186 udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.
%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
28 —lsx iS,x ;s@ fp;kd iS,x" fp;islx iS,x" ixjfrd iS,x" wú;s;alfud
iS,x˜ - Y%S O¾ujxY ysñ" ud;r ^isxy, wkqjdoh&" nq'j' 2503" úY=oaê
ud¾.h" YS% ,xld O¾u pl% <ud moku" nKavdr.u" ms' 8'
29 tu" ms' 11'
30 tu" ms' 14'
31 —jrka;s liañx iSf, mßmQr ldß;dh mj;a;;ka;SZ;s jdß;a;x'˜ - tu"
ms' 15'
32 —jdß;x ;dhka;s rCLka;s f;kd;s jdß;a;x'˜ - tu" ms' 15'
33 —iín mdmiai wlrKx l=i,iai Wmiïmod
iÑ;a; mßfhdomkx ta;x nqoaOdk idikx - LqoaolmdG" Oïumomd,s"
nq' c' ;s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" nqoaO j.a.h" 183 .d:dj'
34 §>ksldh 1" fidaKoKav iQ;%h" nq' c' ;s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" ms' 243'
35 fïOdkkao ysñ foajdf,a.u" Oïur;k ysñ ;e?f,a" .dñKS úfÊisxy
ví' ta" fn!oaO ixialD;sh ^miqìu yd uQ,O¾u&" 2011" l;D m%ldYkh"
fld,sá m%skag¾ia" kqf.af.dv" ms' 156'
36 uÊCêu ksldh' 2" l=lal=rj;sh iQ;%h" nq'c';s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" ms' 84'
37 tu'
38 §> ksldh 2" isÕd, iQ;%h" nq'c';s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" ms' 309'
39 tu'
40 —.sySkx p fp;shjkaok;a:dh .ÉPdu" fndaêjkaok;a:dh .ÉPdu"
Oïuijkx lßiaidu §mud,d mqmaMmQcd lßiaidu''' oiaidu" wÊc
iÙ>ia i p;a ; dfrd mÉpfh oia i du" iÙ>x ks u ka f ;;a j d
LokShfNdckShd§ks ixúoy:" wdikdks''' fu;a;x jÖlïux kdu˜ -
Oïuls;; a s isß foajñ;a; ysñ^ixia'&" fyhshka;=vf
q õ" 1918" iqux.,ú,disk"s
fyajdú;drK uqøKh" fld<U" ms' 366'
41 fyajdudkf.a úu,a" fn!oaO mQcdpdß;% yd idys;Hh" ms' 42'
42 wdkkao ffu;%S ysñ n,xf.dv ^ixia'&" 1962" ñ<skaom[afyd" wkq,
uqøKd,h" urodk" ms' 160'
43 rdyq, ysñ j,afmd<" 1997" if;Hdaoh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifyaorfhda"
fld<U 10" msgq' 11" 15" 17'
44 fyajdudkf.a úu,a" fn!oaO mQcdpdß;% yd idys;Hh" ms' 36'
45 tu" ms' 48'
46 úu,r;k ysñ" fn,a,kaú," ;%súO ffp;H jkaokd ^,smsh&" rdyq, ysñ
fldgmsáfha ^ixia'&" nqÿiuh yd mQcd pdß;%" ms' 91'
47 —mQcdrfya mQchf; nqoafO hÈ p idjfl - mm[ap iu;slaLkaf;
;sKakfidl mßoaofj˜
—f; ;dÈfi mQchf;d ksínqf; wl=f;dNfh - k ilald mq[a[x
ixLd;=x bfuF:ïms flkј
LqoaolmdG" Oïumomd,s" nq'c';s%' ^mqk¾' uq'&" 195" 196 .d:d'
48 fïOdkkao ysñ foajdf,a.u" Oïur;k ysñ ;e?f,a" .dñKS úfÊisxy
ví'ta" fn!oaO ixialD;sh ^miqìu yd uQ,O¾u&" ms' 145'
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r
iudk;d ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhla
È,aYdka ufkdaÊ rdcmlaI
Since extreme skepticism questions all knowledge, it
played a significant role in the history of philosophy in
the  development of  epistemology. Skepticism  is  a
philosophical attitude that questions people's claims
to knowledge. It is usually backed by epistemological
reasons. The Pāli canonical sources do not provide
much  information  regarding  the  epistemological
reasons  for  skepticism  in  Indian  thought.  Some
scholars have expressed the opinion that the teachings
of the skeptics mentioned above have had an influence
on Buddhism. However Buddhism is not a skepticism.
But skeptic thought is not redetected by Buddhism.
Knowledge  was  considered  in  Buddhism  as  a
pre-requisite to the attainment of Nibbāna. One cannot
attain  it  without  overcoming  skeptical  doubt  and
perplexity regarding the truths of .Buddhism pertaining
to the nature of life, the world and morality. Thus we
see  that  the  Buddha  admitted  the  possibility  of
knowledge  regarding  many  issues  on  which  the
skeptics  denied any  such  possibility.  Hence,  this
research  article  will  discuss  the  similarities  of
skepticism and early Buddhism with comparatively.
m%fõYh
ls i s ÿ fhda c kdjla bÈßm;a ls Í fuka je<lS u "
úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh /.;a ixYhjd§ uQ,l s ia:djr fmrZmr
foÈ.fhka u fjkilska f;dr j ms<sf.k we;' fï wkqj
ixYhjd§ Ñka;kh ljr o¾Ykh iïm%odhlska bÈßm;a jqj;a
© lÓldpd¾h È,aYdka ufkdaÊ rdcmlaI
ixia' uydpd¾h meÜá%la r;akdhl" wdpd¾h fla' î' chj¾Ok" fcHIAG lÓldpd¾h
Èk,s m%kdkaÿ
udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
udkjYdia;% mSGh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
188 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
m%m[ap ukqIHhdg jdia;úl" úIh uQ,sl" i¾j iïmQ¾K
{dkhla ,nd .; fkdyels nj1 uQ,sl ia:djrh f,i f.k
yer ±la jQ nj fmfka' ngysr ixYhjdofha w.%;u M,h jQ
mhsfrdakshdkq ixYhjd§kag wkqj idudkH fyda úfYaIs; hk
oajdúO jia;+kaf.a meje;au ms<sn| ia:djr ks.ukhlska fyda
ksYaÑ; woyilska ne,Su ksrjµ {dkh i|yd ksIaM, lsh % djls'
iel iys; wúksYaÑ; njlska úuiSu" O¾u ms<sn| i;H ±kqu
fyda úfYaI la fIa;% hla ;=< ±kq fï mj;ak d ia:djr;a jh
m%;ls f
a Iam lr wia:djr;ajh f.kyer ±laùu hk lreKq jeo.;a
nj Tjqkaf.a woyi hs' fï i|yd ;Skaÿ ;SrK wfydais lsÍu"
l%unoaO ielh fyda úfõpk bÈßm;a lsÍu m%.=K l< hq;= nj
mhs frda kshdkq ixYhj d§yq fmk ajd ÿka y ' fm rÈ.
od¾ Yksl hkaf.ka ixYh jd§k a f,i .efkk
wurdúlafÄmjd§ka iodpdrd;aul wxYh flf¾ keUqre fjñka
yd w{dkNdjh m%lg lrñka if;HCIKh l< fkdyels oE
ms<sn| ish ixYh fufyhjd we;' ixYhjdoh ms<sn| fn!oaO
ia:djrh ;=< ixYhjdoh yd nqÿ oyu iu úIu jk whqre
i,ld ne,sh yels w;r fuu Ydia;%Sh ,smsfha wruqK jkafka
ixYhjdoh yd nqÿ oyu w;r iudk;d wOHhkh lsÍu hs'
ixYhjdoh yd nqÿ oyu w;r mj;akd iudk;d
fmr wmr foÈ. ixYhjd§ Ñka;kh i,ld n,k úg
th nqÿ oyu iu. fndfyda fihska ;=,kh jk ,laIK lsym
s hla
±lsh yels h' tajd kï"
1. ixYhd;aul fm<öula u; úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
wjOdrKh lsÍu'
2. wka;jdo neyer lsÍu'
3. iodpdrd;aul keUqrej
4. ufkdaNdj ms<sn| uOHia:;dj
5. jdoYS,S nj m%;slafIam lsÍu'
6. jHdc" fm%davdldr yd .=V u;jdo neyer lsÍu'
7. bkaøSh m%;HCIfha ÿn,;d fmkajd §u'
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 189
8. i¾j iïmQ¾K {dkh m%;slafIam lsÍu'
9. {dkfhys iSudj,ska Tíng hdfuys wkjYH nj fmkajd
§u hkdÈh hs'
1' ixYhd;aul fm<öula u; úu¾Ykd;aul
wNsreÑh wjOdrKh lsÍu
ixYhd;aul o¾Ykfha olakg ,efnk uQ,sl ,laIKhla
jkq f ha úu¾Ykd;a u l wNs r eÑh hs ' wka O Nla ; s f hka "
wdOdk.%dyS;ajfhka hula tfia hehs ms<s.ekSug jvd hg;a
msßfihska ielhla Wmojd .ekSu fyda ms<sìUq lrkafka kï
tys jeo.;alula we;' o¾Ykfha ud;dj ielh hs' fuf;la ìys
jQ iEu Ñka;khl u iudrïNl wjia:dj ke;fyd;a uQ,drïNh
fidhd .shfyd;a wm k;r jkqfha tf;la mej;s Ñka;k
iïm%odhhka ms<sn| Wmojd .kakd ,o ielhla yuqfjys h'2
zzfuh fuf,i ùu úh yelso@" fuh fjk;a whqrlska isÿúh
fkdyelso@ZZ hkqfjka úu¾Ykh Èß.ekaùu i|yd ixYfhys
ld¾hNdrh w;sYh m%n, h' ngysr o¾Ykh ;=< .S%l hq.fha
mgka u ndysr f,dalh ms<sn|j;a" ñksia wNHka;rh ms<sn|j;a
mej;s ixYh ksid fkdfhla od¾Ykslhka úúO Ñka;djka
bÈßm;a l< nj fmfka' úkakUqjlf.a ld¾h yd iudk j
Ôú;h ms<sn| fkdfhla Ñka;djka bÈßm;a lrñka yd wkHhka
;=<ska {dkh u;= lrñka úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑhlska ;kk
,o m%dfhda.sl ixYhla fidl%àia úiska ±rE nj fmfka' uOH;k
hq.fha foajjd§ hoïj,ska {dk úNd.h isr fldg ;eîu wmyiq
jQfha o fuu úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh hs' kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykfha
{dk .fõIKh ms<n s | nqoê
a jdoh yd wkqN;
+ j
s doh ms<n
s | u;jdo
f.dvke.=fKa o fuys m%;sM,hla f,i hs'
foúhka ms<sn| Nla;sh cks; lsÍug wjYH miqìu
wìnjd is;ai;kaj,ska mek ke.=K ixYhd;aul woyia Ndr;Sh
o¾Ykfha wdÈ;u hq.h jk ffjÈl hq.fha rÑ; R.afõoh
;=<ska o u;= fõ' ffjÈl Ñka;dj,sfha wdrïNfha isg wjidkh
olajd u ixYhd;aul wNsreÑh w¿hg ieÕjqKq .sks mqmqre fuka
jßka jr u;= jQ w;r th wffjÈl Ñka;khg o uy;a jQ
190 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
n,mEula isÿ lf<a h' úfYaIfhka u fuu úu¾Ykd;aul
wNsreÑh u; f,dal h:d¾:h wjfnda O lr .ekSfuys ,d
w;súYd, Y%uK iïm%od /ila kd kd m%ldr úuqla;s ud¾.
f.kyer ±lajqj o" tys Wmßu M, fk,d .ekSug iu;a jQ
iqúfYaI Ydia;Djrfhl=3 jkafka nqÿrcdKkajykafia h'
nqÿ iufhka mefkk úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh flf¾
wmf.a wjOdkh f;jeoEreï mßÈ fhduq l< yels nj fmfka'
tkï"
I. nqoaO pß;fhka mefkk úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
II. nqoOa foaYkdjkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
III. nqoOa Y%djlhkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
hkdÈh hs'
I. nqoaO pß;fhka mefkk úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
wNs f hda . d;a u l wjia :dj, § mjd úu¾Ykd;a u l
wNsreÑh ch ,nd .ekSug Wmfhda.S jk nj fndai;a pß;h
;=<ska ksrEmKh flfrk wdldrh wmKaKl" f:a,m;a:4 yd
jKaKqm:5 wd§ cd;l l;dj,ska fmfkk w;r l=vd wjosfha
mgka Ydia;%hS 6" jD;a;Sh yd wdOHd;añl7 wxY flf¾ úu¾Ykhl
fhÿKq wdldrh uQ,dY%hj,ska meyeos,s fõ'
isÿy;a ;reKhd idïm%odhsl iudc rgdj kï jQ ;sñr
mg,fhka jika lr ;snQ ukqIH Ôú;fhys m%dfhda.sl yrh
ms<sn| m%Yak lrñka ±k .ekSug uy;a mßY%uhla ±refõ h'
iudc h:d¾:h úksúo ±lSug .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla jQfha
iEu fokd u crdjg;a" frda.d;=r Ndjhg;a" urKhg;a m;a jk
O¾u;d ±l ;uka o th fkdblau jQ ;eke;af;la hehs is;=fõ
h' Ôú;fha yrh" f,dalfha i;Hh fidhd ;jqia Ôú; .; l<
ks.KaG" wdÔjl" mßn%dcl" wd§ fndfyda msßia o" t;=udg olakg
,enqKq w;r Tjqkaf.a b.ekaùï yd úuqla;s ud¾. ms<sn| j o
m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla ,en .;af;a h'8 fï wkqj .sysf.h
iïndOl iys; nj;a" flf,iaj,g wdh;khla nj;a" meúoao
ysia wNHdjldYh fuka ksoyia nj;a9 oel iajlSh m%Odk
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 191
W;a i dyh ioyd wNs k s I a l % u Kfhys jeo.;a l u 10 wjfnda O
lr.;af;a h' isÿy;a ;jqidf.a uQ,l s wNsmd% h jqfha hym; l=ulao@
hkak .fõIKh lsÍu ^lsx l=i, .fõiS&11 fyj;a wkq;a;r
W;= ï Ydka ; s h g u. fiùuls ' ^wkq ; a ; rx ika k s j rmox
mßfhiudfkd&12 Ôú;fha mrud¾:h .fõIKh lsßfuys isoO a d¾:
;jqidKkaf.a fuu jHdhduh W;=ï m¾fhaIKh fkdfyd;a
wd¾h m¾fhaIKh ^wßh mßfhaikd&13 kï úh' fï i|yd isÿy;a
;jqid" wd,drld,du" Woaolrdumq;% hkd§ tjlg iqml % g .=rejre
14
fj; .sfha h' fkaji[a[d kdi[a[d OHdkh olajd is;
ÈhqKq lr .ekSug yels jqj;a fjkia fkdjk" mru iem;la
tys fkdjQ neúka W.% ;mia /lSfuka fyda mru Ydka;h s idCId;a
lr .ekSfuys úu¾Ykh w;afkdyf<a h' fl;rï ;Sj% ^;smam&"
lgql ^lgqld&" ÿla fõokd ú¢ñka ^fõokd fõohka;s& ÿIalr
ls%hdj, ksr;jqj o W;a;Í;r ukqIH O¾uh jk wd¾hNdjh
f.k§ug iu¾: {dk o¾Ykhla fkdue;s nj;a" iïfndaêh
msKsi fjk;a u.la we;s nj;a15 ish úu¾Ykfhka u wjfndaO
lr .;a isÿy;a ;jqid kej;;a YÍr Yla;sh k.d OHdk flf¾
wjOdkh fhduq lf<a h' tys§ mqífíksjdidkqiai;s {dkh;a"
Èín plaLq {dkh;a" wdijlaLh {dkh;a fmr fkdweiQ úrE
f,i ^mqífí wkkqiaiqf;aiq Oïfïiq& ;uka úiska u ±k ^ihx
wNs[a[d iÉPsl;ajd& ish wd¾h m¾fhaIKh kï jQ ±jeka;
W;aidyfha m%;sM,h jk wd¾h i;H wjfndaO lr .;af;a h' ta
nj nqÿkajykafia ish Wodk jdlHhlska fufia f.kyer olaj;s'
zzmqífn wkkqiaiqf;aiq Oïfïiq" plaLqx WomdÈ"
[dKx WomdÈ" m[a [ d WomdÈ" úÊcd WomdÈ"
wdf,daflda WomdÈZZ16
II. nqoaO foaYkdjkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
úuiSu (quest& hk Yíofhys ksrela;sh ùuxid hkak
hs' udk Od;=jg zúZ Wmi¾.h mQ¾j ù we;s fuys zzudkZZ
hkak fjkqjg zzuxZZ hkak wdfoaY ù17 zzùuxidhZZ" zzùuxi;sZZ
hkdoS f,i kdu" ls %h d moj, fhfok nj fmfka' tys
mo.;d¾:h mÍlaId lsÍu" kqjKska ne,Su18 hkdosh hs' ùuxikhg
uq,a jkafka ielh kï jQ uQ,l
s ufkdaNdjh hs' ielh fkdfyd;a
192 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
ixYh" i;H .fõIKfha m%Odk fuj,u nj by;oS o idlÉPd
úh' fï wkQj ielhla we;s jQ úg tu ielh msßis| oek
.ekSug ork W;aidyh ùuxikh kï jk nj oelaúh yels h'19
wkaOdkqlrKh" wkaO Nla;sh neyer fldg újD;" úpdrd;aul
ukilska hula foi ne,Sug W;af;ackhla ùuxikh ;=<ska
u;=jk wdldrh fï u.ska meyeos,s jk w;r th iajÉPkao;djfha
^free will& by<;u m%;sM,hla nj fmfka'
ish¨ ÿla ke;s fldg ks¾jdKh kï jQ W;=ï i;H
wjfndaO lr .ekSfuys ,d úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑfha jeo.;alu
nqÿrÿka iQ;% foaYkd .Kkdjlska u fmkajd§ we;'  hula kqjKska
úuid n,d" mÍlaId lr n,d wjfndaO lr .ekSuZ20 hkak
wjOdrKh lsÍug nqÿ iuh  ùuxikhZ hk moh nyq,j fhdod
we;' tys mrud¾:h jkafka lsisúfgl;a hula wdOdk.%dyS j
fkd.eksh hq;= nj fmkajdoSu hs'21 fmf<ys  ùuxidZ hkak
i|yd úph" mÉph" Wiaidykd" ;=,kd" WmßmlaLkd hkdoS mo
fuka u m[a[d hkak o m¾hdhla f,i olajd ;sfí' p;=rd¾h
i;H wjfndaO lr .ekSfñ m%{dj u ùuxikh jk nj olajd
;sîfuka th meyeos<s fõ' ^ùuxid;s( p;=iÉp Oñu õÑkkd
m[a[d j&22 ùuxikh ;=<ska wm isÿ l< hq;af;a hula wmg
flf,ilska .e<fmao@ fkd.e<fmao@ hkak fidhd ne,Su hs'
^whx mqÉPd iq;af;aiq kiqÊcd;s hd ;;a: ùuxid&23 kqjKe;s
ñksiqka úu¾Ykfhka hq;a wkqÑka;k ls%hdj,shla wkq.ukh
l< hq;= nj;a ^wkqúÑp ldrx fLd iSy lfrdys wkqÉÑpldfrd
;=ïyd Èidkx {d; ukqiaidkx idOq fyda;s ;s&"24 laIKsl ;Skaÿ
;SrKj,g jvd is;du;d úuid ne,Sfuka lghq;= lsÍfï
jeo.;a l u;a ^wkq ú ÉÑ ldrlx fLd .ym;s lfrdys
wkqúÉÑldfrd ;=ïyd Èidkx {d; ukqiaidikx idÿ fyda;s
;S&25 nqÿrÿka fmkajd§ ;sfí' tfia u wm hula ùuxikhg
Ndckh l< hq;af;a oshg neiSug hk mqreIfhla m<uq fldg
u hIaÀhlska c,fha .eUqr úuid n,d miqj oshg nei ;rKh
lrkafka hï fia o" ta whqßks' ^h:d mqßfida hÜÀhd Wolx
ùuxis;ajd ´;r;s&26 fñ i|yd ;j;a jeo.;a Wmudjla jkafka
we;df.a úuiSfñ l%ufõoh hs' we;d úu¾Ykh lrkafka fyd~
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 193
Wmfhda.S lrf.k h' ^y;aÓ kd.iai w.a. fidKavd ùuxid&27
we;d hñ wdydrhla ,enqKq úg th wkqNj lsÍug m%:ufhka
tys ;o nj" uDÿ nj yd lE hq;= fyda fkdlE hq;= nj úuihs'
wdydrhg .; yels foa muKla f.k neyer l< hq;= foa neyer
lrhs' tmßoafoka m%{djka;hd o hym; whym; ksYaph lr
.; hq;fa ;a úuiSfuks' úu¾Ykh fmr±ß fldg .;a m%{djka;hd
ii|d n,d" ;=,kh fldg Ydiaj;" WÉfþo wd§ wka;jdo bj;a
lrk28 whqre ksoafoaifha § o fmkajd§ ;sfí' O¾uh fuka u
wjYH kï ;:d.; iïnqoaO;ajh jqj o úu¾Ykh fldg lreKq
wjfndaO lr .ekSug we;s yelshdj o nqÿrÿka ùuxil iQ;%fha
§ fmkajd§ we;' ^ùuxiflak NslaLfj NslaLqfkda mriai
fÉf;dmßhdh" wcdkkaf;ak ;:d.f;a iukafkaikd" ld;índ
iïud iïnqoafOd jd fkdajd b;s ú[a[dh;s&29
nqÿ iuh m%dudKsl úuiSfuys jeo.;alu wjOdrKh
lrhs' hula ms<sn| úuiSfï oS ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKq i;rla
olajd ;sîfuka fñ nj meyeos,s fõ'
 k p w;s,Skd Núiai;s
^úuiSu wkjYH m%udKhg jvd wvq fkdúh hq;= h'&
 k p w;sm.a.ys;d Núiai;s
^wjYH m%udKhg jvd jeäfhka úuiSu fkdl< hq;= h'&
 k p wþCO;a;x ixÅ;a;d Núiai;s
^úuiSu is; we;=f<a yels<Sug bv fkdosh hq;= h'&
 k p nysoaOd úlaÅ;a;d Núiai;s
^úuiSu ndysrj úisÍug bv fkdosh hq;= h'&30
nqÿ iuh ùuxik ixl,amh flf¾ olajk m%;scdkk
wdl,amh úYo jk jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i uyd mßKsíndK
iQ;%fha i;r uydmfoaY foaYkdj yÿkajd osh yel' hfula fuh
O¾uh hehs o fuh õkh hehs o fuh Ydia;Dka jykafiaf.a
foaYkdj hehs o Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia yuqfjys isg ud õiska
wik ,oafoa hehs o ms<s.kakd ,oafoa hehs o lshkafka kuqÿ
^nqoaOdmfoaY&"31 f;rkul yuqfjys isg ud úiska wik ,oafoa
hehs o ms<s.kakd ,oafoa hehs o lshkafka kuqÿ ^ix>dmfoaY&"32
194 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
nyqY%e;" O¾uOr" úkhOr" u;s ldOr" Ns la IQ ka Ydia;DDka
jykafiaf.a foaYkdj fï hehs m%ldY lrkq ud úiska wik
,oa f oa hehs o ms < s . ka k d ,oa foa hehs o ls h ka fka kuq ÿ
^iïnyQ,;af:ardmfoaY&"33 nyqY%e;" O¾uOr" úkhOr" u;sldOr"
NslaIQjla O¾uh" úkh yd Ydia;Dka jykafiaf.a foaYkdj fï
hehs m%ldY lrkq ud úiska wik ,oafoa hehs o ms<s.kakd ,oafoa
hehs o lshkafka kuqÿ ^tal;af:ardmfoaY&"34 tljr u fkdms<. s ;
hq;= h' iQ;%fhys nyd jkfhys ii|d n,d .e<fma kï muKla
ms<s.; hq;= h' fkd.e<fma kï neyer l< hq;= h'35 wúpdrj;a"
wkaO Nla;sh mokï lr.;a ms<s.ekSu  wduQ,sld Y%oO a dZ kï fõ'
nqÿ iufhka th m%;slafIams; h' lreKq ksi f,i fidhd n,d
úuid úpdr mQ¾jl j" ifya;=l j we;s lr.;a ms<s.ekSu
wdldrj;S Y%oaOdZ kï fõ' nqÿ iufhka th w.h flf¾'36
III. nqoaO Y%djlhkaf.ka m%lg jk úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
nq ÿ ka jyka f ia wkq u ; l< fyj;a foa Y kd l<
úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh Y%djlhka ;=<ska o m%lg úh' fï i|yd
ießhq;a uq.,ka f;rjrekaf.a pß;dmodk jeo.;a fõ'37 bf.k
.; hq;= oE ish,a, ixchf.ka ±k .;a; o tys mru ksIaGdjla
fkdmj;sk nj ±k kej;;a i;H fiùfï § m%ikak meje;aula
we;s wiaið ysñf.ka38 fya;=M, oyu ms<sn| ixlaIsm;
a foaYkdjla
39
wid fidajdka jQy' bka wk;=re j nqÿkajykafiaf.a w.%Yd% jlfhda
ùug mjd ießhq;a" uq.,ka f;rjre iu;a jQy'
tla;rd iqúfYa I m%ia;=;hla ms<sn| úu¾Ykd;aul
wNsreÑhlska hqla; jQ nqoaO ld,Sk NslaIqjla tu úu¾Ykh
wm%;sy; lemùfuka isÿl< whqre flajâv iQ;%fha i|yka fõ'
tu NslaIqjf.a wNsm%dh jQfha mGú" wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda hk
i;r uyd N+; fld;ekska ksreoaO fj;ao@ hkak ^l;a: kq fLd
bfu p;a;dfrd uyd N+;d wmßfiid ksreÊCOka;s" fihHÒox
mGú Od;=" wfmda Od;"= f;afcda Od;= jfhdOd;=;s@&40 fidhd
ne,Su hs' ish udkisl Yla;sh jvñka n%yauldhsl foúhka
olajd u .uka lsÍug tu NslaIqjg isÿ úh' tu mekhg ms<s;=re
;uka o fkdokakd nj;a ^wyïms fLd k cdkdñ&" fuh úi|d
.ekSug isák tl u iqÿiaid nqÿrcdKkajykafia nj;a fmkajd
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 195
ÿka úg tu NslaIqj nqÿrÿka fj; meñK ksis ms<s;=r ,nd ish
úu¾Ykh id¾:l lr .;af;a h'41
2' wka;jdo neyer lsÍu'
{dkh f;aud fldg f.k bÈßm;a ù we;s we;eï Ñka;k
yd u; ixYhjd§ka wka;jdo f,i neyer lr ouhs' fmr wmr
foÈ. ixYhjd§ka wka;jdo flf¾ m%;spdr olajk whqre tl
yd iudk fkdjk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls' p;=r f,i ìKSfï yd
,sùfï yelshdj we;sj ixYhd;aul o¾Ykh hï wdldrhlg
f.k .sh .S%l ú;Kavjd§ka o" Bg yd;amiska fjk;a u.la
wkq.ukh l< mhsfrdakshdkq ixYhjd§ka o wka;jdo flf¾
m%;spdr olajd we;af;a ks¾oh f,i tajd úfõpkh lrñks'
f.da,h S ixYhjdofha mshd jQ frfka foald;a iuld,Sk wdOdk.%dyS
u; úfõpkh lsÍug ixYhjd§ woyia Ndú;d lf<a h' wmrÈ.
ixYhjd§kg jvd Ndr;S h ixYhjd§ka f,i .efkk
wurdúlafÄmjd§ka wka;jdo flf¾ m%;spdr ±laùug fjkia
uq y q K q j rla Ndú; l< nj fmfka ' úfYa I fhka u th
úfõ pkd;aul m%fõ Yhlg jvd iodpdrd;aul yd
ufkdaúoHd;aul l%uhla f,i .ekSu ksjerÈ h' ;u {dkfhys
iSudfjka Tífnys fyj;a if;HCIKh l< fkdyels foa ms<n s |
ksYaÑ; woyila m< lsÍu fndfyda fodaI mek ke.Sug ^nyq;r
fodaI iïNj;a& fya;= jk nj Tõyq f.kyer ±lajQy'
fï wkqj n,k úg ngysr ixYhjd§ka wka;jdo flf¾
±lajQ m%;spdr id¾:l jQ njg is;h
s fkdyel' Ndr;Sh ixYhjd§ka
wka;jdo neyer l< o wka;jd§ fkdjk u;hla fyda ks.ukhla
fyda ksYaÑ; m%;sfõOhla fyda f.kyer olajd fkdue;' tneúka
nqÿ iufha wka;jdo neyer lrk wdldrh;a" fï ms<sn|
ixYhjd§ka ±lajQ m%;spdr;a w;r tl iudk;ajhla fiùu
fkdl< hq;a;ls' ukao" wka;jdo neyer lsÍu w;ska we;eï
úfgl tla;rd jdohl t,an .ekSula fyda m%;sfõohla bÈßm;a
fkdlsÍu ixYhjd§kaf.a uQ,sl ,laIKhla jk w;r ish¨
wka;jdo neyer lsÍu yd ks¾jdKh kue;s m%;sfõOh nqÿ iuh
;=<ska bÈßm;a ùu ksid h'
196 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
wka;jdo neyer lsÍu w;ska nqÿ iuh iuld,Sk Ndr;Sh
iudcfha mej;s foiegla ñ:Hd oDIaá ish,a, u m%;l a Iam lrhs'42
s f
wka;jdo neyer lsÍu w;ska nqÿ iuh ie,ls,a,g .kakd m%Odk
lreK jkafka ks¾jdKh hs' ta wkqj ks¾fõoh msKsi" úrd.h
msKsi" úuqla;sh msKsi" m%{dj msKsi" iïnqoaO;ajh msKsi fya;=
fkdjk u;jdo flf¾ nqÿ iuh ish wm%idoh m< lrhs'43 fï
ms<ns | j ;jÿrg;a lreKq úia;r lrk nqÿkajykafia lÉpdk
f;rekag fmkajd fokqfha f,dalfha nyq, jYfhka we;s nj
^w;aÓ ;[ap& yd ke;s nj ^k;aÓ ;[ap& hk folreKq wdY%h
fldg f.k mj;sk nj hs'44 f,dalfhys we;sùu ;;a jQ mßÈ ukd
m%{dfjka olskakd yg f,dalh ms<n s | hï ke;s njla fõ o" th
fkdjk nj;a ^f,dal iuqo h[ap fLd lÉpdk h:dN+;h
iïumam[a[dh miaif;d hd f,dfl k;aÓhd id kfyd;s&"
f,dalfhys ke;sùu ;;a jQ mßÈ ukd jQ m%{dfjka olskakd yg
f,dalh ms<n s | hï we;s njla fõo" th fkdjk nj;a ^f,dal
ksfrdaOx fLd lÉpdk h:dN+;x iïumam[a[dh miaif;d hd
f,dfl w;aÓhd id kfyd;s&" f,dalfha nyq, jYfhka u Wmdh"
Wmdodk" wNsksfõihka ^WmdhqmdodkdNs;s fjiùksnoafOd& ne£
mj;sk nj;a" th wka;jdoj,g uQ, fya;=j nj;a fmkajd fohs'45
tneúka" hfula tu wka;jdo i|yd fya;=jk Wmdh" Wmdodk yd
wNskf s õihka .%yKh fkdflf¾ o" zzfuh udf.a wd;auh hehs
±ä j fkd.kS o" ÿl;a" ÿflys ksfrdaOh;a ms<n s | ielhg;a"
úu;shg;a fkdmeñKs Tyqg wkqkf a .ka fkdWmka {dkh we;'46
fï wkqj ish,a, we; hkq tla wka;hls ^iín w;aÓ;s fLd
lÉpdhk whx tafld wkaf;d&" ish,a, ke; hkq fojk wka;h
hs ^iínx k;a;SÓ whx ÿ;sfhda wkaf;d& hkqfjka olajk nqÿrÿka
fmkajd fokafka ;uka jykafia fuu wka; folg fkdmeñK
uOHfhka O¾uh foaYkd lrk nj hs' ^tf; f; WfNd wkaf;
wkqm.ïu uÊCOk ;:d.f;d Oïux foafi;s&47
fï iïnkaO ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla §>kL iq;%fha oS
fmkajd § we;' lsishï wdldrhl wka;jdo ms<n
s | nqÿrÿka ish
wdl,amh úpdrd;aul j f.kyer olajk fuys oS yuqjk §>kL
kue;a;d ms<n
s | j o lreKq wkdjrKh lr .eksu w;sYh jeo.;a
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 197
nj fmfka'48 §>kL iQ;%fha § §>kL mßn%dclhd ÈÜÀ ms<n s |
lreKq fyj;a u;jdo ;=kla flf¾ olajk woyi;a Bg
nqÿkajykafia olajk wdl,amh;a flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu o
jeo.;a h' fuys oDIaá ms<n
s | f.kyer olajk u;jdo ;=k kï"
1. iínx fu Ldu;s - uu iEu oDIaáhlg u tlÕ fjñ'
2. iínx fu k Ldu;s - uu lsiÿs oDIaáhlg tlÕ fkdfjñ'
3. tlÉpx fu Ldu;s" talÉpx fu k Ldu;s - iuyr oDIaákag
uu leu;s jk w;r" ;j;a iuyr oDIaàkag leu;s fkdfjñ'49
hkdÈhhs'
fuys tlsfklg m%;súreoaO m<uq oDIaáh;a f;jeks
oDIaáh;a yer ;ud fojk u;h ork nj §>kL nqÿrÿkag mjihs'50
Bg nqÿrÿka ÿka ms<;
s =r jQfha fojeks u;h wdOdk.%dyS j ±Íu yd
tys t,an isàu wka u;hla ±Íug;a jvd Nhdkl nj hs'51
fï wkqj fojk u;fhys w¾: ksrEmKh fohdldr
jk nj fmfka' tkï"
1. ;uka lsisÿ u;hlg tlÕ fkdfjñhs hkak wdOdk.%dyS j
±Íu
^;[axp j ÈÜÀx kmamcyka;s" w[a[x p ÈÜsÀx Wmdohka;s&52
2. ;uka lsisÿ u;hlg tlÕ fkdfjñhs hkak wdOdk.%dyS j
fkd±Íu
^;[afÉ j ÈÜÀx mcyka;s' w[a[xp ÈÜÀx k WmdÈhka;&s 53
hkdÈh hs'
hfula fuys m<uqjeks wdldrh ^oDIaáhla f,i& orkafka
kï fyf;u fohdldrhlska ish ffjrh k.hs' tkï"
1. ;uka .;a fuu u;h wdOdk.%dySj .ekSu'
2. fuu u;h fjk;a iajrEmhlg fjkia ùug bv fkd§u
hkdÈh hs'
fuys m<uq ^2.1 jeks& u;h ±Ífuys m%;sM,h jkafka
l,yj,g uqyqK §ug isÿùu hs'54 bka wk;=rej újdoj,g;a
^újdfod&" úm;aj,g;a ^ú>f;d&" fjfyig;a ^úfyfid& m;aùug
198 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
isÿ fõ'55 tfy;a fuys fojeks ^2.2& u;h ±Ífuka oDIaáh /l
.ekSug ffjrh jeãu flf¾ fhduq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j th
uOHia: u;hla ùu hs' fuys by;ska u idlÉPd l< u; ;=fkka
fojeks woyi ±rej o §>kL fojeks u;fha m%ldr foflka
m<uq jeks u;h orkafkls' fï wkqj ch;s,l uy;d fmkajd
fokafka §>kL ^;uka lsisÿ u;hla fkdork nj wdOdk.%dyS
j ms<s.kakd ksid& nqÿkajykafia wNsuqj iajhx m%;súfrdaOhlg
m;a jk nj hs'56 tfy;a Ndr;Sh iudch ;=< Wmdodkh m%;l s afIam
l< ixYhjd§ka o isá ksid nqÿka jykafia Tjqka ms<sn| ±lajQ
woyi hym;a jQjla nj fuu.ska fmfka' flfia kuq;a nqÿrÿka
fuys § fmkajd §ug W;aidy f.k we;af;a wdOdk.%dyS;ajfhka
f;drj ish¨ oDIaá m%ydKh lsÍfï we;s jeo.;alu hs'
3. iodpdrd;aul keUqrej
ixYhjdofha iodpdrd;aul keUqrej ms<sn| woyi
iyuq,ska u m%;slafIam lrk ì%;dkH cd;sl fcda¾Ê iagqjÜ
ñ,af.a uQ,sl wdl,amh jQfha iudch fjkia ùug Ñka;kh
n,mdk nj hs' ixYhjd§ Ñka;kh iudc m%.;sh úIfhys ,d
nrm;< wNsfhda.hla jk nj;a iudchla ¥Is; njg m;ajkafka
ixYhjd§kag f.dÿre ùfuka nj;a57ixYhjdohg úreoaOjkakka
hï wdldrhl ixYhjd§ hq.hla we;sjjq fyd;a wjq,a u;=ù iudc
msßySu je<elaúh fkdyels nj olajhs'58 tfy;a fuu ks¾oh
úfõpk lsisu lf,l mej;s ixYhjd§ o¾Ykhg wkqfhdackh
lsÍu id¾:l fkdjkafka ixYhjdoh ksid msßyqKq fyda ¥Is; jQ
iudchla ms<sn| f;dr;=re yuq fkdjk neúks'
wdOdk.%dyS ñ:Hd u;" ÿ¾j, {dk úNd.d;aul l%u
bj;a fldg ksoyia yd Yla;su;a o¾Ykhla f.dvkÕd .ekSug
ixYhjdoh Wmfhda.S lr.;a whqre ngysr iEu od¾Yksl hq.hlska
u Èia j ka k ls ' p;= r f,i ìKS f ï yd ,s ù fï YlH;dj
ixYhd;aul ;d¾lsl l%ufõohla iu. uqiq l< ú;Kavjd§yq
ish ks¾oh úfõpk ;=<ska idïm%odhsl ñ:Hd úYajdi neyer
lsÍug m%h;ak ±rEy' ixYhjdofha od¾Yksl w.h ;Sj% l< mhsfrda"
od¾Yksl uqksjrfhla f,i ie,lSug uQ,sl fya;=j úh hq;af;a
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 199
ixYhd;aul woyia wkqj ;kd .;a úfYaIs; prK moaO;shla
fyf;u wkq.ukh l< ksidfjks'
by;ska ±la jQ ixYhjd§ka ms<n
s | ks¾oh úfõpk Ndr;Sh
wurdúlafÄmjd§kag lsis fia;a wod< fkdjk nj fmfka'
úfYaIfhka u iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúoHd;aul lreKq ksid
ksYaÑ; u;hla ±Ífï ÿIalr;dj fmkajd ÿka fudjqka ms<s.;
yels lreKq ;=<ska {dkh f.dvkÕd .ekSfï wjYH;dj
wjOdrKh l< nj fmfka ' n% y a u cd, iQ ; % f ha i|yka
wurdúlafÄmjd§ .=rel=, y;frka w{dkNdjh ksid ixYh
Ndú; l< msßi yer fiiq msßi flf¾ fuys§ jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq l< yel' prK moaO;sh wkqj uqidjdohg ìfhka uqidjdoh
m% ;s l a fIa m l< ms ß if.a woyi jQ fha wêfN!;s l jdo yd
iodpdrd;aul m%ia;=; we;=¿ if;HCIKh l< fkdyels oE
flf¾ meñKs ksYaÑ; ks.ukh fndrejla jkafka kï th
ÿlg fya;=jla jk nj hs' fï wkqj ±ä leue;a; ^Pkafod& fyda
±ä wdYdj ^rdf.d& fyda oafõYh ^fodfid& fyda fldamh ^máf>d&
fyda uq,a fldg f.k hïlsis ks.ukhlg meñK ta ms<sn|
m%l dYhla lrkafka kï we;eï úg uq idjla úh yel' 59
wjidkfha tu uqidfjka we;s jk m%;sM,h ;ukag úm;la"
ndOdjla úh yels ^hx uuiai uqid fid uuiai ú>df;d fhd
uuiai ú>df;d" fid uuiai wka;rfhda~;s&60 nj Tjqkaf.a
u;h hs' fudjqkaf.a woyi nqÿ iufha iuia; b.ekaùï iu.
lsisfia;a fkd.e<msh yelalla fkdfõ' uqidjdoh m%;slafIam
lsÍu61 nqÿkajykafia o fkdfhla jr wjOdrKh lr we;s w;r
th mxpYS,hg o wka;¾.; ùfuka fï nj jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
Wmdodkhg ìh ù th m%;slafIam l< msßi o by; lS
mßÈ Pkaoh" rd.h" oafõYh yd má> uq,a fldg f.k if;HCIKh
l< fkdyels oE ms<n s | ksYaÑ; ks.ukhla §fuka je<fl;s'
Tjqka woyia l< mßÈ hula ±ä f,i .;a úg thska isÿ jk
ydkslr ;;a;ajh fldf;la ÿrg úys§ hkafka ±hs hkak fidhd
ne,Sug meyeÈ,s f;dr;=rla yuq fkdfj;;a nqÿ iuh fmkajd
fok wdldrhg fuf,dj jYfhka muKla fkdj idxidßl
200 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
Ôú;hg;a th nrm;< f,i n,mdhs' tf,iska u újdohg ìh
ù th m% ;s l a fIa m l< ms ß i o is h ixYhjd§ ia:djrhg
iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúoHd;aul jákdlula ,nd § we;'
mqo.
a , prKh yd iïnkaO fldg f.k by;ska idlÉPd
l< mßÈ wurdúlafÄmjd§ka olajd we;s woyia yd fn!oaO woyia
;=,kd;aulj lsishï iei£ula flf¾ o wjOdkh fhduq l<
yel' ta wkqj uqidjdohg ìh ùu yd th ms<l
s ,
= a lsÍu mqoa.,noaO
lreKls' th fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h ke;fyd;a mqoa., fm!reIfha
jeo.;a idOlhls' tfuka u by;s ka idlÉPd l< mrso s
Wmdodkhg ìh ùu yd th ms<sl=,a lsÍu wdOHd;añl Ôú;h yd
iïnkaO lreKla f,i .ekSu jeo.;a h' idxidßl jYfhka
mqoa., meje;au flf¾ ;SrKd;aul f,i n,mdk idOlhla
f,i fuh idlÉPd l< yel' újdohg ìh ùu yd th ms<sl=,a
lsÍu úfYaIfhka u iudc Ôú;h yd iïnkaO lreKls' hym;a"
iduldó iudchla i|yd újdoh t;rï ys;lr idOlhla
fkdjk nj wmf.a idlÉPdfjka u;= jQ m%Odk lreKls'
iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúoHd;aul jYfhka by; lS idOl
jákd kuq;a wd{dkdNdjh uq,a fldg lsishï m%i; a =;hla ms<n
s |
kuHYS,S woyila ±Íu hful=f.a od¾Yksl Ôú;hg jvd jákd
nj fmfka' thg fya;=j jkafka" hula flf¾ id;sYh uOHia:
u; ±Íu ksYaÑ; j fkdokakd ´kE u fohla ms<n s | wjfndaOhla
,nd .ekSug ufydamldÍ jk neúks' .S%l o¾Ykfha m%dfhda.sl
od¾Ykslhd f,i ie,flk fidl%àia mjd ish w{dkNdjh
ks¾Njhj m%ldY lr we;'62 fï lreK Oïumofha § mjd ú.%y
ù we;s nj fmfka'
zzfhda ndf,da u[a[;s nd,Hx - mKaäf;da jdms f;a kfhda
ndf,da p mKaä; udks - ifõ ndf,da;s jqÉp;sZZ63
tkï" hï wkqjKfhl=g ;udf.a wkqjKlu ukdj
jegfya kï" tu ldrKfhka Tyq mKaä;fhl= fõ' ;ud
wkqjKfhlaj isg mKaä;fhl=hs is;kakd taldka;fhka u
fudavfhl=hs lshkq ,efí hkak hs'
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 201
4. ufkdaNdj ms<sn| uOHia:;dj
Ndr;Sh ixYhjd§ka yd nqÿ iuh w;r fmfkk ;j;a
iudk;djla f,i ufkdaNdj ms<n s | uOHia:dj hk lreK flf¾
wjOdkh fhduq l< yels nj fmfka ' fuu p;= ¾ úO
wurdúla fÄmjd§ka ´kE u mq o a . ,fhl= g we;s úh yels
wi;=gqodhl udkisl lreKq fyj;a ufkdaNdj lsysmhla ;=<ska
wka;hlg meñKSfuka w;a úh yels Nhdkl m%;sM, flf¾
ie,ls,su;a úh' Pkaoh" rd.h" oafõYh yd fldamh fyj;a má>
hk wi;=gqodhl ufkdaNdj yd tajd ;=<ska wka;jd§ jqjfyd;a
w;aú£ug isÿjk wi;=gqodhl ;;a;ajj, wdÈ;u wjia:dj o
udkisl jYfhka n,mdk w;r" miqj th mqo. a ,hd yd ne÷Kq
úúO wxYhka flf¾ whym;a f,i n,mdk nj Tjqkf a .a wjOdkh
fhduq jQjd úh yel' tneúka ´kE u wjia:djl uOHia: udkisl
;;a;ajhla ;=< ys|Su mqo.
a ,hd yd ne÷Kq úúO wxYhka flf¾
hym;a wdldrfhka n,mdk nj wurdúlafÄmjd§kaf.a b.ekaùï
wOHhkh lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s fõ'
ufkdaNdj ;=<ks a wka;jd§ jqjfyd;a we;s jk ÿIalr;d
udkisl jYfhka muKla fkdj iodpdrd;aul jYfhka
mqo.
a ,hdf.a úúO wxYj,g we;s l< yels n,mEï ie,ls,, a g
f.k neÆ úg thska je<lS id;sYh uOHia: ufkdaNdj ;=< /
£ug wurdúlafÄjd§ka .;a m%h;akh m%Yia; h' nqÿkajykafia
i;H hgm;a jkakd jQ Ñ;a;dfõ. ms<n s | ±lajQ wdl,amhg o fuu
woyi ;=,kh jk nj fmfka' zzwkH wd.ï yd O¾u iïnkaOj
fyda Tjqka flf¾ ;Kaydjla" ÿIag fÉ;kdjla we;s lr fkd.kak'
Tn fldamhg m;a ù isák úg is; fkdixiqka jqjfyd;a
wkHhkaf.a m%ldYk hym;ao" keoao hkak ±k .ekSug Tng
yelshjla we;s fõo@ZZ64 hk m%ldYh fuys§ i,ld ne,sh yel'
iudf,dapkh
ksYÑ
a ; jQ iqúfYaI mrud¾:hlska úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh
fmr±ä fldg .;a ixYhjd§ ,laIK ms<ì s Uq lrkakd jQ .Kfhys
,d nqÿ oyu o" ie,lSu ksrjµ nj fmfka' nqÿkajykafiaf.a
nqoaO;ajh w;sYh m%n, úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑhl m%;sM,hls'
202 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 203

Y=oaO ixYhjd§ Ñka;kfhys tk ixYhd;aul fm<öula u; wdka;sl igyka(

úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh wjOdrKh lsÍu" wka;jdo neyer lsÍu" 1' l,kaiqßh ta' ã'mS' .S%l o¾Ykh" ms' 99'
2' úl%uisxy wkqr" tka" m%d.a fn!oaO Ndr;Sh wd.ï o¾Yk iïm% od
jdoYS,S nj m%;slafIam lsÍu" jHdc fm%dV
a dldr .=V u;jdo neyer úpdrd;aul y÷kajd§ula" 66'
lsÍu" bkaøSh m%;HCIfha ÿn,;d fmkajd §u" i¾j iïmQ¾K 3' mkaishmkia cd;lfmd;ajykafia 1" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"
{dkh m%;slafIam lsÍu yd {dkfha iSudj,ska Tíng hdfï foysj," 2003" ms' 57 - 63'
wkjYH nj fmkajd §u hkdÈ lreKq nqÿ iuh ;=,ska o m%lg 4' tu" ms' 292 - 297'
5' tu" ms' 64 - 66'
ùu fuys§ jeo.;a fõ' wfkla w;g" Ndr;Sh wurdúlafÄmjd§ka 6' l¨myk ã'fÊ" fn!oaO o¾Yk b;sydih" ms' 24'
ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh i,ld n,k úg fndfyda wxYj,ska 7' u' ks' 1" uyd iÉpl iQ;%h" ms' 582'
ys;lr j Qjla nj o fm fka' ika ol iQ ; % f ha § zzwdcdkdñ fLd mkdyx ms;=laliai lïukaf; iS;dh cïnqÉPdhdh
wurdúlafÄmjd§kaf.a O¾uh wi;=goq dhl i;rdldr wd.ïj,ska ksiskaf;d úúÉfÉj ldfuys úúÉp wl=if,ys Oïfuys iú;a;lx
iúpdrx úfõlcx ms; iqLx mGux COdkx WmiïmÊc úyß;dZZ
tlla f,i fmkajd§ ;snqK o uq¿ukska u wi;H jk wd.ula 8' .,auxf.dv iqukmd," wd§ fn!oaO o¾Ykh" uQ,O¾u ú.%yhla" iriaj;S
f,i olajd fkdue;s nj fmfka' tfia u fudjqka fmkajd m%ldYk" Èjq,msáh" 2007" ms' 196'
fok iodpdrd;aul yd ufkdaúoHd;aul miqìu nqÿ iuh iu. 9' Lq' ks' iq;a; ksmd;h" mínÊcd iQ;%h" ms' 122" .d:dj 408'
o uekúka ;=,H fõ' zziïndfOdhx >rdjdfid rciaidh;kx b;s - wífNd ldfidp mínÊcd
b;s Èiajdk mínðZZ
10' tu" ms' 124" .d:dj 426'
ixYhjd§ o¾Ykh iu. ;=,H jk ,laIK ±rej o" nqÿ zzldfuiajd§kjx Èiajd- fklaLïux oÜgqfÄuf;d
iuh lsif s ia;a u ixYhjdohla f,i .ekSu WÑ; fkdfõ' ixYh" mOdkdhd .ñiaidñ - t;a; furÊc;s ufkd;sZZ
ixYh Wfoid u Ndú; l< msßi;a" ixYh ksYaÑ; jQ iqúfYaIS 11' u' ks' 1" wßhmßfhaik iQ;%h" ms' 400'
12' tu" ms' 400'
mrud¾:hla Wfoid Ndú;d l< msßi;a iuia;hla f,i f.k 13' tu" ms' 398'
thska nqÿ oyu fjk u msysgqjd idlÉPd l< yels lreKla o 14' tu" ms' 400 - 406'
fuysoS fmkS hhs' tkï" nqÿ oyu yer ixYhjd§ Ñka;djka ms<ì s Uq 15' u' ks' 1" uyd iÉpl iQ;%h" ms' 582'
lrk wfkl=;a ish,a,la u nqoê a jd§ ia:djrhla fj; msh k.k zzk fLd mkdyx budh lgqldh ÿlalxldßldh wê.ÉPdñ W;a;Í
ukqiaiOuud w,ußh{dKoiaik úfiaix' ishd kqfLd w[af[d u.af.d
nqoê
a jd§ Ñka;djka f,i y÷kd .ekSug yels jk úg nqÿ oyu fLd fndOdhd~;s'ZZ
wkqN;+ j
s d§ ia:djrhla u; mokï fjñka úu¾Ykd;aul wNsreÑh 16' ix' ks' 5" II, Oïupll mj;a;k iq;%h" ms' 272'
fufyhùu hs' nqoê a jdÈ {dk ud¾. neyer fldg wkqN; + sjd§ 17' hiiaiS ysñ mkyvqfõ" ksoyia Ñka;kh yd ùuxikh· wd.ñl od¾Yksl
m%fõYhlska {dkh wjOdrKh lsÍu muKla fkdj" bkaøh S uQ,O¾u õ.%yhla" ud.ë md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk wdh;kh" mqjlamsáh"
2009" ms' 23'
m%;HCIfhka fkdkej;S w;Skaøsh m%;HCIh wjOdrKh lsÍu yd udk £ i" udk £ udk £ i" ù £ ux £ i
ish¨ ÿla ke;s fldg ksjka wjfndaO lr .ekSug u. fmkajd 18' nqoaOo;a; ysñ fmd,a,;af;a" md,s - isxy, wldrdosh" ms' 471'
§u w;ska o nqÿ oyu ixYhjd§ o¾Ykfhka fjkia jk nj zzudk £ id· ud - yg oaú;aj fõ' m%:u ud - yg ù - wdfoaY fõ' b;sß
fmfka' wfkla w;g ixYh fufyhjd m%;sfõOhla wjOdrKh udk - fldgig ux - wdfoaY fõZZ
19' hiiaiS ysñ mkyvqfõ" ksoyia Éka;kh yd ùuxikh wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl
l< msßia w;ßka o nqÿ oyu iqúfYaIS jkafka" m%dfhda.slj ish¨ uQ,O¾u õ.%yhla" ms' 24'
fokdg wjfndaO l< yels ks¾jdKh kï jQ wdOHd;añl ud¾.hla 20' §> ksldh àld" uyd i;smÜGdk iQ;; a " fidaudj;S fyajdú;drK" urodk"
bÈßm;a l< neúks' 1967" ms' 512'
zzh:djf;d wdoSkjdksixidkx máixLdkx ùuxid bO máixLdkxZZ
204 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
21' §> ksldh àld" n%yaucd, iq;a;" tu" ms' 103'
zzwkqúpß;ka;s ùuxidh wkqmj;a;S;x" ùuxidkq.f;ak jd úpdf¾k
wkqjÊcs;xZZ
22' uyd ksoafoaiÜG l:d" iqoÜGl iq;a; ksoafoai jKaKkd" ihsuka fyajd
ú;drK" fld<U" 1921" ms' 156'
zzùuxid;s( p;=iÉp Oñu õÑkkd m[a[d j" ùuxid Oïu úÑkkd ;s
jq;a;dZZ
23' Lq' ks' fmagfldamfoaih" mxp N+ñ" ydr úNx.h" nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl
.%ka: mqk¾ uqøK" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj," 1989" ms'
116'
24' wx' ks' 5" iSyfiakdm;s iQ;%h" tu" ms' 60'
25' u' ks' 2" Wmd,s iQ;%h" tu" ms' 70'
26' §> ksldhÜG l:d" n%yaucd, iq;a; jKaKkd" mGu j.af.d" ihsuka
fyajdú;drK" fld<U" 1918" ms' 76'
27' Manorathapūraņi - III, Editor: kopp Hermann, The pali Text society,
Oxford,1998,  pg. 372.
28' Lq' ks' uyd ksoafoai md,s" tu" ms' 386'
zzuqks iiai; ÈÜÀ ksiais;dks [;ajd" WÉfþo ÈÜÀ ksiams;dks {;ajd"
iiaiq;Éfþo ksiais;dks {;a jd" ;=,hs;ajd ;S rhs;ajd úydjhs;ajd"
úN+;xl;ajd fid úuxi;s" mKaäf;d m[a[djd nqoaêud úNdú fuOdj;SZZ
29' u' ks' 1" úuxil iq;%h" tu" ms' 744'
30' ix' ks' 5" boaêmdo ixhq;a;h" mdido lïmk j.a.h" uymaM, iQ;%h"
nqoOa chka;s ;sm
% sgl .%k:
a mqk¾ uqØK" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"
foysj," 1982" ms' 22'
zzb;s fu ùuxid k p w;s,Skd Núiai;s" k p w;sm.a.ys;d Núiai;s" k
p wþCO;a;x ixÅ;a;d Núiai;s" k p nysoaOd úlaÅ;a;d Núiai;sZZ
31' oS' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndK iq;a;" ms' 192'
32' oS' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndK iq;a;" ms' 194'
33' oS' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndK iq;a;" tu" ms' 194'
34' oS' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndK iq;a;" tu" ms' 196'
35' oS' ks' 2" uyd mßksíndK iq;a;" tu" ms' 196'
36 uydhdk o¾Ykfha iqm%lg wdpd¾hjrfhl= jQ wd¾hfoajmdohka {dkidr
iuqÉph kï lD;sfha oS nqÿ iufha úpdrYS,S moku olajd we;af;a
fufia h'
;dmd;afþod;a p kslId;a - iqj¾Kój mKaûff;#
mÍlaIH NslaIfjda .%dyHx - uoajfpd k;= f.!rjd;a
uyfKks" kqjKe;s rka lrejd úiska rka lene,a,la f.k th ;jd"
lmd" Wr.d" Tm uÜgï lr rka nj yÿkd .kakd wdldrhg Tn o udf.a
jpkh msßlaiSfuka ñi yqÿ f.!rjfhka muKla fkdms<s.; hq;= h'
ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 205
37' OïumoÜg l:d 1" isxy, mßj¾;kh" tu" ms' 58'
iemj;a" iqjm;a .Dy Ôú; .; l< flda,; s - Wm;siia fofokd úfkdaoldó
Ôú; l<y'ta nj .sr.a. iuÊc nÿ W;aijj,g iyNd.S ùfuka fmfka'
tfy;a Ôú;fha yrh fkdfyd;a ksIaGdj ;uka ,o úfkdaodiaj, ke;ehs
is;+ fudõyq fudalaIh fidhd hdfï m%;sM,hla f,i uy;a jQ msßjrla
iu. jdih l< ixch msßjeðhdf.a wkq.dñlfhda jQy'
38' u' j' m' 1" tu" ms' 86'
zzúmaikkakd;s fLd f; wdjqfid" bkaøshdks mßiqoafOd PújKafKd
mßfhdodf;d lxis;ajx wdjqfid WoaÈiai mínðf;d@ZZ
39' tu" ms' 86'
zzfh Oïud fya;=mamNjd f;aix fya;=x ;:d.f;d wdy f;i[ap fhd
ksfrdaOd tjx jdÈ uyd iufKdZZ
40' È' ks' 1" flajâv iq;%h" tu" ms' 526'
41' tu" ms' 526 - 538'
42' È' ks' 1" n%yaucd, iQ;%h' tu" ms' 78'
43' u' ks' 2" w.a.sjÉPf.d;a; iQ;%h" ms' 260'
44' ix' ks' 2" lÉpdkf.d;a; iQ;%h" ms' 28'
45' tu" ms' 28'
46' tu" ms' 28'
47' tu" ms' 28'
48 §>kL fuka u Tyqf.a b.ekaùu fkdfyd;a jdoh ms<sn| W.;=ka w;r
talu;sl;ajhla fkdue;s nj fmfka' §>kL ms<sn| ±lafjk fm< yd
wgqjd újrKj,g wkqj Tyq b;d meyeÈ,s j u kdia;sljdÈfhls' kuq;a
uydpd¾h u,,fialr uy;d olajk wdldrhg Tyq n%dyauKfhla49
fkdj mßn%dclfhls' ^§>kfLd mßíndcfld&50 uydpd¾h ch;s,l
uy;d fmkajd fok mßÈ ´,avkan¾.a uy;df.a woyi kï §>kL
jkdyS Ndr;Sh ;d¾lsl ixYhjdohl wdrïNl ,laIhls'51 §>kL
ießhq ; a ys ñ f.a {d;s f hl= ùu;a " ießhq ; a ys ñ .s y s l, ixch
fn,a,ÜÀmq;a; Ydia;Djrhdf.a f.da,fhla j isàu;a52 i,ld n,k
úg fyf;u ixYhjdÈfhla fkdjkafka ukao@ hk ielh u;= fõ'
fulS lreKq wkqj §>kL ms<sn| fla' tka' ch;s,l uy;d fudyq
újdohg t<ô tl u ixYhjd§ .=rel=,h jQ i[achf.a .=rel=,hg
wh;a úKehs is;sh yels nj 53 olajhs'
Malasekara G.P., Doctonary of Pali - Proper names vol - I Manshiram
manoharlal publishers, pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1983, Pg. 1082' ‘‘Perhaps
he is the heretic Brahmin….''/u' ks' 2" oS>kL iQ;h% ' tu" ms' 280'$ch;s,l
fla' tka' uq,a nqÿ iufha {dk úNd.h" tu" ms' 318'/mm[apiQokS III,
isxy, mßj¾;kh" tu" ms' 141'$ch;s,l fla' tka' uq,a nqÿ iufha
{dk úNd.h" tu" ms' 324'
54' u' ks' 2" oS>kL iQ;%h' tu" ms' 280'
55' tu" ms' 280'
zzwyx ys fNd f.d;u tajxjdÈ" tajx ÈÜÀ iínx fu k Ldu;S;s'ZZ
206 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015 ixYhjdoh yd wdos fn!oaO Ñka;kh w;r iudk;d ''' 207

56' tu' ms' 280' nqoaOjximd,s ^1979&" uydksoafoai md,s ^1961&" nqoaO chka ;s
zzwf;d fLd f; w.a.sfjiaik nyqNs nyq;rd f,daliañxfh tajudyxiq; ;s % m s g l .% k a : ud,d mq k ¾uq ø Kh" fn!oa O ixia l D;s l
;ïmiai ;dÈifuj" ;ïmiai ;dÈifujd;s f;' ;[afÉj ÈÜsÀx uOHia:dkh" foysj,'
kmamcyka;s" w[a[[ap ÈÜÀx WmdÈhka;sZZ È' ks' 1" ^1962&" 2 ^1976&" 3 ^1976&" nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%ka: ud,d
57' tu" ms' 280'
mqk¾uqøKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,
58' tu" ms' 280'
59' tu" ms' 282'
oS> ksldh àld" fidaudj;S fyajdú;drK" urodk" 1967'
zzoaúys fï wiai ú.a.fydZZ mm[apiQOkS 1" fyajdú;drK" 1948'
60' tu" ms' 282' mka i s h mkia cd;l fmd;a j yka f ia 1" fn!oa O ixia l D;s l
61' ch;s,l fla' tka' uq,a nqÿ iufha {dk úNd.h" tu" ms' 320 uOHia:dkh" foysj," 2003'
62' úu,Oïu ysñ lkafof.dv" wdpdr O¾u' l¾;D m%ldYkhls" 2010" ms' 82' u' ks' 1 ^1973&" 2 ^1973&" 3 ^1974&" nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl .%ka: ud,d
63' tu" ms' 82' mqk¾uqøKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,'
64' È' ks' 1" n%yaucd, iQ;%h" tu" ms' 44' uyd ksoafoaiÜG l:d" ihsuka fyajd ú;drK" fld<U" 1921'
65' tu" ms' 44' ix' ks' 1 ^1960&" 2 ^1962&" 3 ^1983&" 4 ^1981&" 5 I ^1982&" 5 II ^1983&"
66' È' ks' 3" plaj;a;siSykdo iq;%h" tu" ms' 106' nqoO a chka;s ;s%msgl .%ka: ud,d mqk¾uqøKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl
zzuqid k Ndis;índZZ
uOHia:dkh" foysj,'
67 zzud okakd tl u foh lsisjla fkdokakd nj hsZZ hkak fidl%àia l<
iqm%lg m%ldYhls' tf,i u fidl%àia ±kSu iïnkaO fldg f.k
mqoa.,hka i;r fofkla fmkajd§ we;' tkï" oaú;ShSl uQ,dY%h(
1. hfula okafka o" okakd nj fkd±kafka o Tyq kskafoa h' wjÈ Ydia;%Sh .%ka:(
lrkak' wNhjxY lms," buekq fj,a ldkaÜf.a {dk úNd.h; fn!oaO
2. hfula fkdokafka o" fkdokakd nj fkdokafka o" Tyq fudavfhls' Ñka;kh weiqßka flfrk wOHhkhla" md,s yd fn!oaO mYapd;a
ÿre lrkak' Wmdê wdh;kh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h" 1997'
3. hfula fkdokafka o" fkdokakd nj okafka o" Tyq wirKfhls' wßhúu, ysñ fldiaj;af;a" nqoaO O¾uh" iuhj¾Ok" urodk"
msysg jkak' 1996'
4. hfula okafka o" okakd nj okafka o Tyq W.f;ls' .re lrkak' wdkkao ysñ" Wvqydjr" ;s%msglfhka fy<s jk nqoaO pß;h" weia'
wurdúlafÄmjd§kaf.ka isõjeks msßi jk w{dkNdjh mokï
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" 2000'
fldg .;a msßi fuu j¾.SlrKfha f;jeks .Kh iu. fndfyda
úg iudk jk nj fmfka' ^fuu ks.ukhg zzTyq wirKfhls'
W;a;rdkkao ysñ b÷refõ" oDIaá úNd.h" b÷rej uqøK Ys,amsfhda"
msyg s jkakZZ hkak fkdi,ld we;'& b÷rej" 1972'
68' Lq' ks' 1" Oïumo md<s" nd, j.a." tu" ms' 38' l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS" .S%l o¾Ykh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
69' È' ks' 1" n%yaucd, iQ;%h" ms' 4' n;a;ruq,a," 2007'
l,ka i Q ß h ta ' ã'mS " o¾Ykh ye¢ka ù ula " wdßh m% l dYlfhda "
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh( jrldfmd<" 2002'
m%d:ñl uQ,dY%h( l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS" od¾Yksl .eg¨ iy úÜ.kaiaffgka" iS$i"
wx' ks' 1' ^1960&" 2' ^1962&" 4' ^1970&" 5' ^1977&" nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜuka Üia iud.u - fmd;a m%ldYlfhda"
.%ka: ud,d mqk¾uqøKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" fld<U 02" 1986'
foysj,' l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS" kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykh" wOHdmk m%ldYk
Lq' ks' 1" Lqoaol mdG" Oïumo md,s" Wodkmd<s" ^1960&" iq;a; ksmd;h" fomd¾;fïka;=j" n;a;ruq,a," 2007'
^1977& máiïNs o d u.a . ^1979&" fma g flda m foa i h ^1989&"
208 ë - udkjYdia;% mSG Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 22 l,dmh" 2014$2015
l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS" ngysr úYaf,aIS o¾Ykh" wdßh m%ldYlfhda"
jrldfmd<" 2008'
l ¨myk ã'fÊ" N d r ;S h o¾Yk b ;s yd ih " r dcH Nd Id
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ch;s,l fla" o¾Ykjdo winäka" m%§m m%ldYlfhda" fld<U 12"
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chfialr luks" .S%l o¾Ykhg msúiqula" weia' f.dvf.a iy
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;s,lr;ak wix." Y=kH;djdofhys o¾Ykh yd prKh" fn!oaO
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Oïudkkao ysñ ;,,af,a" iïnqoaO foaYkdj" pß;h yd ;;ald,Sk
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Oïudkkao ysñ fydaud.u" fn!oaO yd ldkaáhdkq iodpdr o¾Ykh"
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Oïud,xldr ysñ b;a;Emdk" nqÿ oyfuys od¾Yksl m%ia;=; ^iQ;%
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m[a[dkkao ysñ mrjdyer" Oïumd, ysñ fõye,af,a" ngysr o¾Yk"
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mSßia u¾,ska" fmkakïfmreu ã'mS" fidl%àia Ôjk pß;h" iS$i"
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nIdï t a ' t , a " w i s ß u; a b ka Èhd j" wO Hd mk m % ld Yk
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hiiaiS ysñ mkyvqfõ" ksoyia Éka;kh yd ùuxikh· wd.ñl
od¾Yksl uQ,O¾u õ.%yhla" ud.ë md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk
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rdyq, ysñ fyÜáuq,af,a" ld,h yd wjldYh; fn!oaO u;h ms<sn|
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úfÊnKavdr pkaÈu" fudrgqj.u tÉ' tï" fn!oaO Ñka;kh iy
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úfÊnKavdr pkaÈu" fudrgqj.u tÉ' tï" wd§ fn!oaO Ñka;kh"
woyia lsysmhla" tia' f.dv.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10"
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úfÊr;ak wdkkao" Y%uK iïm%odh ^Iâ Ydia;Djreka we;=¿ nqoaO
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