,Huh ia:djrNdjh mdi,a 1"027ka ishhg
wvq wdodhï ,nk yd jegqma ms<sn|j wms yd ÈhqKqj hk wruqKq 22l tkï" 235la u
iriúfhka bj;a ù flfia o@ jeämqr .dia;= tlla jkafka" ;u wOHhkfha § fmkS .sh
jir ;=klg miqj;a wh lrk wefußldkq orejdg úYajúoHd, tla lreKla kï" fuu
lsisÿ Kh f.ùula iriúj, wOHdmk wOHdmkh ,nd §u iriúj, mdGud,d
lr ke;s isiqka m%ñ;sh by<ska ;sfío@ i|yd mdGud,d ñ, § .dia;= yd Wmdêh ,nk
m%udKh ishhg 25la idudkH fjf<| NdKav .ekSug lrkq ,nk isiqjdf.a m%ñ;sh w;r
blaujhs' yd fiajdj, § th tfia wdfhdackhhs' tfy;a" lsisÿ in|;djhla ke;s
jqj o" úYajúoHd, fuu wdfhdackh nj h'
m%ñ;sh w;ska by<u
ishhg 25 iriúj,
jd¾Isl mdGud,d
.dia;=j wefußldkq
fvd,¾ 15"938la jQ
w;r" m%ñ;sfhka
my< u ishhg 25
iriúj, mdGud,d
.dia;= jirlg
wefußldkq fvd,¾
18"776la úh'
fuys w¾:h kï"
wmf.a ks¾Kdhl wkqj
by< m%ñ;sfhka hq;a
iriúj, wh lsÍï
my< m%ñ;sfhka hq;a
iriúj, .dia;=j,g
jvd wvq nj h'

6' tlai;a ckmofha
by< u m%ñ;sfhka
hqq;a úYajúoHd,j,
bf.k .kakd isiqyq
ljryq o@
tlai;a ckmoh ;=<
we;s by< m%ñ;sfhka
hq;a iriú lsysmhla
kï" ydj¾â
úYajúoHd,h
^Harvard University&"
iagekaf*daâ
5' iriúj, .dia;= yd wOHdmkfha § th ;rug .e,fmk úYajúoHd,h
m%ñ;sh w;r we;s tfia fkdfõ' fndfyda m%;s,dN f.k §ug ^Stanford University&"
in|;djh wefußldkq mjq,a úiska we;s bvlv b;du;a fldf,dïìhd
hï fm!oa.,sl ;u Ôú;h ;=< § wvq fjñka mj;S' úYajúoHd,h
iriúhl .dia;= yd lrkq ,nk b;du;a u tlai;a ckmo wOHdmk ^Columbia
wOHdmkfha m%ñ;sh jeo.;au ñ, § fomd¾;fïka;=j University&" fmdudkd
w;r in|;djh .ekSï fol ;=fkka iriú ms<sn| o;a; Wiia úoHd,h
^Pomana College&" mjq,aj, isiqka isiqfjl=u ;udf.a .kakd tajd úiska
yej¾f*daâ Wiia m%udKh wju njh' iudc - wd¾Ól wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk
úoHd,h ^Haverford fuu ks.ukhg tau uÜgu by<g f.k w;sYh widOdrK yd
College& wdÈhhs' i|yd Ndú; l< hdu i|yd Wmdê úksúoNdjfhka f;dr
fuu iriúj, yels b;d u ksje/È wOHdmkh f;dard úfYaI;d olajkakd jQ
;;ajh wOHdmk o;a;hka jkafka" ta .;a wh f,i n|jd .ekSï ms<sn|j
fomd¾;fïka;= ta iriú ;=< isák ie,elSu jrola tlai;a ckmo wOHdmk
o;a; wdYs%;j wdKavqfõ wOHdmk fkdfõ' tlai;a fomd¾;fïka;=j
úfYaf,aIKh lrk Kh ^Pell grants& ckmofha ,dN uE;l § ;u
,o w;r" tys § ,nd .;a isiqka fkd,nk fm!oa.,sl jd¾;dj,ska fmkajd §
Wmdê iïmQ¾K m%udKh fldmuK o iriúj, iuia; we;' fuys,d fuu
lrk m%udKh" hkak ne,Suhs' isiqkaf.ka ishhg iriú úiska Ndú;
.dia;=" Kh kej; tlai;a ckmoh ;=< 38la muK Pell lrkq ,nk Okj;a
f.jk m%udKh w;s úYd, isiqka grants ,nd .kakd yd W.;a isiqka n|jd
wd§ ks¾Kdhl u; m%udKhlg iriú isiqka fõ' kuq;a" .ekSug fhdod .kq
mokïj úYaf,aIKh wjia:d ,nd .ekSug tlai;a ckmofha ,nk úksúoNdjfhka
lrk ,§' tys§ tlu uÕ jkafka" by<u m%ñ;sfhka f;dr l%u lsysmhla fõ(
fy<s jQ jeo.;a u wOHdmk Khla ^Pell hq;a iriú 25la ;=< 1' úIh ndysr
lreK kï" fuu grant& ,nd .ekSuh' fuu Pell grants ,nd ls%hdldrlïj,g ,l=Kq
iriúj, bf.kqu th idudkH mjq,aj, .;a ^tkï" idudkH §u' fuys § Okj;a
i|yd jeämqr u <uhskaf.a wksjd¾h wefußldkq mjq,aj,& isiqkag muKla jeä
n|jd .kq ,nkafka f;aÍuh' 2013-14 <uhska m%udKh bvlv ,efnk úIh
Okj;a yd W.;a j¾Ifha Pell grants fldmuK o@ th ndysr ls%hdldrlïj,g
mjq,a miqìïj, ,nd .;a isiqkaf.ka ishhg 20lg wvq h' jeä ,l=Kq ,nd §u'
isiqka nj;a tu ishhg 91lau mjqf,a tlai;a ckmofha ^Wod( u,, lS%vdj,g
isiqka n|jd .ekSu jd¾Isl wdodhu by< u iriú 10ka jvd msyskqïj,g jeä
i|yd ;r. úNd. wefußldkq fvd,¾ lsysmhl Pell grants ,l=Kq ,nd §u&
,l=Kq wdÈh 50"000g wvq ,nd .;a isiqka 2' wdÈ YsIH moku
fkdi,ld Okj;a yd mjq,aj, wh ùfuka m%;sY;h n,uq' 3' fouõmshkaf.a
wOHdmk miqìu
fYa%Ks.; iriúh Pell grants ,nd .;a 4' mjqf,a b;sydih
lsÍu isiq m%;sY;h ^wfma igyk( fï
1' iagekaf*daâ úYajúoHd,h 16'0] wkqj n,k úg tlai;a
2' ähqla úYajúoHd,h 13'7] ckmofha iriú hkq
oCI;djh u; mokï ù
3' fmkais,afõkshd úYajúoHd,h 14'2]
iriú wjia:d ,nd
4' ydj¾â úYajúoHd,h 10'2] fok wdh;;kj,g
jvd ,xldfõ m<uq
W.;a mjq,aj, isiqka fuh ukdj Tmamq iriúfha m%ñ;sh jirg <uhska we;=¿
n|jd .ekSu myiq fõ' Pell grants ,nd yd idudkH mjq,aj, lsÍfï § ;sfnk
lrjk úfYaI n|jd .kakd ish¨ u isiqka isiqkaf.a m%;sY;h ;r.hl jeks ;r.hla
.ekSfï l%ufõo ÿmam;a mjq,aj,g fï wkqj tlai;a iriú msúiqug Ndú;
wkq.ukh lrk wh;a h hkak ckmofha iriúj,g lrk nj meyeÈ,sh'
nj;a fuu iriúj, ñka .uH fkdfõ' isiqka n|jd .ekSfï§ tlai;a ckmo
bf.kqu ,nk tfy;a fuu Kh fuu by<u m%ñ;sfhka iriúj, m%ñ;sfha
idudkH wefußldkq ,nd .kakd iEu hq;a iriú hehs lshd by< nj .ek l;d
Pell grants Okj;a
isiqka isiqka ]
1' by< u m%ñ;sfhka hq;a iriú ^25]la& 257la olajd 24] 66]
2' fojeks uÜgfï m%ñ;sfhka hq;a iriú ^25]la& 257-514 olajd 34] 76]
3' ;=kajeks uÜgfï m%ñ;sfhka hq;a iriú ^25]la& 514-771 olajd 42] 58]
4' my<u uÜgfï m%ñ;sfhka hq;a iriú ^25]la& 771-1"027 olajd 55] 45]
lrk fndfyda fokd fï b,lal yd jD;a;Sh f.ùfï m%;sY;h mj;ajkq ,nk fm!oa.,sl
nj olskafkao hkak b,lal ch .ekSug b;d my<h' ,dN fkd,nk iriúj,
ieliys;h'& is;k isiqkaf.ka wd¾Ól m%Yak ksid YsIHhkaf.a wOHdmk
7' iriúfha m%ñ;sh úYd, m%udKhlg tu isiqka /lshdj,g idOkh;a tu iriúj,
yd idudkH .=Kd;aul m%ñ;sfhka we;s w;s .eUqre yd lïmd
l,skau fhduq ùu" isiqka
lrjk wdh;ksl msßySu;a
mka;sfha isiqkaf.a hq;a wOHdmkh w¾Old,Sk
iriúj,ska Wmdê ,nd
iyNd.s;ajh fkd,efnk nj;a" /lshd lrñka bf.kSu"
msgjk úoHd¾Òka úYd,
by; j.=j foi tfuka u wjidkfha § wdpd¾hjreka o jegqma
m%udKhlg ;u wOHdmk
neÆ úg fmkS hk Wmdêh ;u wd¾Ól uolu ksid w¾Old,Sk Kh f.jd .ekSug
lreKla jkafka" Pell - iudc uÜgu by< /lshd lsÍu" rdcH ;rïj;a m%udKj;a /
grants ,nd .kakd oeóug wfmdfydi;a wruqo,a ;r. l%u ksid lshdjla iriúfhka
idudkH mka;sfha isiqka jk nj;a h' m¾fhaIK ì|jeàu wd§ bj;a ù jir ;=klg
m%udKh jeä jk úg tlai;a ckmofha fya;+ fuu ;;ajhg miqjj;a fkd,eîu;a
ta iriúfha m%ñ;sh o ,dN fkd,nk n, md ;sfí' zm%ñ;sfhka by<Z iriú
fmdÿfõ my< nisk fm!oa.,sl iriúj, fï w;r u úfYaI jrm%idÈ; mka;sfha
njhs' WodyrKhla 1"027 ;=< isák iuia; yd yqfol,d WodyrK isiqkg muKla iSud lr
f,i Pell grants isiqka isiqkaf.ka ishhg 38la f,i Pell grants isiqka we;s wdldrh;a Okjdoh
m%udKh ishhg 50lg Pell grants isiqka h' jeä m%udKhla iys;j ;=< wefußldkq jev
jvd jeä iriú 214ka lrk mka;sfha orejka
uOHhkh ishhg 38ls' by< m%ñ;sfhka hq;a
uqyqK fok ienE iudc
by< u m%ñ;sfhka fuu uOHhkhg jvd wOHdmkhla ,nd fok
w¾nqoh fy<ss lrhs'
hq;a iriú ishhg Pell grants isiqka isák iriú lsysmhla o
tlai;a ckmofha
25la tkï" 257la ;=< iriú m%udKh 465ls' fõ' Wod( ì%ka.ayeï
,dN ,nk fm!oa.,sl
we;af;a" y;rla muKs' iriú ishhg 27l hx.a úYajúoHd,h iriúj, w¾nqoh óg;a
by<u iriú 514 ;=< muKla isiqkaf.ka ^Bringham Young jvd nrm;<h' tajdfha
tkï" ishhg 50 ;=< wvlg jvd Wmdêh University&" iafm,auka Wmdê wjika lsÍfï
we;af;a fuu 214ka iïmQ¾K lr;s' Wiia úoHd,h m%;sY;h ishhg 10-15;a
22la muKs' wfkla fuu iriú ^Spelman College&" w;r fõ' ,dN ,nk fyda
w;g .;fyd;a" Pell YsIHhkaf.ka ishhg äfmda,a úYajúoHd,h ,dN fkd,nk fm!oa.,sl
grants isiqka m%udKh 66lg muKla ^Depaul University& iriú fudv,h tlai;a
ishhg 50 blau jQ iriúhg we;=¿ ù jeks tajd fï w;r fõ' ckmo w¾:fhka .;a úgo
fuu iriú 214ka jir yhla wjik§ kuq;a" fuu úfYaI;d ì|jeà we;a;ls' ienEj
ishhg 61'2la u we;af;a jd¾Isl jegqm ñi fmdÿ w;aoelSï thhs'
m%ñ;sh ÿ¾j,u iriú uQ,dY% ( Department of
wefußldkq fvd,¾ fkdfõ'
Educations College Score
ishhg 25 w;rh' 25"000g jvd ,nhs'
Card Data
ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka ishhg 34l jegqma miq igyk(
wm rfÜ Pell grants Bg wvq h' tlai;a ckmofha isõ
,ndf.k ;u wOHdmk wOHdmk Kh wjqreÿ Wmdê mdGud,d
f,dal wOHdmk w¾nqoh
igyka ;=kla weiqfrka
2017 iema;eïn¾ 26 jeks Èk f,dal ixj¾Ok jd¾;dj
ms<sn| f,dal nexl=j ksl=;a l< udOH ksfõokfha idrdxYh
fjdIskagka" iema;eïn¾ 26$2017
2 018 j¾Ih i|yd f,dal ixj¾Ok jd¾;djg

wkqj f,dj mqrd u wOHdmkfha we;s zbf.
kqï w¾nqohZ meyeÈ,sj olakg ,efí' wvq yd ueo
jdlHh bx.S%isfhka fyda lsiajdys,s ^Kiswahili&
NdIdfjka lshjk f,i b,a,d isá úg isiqkaf.a
ishhg 75lg th lshjd .ekSug fkdyels úh'
wdodhï ,nk rgj, ñ,shk .Kkla mdi,a orejka bkaÈhdfõ .%dóh mdi,aj, ;=kajeks fYa%Ksfha
mdi,a .sho" tu mdi,aj,ska Tjqkag lsisÿ oekqula orejkaf.ka ishhg 75lg z46 - 17Z jeks .Ks;
fyda wkd.;h ch .ekSug wjYH yelshdjka fyda l¾uhla isÿ lsÍug fkdyels jQ w;r" th miajeks
,nd .ekSug fkdyels jk ksid mdi,a Ôú;fhka fYa%Ksfha isiqka w;r ishhg 50la úh' n%iS,fha
miq Tjqkag wd¾Ól yd iudchSh jYfhka úYd, jhi 15la jQ mdi,a orejkaf.a ksmqK;d miq.sh
.eg¨j,g uqyqK §ug isÿ ù ;sfí' zbf.kSula ld,h ;=< ;rula ÈhqKq ù ;snqK o" j;auka uÜgfï
fkd,eîZ lrkq ,nk mdi,a hdu ixj¾Okh j¾Okh È.gu meje;=K o" ÈhqKq rgl jhi
i|yd ,efnk wjia:djla ke;s ùu muKla wjqreÿ 15l isiqjl=f.a .Ks; oekqï uÜgug taug
fkdj tu mdi,a orejkg lrkq ,nk w;s úYd, jir 75la o" lshùfï oekqï uÜgug taug jir
widOdrKhlao fõ' 263la o .; jkq we;'
jir .Kkdjl mdi,a wOHdmkfhka miq fuu ixLHd f,aLkj,g hqoaO" wiudk ie,lSu"
ñ,shk .Kkla isiqkg ,sùugj;a lsheùugj;a wdndê; ;;ajh iy fjk;a fya;+ka ksid m%d:ñl
uQ,sl u ir, .Ks;uh oekquj;a ke;' fuu fyda oaú;Shsl mdi,aj,g we;=<;a ùug fkdyels ù
bf.kqï w¾nqoh iudc widudk;djhka jeä we;s orejka ñ,shk 260 we;=<;a fkdfõ'
lrhs' ÿmam;alu" hqoaO" ia;S% mqreINdjh" wdndê; ishü ÿmam;a rgj, wOHdmkfha w¾nqoh
nj jeks fkdfhl=;a fya;+ka ksid oekgu;a by; ;rï w;s oreKq fkdfj;;a" wka;¾cd;sl
widOdrKhg ,la ù we;s isiqka fuu ÿ¾j, úYaf,aIKhka fmkajd fokafka ÈhqKq fjñka
wOHdmkh ksid jeäysáhka njg m;a jkafka mj;sk rgl idudkH YsIHhl=f.a .Ks;uh yd
Ôj;a ùug /lshdjlg wjYH uQ,sl ksmqK;d fyda NdIduh oekqug jvd ÈhqKq rgl iu jhfia mdi,a
fkdue;sjh' orejl=f.a NdIduh" .Ks;uh oekqï uÜgu ishhg
jd¾;dj wkqj WodyrK lsysmhla fuys ,d 95lska jeä njh' uOHu uÜgfï wdodhula ,nk
olajuq' rgl by< u idOkSh ;;ajhka iys; orefjda ÈhqKq
flkahdfõ" gekaidkshdfõ yd W.kavdfõ rgla ;=< § my< u ishhg 25 w;rg we;=¿ ùug
;=kajeks fYa%Ksfha isiqkag —The name of the dog is ;sfnk bvlv jeä h'
Puppy˜ ^n,a,df.a ku mmS h& hk f;areu iys;
f,dj wOHdmk w¾nqofha

me;slv lsysmhla
1' 2015§ hqoaO yd iajdNdúl cd;sl ks¾Kdhl wkqj mqyqKq ;sfí'
úm;a ksid mdi,a hd hq;= .=rejreka isákafka ishhg 3' wl=re kQ.;a wïud
jhfia orejkaf.ka ñ,shk 75lg wvqfjks' flfkl=f.a orefjl=g
75lg mdi,a wysñ ù ;sfí' ta ksid mdi,a hk orejkaf. jvd wl=re W.;a wïud
2' f,dalfha rgj,a 193ka ;=fkka ka ñ,shk 130lg lsisÿ flfkl=f.a orejl=g jhi
tlla u tkï" rgj,a 64l u bf.kqula fkd,eî f.dia wjqqreÿ 5 miq jk f;la Ôj;a
ck;djf.a wOHdmkh nrm;<
.eàï rdYshlg ,la ù ;sfí'
my; i|yka lrkqfha tys
me;slv lsysmhls'
Okm;s l%ufha w¾nqoh iuÕ 1' 2015 jir wjika jk úg
wOHdmkh i|yd lrkq ,nk f,dj mqrd isák wl=re kQ.;a
jeäsysá ck.ykh ñ,shk
rdcH úhoï lmamdÿj jeä ùu;a" 745'1la úh'
wOHdmk l¾udka;h nyqcd;sl 2' ;reK ckhdf.ka
ñ,shk 114lg ,sùfï yd
iud.ïj,g lsheùfï yelshdj ke;s w;r"
yd Okm;Skg a ,dN bmehSï i|yd bka ishhg 63la ;reKshka h'
,dnd, jhiska .eyekq orejka
fm!oa.,sllrKhg ,la lsÍu;a újdy lsÍug tfrysj kS;s
we;=¿ ;j;a fya;= rdYshla ksid mkjkafka kï" Wm iyrdkq
wms%ldkq rgj, muKla
f,dalfhau orejkaf.a yd ck;djf.a ;reKshkaf.a mdi,a hdfï
wOHdmkh nrm;< .eàï m%udKh ishhg 39lska jeä
l< yel'
rdYshlg ,la ù ;sfí' 3' 2014§ m%d:ñl fYa%Ksj,g
we;=<;a úh hq;= mdi,a
orejkaf.ka ñ,shk
61la mdi,aj,g we;=¿ ù
ùug we;s bvlv ishhg f,dj isá w;r" th 2000§g fkdisáhy' bka ishhg 53la
50lska jeä h' jvd hdka;ñka ishhg tll .eyekq <uhska h'
4' f,dalfha mdi,a fkdhk wvq ùuls' th 2015§ ñ,shk 4' f,dalfha ÿmam;a ck;djf.
ishü orejka mdi,a heùug 743la úh' ka ishhg 39lg ksishdldr
jirlg wjYH jkafka" 8' f,dj wl=re kQ.;a wOHdmkhla fkd,efí'
wu;rj wefußldkq fvd,¾ jeäysáhkaf.ka 5' 2015 jk úg wvq yd uOHu
ì,shk 39ls' ;=fkka folla ldka;djka jk wdodhï ,nk rgj, iEu
5' 2012§ <ud Y%ñlhka ^jhi w;r" tu w.h 1990 isg wvq orejka yh fofkl=f.ka
wjqreÿ 5-17& m%udKh ñ,shk fkdù mj;S' fï wdldrhg tla whl= u m%d:ñl mdi,a
168ls' .shfyd;a" f,dj ish¨ u wOHdmkh yudr fkdlrkq
6' f,dj ishü ldka;djka wju ldka;djka wl=re W.;alu ,eìKs'
jYfhka m%d:ñl wOHdmkh w;alr .ekqug jir 2072 6' f,dj rgj,a 193lska 30l u
iïmQ¾K lr ;sfí kï" <ud jkq we;' jeäysá idCIr;djh ishhg
ukaofmdaIKfhka fmf<k Okm;s l%ufha w¾nqoh iuÕ 70lg wvq w;r" bka rgj,a
orejka m%udKh ñ,shk wOHdmkh i|yd lrkq ,nk 22lau Wm iyrdkq wms%ldkq
1'7lska wvq lr .; yel' rdcH úhoï lmamdÿj jeä ùu;a" l,dmhg wh;a tajd fõ'
7' wdKavq fldmuK W;aidy wOHdmk l¾udka;h nyqcd;sl 7' f,dj idCIr;djh rys;
lrk nj fmkajqj o" iud.ïj,g ck.ykfhka ishhg 51la u
idCIr;djh rys; jeäysá yd Okm;Skag ,dN bmehSï i|yd Ôj;a jkafka ol=Kq wdishdkq
ck.ykfha wvq ùu b;d fm!oa.,sllrKhg ,la lsÍu;a l,dmh ;=< h'
wvqh' 2011§ wl=re kQ.;a we;=¿ ;j;a fya;= rdYshla ^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ;sridr
jeäysáhka ñ,shk 774la ksid f,dalfhau orejkaf.a yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| m;s%ldfjks'&
f,dj wOHdmkhg we;s
m%Odk ndOd 10la æ
ÿmam;a rgj, 1' wOHdmkh i|yd jeäfjñka mj;sk ,nd §fï § nrm;<
orejkag mdi,a hdfï § ,nd fok úfoaY wdOdr ;;ajhka hgf;a h' úIu;djhla mj;S'
we;s jk ndOl ;sfí' wvqùu ÛNESCO&' ishü mdi,a
iuyr tajd tlt,af,a u f,dal wdOdr hd hq;= jhfia orejka 2' .=re ysÕh ñ,shk
fmfka' hdug mdi,la lKavdhï" ÈhqKq Okm;s mdi,a heùug wjYH 69la ùu
ke;s kï" bf.k .kafka rgj,a úiska wOHdmkh lrk uqo, wefußldkq bf.kSu i|yd wjYH
flfia o@ tfy;a" iuyr i|yd we;s úúO wruqo,a fvd,¾ ì,shk 39la jk lrk m<uq foh l=ulao@
.eg¨ tf,i fkdfmfka' u.ska ÿmam;a rgj,g w;r" th j;auka wdOdr ms<s;=r" .=rejrhl=
mdi,la ;sfnk w;r" ,nd fok wdOdr úYd, m%udKh fuka fo.=Khl isàuhs' f,dj mqrdu
.=rejrfhda o isá;s' fõ.hlska wvq fjñka wjYH;djhls' wOHdmkh .=re ysÕfhka
tfy;a" tu .=rejreka mj;S' 2013-14 ld,h mSvd ú¢hs' wju jYfhka
lsisod b.ekaùu ms<sn| fuu wdOdr 2004 ;=< § m%xYh" cmdkh" iEu mdi,a hd hq;=
mqyqKqjla ,o wh isg wvq fjñka mj;sk fko¾,ka;h yd orejl=gu m%d:ñl
fkdfõ' orejka mdi,a w;r" 2013 isg ishhg iamd[a[h hk rgj, mdi,lg we;=<;a
.sh o" bf.k .;a fohla 5lska my; jeà ;sfí' uQ,sl wOHdmkh i|yd fldg Tjqkg uQ,sl
fkdue;s ;rïh' fuu fuh isÿ jkafka mdi,a ,nd fok wdOdr ishhg b.ekaùï lsÍug kï"
m%Odk .eg¨ 10 wms hd hq;= jhfia miqjk 40lska wvq lr we;' tlai;a cd;Skag wkqj
fláfhka úuid n,uq' kuq;a" mdi,a fkdhk tlai;a rdcOdksfha fuu ;j;a .=rejreka ñ,shk
orejka ixLHdj ñ,shk lmamdÿj ishhg 21ls' 24'4la 2015 jk úg
59la olajd h<s;a tfuka u fuu wdOdr wjYHj ;sìKs' oaú;Shsl
wOHdmkh iïmQ¾K úYd, m%udKhl jeisls<s lr;s' WodyrKhla jhi wjqreÿ 1
lsÍu i|yd ;j;a myiqlï ke;' jeisls<s f,i gekaidkshdfõ - 14;a w;r
wjYH lrk .=rejreka fkdue;s ùu yd .eyekq yhjeks fYa%Ksfha orejkaf.ka wdndê;
m%udKh ñ,shk 44'4ls' <uhskag fjka jQ jeisls<s orejkaf.ka ;udgu m%udKh ñ,shk 93-150;a
w¨;au .eg¨j jkqfha" fkdue;s ùu .eyekq fm< fmd;la we;af;a olajd w;r jk nj
f,dj rgj,a 64lg orejka mdi,a fkd taug ishhg 3'5 fofkl=g lshefõ'
.=rejrekaf.ka n,mdk m%Odk fya;= muKs' leurEka ys tla bkaÈhdfõ
ishhg 25lau lsisÿ w;=ßka tlls' tfuka u fm< fmd;lg m<uq muKla jhi 6-13 w;r
mqyqKqjla fkd,enQ wh mka;s ldurhl bf.k jir mka;sfha orejka wdndê; orejkaf.ka
neúka" orejka mdi,a .kakd YsIH ixLHdjo 11 fofkl= isák w;r" ishhg 38la mdi,a
.sho ,sùu" lshùu yd jeäfjñka mj;S' u,dú fojeks jif¾ .Ks;h fkdhhs'
.Ks;h ms<sn|j ,efnk rdcHfha m<uq jir fm< fmd;lg isák kef.kysr
oekqu b;d wju ù mka;s ldurhl orejka <uhska .Kk 14 hqfrdamfha yd uOHu
;sfí' ta wkqj f,dalhg 130 fofkla muK fofkls' hqfrdamfha" reishdfõ
w¨;a .=rejreka muKla isá;s' bf.kqu i|yd fuu rgj, muKla yd mQ¾j fidaúhÜ
;j;a ñ,shk 69la wjYH iqÿiq u m%udKh isiqka fkdj mer.=fõys ckrcj,g wh;a rgj,a
nj UNESCO j mjihs' 20 fofkl= muKla ù ishhg 69lg ;udg jQ 27 ;=< muKla wdndê;
fuhska ñ,shk 17la ;sìh § ì%;dkHh" tlai;a fm< fmd;a ke;s w;r orejka ñ,shk 2'5la
Wm iyrdkq rgj,g;a" ckmoh jeks rgj, ms,smSkfha tu w.h muK isák w;r" bka
ñ,shk 15la ol=Kq mjd mka;s ldurhl ishhg 49ls' ñ,shk 1'8la u orejkag
wdishdjg;a wjYH fõ' isák isiqka .Kk 30 m%d:ñl wOHdmkh wysñ
fofkl= o blaujd ;sfí' 5' wdndê; orejkag jk nj UNESCO j
3' mka;s ldur ms,smSkfha fuu w.h 65- mdi,a wysñ ùu fmkajd fohs' ^2001 o;a;
fkdue;slu 75;a w;r fõ' UNICEF jd¾;d wkqj" wkqj&'
f,dj fndfyda rgj, f,dal fmdÿfõ ÿmam;a
orejkg bf.kSug iqÿiq 4' bf.kqï WmlrK ck.ykfhka ì,shkhla rgj, isák wdndê;
mka;s ldur fkdue;' ysÕh ^ñ,shk 1"000la& tkï orejkaf.ka ishhg
ta fjkqjg .ia hg fyda f,dalfha mdi,a fm< ishhg 15la muK l=uk 95lgu mdi,a wOHdmkh
l+vdrï ;=< bf.kqï fmd;a ysÕh fld;rï o fyda wdndê; ;;ajhl wysñ ù ;sfí'
lrkq ,nhs' tfuka u lsjfyd;a" me/Ks yd miqjk wh jk w;r"
fndfyda mka;s ldurj, bÍ .sh fm< fmd;la bka ñ,shk 110;a 190;a 6' .eyekq orejkg
^mdi,aj,& k< c, idudkHfhka yh w;r msßila oreKq wOHdmkh wysñ ùu
myiqlï ke;s w;r" fofkla muK mßyrKh wdndê; ;;ajhl isá;s' f,dalfha ;ju;a

rg lsheùï fmd;lg isák .Ks;h fmd;lg isák
<uhska .Kk ^fojeks fYa%Ksh& <uhska .Kk ^fojeks fYa%Ksh&
ieïìhdj 2 5
fldxf.da 2 4
gekaidkshdj 3 6
fgdaf.da 3 9
,hsîßhdj 3 3
W.kavdj 4 4
ol=Kq iqvdkh 5 5
peâ 6 6
leurEka 12 14
mdi,a wOHdmkh wysñ jk m%Odk oaú;Sh wOHdmkh ,enQjka kï" hqo .egqï we;s rgj,a
fya;=jla jkafka .eyekq <uhl= <ud ukaofmdaIKh ñs,shk 12lska o 33l ;;ajh m%d:ñl mdi,a jhfia
ùuhs' oekgo f,dj ÈhqKq fjñka wvq lr .; yel' orejka ñs,shk 39la o" jhi
mj;sk rgj, isák ;reK 4' Wm iyrdkq wms%ldfõ .eyekq wjqreÿ 7-14 w;r orejka ñ,shk
.eyekq <uhska ñ,shk 100lg <uhskag m%d:ñl wOHdmkh 90la o fõ'
wvq u jYfhka tl jpkhla fyda ,enqfKa kï" jhi 17g wvq WodyrKhla f,i
lshùug fkdyel' jhi wjqreÿ .eyekq <uhska .eí .ekSu ishhg fldxf.dafõ orejka ñ,shk
14g wvq iEu .eyekq <uhska 10lska o" 3'5la o" khsÔßhdfõ orejka
mia fofkl=f.ka tla whl=u oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,nd ñ,shk 10'5la o" mdlsia:dkfha
ÿmam;alu" hqoaO fyda fjk;a ;snqfKa kï" Wm iyrdkq wms%ldj" orejka ñ,shk 5'4la o hqo .egqï
fya;+ka ksid mdi,a wOHdmkh ol=Kq yd ngysr wdishdfõ jhi ksid mdi,a fkdh;s'
wysñ ù ;sfí' wjqreÿ 17g wvq .eyekq <uhska
jhi wjqreÿ 6-17 w;r .eí .ekSu ishhg 60lska o wvq 8' ksjfia isg mdi,g we;s ÿr
.eyekq orejka ñ,shk 130la lr .; yels jkq we;' f,dj fndfyda mdi,a orejkag
mdi,a fkdhk w;r" ñ,shk 31la 5' Wm iyrdkq wms%ldkq rgj, mdi,a hdu i|yd Èklg meh
m%d:ñl mdi,a jhfiys .eyekq muKla lsisÿ wOHdmkhla ke;s ;=kla weú§ug isÿ ùu fmdÿ
orefjda mdi,a fkdh;s' ldka;djka w;r Wm;a m%udKh fohla ù ;sfí' l=vd orejka w¨hu
f,dj mqrd Èklg jhi ishhg 6'7la o" m%d:ñl wOHdmkh msì§ fï ;rï ÿrla fndfyda úg
wjqreÿ 18g wvq .eyekq orejka iys; ldka;djka w;r Wm;a ksrdydrj mdi,a hdu yd miqj
41"000 fofkla újdy lr fokq m%udKh ishhg 5'8la o" oaú;Shsl kej; ksjig taug isÿ ùu ksidu
,nk w;r" th jirlg ñ,shk wOHdmkhla iys; ldka;djka mdi,a wOHdmkh w;ruÕ yer
15ls' tu ish¨ fokdg u mdi,a w;r Wm;a m%udKh 3'9la o f,i hk w;r ksis bf.kqula ,nd
wOHdmkh uÕyef¾' wvq fõ' .ekSugo th ndOdjlaj mj;S'
khsÔßhdfõ mdi,a hd hq;= 6' ish¨ .eyekq <uhska m%d:ñl tfuka u <uhskaf.a wdrCIdj
jhfia .eyekq wOHdmkh ,enQjka kï" <ud ms<sn| .egö" úúO ,sx.sl
orejkaf.ka ñ,shk 5'5 újdy ishhg 14lska o" ysxikhkag ,la ùu ksido mdi,g
fofkla o" mdlsia:dkfha ñ,shk ish¨ .eyekq <uhska oaú;Shsl we;s ÿr jeä ùu úiska orejkag
3'5 fofkla o" b;sfhdamshdfõ wOHdmkh ,enQjka kï" <ud mdi,a hdug ndOd we;s lrhs'
ñ,shkhla mdi,a fkdh;s' újdy ishhg 66lska o wvq lr .;
.eyekq orejkag yel' 9' ukaofmdaIKh
wOHdmkh ,nd §u iudchSh jdis 7' mdlsia:dkfha m%d:ñl f,dj ÈhqKq jk rgj,
1' f,dj ish¨ u wïudjreka wOHdmkh muKla iys; orejkaf.ka ñ,shk 171la muK
m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ,enQ wh ldka;djka Wmhkafka m%d:ñl ukaofmdaIKh ksid fud<h ÈhqKq
jkafka kï" ud;D urK m%udKh wOHdmkh muKla iys; msßñshl= ùug ndOd jQ wh jk w;r" fuh
;=fkka follska wvq lr .; yels Wmhk uqo, fuka wvls îshhg WodyrKhla f,i ie,el=fjd;a"
jk w;r" wdrCId lr .; yels 51ls&' jir y;rla mdi,a fkdhdfuka
Ôú; m%udKh 9"800ls' oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,enQ orefjl=g isÿjk bf.kqï ydkshg
2' f,dj ish¨ u ldka;djka ldka;dfjda ishhg 70la Wmh;s' iudkh' tksid u jir myg fmr
oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,enQjka kï" fuu ;;ajh fcda¾odkfha ukaofmdaIKhg ,la jQ orejl=f.a
<ud urK m%udKh ishhg 30lska ms<sfj<ska ishhg 53la yd ishhg ;d¾lsl udkisl yelshdj idudkH
wvq lr .; yel' tkï" orejka 67ls' <ufhl=g jvd ishhg 19lska
ñ,shk ;=klf.a Ôú; /l .; wvq fõ' fyd| wOHdmkhla i|yd
yel' 7' hqo .egqï we;s rgl Ôj;a ùu fyd| wdydr orejkag wjYHh'
3' f,dj ish¨ ldka;djka 2011§ f,dj mdi,a
m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ,enQjka fkdhk orejkaf.ka ishhg 36la
kï" <ud ukaofmdaIKh ñ,shk Ôj;a jkafka hqo .egqï nyq,
1'7lska o" m%foaYj,h ÛNESCO&'
,dxflah
wOHdmkfha
j;auka .eg¨ ms<n
s |
lshùula
ksyd,a ùriQßh
w m rg idCIr;djh
92'6] jeks by<
w.hl mj;sk rgls'
2015 hqfkiaflda jd¾;dj
uy;d bÈßm;a lrk iufha
wdpd¾h tka'tï' fmf¾rd
uy;d isáfha fnda.ïnr
isrf.orh' Tyq tys isg fï
ia:djrhka Tyqf.a oeä fodaI
o¾Ykhg ,laj ;sfí' tfia
l=uk wvqmdvq mej;sho mej;s
;;ajh wkqj fuu fhdackd
wkqj wksl=;a rgj,a iu. mk; ms<sn|j ish woyia úma,ùh iajrEmhla .kakd
wkqms<sfj<ska neÆ l, Y%S igykla f,i bÈßm;a lr nj mjid we;s weka'weï'
,xldjg 82jeks ia:dkh ;snqKs' tu.ska Tyq fuu fmf¾rd uy;d Bg Tyqf.a
ysñ ù ;sfí' ta w;r ksoyia wOHdmk m%;sixialrK mlaImd;S;ajh m<fldg ;sfí'
wOHdmkh mj;sk rgla fhdackdj, wvqmdvq m%udKhla
flfia kuq;a" tjlg jrm%ido
f,io wm rg i,lkq ,nhs' fmkajd§ ;sìKs' m<uqj
,;a fm<eka;shg muKla
ta wkqj neÆ úg wm rg Tyq fuu m%;sixialrK
iSudù meje;s wOHdmkh
iqmsß wOHdmkhla iys; fhdackd ilia l< fldñifï
idudkH ck;dj fj; .,d
rgla hehs fndfyda fofkl=g ixhq;sh lsisfia;au fujeks
hdug ksoyia wOHdmkh
lsjyels jqjo" ienE ;;ajh lghq;a;la i|yd m%udKj;a
úYd, f,i fya;= úh' meje;s
fmfkk ;rï i;=gqodhl fyda .e,fmk tlla fkdjk
wdishd;sl iudch hg;aúð;
fkdjk nj ta ms<sn| jk nj fmkajd§ ;sfí' tfiau
md,k iuh ;=< Okjd§
úêu;a fidhdne,Sulska fy<s lñgqj wdo¾Yhg f.k
iudchla njg fjkia lrkq
lr .; yelsh' ;sfnkafka tx.,ka;fha
,enqjo" th W;a;rdfrdams;
mj;sk wOHdmk mokï njo
idCIr;djh wOHdmkfha Okjdohla jQ ksid Okjd§
tajd mx;s mokulska iliaù
uÜgu ms<sn| tla;rd iudchla w;am;a lr .kakd
we;s njo thska iQrdlk
idOlhla nj ienEh' tfy;a" jQ ish¨ iudc ch.%yK wmg
mx;sh flfrys jeä jrm%ido
thska ck;djf.a lsheùfï ysñ jQfha ke;' OfkaYajr
ie,fik njo fmkajd§
yd ,sùfï yelshdj ms<sn| m%cd;ka;%jd§ whs;Ska hï
;sfí' ;jo fmr mdi,a
woyila ,enqKo lreKq m%udKhla kS;sÍ;s ;=<g
wOHdmkh fkdi,ld ;sîuo"
f;areï lr.ekSug Tjqka we;=<;a jqjo" iudc foayh
fmdÿck kQ.;alu msgqoelSu
fldf;la ÿrg iu;ao hkak ;=< meje;s miq.dó wdishd;sl
wjYH nj oel ;snqK;a
.ek woyila ,nd .; ,CIK úYd, m%udKhla
Bg l%shdud¾. fkdue;sluo
fkdyelsh' ta ksid thska b;sßj meje;sKs'
Tyqf.a úfõpkhg ,laj
ck;djf.a nqoaê uÜgu
;sfí' ;jo m%;sixialrK flfia jqj;a" 50" 60 oYlj,
f;areï .ekSu wmyiqh'
jd¾;dj iliaù we;af;a" mdi,a iy úYajúoHd, wdrïN
tfiau ksoyia wOHdmkh
08jeks mx;sh olajd fkdñf,a lsÍfuka wOHdmkh jHdma;
;=<ska wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a
wOHdmkh ,nd§fï mokfï ùu isÿúh' fufia jHdma; jQ
l< njg újdohla ke;s
isg nj;a" th yÈisfha wOHdmk moaO;sfha .eg¨
kuq;a" tys we;s nrm;<
iriú wOHdmkh olajd fjk fjku idlÉPd l<
.eg¨ .Kkdjla idlÉPd
§¾> lr ;sfnk nj fmkS hq;=h'
lsÍug th ndOdjla fkdfõ'
hk nj;a" úh hq;=j ;snqfKa wOHdmk úIu;djh
iriú wOHdmkh olajdo
wOHdmk wjia:d ,ndÿka
ksoyia wOHdmkh fkdñf,a wOHdmkh ,ndfok
m%udKhg idfmaCIj ta ta
mokfï isg m%;sm;a;s ilia
1945§ ksoyia wOHdmk m%foaYj, wOHdmk mßirh
ùu nj;a mjid ;sfí' ;jo
m%;sixialrK fhdackd ks¾udKh úh' hg;aúð;
wd.ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn|j
iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ' lkakka.r md,lhka wOHdmk wjiaa:d
m%;sixialrK lñgqfõ
we;s lf<a rg .ek i¾j idOdrK ñïula jQfha ;;ajhkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,ih'
l,amkd l< fmdÿ ixj¾Ok ke;' iqmsß mdi,a i|yd ;u orejka
ie,eiaulg fkdj Tjqkaf.a we;=<;a lr .ekSfï uyd
tfy;a" tys§ ;j;a .eg¨
jevlghq;= i|yd wjYH ;r.hla we;sù ;sfnkafka
u;=úh' tkï" we;eï
wOHdmksl Y%ñlhka ,nd fï ksidh' ta ;=< fndfyda
Èia;s%lalj, by<u m%;sM,
.ekSug muKs' hg;aúð; ¥IK wl%ñl;d isÿjk njo
.;a isiq isiqúhkag iriú
hq.fhka miqj jqjo" th ks;r wikakg ,efí' tfiau
m%fõYh wysñ úh' tys
úêu;a ie,eiaula wkqj isÿ tjeks mdi,aj, Yla;su;a wdÈ
ienE fya;=j jQfha iriú
jQjd hehs is;sh fkdyelsh' YsIH ix.ïo mj;sk w;r
bvmyiqlï ysÕ ùu
fï ksid wOHdmksl uÜgu tajd u.ska iqmsß mdi,a f,i
ksid we;=<;a lr .kakd
by< m%foaY iy my< u;=ù ;sfnk fuu mdi,aj,g
m%udKh iSud lsÍuh' fuys
m%foaY f,i úIu;djhla lrk ueÈy;aùu ;=<ska mdi,a
§ kqjrt<sh" fudkrd.,"
ks¾udKh úh' wOHdmk mr;rh ;j;a jeälrñka
wïmdr" nÿ,a," yïnkaf;dg"
wjia:d i|yd fN!;sl yd ;sfí'
ukakdru" uq,;sõ" hdmkh"
udkj iïm;a ,nd fok
ls,sfkdÉÑh" júkshd"
m%udKh;a" thg ;SrKd;aulj
;%Sl=Kdu,h" wkqrdOmqrh iy wOHdmk
n,mEfõh' fuu m%Yakh ksid
fmdf<dkakrej hk Èia;s%lal fm!oa.,SlrKh
iriú m%fõYfha§ ÿIalr
ÿIalr Èia;s%lal f,i i,lk
f,i ie,l=Kq m%foaYj,
,§' fï jk úg úIu;djh
isiq isiqúhkag isÿ jk
ms<sn| m%Yakh tfiau ;sìh§ 1' Wmldrl mka;s fyj;a
widOdrKh wju lsÍu
l%udkql+,j Èia;s%la moku áhqIka(
i|yd Èia;s%la moku;a ÿIalr
bj;a lrñka ;sfí' j¾;udkh
Èia;s%la fldagdj;a we;s lrk Wmldrl mka;s hkqfjka
jk úg iqmsß mdi,a .Kfha,d
,§' tfy;a" tlu Èia;s%lalh mdi,a wOHdmkhg wu;r
ie,flk mdi,a m%udKhla
;=< mj;sk úIu;djhka wOHdmkh fok wdh;k
biau;=ù we;af;a fï
m%udKhka ie,el+ úg fuh wdrïN jQfha fndfyda úg
mdi,a ;=< úIh ks¾foaY ye¢kajqjo" tajdfha m%ñ;sh ùu olskakg yelsh' tfy;a"
wdjrKh lsÍug fkdyelsùï b;du my< uÜgïj, tys§ Wiia fm< iqÿiqlï
jeks .eg¨ ksidh' tfy;a" mj;S' flfia kuq;a" fujeks fjkqjg m%uqL ù we;af;a"
l%ñlj ks¾udKh jQ .eg¨jla Woa.; ùug uQ,sl uQ,H yelshdjhs' ta ksid bka
wOHdmk ;r.ldÍ;ajh fya;=j ksoyia wOHdmk widOdrKhg ,lajkafka
iy wOHdmkhg by< wjia:djka rfÜ jeä jk wd¾Ól ÿIalr;djhkaf.ka
iudc jákdlula w;alr wjYH;djhkag wkqj mq¿,a fmf<k isiq isiqúhkah'
.ekSu ksid Wmldrl mka;s fkdùuh'
ta w;r Wiiafm< úNd.h
fõ.fhka jHdma; ù th
3' Wmdê yd ämaf,daud wiu;a jk isiq-isiqúhka
wksjd¾h idOlhla njg
mdGud,d fm!oa.,sl m%udKh jirlg 80"000la
m;aj ;sfí' tuÕska áhqIka
mdGud,d f,i we/öu muK fõ' fuu msßi Y%u
ixialD;shlao ks¾udKh lr
úfYaIfhka Wiia fm< n,ldfha úYd, mx.=jla
;sfnk w;r" w¾nqo /ilao
úNd.h iu;a jqj;a" iriú jk w;r" Tjqka wd¾Ólhg
ìysj ;sfí'
m%fõYh ,nkafka 20] muK Wrd.ekSu i|yd rchg ksis
l=vd w.hla ùu ksid úYd, jevms<sfj<la we;s njla
2' cd;Hka;r mdi,a .eg¨jla mj;S' tkï iriú fkdfmfka' ld¾ñl úoHd,"
jrï ,eîug iqÿiqlï ,enQj;a Wiia ;dCIK wdh;k
wdrïNfha § fld<U flakaø meje;sho" tajdfha wjia:d
iriú moaO;sfha bvlv
lrf.k we/ô cd;Hka;r b;d iSñ; ùu;a úfYaIfhka
fkd,eîu ksid jirlg
mdi,a oeka rg mqrd kd.ßlj ld¾ñl úoHd,j,g myiqlï
isiqka 110"000lg muK
jHdma; ù ;sfí' kd.ßlj ,nd fkd§u ksid tajd
iriú jrï wysñ fõ' iriú
Ôj;ajk tfy;a" mÈxÑh w¾nqohg f.dia ;sîu;a ksid
myiqlï mq¿,a fldg fï ish¨
iy;sl l< fkdyels fndfyda mj;sk wjYH;d me;sÍug
fokdg Wiia wOHdmk wjia:d
fouõmshkag rcfha mdi,a lsisfia;au yels ù ke;'
,nd§ug wdKavq wiu;a ù
i|yd orejka we;=<;a
we;' fï wjYH;djh iemsÍu ta w;r iriú mdGud,djka
lsÍfï .eg¨jla mj;S'
i|yd úl,am úh yels újD; i|yd jir y;rl"
rcfha mdi,aj, bvlv
úYajúoHd, meje;sho" tajdo myl ld,hla .; ùu
m%Yakho fuhg n,md ;sfí'
fuhg ienE f,i iß,k ksid;a iriú ;=< mj;sk
fï ;;ajhg wo úl,amh ù
m%udKj;a úl,amhla jQfha Woaf>daIKsl yd .egqïldÍ
we;af;a" cd;Hka;r mdi,ah'
ke;' tjeks b,lalhla iajrEmh ms<sn| woyi
bx.S%is udOH wOHdmkh
iys; tajd kùlrKh iy ksid;a iriú wOHdmkh
ksid;a" we;eï kùlrK
f.dvkexùu isÿ jQfha ke;' fjkqjg úl,am fj; yeÍug
wOHdmk l%ufõohla ksid;a
cd;Hka;r mdi,a ckms%h ù úYajúoHd, ndysr Wmdê n,mdk iudc u;hlao
;sfí' tfy;a" ta ie,elsh hq;= mdGud,djka mj;ajdf.k mj;sk nj lsj hq;=j ;sfí'
uqo,la ta fjkqfjka úhoï wdjo" uE;ld,Skj tajdfha fuho fndfyda úg wd¾Ól
l< yels wh i|yd muKs' .dia;= idudkH ck;djf.a yelshdjka iys; wh w;r
ta w;r úIh ks¾foaYhla yd orejkag oeßh fkdyels mj;skakls'
wOHdmk myiqlïj, mj;sk uÜgug by< oeóï isÿúh' fï ish¨ idOl úiska
úúO uÜgï ksid tajdfha fï mj;sk b,aü úYd, imqrk w;s úYd,
m%ñ;sh iïnkaOfhkao .eg¨ fjf<|fmd<la jk w;r" wOHdmk fjf<|fmd<
u;=j ;sfí' we;eï tajd ta i|yd wdfhdack lsÍug cdjdrïlrejkago
cd;Hka;r mdi,a f,an,fhka fm!oa.,sl wxYh bÈßm;a f;da;ekakla ù ;sfí' fyd|u
wOHdmkh isiqka u; megjQ nrla ùu
wOHdmk úIhud,d l%ufõohka ilia lsÍfï §
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj ms<sn| ie,els,su;a ùu
w;HjYH lreKls' tfy;a" mdi,a úIhud,djka
fujka oelaula iys;j iliaù ;sfío hkak
m%Yakhls' fï i|yd fyd|u WodyrKh jkafka
my jir YsIH;aj úNd.fha mj;sk oeä
;r.ldÍ;ajhhs'
WodyrKh jkafka" miq.shod flakaøSh m%Yakh ta i|yd jk fldg fm!oa.,sl wxYh fj;
wfydais l< nj lS kuq;a fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a ,nd§fuka ;sfnk fidÉpï
fjk;a kulska ysi tiùug .eg¨jhs' thg fya;= jkafka m%;smdokj,g ;j;a nrla
W;aiy lrk ihsgï ta i|yd fjka jk wd¾Ól tlaù ;sfí' Wfoa wdydrhj;a
wdh;khhs' fkú,a m%kdkaÿ m%;smdokhkaf.a .eg¨jhs' fkdue;sj mdi,a meñKSu ksid
kï l+g ffjoHjrhd;a" miq.sh ld,h mqrdu wOHdmk Èk lsysmhla jukh oeuQ
wfkla nvf.daia;rjd§ ue;s fCIa;%fha isiqka" .=rejreka lelsrdj m%foaYfha mdi,l
weu;shkao tlaj ck;dj iy m%.;sYS,S n,fõ.j, oeßhl iïnkaO mqj;la
rjgñka lrk u.äh ihsgï m%Odk b,a,Sula jQfha miq.sh ld,fha wdkafoda,khla
igk ksid fy<sorõ ù ;sfí' wOHdmkh i|yd o< cd;sl we;s lf<ah' ta ieneúkau wm
ihsgï igk fujeks iudc ksIamdÈ;fhka 06]la fjka rfÜ wd¾Ól oßø;djh;a"
wjOdkhg Èkd .;a;la jQfha lrk f,ih' tfy;a th îß wOHdmk oßø;djh;a fmkakqï
th ffjoH mdGud,djla w,skag ùKd jehSula ù ;sfí' lrk ienEu m%ldYkhls'
ùu ksid njg újdohla
fuu uQ,H m%;smdokj, wOHdmkh isiqka u;
ke;' tjeks ;j;a fndfyda
m%Yakh ksid wOHdmk wjia:d megjQ nrla ùu
mdGud,d fjk;a fCIa;%j,
mq¿,a fkdùu muKla fkdj
we/ö ;sfí' we;eï tajd wOHdmk úIhud,d
ksoyia wOHdmkh fõ.fhka
fm!oa.,sl úYajúoHd, f,iu l%ufõohka ilia lsÍfï §
yelsf<ñkao mj;S' mdi,a
ls%hd;aul ùug mgkaf.k wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj ms<sn|
jeiS hdu wo úYd, m%Yakhla
;sfí' tajdfhao fujeks l+g ie,els,su;a ùu w;HjYH
ù ;sfí' tfia u mdi,aj,
m%fhda. we;s njg ielhla lreKls' tfy;a" mdi,a
kv;a;= lghq;= w¾nqohg
ke;' tfy;a" tajd iudc úIhud,djka fujka oelaula
hdu ksidfjka tu úhoï
wjOdkfhka .s,syS ;sîu iys;j iliaù ;sfío hkak
l%udkql+,j fouõmshka u;
lk.dgqjg lreKls' m%Yakhls' fï i|yd fyd|u
megfjñka ;sfí' mdi,a
WodyrKh jkafka my jir
rcfha wOHdmk úhoï <uhska i|yd ,ndfok ks,
YsIH;aj úNd.fha mj;sk oeä
lmamdÿj we÷ï i,dl lmamdÿ lsÍfï
;r.ldÍ;ajhhs' jhi 10la
Wml%u ilialr ;sfí' fm<
ksoyia wOHdmk ls%hdj,sh muK jk orejl=g Tfrd;a;=
fmd;a uqøKh rcfhka ksoyia
;=< u;=j ;sfnk .eg¨j, fkdfok udkisl mSvkhla fï
ksid we;s flf¾' th fmdÿ lr .ekSug fkdyels ùfï fjka fldg bf.kqu ,nkafka
iudc m%Yakhla njg o m;aj m%Yakh u;= jkafkao fï fï iuia;hhs' tfy;a" j;auka
;sfí' ;;ajh ;=<uh' áhqIka mka;s wOHdmk l%uh ;=< mj;sk
w;HjYH idOlhla jkafkao m%Odk;u wvqmdvqjla jkafka
ta w;r w'fmd'i' idudkH fm<
fï ksidh' fuu úIhhkaf.a mj;sk
yd Wiia fm< úNd.hkag
wmQ¾j wka;¾ iïnkaOh
wod< úIh ks¾foaYhkaf.ao úhqla; wOHdmkh
ms<sn| b.ekaùu isÿfkdùuh'
jßkajr lrkq ,nk
wOHdmkh ,nd §fï§ ke;fyd;a" fï ish¨
fjkialïj,§ úIh nr
úIhhka fjkalr .ekSug úIhhkaf.a moku tlla nj
jeä lsÍï fukau wvq lsÍïo
isÿfjhs' tfy;a" ta b.ekaùfï isiqjdg f;areï fkdlsÍuh'
lrkq ,en ;sfí' 70 oYlfha
iy bf.kSfï myiqj i|ydh' mj;sk úNd. b,lallr .;a
§ úoHd úIhhka tlalr
wOHdmkh hkqfjka woyia hdka;s%l ;r.ldÍ wOHdmksl
ifudaOdksl úoHdj we;s lf<a
lrkqfha" wm yd wm wjg ls%hdj,sh ;=< tjeks fohla
fujeks úIh nr wvq lsÍfï
we;s iuia;h ms<sn|j n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyelsh'
wruqKska jqj;a" miqj h<s
f;areï .ekSuhs' thg tys m%;sM,h jkafka úIh
tajd fjkia úh' Wiia fm<
ñksid úiska fï olajd tl;= m%ùKhka ìys jqjo" Tjqka
úIhhka y;r ;=k olajd
lrf.k ;sfnk oekquo ,nd ixhqla; wjfndaOh we;s wh
wvq lsÍfukao fï ;;ajh
.; hq;=h' .Ks;h" úoHdj" fkdùuh' hula ksje/Èj
meje;sKs' flfia kuq;a" mdi,a
l,d" b;sydih" iudc úoHdj" f;areï .ekSug kï" ta
;=< úIh ks¾foaYh wjika
wd.u" o¾Ykh wd§ jYfhka ms<sn|j ixhqla; wjfndaOhla
wjYHh' tfy;a" mj;sk jy,a Ñka;khl isrlsÍug i|yd b;d uekúka fhdod.;
iQrdlEu mokï jQ iudc tajd fya;= fjhs' fuh wfma yelsh' tfy;a w;HjYH
l%uhg ixhqla; wjfndaOh wOHdmk l%ufha mj;sk ;j;a úoHd.dr myiqlï mjd
iys; ñksiqka f.dvkeÕSfï úYd, wvqmdvqjls' ksisf,i ,nd§ ke;s wfma
jqjukdjla we;af;a ke;' mdi,a moaO;sh ie,l+ úg geí
.=re flakaøSh
úoHdj fjkqjg wOHdmkh ,nd§u jeks tajd h:d¾:hla
wúoHdj fkdjk isysk ;rug wfma
;ju;a wm rfÜ wOHdmkh isiq mrmqfrka ÿria fldg
uE; ld,Skj Y%S ,xld úNd. ,nd §fï l%ufõoh jkafka ;sfí'
fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska .=re flakaøSh l%uhhs' tkï
mj;ajkq ,enQ wfmdi id$fm .=rejrhd mka;s ldurh j¾;udkh jkúg fmkShk
úNd.hkaf.a;a" wfmdi W$fm bÈßfha isg.ksñka ish lreKla kï fuf;la mej;s
úNd.hkaf.a;a olakg ,enqKq foaYkh mj;ajd isiqkag ljr wdKavqjla n,hg
fmdÿ ldrKhla úh' tkï igyka ,sùug i,iajk meñKsho rfÜ wd¾Ól
úNd. wdrïNh i;sfha m<uq l%ufõohhs' tfy;a wOHdmk m%;sm;a;Skaj, lsisÿ fjkila
Èkh jk i÷odg fhdod uQ,O¾u wkqj i,ld neÆ fkdjqK njhs' th ÈYd.;
fkdf.k wÕyrejdodg fhdod úg th id¾:l l%uhla ù we;af;a" jeä jeäfhka
ilia lsÍuhs' fï ms<sn|j fkdfõ' jvd id¾:l jkafka" mqoa.,SlrKh lsÍï yd fmdÿ
fidhd neÆ úg fy<sorõ YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh ck fiajdjka lmamdÿ lrk
jQfha i÷od fh§ ;snQ rdyq nj f,dj mqrd ms<s.;a ÈYdjgh' wOHdmk fCIa;%hgo
ld,h wm, nj;a ta ksid u;hhs' ieneúkau isiqjd fuu fmdÿ h:d¾:hg
úNd.h wÕyrejdod weröug ksjerÈj lreKq ldrKd uqyqK§ug isÿj ;sfí' jvd
n,OdÍka ;Skaÿ l< nj;ah' f;areï .kafka iajhxj ,nk ÈhqKq mßmQ¾K wOHdmk
wOHdmk n,OdÍkaf.a ;;ajh wOHhkh ;=<skah' .=rejrhd l%ufõohla flfia fj;;a
fuh kï tjka rgl mdi,a l< hq;af;a ta i|yd Tyqg mj;sk ksoyia wOHdmk
oeßhl jukh oeuQ muKska uÕ fmkaùuh¦ Tyqg wjYH wjia:d /l.ekSu mjd úYd,
úÿy,am;sksh tu oeßh Woõ moõ ,nd§uh' iuia; wNsfhda.hlaj we;af;a ta
.eíf.k we;ehs ks.ukh wOHdmk l%uh ;=<u tjka ksidh'
fldg f.or heùu .ek mqÿu fjkila we;s lsÍu wm ta ksid wm rfgys ÈhqKq
úh hq;= ke;' mdi,a wOHdmk jeks rgl ir, lghq;a;la oelaula iys; cd;sl wOHdmk
úIh ud,djka ;=<u wd.ñl fkdfõ' Bg jvd w;sYhska m%;sm;a;shla l%shdjg ke.Su
wOHdmkho we;=<;a fldg ir, iudc m%Yakhlaj;a iuia; iudc wd¾Ól
;sfí' wd.ñl b.ekaùï ;=< úi|d.; fkdyels fn,ySk mßj¾;khla iu. isÿl<
tk fndfyda ñ:Hdjkao ta md,lhkaf.ka tjeks foa hq;= foaYmd,k lghq;a;la
iu.u isiqkag W.kajkq ,efí' n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyelsh' njg m;aj ;sfí' ta i|yd
ueùïjdoh yd ú{dkjd§ j¾;udk f,dalh foi neÆúg Wr§u fï fudfydf;a ishü
jerÈ b.ekaùï wdÈh ta kùk úoHd;aul fidhd m%.;sYS,Skaf.a" nqoaêu;=kaf.a
i|yd WodyrK fjhs' mq¿,a .ekSïj,ska iEu fCIa;%hlu meyer yeßh fkdyels
úoHd;aul oelaula iys;j" fõ.j;a bÈß .ukla j.lSula jkafkah'
tfukau .fõIKYS,Sj olakg ,efí' úfYaIfhka
f,dalh yeoEÍu yqre lrkjd äðg,a ;dlaIKh fukau
fjkqjg <ore uki fudglr wka;¾cd,ho wOHdmkh
wl=re jemsÍu
ûd¾áka úl%uisxy iQÍka úiska fidaúhÜ wOHdmkh ms<sn|j
,shk ,o fuu ,smsh Tyqf.a zfidaúhÜ foaifha ke.SuZ
kï 1962 j¾Ifha§ m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o lD;sfha VII
mßÉfþofhka Wmqgd .kakd ,oaols' tu lD;sfhys jHdlrK
Í;sh fuys§o wdrlaId lrk ,§'&
w jqreÿ ;=kaydr iShla

;siafia hqoaOj,ska yd
m%cdmSvkhkaf.ka miqhs
ngysr rgj,a W.ekafuka" úoHdfjka"
ksoyiska ÈhqKq jQfha' uydoaùmhla
jeks fidaúhÜ foaYh wjqreÿ
y;<sylska W.ekafuka" úoHdfjka yd
l¾udka;fhkao ngysr cd;Ska blaujd
ÈhqKqù isáhs' wm úiska fidaúhÜ
foaYfha j¾;udk ÈhqKqj;a Bg fya;=jQ
lreKq;a fidaúhÜ foaYfhka yd tys
ckhdf.ka wmg ,eìh yels Wmldr
yd W.; yels foa;a fiúh hq;=hs' fï
nj jgyd fkd.;a;ka nyq,j olakd
,efnkafka ngysr yeu foa uy;afldg
i,lkakka w;rhs' Okj;=kaf.a ÿisß;a
mjd bjiñka m,a,s mkai,a wdêm;Hh
mj;ajkag jEhï lrk foaj.e;sfhda;a
kdhl h;sjrfhda;a Tjqka w;r fj;s'
fldñhqksiaÜ wdKavqj ;sr f,i
msysgqjd wjqreÿ y;<syla mjd
f.fjkag fmr reishdfõ wOHdmkh
yd l¾udka;o ÈhqKqjQ yeá fuys,d
u|la lsjhq;=h'
bx.sßis" whsßIa" iafldÜ" je,aIa"
wd§ jYfhka ì%;dkHfha ckhd
j¾.j,g fnfo;;a tlu iqÿ
cd;shls' Tjqkaf.a fmdÿ wd.uo ls;=
iuhhs' fidaúhÜ tlai;a ckmoh
kd kd cd;sj,g wh;a kd kd wd.ï
woyk mkaiShlsksÿ" tlu i;amqreIfhla rcqf.a ld,fhys i|yd lghq;=
ñksiqkaf.ka rdcHhl jeishka fõo@ fmdÿfõ y;r iïmdokhg
ieÿKq uyd f,i iu.s l< ckiïu;jdoh fofkl=f.ka .;jk ld,h;a
foaYhls' tys yelso@ fidaúhÜ .ek uqr.dkakka ;sfofkla úhou;a
ckldh hqfrdamSh" iudcjdoh" fï fidaúhÜ ,shkag lshjkag .Kka neÆ
fudxf.da,Sh" uyd ckldh iudcjdoh fkdo;af;dah' id¾ wdKavqfõ
uqia,sï" wrdì" iu.sfhka ne£ jHjydr flfrk .eñhka mia ks,OdÍyq ta ldßh
wdÈ úiska o iqÿ" Ôj;ajk uyd ieá úuid ne,Su fofkl=f.ka y;r i|yd wjqreÿ
ly" l¿" ÿUqre cd;shla lf<a jgfkah' fofklao .Ekqka 125la .; fj;shs
wd§ j¾K úiska wjqreÿ y;<sylg 1913 § wg fofkl=f.ka lSy' reishdfõ
o fnfok úúO wvq ld,hlsks' reishdfõ y;a fofklao ish¨ fokdgu
cd;Skaf.ka 1917 jk f;la ckldhf.ka ,shkag lshjkag uQ,sl wOHdmkh
iEÿKls' fNao Nskakj" isfhag 82'4la fkdo;af;dah' fokq i|yd
ls%ia;shdks" uqia,sï" W.ekafuka" Ôjk .eñfhda jQy' 1939 § fidaúhÜ lghq;= iïmodkh
fn!oaO" yskaÿ hk ñkqfuka b;du 17'6la k.r reishdfõ wjqreÿ l< hq;=hhs
wd.ï woykakka my;a ;ekl jeà jeisfhda 9g jeä .Ekq msßñ fidaúhÜ wdKavqj
jifhka ta cd;Syq isá úisfldaáhl jQy' fudjqka fodf.d,a,f.ka 1930§ wd{djla
úúO ksldhj,g ckldh wjqreÿ w;=frka nd,úh isfhag 91la mekjQfhah'
fnfo;s' cd;s y;<shlska blaujQjkaf.ka ,shkag lshjkag ta wd{dj
úiska wd.ï W.ekafuka" isfhag 76la fkdo;af;da jQy' mkjd wjqreÿ
úiska ì÷Kq l¾udka;fhka" ,shkag lshjkag oeka isfhag iShla y;rlska uq¿
úisfldaáhla muK f.dú;ekska" fkdo;af;da jQy' ,shkag lshjkag nd, mrïmrdjg
jk fidaúhÜ úoHdfjka ngysr fï ;rï kQ.;a okafkdah' m%d:ñl úIhhka
ckmoj, hqfrdamh blaujk ckldhla we;s uq¿ reishdfõ W.kajkq msKsi
ckhd" ngysr ;ek f;la wksla rgla nd, mrïmrdjg mdi,a msysgqjkq
ckiïu;jd§h ÈhqKqùu wid" hqfrdamfha fkdùh' m%d:ñl ,eîh'56
md,kfhka wjqreÿ ikaf;daI fkdjk wjidk id¾ wOHdmkh fokq ì%;dkHfha
lïlre mlaIh" rglg WÑ; md,k Wianelsia;dkfha ckhd óg;a jvd ie,ls,a,g
,snr,a mlaIh yd l%uhla úh yelsh' fï w;r ,shkag lshjkag Ndckúh hq;a;ls'
hqfrdamfha wksla iuyr foúÈh w;r mj;sk o;a;jqkaf.a .Kk reishka úma,jhg fmr
foaYmd,k mlaIo ygk ksid foúÈfhau isfhag follg jeä tys mdie,a oyhla
iudcjdofhys Wiialu yrh Wlydf.k fkdùh' fldñhqksiaÜ úh' ta oyhu reishka
ms<s.ks;s' Tjqka w;r wuq;= md,k l%uhla" wdKavqfjka miq ni;a ;ðlsia;dka
u;fNao mj;skafka iuyreka is;kjdg jvd Wianelsia;dkfha ni;a b.ekafjk
m%cd;ka;%jdoh l,ska" my< úh yelsh' wOHdmkh ÈhqKqùh' m%d:ñl mdi,a ùh' tys
wkqj md,k l%uh iudcjdofhys wjqreÿ y;<syla W.ekau ,enQ YsIHfhda
flfuka fjkiaùfuka Wiialu jvd;a bl=;ajkag fmr reishka ks,OdÍkaf.a;a
iudcjd§h wdKavqjla fyd¢ka o; yelafla Wianelsia;dkfha iajfoaYSh Okj;=kaf.a;a
my<ùug bv yeßh fidaúhÜ tlai;a ckmo ,shkag lshjkag orefjda jQy' oeka tys
hq;=o fkdtfia kï rdcHfhys uqia,sï okakjqkaf.a .Kk mdi,a 2547la fjhs¦ ta
udlaiajdoh wkqj wd.u je<|.;a cd;Ska isfhag 98 olajd mdi,aj,ska W.kakd
idufhka fyda wú .egqï fjfik rgj,a iq¿ jeäúh' tys fmd;am;a YsIHhkaf.a ixLHdj
iys; úma,jhlska fyda ld,hlska wOHdmkfhka iÕrd m<lrkq ,eîu;a 3"30"000ls' fï mdi,a
iudcjd§h wdKavqjla ÈhqKqjQ ieá úuiSfuks¦ wf,úh;a fkdweoysh j,ska isfhag yegl
msysgqúh hq;=o hk Wianelsia;dkh" yels fia ÈhqKq úh' ish¨ úIhhka W.kajkq
m%Yakh wrnhdh' fï ;ðlsia;dkh" 1917 úma,jhg fmr ,nkafka ;ðla nisks'
foúÈfhka tla úÈhla lilaia;dkh" Wianelsia;dkfha mdi,a oyhla meje;s
we;eï rglg WÑ; úh ;=¾lsfïkshd wd§ ckmo mdie,a YsIHhkaf.a fï uqia,sï rfgys
yelsh' lïlrejkaf.a;a id¾ rcqf.a wKilg .Kk 17"000la úh' wjqreÿ y;,sylska
f.dúhkaf.a;a yiqj isá uqia,sï 1959 § tys YsIHhkaf.a we;sjQ wOHdmk
whs;slï /flk fia j¾.hkaf.a ckau N+ñ .Kk oy;=ka ,laihls' ÈhqKqj Bg w,a,mq
udlaiajdohg wkql+, fjhs' reishdj md,kh uqia,sï ckmohla rg jk brdkfhys
tal mdlaIsl wd¾Ól l< wjidk id¾ jk ;ðlsia;dkfha 1959 jk f;la we;s
m%cd;ka;%jdoh we;eï rcqf.a ld,fhys mjd wOHdmk ÈhqKqj jQ wOHdmk ÈhqKqj yd
iudcjdofhys Wiialu jvd;a fyd¢ka o; yelafla fidaúhÜ tlai;a

ckmo rdcHfhys uqi, a ï s wd.u je<|.;a cd;Ska fjfik rgj,a
iq¿ ld,hlska wOHdmkfhka ÈhqKj q Q ieá úuiSfuks¦ Wianelsi;
a dkh"
;ðlsi; a dkh" lilai; a dkh" ;=¾lsfïkshd wd§ ckmo id¾ rcqf.a
wKilg yiqj isá uqi, a ï s j¾.hkaf.a ckau N+ñ fjhs' fldñhqki s Ü
a
wdKavfq jka miq Wianelsi; a dkfha wOHdmkh ÈhqKù q h' wjqreÿ y;<syla
bl=;j
a kag fmr Wianelsi; a dkfha ,shkag lshjkag okakjqkfa .a .Kk
isfhag 98 olajd jeäúh'
iei£fuka fy<sjk msysáfha k.r úistll o we;' úma,jhg weúÈk wys.=Kaál
fjki fkdweoysh muKs' 1958§ tys fmr ;=¾lsfïkshdfõ ckldhla f,isks'
yels ;rïh' 1959 úYajúoHd,h yd Wiia ck.ykfhka isfhag Tjqkag ,sÅ; NdIdjla
;ðlsia;dkfha úoHd,h 219 la úh' tll= muKs ,shkag fkdùh' oeka Tjqka
ck.ykfhka oyilg úma,jhg fmr uq¿ lshjkag oek isáfha' w;r bxðfkarefjda
mdie,a 1'4la ùh' ihsîßhdfjys;a wE; ,sÅ; NdIdjla mjd ld¾ñl Ys,amSyq" lafIa;%
brdkfha ck.ykfhka fmrÈ. ckmofhys;a" fkdjQ ls¾.aysishdfõ yd mdie,a md,kh
oyilg mdie,a ueo wdishd fjys;a jQfha uqia,sï ckhd ;ukaf.au ms<sn| mqyqKqj ,enqfjda
0'3ls' ;ðlsia;dkfha Wiia úoHd,h y;rls' úYajúoHd,hlska fodia;re yd .=rejreo
ck.ykfhka oyilg Wianelsia;dkh" ishniska W.ekau ,n;s' 4"10"000 fj;s'˜58
179la W.ekaula ,nk lidlaia;dkh wd§ ld¾ñl mdGYd,d fldñhqksiaÜ
YsIHfhda jQy' brdkfha úid, ckmo oyhl ;sylska fndfyda md,lhka uqia,sï
uq¿ ck.ykfhka tlu úYajúoHd,hla YsIHfhda l¾udka; rgj, wOHdmkh
oyilska W.ekaula fyda Wiia úoHd,hla ms<sn| oekqu ,n;s' muKla fkdj iudcho
,enQ YsIHhkaf.a fyda fkdùh' oeka uqia,sï rgl jQ fï ÈhqKq flf<a fkdfhla
.Kk 1959§ 39ls' fï yeu ckmohl fjki wOHdmk ÿIalr;d ch.ekSfuks'
;ðlsia;dkfha úYajúoHd,h yd Wiia úma,jhla jekak'57 Wianelsia;dkfha
ckhdf.ka iShg iShla úoHd,fhdao fj;s' ls¾.aysishdfõ Wiia uqia,sï ckhd w;r
muK 1959È ,shkag 1958§ úYajúoHd,hka wOHdmkh ms<sn| meje;s ÿIag pdß;%hla
lshjkag okafkda we;=¿ Wiia úoHd, ldrliNdfõ iNdm;s tys fldñhqksiaÜ
jQy' brdkfha ,shkag 31la Wianelsia;dkfhys wíÿ,a,d lksufgdõ md,lfhl= úiska
lshjkag okakjqkaf.a msysgqjkq ,eîh' 1961 cQ,s ui 22 idufhka yd Wmdfhka
.Kk isfhag oyhla thska bf.kSu jkod gdia m%jD;a;s ch.kakd,o yeá
úh' ,nk YsIHhkaf.a ksfhdað;fhl=f.a m%Yak ì%;dkH úYajúoHd,hl
fidaúhÜ tlai;a .Kk 78"000ls' j,g ms<s;=re foñka tys .=rejrfhl= jk fÊlí
ckmofha Wiia Wianelsia;dkfhys wOHdmk ÈhqKqj úia;r ñ,¾ úia;r lrhs¦
b.ekaùu blauKska ck.ykh ,xldfõ flf<ah' —ls¾.aysishdfõ Wianelsia;dkfha
ÈhqKq úh' ta b.ekaùu ck.ykhg iudk Wiia úoHd,j,g yd uqia,sï ckhd w;r
fkdÈhqKq ckmoj, fjhs' lilaia;dkfhys ld¾ñl úoHd,j,g wd.ï-l=, ffjrh ksid
mjd me;sr .sfhah' Wiia úoHd,h 27ls' 1961 § we;=¿ jQjkaf.a flfrk ñkSuereu
cd;s" l=," j¾K wY¾nhsckfhys 15ls' .Kk 11"000ls' wmrdOhla f,i i,lkq
fkd;ld ish¨ ukqIH ls¾.aysishdfõ 9ls' fï wjqreoafoysu fkd,eîh' ls;=iuh
j¾.hkaf.a wd¾Ól ;ðlsia;dkfhys 7ls' ta úoHd,h j,ska jd§ka yd uqia,sïldrhka
ÈhqKqj;a iajdëk;ajh;a ;=¾lsfïkshdfjys 6ls' W.ekau;a mqyqKqj;a tlg .efgñka Ôj;aùu
m;d ls%hd lrk fï cd;Ska w;=frka ,nd iu¾:jQjkaf.a ksid fï ìhlre isß;
fidaúhÜ wdKavqfjys ls¾.aysishdfõ ckhdg .Kk fuhska jvd;a oeäùh' fï
udkj Nla;sh" ta id¾ wdKavq ld,fhys wvlg jeä fkdfõ' ñkSuereï uev,Su
wdKavqj ld¾ñl Ys,am ,sÅ; NdIdjla mjd l¾.sysishdfõ w¾: i|yd tla fmfoil
we;=¿ úoHd;aul fkdùh' oeka tys l%uh yd lDIsl¾uh fldñhqksiaÜ md,lfhla
oekqï yeu ckmohl úYajúoHd,hla" fnfyúka ÈhqKqùu W;aidy lf<ah' Tyq
m;=rejk ieáfhka ia;S%ka .=relu Wfoid ksid úfYaI W.ekaula ñksiqka le|jd wjjdo
fy<sfjhs' mqyqKq lrkq ,nk ,enqfjdao jeäfj;s' lf<ah¦ ;¾ck lf<ah¦
1914 § reishdfjys úoHd,hla" wNHdi 1917 wjqreoaog fmr we;euqka isrf.g
Wiia úoHd,hla fyda úoHd,h myla yd ls¾.Sishdfõ ckhd hejqfõh¦ we;eul=g
úYaj úoHd,hla fyda ld¾ñl mdGYd,d ;syla Ôj;a jQfha ;ekska ;ek wksla o`vqjï flf<ah'
tfy;a l=, ffjrh ksid ñkSuereu kej;sK' Tjqka ,nk wdodhu jHdjidhslfhda
ñksiaiq Tjqfkdjqka ueÍu fidaúhÜ wdKavqfõ Tjqfkdjqkaf.a oekqu" b' Wm jHdjidhslfhda
fkdkeje;ajQy' wr jEhu ksid reishdfõ l=i,;d" iQrlu yd yd m<mqreÿ
md,lhd l=rdka fmd; muKla fkdj wksla mßY%uho wkqj fjkia lïlrefjda
yd uqia,sï wd.u ms<sn| fidaúhÜ tlai;a fjhs' B' ,smslrefjda yd fj<|
wksla fmd;ao uq,isg w. ckmoj,o Wiia hqfrdamfha m%cd;ka;% fiajlfhda
olajd b;d mfriaifuka wOHdmkh;a úoHd;aul jd§h rgj, ;ju;a W' lïlrefjda
lshjd W.;af;ah' Tyq ta wOHdmkh;a me;sßK' ta úYajúoHd,h wOHdmkh W!' fjk;a fiajlfhda'
fmfofia uqia,sï wd.u wOHdmkh ;ukaf.a ore l=,Skhkaf.a;a
W.;=ka" uq,a,dNhka uqkqnqreka muKla i;= Okj;=kaf.a;a orejka uq¿ tx.,ka;fha
yd uqia,sï mQclhkao mrfjKs whs;slula lr Wfoid meje;afjkakla iu¾: <uhskaf.a
le|jQfhah' .ekSug Wmdh fhdok jekak' oekqÿ m%kaifha ixLHdj wkqj n,k
—l=, ffjrfhka rc mrmqf¾ wEfhda tys lïlrejkaf.a orejka l, zwdZ mka;sfha iu;a
ñksiqka ueÍu wd.ñl fkdjQy¦ wksla l=,Skfhda" ishhlf.ka fofofkl= <uhs isfhag 94ls'
j;la f,i i,lkag Okysñfhda" yd uyd muKs úYajúoHd,hlska zWZ mka;sfha lïlre
uqia,sï Y%e;sfhka yd fjf<kafoda o tys W.ekau ,nkafka' ckhdf.a iu;a <uhs
wd.ñl fmd;aj,ska fkdjQy' Wiia W.ekau tx.,ka;fhys isfhag 50ls' tfy;a
lsisu bvla § ke;' ,nkakkaf.ka jeäu úYajúoHd,j,ska iu;a <uhskag Wiia
Tn;a uqia,sïldrfhda;a fokd lïlrejkaf.a;a W.ekau ,nkakka wOHdmkh fokq msKsi
th wd.ñl f.dúhkaf.a;a orefjda mka;s fNaoh wkqj lghq;= iïmdokh lr
YslaIdmohla f,i jQy' mka;s fNaoh fnfok ieá oelafjk ;sfnk ieáfhka ta
i,l;s' ñka miq tjeks w;=reoyka ùu ksid f,aLkhla uydpd¾h i|yd jeäu wjia:d
ñkSuereula jqjfyd;a tys úoHd{fhda" fcdaYfma kSâyeïf.a ,efnkafka by<
kQ.;a ñkSurejd fkdj l,dldrfhda" f,aLlfhda" fmd;l olakd ,efí' mka;sj, ñksiqkaf.a
Tyqf.a wkqYdilhka bxðfkarefjda" —f.% iy ueIskaials orejkaghs' mka;s fNaoh
jk Tn ish¨ fokdu ,smsldrfhda fmdÿ bx.sßis iudch mka;s wkqj Wiia wOHdmkh
ysrf.h hefjk nj lïlrefjdah' mka;s yhlg fn¥y( ,nk orejkaf.a .Kka
is;d.kag fyd|hs˜hs Tyq úiska fufia iudk w' jev .kakd ñksiaiq fufiah'
;srir y`äka lSfõh'59 jqj;a oekqfuka" yd wêldÍyq wd' mka;sfha orefjda
md,lhdf.a Wmdh nqoaêfhka" l=i,;dfhka" wd' fodia;re" isfhag 94ls
id¾:l úh' l=, iQr;ajfhka Tjqyq bxðfkarefjda" B' mka;sfha orefjda
ffjrfhka flfrk tl iudk fkdfj;s' kS;s{fhda wd§ isfhag 48ls
fidaúhÜ wdKavfq õ jEhu ksid reishdfõ muKla fkdj wksla fidaúhÜ

tlai;a ckmoj,o Wiia wOHdmkh;a úoHd;aul wOHdmkh;a me;sßK'
ta wOHdmkh ;ukaf.a ore uqkn q r
q eka muKla i;= mrfjKs whs;l
s ula
lr .ekSug Wmdh fhdok rc mrmqf¾ wEfhda tys fkdjQy¦
W' mka;sfha í,elan¾ka 12la muKs Wiia úoHd{fhda" mrïmrdj,ska
^lïlre& tx.,ka;fha W.ekau i|yd ckfiajlfhda fï meje; tkafkdah'
orefjda 27ls wOHdmkh yd wjia:d ,enqfõ' wOHdmk l%uh tfyhska orefjda
mka;s fNaoh mka;sfNaoh w;r Wiia W.ekau ;rfha úfõpkh ckaufhka ,;a
ksid Wiia we;s in|lu ,eîug ÿmam;a lf<dah' óg l=Y,;d we;af;dah'
wOHdmkhg úfõpkh lrñka <ufhl= ,nk wjqreÿ úiailg Wiia W.ekau
wjia:d ,nk fufia lshhs¦ wjia:d ysÕh' muK fmr mjd k.rj, nuqKq
wiu;a <uhskaf.a —wdKavqfjka rlaidj,g;a jvd iuyr W.;=ka l=,fha orejka
.Kka fufiah' meje;afjk wOHdmkh ñksiqka muKla fkdj Woid meje;a
w' jev .kakd Ok wOHdmk l%uhla ta ta mka;sj,g úoHd{fhda o fjkakla f,i
ysñhkaf.a yd fï rfgys msysgqjkq fnok Wml%uhla ta l%uh cd;sl ;nd.kq i|yd
wêldÍkaf.a ,eîug ndOd úh' tfy;a ta ÈhqKqjg;a cd;sfha ,xldfõ by<
orefjda isfhag lrkafka Okh" Wml%uh ksid wdrlaIdjg;a mka;sfha we;eï
51ls' Wm; yd rlaIdjo muKla mka;s jqjukdhhs lshñka W.;a;=o fujeks
wd' mka;sfha hk ;=fkka by< fkdmj;shs' mka;sh ;¾l lf<dah' ;¾l bÈßm;a
orefjda isfhag mka;sj,g wh;a wkqjo wOHdmkh by< mka;sfha l<y' hdmfka
37ls w;f<diaila úisks' fjkia fjhs'˜61 ujqmshkaf.a mdi,aj,ska W.;a
W' mka;sfha fufia lsÍfuka ì%;dkHfhys <uhskaf.a f.or fmdÿ fou<
^lïlre& Tjqyq wêm;slï úYajúoHd,h mßirh;a iudc YsIHhkaf.a
orefjda isfhag l< yels f,dl= wOHdmkh tys mßirh;a Tjqkaf.a ch.%yKh
1ls'˜60 rlaIdj,a i|yd f,dlalkaf.a;a l=Y,;d ÈhqKq fudjqkaf.a ;¾l
fnfyúka jdis Okj;=kaf.a;a ;shqKq lrhs' jkik wúhla
,kavka w¾: ,n;s' 1935§ orejka Wfoid Tjqkaf.a ujqmsfhda jekak' nuqKq
úoHdh;kfha m%d:ñl mdGYd,d meje;afjkakla nqoaêh;a oekqu;a l=,hla fia
lÓldpd¾hfhl= yer .sh jekak' tys jy,afldgf.k wuq;= f,dalhl
jk cq,shka <uhskaf.ka isfhag nqoaêu;a;=" Ôj;ajQjkaf.a Ôj;ajkag jEhï
l< fudjqkaf.a W.;a;= wfußldfõ úkdY fkdù fíreKq nvq" lEï îï yd
oreuqKqnqfrda flfuka úYajúoHd,h j,ska tjeks ckldhla jdðlrK T!IOhkao
msßyqfKdah' Tjqkaf.a W.ekau ,enQjkag fidaúhÜ wdKavqj iïmdokhg vdÈh
orefjda;a uqKqnqfrda;a iroï l<y¦ úiska ;j;a wjqreÿ kÕñka fjfyfik
nuqKq l=,fhau bx.sßiska wkqlrKh myf<djlska muK uyd lïlre
oeßhka ìßhka lsÍu fuf,dj wfußldfõ ckhd wyskla my< lrkq
fldg .;ay' fuh foúhkaf.a ;ekg blaujk úoHd;aul msKsi fkdfõ¦
Tjqka w;r lhska kÕsk bKsuÕla uyd ck iudchla W;=ï mrud¾:hla
is;ska ÿn, orejka fldg.;a wm lrkq ,enQy' rc" .=refldg .ekSfuks'
fndalrk Wml%uhla rg nuqKq l=,fha nuqKq" ro," isgq" ta mrud¾:h
jQ nj oeka fï nuqKq wEfhda o wußldfõ l=,j,ska f;drjQ ,ekskaf.a fï
l=,fhys nqoaêu;=kag úYajúoHd,h reishdfõ fmdÿ lshqfuka fy<sfjhs'
jegyS ;sfí' <Õ j,ska W.ekau ckhdf.a orejka —fidaúhÜ tlai;a
kEhka w;r isÿjk ,enQjka my;afldg úoHdj bf.k iq¿ ckmo rdcHfhys
újdyhka ksid;a ie,l+y' wußldfõ ld,hlska t;rï uq¿ ckldh"
tlu mka;sfha Okj;=kaf.a ;eklg kexf.a jegySula we;sj
ckhd w;r isÿjk zfndkafidaZ kue;s l=, mrmqrj,ska rfgys foaYmd,k
újdyhka ksid;a n,a,l=g zo¾Yk ,;a l=Y,;d Ôú;fhys wjhjhka
ckldKq ÿ¾j, fjhs' Y+ÍZ hk .re Wmfhda.S fldg f,i Tjqfkdjqka
ckldKq ÿ¾j,ùu Wmdêh weußlka f.ko@ fidaúhÜ i;= ld¾hhka lrkq
is;ska lhska ÿn,hka úYajúoHd,hlska tlai;a ckmofha msKsi ish niska fyda
W;amdokh lrk msßkuk ,oehs hk úoHd ÈhqKqj wksla reishka niska fyda
fya;=jls' mqj;la óg wjqreÿ mßÉfþohlska ,shkag lshjkag
Wiia wOHdmkh y;<sylg muK úfõpkh lsÍu mq¿jka wh úh
iïnkaOfhka fmr ,xldfõ we;eï uekejhs uu is;ñ' hq;=h' ta foniska
tx.,ka;fhys bx.sßis mqj;am;a fidaúhÜ tlla f;dard .ekSu
iïNdú; iuyr úiska úfõpkh wdKavqj reishdfõ;a Tjqfkdjqkaf.a
u;dka;r l=, lrkq ,eîh' wksla ckmoj,;a leue;a; wkqj úh
.¾jfhka yd Ok úma,jhg wOHdmkh m;=rejkq hq;=h˜62
n,fhka mqïnd.;a wjqreÿ y;rlg i|yd uyd jEhula fï lshqu újrKh
ysia we;a;kaf.a fmr reishdfõ flf<a zldjH lrk iuyr
fndre udkhg ck.ykfhka Ydia;% úfkdaofhka reishka f,aLlhka
wkqn, fok Wmdhla isfhag wiQjla muK mS%;sjk ëu;=kaf.a wOHdmkfhys
úh' wfußldfõ .eñhka jQ nj uu iudchlaZ f,dalfha woyi y÷kajkafka
Wiia wOHdmkh óg fmr lSfjñ' w.uq, fidhkq fuf,isks¦
me;sÍu;a úoHd;aul Tjqyq fkdfhla msKsi ;e;kSfuka wOHdmkh
ÈhqKqfjka Tjqka ñ:Hd u;dka;rj, uy;a ikaf;daIhla yd ixialD;sh
hqfrdamh blauùu;a muKla fkdj ,nk mKaä;hkaf.a ms<sn| mrfõKs
ì%;dkHfhys flxlsÍï" fldäúk" mßIohla" rcqka" whs;slï" foam, yd
iïNdú; wr hka;r" uka;r" l=,Skhka yd jia;=j ysñhka i;=
u;fhys ksire nj jeks f;dú,amú,a Okj;=ka we;=¿ jQjlshs hk u;h"
fy<s flf<ah' óg j,o t,an.;a ál fofkl=g ldu fidaúhÜ wdKavqj
wjqreÿ y;<sylg kq.;a ckldhla iïm;a wkqNjh neyer flf<ah' ta
mkylg fmr jQy' 1941 § uyd i|yd Wjukd wdKavqj wOHdmk
ì%;dkHfhys iuyr ix.%duhlg yiqj iqjmyiq fok wdh;khkaf.a;a
ixialD;sfhys;a ish¨ f,daldh;
wdOHd;añl M, lïlrejkag;a
f.dúhkag;a ysñlrk woyiska
lghq;= iïmdokh flf<ah'˜63
fidaúhÜ wdKavqj yd
iudcjd§ka o" wOHdmkh
m;=rejkq i|yd oelajQ Wkkaÿj
fy<slrkakls geIalkaÜ
úYajúoHd,h weröfï l:dj'
geIalkaÜ úYajúoHd,h
msysgqjkag jqjukd wdpd¾h
uKav,h" mqia;ld,h yd
WmlrK o fudiafldõ kqjr§
/ialrkq ,enQy' fmd;a.=,g
jqjukd fmd;=;a úYajúoHd,hg
jqjukd WmlrK;a werf.k fï
wdpd¾hjreka levqKq md,ï we;s"
fmfoia miqlrñka ÿïßfhka
.ukafldg m,afydrekag
yiqfkdù geIalkaÜ k.rhg
<ÕdjQfha wjqreoaolsks' tys
úYajúoHd,h wdrïNfldg
b.ekakqfõ NdIdj W.;a
YsIHhkag ñi m%fõY úNd.
mj;ajd f;dard.;a;jqkag
fkdfõ'˜64
wdpd¾h ysõ,Ü fcdakaika"
lekag¾nßfha ãka;=ud"
ls%ia;shdks ldrfhda yd
fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh hk kñka
1956§ fmd;la ,shd m< flf<ah'
fidaúhÜ wdKavqj msysgqjd wjqreÿ
;sia mylska fkdÈhqKq uqia,sï
rgla jk ;ðlsia;dkfhys
we;sjqKq wOHdmk ÈhqKqj .ek
lekag¾nßfha ãka;=ud fufia
lshhs' —ol=Kq wm%sldj" ngysr
wms%ldj" ueo wms%ldj hk ;=ka
uyd rgj, ck.ykh uOH
wdishdfõ ck.ykhg fnfyúka
jeäh' uOH wdishdfõ b;du
iq¿ rgla jk ;ðlsia;dkfhys
úoHd;aul uyd mSGhla ;sfí'
tys úoHdm;s Wmdêh ,enqfjda
19 fofkla o" úoHd.=re ^Master
of Science& Wmdêh fidf<dieúßÈ úh msysgqjkq ,eîug úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKh
,enQ wkQ fofklao meñKs ;reKfhl= jqjo ndOdjla ùh' ÈhqKq lrkq i|yd
úoHd úIhka W.kaj;s' ;reKshl jqjo Wiia lïlre wOHdmk fjfyfi;s'˜66
uq¿ ;=ka wms%ldfjysu úoHd,hlg we;=¿ YdLd kñka Wiia 1928 jk úg
fujeks úoHdh;khla lr.; hq;=hhs 1918 § úoHd,hj, úfYaI Wiia úoHd,hj,
we;af;ao@ fldñhqksiaÜ wdKavqfõ wOHdmk mka;s mYapdoam¾fhaIKfhka
;ðlsia;dkfha fomd¾;fïka;= wdrïN lrkq ,eîh' iu¾:ùfuka Wmdê
ck.ykh lSkshdfjys kdhlhkaf.a ljqkai,h lïlre ;reKfhda;a ,enQjkaf.ka isfhag
ck.ykfhka y;frka úiska fhdackd lrk f.dú ;reKfhda;a 7'3la lïlrefjdah'
mx.=jls' tfy;a §' ta wkqj ,ekskaf.a ;reKsfhda;a fï isfhag 28'8la
;ðlsia;dkfhys w;aika we;s wd{djla mka;sj,g ne£ f.dúfhdah' uyd
fodia;re mkaoyila ksl=;a úh' fï uykaisfhka bf.k ld¾ñl úoHd,hj,ska
fj;s' ;ðla niska wd{dfjka miq úoHdj .;ay' fuys m%;sM,hla Wmdê ,enQjkaf.ka
m<fjk mqj;am;a we;=¿ Wiia wOHdmkh jYfhka lïlre isfhag 7'7la
mkia wgla we;' m;=rejkq msKsi jqjukd mka;sj,ska bf.k lïlrefjdah' isfhag
wms%ldfõ uq¿ ngysr úoHd,hka yd .=rejreka iu;a jQ 6"500fofkla 14'9la f.dúfhdah'
uqyqÿnv fmfofiys o iq,N lrkq i|yd Wiia úoHd,hj,g ffjoH úoHd,fhka
iajfoaYslhkaf.a niska f,dl= Wkkaÿjla we;=¿ lrkq ,enQy' Wmdê ,enQjka w;r
iajfoaYslhkaf.a we;sùh' ld¾ñl Ys,amh W.;=ka lïlrefjda isfhag
l;=lñka meje;afjk úma,jfhka miq fnfyúka Wiia 2'7ls' f.dúfhda
tlu iajdëk m;%hla m<uqjk wjqreoafoys úoHd,hj,g nkaod 26'9ls' 1934§ Wiia
ke;' tys fmd;a .=,a Wiia úoHd,hj, .ekSu .ek iuyr úoHd,hj,ska W.ekau
úiaila j;a ke;s W.;af;da ,laihla uydpd¾hjrfhda úreoaO ,enQjka w;r f.dú-
;rïh' tys ck.ykh jQy' Wiia wOHdmkh jQy' fidaúhÜ wdKavqj lïlrefjda isfhag 70
fofldaá yeg ,laIhls' ,nkafkda 1920§ ta mKaä;hkaf.a olajd jeäjQy' 1939§
wdishdfõ uq¿ fidaúhÜ 1"70"000la o 1923§ úreoaO;ajh fidaúhÜ foaYfha Wiia
ckmoj, ck.ykh 2"17"000lao jQy' fkdie,l=fjdah' 1925 § wOHdmkh ,nkakkaf.a
tla fldaá ye;a;E uq,a ld,h ;=< Wiia reishdjg .sh ngysr .Kk 6"02"900la olajd
,laIhls' tfy;a wOHdmkh óg jvd mdie,a weÿfrda fufia jeäúh' ì%;dkHh"
tys fmd;a.=,a 7407la blauKska ÈhqKq lSy¦ —b;du jgkd w¨;a m%kaih" c¾uksh"
fjhs'˜65 fkdjQfha wksla ndOdjka wOHdmk ixialrKh b;d,sh hk rgj,a
úma,jhg fmr ksidh' ì%;dkHh jQl,S lïlrejd Wiia y;f¾u 1929§ yd
fidaúhÜ foaYh we;=¿ wksla hqfrdamSh W.ekau ,nkakl= 1939§ reishdfõ;a wksla
l¾udka;fhka fkdÈhqKq rgj,ao Tjqka úiska lsÍuhs' lïlre ckhd rgj,;a Wiia W.ekau
rgla ùh' l¾udka; Wkkaÿ lrkq ,enQ fnfyúkau Wiia ,enQjkaf.a .Kka
ÈhqKq l< yelafla cmdkh o fidaúhÜ úoHd,hj,g we;=¿ù fufiah'
úoHdj ÈhqKq lsÍfuks' iudcjd§h wdKavqj
uq,§u fidaúhÜ ì| fy<kq msKsi 1929 1939
wdKavqj m%:ñl reishka rdc wdKavqfõ fidaúhÜ foaYh 1"76"600 6"02"900
wOHdmkh rg mqrd iqkanqka fiakdxlhg ì%;dkHh 44"300 50"500
m;=rejk;r" úoHd;aul Woõ l<y' fiakdj m%xih 64"500 72"200
wOHdmkh f.dúhka yd wúo iemhQy' fï c¾uksh 1"20"600 70"000
yd lïlrejka w;r wú .egqu yer Wiia cmdkh 1"28"800 1"52"300
m;=rejkag lghq;= wdpd¾hjrhka ysÕùuo b;d,sh 40"300 74"900
iïmdokh flf<ah' úoHd,hka jv jvd;a
wjqreÿ oyhla ;=< fï rgj,
Wiia W.ekau ,enQjkaf.a .Kk
Wmdê yd iy;sl m;a ,enQ wjqreÿ m;d jeäù ;sfnk ieá wfma
ie,ls,a,g Ndck úh hq;= lreKls'
bxðfkarefjda 10"80"000la 1960§ Wiia W.ekau ,enQfjda fidaúhÜ
fidaúhÜ foaYfha l¾udka;hka foaYfhys wjqreoaolg 42"630 ne.ska
jeäjQy' ì%;dkHfhys Tjqkaf.a .Kk
Wfoid fhdokq ,enQy' ta wjqreoafoa jeäjQfha 620 ne.sks' cmdkfha 2350
ne.sks'
wfußldfõ l¾udka;j, kshl q ;
a jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha
bxðfkarejrekaf.a .Kk wOHdmk ixúOdkh 1955§ ixLHd
f,aLk ix.%yhla m< flf<ah' tys
3"25"000ls' f,aLkhla wkqj 1950-1952§ fidaúhÜ
foaYfha ckhdf.ka ,laIhlg
Wiia W.ekau ,nkakkaf.a .Kk
697la úh' ì%;dkHfhys 623ls'
Yefldiaf,dfõlshdfõ 608ls'
lekvdfõ 542ls' vekaud¾lfha 417ls'
m%kaifha 365ls' ne,aðhfï 262ls'
ì%;dkH wdKavqj m<l< jd¾;djla
wkqj 1954§ ì%;dkH ckhdf.ka
oY,laIhlg 57 fokd ne.ska
bxðfkare Wmdê ,enQy¦ wfußldfõ
136 fokd ne.sks' ngysr c¾uksfha
86 fokd ne.sks¦ b;d,sfha 39 fokd
ne.sks' ta wjqreoafoa fidaúhÜ foaYfha
ckhdf.ka oY,laIhlg bxðfkare
Wmdê ,enqfjda 286 fokd ne.ska
jQy¦ 1958§ oY ,laIhlg 460
ne.ska jQy' wfußldfõ Wmdê ,enQ
bxðfkarejkaf.a .Kk 1959 jk
f;la jeä jQfha wjqreÿ m;d 30"000
ne.sks' fidaúhÜ foaYfha 94"000
ne.sks'67
Wmdê yd iy;sl m;a ,enQ
bxðfkarefjda 10"80"000la 1960§
fidaúhÜ foaYfha l¾udka;hka
Wfoid fhdokq ,enQy' ta wjqreoafoa
wußldfõ l¾udka;j, kshqla;jQ
bxðfkarejrekaf.a .Kk 3"25"000ls'
reishdfjys ckhd w;r muKla
fkdj ,sÅ; NdIdjla wysñj isá
kQ.;a ls¾.Sia ckhd;a merKs isß;a
úß;a úiska n¢kq ,enQ fkdÈhqKq
uqia,sï ckhd;a" olsk wdidfjka jev ,nk W.ekaug iß,k ye;a;e mia fofkla
fudkaf.da,Sh ckhd;a lsÍfuys jro lsu@ W.ekaula ,n;shs' ,shkag lshjkag
w;r wOHdmkh yd jro ta mrud¾:hka Wm woañrd,a ßfldaj¾ fkdo;af;dah¦ fidaúhÜ
úoHdj m;=rejd ta .=refldg f.k ñksiqka lSh' weußlka <uhs wdishdfõ ckhdf.ka
rgj, l¾udka; .id lEu;a hqoaO ta wjqreÿ oyy;frka ,shkag lshjkag
ÈhqKqj m;d fidaúhÜ lsÍfuka ñksiqka ueÍu;a folla Wiia úoHd,h o;af;da isfhag ;=ka
iudcjd§ka wjqreÿ muKs' j,skao bf.kSu ,n;s' fofkla jQy' wo ,shkag
;sylska muK l< reishdfõ wOHdmk iefkag¾ yïms% lshjkag fkdokafkla
fiajh Tjqkaf.a udkj ÈhqKqj;a úoHd ÈhqKqj;a fï lreK úfõpkh ta fmfoiaj, ke;'
Nla;sh fy<slrkakls' ksid weußldfõ lrñka 1960§ weußlka fuh b;d ÿIalr
tla mka;shl ckhd nqoaêu;=ka w;r muKla iefkaÜ uKav,fhys l< ch.%yKhls' tys
wksla mka;shl fkdj foaYmd,k{hka m%ldYhlska .kakd ,o m%;sM, j,g wjqreÿ
ckhd;a" tla j¾.hla" w;ro uE;l isg lshqï lsysmhls fï¦ .Kkla ;siafia
wksla j¾.hl=;a .id ìhla yd ixfõ.hla —frdlÜ wmg uqyKmdkag
lEu fkdbjik nj me;sfrhs' ì%;dkHfha iïmdokh yd wyia isÿ jkafkah'
fidaúhÜ iudcjd§yq iuyr úoHd{fhda fï ;rKho iïnkaO fidaúhÜ foaYfha tl
lshqfuka muKla ìh iel óg wjqreÿ ;r.fhka weußldj .=rejrfhl=f.ka
fkdj ms<sfj;skao úiailg ;sylg Wv§ miaig ;,a¨ùu W.ekau ,nk YsIH
m<lr;s' fidaúhÜ ;ukaf.a fmd;aj,ska ;ekam;a kqjKe;s ixLHdjg ish .=Khlska
wdKavqj ;u rdcHfha m<l<y' fidaúhÜ weußlkaldrhkaf.a jeä YsIH ixLHdjla
wdishd;sl ckmo mjd foaYh 1959§ fmdf<dj ixfõ.hg ldrKhls' weußldfõ tl
yeu w;ska ÈhqKq lrkq jgd .uka lrk hka;% óg;a jvd ud ;=< .=rejrfhl=f.ka W.;
i|yd jEhï lrkafka .%yhl= heùfuka miq ixfõ.hla we;s hq;=h' weußldfõ Wiia
udkj Nla;sfhka ñi" weußldfõ iuyreka lrkafka weußldj úoHd,h úis;=kaodfyka
Okfhka" n,fhka" ;=< reishdfõ úoHd wOHdmkh úiska fodf<dia odyl
msïfnk woyiska hhs ÈhqKqj .ek oeä reishdjg jvd my< øjHO¾u úoHdj
lsh yelso@ l=yq,la muKla fkdj ;ekla .ekSuhs' W.kajkq fkd,efí'
ì%;dkHfha;a ìhla o yg.;af;ah' cd;sl wOHdmkh b;du jeo.;a fï
wfußldfõ;a weußldfõ Wm Wfoid weußldj ;u úoHdj .ek bf.kSula
md,lfhda ckiïu; woañrd,a flfkl= jk wdodhfuka úhoï lrk weußldfõ Wiia
jdoh;a Okjdoh;a ßfldj¾ reishdfõ .Kk fuka fo.=Khla úoHd,hj, W.kakd
wdishdfjys me;sfrkq hka;% .%yhka muKla reishdj wOHdmkh YsIHhkaf.ka wvla
oelSug leue;af;dah' fkdj wOHdmkh o i|yd úhoï lrhs'''' fkd,n;s' reishdfõ
fn!oaOfhda nqoaOd.u weußldjg ;¾ckhla reishdj udkisl Wiia úoHd,h j,ska
f,dj mqrd me;sfrkq hhs m;%hlg ,shQ Yla;sh úid, f,i W.kakd ishü
oelSug leue;af;dah' ,smshlska lSfõh' ixph lrkq i|yd YsIHfhda øjHO¾u
lf;da,sl m,a,sh reishka YsIHkaf.ka fjfyfihs' fuh jQl,S úoHdj W.ks;s' Tjqka
uq¿f,dj ñiÈgqjka wvla oy jk mka;sfhka reishdj mrudKq n,h iu¾:lï ,nk úNd.h
lf;da,sl iuHla iu;aùfuka miq mdi,a ksmojkq i|yd øjH jekaklska iu¾:ùug
oDIaáhg yrjkq msKsi W.ekau wjidk lr;s' f.dv .eiSug lrk jqjukd øjHO¾u úoHd
mdi,a msysgqjñka mka;s oyhl W.ekafuka jEhug jvd Nhdkl oekqu ,nkafka wfma
wOHdmkh ;ukaf.a miq Tjqka weußldkq ;¾ckhls' 1917 YsIHhkaf.ka isfhag
w;g .kag jEhï mdie,aj,ska 14 fldñhqksiaÜ úma,jhg fofokl=ka muKs'''
lr;s' fidaúhÜ ckhd wjqreoaola bf.kSfuka fmr reishdfõ —weußldj
iudcjdoh me;sfrkq weußlka YsIHhka ckhdf.ka isfhag ld¾ñl wOHdmkfhka
muKla fkdj muKs' fldaáhla Wiia W.ekau ;Dma;su;ajkag wm ixLHd f,aLkhla
úYajúoHd,h muK reishka i|yd úhoï iQodkï úhhq;=h' olakd ,efí¦
wOHdmkfhka o ldrfhda bx.sßis lrk uqo, fï ;¾ckh fidaúhÜ foaYfha
reishdjg jvd ni W.ks;s' fuka ;=ka jgydf.k ls%hd ck.ykfhka
my< jeà isáhs' weußldfõ .=Khla fj<| fkdl<fyd;a ;j oyilg .=rejre
Wiia reishka oioyila muKs oekaùï i|yd wjqreÿ oyhlska 9 fofkla fj;s'
úoHd,hlska reishka ni úhoï lrkq weußldjg ysñ ì%;dkHfhys
W.ekau ,nk W.kafka' ,efí' ksoyia jkafka f,dalfha .=rejre 5'8ls'
yeu YsIHhdu —m%d:ñl f,dalfha wmf.a n,iïmkak b;d,sfhys 5'4ls'
reishka ni wOHdmkh;a Wiia kdhl;ajhg rdcHhka w;r fï wkqj fidaúhÜ
yer ;j;a nila wOHdmkh;a ;¾ckhls fojk ;ekhs'˜ rdcHfha YsIHhka
wjqreÿ yhlau Wfoid úhoï fidaúhÜ 1959§ 17 fofkl=g tl
W.; hq;=h' lrk uqo, fuka wOHdmkh' reishdfjys .=rejrfhls¦
weußlka <uhska fo.=Khla wm fï ;¾ckh m<lrkq ,enQ weußldfõ
f.ka isfhag ier u;ameka wm fkdi,ld fmd;l68 YsIHhka 82lg
myf<djla fojk j,g;a is./Ü yeßfhd;a f,dalh fidaúhÜ" tl .=rejrfhls'
nila W.ks;s' j,g;a úhoï ms<sn| lghq;= reishdfõ;a ì%;dkHfhys
Tjqka to W.kafka lsÍu cd;sl j,È wmg ysñ wksla rgj,;a YsIHhka 30
oEjqreoaola l,xlhls' wm jk fojk ;ekska .=rejreka ms<sn| fofkl=g tl
.=rejrfhls' fuh 1958 m<lsÍu weußldfõ
ixLHd f,aLk wkqj Wiiau wOHdmkhg
lrk ,o iei£uls' fkdfojk fia
1965ka wjika jk iliaùfuka ixúOdkh weußldj u;ameka j,g;a is./Ü
me,Ek wkqj Wiia jQ uyd jHdmdrhls'
W.ekau ,nd ta ta fj<| oekaùï j,ska j,g;a úhoï lrk uqo, m%d:ñl
ld¾hhkays Y+rhka yd fjk;a fkdfhla wOHdmkh;a Wiia wOHdmkh;a
jk reishka ckhd 40 Wmdh j,ska nvq
.=Khlska jeäfj;shs úl=Kk w¨;a úê hk folu i|yd úhoï lrk
.Kka n,d ;sfí' 1952- fidhk úoHd wdh;k
58 mia wjqreÿ me,Ek weußldfõ we;'
uqo,g jeähhs iefkag¾ yïms%
wkqj ta wjqreÿ my fï wdh;k udkisl lshhs' weußldj tys Wiia
we;=<; fï Y+rfhda úoHd{hka" Wkaudo
17"00"000la mqyqKqj frda. Ñls;ailhka wOHdmkh i|yd úhoï lrk
,enQy' y;a wjqreÿ wd§kaf.a u;dka;r yd uqo, fuka ;=ka .=Khla fj<|
me,Ek wkqj fudjqkaf.a fidhd.ekSï" fj<|
.Kk 1965 § 23"00"000 nvq úl=Kkq msKsi oekaùï i|yd úhoï lr;shs hk
la fjhs'69 flfrk m%pdrhkag
weußldj u;ameka Wmfhda.s fldg .kshs'
lshuq wm rg fndfyda fofkl=ka
j,g;a is./Ü j,g;a nvq j¾. .kq i|yd w;sYfhdal; a h
s la f,i i,lkq
úhoï lrk uqo, ñksiqka" .Ekqka" orejka"
m%d:ñl wOHdmkh;a oeßhka fmd<Ujkq ksielhs'
Wiia wOHdmkh;a hk msKsi Wmfhda.S fldg
folu i|yd úhoï .;yels Wml%u wrnhd
lrk uqo,g jeähhs m¾fhaIK mj;ajk
iefkag¾ yïms% lshhs' úYdro W.;a;= yd
weußldj tys Wiia úoHd{fhda fï mdúÉÑhg mqreÿ iïmdokh flf<ah'
wOHdmkh i|yd wdh;kj, fj;s' Tjqyq fj;s' uyd l¾udka; 1957 § weußldfõ
úhoï lrk uqo, fuka úid, jegqma ,nñka wdh;kh mdie,a Wiia úoHd,j,ska
;=ka .=Khla fj<| ñksiqkag fkdoefkk YsIHhka w;r ieïm,a W.ekau ,enQ
oekaùï i|yd úhoï fia Tjqkf.a is;a fjkia is./Ü fkdñ,fha ;reKhkaf.a;a
lr;shs hk lshqu wm lrk Wmdh iïmdokh fnod yeßfhah' iuyr ;reKshkaf.a;a .Kk
rg fndfyda fofkl=ka lr;s' ñksiqkaf.a;a <uhs fï is./Ü wksla 2"30"00"000 lshs jekaia
w;sYfhdala;shla f,i .Ekqkaf.a;a há <uhskag o úl=Kd uqo,a meld¾â lshhs' we;eï
i,lkq ksielhs' is;aj, ieÕù isák ,nd .;ay' N+ñ is;a;ï" ì;a;s
jekaia meld¾â woyia wrnhd iuyre oekaùï m<lrkq mska;+r" ld¾âfndaâ
kue;s weußlka m¾fhaIK lr;s' ta ,eîu ksid 1955 j,ska lmk ,o
.%ka:ldrhdf.a The m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM, wjqreoafoa iqreÜgq ixfla;" .=rejrekaf.a
Hidden Persuaders fmd; nvq wf,úh i|yd fldaá yhiShla w;afmd;a wdÈh úl=Kk
lshjQjl= weußldfjys Wmfhda.S fldg.kq weußldfõ úlsKsK' uyd iud.ula we;'
fj<| oekaùï ,efí' weußldfõ wdh;khla YsIHhkag nvqj¾.
jHdmdrh iefkag¾ wfußldfõ iqreÜgq jeämqr wf,ú y÷kajkq leue;s
yïms% lshkjdg jvd mdie,a orefjda mjd lrkq i|yd fvd,¾ fjf<kaoka" ;ukaf.ka
Nhxlrhhs is;kq we;' fï Wmdhj,g yiqj fo,laIhla úhoï úuish hq;=hhs" wr
fj<| oekaùï fkdfhla nvq j¾. jk m%pdrl úêhla iud.u iÕrdjl
oekaùula m< lf<dah' ojfiysZ fj<|dfuka l¾udka; ysñhka yd jeäjQyhs frdhsg¾f.a
Tjqka tfia flf<a ;uka fvd,¾ 10"00"00"000lo uyd fj<÷ka fï id úÿ,s mqj;l i|yka
mdie,aj,g imhk zmshdf.a ojfiys fvd,¾ úhoula lrkafka l=ula úh'71 ta wjqreoafoa
is;a;ï wdÈfhys ta 6"80"00"000lo nvq ta ksido@ nvq úl=Kd yeu ñks;a;= 58 lg
ta nvq j¾. ms<sn| iud.u úiska úl=Kk .ekSfuka ,dn ,nkq ñkSuereula isÿúh'
oekaùï m<fldg uqo,a ,§' i|ydh' Tjqka úl=Kk yeu ñks;a;= 34 lg
imhd .kakd woyisks' l,lg fmr nvq w;r fudafgdar:" ia;S% ¥IKhla isÿúh'
ñksiqkaf.a yd weußldfõ by<u f¾äfhdaieÜ" iqreÜgq" ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=
<uhskaf.a we÷ï fj<| iud.ï is./Ü" u;ameka" f;d,a uka;S%jrfhl= jk i¾
me<÷ï ms<sn| iShla úúO oekaùï w÷ka" iqj| ú,jqka" isß,a Tiafndakaf.a
wdh;kh tys l%u Wfoid fvd,¾ jdÔlrk T!IO" lduh lshqula fu;ekg
idudðlhkaf.ka 5"00"00"000 la úhoï l=mamk fnfy;a" WÑ;hhs ug yefÕhs'
fvd,¾ 20"00"000la lrk ,oehs jekaia .eí.kq j<lk —foúhka jykafia
tl;= flf<ah' —fyd¢ka meld¾â lshhs'70 fnfy;a" .íid lrk we;ehs fkdms<s.kakd
w¢kak-tal fkdlr weußldj Wiia fnfy;a wdÈho fjhs' fldñhqksiaÜjdoh
wßkak Tng mq¿jkao@˜ wOHdmkh i|yd fï ish,a, nd," wd;au mß;Hd.hg;a
hk j.ka;sh m;, úhoï lrk uqo,a uy¨" ;reK .Ekq wd;au YslaIKhg;a
lrkq i|yd ta uqo, fuka ;=ka .=Khla msßñ fof.d,a,g jevg;a ñksiqka mqnqohs'
úhoï lrkq ,eîh' fj<| oekaùï i|yd fmdÿfõ y÷kajd§u ls%ia;shdks Okjdoh
tla fj<| iud.ula úhoï lr;shs hk i|yd flfrk m%pdrh fm%arKh lrkq
zwïudf.a ojiZ kñka lshqu w;sYfhdala;shla l=,oyï yd iqisß;a ,nkafka jia;= f,daNh"
yd z;d;a;df.a ojiZ fkdjk nj hg oyu o fkdi,lhs' lduh" u;ameka yd
kñka m%pdrl Wml%u lshk ,o lreKqj,ska 1960 § fmr lsis úfkdaoho úisks' fuh
folla i|yd úhoï fy<sfjhs' oekaùï wjqreoaol fkdjQ úrE wkqmmma;shla jqjo
flf<ah' zwïudf.a i|yd weußldfõ mßÈ weußldfõ wmrdO we;a;ls'˜
56. Lands of the Soviets

57. Lands of the Soviets; U.S.S.R. Today and Tommorrow
58. Lands of the Soviets
59. Jacob Miller, Soviet Rassia
60. Professor Joseph Needham, History is on our side - Professor G.D.H. Cole, Studies in class Structure
61. Julien Blackburu, The Frame Work of Human Behaviour
62. The Lands of the Soviets
63. U.S.S.R. Today and Tommorrow
64. Jacob Miller, Soviet Rassia
65. Christians and Communism
66. K. Galkin, The Traning of Scientists in the Soviet Union
67. K. Galkin, The Traning of Scientists in the Soviet Union
68. U.S.S.R. Today and Tommorrow
69. The Great Seven Years Plan (Soviet Information Bureau 1959)
70. Vance Pakard, Hidden Persuades
71. Ceylon Daily News 26.7.1961
wOHdmkh ms<n s ò
udlaija d§ ±lau iy
lshn
q dfõ wOHdmkh
^wOHdmkh kue;s wúh mj;skafka ld w;o"
th Tjqkaf.a jqjukdj fjkqfjka fiajh lrhs&
iqks,a .uf.a
w
±lau flnÿo@
OHdmkh
ms<sn|
udlaiajdoS
ksoyi iajdëk;ajh
fjkqfjka thg l<
yels ld¾h Ndrh
me;af;kao th mÍlaId
fkdlrk" fmdÿ
iajNdjhlsks' kuq;a
wka iEu ;ekloS
fukau wOHdmkh
idOdrKSlrKh lr
.ekSfï lghq;a;g Woõ
lrk u;jd§ rdcH
WmlrKhls'
udlaiajdoh iudc lrhs' iïnkaOfhkao wOHdmkh ms<sn|
ixia:dj m%Odk wOHdmkh u;jdos udlaiajd§ka tys mka;s udlaiajd§ ±lau
fldgia follg wúshls' tla tla iajNdjh t<sorõ lrhs' l=ukdldro hkak
fnohs' tkï" iudc fft;sydisl wjia:djka ld,audlaia f.a isg fidhd ne,Su i|yd
wd¾Ól moku iy ;=< iudch uqyqK mYapd;a udlaiajdoSka jvd;au iqÿiq jkafka
tys u;= uy, ke;akï fok m%Yak y|qkd olajd iEu th Ndú;fha fhfok
Wmß jHqyh f,ihs' .ekSug yelshdj ,nd flfkl=f.au wOHdmkh ;ekays mÍCId lsÍuh'
ksIamdok in|;d iy oSug wOHdmkhg ms<sn| ú.%h ;=< fuu fidaúhÜ foaYh fï
ksIamdok n,fõ. yelsh' tfukau tu ±lau wka;¾.;j we;' i|yd jvd fyd|
moku jk w;r wd.u" m%Yak úi|d .ekSu mYapd;a ksheÈhla jqj;a" th
foaYmd,kh" kS;sh" i|yd jk mokï udlaiajdÈfhl= jk ¨ú ì|jeà we;s h:d¾:h
iodpdrh" ckudOH" ud¾. y÷kd .ekSugo w,a;=I¾ mjikafka ;=< wmg fjk;a
wOHdmkh wdÈfhka wOHdmkh wjYH OfkaYajr wOHdmkfha ksheÈhla f;dard
Wmß jHqyh ilia fõ' fõ' tfukau iEu m%Odk;u l¾;jH .ekSug isÿ fõ'
ta wkqj .;a úsg wm iudchlau mqrjeishkag ld¾hlaIu" lSlre" lshqndfõ wOHdmkh
by;ska i|yka l< tu iudcfha yr jevlrejka ìyslr fln÷o hkak fidhd
wd.u" foaYmd,kh" moaO;Ska" kS;s Í;s" .ekSu njhs' mdi, ne,Sug wm ;SrKh
kS;sh" iodpdrh jákdlï iy YslaIKh ;=<ska Okjd§ka fuu lf<a tneúks'
iy udOH fukau ,nd oSfï l¾;jH l¾;jH bgq lr .kS' lshqndj 1959 *sfo,a
wOHdmkho wdÈ ish,a, wOHdmkh u.ska isÿ ta wkqj tys m%Odk m%uqL úma,jjd§ka úiska
wjidk jYfhka ús.%y lrhs' ld¾hhka folls' iudcjd§ rgla njg
l<fyd;a iudcfha wOHdmkh kue;s 1' Okjdoh mßj¾;kh lrk ,§'
mka;s iajNdjh ;=<g wúh mj;skafka ld ifya;=l yd idOdrK t;eka mgka fï olajd
uq,a weo we;' ke;skï w;o th Tjqkaf.a l%uhla hk u;jdoh lshqndj iudcjd§ rgla
th hï iudc wd¾Ól jqjukdj fjkqfjka isiqka ;=< we;s lsÍu f,i mj;S' ta wkqj
l%uhla mokï fldg lghq;= lrhs' ta wkqj 2' n,wêldrhkag tod fuod ;=r Okjd§
f.k ìysù jeã we;' OfkaYajr iudch wjk; jQ wkd.; f,dalfha fkdu|
mj;sk iudc wd¾Ól OfkaYajr iudcfha jevlrejka ks¾udKh úfõpkhg ,lajk
l%ufha mrdj¾;khla Wjukdjka fjkqfjka lsÍu' rgla f,io lshqndj
jkq we;' wOHdmkh m%fhdackhg w,a;=I¾ ;¾l y÷kajd Èh yel' tu
udlaiajdoh .kakd w;r" iudcjdoS lrkafka u;jdoh úfõpk yqfola u;jd§
wOHdmkh foi rgj,g tu iudc OkjdoS iudch ;,hg iSud fkdjQ
n,kafkao by; wjYH;d fjkqfjkao md,kh lsÍfï m%Odku ikakoaO ueÈy;aùï"
mka;suh oDIaáhg wOHmkh ilid ldrlhla njhs' fuu hqoaO iy l=uka;%K
hg;ajuh' flfia .ekSug isÿfõ' u;jdoh ilia lsÍfï u.ska ì| ±óu olajd
fj;;a udlaiajdoh wfkla iEu ;ekloS WmlrKh wOHdmkhhs' jk mrdih ;=< me;sr
;=< wOHdmkh fukau wOHdmkh ta wkqj wOHdmkh .sh tlls'
iïnkaOfhka mka;s iïnkaOfhka OfkaYajr hkq Okm;shkag úfõplhkaf.a
iudcfha mrdj¾;khla u;jdoh ilia lr OkjdoS u;jdoh wruqKq b;d meyeÈ,sh'
f,i fukau thg we;af;a tys mka;s iïfma%IKh lsÍfï Tjqyq lshqndj flfrys
tfrysj ñsksidf.a iajNdjh t<sorõ iy tu.ska Okjdoh hka;ñka úfõpkhla
flfkl=f.a wdodhu fyda cSj;ajk ;ek
fkdi,ld iEu uÜgul§u wOHdmkh
fkdñf,ah' mdi,a ks, we÷ï fukau wdydro
fkdñf,a ,efí' m%d:ñl wxYfha mx;s
ldurhl Wmßu YsIH m%udKh 25 lg iSud
lr we;' fndfyda ;ekaj, th 20 lg jvd
wvqh'
f.dvk.d .; yels .ekSu i|yd ,xldj ;;ajhla mj;ajd wxYfha mx;s ldurhl
iEu ;eklau úfõpkh fjkalrk m%;sY;h .ekSug lshqndj iu;aj Wmßu YsIH m%udKh
lr;s' mjikafka kï th 3'5] we;s nj m%lg lreKls' 25 lg iSud lr we;'
lshqndfõ wd¾Ólh" ^2014&' f,dal fi!LH wms ±ka ;rula fndfyda ;ekaj, th
foaYmd,kh" udkj ixúOdkh mjik lreKq iys;j 20 lg jvd wvqh'
ysñlïj, isg lshqndkq mßÈ lshqndkq fi!LH lshqndkq wOHdmkh 2020 jk úg oaú;Sl
kdhlhskaf.a mqoa., wdrCIK l%uh uq¿ .ek idlÉPd lruq' wOHdmkfha§ mx;shl
pß; olajdu fldákau f,dalhgu wdo¾Yhls' o ksõfhdala ghsïia YsIH ixLHdj 15 lg
*sfo,af.a È.= /jq, fi!LHh ;rugu ^The New York Times& iSud lsÍug Tjqyq
olajdu fuu úfõpk ;Èka wjOdrKh mqj;am;g ,smshla ,shk W;aidy .ksñka isá;s'
me;sÍ we;' yß fhduq lrk ,o mSg¾ ndl¾ fufia fndfyda mdi,a Wfoa
fõjd" jerÈ fõjd wfkla fCIa;%h jkafka mjihs' 6'30 g wdrïN jk
úfõplhka úiska fï wmf.a m%ia;=;h uf.a uq¿ cSú;hu w;r /lshdjkays kshq;=
iEu ;eklgu úfõpk jk wOHdmkhhs' yqre ù we;af;a lshqndj foudmshkag myiqjkq
f.dv k.d we;' wOHdmkh i|yd krl hehs is;Sugh' msKsi meh 12 l muK
tfy;a lshqndjg lshqndj ;u o< foaYSh th fldñhqksiaÜjd§h' ld,hla újD;j mj;S'
tfrysj lsisÿ ksIamdÈ;fhka 12'84] ta ksid th krlh' Wfoa iy ijia ld,h
úfõpkhla f.dvk.d ^2010& fjka lrk tfia ,smsh wdrïN orejka /l n,d .ekSu
.ekSug lsisjl=g ,o nj hqfkiafldaj lrk Tyq ,smsh wjika tu.skau isÿ flf¾'
fkdyels jQ fCIa;% mjihs' hqfkiaflda lrkafka lshqndkq mdi,g meñKSug
folla fõ' ta fi!LHh jd¾;djkag wkqj Y%S wOHdmkfha úYsIag;ajh fkdyels orejka"
iy wOHdmkhhs' ,xldfõ th 1'72] .ek mjiñka lshqndj tkï wdndê; iy
;sridr ixj¾Okh iy ^2010& ls' fi!LH iy iy tys ñksiqka ms<sn| frda.S orejka i|yd
fidndoyu iqrCId lsÍu wOHdmkh fjkqfjka Tyqf.a woyi fjkia jQ ksfjiaj,gu hk
iïnkaOfhkao lshqndj lshqndj olajd we;s nj mjiñks' lshqndkq .=rejreka úiska
by< we.hqulg ie,ls,a, fldmuKo wOHdmkh .ek Tyq wOHdmkh ,nd foa'
,lajk rgls' hkak Y%S ,xldj iu. lshkafka fudkjdo@ lshqndkq .=rejreka
fi!LHh i|yd fkdj f,dalfha fndfyda flfkl=f.a iEu flfklau mdfya
lshqndj ;u o< rgj,a iu. ixikaokh wdodhu fyda cSj;ajk jir 5 blau jQ Wiia
foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka l<o ±k .; yel' ;ek fkdi,ld iEu wOHdmkhlg ysñlï
11'1] ^2014& fjka fndfyda ixj¾ê; hehs uÜgul§u wOHdmkh lshk w;r bka wvlg
lrk ,o nj f,dal ie,flk rgj,aj,go fkdñ,fhah' mdi,a ks, jvd Wiia Wmdê
fi!LH ixúOdkh jvd by< wOHdmk we÷ï fukau wdydro ^Master Degree& ,nd
mjihs' ;;ajh f;areï uÜgula fi!LH fkdñf,a ,efí' m%d:ñl we;'
1959 g fmr tlla úh' tl, lf<a iudcjd§ ,§' b;d flá l,lska
lshqndfõ ;snqfKa mej;sfha ÿmam;a lshqndfõ meje;au kj rchg lshqndj ;=<
ffjoH úoHd, 3la lshqndkq ck;djg flfrys wOHdmkh b;d úYd, fjkila
muKla jk w;r ±ka wOHdmk wjia:d ,nd w;sYh ;SrKd;aul we;s lsÍug yels úh'
th 23ls' .ekSug fkdyels njh' iudcjd§ rcfha wo jk úg lshqndfõ
mSg¾ ndl¾ wOHdmk l%shdj,shls' cSj m%dKh wOHdmkh idCIr;djh .eyekq
wjxlju ;u woyi 22] lg muK lsisÿ njh' msßñ fíohlska f;drj
mjihs' cSú; ld,hgu idCIr;djhla fkd;snQ úma,jh ch.;a 100] ls'
is;kakg mqreÿ jQ w;r 60] la muK jydu 1959 wfma%a,a lshqndfõ wOHdmkh
wdlD;sh ksid lshqndkq hka;ñka wl=re udifha wl=re ms<sn| ixfõ§
rch krl úh yels W.;a wh úh' .%dóh b.ekaùfï uOHia:dk f;dr;=re lsysmhla
jqj;a lshqndkq ñksiqka lshqndkqfjda nyq;rhla 817 la wdrïN l< 1959 g fmr wOHdmk
Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sh iy ;=fka mx;shg fyda w;r ;reKhska yd ;;ajh 2011 iu.
wOHdmkh b;d hym;a fldfy;au mdi,a iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a ixikaokh lsÍfï§
nj Tyq mjihs' fkd.sh wh jQy' tfy;a jk whf.ka my; j.=fõ we;s
1900 jir jk úg 1959 úma,jfhka miq ieÿï,;a lKavdhï f;dr;=re ,efí'
lshqndfõ idCIr;djh lshqndkq foaYmd,k .%dóh m%foaYj, wl=re my; wm
36'1] ;a 42] ;a w;r kdhl;ajh úYajdi b.ekaùu i|yd hjk fmkajk ,oafoa
1959 g fmr ;;ajh 2011 jk úg ;;ajh

l%shdldÍ .=rejre 22"000 jQy' ^ck.ykh ñ,shk 06ls'& l%shdldÍ .=rejre 258"126 iy mqyqKqj ,nñka
isák .=rejre 15741 ls' ^ck.ykh ñ,shk
11' 48ls' ,xldfõ ck.ykh ñ,shk 22'2ls'&
wOHdmk jeh fmafida ñ,shk 79'4la úh' fuho wOHdmk jeh ì,shk 96ls'
foaYmd,lhska úiska nyq,j jxpd lrk ,§'
wjqreÿ 15 jQ wh w;r wl=re fkdyels 23'6]la isá w;r wjqreÿ 10 blau jQ wh w;r wl=re
tjeksu m%;sY;hla hka;ñka wl=re yelshdj we;s wh fkdyelshdj 0'2]ls'
jQy'
mqrjeishl=f.a idudkH mdi,a ld,h jir 3 la úh' mqrjeishl=f.a idudkH mdi,a ld,h jir 10
ls'
wjqreÿ 6-11 w;r jhfia <uqkaf.ka 55'1] mdi,a .shy' wjqreÿ 6-11 w;r jhfia <uqkaf.ka 97'7 lau
m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg we;=,a fõ'
we;=,a ùfï yelshdj b;d wju rdcH úYajúoHd, 03la rfÜ iEu flfkl=gu wOHdmkh ,eîug
muKla úh' yelshdj we;s úYajúoHd, 65la fõ' ^,xldfõ
rdcH úYajúoHd, 16ls' idudkH ck.ykhla
we;s ixj¾ê; rgla f,i ie,flk
íafÜ%,shdfõ úYajúoHd, 43 ls'&
WmdêOdÍka b;d iq¿ ixLHdjla jQy' 1960-2010 w;r WmdêOdÍka m%udKh
ñ,shkhlg jeäh'
.=re mqyqKq mdi,a 06la muK úh' wOHdmk úoHdj yodrk úYajúoHd, 16la iy
wOHdmk úoHd mdi,a 18 rfÜ wjYH;djhg
.=rejre mqyqKq lrhs'
lshqndkq wOHdmkfha f;drj ish¨ fokdgu l%shdj,shg iy wNHka;ÍlrKh fõ'
m%udKd;aul we;=<;a úh yels i¾j iudcuh jYfhka iu wOHdmkh
j¾Okhkah' th jHdmS njlska hqla;h' wjYH lghq;= i|yd ;j;a uQ,O¾uhls'
ksielju lshqndkq wOHdmkh iy wka;¾ .%yKh lr ,sx. fíohlska f;drj
wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s jev taldnoaO lsÍu .ekSuh' ksIamdokfhys .eyekq <uqkag"
iy uQ,O¾u mokï m%Odk uQ,O¾uhls' fh§u iy j.lSï fh!jkshkag iy ;reK
fldgf.k we;s jQjls' tys ixhqla; wruqKq iy.; nj w;HjYH ldka;djkag ´kEu
lshqndkq wOHdmkfha folls' tla w;lska cSú; yrhla f,i isiqka wdldrhl mdi,lg"
uQ,O¾u fudkjdo@ iudcfha øjHuh ;=< ;yjqre lsÍuh' wOHdmk wdh;khlg
lshqndkq wOHdmkh iy iudcuh Okh by; b,lalhka m%fõYh ,nd .ekSfï
whs;sjdisluls' lshqndkq ksIamdokh lrkakka folu mdi, ;=<;a bka wjia:dj whs;sjdislula
rch th tys ck;djg ms<sn| wjfndaOh we;s msg;;a isÿjk jD;a;Sh f,i ;yjqre lr we;'
iy;sl lr we;' lsÍuh' tfiau uQ,sl mqyqKq l%shdj,sh fkdñf,a wOHdmkh
<ud" ;reK" jeäysá" iudc yrhla f,i ;=< wka;¾.;h' ;j;a uQ,O¾uhls'
´kEu wfhl=g lshqndkq isiqka ;=< Y%uh fy<k ksIamdolhska lshqndkq wOHdmkh
wOHdmkh ;=<g ck;dj ms<sn|j;a jev f,i Tjqkaf.a mQ¾j <udúh" m%d:ñl"
we;=<;a úh yelsh' ms<sn|j;a f.!rjhla iú{dkl;ajh ta ;=< oaú;Sl iy Wiia
tfukau th iy wdorhla we;s j¾Okh flfrk w;r hk iEu uÜgul§u
,sx.sl;ajh" lsÍuh' jev ixialD;sh isiqka iyuq,skau fkdñ,fhah'
cd;sl;ajh" wd.ñl wfkla lreK ;=< uQ,sl yrhla f,i .=rejrekaf.a
fyda jhia fíohlska kï isiqka ksIamdok tys mq¿,au w¾:fhka wOHdmkh" myiqlï
iy;sl lsÍu" Tjqkaf.a iy jevigyka ke.Su wruqKq lr.;a isg úYajúoHd, olajd
ixj¾Okh i|yd ixj¾Okh lsÍfï wOHdmk" wdh;ksl .;fyd;a th 10"954 ls'
wjYH udOHhla bvlv i,id we;' moaO;shla lshqndj fïjd ;=< wOHdmkh
iïmdokh iy YsIH ixúOdkj,go ;=< ia:dms; fldg ,nk uq¿ YsIH ixLHdj
Tjqkaf.a Wmdê wOHhk Tjqkaf.a ffoksl we;' lshqndkq rch ñ,shk 2'5la tkï ,CI
lghq;=j, j.lSu rch l%shdj,sfha§ iy iuq¿ úiska fuu wOHdmk 25la muK fõ'
úiska orhs' wdosh ;=<§ wOHdmkh moaO;sh jHqy.; hqfkiafldaj
m%cd;ka;%jd§Ndjh j¾Okh lsÍug wjYH lrñka iy wëCIKh ÛNESCO& u.ska 1998
iuia;hla woyia fhdackd bÈßm;a lrñka wdrCId lrñka jif¾oS ksl=;a lrk
jYfhka mjq," ck lsÍug bv m%ia:d i,id lghq;= lrhs' th úYd, ,o jd¾;djla wkqj
iNd ^Commiunity& we;' ta wkqj ish¨ jYfhka iudcfhao lshqndfõ isiqka <`.d ù
iy iudch hk iEu lshqndkq mqrjeishkag iyNd.S;ajh iy Woõj we;s wOHdmk uÜguo
;eklu mqoa.,hskag wOHdmkh i|yd iys;j kQ;k mrmqr b;d by< tlls' uQ,sl
;uka whs;s iudcuh" ;ukag we;s whs;sh f.dvkexùfï wruqKq NdId yd .Ks; ±kqu
jD;a;Suh" úoHd;aul ms<sn|j;a tys ffk;sl iys;j isÿ lrkq ,nhs' ms<sn| uOHu yd ol=Kq
iñ;s iud.ï ;=< iy wdh;ksl l%shdj,sh cd;sl wOHdmk wefußldkq l,dmfha
woyia Woyia u; ms<sn|j;a mD:q, úYaùh moaO;sfha by; olajd 4 iy 5 jirj, isiqka
±laùï u.ska u;= wjfndaOhla we;' we;s jHqyhg wh;a mÍCIdjg ,lafldg
lrkq ,nk újdo u.ska by; wOHdmk wOHdmk wdh;k n,k úg lshqndkq
wOHdmkfha úIhud,d m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg m%udKh fmr mdi,aj, isiqkaf.a idudkH ,l=Kq
350la fjoa§ l,dmfha lr;s' tys m%d:ñl wjYH mßÈ isiqka we;af;a mdi,a mßirh
wfkla rgj, idudkH wOHdmkfhka .s,syS flfrys wjOdkh yd úsIh ud,d ta ms<sn|
,l=Kq 100 uÜgfï úh' hkafka ishhg tllg;a fhduq lsÍug;a fï ksid b;d ie,ls,af,ka ilia
lshqndfõ my<u ,l=Kq jvd wvq m%;sY;hls' yelsfõ' lr we;s ksidh'
w;am;a lr.;a isiqka ishhg 98 lg jeä lshqndfõ fndfyda Wfoa ld,fha m<uq
mjd l,dmfha wfkla m%;sY;hla 6 fY%aKsfhka mdi,a Wfoa 6'30g úkdä 90 ;=< Wfoa
rgj, by<u ,l=Kq miqjo ;u wOHdmkh wdrïN ù meh 12 la wdydrhg iy <uqkag
.;a isiqkaf.a uÜgu wLKavj lr f.k h;s' muK mj;ajd f.k ksoyfia l%Svd lsÍug
blaujd ;snqKs' iEu mka;shlu 25 lg hhs' tu.ska foudmshkag bv i,id we;' Wfoa
lshqndfõ wOHdmk wvq YsIH ixLHdjla w;sf¾l myiqlï 8'40 isg oj,a 12'30
l%shdj,sh ;nd .ekSu wksjd¾h /ilao ie,fia' orejka w;r ld,h m%Odk
fuu wOHdmk lr we;s w;r" fndfyda /ln,d .ekSfï úIh wOHhk lghq;=
wruqKq" uQ,O¾u" úg th 20lg;a wvqh' lghq;af;ka foudmshka isÿ flf¾' kej;
m%;sm;a;s iy wdh;k oaù;Sl wOHdmkfhao ksoyia fldg th rchg úkdä 90 l ld,hla
jHqyhla iys;j tu ixLHdj 15lg mjrd f.k we;' tksid Èjd wdydrh yd l%Svd
m%dfhda.sl f,i wvq lsÍug W;aidy Tjqkaf.a /lshd lghq;= i|yd fjka
lshqndfõ wOHdmk flfrñka ;sfnk nj lghq;=j,g uy;a fldg we;' iji 2'00
l%shdj,sh isÿjkafka wms by;skao mejiqfjuq' Èßhla ,efí' ta iu.u - 4'00 w;r ld,fha
flfiao hkak;a wms mka;s ldurhla i|yd orejka iqrlaIs;j jeä isiqyq l,d" ix.S;"
uolg i,ld n,uq' fuh m%Yia;;u ld,hla wOHdmkhg fi!LH l%Svd jeks úúO
lshqndfõ l=vd m%udKhls' isiqkag fhduq fõ' th trg úIh ls%hdldrlïj,g
mka;sj, isiqyq mjd fyd¢ka wOHhkh orejkag w;Dma;slr iïnkaO fj;s' iji
mdi,a hdug b;d m%sh lsÍug;a .=rejrekag lghq;a;la fkdù 4'00ka miq ksfjiaj,g
hk ld,h olajd kej;;a f,dalfha by<u .=re wdldrfhka j¾.SlrKhla
isiqyq wëlaIKfhka hq;=j YsIH wkqmd;h we;af;a isÿ flf¾'
lS%vdj,g iïnkaO fj;s' lshqndfõh' iEu mqrjeishka isiqkao tlsfkldg
YdÍßl - pd,l iy 42lg tla wfhla Woõ lr .kakd w;r"
udkisl wmyiq;d we;s .=rejrfhla fõ' ,laI tksid idudkHfhka Tjqka
isiqkaf.a wOHdmkh .eko 04lg wêl msßila wOHdmk w;r úYd, mr;rhla
lshqndkq rch ±ä wjOdkh lafIa;%fha /lshdj, kshq;= f.dv kef.kafka ke;'
fhduq lrhs' .=rejre fj;s' foudmshkao .=rejreka
13"600la úfYaI wjYH;d uQ,sl wOHdmk úIh iuÕ b;d iómj isiqkaf.a
we;s isiqkag W.kajk mdi,a ud,dfõ fi!LHh yd wOHdmk lghq;= iu.
425l W.ekaùï lghq;= isÿ ikSmdrlaIdj ms<sn| mdvï" lghq;= l< hq;=h'
lr;s' tu mdi,a rg mqrd kegqï" úma,ùh b;sydih lshqndkq isiqkaf.ka
úisÍ we;' ixpdrl .=rejre jeks lreKq wvx.= fõ' lsisfjla wêl ;rndre njg
^Mobile teachers& mdi,g mka;s ldurfha b.ekaùï fyda fmdaIK W!K;djhlg
meñKSug fkdyels isiqka ks;r uQ,sl yelshd j¾Okh ,la fkdfj;s' mdif,ka
i|yd ksfjiaj,g f.dia iu. tlg ne£ we;' tys§ isiqkag Èjd wdydrh ,efnk
W.kaj;s' f.j;= j.dj" ,S iy f,day w;r foudmsfhdao fkdñf,a
b;d ÿIalr;d uOHfha jev" Ydl lmamdÿ lsÍu ,efnk wdydr fõ,g wu;r
jqj;a mdi,g wjYH iy w;alï wdÈho W.kajkq jYfhka uia fm;a;la' ud¿
mß.Kl" u,aás óäshd ,efí' fm;a;la" t<j¿ jeks hula
WmlrK jeks w;HjYH mx;s ldurh iy isiqkag ,nd fo;s'
W.ekqï WmlrK imhd m%dfhda.sl wOHdmkh w;r fï wd§ jYfhka
we;' úÿ,s n,h ke;s b;d mr;rh fidhd .; fkdyels b;d m%dfhda.sl f,i ;u
wE; fmfoiaj, mdi,aj,g ;rug tlg ne÷Kq f,i iudcfha ixj¾Okhg
iQ¾h mek, u.ska úÿ,sh iïnkaO l< wOHdmk wjYH" lshqndfõ iudcjdoh
,nd§ úÿ,s WmlrKo mßirhla ilid we;' f.dvke.Sug iy wdrlaId
imhkq ,en we;' tksid .u m<uq mka;sfha isg lsÍug wjYH udkj
iy k.rh w;r mdi,aj, y;r jeks fY%aKsh fm%aufhka iy ;u rg
b;d úYd, myiqlï olajd mka;s ld, fõ,d ms<sn| we,afuka hq;=
mr;rhla fkdue;' ilid we;af;a úkdä 30 by< ixialD;shla iy
Èkm;d mdi,g hdug ld,Éfþo jYfhks' úIh by< yelshdjkaf.ka hq;=
taug fkdyels fmfoiaj, ud,dj úfYaIfhka NdIdj YdÍßl udkisl jYfhka
<uqka i|yd lshqndkq îamd[a[& iy .Ks;h ksfrda.S udkj m%cdjla
wOHdmkh ;=< YsIH;aj b.ekaùu flfrys fhduq f.dvkexùfuys bjy,a jk
l%uhla u.ska mdi,a j¾Ih lr we;' fuu úIhka f,dalhu ms<s.;a w;súYsIag
mqrd fkajdisl myiqlï iy fol i|yd mka;s ld,fhka wOHdmk l%shdj,shla
wdydr ,nd oSug lghq;= ishhg 57 la fjka lr we;' iudcjdoS lshqndj úiska
i,id we;' tfukau b;d isiqkaf.a wOHdmk uÜgu mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nhs'
ÿr m%foaYj, <uqka 10g jvd wLKavj iqmßlaIdjg udlaiajd§ ±laulska
wvq mdi,a 2000lg jeä ,la flf¾' 2 jir iy 4 fufyhjkq ,nk rgl
m%udKhla mj;ajd f.k jir wjidkfha mÍlaIK m%dfhda.sl jYfhka wOHdmk
hñka isákafka <uqkaf.a meje;afõ' kuq;a b,lalï ls%hdj,sh mj;ajd f.k hdu
bf.kSfï whs;sh iq/lSug u.ska ,l=Kq §ula isÿ ms<sn| úuid ne,Sug wo
rch ne|S isák neúks' fkdlrk w;r" úYsIag" we;s fyd|u WodyrKh
fuu mdi,aj, isiqyqo b;d b;d fyd|" fyd|' ia:djr" jkafka lshqndjh'
by< olaI;d fmkakqï lr;s' Woõ ,eìh hq;= wh hk
wOHdmk
fm!oa.,SlrKh
ffjoH iqis,a rKisxy
h:d¾:hlao@
j
ir lsysmhl isg fmdÿfõ iudcfha w;s bxðfkare" l<ukdlrK"
±ä újdohlg nyq;rhla fokd ffjoH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wd§
fukau úfrdaO;d wOHdmkh uqo,g úlsKsh hq;= wfkl=;a lafIa;%hka iòyd
jHdmdr" jevj¾ck" mx;s ke;s njg jk ia:djrhl Wmdê" ämaf,daud m%odkh
j¾ck" rdcH u¾okh wd§ isá;s' ta w;ru ;j;a msßila flfrk fm!oa.,sl wdh;k
ye, yemamSï Tiafia bÈßhg úfYaIfhkau Wiiafm< ;sìh§ ffjoH wOHdmkh
wd ihsgï .eg¨j th jid úNd.fhka rcfha ffjoH iòyd muKla fm!oa.,sl
ouk njg wdKavqj úiska úoHd,j,g we;=¿ùug wjYH Wmdê wdh;k msysgqùug
lrk ,o fmdfrdkaÿj u; ,l=Kq ixLHdjg jvd ,l=Kla úreoaO ùu m%Yak lrk wh
wjika úh' tfy;a th uq,alr fyda folla wvqùu ksid fukau 05 jir YsIH;ajh"
.ksñka iudcfha ie,lsh ffjoHjrfhl= ùfï isyskh idudkHfm< yd Wiiafm<
hq;= fldgila w;r wOHdmk fndòjQ YsIHhkag wjia:djla uÜgfï ishü mdi,a úIhhka
fm!oa.,SlrKh iïnkaOfhka i,id§u iòyd ihsgï jeks iòyd rg mqrd áhqIka wdh;k
we;sjQ l;sldj wjika ù wdh;khla ;sìh hq;= njg ;sìh§ Bg úreoaO fkdù fï
fkdue;' ;¾lhla bÈßm;a lr;s' m%Yakfha§ muKla wOHdmk
fm!oa.,SlrKh ms<snò wOHdmkh jekfik tjeks uÜgïj,ska" úúO
úreoaO jkafka wehso hkqfjka ls%hdud¾. ;u wdKavqfjka fõIhkaf.ka iy úúO
;¾l lrk wh isá;s' fkd.kakd njgo m%ldY iS>%;djhkaf.ka isÿjqKq"
;j;a md¾Yajhlg ihsgï lrñka fmdÿ iudcfhka isÿfjñka yd isÿlrñka
wdh;kh ms<snòj we;af;a tys Tjqkaf.a m%;sm;a;sh ;sfnk l%shdj,shls' th
fld,sáh iïnkaO .eg¨jla jikalrkakg ;e;a oerE ksYaÑ;ju m%;sm;a;suh
jk w;r ziagEkav¾âZ tfia wjia:do b;sydifha ´kE;rï ia:djrhl isg isÿflfrk
fkdue;skï m%ñ;sh ksjerÈ ;sfí' fohla nj meyeÈ,sh' wOHdmk
lrkafkakï Tjqyq Bg tfy;a ,dxflah b;sydifha fm!oa.,SlrKfha tlS ienE
tl`.h' tkï m%ñ;shlska m%:u j;djg" wOHdmk m%;sm;a;suh jqjukdj ms<snòj
hq;= fm!oa.,sl wOHdmk lafIa;%h bÈßhg f.khEu lreKq ldrKd iys;j
wdh;k ;sìh hq;=h hkak iòyd fm!oa.,sl wxYh odhl úu¾Ykh fkdfldg wOHdmk
Tjqkaf.a woyih' tfy;a lr.ekSu ;u m%;sm;a;sh fm!oa.,SlrKh h:d¾:hlao
ie,lsh hq;= msßilf.a u;h nj j¾;udk hymd,k keoao hk ks.ukhg
jkafka" m%ñ;s.; lsÍu fkdj wdKavqj mqj;am;a ±kaùï meñKSug wmg fkdyel'
wOHdmkh uqo,g úlsKSfï mjd m<lrñka m%isoaêfhau f,dalfha id;sYh
W;aidyh kj;d ±ñh hq;= m%ldYhg m;a lr ;sîu nyq;rhla rgj,a¦ ksjerÈju
njh' fuf,i wOHdmkh úfYaIhls' iòyka lrkafka kï iudcjd§
iòyd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fuf,i wOHdmk lafIa;%h rgj,a yd jdudxYsl mlaI
odhl;ajhg mlaIj fukau iòyd mqoa.,sl wxYfha úiska md,kh lrkq ,nk
úmlaIjo úúO woyia" u;s odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu tfia rgj,a lsysmhla yer wfkl=;a
u;dka;r yd jdo újdohka ke;skï wOHdmkh iòyd ishü rgj,a mdfya ;u
;sfí' uqo,a whlsÍu fkdtfia kï wd¾Ólfha fmlKsje, .eg
wOHdmkh fm!oa.,SlrKh .id we;af;a f,dal nexl=j"
fm!oa.,SlrKfha ms<snòj ixjdoh j¾;udkfha cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,"
W,am; ihsgï wdh;kh mdol tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
we;af;kau wOHdmk lr.ksñka ;Sj% uÜgulg jeks ixúOdkj, wd¾Ól
fm!oa.,SlrKh iïnkaO j¾Okh úh' yd foaYmd,k
iudc idlÉPdj wo Bfha wOHdmk fm!oa.,SlrKh" m%;sm;a;sj,h'
mek ke.=Kla fkdfõ' uE; mj;sk fyda mej;s wdKavqj,
b;sydifha mej;s wdKavq È.ska yqÿ is;=ú,a,la fyda ,xldfõ
È.gu rdcH wOHdmkfhys hï muKla fyda isÿjkakla
hï fldgia fm!oa.,sl wxYh fkdfõ' f,dj mqrd fndfyda
fj; újD; lsÍfï ksrka;r rgj, úfrdaO;djhka
W;aidyhl fhÿKs' tfy;a rys;j fyda
ta ck;djg fukau ksoyia iys;j úúO
wOHdmkh /l.ekSu Wfoid
fmkSisákjqkag fydr ryisks'
tjeks W;aidyhka rgg
wkdjrKh jQ wjia:dj,
tlS wdKavq fndfydaa
l,n, jQ w;r
ksoyia
hqfkiaflda wdh;kh flfrk wka;¾cd;sl iy wd¾Ól j¾Okhg
2016 Tlaf;dan¾ ui ixúOdkj, n,mEu jeäùug u`.mdohs' tfukau oßø;djh
ks,jYfhka m%ldYhg m;al< fuu ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha my< ±óug yd fi!LH
wOHdmk fm!oa.,SlrKfha ÈhqKqj úiska we;sl< m%;sm;a;s ;;ajh k`.disgqùug odhl
keUqre;djhka yd ixirKh u`.mdod we;ehso˜ fjhs' hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh
m%;sM,hka ^Privatization tu jd¾;dj fmkajdfohs' u`.ska jßkajr y`ÿkajdÿka
in Education:Trends and by;ska idOdrKSlrKh —ieug wOHdmkh˜" —iyY%
Consequences& kï lrKq ,nk" wka;¾cd;sl ix¾Ok b,lal˜ iy uE;l§
m¾fhaIKd;aul m%ldYkfha ixúOdk fjk;a rgj,a y`ÿkajdÿka —;sridr ixj¾Ok
fufia iòyka lrhs' —uE; u; mgjk m%;sm;a;Ska b,lal˜ jeks f.da,Sh uÜgfï
ld,Skj ikaksfõok yd w;r wOHdmk lafIA;%hg ixj¾Ok b,lal ;=< Tjqkaf.a
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha isÿjQ wod<j l=uk ±laula iys; wOHdmkh ms<snòj jk fuu
ÈhqKqj úiska m%;sm;a;s m%;sm;a;Ska wka;¾.; lrkq ±lau we;=<;a lr we;'
ms<snò ixl,am yd woyia ,nkjd we;ao@
f,dj mqrd ixirKh jk wOHdmkh hkq uQ,sl l%h
s dj,sfha È. m<,
;;ajhla we;sù ;sfnk ñksia whs;sjdislula fukau fuu ixúOdkhkaf.a
w;r th fldf;lao h;a udkj ixj¾Okh iòyd wOHdmkh ms<snò m%ldYs;
úúO rgj,g ;u m%;sm;a;s w;HjYH fohla nj tlai;a ±laug yd b,lalhkag
ilialr .ekSug úfoia cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ±lauhs' wkql+,j" wOHdmkh
rgj,ska WmfoaYkhka ,nd hqfkiaflda wdh;kh hkq k.disgqùu iòyd Tjqka
.ekSug isÿj we;s uÜgugu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wOHdmksl" fhdackd lrk l%shdj,sh
j¾Okh ù ;sfí' tfiau úoHd;aul yd ixialD;sl fln`ÿo hkak;a úuid ne,sh
rgj,aj, m%;sm;a;s ieliSu ixúOdkhhs Ûnited Nations hq;=h'
flfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a Educational, Scientific and —f.da,Sh uÜgñka
ixúOdkh" f,dal nexl=j" Cultural Organization&' tys wOHdmkh iòyd úYd,"
wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;djh iy ±laug wkqj wOHdmkh" YS>% b,aüla we;s ù ;sfí'
ixj¾Okh iòyd jQ ixúOdkh wjia:d fukau ksoyi mq¿,a tfukau ish¨ fokdgu
fyj;a OECD iy hqfkiaflda lrhs' iduh ia:dms; lsÍug wOHdmkh ,eîu iy;sl
jeks m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh odhl jk w;r m%cd;ka;%jdoh lsÍug f,dj ishü rdcHhka
úYaj j.lSulska ne`§ isà' jkafka ±kqfuka yd mqyqKqfjka wOHdmkh ´kEjg jvd
fuh bgqlsÍug rcfha wdVH mqoa.,hdhs ^Human Ydia;S%h yd wm%dfhda.sl
wruqo,a u; muKla hefmk capital&' fï ms<snòj fyd`Èkau ùu nj Tjqyq mji;s' rgla
wOHdmk l%uhlg yelsh f;areï .ekSug ±kg udi f,i YS% ,xldjg knowledge
hkak ;jÿrg;a h:d¾:hla lsysmhlg fmr f,dal nexl=j economy fyj;a ±kqu mdol
fkdfõ' tu ksid hï muKlg úiska —Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk wd¾Ólh je<ò .ekSug kï
fm!oa.,SlrKfha wjYH;djh lafIa;%h ms<snò we.hSula˜ ,xldfõ úYajúoHd,hkays
wksjd¾hls' tu ksid ^Sri Lanka Education Sector úIhud,d ixj¾Okh"
wOHdmkh iòyd mqoa.,sl Assessment-Achievements, .=Kd;aulj jeäÈhqKq lsÍu
wxYfha wjYH;djhla wjYHo Challenges, and Policy Options& yd ,xldfõ Wiia wOHdmk
hk újdohla ;jÿrg;a j,x.= uefhka ksl=;a l< .%ka;fha lafIa;%h —úYajúoHd,
fkdjk w;r idlÉPd l< wka;¾.; woyi úuiSu jà' l¾udka;h˜ yd .eg.eish hq;=
hq;af;a wOHdmk lafIa;%h —wOHdmkh" Y%u nj fuys§ f,dal nexl=j úiska
;=< fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fj<òfmd< wjYH;djhka yd ks¾foaY lrkq ,nhs'
l%shdldÍ;ajh fldmuK ÿrlg .,mkakg Y%S ,xldfõ ;D;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha
fldmuK m%udKhlska md,kh wOHdmk lafIa;%h wiu;a wdfhdackh iòyd fm!oa.,sl
l< hq;=o hkakhs'˜ fï by;ska ù ;sfí' fï ksid oaú;Shsl wxYh leòjd.ekSu
Wmqgd ±lajQ hqfkiaflda wOHdmkh iïmQ¾K l< yd iïnkaOfhka l;dlsÍfï§
ixúOdkfha m%ldYkfha iòyka úYaúoHd, WmdêOdÍka w;r wu;l l< fkdyels ;j;a
iDcq woyihs' ie,lsh hq;= uÜgul úfYaI lreKla ;sfí' tkï
tfukau f.da,Sh jYfhka /lshd úrys;Ndjhla j¾Okh f,dal fj<ò ix.ufhka
m%;sm;a;s ilik yd tajd ù ;sfí'˜ tu ksid ;D;Shsl ^WTO& 1994§ y`ÿkajdÿka GATS
wfkl=;a rgj,a u; mgjk wOHdmkh u; lrkq ,nk fyj;a zfiajd fj<òdu ms<snò
fuu wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk" wdfhdackj,ska ,efnk fmdÿ .súiquZ h' tjl f.da,Sh
wOHdmkfha wruqK f,i f.k m%;s,dN iaj,am nj mjik ksIamdÈ;fhka 60]lg jeä
;sfnkafka Y%u fj<òfmd< tu jd¾;dj fï fya;=j ksidu mx.=jlg ysñlï mEfõ fiajd
fj; Bg .e,fmk" fyd`Èka úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh iòyd ksIamdokhhs' tfy;a f.da,Sh
mqyqKq jQ Y%ñlhska iemhSfï we;=<;a ùfï YS>% my<hdula fj<òdug fiajdjka
b,lalhhs' f;dr;=re we;s nj mjihs' ;jo fuf,i tla flrefKa
;dlaIK hq.fha wd.ukh;a úYajúoHd, WmdêOdÍka w;r wvqfjks'
iu`." lDIsl¾udka;h /lshd úrys;Ndjh by< th
mdol fldg.;a iy Y%uh w.hla .ekSug fya;=ù we;af;a
mdol fldg.;a wd¾Ólhl wkahula fkdj fm!oa.,sl
isg ±kqu mdol fldg.;a wxYfha odhl;ajh
wd¾Ólhla ^knowledge fkdue;s ksid
economy& fj; f,dal úYajúoHd,
wd¾Ólh .uka lrñka ;sfnk
nj Tjqkaf.a lsheùuhs' tlS
±kqu mdol wd¾Ólfha§
m%d.aOkh jkafka
fkdtfiakï ,dN
Wmhkq ,nk
j;alu
iuia; fj<òdfuka 20]la jeks fldgia ksl=;=j fyda fldgia mqoa.,fhl= ks¾udKh lsÍuh'
l=vd fldgila muKs' tuksid úlsKSu wdÈh u.ska fuh tfy;a wOHdmkh hkq
NdKav fj<òdug wod<j isÿfõ' fojk wdldrfha§ ±kqu muKla fkdfõ'
l%shd;aul jQ z;Srenÿ yd rch iïmQ¾Kfhkau wod< l%shdj,shla f,i wOHdmkh
fj<òdu ms<snò fmdÿ .súiquZ fiajdfõ j.lSu ork w;r hkq fuf;la udkj iudch
mßÈu fiajd-fjf<|du iòyd fldka;%d;a l%u yd fjk;a tla /ialr.;a ±kqï yd
by; iòyka l< GATS .súiqu l%u u.ska fm!oa.,sl wxYfha w;a±lSï m%udKh B<`.
y`ÿkajd fokq ,eìKs' tkï fiajdj ,nd.kS' mdi,a ks, mrïmrdj fj; iïfm%aIKh
fiajd fj<òdu iòyd iSud we`ÿï ,nd§u iòyd wdrïN lsÍuh' tys wruqK jdKsc
f,i mej;s nÿ yd wfkl=;a l< jjqp¾ wdÈh ksl=;a lsÍu mrud¾:hla fkdj udkj
ish,af,ys ,snr,alrKhla u.skao isÿ lrkafka fujeks iudch bÈßhg f.khd
isÿ flreKq w;r fiajdjla .Kfha fm!oa.,SlrKhls' yels f,dalhg wdorh lrk
f,i ie,flk wOHdmkho f;jk l%ufha§ mejÍï mßmQ¾K ñksil= ks¾udKh
fj<òdfuys fhoùug wjYH úlsKSï lsisjla isÿ fkdjk lsÍuh' tjka ioald¾hlg
,sys,alrKhka isÿflreKs' w;r" l%ñlj rch imhkq zud¾lÜ je,HqiaZ fyj;a
miq.sh oYl 3 ;=< f,dj ,nk fiajdjka fm!oa.,sl fj<òfmd< jákdlï tla
mqrd rgj,a úYd, ixLHdjl wxYh u`.ska .s,.ekSula lsÍu fl;rï iodpdr
rchka úiska wOHdmk isÿfõ' fuys§ fndfydaúg iïmkako@
fm!oa.,SlrKh mq¿,a f,i isÿjkafka rch úiska ;u wfkl=;a iEu lafIa;%hl
je<òf.k we;s w;r th j.lSu meyer yer mqoa.,sl fukau wOHdmk lafIa;%ho
j¾OkSh keUqre;djhl wxYhg j¾Okh jkakg wka;¾cd;sl fj<òdula
mj;S' ±lafukau wd¾Ól bv yeÍuhs' fï iòyd njg m;aj nyqcd;sl iud.ï
wfmalaIdjka yd fj<òfmd< fydòu WodyrKh úúOl%u ,dNmsg ,dN ,eîu wrUd
ixl,amhka iys; iuyr yryd mdi,a wOHdmkh ;sfí' fudk fõIfhka
wka;¾ rdcH ixúOdkhka lvdjefgkakg bvyer meñKsho wjidkfha
yd wOHdmk fm!oa.,SlrKh th áhqIka l%uh Tiafia wêrdcHjd§ wka;¾cd;sl
Wkkaÿ lsÍfï fh§ isák m%n, fm!oa.,sl wxYhg Ndr lsÍfï ixúOdk jgmsgdj ilialrñka
wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhkao fï l%uhhs' ;sfnkafka tjka ;eklgh'
iòyd odhlù ;sfí' fufia m%;sm;a;suh f,i f.da,Sh uÜgñka .;a l<
rch úiska bgql< f.da,Sh uÜgfukau wOHdmk we;s ke;s mr;rh Èfkka
fyda ork ,o j.lSula" fm!oa.,SlrKh lr<s.; Èku jeäfjñka id;sYh
l%shdldß;ajhla" fjñka ;sfnkafka zwOHdmk nyq;rhlg w;HjYH
l<ukdldß;ajhla fyda whs;s l¾udka;hlaZ ìyslrñks' jqjukdjka imqrd .ekSugj;a
jQ j;alula mqoa.,sl wxYhg wfkl=;a jHdmdrhka iòyd fkdyels ;;ajhlg weo
mejÍu fm!oa.,SlrKh f,i fukau ±ka wOHdmkh ouñka ;sfnoa§" f,dj
ie,flhs' iòydo jdKsc mrud¾: iys; mqrd ñ,shk 780la muK
fm!oa.,SlrKh m%Odk b,lal fukau fldka;%d;a" jeäysáhka wl=rlaj;a lshjd
jYfhka wdldr 03lska jjqp¾" Kh fhdackd l%u" .ekSug fkdyels h:d¾:hla
isÿjk jk nj fï ms<snòj yjq,a iud.ï" mdßfNda.slhd" ;sfnoa§" m%d:ñl wOHdmkh
m¾fhaIKj, ksr; úoaj;=ka mdßfNda.sl ;Dma;sh" ,dNdxY ,nk jhfia miqjk ñ,shk
mjikjd' m<uq wdldrh jeks fj<òfmd< mdßNdIsl 72la muK mdi,a wOHdmkh
jkafka" rch i;= hï jpk wdfoaY fjñka ;sfí' wysñ orejka msßila isáoa§
wdh;khl fyda fiajdjl wOHdmkfha mrud¾:h Y%u wOHdmk fm!oa.,SlrKh
whs;sh fm!oa.,sl wxYh fj<òfmd< fj; ;efkk Bg h:d¾:hla jkqfha flfiao@
fj; iïmQ¾Kfhkau .e,fmk ;dlaIKsl ±kqñka
mejÍuhs' úl=Kd ±óu fukau ksmqK;djhlska hqla;
ckm%
j do
mqrdK Y%S
,xldfõ
wOHdmk l%u iqÔj Èidkdhl
w OHdmk l%shdj,sfha
b;sydih mDÓú
;,h ;=< udkjhd
wdrïN jQ ld,h olajd
;=<ska wmg wjfndaO lr.;
yelsh' tf,i f.dvkef.k
wOHdmkfha m<uq îch bkaoSh
N+ñh ;=<ska furgg we;=¿
iudch ;=< jev lrk mka;sh
jQ Y=øhdg wOHdmkhg muKla
fkdj ;u Ôú;h ms<snòj;a
whs;shla ;snqfKa ke;'
b;sydihlg .uka lrhs' kuq;a jkakg we;ehs wmg is;sh yel' Y%S ,dxflah wOHdmk
fï úYaj ;,fha m<uq .=rejrhd flfia fj;;a mqrdK bkaÈhdj l%shdj,sfha wdrïNh flfia isÿ
ljqrekaoehs ;ju;a lsisfjl=g ;=< m%Odk wOHdmk rgd ;=kla jQjdoehs meyeÈ,s iòykla ke;;a
m%ldY l< fkdyel' flfia l%shd;aul ù we;s nj idys;Hh wdrïNfha isgu rdcH md,lhdg
fj;;a ;ud iudcfhka ,o fmd;m; ;=<ska y÷kd.; yelsh' md,k l%shdj,sfhaÈ Wmfoia §ug
w;aoelSï ;jfll=g m%ldY ta" mqfrdays; kñka mqoa.,fhla ie§
lsrSu;a th wikakd ;u cSú;hg 1' n%dyauK wOHdmk l%uh meye§ isáfhah' ta ksidfjkau
tu w;aoelSï Wlyd .ekSu;a 2' ffck wOHdmk l%uh fudyqg rdcH md,kh ms<snò
iu`. wOHdmkh wdrïN jkakg 3' fn!oaO wOHdmk l%uh wjfndaOhla yd mßphla ;snqKq
we;ehs wmg is;sh yelsh' hkdÈ jYfhks' nj kï meyeÈ,sh' bkaÈhdj
tlS wOHdmk ls%hdj,sfha tajd w;ßka jvd;a ckm%sh yryd odhdo jQ furg wOHdmk
wdrïNl .=rejrhd mjq,a jQfha fn!oaO wOHdmk l%uhhs' ls%hdj,sh ;=<o wdrïNfha
l=gqïNfha idudðldjla jQ uj kuq;a bka§h wOHdmkfha uQ,sl mgkau olakg ,enqfka n%dyauK
úh yelshhs wmg wkqudk l< j.lSu jir oyia .Kkla wOHdmkhls' uyd jxihg wkqj
yelsh' fuf,i f.dvkef.k ord isáfha n%dyauKhka mKavqldNh jD;a;dka;h ;=<
´kEu mqoa.,fhl=f.a Ôú;fha úiskah' nuqKq O¾uhg wkqj Tyqf.a uj Ñ;%d" odifhl=o iu.
yerjqï ,laIhla fia ie,lsh n%dyauKhkag b.kSug;a ;u mq;a mKavqldNh mKavq,
yels wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha b.ekaùug;a yelshdj ;sìKs' .ug msg;a lr hjd we;af;a
úêu;a iajrEmh hqfrdamhg;a ukqiauD;sh kï .%ka:hg wkqj Tyqg wjYH wOHdmkh ,nd§u
fmr wdishdj ;=< wdrïN bkaÈh nuqKq wOHdmkfha whs;sh i|ydh' tys§ Tyq mKavq, kï
jkakg we;ehs bkaÈhdkq yd ;snqfKa n%dyauK" CI;%sh yd nuqKdf.ka rdcH md,kh ms<snò
Ök b;sydihka wOHhkh lsÍu ffjYH l=,hkag muKs' bka§h bf.k.;a nj meyeÈ,sh' furg
wOHdmk ls%hdj,sfha wdrïNfha§ ,enqKq nj foaYSh idys;H fia ie,lsh yelsh' Bg wu;rj
rdcHh md,kh yd iïnkaO uQ,dY%hka ;=<ska y`ÿkd.; fuu rdcHh iuh ;=< Èlaio
úIhka muKla W.kajkakg yelsh' tf,i nqÿoyu furg fikúhd msßfjk" §>pxluK
we;ehs fï ksid is;sh yel' ia:dms;ùu;a iu`. fn!oaO msßfjk" ure.K msßfjk jeks
bka§h iudch ;=< l%shd;aul jQ NsCIqjg iudch ;=< mq¿,a msßfjka wdh;ko ls%hd;aul ù
wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha§ id¾:lu jákdlula yd ms<s.ekSula ;sfí'
YsIHhdg .=rejrhd úiska hï ,eìKs' tu.ska tf;la nuqKq fuf,i ia:dms; jk merKs
mß;Hd.hla lsÍu ta rg ;=< iudchg ysñj ;snQ wOHdmkh Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk l%uh
f.dvke.=Kq isß;la úh' ta yd ,nd§fï l%shdj,sh l%udkql+,j m%Odk úIh m:hka folla
iudk lghq;a;la furg§ o fn!oaO NsCIqj fj;g ixl%uKh hgf;a úldYkh jQjla úh'
;snqKq nj wkqudk l< yel' ùu wdrïN jqKs' fuf,i ,xldj tkï Ys,am yd Ydia;% hk
wOHdmk lghq;= yodrd wjika jQ ;=< wdrïNl fudfydf;a§ foj¾.hhs' tf,i úldYkh
miq mKavq, nuqKd" mKavqldNh f.dvkef.k wOHdmkh jk furg wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha
l=ureg uiqrka ,CIhlao ;u mq;a ,nd§u i|yd fjku ia:dkhla m%Odk N+ñldj m%N+jreka flakaø
pkaøo ,ndÿka nj uydjxifha fkd;snqK w;r NsCIqj Ôj;a jQ lrf.k l%shd;aul jQ ksid;a
iòyka ùfuka ta nj is;sh yel' wdrduh wOHdmkh ,ndfok rdclShkag jeä keUqrejla
flfia fyda bka§h uQ,ia:dkh njg m;ajqKs' miqj ;snQ ksid;a md,k ls%hdj,shg
iudcfha fukau Y%S ,dxflah th mßfjK fyj;a msßfjk wjYH rcjreka ks¾udKh lsÍu
iudcfhao wOHdmkfha jrm%ido kñka ye¢kaúKs' tf,i furg wOHdmkfha m%Odk j.lSu
ysñj ;snqfKa m%N+ mka;sfha wOHdmkfha m<uq uOHia:dkh úh' tksid rc l=ufrl=g Ys,am
idudðlhkag muKs' úfYaIfhka jQ msßfjk wdrïN jkafka;a fï fukau Ydia;% hk foj¾.hu
CI;%sh l=,fha idudðlhkag rdcHh iufha§uh' uydjxihg wjYH úh' rdclSfhl=g kï
wOHdmkh jrm%ido Wmßufhka wkqj foajdkïmsh;siai rcq ñys`ÿ Ys,amSh úIhka jYfhka we;=ka
ysñj ;sìKs' rdcH;ajhg ysñhkag furgg jevu l< yeisrùu" wiqka yeisrùu" lvq
Wreulï lshkakd wksjd¾hfhka m<uq Èk nK foaYkd lsÍug Ys,amh" ÿkqjd Ys,amh wdÈ Ys,amSh
CI;%sh l=,fha idudðlfhla úh ueá mq¿iaid f.dvke.s,a,la úIhka wOHhkh l< hq;=
hq;= jQ w;r rcjkakdg Ys,am ;kd § we;' th ld,mdido úh' b;sydih" mqrdKh" fõoh"
fukau Ydia;% ms<snòjo ukd f.dvke.s,a, kñka y`ÿkajd .Ks;h" ;¾lh" kS;sh" wd¾Ól
wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= úh' we;' miqj th msßfjkla njg úoHdj" rdcH md,kh jeks
foajdkïmsh;siai kï rdcH m;a jQ w;r th ld,mdido Ydia;%Sh úIhka rc l=udrjreka
md,lhd oji Y%S ,xldjg msßfjk kñka ye`ÈkaúKs' fuh úiska yeoEre nj fmfka'
f:arjd§ nqÿoyfï mKsjqvh furg m<uq wOHdmk uQ,ia:dkh ldjHlrKh jeks úIhkao furg
wOHdmk l%ufõoh ;=< Ndú;d fmfka' Tyqg Ndú; jQ zld,sx. ukd wjfndaOhla rdyq, ysñhkag
jQ w;r y;rjk fiak kï kkanUr l,sld, ix.S; idys;H ;snq njh' ud.ë" w¾O ud.ë"
rdcH md,lhd fukau m<uqjk i¾j{ mKaä;Z hk úreokduh fi!rfY%aKs" wm%NxY" ffmYdÖ"
úchndyqo oCI lúhka ùfuka ;=<ska Tyq ,nd ;snq wOHdmk uydrdIaá% jeks NdId ms<snò
ta njo ;yjqre fõ' y;rjk uÜgu y÷kd.; yelsh' tfukau Wka jykafia ukd ksmqk;ajhla
fiak rcq bka§h wdNdIh ,en l=reKE., y;rjk mrdl%undyq ,enqfjla jQy' fï úIhka
ishnia,lr rpkd lrkafka;a kï rdcH md,lhdg Ndú; jQ ish,a,u rdyq, ysñhka úiska
m<uqjk úchndyq Oïuix.,s mKaä; úreoho Tyqf.a wOHdmk wOHkh lrkakg we;' tfukau
kï m%lrKh iïmdokh uÜgu ms<sônq lrkakls' furg Wka jykafiag f;j,d jo
lrkafka;a tf,i wOHdmkfhka b;sydi uQ,dY%lrejka fï ksire fyj;a ;%smsgld.SIajr kï
,enq mßph ksid úh hq;=h' wdldrhg rdclShkaf.a wOHdmk úreoho Ndú;d ù we;'
uyd mrdl%undyq jeks m%n, uÜgï jd¾;d l<o idudkH fujka jQ wOHdmkhla
rcjreka ìys lsÍug odhl jq mka;sfha ñksiqkaf.a wOHdmk ,nd§ug wE; w;S;fha§
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha§ ls%hd;aul ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| lsisÿ jd¾;d l%shd;aul jQ m%Odk wdh;kh
jQ m%n, msßfjkla f,i wd,dyK lsÍula ke;' we;eï úg idudkH jQfha msßfjkhs' b;du ÈhqKq
msßfjk y÷kajd§ug yelsh' mka;sfha ñksiqkaf.a wOHdmkh msßfjka uOHia:dk .Kkdjla
fujka wOHdmk wdh;khka b;sydilrejkag wjYH wx.hla furg wE; w;S;fha§ l%shd;aul
;=< tod wE; w;S;fha§ furg fkdjQ ksid Tjqka fï ms<sno ;u ù we;' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha§
.=rejreka wOHdmkh ,nd wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrkakg ld,m%dido" §m pxluK fyj;a
ÿkafka lsishï fyda m%;s,dNhla we;' M,.a." Èlaio fikúhd"
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka fkdfõ' rdclShkag wu;rj fudKrmd jeks msßfjka fï
th iudc m%.ukh i|yd wOHdmkh ,enq ;j;a iudc hq.fha m%n, wOHdmk wdh;k
jQ l%shdoduhla jqKs' tksid tallhka jkafka fn!oaO NsCIqka úh' fmdf<dkakre hq.fha§
.=rejrhdg iudch ;=< úYd, jykafia,dh' wOHdmkh ,nd wmg yuqjk m%Odku msßfjk
ms<s.ekSula fukau jákdlulao fokakd f,i Tyqg thg;a wd,dyk msßfjkhs' Bg wu;rj
ysñj ;snqKs' fï ksid furg jvd wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=úh' fï hq.fha§ ÈUq,d., m%foaYfhao
iudch ;=< fn!oaO NsCIqjg fldaÜfÜ hq.h jkúg fn!oaO m%n, msßfjkla l%shd;aul ù
oejeka; jákdlula ks¾udKh NsCIqj wOHdmksl w;ska úúO we;' oUfoKs hq.h jk úg
ù ;snqfKa tu N+ñldj úIhka fukau úúO NdIdjkao ,xldj mqrdu me;sreK msßfjka
ksrEmkh l< ;eke;a;d iudc m%.=K l< wfhla úh' oUfoKs moaO;shla l%shd;aul ù we;'
fYdaOlfhla jQ ksidh' hq.fhaÈ wmg wikak ,efnk jdlsß., uhqrmdo msßfjk"
Y%S ,xldfõ uOHld,Sk wfkdauo¾YS kï NsCIQj tjeks wkqrdOmqr fiakdkd: msßfjk"
hq.h jkúg fn!oaO NsCIqjg tla pß;hls' uQ,dY%hkag r;akmqr wNhrdc msßfjk"
wOHdmkfha§ ,enq jákdlu ksid wkqj Wka jykafia .Ks;h" l=reKE., ufyakaøndyq msßfjk"
Tyq wkd.; rdcH Wreulrejd jHdlrKh" Pkaoia" w,xldr" foúkqjr kkaok msßfjk"
f;dard .kakd uKav,fha m%n, kCI;%h yd ;drld úoHdj jdlsß., nqjfklnd wdÈmdo
pß;hla f;la mßj¾;kh ù jeks úúO úIh m:hka ms<snò msßfjk tjeks msßfjka wdh;k
;snqKs' oUfoKsfha ;=kajk wjfndaOhla ,enq wfhla úh' úh' l=reKE., rdcOdks iufha§
úchndyq rcq ;u mq;=ka fofokd fldaÜfÜ hq.fha§ wm y÷kd m%n, msßfjka lsysmhla l%shd;aul
jQ mrdl%undyqg;a nqjfklndyqg;a .kakd f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ù ;sfí' ùod.u Y%S idrdkkao
wOHdmkh ,nd§u i|yd j.lSu ysñhka furg isá W.;=ka msßfjk;a f;dg.uqfõ úchnd
mjrkafka" ix>rCIs; kï NsCIqka w;r úYsIag;ufhla úh' Iâ msßfjk;a ta w;ßka lemS fmfka'
jykafiag kulgh' tys§ fojk NdId mrfïYajr kï úreoh fldaÜfÜ hq.h furg msßfjka
mrdl%undyq rcq wOHdmkfha úúO Wka jykafia bisÆ w;r thska wOHdmkfha iaj¾Kuh hq.h
me;slvhka ksfhdackh l< nj ;yjqre jkafka" NdId 06la ms<snò f,i i,lkq ,nkafka" fï
b.ekajQ njg f;dr;=re we;'
th m%Odk fldgia follg
fnÈh yel' ta f,!lsl úIhka
yd wd.ñl úIhka jYfhks'
f;dg.uqfõ úchnd msßfjk
ta úIh foj¾.hu ,nd ÿka
wdh;khla úh' kuq;a moaudj;S
msßfjk wjOdkh fhduq lr
we;af;a wd.ñl úIhka flfrys
muKls' fuf,i úIh foj¾.
hlau wOHdmkh wdh;k ;=<ska
,ndÿka ksid úúO úIh m:hka
hgf;a fmd;m; rpkd jQ njo
lsj yelsh' ikafoaY ldjH" LKav
ldjH" m%Yia;s ldjH" WmfoaY
ldjH" uyd ldjH jeks ldjH
fCIa;%h iïnkaO fmd;m; ìys
hq.h jkúg ,xldfõ msßfjka wdh;khkao fldaÜfÜ hq.h jQfha fï wOHdmk wdh;khka
wOHdmkh fowdldrhlg ;=< wOHdmkh ,ndÿka m%Odk ;=< ldjHlrKhg jeä
l%shd;aul jQ ksidfjks' ta" wdh;k úh' keUqrejla ;snQ ksidh' jHdlrK
1' .%dujdiS wOHdmkh flfia fj;;a fï wOHdmk .%ka:" jxil;d" O¾u .%ka:"
2' jkjdiS wOHdmkh wdh;khka ;=< wo fuka ffjoH lD;s" kdgH lD;s" kCI;%
hkd§ jYfhkah' mj;sk uÜgfï fyda ksoyia lD;s jeks úIhka yd iïnkaOjo
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha olakg wOHdmkhla ;snqKdo hkak fldaÜfÜ hq.fha§ fmd;m; rpkd
,enqKq .%dujdiS msßfjka meyeÈ,s ke;' tajdfha wOHdmk ù ;sfí'
wdh;khka w;r m%Odk;ajh whs;sjdislï ysñ ù ;snqfKa flfia fj;;a l%s' j' 1505
.;af;a" f;dg.uqfõ úchnd NsCIqka jykafia,dg yd § muK isg furgg t,a, jQ
msßfjkhs' jkjdiS msßfjka m%N+jrekag muKs' meúÈ mçjreka hqfrdamSh n,mEï iu`. furg
wOHdmkfha uQ,ia:dkh f,i w;rg jefgk jE;a;Efõ ysñhka iïm%odhl wOHdmk wdh;k
l%shd;aul ù we;af;a" lEr., úu,lS¾;s ysñhka ùod.u ysñhka rgdj hï mßydkshlg ,la
moaudj;S msßfjkhs' f;dg.uqfõ rdyq, ysñhka fï jkakg úh' th kej; je,súg
Y%S rdyq, ysñhka úchnd wdh;khkaf.ka ìysjQ úoHd¾;Syq irKxlr kï NsCIqka jykafia
msßfjkays mßfõkdêm;s fj;s' yhjk mrdl%undyq" úiska biau;= lr .ekSug
OQrh oroa§ lEr., jkr;k kkakqre;=khd¾" rdu pkaø Y%S uykqjr hq.fha§ W;aidy
ysñhka moaudj;S msßfjfka Ndr;S jeks rdclSh m%N+jreka .;a;o hqfrdamSh wOHdmk rgdj
m%Odk;ajh Wiq,d we;' fïjdg fï wdh;khkaf.ka ìysjQ ,xldj ;=< uq,a nei.ksñka ;snQ
wu;rj mems,shdfka iqfka;%d W.;ayq fj;s' jevlrk idudkH ksid id¾:l;ajhg m;a jQfha
foaú msßfjk trn;af;dg mka;sfha ñksiqkag wOHdmk ke;' tksid j¾;udkh jkúg
O¾urdc msßfjk" Wiaidmsáfha jrm%ido fkd;snq fyhska furg msßfjka wOHdmkh
uymdh msßfjk" le,Ksfha Tjqkaf.ka W.;=ka ìysjQjdo wdh;k iïm%odhsl úIhhkag
.;drd msßfjk" foúkqjr hkak meyeÈ,s ke;' lsisÿ wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka
bre.,al=,;s,l msßfjk" uQ,dY%hl tjka W.f;la ms<sn| iïm%odhsl wOHdmkhla ,ndfok
ùod.u Y%S .Kdkkao msßfjk" wm bÈßfha i|yklao ke;af;ah' wdh;khka njg m;aj we;af;ah'
.v,dfoksfha ioaO¾u;s,l flfia fj;;a fldaÜfÜ
msßfjk" kshï.ïmdfha hq.h jkúg furg wOHdmk
chuyf,a msßfjk jeks msßfjka wdh;khka ;=< úúO úIhka
iskud weig
yiqjK
q q wOHdmkh
udkj YsIagpdrfha oekqu mrïmrdkq.;j .,dhdfï m%Odk;u
l%ufõoh jk wOHdmkh foi iskud wOHlaIjrekaf.a leurd wei fhduq
jQ wjia:d ysÕ ke;' yqÿ fma%laIl u;lhka wjÈlsÍfuka Tíng f.dia
;u uQ,sl f;audj f,i wOHdmkfha yrh m%Yak l<d jQo idlÉPdjg
n÷ka l<d jQo iskud ks¾udK lsysmhla wmg yuqfõ' fuu Ñ;%mg w;ßka
wOHdmk lafIa;%fha tllg tlla fjkia udkhka iam¾Y l<djQ ks¾udK
y;rla ms<sn|j fláfhka idlÉPd lrñka fujr f,*aÜ f;audj yd
iumd; ùug W;aidy lsÍu fuu ,smsfha wruqKhs'
o *iaÜ f.%av¾
(The First Grader)
i ;H Ôjk mqj;la
mokï lr.ksñka
2010§ ksmojqKq zo
*iaÜ f.%av¾Z ^m<uq fY%aKsfha
we,a*â kï wef.a iydhlhd
Tyq mdi,g we;=<;a lr.ekSug
melsf<k w;r" ta i|yd úúO
fldkafoais bÈßm;a lr;s' ta
igfka§ lrk ,o lem lsÍï
úia;r lrkafka uy;a yeÕSï
okjk f,ih' fï w;r;=r kj
úÿy,am;skshla mdi,g f.k
YsIHhd& ì%;dkH Ñ;%mgh ish,a, imqrd .ksñka kej; taug mdi,a mÍlaIl lsmarefgda
lsuks urEf.a kï 84 yeúßÈ mdi, fj; meñfKk .kakd W;aidyh isiq isiqúfhdau
flkahdkq cd;slhd mdi,lg urEf.af.a ffO¾h olsk fÊka ler,sldÍ f,i jH¾: lr ou;s'
we;=<;aj bf.kSu i|yd pl%f,aL blaujd hk ;SrKhla Ñ;%mgh wjidk fldgi
f.khk fkdkj;sk wr.,h .ksñka Tyqj mdi,g we;=<;a t<fUkafka uref.a mdi,a
ms<sn| l;djhs' i;H l;djla lr.kS' tfy;a Tyq mdif,ka wOHdmkh ,eîug fu;rï
mokï lr.ksñka ,shjqKq fuu bj;a lrk f,ig mdi,a W;aidy lrk fya;=j fj;hs'
Ñ;%mgh tu yqol,d wr.,fha mÍlaIl lsmarefgdaf.ka iy Tyqg flkahdkq ckdêm;sf.ka
l;dj msgqmiska flkahdkq ksoyia fouõmshkaf.ka jßkajr n,mEï ,smshla ,eî ;sfí' bf.kSfï
wr.,h iy kQ;k flkahdkq t,a,fjhs' ta ish,a, fkdi,ld whs;sh wysñ lrk ,o
foaYmd,k mßirho yqhla fia uref.ag wOHdmkh ,nd§ug hg;aúð; w;S;hlg wh;aj
Èjhhs' fÊka úÿy,am;sksh fjfyfik isá fyhska wl=re fkdoek isák
2003 jif¾§ flkahdkq kuq;a wehg ta ksidu ÿrneyer Tyqg th lshjd .ekSug Tyqg
wdKavqj ish¨ fokdg m%d:ñl m<d;lg udreùula ,efnhs' wjYHh' Tyq fjkqfjka .=rejr
wOHdmkh fkdñf,a ,ndfok nj urEf.a uy;a ÿIalr;d ueo we,a*%â tu ,smsh lshjhs'
m%ldYhg m;a lrk mqj;lska khsfrdaì w.kqjr wOHdmk fm%laIlhskao uref.a y÷kd
iskud mgh werfUhs' fï mqj; wud;HdxYhg hkafka fï .kafka ta ,smsfha lreKqj,sks'
wik 84 yeúßÈ urEf.a kï .eg¨j úi|d .ekSugh' tys§ flkahdkq ksoyia igk fjkqfjka
.eñhd m%dfoaYSh mdi,lg n,OdÍka bÈßfha Tyq ud´ ud´ uref.a úiska lrk ,o lemlsÍu
meñfKkafka ta nj i|yka jHdmdrfha idudðlfhl= f,i fl;rï m%n,oehs úia;r lrk
mqj;amf;a fldgilao /f.kh' ;uka ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kag tu w;s ixfõ§ ,smsh uref.a
fÊka kï úÿy,am;sksh iy tfrysj flkahdkq ksoyia jkaÈ ,nd§u i|yd f;dardf.k
we;s nj lshhs' weh .eí f.k we;s njg mQ¾j ksoyia igkaaldókag fok ,o
wiQ y;r yeúßÈ urEf.a ks.ukh lr mdif,ka msgux jo ysxid fkdi`.jd fy<slrhs'
bf.kSug fu;rï Wkkaÿ l< mdi,a m%OdkSka" .=rejrekaa úfYaIfhka jo ysxid ueo
jkqfha wehsoehs f;areï fkdf.k isák rgl fuu wOHdmk yrhka wr.,h mdjd§u m%;slafIam l<
Tyq mdif,ka msgux lsÍug ms<sn| zo *iaÜ f.%av¾Z úiska urEf.a jekafkl=f.a ffO¾hh
fjfyiqKq .=rejrfhl= jQ le|jk iskud;aul ixjdoh w.hk Ñ;%mgh" wr.,h ;=<
we,a*%âg urEf.a fjkqfjka tu w;sYh jeo.;ah' fmr mrïmrdjka úiska lrk
,smsh lshjkakg ,eîu iroula zo *iaÜ f.%av¾Z Ñ;%mgh ,o lemlsÍï kQ;k mrïmrdjka
n÷h' urEf.a ms<sn| Tyqf.a ciaáka peâúla ^Justin Chadwick& fkdoek isàfï yd we.hSug
mQ¾j ks.uk fl;rï w.;sodhl ì%;dkH cd;sl wOHlaIjrhd md;%fkdùfï fÄojdplho
ùo hkak ;=<ska wOHdmkfha úiska î'î'iS' wdh;kfha iyh fmkajd fohs' th w;aoelSï yd
w;sYh jeo.;a mqrella jk we;=j ksmojd we;s kuq;a oekqu mrïmrdkq.;j .,dhEfï
.=rejrfhl= i;= úh hq;= w;sYh flkahdkq ksoyia igk iïnkaOj wvqmdvqjla we;s njg lrkq ,nk
ixfõ§ iy ixlS¾K N+ñldj isÿùï úfYaIfhka ì%;dkH isysle|ùulao fõ'
fuu Ñ;%mgfha m%n, lshùuls' yuqodfjka isú,a ckhd wrNhd
mdi,a YsIHdjl jukh oeuQ ksid Èh;a lrk ,o l%Er u¾okh ;=<
;df¾ ióka md¾

(Taare Zameen Par)
;d f¾ ióka
md¾Z ^ñysu;
;re jeks&"
wOHdmkfha kj udkhla
wOHlaIKh lrk ,o tu
Ñ;%mgfha wg yeúßÈ bidka
kï lshùfï ÿn,;dj we;s
^Dyslexia& frda.S ;;ajhlska
bidka" mdi,a wOHdmk
lghq;=j,§ olajkafka
ÿn,;djls' Tyq ish¨ úNd.hka
wiu;a fjhs' ta fya;=fjkau
iksgqyka l< Ñ;%mghla f,i fmf<k orefjl=f.a Ñ;% Tyq .=rejrekaf.kao mdi,a
fma%laIl úpdrl iïudkhg .=rejrhdf.a m%n, N+ñldj ñ;=rkaf.kao fldkafjhs' Tyq
md;% jQjls' wó¾ ldka úiska rÕolajkafkao wó¾ ldkah' ;u yqol,dj ;=< ;ukaf.au jQ
f,dalhlg msúfihs' th Tyqg lïue,s yd fudav ksid tfia jk ksoa§ bidkaf.a rej is;a;ï
w;sYh pu;aldr okjk iq¿ nj lshoa§" .=rejrhd th frda.S l< ksl=ïí fojekshd njg
jqjo th wkHhkag oekùug ;;ajh fya;=fjka isÿjkakla m;a fjhs' úÿy,am;sjrhd
Tyq wiu;ah' Ñ;% úIfhys njo mshdf.a yeisÍu <uhdf.a ksl=ïíf.a fiajh iaÒr
Tyqf.a olaI;dj lsisfjl=f.a wd;au wNsudkh ì|jÜgd we;s lrk njg ksfõokh lrhs'
wjOdkhg ,la fkdfjhs' njo ta;a;= .kajhs' wjidkfha bidkaf.a fjkialï ÿgq Tyqf.a
ksjfia§ Tyqf.a whshdf.a mshd ;ud l< foa ms<sn|j fouõmsfhda ksl=ïíg uy;a fia
wOHdmk olaI;d iu. iei£uka lK.dgq fjhs' lD;{ jk w;r ksl=ïí" bidka
Tyq mSvdjg m;ajk w;r Tyqf.a ksl=ïí wdmiq mdi,g nod je<| .kafka fouõmshkag
ÿn,;d fya;=fjka Tyqf.a meñK bidka yd ñ;=re jkafka jvd orefjl=f.a ÿn,;d Yla;Ska
fouõmsfhda wfmalaIdNx.;ajhg ;udo tjeks frda.S ;;ajhlska y÷kd.;a ienE .=rejrfhl=f.a
m;aj isá;s' fï fya;=fjka fmf<k nj bidkag wkdjrKh N+ñldj bgqlsÍu ms<sn|
Tyqf.a fouõmsfhda Tyq fkajdisl lrñks' bidka yd ñ;=re jk Tyq ;Dma;shlsks'
mdi,lg hj;s' bidkaf.a kj bidkaf.a fm!oa.,sl .=rejrhd ;u YsIHhka iómj isg
Ñ;% .=rejrhd-ksl=ïí" ishqï ùug úÿy,am;sjrhdf.ka ksÍlaIKh lrñka Tjqkaf.a
wOHhkfhka Tyq äiaf,laishd wjir ,nd f.k m%;sl¾óh Yla;ska ÿn,;d y÷kd .;
frda.S ;;ajfhka fmf<k njo ;dlaIKhka Ndú; lrñka hq;= nj;a ienE .=rejreka
Tyq Ñ;%j,g buy;a wdYdjlska bjis,sjka;j bidkaf.a NdId jkqfha Tjqka nj;a fmkajd fok
isák njo y÷kd.kS' bidkaf.a yd .Ks; yelshdjka jeä ;df¾ ióka md¾ tfia fkdjk
fouõmshka yuqùug hk ÈhqKq lrhs' jir wjidkfha l< tjeks orejka wOHdmk
ksl=ïí" bidkaf.a w;awl=re YsIHhka iy ld¾huKav,h l%shdj,sfhka msgux úh yels
úYaf,aIKh lrñka Tyqg wl=re fjkqfjka mj;ajkq ,nk njg;a iudchg nrla úh yels
y÷kd.ekSug wmyiq nj;a l,d Wf<f,a§ ks¾udKd;aul njg;a wÕjhs'
fouõmshkag ta;a;= .ekaùug ffY,sfha olaI;u Ñ;% Ys,amshdg
W;aidy lrhs' mshd" bidka ysñ iïudkh bidka Èkd.
;%S bähÜia
(3 Idiots)
;%S bähÜia
^;l;Srejka
;sfokd& wdishdkq
l,dmfha wOHdmk l%uh ;=<
bkaÈhdkq m%yikuh Ñ;%mghls'
fuh 2009§ fÉ;ka N.;af.a
z*hsõ fmdhskaÜ iïjkaZ
kjl;dj weiqfrka rdÊ l=ud¾
úYsIag fidhd.ekSï"
ks¾udK lrk bkaÈhdfõ wm%lg
;reK ;reKshkaf.a m%Njh
fld;ekoehs mjik ;%S bähÜia"
YsIHhkag we;s mSvkldß;ajh ysrks úiska ;sr msgm; rpkd ta ks¾udKlrejkag bv fkdfok
ms<sn|j idlÉPdjg .kakd lr wOHlaIKh lrk ,oaols' idïm%odhsl wOHdmk rgdj
m%Yak lrkafka Wiia úoHd, lrk nj lshhs' /kafpdaf.a YsIHhska f,i
mSGhl W.kakd pß; ;%s;ajhla hï jrolg /kafpda mdjd isf;k kj ks¾udmlhska
weiqßks' *ydka" rdcq iy fok ,smshla ,sùu rdcq úiska yuqjkafka tys§h' /kafpda
rkafpdaodia ^/kafpd& rdclSh m%;slafIam lsÍu iu. mdi,a .=rejrfhl= hehs is;k
bxðfkare Wiia úoHd,fha tlu m,s.ekSug is;k iyia;%nqoaê pd;+¾ oi jirlg fmr isÿjQ
ldurhl Ôj;afjñka W.kakd Tyq wiu;a lsÍu msKsi wjika wNsfhda.h mßÈ /kafpdag
YsIHhskah' *ydkaf.a wdYdj úNd.h wiSre lsÍug hhs' mrdch Ndr.kakd m%ldYhlg
PdhdrEm Ys,amsfhl= ùugh' /kafpdag iyia;%nqoaêf.a ÿj w;aika lrk f,i b,a,d
tfy;a mshdf.a n,lsÍu u; ms%hd u.ska ,efnk h;=frka isáhs' /kafpda l;dnylska
bxðfkare úoHdj yodrñka rdcq i|yd úNd. m%Yak m;% f;drj w;aika ;nk kuqÿ
isáhs' rdcq ish mjq,g WmldÍ fidrlï lsÍug Tjqka ;SrKh ch.%dySj hñka isák pd;+¾g
ùu wruqKq lr.ksñka bxðfkare lrkafka fï wkqjh' fuu isÿùu ;uka ljqoehs fy<s lrhs'
lafIa;%hg msúiqKo wiu;a iyia;%nqoaê w;g yiqjk w;r Tyq oeka pd;+¾o ;u iud.u
jqjfyd;a ;u mjq,g we;súh Tjqka ;sfokd úÿyf,ka fkrmd fjkqfjka .súiqula w;aika
yels m%;sM, .ek ìh.ksñka yefrhs' tÈk iyia;%nqoaêf.a lsÍug wfmalaIdfjka miqjk
ÿ¾j, ,l=Kq ,nhs' mx;sfha§ .¾NKS jeäuy,a ÈhKsh fmagkaÜ n,m;% 400lg jeä
widudkH ms<s;=re imhñka fudkd ore m%iQ;shg wdikak ysñlula we;s mqkaiqla jka.avq
/kafpda" úoHd,fha wOHlaI jk kuq;a uyjeis ueo úÿ,sh kï úoHd{fhls' ìhm;a jk
úre iyia;%nqoaê iu. .efghs' yd ikaksfõok ì|jeà .sfhka pd;+¾ ;u mrdch ms<s.ksñka
idïm%odhsl oeä u;OdÍ weh urKSh wk;=rlg uqyqK ;u iud.u iu. .súiqulg
od¾Ykslfhla jk Tyq mdhs' tfy;a /kafpda ;ukaf.a t<fUk fuka Tyqf.ka wheÈñka
/kafpdaf.a ksoyia bf.kqï bxðfkare oekqu mdúÉÑ lrñka isákafka fiiq ish¨ fokd
wdYdjg fukau ;sfokdf.a m%shdf.a Wmfoia we;sj id¾:lj iskdfiñka isáfh§h'
ñ;%;ajh flfrys miñ;=reh' orejd ìysùug i,iajd wef.a idïm%odhsl wOHdmk rgdj
tu ñ;%;ajh ì|oeóug Tyq Èú fírd .kS' iyia;%nqoaê" ;=< ienE olaIhska msgux úh
W;aidy oerejo th wid¾:l /kafpda iqúfYaIS YsIHfhl= f,i yels njo we;euqka Èú kid
fõ' fï w;r wOHlaIjrhdf.a ms<s.ksñka ;sfokdgu Wmdê .ekSug mjd bv we;s njo
w;sYh lSlre YsIHfhl= jk ,nd.ekSug bvfohs' fmkajd fok ;%S bähÜia" tjeks
pd;+¾ m<uqjekshd ùug fiiq oijirlg miq pd;+¾ ;j;a olaIhska wm%lgj isáñka
isiqkaf.ka yqol,d ù mdvï t'c' iud.ul Wm iNdm;sj ;ukaf.a lafIa;%j, by<gu
lrhs' /kafpda Tyqg .=re isák w;r Tyq iy wfkla hdugo bv we;s njo Tjqka kj
oskfha§ mdvula b.ekaùfuka ñ;=frda fookd /kafpda fidhd mrïmrdjla f.dvk.ñka isák
miq oi jirlg miq h;s' wjidkfha Tjqyq .ïno njo iqNjd§j fmkajd fohs'
id¾:l;ajfhka /kafpda mrdch mdi,lg meñfKk w;r
wOHdmkh .ek f,kska'''
i udc"
wd¾Ól"
foaYmd,ksl
yd ixialD;sluh f,i
m%;súfrdaOhkaf.ka
msreKq tlla ù ;sfí'
iudch i|yd fyd|
ñksfila ks¾udKh
ysia uqÿkskau ms<s.
kakd w;r w;s jdu
woyia ork iuyre
Okjd§ wOHdmkfha
w¾nqohg f.dia we;s lrkjd fjkqjg Okjd§ ish,a, m%;slafIam lrk
Okjdoh ;=< wOHdmkh wOHdmkh Okjd§ rdcH wka;hlg ;,a¨ fj;s'
mj;skafkao w¾nqohlh' hka;%hg wjYH wu;r fuu wka; folu
tla w;lska Okjdoh fldgia ks¾udKh jerÈh' fuu lrefKa§
;=< wOHdmkh uqo,g lsÍu olajd msßyS Okjd§ wOHdmkh
úlsKSu isÿ lrk w;r ;sfí' fuys§ fndfyda ms<sn| f,kska bÈßm;a
wfkla w;ska Okjd§ OfkaYajr oDIaájd§ka l< woyia jeo.;a
wOHdmkfha moku Okjd§ wOHdmkh lula .kS'
reishdkq ;reK merKs mdi,a ;kslru úoHdfõ ks.ukhka lsÍfuka muKla" Tyq
fldñhqksiaÜ ix.ufha fmdf;a oekqu fok" muKla Wf.k .ekSu fuu lreK Tmamq lr
;=kajeks iuia; reishd fl<jrla ke;sj mdvï iEfya hhs is;Su jrols' ;sîuhs'˜
iïfï,kfha§ 1920 lrjk yd fjfyildÍ udkj {dk iuia;fhka —merKs mdi,a
Tlaf;dan¾ 02jeks Èk f,i W.kajk mdi,a fldñhqksiaÜjdoh fmd;a.=¨ l%uh wkq.
;reK fldñhqksiaÜ ù hhs fpdaokd lrkq Woa.; jQfha flfiao ukh lf<a hhs lshñka
ksfhdað;hka wu;d ,efí' th we;a;ls' hkak fmkajk ;reK ksfhdað;hka
f,kska l< l;dj fï kuq;a merKs mdif,a kso¾Ykhla fukau kj wOHdmk
iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a whym;a jQ foh;a" wmg udlaiajdofhka iemfha'˜ l%ufha mlaIjd§ka tu
woyia /ilska hq;= m%fhdackj;a foh;a —b;du;a úma,jjd§ mdi,aj,g myr fokq
jQjls' tneúka tys fjka fldg y÷kd.ekSu mx;sfha oY ,laI ks;r wefik úg"
jeo.;alu i,ld wm l< hq;=h' thska ixLHd; yd fldaá tajdhska fyd| foa .;
zf,kskaZ f;dard.;a lD;s fldñhqksiaÜjdohg ixLHd; ck;djkaf.a hq;= hhs wms Tjqkg
11jeks fj¿fï we;s tu wjYH jkafka fudkjdo is;a Èkd .ekSug ;rï lshuq' oyfhka kj
l;dfõ fldgia lSmhla hkq f;dard .ekSug wm udlaiaf.a W.ekaùï mx.=jla ksr¾:l jQo"
fufia Wmqgd olajuq' iu;a úh hq;=h' fmdfydi;a jQfha b;sß oyfhka mx.=j
—merKs" Okm;s merKs mdi,aj,ska ukaoehs Tn weiqjfyd;a úlD;s lrk ,oaod jQo
iudcfhka wmg ,enqfKa ;kslru Tng ,efnkq we;af;a úYd, oekqu iuqodhla
b;sßlr ;sfnk f,dl=u fmdf;a oekquh' nd, tlu ms<s;=rla muKls' msrùfuka ;reK
Wjÿre iy wNd.Hhka mrïmrdfjys fud<h tfia jQfha" udlaia" Tyq ckhdf.a is;a mSvdjg
w;=frka tlls" fmd;a wiqrd oeuQ iy Tjqka l< lghq;= Okm;s m;a lsÍfï l%uh merKs
iy m%dfhda.sl tlu rgdjlg fm< l%uh hgf;a w;alr mdi,aj,ska fkd.;
Ôú;h w;r iïmQ¾K .ik ,o ks,Odß .kakd ,o udkj hq;af;uq' tfia kuq;a"
mriamrh' ish¨ msßila njg yerjQ {dk iïNdrh ms<sn| wmg fldñhqksiaÜ
foau yels wk¾>;u jevlg ke;s" muKg Yla;su;a moku ks.ukj,g muKla
wdldrfhka úia;r jeä yd ksiaidr u; msysgjQ fyhsks' iSud ù isáh yels
lrk fmd;a wmg oekqu iuqodhla mdvï udlaia ñksia iudcfha hhso" fldñhqksiaÜ
;sìKs' tfy;a lrk f,i tajd tys ixj¾Okhg n,mdk igkamdG muKla
w;snyq;r .Kklau isiqjkag n, lf<ah' kS;s .ek wOHhkhla Wf.k .ekSu m%udKj;a
wjia:dj,§ fuu ta jqjo" ñksia j¾.hd lf<ah' Okm;s l%uh hhso hkak thska woyia
fmd;aj, wka;¾.; tla/ia l< {dk wksjdrKSh jYfhkau fkdfõ' ta wdldrfhka
jQfha b;du;a úkdYldÍ iuqodh wjfndaO lr fldñhqksiaÜ l%uh Tng fldñhqksiaÜ
iy jxpd iy.; fkdf.k flfkl=g ÈYdjg ixj¾Okh l%uh ks¾udKh l<
fndreh' - Okm;s fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhl= jk nj Tyq jgyd yels fkdfõ' Tng
iudch .ek fndre úh yelshhs Tn .;af;a bka miqjh' fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhla
úia;rhlah'˜ ks.ukh lrf;d;a" fuys§ b;du;a jeo.;a úh yelafla" ñksia
—fndfyda úg Tn lrkafka ldrKh jkafka" by; j¾.hd ksujQ ishü
iïmQ¾Kfhkau jerÈ nrm;< jrols' mej;s úoHdj úiska w.kd foa ms<sn|
ks.ukj,g fhduqjk fldñhqksiaÜjdoh iïmdÈ; ish,a, oekqulska Tnf.a
mßÈ merKs mdi,aj,g tu {dk iuia;fha iïmQ¾Kfhka wjfndaO is; fmdfydi;a
úreoaOj ks;r m%;sM,hhs' tksid tu lr .ekSu u.ska" lr.;fyd;a muKls'
bÈßm;a lrkq wefik {dk iuia;h idlaId;a b÷rdu fuu Okm;s fmd;a lg mdvï
fodaIdfrdamK yd lr.kafka ke;sj iudch .ek b;du;a lsÍfï jqjukdjla wmg
fpdaokd .ek ug fuys§ fldñhqksiaÜ igka mdG ksh;" iúia;r yd ke;' uQ,sl lreKq
i|yka lsÍug isÿfõ' muKla yd fldñhqksiaÜ .eUqre wOHhkhla ms<sn| oekqula §fuka
iEu YsIHfhl=f.au w;HjYH foa tajdhska muKla f,ig mj;sk l,a" nd, mrïmrdj
is; fmdaIKh lsÍfï" fkd.;hq;=h hkak nj;a Tyq jgyd .; wkaOj yd kQ.;aj isákq
iïmQ¾K lsÍfï bka woyia fõo@ hq;af;ah'˜ we;' wmf.a mdi,a
jqjukdjla wmg we;' Okm;s l%uhg wjYH —W.ekaùu mqyqKqj ;reK fm<g oekqu
fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhla" jQ foa yd fldñhqksiaÜ yd YslaIKh mdi,a ms<sn| uQ,O¾u iy
;ud ,nd .;a oekqu l%uhg wjYH foa fjka mx;s ldurhg muKla iajdëkj fldñhqksiaÜ
idlaId;a lr fkd.kafka fldg y÷kd .ekSfï iSud ù ;sfí kï yd woyia mßKdu lr
kï fldñhqksiaÜjdoh wjYH;djhla wmg Ôjk le,ô,af,ka .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd
yqfola mqyq jpkhla" ke;ehs hkak thska fjka ù ;sfí kï" wmg Èh hq;=h' ;reK
yqÿ kdu mqjrejla yd woyia fõo@˜ th .ek úYajdihla fm< W.;a ck;djla
fldñhqksiaÜjdÈhd —fldñhqksiaÜ ;eìh fkdyelsh' lsÍug tajd lghq;= l<
yqÿ mqrdfÊreldrfhla iudch ks¾udKh lïlrejka yd f.dú hq;=h' Tjqyq mdi,a hk
jkq we;' Tn fuu l< yelafla" kùk ck;dj bvï ysñhkaf.a w;ru" iQrdlkakkaf.
oekqu wjfndaO lr wOHdmkh mokï fldg yd Okm;shkaf.a ka ksoyia ùu i|yd
.; hq;af;a úpdrfhka f.k muKla nj;a mSvkhg yiqj isák lrk wr.,fha fldgia
f;drj fkdfõ' jevlg ;ud tu wOHdmkh ;dla l,a yd mdGYd,d lrejka ùug W.;
ke;s lreKqj,ska ,nd fkd.kafka kï bvï ysñhkaf.a yd hq;a;dy'˜
Tnf.a is; mqrjd fldñhqksiaÜjdoh yqÿ Okm;shkaf.a md,khg
.ekSfuka j<lsñka" O¾ñIag m%d¾:kdjla hg;aj ;sfnk ;dla
j¾;udk ld,fha
fyd| W.;alula
we;s ñksidg wjYH
ta lreKq ish,af,kau
th fmdfydi;a lr
.ksñka Tn tu oekqu
úpdrd;aul f,i
idlaId;a lr .;
hq;=h'˜
—merKs mdi,a úiska
Okm;shkag wjYH
jQ fiajlhka iQodkï
lr fok ,§' merKs
mdi,a úiska úoHd{hka
ilia lrk ,oafoa"
Okm;shkaf.a is;eÕs
mskjk foa ,shk
yd lshk mqoa.,hka
f,igh' tksid wms
tu mdi,a wfydais l<
hq;af;uq' kuq;a tajd
wfydais l< hq;=h"
úkdY l< hq;=h lshk
úg" ñksia j¾.hd
úiska tla /ia lr
.kakd ,o yd ñksidg
wd¾Ü
ixialrKh ( ;,;d .=Kfialr
n,af,l= ñ,g .ekSug uelaflda isysk ols;s

n÷ka msfrkakg jdikdfõ jeis jefg;ehs
mSä;fhda isysk ols;s
tfy;a jdikdfõ jeis kï fkdjefghs

Bfha fkdfõ wo" fyg" wksoaod ljodj;a
fl;rï lE .id lef|õj;a

jï w; ;Èka leiqj;a
ol=Kq ll=f,ka isg .;a;;a
w¨;a wjqreoaog bo,a fldiq w¨;a l<;a
fkdjefghs jdikdfõ fmdo jeiailaj;a lD;yia; Wre.=jdhdkq idys;HOrfhl=
yd mqfrda.dó Ñka;lfhl= jQ tÿjd¾foda
mSä;fhda - orejkah mSä;hskaf.a" lsisjla whs;s ke;s .,shdfkda ^1949-2015& ,;ska
mSä;fhda - lsisfjl= fkdfj;s" yevhla mjd fkdue;s weußldfõ wêrdcH úfrdaë úma,ùh
jroaod iïm%odhhkaf.a jeo.;a mx.=ldrfhls'
kej;;a jroaod mQ¾j fldf,dïìhdkq hq.fha isg
kej; kej;;a yeu me;af;kau jroaod úisjeks ishji w. Nd.h olajd Èfjk
ydjqka fuka fkdkej;S ÿj;s Tyqf.a ;=ka wE|;= —Memory of Fire˜
Ôú;h mqrd ñhefo;s lD;Ska uOHu yd ol=Kq weußldkq
b;sydifha idys;Huh m%§mdjka fia
fkdmj;S' tkuqÿ Tjqyq mj;S ie,fla' isxy,g k.d fuys m< flfrk
meiqKq nia ke;s' len,s nia f;m<;s —Los Nadies˜ ^The Nobodies& lúh Tyq
o¾Ykhla ke;s' ñ:Hdfjys ,.s;s úiska ,shk ,oafoa 1989§ h'
l,d lD;s fkduefõ' w;alï io;s mßj¾;kh ¦ ufyaIa uqKisxy
ixialD;shla ke;s' ckY%e;s weoys,s we;s
udkjfhda fkdfj;s' Y%u iïm;a fj;s
uqyqKq fkdj oE;a muKla we;s
kï ke;s Tjqyq fkdïur fj;s
b;sydifh fkdfõ"
m;a;rj, - wmrdO ;Srefõ Èiafj;s
mSä;fhdah Wka
Wkag urKh wrx tk
WKavfha jákdluj;a ke;s
ysgmqfoka t<j¿ nlalsh <Õ ysgf.k
ys;mqfoka ´kE fohla ux .ek
ldla wU .i
mek,d fkdlshñ - y÷kklx
úia;r fkdlshñ - .=ref.da, lx ixj¾Ofka lshkafk
u;lhs weomq yeá há nfvka yß wuq;= foalg
fldks;a;d nqßh <Õ yfuka
uy fmd<j fldkal%SÜ fjk ;rug
;shmq yeá .sks wúfj o‚ka
uyd .y fld< lmk ;rug
.ymq yeá weÕs,s my Wvg
wä fldaÿfjka''''''' Wiu ukaÈr yok ;rug
;,kakgu ys;df.k fõje,a f.k lD;s%u ;Kfld< jjk ;rug
uqyqfKa iskdjla" ohdjla
fkdue;sj
ta iS ueIska hg b|ka
tod
´fidaka rlsk yeá lshd fok
foajo;a;hd f,i meñ‚ fudyq
oeka'''' úhm;ah' mekaIkah' ;ekam;ah Tjoka kï ´k yeá
fudf<a we;s tjqkau j¾Kkd fldg lka wä mef,k .dkg
Wkagu ,l=Kq § mßirh fmamf¾
iïudk §
f,dl=u .c ìkafk ,Sju
ux jf.a ÿ¾j,hkag
iSfhka iSh .; yels
;,d fm,d ysxid fldg
mdi, wmdhla l< fudyq''''' ufh ysf;a ´ku f.dfkl=g
kqU ksid ;s;a;jq‚ ug mdi,a hdu
kej;=fKñ y`v y`vd iajikh m%Yafkg
wka;sfï - .sfhñ ;d;a;d .sh uÕ
glaflgu W;a;f¾ wrf.k
gjqfï t<j¿ úl=Kkakg ôeka ug fyd|hs&
yhs udlaia ;snqfKd;a we;s
kqUo" kqfò olaI f.da,fhda iefjduo
oeka ks;r t;s ud <`.g - uf.a lvhg TlaIscka ke;s Wk;a f,daflg
tod neß jQ .Kka - oeka fmkajñ kqU,d ieug weu;s oE;ska jäk
lsrd foñ ydriSh - mkaiShg ñ, wêl i÷ka me, we;s ;ek
kï flgQ mqjre ke;s
l‚Ial ch;s,l
ldla wU .ia fudlgo
odyh ksj ksjd

ksy`vju n,df.k
o`vq uq.=re myr jeo
fõokdj;a ;shdf.k
bl=;a wvishjil
u;lhka ordf.k
uy fmd<j nod weh
je,f,kak ys;d f.k
l=Idka Yd,sl
áhqIka flda<u *elagß fudaf, weUfrk
<udjre fï fldfya hkafko biafldaf, wka;su ojia
nela mela t,a,f.k
fvla IQia mhg ,df.k fld,Sð ySk je,a bysreKd .u ;=<
ia,sï *sÜ fvksï weof.k ;=gqfjù mqxÑ w;a b.s¨Kd mqrfodr
¨ñkia l,¾ à I¾Ü fmdfrdaf.k ¥,s nei kej;=Kd md¿ jQ mqgq Wv
ye~qïnr iskd uqj fol ;=kls ;ek ;ek
br uqÿka fjk uoaoyka j,
glrx uQÜgmq uvq hg mrK fldiq mr~e,ah mka;sj, uq¿j,
ksjqgka wkal,af. wïu .ek ys; ys; ul=¿ oe,a f.;a;ïh lïì oe,a fldgq u;
ksjqgka kshu W.ks;s ore le< u<dla fuka ksok ne,a,lf. md <Õ
fld,dÊ is;a;uls yq<Õlska .s,syqK
ghsgeksla mqrdj; mrok
cela frdaia ,dh ;ek ;ek oä ìäfh wrka fmdä biafldaf, brKu
iSika tlg h;s t;s ÿn, fldä uev ,shqï mdjqKd isõ È.
ln,a ,x.u nia j, läkñka tjd we; bì h;=re oïje,
ghsgeksla isysk uj uj wÉpq fld< we,jqKd f.aÜgqfj lKqj,
.srd ixfoaY lú j,g ßoafok fmda,sfï tkafk wr nl=iq ly neflda r:

.srúhkaf.a lsÑìÑh ;ek ;ek o;a lñka kxjñka hlv ila hla y~
f;dg.uqfj rdyq, ysñ mjd .eiafik ;,kq we; ;=k y;r fY%a‚ m<uqj
lú ;sfha f*aia nqla jÜia wema peÜ j, W.=,a,dúo mqxÑ nqÿueÿr - gema tl
fmdaiag¾ ;dmafml A wl=re jiaik lel=¿ md ,l=Kq we;s iqÿ ñÿ, hglr
,laI .dKl fgdalaia lka j,g wiaik my< fjkj¨ fu;ek *elagßh iún,
;shß ßúIka j,g ;=Ügq fol Wiaik <uhsfka b;ska fmdä mdif,a isma ,o
fudkr fld< b.s,af,hs m%shia Wv niaik WU,g;a ,efnhs ta *elagßfh jevm<
l=Idka Yd,sl ,laYdka; w;=fldar<
id(fm< wiu;a jQ udhsï.fï
u;l isiú
q hlf.a ,;eú,a,'''
fndfyda l,a .;ù f.disks''' Wod br weúÈka úß;a;k
wm fjkaj .sh ie|Efõ moú isßmqr fmd<fõ
jmr iò/ia uQK ymkd
wuq;= meyeh oeka ug;a wu;lh'
;sßl=Kdu, wyfia
f.daurkalvj,ska miqfldg
lïmkSh w÷r ;=<
;U,.uq uy mdf¾
isysúl,a jkq fmr
lv, rglcq úl=K,hs uu
ug u;l tlu foh mEka mekai,a .;af;a'''''''''''''''
ÿrl:kfhys kdoh fldáfhd mekak¨ or lmoa§
Tfí ì÷K lgy~ ;d;a;d wd .sh w;la kE
—b;sx wms fjkafjuq˜ isxyfhda wïuj flf<iqj¨
tfyu lSfõ Tn o@ fjÉp foa wog;a okafk kE
ke;akï uu o@ lsßwïu udj;a tlalf.k
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fiareú, wdj¨ lula kE
wyq,kak weúf,kak l`ÿ¿ fy<,u weia .s,s, oeka
u;l igyka ke;s w`vkakg ;j l`ÿ¿ ug kE'''''''''''''''''
l,n, k.rhl fudrjefõ§ m%Yak m;a;r
w;g f.k W;a;r ,shkfldg
kd÷kk u,a Wkqka isôk
wïu fy¨fjka w`vk yeá ug
ueù fmkqkd oE; Èlalr
ñáhdj;l
f.or weúÈka b;sydi fmd;
úms<sir ñysÿï uelS.sh
msfgka msg fmr<d n,k úg
l÷fm;l ;d;a;d f,a fmrka ysáhd
ikaiqkaj weúo hñ'' fmd; we;=f< m¨ orf.dvla Wv'''''''
fodia;r ySk .=rejßhla
Tn ug lsisodl fjk isysk
fkdtjQ u,aj, lKg lrg m<Èk
meyeh lk fndk wÈk
iqÿ;a ke;s l¿;a ke;s úi,a ud<s.d jdyk
w¨ meyeh''' nquq;=reK
uelS f.dia we,afuka wl=re W.;;a
wj¾Kh yd;ami ˜ví,sõ˜ muK'''''''''''''''
áhqIka mx;s ßúIka la,dia
ke;s múk
Tn lshd flfkla
iqÿ frÈ jjqpfr;a wka wh
we;a;gu
.;a neúk
isáfho@
,emafgdma mß.Kl lsis Èk
wm lshd fohla ke; ye¢k
yeneyska ;snqfKo@ ux merÿKd tkuqÿ
fkdu fjñ WrK'''
fndfyda l,a .;ù f.disks'' ;ju;a ''''''''''''''''''''
fm<fmd;a wiafi fõ,S .sh
wm fjkaj .sh ie|Efõ l`ÿ¿ leg
wuq;= meyeh oeka ug;a wu;lh' udhsï.fï mmqj, f,a
jf.hs ug'''''''''''''''''''''''''æææ
ud,;S l,amkd weïfn%daia kdf.d,a,df.dv O¾uisß fnkäla
Wmka .ïfm; ì<s§u
^W!j fj,a,iai ìka;ekafkka wlalr yegmka
oyila Wla jjkakg úfoaY fldïmeKshlg
§ug hhs m%jD;a;shla&
idr idr ìï lv jkfm; uyre

fudar fudar yeÿkd m< je, fmdl=re
mSr mSr lEfjuq ieu ù ñ;=re
f.dar imqka imeñK n, ù i;=re
jk isfhd;=ka mjd .=jfka w`vkafka

hkak w;la ke;sù,hs ief,kafka
u;= mrmqrg Wla hdhla ujkafka
mqrela mqrela ÿla by<g kÕskafka
*sfo,a kï jQ
.iq;a lmd m÷re;a Wÿrd
oe;s lshf;ka fm;s .i,d
ou;S
.sks ;n;S
úi,a zlúhZ
ta .skafka ueo wUq orejka oefj;S
leßìhka uqyqo jg,d
Wreulaldrhska l÷f<ka f,a fidh;S
jr,a i,kd kS, r< fm<
isfhrdj olskakg wdihs ;du
Wla o`vq k.S by<g ire flf;ahd
biais biais n,hs l÷ ysi
lKfldla y`v;s fkl f.dú;eka nf;ahd
ysáfhd;a mqf;a ;j ;j ksÈ uf;ahd kqfò iaÒr .eUqre mshjr
mfia iqj| fydre wrf.k hf;ahd flf;la kï we¢ we¢
uelS hkakg we;so ta u;
uvq,a," ìì," ueo.u" ¨Kq., fiau oyÈfhka ri lefjk
uyTh ñhq.=Kh fl;a jeõ yeuodu Wlaìï ueÈka l¾lI
ß§ud,shoao;a fvdai¾ ùu ziriaZ .d kqfU iskd uqj tî
mÈh;,dfõ wms bjikq fldau@ ,ndÿka Ôú;h" úuqla;sh
.%ekaudj ;rï nr udkj fm%auh
rUleka Th fiau ud÷reTh me;af;a keõ mqrd mqfrdaf.k
c, fmdail fmfoia ydu jekfikq we;af;a l¿ wm%sld foaYhg yud .sh
weia yer n,ka ì|lg w;af;a uq;af;a ksoyfia pKav udre;h kqU
jdKsc nÿj,g f.dúhd ì<s .;af;a
mr~e,a iÈis m%;srEm ñi bÈuqk
hexls wú hlv úh kqU wi kefjk
fõú f.dúhkag ìka;ekafkka hkag
ñksia y~ wjÈfldg ksn|
W!j fj,a,iai kej;;a iqoaokag
zn,hZ úh f.;+ iúh
lshd isáuq Pkaoh .;a we;a;kag
tmd tmd fïjg w;a Wiaikag yjdkd fk;= úh<s uqvqlal=j,
wkaOldfrg weia ;enQ f,igu
mr.e;s úfoia ms<sfj;a iy fkdfhl Wmd f,dal is;shu isidrd f,a mdg
fhdoñka ìfï whs;sh iqka lr;s ymd mx;sfha mSvkh wl=re fldg
flaka;sfhka mjiñ fuh fkdje| fomd Èkkakg yels f,dalhla we;s nj kj
l=ryka jejQ fmdf<dfõ Wla jjkq tmd ,shQ uy lúh kqU'
ofòf.dv ðkodi - je,a,jdh OkqIal y¾IK úl%ur;ak
oekqfukaTíng
—f,dalh fjkialÍ
s u i|yd fhdod.; yels n,.;=u wúh wOHdmkhhs˜
fk,aika uekafv,d
—ienE wOHdmkfha b,lalh nqoê

a fha yd pß;fha ixj¾Okhhs˜
ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsx
—kQ;k wOHdmkfha ld¾hNdrh zle,E fy<sfmfy<s lsÍuZ fkdj ldka;dr wiajeoa§uh'˜
—m%{dfõ h;=r iel lsÍuhs˜

fidl%àia
—.=rejrhl=f.a n,mEu ÈjHf,dalh olajdu Èfjhs¦ Tyq orejl=g lrk n,mEu fl;rï
ÿrla h;aoehs Tyqj;a fkdokS'˜
fykaß wevïia
Friendlist! ñ;=re le,æ

f.dia ;snQ w;r ishü fokd Tyqf.a foayhg wjika
f.!rj oelajQy' wka;sug wjika f.!rj oelajQfha
Tyqf.a .=re;=ñhhs' weh foayhg f.!rj lrk
tla Èkla mx;sNdr .=re;=ñh ishü isiqkg fld< wjia:dfõ§ Tyqf.a wjux., W;aijfha lghq;= Ndrj
folla /f.k tajdfha mx;sfha isák ishü fokdf.a isá yd Tyq;a iu. tlg úhÜkdï hqo ìfï fiajh l<
kï tlla háka tlla jk mßÈ yd ku bÈßfhka tla ;reK fid,aodÿfjla weh <Õg meñKsfhah'
bvla b;=re jk mßÈ fma<sfhka fma<shg ,shk f,i —Tn ud¾laf.a .Ks; .=rejßho@˜ weh ysiska wkqu;
oekajQjdh' l<dh'
bkamiqj ;u mx;sfha ñ;=rka ieu flkdf.au ;uka —Tyq Tn .ek f.dvla foa wmg lshd ;sfnkjd˜ Tyq
jvd;au leu;s lreK ta ta ñ;=rdf.a ku bÈßfhka we;s lSfõh'
ysia bvlv ;=< ,shk f,i .=re;=ñh oekajqjdh' wjux.,H lghq;=j,ska miq ud¾laf.a mx;sfha
tu ld, mßÉfþofhau isiqka úiska tu ld¾hh hy¿jka ish¨ fokdu;a .=re;=ñh;a tys /£ isáfh§
i|yd .;a w;r miqj iïmQ¾K lrk ,o fld<j, ud¾la uj;a mshd;a .=re;=ñh iu. l;d lsÍfï
;u ku ,shd .=re;=ñhg ndrfok ,§' B<Õg tf<ô jqjukdfjkau t;kg meñKshy'
fikiqrdod fjku fld< 30la .;a .=re;=ñh tla tla —Tng hula fmkaùug ;sfnkjd˜hs Tyqf.a mshd
isiqjdf.a kñka Tyqf.a ñ;=rka ,shd ;snQ jdlH msgm;a mejiQ w;r Tyq ;u idlal=fjka uqo,a miqïìhla t<shg
l<dh' .;af;ah' —Tyq ñh.sh wjia:dfõ Tyq <Õ ;sî fuh
B<Õ i÷od ishü isiq isiqúhkaf.ka ,o fld< fidhdf.k ;snqKd' iuyr úg Tn fuh y÷kkjd
.=re;=ñh úiska fnod fok ,§' jeä fõ,djla hEug we;s' uqo,a miqïìfhka b;d mßiaifuka igyka fmd;l
fmru uq¿ mx;shu iskduqiq uqyqKska nenf,kakg jQ msgq folla t<shg .kakd ,§' bÍhdu je<laùu i|yd
w;r fndfyda fokd zwe;a;guZ hkqfjka fld÷rk y~o fÜma lr ;snQ tu msgq fol b;d l=vd jk whqßka kjd
wehg weisks' —uu ljodj;a oekf.k ysáfh keye uu miqïìfha ;ekam;a lr ;snqKs' th iEu kejqula <Õska
ldgj;a m%fhdackj;a jqKd lsh,d thd, ys;k nj˜" —uu bÍ ;sîfukau th ish oyia j;djla kej; kej;
ljodj;a oekf.k ysáfh keye ug wks;a wh fuÉpr keùug;a È.yeÍug;a ,laù we;s nj meyeÈ,s úh'
leue;s nj˜ tu m%;spdrj,ska jeä m%udKhla úh' igyka fmdf;a fld< fol lshùfuka f;drju th
bkamiqj fï ms<sn|j mx;s ldurfha§ kej; l=ulaoehs .=re;=ñh y÷kd .;a;dh' ta" mx;s ldurfha§
idlÉPd fkdjQ w;r isiqka mx;s ldurfhka msg;§ ud¾la .ek wfkla isiqka ,shQ fyd| foa wvx.= fld<
ta .ek l;d l< njlao .=re;=ñhg oek.kakg folh'
fkd,eìKs' .=re;=ñhf.a tu wNHdi tu ld, —Tng fndfydu ia;=;shs˜ ud¾laf.a uj .=re;=ñhg
mßÉfþoh ;=< wjYH m%;sM, ,nd ÿka w;r ishü mejiqjdh'
isiqyq bka i;=gg m;aù isáhy' —tal ud¾lag ksOdkhla jf.a˜
jir .Kkdjlg miq fuu mx;sfha tla isiqfjla ud¾laf.a ishü mdi,a ñ;=frda .=re;=ñh yd
úhÜkdï hqoaOfha§ urKhg m;ajQ w;r úY%du f.dia ud¾laf.a foudmshka wi,g jgjQy'
isá .=re;=ñho fuu isiqjdf.a wjux.,H W;aijhg —uf.a fldf<;a ;du ;sfhkjd' uu tal uf.a fïfia
iyNd.s jQjdh' Tyqf.a mdi,a ñ;=rkaf.ka m,a,sh msÍ Wv ,dÉpqfõu ;shka bkakjd'''˜ ud¾la f.a ñ;=frla jQ
oekqfukaTíng
pd,s mejiqfõh' y~kakg jQjdh' ta ñh.sh ud¾la fjkqfjka yd fndfyda
—pla ug Tyqf.a fld<h wfma uÕ=,a mska;+r úg kej; lsisodl olskakg fkd,efnk Tyqf.a ñ;=rka
we,anufha odkak lsjqjd˜ plaf.a ìß| mejiqjdh' ms<sn| yg.;a fifkyisks'
uf.a tl;a ;sfhkjd' tal ;sfhkafka uf.a Èk —iudcfha ñksiqka f.dvla isák ksid wmsg Ôú;fha
fmdf;a''' ue¾,ska mejiqjdh' hï lsis ojil wjika fjkjd lshk tl wu;l
ud¾laf.a mx;sfha ñ;=frl= jQ úkS ;u uqo,a miqìh fjkjd' wks;a tl wms okafka keye" ta oji ljod
/f.k tys m%fõYfuka ;nd ;snQ wehf.a fld<h wmsg <Õdfjhso lsh,d' ta ksid Tn wdorh lrk" Tn
m%fõYfuka t<shg .;a;dh' —uu fïl uu hk yeu leue;s whg Tjqka úfYaI nj;a Tjqka b;d fyd| wh
;ekl wrka hkjd'''uu ys;kafka wms ljqre;a <Õ fïl nj;a Tjqkg lshkak' m%udo fjkak l,ska ta nj Tjqkg
;sfnkjd'˜ lshkakæ˜
wjidkfha wi, ;snQ mqgqjl ys|.;a .=re;=ñh
%S æ
a ï
Blue Berry whsil
—Tn mdi, lrf.k hk úÈhg uu uf.a whsialS%ï
jHdmdrh l<d kï tal oekgu;a jy,d˜ mdif,a jd¾Isl
.=refo.=re iñ;sfha foaYkhlg wdrdOkd ,en ;snQ
m%n, jHdmdßl uyf;la ish ñks;a;= 90l foaYkh
wjika lf<ah'
Tyq rdcH mdi,a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla
oelajQ jHdmdßl ix.uhl m%Odksfhla jQ w;r 1980
oYlfha tlai;a ckmofha fyd|u whsialS%ï iud.u
f,i lS¾;shg m;ajQ Blueberry Ice cream iud.fï
m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odßhd jQfhah'
Tyqf.a l;dj Tyqf.a jHdmdßl lghq;=j,ska ,nd.;a
w;aoelSï yd uQ,O¾u u; mokïjQ idrj;a tlla jQ
m;aù ;sìKs' .=rejre ;=< u;=ù ;snQ fldamh fld;rïo
w;r tys§ uQ,sl lreKq folla wjOdrKh flreKs'
lsjfyd;a th msyshlska lemsh yels ;rï úh'
m<uqjekak jQfha rdcH mdi,aj, isiqka f;dard.
Tyqf.a l;dj wjika ùu;a iu. tla ldka;djlf.a
ekSfï l%ufõoh yd l<ukdlrKh kQ;k —oekqï uQ,sl
w;la by<g tiúKs' weh b;d úkS;" ms%hukdm"
iudchg˜ .e,fmkakla fkdj thg merKs ld¾ñl
úY%dñl Wiia mdi,a bx.S%is .=rejßhla jQjdh'
hq.hg wh;a tlla njh'
weh ikaiqkaj jHdmdßlhdf.ka m%Yak weiSu wdrïN
fojekak rdcH mdi,aj, .eg¨j, m%Odk fldgi
l<dh'
tajdfha .=rejre njh' tkï fuu .=rejre fjkiaùug
wlue;s" ;u l+vqfõu yex.S isàug leue;s" t<sfha —i¾" Tn lsjqjd" Tn b;d fyd| whsialS%ï iud.ul
msheöug wlue;s" ;u ish¨ wvqmdvqlï ;u ks,fhka l<ukdlrefjla nj˜
yd ks,OdßjdÈ l%ufhka /l f.k isák msßila njh' —Tõ ue;sKsh" weußldfõ fyd|u whsialS%ï yokafk
Tjqkg mdi,a wOHdmkh ÈhqKq lsÍug wjYH kï wmshs˜
Tjqka jHdmdr f,dalh foig yeÍ bka bf.k .; hq;= —Idæ fldÉpr fyd|o@ ta whsialS%ï f.dvla rij;ao@
nj;a jHdmdßlhka lsisÿ wvqmdvqjlska f;drj fyd|u uDÿo@˜
m%ñ;sfhka hq;a NdKav ksmoùug okakd nj;a" mdi,ao —Tõæ ue;sKsh' tys 16]lau fhdoh iys;hsæ˜
tfia úh hq;= nj;a thska lshúKs'
Tn thg fhdod.kafka Wiiau wuqøjHho@
úkdä 90l È.= foaYkfhkao" mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
—w;s Wiiau tajd ue;sKsh' yeu wuqøjHhlau iy;sl
yd .=rejrekaf.a ÿ¾j,;d .eko nyq,j i|yka jQ
,;a tajdæ˜
Tyqf.a foaYkh .=rejreka ;=< mqmqrd hk uÜgug
fldamh msrjQ w;r iNdj ;=< ;snQ iS;," ;ekam;alu uola bÈßhg keù yl=¿jd .;a ish weysneñ ish
f.dc ouñka mefik WKqj;=r nd,aÈhl iajrEmhg jHdmdßlhd foig fhduq l< .=rejßh"
—ú,au¾ uy;dKks" hjkak neye' wms ta ish,a, ndr .kakjd' f,dl=" l=vd"
ys;kak Tn isákafka" Tfí whsialS%ï l¾udka; fmdfydi;a" ÿmam;a" olaI" ÿ¾j," wmfhdackhg ,lajQ"
Yd,djg wjYH wuqøjH f.k tk ia:dkfhah lshd' Tn ;e;s.ekajqK" ksy~" ksjila ke;s" kmqre" §ma;su;a
olskjd krlajQ Blueberry f;d.hla iys; f,dßhla' Tn fï jf.a' wms Tjqka ish¨ fokdu ta tk mßÈu¦ lsisÿ
tjeks fudfyd;l fudlo lrkafka@˜ fjkila fkdue;sj ndr.kakjd' wkak ta ksihs ú,au¾
uy;dKks" fïl jHdmdrhla fkdjkafkæ
Yd,dj b¢lÜgla jefgk y~ mjd weish yels;rï
ksYaYíoh' jHdmdßlhd tljru iqÿue,s úh' ;uka fïl mdi,laæ˜
W.=,g yiqùfï m<uq yeÕSu Tyqg oekqKd jekak' weh l;dj wjika lrkjd;a iu.u iNdj tljru
flfia jqjo Tyq ms<s;=re ÿkafkah' msmqreKd n÷úh' ishü .=rejreo" úÿy,am;so"
—uu tajd yrj, hjkjd˜ fouõmsfhdao" ishü fokd tljru ke.S isg
lE.ikakg jQy'
—yßhgu yß˜ .=re;ñh ch.%dyS f,i mejiqjdh'
Blue Berries! Blue Berries! Blue Berries!!!
—ta;a wmsg wfma Blueberry ljodj;a yrj,d
î;H isÿùuls - ceá frdn¾Ü fjda,ag¾&
;u úfrdaOh i|yka lr fm;aiula ilia lr nekalSg

je/oao iy ksje/oao Ndrÿkafkdah' wod< fidrlï lrk isiqjd fkrmd
fkdoukafka kï ;uka ish¨ fokdu wdh;kh yer hk
nekalS cmdkfha m%isoaO Ndjkd .=rejrfhls' Tyq nj tu fm;aifï i|yka úh'
jfrl Tyqf.a i;s lsysmhla ;siafia mj;ajk Ndjkd fm;aiu lshjQ nekalS ishü isiqka wdh;kfha ñÿ,g
jevigykg wdrïN l< úg cmdkfha iEu foiskau le|jQfhah'
mdfya YsIHfhda thg meñKshy' fujeks jevigykla —Tn ish¨ foku m%{djka;hka' Tn je/oao ksje/
mj;ajdf.k hoa§ m<uq i;sfhu tla isiqfjl= wka isiqkg oao l=ulaoehs okakjd' Tn leu;s kï ;jÿrg;a bf.kSu
wh;a foa fidrlïlr yiqúh' isiqka úiska fuh jydu i|yd fjk;a wdh;khlg hEug Tn ish¨ fokdgu hkak
nekalS .=re;=udg jd¾;d l< w;r wod< isiqjd jydu whs;sh ;sfnkjd' ta;a fï ÿmam;a isiqjd ;ju je/oao yd
ia:dkfhka fkrmk f,io b,a,d isák ,§' tfy;a nekalS ksje/oao l=ulaoehs okafka keye' ta fol fjkalr y÷kd
tu meñKs,a,g lsisjla lf<a ke;' B<Õ i;sfhao tu .ekSug Tyq ;du wiu;a' Tyqg ta .ek ud W.kajkafka
isiqjd tjeksu fidrlulg wfkla isiqka úiska w,a,d .;a ke;skï Tyq th bf.k.kafka flfiao@ ta ksid Tn ish¨
w;r isiqka úiska fujro .=re;=udg fï ms<sn| meñKs,s fokd .sh;a uu Tyq fuys ;nd .kakjd'˜
lr fidrlï lrk isiqjd jydu fkrmd yßk f,i b,a,d nekalSf.a l;dj weiQ fidrlï l< isiqjdf.a lïuq,a
isák ,§' m<uq úg fukau fujro nekalS úiska Tjqkaf.a Èf.a l÷¿ fodaf¾ .,kakg úh' wka wh i;= foa .ekSug
meñKs,a, .ek lsis;a fkdlr isáfhah' ál Èkla fï Tyq ;=< ;snQ wdYdjo ta iu.u Èhù .sfhah'
ms<sn| wjOdkfhka isá isiqka nekalS .=re;=udf.a fuu
ls%hd ms<sfj< .ek ;o ;ryla we;slr .;a w;r Tjqyq
bf.kSug bv .ekSu
kekska hkq fuð wêrdcHhdf.a iufha ^1868 - 1912& isá fika
.=rejrfhls' Èkla úYajúoHd, uydpd¾jrfhl= fika o¾Ykh ms<sn|
bf.kSug Tyq fidhd meñKsfhah'
kekska .=re;=ud uydpd¾hjrhdg f;a ms<s.ekajQfhah' Tyq
uydpd¾hjrhd <Õska f;a fldamamhla ;nd thg È.gu f;a j;al< w;r
n÷k b;sÍ f;a msg;g .,kakgo .;a kuq;a kekska f;a j;alsÍu k;r
lf<a ke;' ;jÿrg;a fuh n,d isàug fkdyelsjQ uydpd¾hjrhd —tal
iïmQ¾Kfhkau msß,d' ;j fldÉpr j;alr;a talg hkafk keye˜ hehs mejiqfõh'
—Tn;a fï f;a n÷k jf.a˜ kekska lSfõh' —Tn;a" Tfí oekqfuka yd woyiaj,ska iïmQ¾Kfhkau msß,d' b;ska Tn tajd
ysia lr.kakd f;la uu fika o¾Ykh Tng lshdfokafka flfiao@˜
jqu
j ejr
—´'''kak uf,a'''' Th'''ne`ÿxlf¾''' Th mmqfõ fldg,d ;sfhkafka pß;

;,d jf¾''ka iy;slhlao@˜
froao ,sfya'''hs mh nqref,a'''ka —kE kE rfÜ brKu' fï yïnkaf;dg
;nd'''jf¾'''ka jrdh oel, Öfkka ÿkak ikaf;daIfï
kvq fkdoud''' Wka hk yeá''' fpla m;' wmqrehs' wdvïnrhs fkao@˜
n,d'''''jf¾'''ka —,eÊcd ke;slu .eko whsfndax'
id'''ÿ ld'''r''' § ffu;%sg ''' t;fldg fudkjo Th mdrefõ nrg
je|,d''' jf¾'''ka'''˜ nf¾˜
—kQ''';ku kQ;k ck lúhla weys,d —fjk fudkjo b;ska ne`ÿï l'''f¾
yQ''' lshdf.ku fmdaßido wjÈ jqKd' fyj;a l,a, uf¾'˜
ne,skakï jej ueoafoa mdrejla tkjd —flda t;fldg kefõ ysáh mdlaIsl
jeks jeks' mdreldrh;a jdre ke;s .dKg ck;dj˜
Tfya jeks jekS' —f.dvla lIaáh kefjka neiaid'
—mdrefõ mqjla - t;fldg mQrefõ Wkag ,eÊc¨ ´x' wms kï tÉpr ÿn,
mjla˜ lshdf.k mdre ßg jeõ ufâ wek kE' froao ke;;a ÿjkafku mdf¾ ´x fï
wek l,ïnkjd' iefr;a'˜
—ljqo fndf,a fï jdre ke;s —ux jeá,d Wka l, uu ;ekq j<g
mdrefmdr˜ lsh,d fmdaßido we|ka ysáh Wka lsms,d ''' mekakhs ffuhs;a;sß
iru .,j,d T¿fõ b|ka fmdrjd f.k <Õg'''
yex.s,d n,d ysáhd l=ïn,d udxfYa ldmq ne÷ï lf¾ wdjhs keÕ,d Wvg'''
n<,d jf.a ÿl ú|f.k f.dvhkak tk uf.a fydrlï''' rg wu;l úh
.uk Èyd' mskg'''˜
—wmamgo fnd, fï ñiag¾ la,Ska fkao@ —fudldo fnd, ta ;mamq,k jyq meáhd'
fudlo fï weÕ mqrdu uv'˜ fmdaßido Ñla ú;rla yßhg mdiafmdaÜ ke;sj
fldrfjk m%Yakhla weyqjd' rg .sh mQia ;äfhla jf.a'˜ fmdaßido
—uv jf.ao uf.a jev''' fmakjo wmqf,ka n,d ysáhd'
mmqfõ flgqj mÉfÉ' fïjd —ug kï tmd''' fj,d ;sfhkafka' foaY
bkag¾keIk,a tfjdaâia' tajd oel,d ys;hsIS" cd;sudul ugu fufyu fjkafka
fc,ia" yefudagu fc,ia' úmlafIg" wehs@ fï fmdah;a mrdfckau f.ú,d hhs
taldu,noafog" udOHhg' froafoa jf.a' uyskao ySfka fï mdr;a ynya'˜
ne`ÿïlf¾' uu odhs ysf¾' ´l b;ska ñksyd w~ w~ hkak .shd'
uhs;sßf.a pkao jia;f¾' ta;a uuhs —fmï lel=< msmS tk úg uyfoa - th
fyg;a w.ue;s'˜ mrj .shd'''
—wykakuhs ysáfha' fudllao fï fmda'''hg;a
wkaOldf¾'''wkaOldf¾'''˜ w,a,df.k .=á neg fokjd fuka m%n,
fï fï fï wr wr meflaÊ mmamd rx.khl fhfokak .;a;d' .DyKsh;a
fkao@ fmdaßidog mrK u;fla wjÈ .Dym;shdg idm lrñka foia fofjd,a
jqKd' —wehs f,dlald fï fydgq fmrdk ;nñka §f.a wyjr lrk nj mjiñka
w~kafka' nQÜ mdrlaj;a lEjo fï kdls wmQre;u rx.khl fhÿKd' fnd,sjqâ
jhfia'˜ fudkjo@ ta ú;rlahe fyd,sjqâ lef,a'
—lEjd lEjd nQÜ mdr ck;djf. wjidfka w.ue;slu Khg b,a,df.k
ka' Wka f,danlugfka pkafoa ÿkafka' wdOdrhla m;df.k f.hs t<sm;af;a
w.ue;slug fidß jqKdfka u,a,S bys bys md;a;f¾ fyd,a, fyd,a, ysáh ysÕkakg
byS'''˜ pQka tlla .shd' tk fmdah fkfuhs fï
—wehs B<Õ fmdahgj;a wdKavqjla wgjflau fï f.daßh wiafia w.ueá
yokakef;hs'˜ mqgqj .kafkñhs is;+ ta nuqKq uy,a,d
—wfma fydrd wmsg fydòd lsh,d ÿkakd Wv mskqï" nv mskqï" lrKï .yk
;uhs' ne,skakï ysgmq ;ekufka' fï w;r wr fokakd fou,af,da fmdfydÜgq
fldg lE,af,ka ;dmafma mkskak Wi uÈ mq;%hkaf.a isysk ì| ouñka w.ueá mqgqj
´x'˜ ;uka ika;lfhau ;nd.kakg ;SrKh
—b;ska b;S''''ka˜ l,d' t¿jd yhsfhka jefgka mekak;a
—wms b;ska Wkq;a tld'''hs wms;a ìcqjgh fkdjegqk ksid tk fmdahgj;a
tld'''hs lshdk t¿jd miafia ÿjkjd' jefghs fkdje hk mrdð; fÉ;kdfjka
t¿jd lvq,af,ka mksk fldg wms ckhd uq<dfldg ch.%yKh ,enQ mqrdK
Tkak jefghs fukak jefghs ;j fmdah ueouq,k kQ;k mlaIh .dgñka hkakg
follska jefghs lsh,d ys;kjd' W! .shd' bka mS%;s m%fudaohgm;a .Dym;s yd
fIdala tlg ÿjkjd' jefgk ì;a;rhla m;sksho i;=áka úisr .shy' wirK
kE ´''hs' fmï lel=< msmS tk úg wysxil fmdfydÜgqudul mdlaIslhskao
uyfoa th úh<S .shd''' fmnrjdß ks,g úreoaoj fld<go fld<g úreoaOj
oyhg;a t¿jd mek,d .shd' Èkqfj;a kE' ks,go pkaoh ÿka iefjdu ;=IaksïN+;j
merÿfk;a kE' w.ue;s ySfka lspjqKd fkdi;=áka .,a.eiS ;ek ;ek
jf.a ´x'˜ n,disáhy'˜
—t;fldg Th u,noafog ysáh fmdaßido"ta —f;da ug ux f;dg˜
mdlaIsl ck;dj flda'˜ cd;l l;d O¾ufoaYkdj wjika fldg
—fmdafhka fmdahg Wka wms od,d hhs úß÷jla lshñka ysi yereKq wf;a hkak
jf.a'˜ .shd'
—is,a .kako@˜ —Tlafldu tl fmdÈhg
—uÕ=,la lshkjd' Wka wms od,d fydre .y .;af;a fndrejg
ke;s fndre ke;s ;eklg hhs' w.ue;s fl<shla fjhs ys;=jg
fndrej wf;a m;a;= fkdje' wfka wfma Th bkafka urejg˜
uyrÊcqrefjda'''uy/ðksh" Tgqkak ysñ
l=udrhd mmqj ä.a ä.a ä.a .dkjd we;s'˜
Ô mmamd fn,a, lrlj lrljd w~kjd'
—t;fldg mskaj;=ks" ta .Dym;s
f;fï ;u .DyKshf.a flia j,af,ka
1871 ud¾;= 28 - uehs 28
meßia fldñhqkfha
ùrjreka ùrjßhka
isys lsÍu fjkqfjks'

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2018 ckjdß-wfm%a,a

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu

;emEf,ka f.kajd .ekSu

OkqIal y¾IK úl%ur;ak

jevjiï iudchg msúfik úg wêm;s fyj;a md,l

úh' tajdfha lshùu" ,sùu" Okm;s mx;shg th wjYH ke;'

2 018 j¾Ih i|yd f,dal ixj¾Ok jd¾;djg

f,dj wOHdmk w¾nqofha

w jqreÿ ;=kaydr iShla

iudcjdofhys Wiialu jvd;a fyd¢ka o; yelafla fidaúhÜ tlai;a

fidaúhÜ wdKavfq õ jEhu ksid reishdfõ muKla fkdj wksla fidaúhÜ

56. Lands of the Soviets

1959 g fmr ;;ajh 2011 jk úg ;;ajh

;df¾ ióka md¾

n,af,l= ñ,g .ekSug uelaflda isysk ols;s

tfy;a jdikdfõ jeis kï fkdjefghs

fl;rï lE .id lef|õj;a

odyh ksj ksjd

.srd ixfoaY lú j,g ßoafok fmda,sfï tkafk wr nl=iq ly neflda r:

l=Idka Yd,sl ,laYdka; w;=fldar<

idr idr ìï lv jkfm; uyre

jk isfhd;=ka mjd .=jfka w`vkafka

ofòf.dv ðkodi - je,a,jdh OkqIal y¾IK úl%ur;ak

—ienE wOHdmkfha b,lalh nqoê

—kQ;k wOHdmkfha ld¾hNdrh zle,E fy<sfmfy<s lsÍuZ fkdj ldka;dr wiajeoa§uh'˜

—m%{dfõ h;=r iel lsÍuhs˜

Friendlist! ñ;=re le,æ

;u úfrdaOh i|yka lr fm;aiula ilia lr nekalSg

—´'''kak uf,a'''' Th'''ne`ÿxlf¾''' Th mmqfõ fldg,d ;sfhkafka pß;

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