idxÑ" Ndre;a yd wurdj;S leghïj,ska fy<sjk mer‚ ia;+m wdlD;sh

VIAD 21524 - Survey of Asian Art I-India Buddhist and Non-Buddhist

Traditions

HS/2020/0710

1
 mgqk

ye¢kaùu 03

bka§h ia‍;+m ks¾udKh ms<sn|j mj;sk ft;sydisl idOl 04 - 05

idxÑ f;drfKa oelafjk ia;+m leghï 06 - 09

Ndre;a .,a jefÜ oelafjk ia;+m leghï 10 - 11

wurdj;S .,a mqjre j, oelafjk ia;+m leghï 12 - 13

idxÑ" Ndre;a yd wurdj;S leghï j,ska fy<sjk mer‚ ia;+m wdlD;sh 14 - 17

yd tys wx. ,laIK yd udOH Ndú;h

iudf,dapkh

PdhdrEm kdudj,sh

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh

2
 ye¢kaùu

ia;+m hkq ixialD; NdIdfõys tk mdßNdIsl mohls' :Qm hkq tys md,s iajrEmh nj fmfka' ffp;Hh

hkq ia;+mhg u Ndú; lrk ;j;a m¾hdh mohls' mer‚ isxy, niska Bg ;=n fyda ;=U hkqfjka jHjydr

flfra' idudkH jyfra§ fuhg fjfyr" od.en f,i ;j;a m¾hdh mo .Kkdjla Ndú; flfra' fuf,i úúO kïj,ska

y÷kajd we;s ia;+mh fn!oaOhska úiska muKla fkdj ffck ne;su;=ka úiska o bÈfldg we;s njg

bkaÈhdfjka idOl yuqjk neúka fïjd fmdÿ wd.ñl iaudrl jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' nqoaO ld,fha§u

bkaÈhdfõ ia;+m ;ekSu ms<sn|j uQ,dY%hkays i|yka jqjo" th jvd;a ckm%sh ù we;af;a nqoaO

mßks¾jdKfhka miqj h' bkaÈhdfõ bÈ jQ uq,a ld,Sk ia;+m ms<sn|j idOl b;sßj we;af;a b;d

iq¿ m%udKhls'

bka§h ia;+m ks¾udKh ms<sn|j i|yka ft;sydisl f;dr;=re" idxÑ f;drfKys oelafjk ia;+m leghï"

Ndre;a .,a jefgys oelafjk ia;+m leghï" wurdj;S ffp;H mqjrefõ oelafjk ia;+m leghï ms<sn|j;a" tu

leghï uÕska fy<sjk mer‚ ia;+m wdlD;sfhys wx. ,laIK yd udOH Ndú;h ms<sn|j;a wOHhkh

lsÍu fuys uQ,sl wruqK nj i|yka l< hq;=h'

fï ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍug m%Odk jYfhkau idys;H uQ,dY% iy wka;¾cd,h

weiqfrka ,nd .;a ,smso Ndú;d l< w;r" idys;H uQ,dY% Ndú;fha§ m%d:ñl uQ,dY% fukau

oaú;Sh uQ,dY% o Ndú;hg .;a nj i|yka l< hq;= h' tA wkqj mqrdúoHd;aul idOl w,am jYfhka

mj;sk mer‚ bka§h ia;+m wdlD;sh ms<sn|j mq¿,aj yd ksrjq,aj ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu fuu

wOHhkfha uf.a wfmalaIdjhs'

3
 bka§h ia‍;+m ks¾udKh ms<sn|j mj;sk ft;sydisl idOl

fn!oaOd.ñl m%uqL jdia;= úoHd wx.hka w;r —ia;+mh— m%Odk .Dy ks¾udKhla f,i y÷kd.;

yelsh' nqoaO" m%;Hfhl nqoaO" wryka;" pl%j¾;s" uydrdc hk i;r fldÜGdihg wh;a

mqoa.,hkaf.a Od;= ;ekam;a fldg ia;+m ;ekSfuka Tjqka yg f.!rj iïudk oelaùu iqÿiq hehs nqÿka

jod, nj uyd mßksíndk iQ;%fha i|yka fõ ^fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2019' ms'144&'

nqÿka jykafia Ôjudkj jev isá ld,fhys§u we;eï ia;+m bÈ l< njg mqrdjD;a;hkays f;dr;=re i|yka

kuq;a YdÍßl Od;= ;eïm;a fldg ia;+m bÈlsÍfï iïm%odh wdrïN jQfha nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka

miqj muKla nj meyeÈ,s h' idys;H uQ,dY% úuiSfï§ bka§h ia;+m l¾udka;fhys wdrïNh ms<sn|j

wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'

bkaÈhdkq ia:Qm ks¾udKfhys uq,ald,Sk jeo.;au wjêh Wodjkafka wfYdal wêrdcHhdf.a md,k

iufha § h' wfYdal rcqf.a wd.ñl fiajdjka ms<sn|j úuiSfï§ fyf;u ia:Qm wiQydr oyila bÈl< nj

idys;H uQ,dY%j, i|yka fõ ^wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2018" ms'160&' tA w;r

ießhq;a uq.,ka fokuf.a NIaudjfYaI ;ekam;a fldg f.dvkÕk ,o idxÑ ia;+m ks¾udKh ms<sn|j

wfYdaldjodkfhys i|yka fõ' fkamd,fha kgnqkaj we;s msm%djdys ffp;Hh .hdfõ uydfndaê ia;

+mh o" wfYdal md,k iufha § bÈlrk ,oehs ie,fla' wfYdal rcqf.ka miqj t<ô l=IdK md,k iufha§

bÈ lrk ,o ia;+mhka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re i|yka fõ' tA w;r l‚Ial rcq úiska fmIdfjdarh fyj;a mqreImqrh

wi, bÈlrk ,o Id-ðls-fâß kï ia;+mh ms<sn|j yshqx ishExf.a N%uKjD;dka;h kï .%ka:fhys i|yka

fõ' tu úia;rhg wkqj th mSÀld y;rlska iukaú; ffp;Hhls' tys by<u mSÀldj u; ud,l oy;=klska

4
hqla; .¾Nhla iy oy;=fka isg úisyh olajd P;% j,ska iukaú; hIaáhla bÈlr ;snQ njo i|yka fõ

^uyskao" 2017' ms'23&' mdyshka ysñhkaf.a ishls kï jQ jd¾;dfjys o bka§h ia:Qm ms<sn|j

f;dr;=re jd¾;d lrhs'

wfYdal rcq úiska f.dvkxjk ,o ia;+mhla jk idxÑ ia;+mh wdkaø iufha§ úYd, fldg kej; m

%;sixialrKh l< nj i|yka fõ' fï wjêfha§ ia;+mfhys isõfoiska f;drK i;rla iy ia;+mh jgd .,a jegla bÈ

lsÍu o isÿ ù we;' fumßoafoka bka§h ia;+m ieris,sj,ska w,xldr lsÍug Wkkaÿjla olajd we;ss w;r

ia;+mh jgd jQ .,ajeg o leghñka w,xldr úh' wurdj;S ia;+mfhys ffp;H mqjre leghï tf,i leghñka

w,xldr lr we;s ia;+mhlg lÈu ksoiqkls' ñka miq ld,fha§ bkaÈhdfõ bÈ lrk ,o ia;+mhka w;r

idrkd;a yd ìydrfha msysá kd,kaod hk ia;+m jvd;a m%isoaO h' nqÿka jykafiaf.a m%:u O¾u

foaYkh isÿ jQ ia:dkfha bÈ lrk ,o idrkd;a ia;+mh fyj;a Ofula :qmfha i;r ÈYdfõ jQ ;

%sfldaKdldr ljq¿j, nqÿ ms<su ;ekam;a fldg ;snQ nj;a" tu ffp;H i;r fldfkys mßjdr ia;+m i;rla o

bÈfldg ;sîuo olakg ,efí'

bkaÈhdkq ia;+mfhys úldYkh ms<sn|j lreKq i,ld n,k úg uOH wdishdkq m%foaYfha

msysá .=yd úydr ;=< bÈfldg we;s ffp;H ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;ah' ngysr bkaÈhdfõ

fn!oaO .=yd wNHka;rfha msysá úydr ;=< § tjeks ffp;Hhka y÷kdf.k yelsh' tAjd ffp;H Yd,d f,i

y÷kajkq ,nk w;r Ndcd" fldkafâka" msg,afLdard" wcka;d" fnoaid" kdisla" ld¾f,a" cqkakd¾ yd

lkafyaß jeks ia:dkj, we;s .=yd úydr tjeks ffp;H Yd,dj,g ksoiqka jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' fuys§

wcka;dj jvd;a m%lg fõ' wcka;dj .=yd ;siafoflka wxl 09 iy wxl 10 orK .=yd ffp;Hh .=yd f,i

y÷kdf.k we;'

nqoaO m%;sud fk<Sug fmr ia;+mh jeo.;a mQckSh jia;=jla f,i ie,l+ fyhskao ia;+mh nqÿka

jykafia ixfla;d;aulj f.k yer oelajQ ksidfjkao ia;+mhg iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla yd jeo.;alula ,eì‚' flfia

jqjo bkaÈhdfõ ia;+m f.dvke.Sfï § wkq.ukh l< kS;s Í;s yd Ys,am l%u we;=<;a w;afmd;a lsisjla

fï jk úg fYaIj fkdue;' bkaÈhdfõ mer‚;u wjêhg wh;a ia;+m j,ska jeä m%udKhla fï jk úg kgnqkaj

mj;S' tfy;a tAjdhska lsysmhl muKla wd§;u iajrEmh oelsh yels mßÈ ;ju;a fYaIj we;s idxÑ"

5
Ndre;a" wurdj;S" kd.¾cqkS fldKav jeks mer‚ ia;+m leghïj, rEm igyka u.ska w;S; ia;+mhkays

wdlD;sl ,laIK y÷kd.; yelsh'

idxÑ f;drfKa oelafjk ia;+m leghï

idxÑ ia;+mh fu!¾h md,k iuhg wh;a ks¾udKhla jk w;r wfYdal rcq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o

njg ;yjqre ù we;' bkamiqj t<eô iqx. md,k iufha§ iqx.hka o nqÿoyug wkq.%yh oelaùu idxÑfha

ÈhqKqjg fya;=úh' idxÑ m%Odk ia;+mh jgd jk f;drK i;r id;jdyk hq.h wh;a fõ' fuu f;drK i;r

ks¾udKh ùug jir 50 l muK ld,hla .; jQ nj ie,fla' idxÑ f;drK i;r w;=ßka mer‚;u f;drK ol=Kq

f;drK nj m¾is n%jqka uy;d mjihs ^wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2018" ms'212&'

bkamiqj ms<sfj,ska W;=re f;drK;a" kef.kysr f;drK;a" ngysr f;drK;a" bÈù we;s njg ld, ks¾Kh

lr we;' fuu f;drK i;r ks¾udKh lr we;af;a isria w;g isgqjd we;s .,a lKq folla u; ;sria w;g

fhdok ,o .,alKq ;=klsks' ;sria .,alKq fl<jr ;,am;la yl=,d we;s wdldrhg ks¾udKh lr ;sfnk w;r

tAjd —Wfv,sm;a— hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ' tfiau f;drfKys isria .,a lKq YS¾I u; o" l=¨Kq YS¾I iu.

;sria .,alKq iïnkaO ia:dkfhys o" i;aj rEm" ia;%S rEm" úúO ixfla; we;=<;a ks¾udK fõ' idxÑ

leghï ioyd cd;l l;d" nqoaO pß;fha úúO isÿùï fukau ft;sydisl isÿùï o jia;= úIh ù we;' idxÑ leghï

ys olakg ,efnk iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla jkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafia fjkqjg iEuúgu fndaê jDlaIh" O¾u

pl%h" jc%dikh" › m;=," ia;+mh wd§ ixfla; Ndú;d lsÍuhs' tA w;r ia;+mh ixfla;d;aul j

fhdod .ekSu iqúfYaIS fõ'

6
nqÿka jykafia ksrEmKh lsÍug fukau" nqÿjreka úúO ft;sydisl mqj;aj, i|yka ia;+mhka oelafjk

leghï o tA w;r fõ' idxÑ f;drK i;frysu ia;+mh oelafjk leghï y÷kd.; yelsh' m<uqfjkau bÈ l<d

hehs ie,flk ol=Kq f;drfKys ia;+m oelafjk leghï ;=kla fõ' tys bÈßmi uOH.; Wfv,smf;ys wfYdal

rcq rdu .%duhg meñŒu oelafjk leghfuys o" tu Wfv,sm;g my<ska jk ol=Kq mi l=¨Kq fldgfiys

ia;+mhg kuialdr lsÍu oelafjk leghul o" tu f;drfKa msgqmi by<u Wfv,smf;ys i;a nqÿjre oelafjk

leghu o fuf,i ia;+m oelafjk leghï f,i y÷kd.; yelsh'

W;=re f;drfKys ia;+m oelafjk leghï y;rla y÷kd.; yelsh' tys bÈßmi by<u Wfv,smf;ys i;anqÿjre

oelafjk ksrEmKfhys o" msgqmi jQ jï l=¨fKys ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghï foll o"

ixliaimqr o¾Ykhg ol=Kq miska oelafjk úfoaYslhka 18 fofkl= ia:Qmh jkaokd udk lrk wdldrh

oelafjk leghul o" ia;+mh oelafõ' tys kef.kysr f;drfKys ia;+mh oelafjk leghï y;rla y÷kd.; yelsh'

tu f;drfKys bÈßmi by<u Wfv,smf;ys i;anqÿjre oelafjk ksrEmKhl o" msgqmi f;drfKys

by<skau jk Wfv,sm;g my<ska jk l=¨Kq fomi ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk leghï foll

o" my<u Wfv,smf;ys we;=ka ia;+mh jkaokdudk leghul o" ia;+mh oelafjhs' ;jo tys ngysr

f;drfKys o ia;+mh oelafjk leghï yhla y÷kd.; yelsh' tu f;drfKys bÈßmi i;anqÿjre oelafjk

ksrEmKhl o" my<u Wfv,sm; fomfiys jk ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghul o f;drfKys

msgqmi l=¨Kq foflys ol=Kqmi yd jïmi ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk leghï ;=kl o" ia;

+mh ksrEmKh lr we;'

ol=Kq f;drfKys bÈßmi ueo jQ Wfv,smf;ys oelafjk leghfuys wfYdal uy rcq fldakd.u nqÿkaf.a

iEh je§ug imsßjßka meñfKk wjia:dj ksrEms; leghu uOHfhys ia:Qmhla oelafõ ^01 rEmh& '

wYaj r:hl ke.S wd rcq o we;=ka msg meñ‚ msßila o jïmiska jk w;r ol=Kq miska iEhg

jkaokdudk lrk kd. msßila fõ' Tjqka kd.hka nj fmkaùug khsfmk iys; ysiajeiqï me<| we;' leghu

uOHfha jk ia;+mh ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï§ .¾Nh" m%olaIsKd m:" y¾ñldj" hIaáh" P;%h

hk ia;+mdx. y÷kd.; yelsh' fuys f.da,dldr .¾Nhg my<skau jk m%olaIsKd m:hg by<ska ;j;a m

%olaIsKd m:hla fõ' tAjd .,a.rdÈ jegl iajrEmh m<lrhs' fuu .,a.rdÈ jegj,a ;sria yd isria w;g

fhdod we;s .,amqjre fhdod ks¾udKh lr we;s nj o leghu wOHhkfha § meyeÈ,s fõ' ;jo ia;

7
+m .¾Nh by<skau jk y¾ñld o .,a.rdÈ jegl iajrEmh m<lrhs' y¾ñldjg by<ska l%ufhka by<g

hkúg úYd, jk ud,l y;rlska hq;a .Dy ks¾udK wx.hla y÷kd.; yelsh' tA u; j,dl=¿ neïul iajrEmh m,

lrk m%dldr fldgila o fõ' Bg by<ska .,ageUla u; jk P;%hla fõ' fuh ia;+mh fhdod.;a w.kd

leghuls'

01 rEmh - wfYdal rcq rdu .%duhg meñŒu oelafjk leghu" idxÑ ol=Kq f;drK
idxÑ f;drK y;frysu ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk leghï y÷kd.; yelsh' leghï uOHfha ia;

+mh oelafõ' tu iEu leghulu oelafjk ia;+mhkays .¾Nh" ‍m%olaIsKd m:" y¾ñldj" by<g hk úg l

%ufhka úYd, jk ud,l wdldrfha .Dy ks¾udK wx.h yd hIaáh iys; P;%h oel.; yelsh' iq¿ jYfhka

fuu ia;+m leghïys ksrEms; P;% m%udKfhys fjkialï y÷kd.; yelsh' ol=Kq f;drfKys jk ia;+mh

jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk leghu uOHfha úYd, P;%hla yd tu P;%h fomi mßjdr l+vd P;%

fol ne.ska olajhs ^02 rEmh& ' W;=re f;drfKys olajk ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk leghï foflys P;

%hka ;=kla oel.; yelsh' W;=re f;drfKys msgqmi oelafjk leghul ia:Qmfhys by<g hk úg l

%ufhka úYd, jk ud,l wdldrfha ks¾udK wx.h fkdolajhs ^03 rEmh& ' ol=Kq f;drfKys

jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk ia;+m leghfuys yer wfkla ia;+m leghïys .¾Nh o ieris,sj,ska

w,xldr lr ;sîu oel.; yelsh' ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghï ish,a,lu oelafjk wx. ,laIK"

mßudK ,laIK iudk;ajhla m< lrhs'

8
 02 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk 03 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk

leghula" idxÑ ol=Kq f;drK leghula" idxÑ W;=re f;drK

tfukau f;drK i;frysu i;a nqÿjreka oelafjk Wfv,sm;a leghï fõ' tu leghï u.ska w;S;fha isá nqÿjre

ihfokd iy f.!;u nqÿka Tjqkaf.a Od;= ;eïm;a l< ia;+m u.ska yd Tjqka nqoaO;ajhg m;ajQ

jDlaIhka u.ska ksrEmKh lrhs' fuys§ i;anqÿjre ksrEmKh lsÍug ia;+mhka ;%s;ajhla yd wdik

iys; jDlaIhka i;rla oelafõ' fuh nqÿka jykafia yd fiiq nqÿjreka ksrEmKhg ixfla;hla jYfhka ia;

+mh fhdod.;a wjia:djls' idxÑ ol=Kq mi f;drfKys yer wka f;drK ;=fkysu i;anqÿjre ksfhdackh

lrk leghïys olajk ia;+mhka wfYdal rcq rdu .%duhg meñŒu oelafjk leghfuys uOHfha olajk ia;

+mhg fnfyúka iudk jk w;r tAjdfhys .¾Nh ieris,s j,ska w,xldr lr ;sîu oel.; yelsh' ol=Kq f;drfKys

i;anqÿjre ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk leghfuys uOHfhys olajk ia;+mh fomi tla P;%hla muKla olajk ia;

+mhka folla oelajqj o" uOHfhys olajk ia;+mfhys Wia jQ hQm lKqjl r|jd we;s úYd, P;%hg

wu;rj l=vd mßjdr P;%hka y;rla oelafõ ^04 rEmh& ' uOHfhys jk ia;+mh f.!;u nqÿka ksfhdackh

lrk wmQ¾j jQ ixfla;hla nj meyeÈ,sh'

04 rEmh - i;a nqÿjre oelafjk leghula" idxÑ ol=Kq f;drK

idxÑ W;=re f;d‍rfKys ia;+mh oelafjk ;j;a iqúfYaIS leghula yuqfjhs' tys§ úfoaYslhka 18 fokl=

idxÑ ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk o¾Ykhla fõ ^05 rEmh& ' idxÑ ia:Qmfhys olajk ,o iEu ia;+m

wx.hlau tys olajd we;s w;r miq ld,fha§ ks¾udKh lrk ,o fuu f;drK ksrEmKh lsÍu o fuu

fï whqßka idxÑ ia;+mfhys olajk ,o leghï m%Odk

jYfhka nqoaO pß;h yd nqÿjreka ksrEmKh lsÍug

leghfuys olakg ,efnk iqúfYaIS ,laIKhls' tys§ leghï Ys,amshd idxÑ f;drK iuÕ jk Wia jQ .,a jeg

o ksrEmKh lr ;sîu o olakg ,efí'

05 rEmh - úfoaYslhka 18 fofkl= idxÑ ia;+mh

jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghu" idxÑ W;=re f;drK

Ndre;a .,a jefÜ oelafjk ia;+m leghï

Ndre;a keue;s m%foaYfha ;sî mqrdúoHd{fhl= jQ wef,laiekav¾ lkskayeï úiska l%sia;= j¾I

1873 § kgnqka jQ ffp;Hl fldgia iy tA jgd jQ .,a jegl fldgia fidhd .kakd ,§ ^fm%audkkao"

2009' ms'118&' tu idOl wkqj Ndre;a ia;+mh idxÑ ia;+mhg jvd l=vd m%udKfha ia;+mhla nj

meyeÈ,s úh' Ndre;a ia;+mh bÈ ù bkamiqj tys jgd jQ .,a jeg iy f;drK bÈ jQ nj y÷kdf.k we;' tA

wkqj ia;+mh fu!¾h hq.hg;a .,a jeg iqx. hq.hg;a wh;a nj úpdrlhkaf.a u;h ù we;' Ndre;a ia;+mh

kgnqkaj mej;sho" tys jgd jQ .,a jeg fï jk úg;a fyd¢ka iqrlaIs;j mj;S' ffp;Hh jgd jQ wä 7 hs

wÕ,a 1 la Wi m%dldrfhys ia;ïN 80 la oelsh yels jQ w;r tAjd iïnkaO lsÍug ;sria w;g fh¥ .,audjr

—iqÑ— kñka ye¢kafõ' fuu .,a jeg —fn!oaO Ys,d m%dldrh— f,i o ye¢kafõ' .,ageU ys by<

fldgi m%dldr YS¾I Ys,dj fõ' tfiau wä 9 hs wÕ,a 7 1$2 la muK Wia jQ wgmÜgï .,a lKq 44 la

tla fldg tA u; ;ekQ fõÈldjla jeks fldgil isxyrEm yd .j rEm fk<d we;' fuu .,ajefgys olajk ,o jia;=

úIhhka w;r u,aje,a" ,shje,a" m<;=re wdÈ ieris,s fudaia;r fukau cd;l l;d" nqÿ isßf;a úúO

10
isoaêka" yd hlaI hlaIŒka" foaj;drEm olajk leghï o fõ' idxÑ fuka Ndre;a Ys,amshdo nqÿka

jykafia fjkqjg fndaê jDlaIh" O¾u pl%h" isßm;=, jeks ixfla; fhdod f.k ;sîu o y÷kd.; yelsh'

fn!oaO Ys,d m%dldrfha ia;+mh oelafjk leghï ;=kla y÷kd.; yelsh' bka tlla .,a jegys uOHfhys jk

udjrhl jQ jD;a;dldr .,a mqjrejl o wfkla leghï fol m%dldr YS¾I Ys,dfjys o olakg ,efí'

jD;a;dldr .,a mqjrejl olajk leghfuys Ndre;a ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk ksrEmKhla

fõ ^06 rEmh& ' tys uOHfha ia;+mh olajd we;' Wia jQ mdoula u; tu ia;+mh ks¾udKh lr ;sfnk

nj meyeÈ,sh' tu ia;+mfhys .,a .rdÈ jeg" .¾Nh" y¾ñldj" by<g hkúg l%ufhka úYd, jk ud,l

wdldrfha .Dy ks¾udK wx.h y÷kd.; yelsh' tu wx.hg by<ska uOHfhys isgqjk ,o P;%hla jk w;r

tu P;%h wdjrKh jk fia ;kk ,o wdjrKhla o fõ' tfiau tu wdjrKh fomiska hIaá u; fomig keuqKq

wdldrfhka olajk w,xldr P;%hka follao fõ' tfiau ia;+mfha y¾ñldj fomi o leghñka w,xldr lrk ,o

l=vd P;%hka folla olajd we;' .¾Nh w,xldr mqIam leghï j,ska yd ieris,s j,ska w,xldr lr ;sfí'

y¾ñldjg by<ska jk ud,l iajrEmhla m< lrk .Dy ks¾udK wx.hla o fuys olakg ,efí' fuys oelafjk

ffp;Hh mdofuys ir, fndroï leghï ,laI K y÷kd .; yelsh'

06 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk 07 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh

wdldrh oelafjk leghula" Ndre;a .,ajeg oelafjk leghula" Ndre;a .,ajeg

tfiau m%dldr YS¾I Ys,dfjys o ia;+mh oelafjk ;j;a leghula fõ' tys ne;su;=ka úiska Ndre;a ia;

+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh ksrEmKh lrhs' ^07 rEmh& th fmr olajk ,o jD;a;dldr ia;+m leghug

11
fnfyúka iudkh' tys olakg ,efnk ia;+m wx. ,laIKhka o" P;%h wdjrKh lr we;s wdjrKhla o fõ'

kuq;a tu jD;a;dldr leghfuys olajk ,o ia;+mfhys .¾Nfhys olajk ,o ieris,s yd leghï ks¾udKh jvd

ixlS¾K jQ w,xlrKhla tys .¾Nfhys olakg ,efí'

tfiau ia;+mfhys mdofuys w;a, igyka oelafjk leghï o

olakg ,efí' m%dldr YS¾I Ys,dfjys olajk wfkla isria È.=

leghfuys tla P;%hla u; kxjk ,o ;j;a P;%hla olakg ,efí ^08

rEmh& ' th wfkla ia;+m leghïys olakg fkd,efí' Ndre;a ia;

+mh j¾;udkfha meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; fkdyels jqjo" tys w;S;

iajNdjh wjfndaO lr.ekSug fuu ia;+m leghï ufydamldÍ fõ'

08 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghula" Ndre;a .,ajeg

wurdj;S .,a mqjre j, oelafjk ia;+m leghï

fu!¾h wêrdÊh ì|jeàfuka miqj l%sia;= mQ¾j 2 jk Y;j¾Ifha § muK ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ l%sIaK

yd f.daodjÍ .x.d winv jQ wurdj;sh jeo.;a fn!oaO uOHia:dkhla úh' f;<sÕ= ni l;d l< øúv ck

fldÜGdihla jQ wdkaøhka fyj;a id;jdykhka nqÿ oyu je<| .ekSfuka miqj fn!oaOhka jQ w;r

Tjqka wurdj;sfhys wNsj¾Okh Wfoid lghq;= lrk ,eîh' wurdj;sh flakaø fldgf.k fn!oaO .Dy

ks¾udK fndfyda m%udKhla bÈù we;' wurdj;S iïm%odhg wh;a leghï tys ia;+m leŒï iu. yuq ù

we;' wurdj;S ia;+mh 19 jk ishjfia § mqrdúoHd{hka úiska fidhd .kakd úg tys ;sî we;af;a

leãì£ .sh .,a jegla" l=¨Kq lsysmhla yd .fvd,a f.dvla mu‚' mqrdúoHd;aul idOl fuu ia;+mh l

%sia;= mQ¾j 2 jk ishjfia§ ks¾udKh lr we;s nj y÷kdf.k we;' kuq;a tys leghï .,a mqjre yd .,a

jefgys ks¾udK l%sia;= j¾I 2 jk ishjfia§ muK ks¾udKh lr we;'

12
fuu ia:dkfhka ,enqKq oekg uÿrdis fl!;=ld.drfhys olakg we;s wurdj;S ffp;H mqjrej f,i ye¢kafjk

leghï mqjrefjys wurdj;S ia;+mfha wdlD;sh meyeÈ,sj olskakg ,efí ^09 rEmh& ' wurdj;S leghï

mqjrefõ oelafjk mßÈ ffp;Hh .¾Nh u; nqoaO pß;h yd cd;l l;d wdÈfhka .,a leghï mqjrej o"

ffp;H jgd jQ .,a jeg fkdfhl=;a ieris,s fudaia;rhkaf.ka w,xldr lr we;s nj;a y÷kd.; yelsh' wurdj;S

ffp;H mqjrej u.ska mer‚ ia;+m wx. ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'

fuu ffp;H mqjrefj ys oelays oelafjk mßÈ ia:Qmh uQ,sl jYfhka m%olaIsKd m:" .¾Nh" y¾ñld"

P;% wdÈfhka iukaú; jQ nj fmfka' ia;+mh jgd .,a jegla ;snqKq wdldrh;a" ia;+mfhys ì;a;shg

leghï mqjre iúlr ;snQ wdldrh;a" tu leghï mqjre nqoaO pß;h oelafjk w,xldr leghñka hq;= jQ

nj;a" uekúka y÷kd.; yelsh' idxÑ" Ndre;a ffp;Hj, fuka fuu ia;+mh jgd f;drK olakg fkd,efnk w;r

tA fjkqjg fuys .,ajefgka bÈßhg fkrd .sh fodrgq bÈßfhka ;kk ,o ia;ïN mylska hq;a ks¾udKhla

y÷kd.; yelsh' leghï mqjrefjys oelafjk wdldrhg ia;+mh jgd m%olaIsKd mo folla y÷kd.; yelsh'

tla m%olaIsKd m:hla fmd<jg iïnkaOj ffp;Hhg msg;ska bÈù we;s wdldrh iy tu .,a jeg jD;a;dldr

leghï mqjre j,ska yd ;sria ;Sre leghï j,ska w,xldr ù we;s nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ' tfiau ffp;Hh m%fõYh

fomi l=¨Kqj, isxy rEmh uQ¾;s folla o tu .,a jeg fomi ks¾udKh lr ;sîu olakg ,efí' fuys

olakg ,efnk wfkla m%olaIsKd m:h ffp;Hhg iïnkaO jk fia bÈlr we;s w;r th uq,ska i|yka l< m

%olaIsKd m:hg jvd by<ska ks¾udKh lr ;sîu o olakg ,efí' fuys .¾Nhg by<ska y¾ñldj y÷kd.;

yelsh' .,ajegl iajrEmh m< lrk th uOHfha úis;=re lrk ,o is,skavrdldr .,ageUla yd fomiska by<g

ke.=Kq l=vd P;%hka folla y÷kd.; yelsh' tfiau fuys m%fõYfhys msh.egfm< bÈßfhka leghñka

w,xldr lrk ,o i|lvmyK ks¾udKhla o y÷kd.; yelsh' fuu leghï mqjrefõ by< fomi ia;+mh

jkaokdudk lrk foúhka ksrEmKh fldg we;'

13
 09 rEmh - wurdj;S ffp;H mqjrefõ oelafjk ia;+m leghu

wurdj;S ia;+mfhka yuq jQ fuu ffp;H mqjrej kgUqkaj wä;d,fï m%udKh mjd fidhd .ekSug

wmyiq ù we;s wurdj;S ia;+mfhys w;S; iajNdjh jgyd .ekSug bjy,a jk jeo.;a idOlhla jYfhka

y÷kd.; yelsh'

idxÑ" Ndre;a yd wurdj;S leghï j,ska fy<sjk mer‚ ia;+m wdlD;sh yd tys

wx. ,laIK yd udOH Ndú;h

fn!oaOd.ñl .Dy ks¾udK wx.hka w;r ia;+mh m%uqL jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udKhla jYfhka

y÷kd.; yelsh' fn!oaO wd.ñl ia;+mh ks¾udKfhys wdrïNh isÿ jQ wjêh ;=< ks¾udKh jQ ia;+mh

úúO ld, jljdkqj,§ ixj¾Okh fjñka úldYkh fjñka l,dmfha fjk;a rgj,g jHdma; jQ wdldrh y÷kd.;

yelsh' ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hkays bkaÈhdfõ ia;+m ks¾udKh ms<sn|j f;dr;=re i|yka jqjo" tA

ms<sn|j yuqjk mqrdúoHd;aul idOl w,amh' ft;sydisl f;dr;=re u.ska wkdjrKh jk fuu fn!oaO

wd.ñl ia;+m j, uq,a ld,Sk yevh" wdlD;sh ms<sn|j y÷kd .ekSug yd ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug

yels jkafka idxÑ ia;+mh" idxÑ leghï" Ndre;a leghï yd wurdj;S leghï wdY%s;jh' tu leghï

uÕska w;S; bka§h ia;+m wdlD;sh ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'

14
idxÑ" Ndre;a yd wurdj;S leghï j, olakg ,efnk ia;+mhkays yevh ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï §

w¾O f.da,dldr yevhlg iudk .¾Nhla tys§ y÷kd.; yelsh' tu leghï j, olakg ,efnk ia;+m

ks¾udKhka m%Odk jYfhkau m%olaIsKd m:" .¾Nh" y¾ñldj" hIaáh yd P;%h hk ia;+m wx.

j,ska iukaú; ù ;sfí' tu ia;+mhkays olakg ,efnk wdlD;suh wx.hkays mj;akd úfYaI;d" fjkialï

fukau ia;+m úldYkfhys lemS fmfkk wjia:d lsysmhlao y÷kd .; yelsh'

10 rEmh
idxÑfha oelafjk mßÈ leghïys oelafjk - ia;+m wdlD;sh"
ia;+mfhys y¾ñldj kï idxÑ
jQ .,a .rdÈ jegl iajrEmh m< lrk .Dy

ks¾udKd;aul wx.hg by<ska l%ufhka by<g hkúg úYd, jk ud,l wdldrfha .Dy ks¾udK wx.hla

y÷kd.; yelsh' idxÑ f;drK leghï j, muKla fkdj Ndre;a .,a jeg leghï j, o fuu wx.h iys; ia;+m leghï

y÷kd.; yelsh' wcka;d ffp;H Yd,d wNHka;rfhys jk ia;+mhkaf.a o Ndcd yd ld¾f,a ia;+mhkaf.a

o fuu wx.h meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; yelsh ^13 rEmh& ^14 rEmh& ' bka§h ia;+mfhys m<uq úldYk

wjêhg wh;a idOl idxÑ ia;+m leghï ;=<ska ukdj oDYH fõ'

tfiau idxÑ leghï ;=<ska ia;+m úldYkfhys ;j;a tla wÈhrla y÷kd.; yelsh' tys§ ia;+mfhys by<

hQm lKq u; msysgqjk ,o P;%hkays fjkialï y÷kd .; yelsh' uq,a ld,Skj P;%hla muKla oelajqjo

miqj m%Odk P;%hg wu;rj ;j;a P;%hka folla fyda y;rla oelaùu isÿ lrk ,§' tfiau ia;+mhka jgd m

%olaIsKd m:h j,g wu;rj .,a jegla yd f;drKla ks¾udKh ùuo ia;+m úldYkfhys iqúfYaIS

wjia:djla f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' tu f;drK leghñka w,xldr ùu o y÷kd.; yelsh' Ndre;a ys olajk ,o ia;+m

15
wdlD;Ska úuiSfï § hQmhla iys; c;%h wdjrKh jk mßÈ ks¾udKh lrk ,o wx.hla y÷kd.; yelsh'

tfiau P;%hka msysgqùfï§ tl u; tlla jk fia msysgqjk ,o P;%hka o y÷kd.; yelsh' bka§h ia;+m

ks¾udKfhys ÈhqKq;u úldYk wjia:djla wurdj;s leghïj,ska y÷kd.; yelsh' tA wkqj fmr i|yka

lrk ,o ia;+m wx.hkag wu;rj ia;+m .¾Nh o nqoaO pß;h oelafjk f;audjka yd ieris,s rgdjkaf.ka

w,xldr lsÍu ia;+m ks¾udKfha ÈhqKq;u wjia:djla fmkajhs'

11 rEmh - ia;+m wdlD;sh" Ndre;a

fndfyda ia;+mhkays ia;+mh jgd m%olaIsKd lsÍug m%olaIsKd m:hla bÈ lr ;sfnkakg we;' ia;

+mhg iïnkaOj ks¾udKh jQ m%olaIsKd m:hg ke.Sug fidamdk mka;shla o ks¾udKh lr ;sî we;'

fuu m%olaIsKd m:h .,a jeglska wdjrKh ù ;sfnk w;r tu .,a jeg úis;=re leghñka

w,xldr j ;sfnkakg we;' fuf,i leghï j,ska oDYH jk ia;+m wdlD;Ska yd kgUqkaj mj;sk ia;+m

wjfYaI uÕska bka§h ia;+mfhys bmer‚ iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

16
 12 rEmh - ia;+m wdlD;sh"

wurdj;S

bkaÈhdfõ ia;+m ks¾udKh i|yd fhdod.;a udOH Ndú;h yd tAjd ks¾udKfha § Ndú; l< Ys,am l

%u ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfï§ wdo¾Yhla jYfhka idxÑ ia;+mh Ndú; l< yelsh' tA wkqj

fndfyda úg bkaÈhdkq ia;+m j, Wor fyj;a .¾N >khla f,ig .fvd,ska bÈlr ;snQ nj fmfka' bka§h ia;

+m kgnqka wjfYaIhka w;r olakg ,efnk nyq;rhl .fvd,a wjfYaI idOl yuq fõ' idudkHfhka

bkaÈhdkq ia;+mj, Od;= .¾Nh msysgjk ,oafoa od.efí moku u; bÈfldg ;snqKq fmaid j<¨

j,ska ;=kafjks fmaidfõ u;=msg uÜgfï § h' ia:Qmfhys .¾Nh yereKq fldg wfkl=;a Wmdx.

fndfydaúg mdIdK udOHfhka ksu jQ njg idOl yuqù we;' .¾Nhg by<ska y¾ñldj bÈ fldg we;'

—y¾ñldj— hkafkys w¾:h l=vd uKavmh hkakhs' idxÑ uyd ia;+mfhys o iqúi,a y;/ia fmÜáhl

yevfhka ilia lrk ,o fuu y¾ñldfõ úYalïNh wä myhs wÕ,a y;la iy Wi wä wÕ,a 8 la muK fõ' tfy;a

idys;H uQ,dY%j,g wkqj .¾Nh ;=< tys uOHfhka wdrïN jk hQm kñka ye¢kajQ geUla msysg

jQ nj;a" tu l=¨fka my< fldgi wdjrKh jk mßÈ y¾ñldj f.dvkxjd hQmfha by< fldgi u; P;% kxjd

we;s njla olakg ,efí'

13 rEmh - Ndcd ia;+m 14 rEmh - wcka;d ffp;H Yd,djl

olakg ,efnk ia;+mhla
17
bkaÈh ia;+m idOl úuiSfï § tAjdfhys by< fldgi uq¿ukskau wdrlaId ù we;s ia;+m bkaÈhdfõ

fYaI ù fkdue;' tfyhska tAjdfhys by< fldgiaj, úldYkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re oelaùu wo b;d wiSre

lreKla njg m;aù ;sfí' tfy;a ia;+mhka wìhi ;sî fi,auqjd .,a geUla yd P;%hkays idOl yuqj we;s

neúka th ia;+mfhys by< fldgi iïnkaO wx.hla nj ia;+m leghï wOHkfha § meyeÈ,s fõ' tla tla ia;

+mh wkqj tys P;% ixLHdj fjkia ù we;s njo meyeÈ,sh' idxÑ" Ndre;a" wurdj;s leghï u.ska mer‚

bka§h ia;+m ks¾udKfha § fhdod.;a udOH" ks¾udK l%ufõoh ms<sn|j ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'

iudf,dapkh

nqÿ oyfuys wdrïNh isÿ jkafka l%sia;= mQ¾j miajk ishjfia Ndr;fha h' nqÿ oyu yd ne÷Kq m

%uqL f.dvkeÕs,a,la f,i ia;+mh bÈ ùu isÿúh' uq,a ld,Skj nqÿkajykafiag ;snQ ìh;a" f.!rjh;a"

Nla;sh;a ksid Wkajykafiaj udkj rEmldfhka ksrEmKh lsÍug ue,s jQ Ys,amSka úúO

ixfla;dldrfhka ksrEmKh fldg nqÿyq jkaokdudk l<y' tf,i fhdod.;a ixfla;hka w;r —ia;+mh—

iqúfYaIS fõ' miqj nqÿka jykafiaf.a yd ry;=ka jykafia,df.a Od;+ka ;ekam;a fldg ia;+mh

ks¾udKh ùu isÿúh' bkaÈhdfõ uq,a ld,Skj ks¾udKh jQ ia;+m ks¾udKhka ms<sn|j fidhd n,k

úg tA ms<sn|j b;sßj we;af;a idOl w,am m%udKhla nj fmkS hhs'

18
tys§ bkaÈhdfõ idxÑ ia;+mfhys f;drfKys oelafjk leghï" Ndre;a .,ajefgys ys oelafjk leghï yd

wurdj;S ffp;H mqjrefj ys oelafjk leghï jeo.;a uQ,dY%hka njg m;afjhs' tu leghï uÕska

bmer‚ bka§h ia;+m wdlD;sh yd ks¾udK l%ufõoh ms<sn|j woyila ,nd .; yelsh' tA wkqj m

%Odk jYfhkau ia:Qmh fmaidj" .¾Nh" y¾ñldj" P;% yd m%olaIsKd m: hk wx.hkaf.ka iuka

j ;sfnk nj olakg ,efí' .¾Nh fndfyda úg w¾O f.da,dldr yevhlg iudkj bÈù ;sfnk w;r" .fvd,a udOH

uq,a fldg f.k ks¾udKh ù ;sfnk nj;a" ia:Qmfhys wfkl=;a wx. mdIdK udOHh Ndú;fhka

f.dvk.kakg we;s nj;a is;sh yelsh'

ia;+mfhka ia;+mhg tys ndysr wx. ,laIKhka ys fjkialï o y÷kd.; yelsh' we;eï ia;+m .¾Nhka

leghñka w,xldr lr ;sîu o" ia;+mhka jgd w,xldrhg f;drK yd .,a jeg ksuùu o tAjd leghñka w,xldr

ùu o y÷kd.; yelsh' ;jo tu tla tla ia;+m wdlD;Ska ys tlsfklg iudk ,laIK o y÷kd .; yelsh' tfiau tu

idxÑ" Ndre;a" yd wurdj;S leghï uÕska ia;+m ks¾udKfhys yd úldYkfhys jeo.;a wjia:d

lsysmhla y÷kd.; yelsh' fuf,i bkaÈhdfõ ks¾udKh jQ ia;+m ks¾udKh l,dmfha wfkla rgj,g

jHdma; fjñka" úúO wjëka j,§ úldYkh fjñka" fn!oaOd.ñl wksjd¾h f.dvke.s,a,la f,i j¾Okh jQ nj

ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'

PdhdrEm kdudj,sh

01 rEmh - wfYdal rcq rdu .%duhg meñŒu oelafjk leghu" idxÑ ol=Kq f;drK

https://www.photodharma.net/India/Sanchi-1-South-Gate/images/South-Gate-Original-

00012.jpg

02 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghula" idxÑ ol=Kq f;drK

19
https://www.photodharma.net/India/Sanchi-1-North-Gate/images/North-Gate-Original-

00016.jpg

03 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghula" idxÑ W;=re f;drK

https://www.photodharma.net/India/Sanchi-1-South-Gate/images/South-Gate-Original-

00014.jpg

04 rEmh - i;a nqÿjre oelafjk leghula" idxÑ ol=Kq f;drK

https://www.photodharma.net/India/Sanchi-1-South-Gate/images/South-Gate-Original-

00021.jpg

05 rEmh - úfoaYslhka 18 fofkl= idxÑ ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghu" idxÑ W;=re

f;drK

https://www.insightsonindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/A-narrative-panel-at-Sanchi-

stupa.jpg

06 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk leghula" Ndre;a .,ajeg

https://www.meisterdrucke.ie/kunstwerke/1200w/Unbekannter_Kuenstler_-

_Medallion_with_worshipers_relief_from_Stupa_of_Bharhut_Buddhist_monument_Madhya

_-_%28MeisterDrucke-1117448%29.jpg

07 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lrk wdldrh oelafjk leghula" Ndre;a .,ajeg

https://smarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2022-08-30-at-2.22.21-

PM.png

08 rEmh - ia;+mh jkaokdudk lsÍu oelafjk leghula" Ndre;a .,ajeg - nqÿ ms<suhg fmr nqÿ

yduqÿrefjda .%ka:fhka ,nd.;a PdhdrEmhls'

09 rEmh - wurdj;S ffp;H mqjrefõ oelafjk ia;+m leghu

20
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/be/e2/9b/bee29b0b5d4e16f4ffdbed43ed92b1fd.jpg

10 rEmh - ia;+m wdlD;sh" idxÑ

https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-content-images/

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12 rEmh - ia;+m wdlD;sh" wurdj;S - Early Buddhist Architecture in Context .

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wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" ^2018&' bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih" rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j"

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fidau;s,l" uyskao' ^2017&" fn!oaO ia;+mfhys m%Njh yd úldYh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

mqoa.,sl iud.u" fld<U 10'

úl%u.uf.a" pkaød' ^1990&" ia;+mh" › ,xld ixialD;sl Ydia;%dh;kh" kqf.af.dv'

.=ref.a wdkkao' ^1988&"& oUÈj fn!oaO l,dj" lreKdr;ak iy mq;%fhda iud.u" fld<U 10'

nIdï" tA' t,a' ^1962&" wisßu;a bkaÈhdj" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U'

úu,r;k" fn,a,kaú,' ^2010&" nqÿ ms<suhg fmr nqÿ yduqÿrefjda" l¾;D m%ldYk" fld<U'

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j' ^2019&" Ñ;% l,dj 13 fY%a‚h w;sfral lshùu" cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u'

fm%audkkao" fid,uka' ^2009&" Ndr; l,d j;" meyeir m%ldYk" weye<shf.dv'

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