fldá úksú§u

mdG,S pïmsl rKjl

m%:u uqøKh 1999

fldá úksú§u
mdG,S pïmsl rKjl

ISBN - 955-8239-00-3

m%ldYkh
;%ia; úfrdaë cd;sl jHdmdrh

uqøKh
.=Kisß ms%kag¾ia wekaâ mí,sI¾ia
^m%hsjâ& ,sñgâ
203" ´,alÜ udj;
fld<U - 11
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06 08

09 25

26 38

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105 111
 mdrñ;dj
w yi fmdf<dj .=.=rjñka ta fndaïnh msmsÍ .sfhah' l¿ meye;s
ÿïfrdgq wyig k.s;a§ ;dr fmdf,dfjka .sks±,a k.skakg úh' isma
ìug.sh orefjda;a" orejkaf.a l=i.sks ksùu msKsi jevìug .sh
uõmsfhda;a l=ßre f,i brd oud ;sìKs' je,fmk ñksiqka yir ke;sj ta
fï w; ÿj .sfha ;j;a fndaïnhla ms<sn| ìh ckl mqj; iu.sks'
ta Èkh 1998 ud¾;= miafjksod úh'
th w`ÿre n%yiam;skaodjls'
fï fld<U k.rfha msmsÍ.sh úistlafjks fndaïnhhs' 1983 ka miq
tlish úisy;afjks iuQy >d;khhs'
iEu l¿ j,djlu ߧ f¾Ldjla we;a;d fia ta w÷r ;=< isgu
wêIaGdk iy.; .eyeKqka yd ñksiqka w;f,diaila fufia is;kakg jQy'
±ka b;ska we;s
;%ia; úfrdaë cd;sl jHdmdrh ìys jQfha tf,ih'
B<`. jir ;=< ;%ia; úfrdaë cd;sl jHdmdrh ukqIH;ajfha
wdf,dalh Y%S ,xldj mqrdu f.k.sfhah' urodk fndaïnh msmsrùu i|yd
wKfok úg fou< fldá kdhlhskaj;a" iEu isxy, iuQ. >d;khla
fj;a§u m%ydr flia mef,k ;¾lj, mg,jd lemSfmkSug o`.,k wêudkS
W.;=ka /<j;a urdodk fndaïnfhka fujka fohla isÿfõhehs
fkdis;=fjdah' fou< cd;sjd§ka muKla fkdj r;= fld, ks,a f;dmams
od.;a kreu foaYmd,lhskao oYl folla isxy, lu mqj;a m;a j,ska
úl=Kd lñka isá fødayS Ñka;lhskao ish mriamrhka w;S;hg tlalr
tlu l,a,shla ù ;%ia; úfrdaë cd;sl jHdmdrhg myr fokakg tlajQy'
tfy;a iduhg ,eÈ iEu ukqIH;ajh w.hk ck;dj fou<
cd;sjd§ ;%ia;jdohg tfrysj wjika mjqr f,i ;%ia; úfrdaë cd;sl
jHdmdrhg jvd;a wdorKSh f,i /ljrKh fokakg jQy'
b;sydifha m%:u j;djg ;%ia;jdoh uev,Su msKsi o< ie,eiaula

1
;%ia;úfrdaë cd;sl ie,eiau fyj;a fldá mrok u. f,i t<solajkakg
;%ia; úfrdaë cd;sl jHdmdrhg yelsúh' ck;djf.a wdorKsh Èßfhkao"
fou< cd;sjd§ fødaySkaf.a ìh jeoa§ï" uer m%ydr" uv m%ydr ueÈka o ±ka
th rg mqrd;a úfoaYhkayS§ ixjdohg ,lafõ' fuhg jir lsysmhlg l,ska
fuka fkdj ±ka ´kEu wfhla fldá iu`. idlÉPd lsÍug fojrla fkdj
;=kajrla is;Sug fm<ö ;sfí' iduh yd u,ñkS úl=KdlEu ish Ôjk
jD;a;sh lr.;a lmqgq rxpq n÷jQ tka'Ô'´' l,a,s ±ka kkak;a;dr ù isà'
ck;dj urd lñka isá fldá iy .scq,sysKSka ±ka jvd;a l,amkdldÍ ù
;sfí'
fï ish¨ fjkia ùï j,g fya;=j ;%ia; úfrdaë cd;sl jHdmdr
uyfmd<ju; ls%hdlrñka ftkaøSh ñksia n,fõ.hla u.ska uyfmd<jg
muKla fkdj .sßl=¿o fjkia lr wiajoaod we;s ksidh'
fï lD;sh ,shfjkafka kùk f,i is;k kùk f,i l%shdlrk kùk
ñksiqkaf.a weia ysia uia f,a iu`. uqiqj we;s m%{dj wjê lr,Su i|ydh'
fuh flia mef,k ;¾l j,g isrjQ nqoaêjd§ l,a,s msKsi fkdfõ'
;%ia;jdohg tfrysj ish YÍrfhkau l%shd lsÍug leu;s m%{dn, msßi
fjkqfjks'
fï lD;sh i|yd jQ lreKq fndfydauhla iduQysl W;aidyhka úiska
cks; jkq ,eîh' f,aLlhka lsysm fofkl= úiskau fou< cd;sjdoh yd
fldá ;%ia;jdoh wrNhd ,shk ,o lD;Ska yd ,shú,so tys§ Wmfhda.S
lr.kakd ,È' ta ish¨ w¾:fhka fuh iuQyhd úiska iuQyhd Wfoid lrk
,o iduQysl m%h;akhls'
fï lD;sh ;=< Èfjk o¾Ykhlao we;' ngysr nqoaêjd§
Ñka;khkaf.ka fyïn;aj isák ckhdg ukiamq;=kaf.a mdrdðldjQ
orYkhkaf.ka m,la ke;' flfia fj;;a wkd.; iudch ks¾udKh lsÍu
i|yd ish weia ysia uia f,a oka § isák m%{dfjka msßmqka ñksiqka i|yd
ieflúka tlS o¾Ykho úia;r l< hq;=h'
fou< cd;sjdoS lÓldj ;=< we;s jerÈ woyila kï fya;=M, in|;d
ms<sn| ú.%yhhs' fou< ck;djg isÿjQ whqla;sh yd widOdrKh kï jQ
fya;=fjka fldá ixúOdkh Wmka nj;a" tA ksid fldá M<h muKla nj;a
thska lshfõ' tneúka fldá úkdY l<o fou< m%Yakhla .eUqre h:d¾;hla
f,i we;s ksid kej; kej;;a fldá ixúOdkh jeks wdh;k ìysjk njo
thska lshfõ' fuh ngysr rgj, ckm%sh ie`.jqkq .eUqre h:d¾:hla we;'
u;=msg we;af;a ta h:d¾;fha fijKe,s muKla nj g jQ foaj úYajdifhau

2
wx.hls' fï lD;sfha ;¾l lrkafka ie`.jqkq fou< ÿla.ekú,a,la
fkdue;s njh' fou< cd;sjdoh yd ta ms<sn| ft;sydislj ìysl< fldá
;%ia;jdoh fukau M,ho njh' iudc l%shdldÍ;ajh jkq ñksiqkaf.a
ks¾udKhla ñis Bkshd ie`.jqkq h:d¾;hl fijke,a,la fkdfõ' fldá
ixúOdkfha ixúOdk cd,fha Yla;sfhka ñi Tjqka ish .uk hkafka fou<
ck iyhlska fkdfõ' tA ksidu fldá ixúOdkfhys cd,h úkdY lr oYl
lsysmhla th hgm;a lrf.k isáúg kej; tjeks ;%ia;jd§ l%shdj,shla
ìysjkafka ke;'
fou< cd;sjd§ l;sldj ;=< we;s ;j;a jerÈ woyila kï fou<
ÿla.ekú,a,g foaYmd,k woyila o we;s njh' tkï YS% ,xld rdcHfhka
fou< ckhd msgux lsÍu ms<sn|jh' fï ksid jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhlska
fou< ck;djf.a iudÔh fukau foaYmd,ksl ÿla.ekú,so ksud l< yels
nj lshfõ' fï iuyr isxy, n,fõ.hka fj;;a w¾:hlska m%ldY lrk
woyils' tkï fou< cd;sjdofhka /ljrKh ,nd.ekSug l< yels
tlu foh jHjia:dj ieliSu njh'
fï ish¨ woyia .,d tkafka 1960 oYlfha foaYmd,k úoHdj
yeoErE n,fõ. ;=<sks' tod rdcH yd wdKavqjg iudch ;=< wd¾Ól"
u;jdoS foaYmd,ksl yd hqouh f,i ;snQ wdêm;H wo ke;' rdcHfha iSud
fjkia ù we;' wo kQ;k rdcHl wd¾Ólh" u;jdoh muKla fkdj"
wdrCIl wxY mjd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk j,ska" mqoa.,sl jHjidhl
lrejka w;ska" iud.ï j,ska" ks,OdÍ hka;%fhka" ixúOdk .;jQ ixúOdk
l,a,s j,ska wd§ fulS fkdlS n,fõ. úiska fnod f.k we;' n,h fnod
yeÍu" n,h fnodyod .ekSu" jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh wdÈfhka ish¨ m%Yak
úif|a hehs is;Su uq.aO is;=ú,a,ls' flfia fj;;a rdcH yels,Shdu
fjkqjg ta Yla;su;a jk jHqyhka f.dvkef.a kï jHjia:djg w¨;a
woyila we;sjkq we;' jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh mss<sn|j u;=msáka
Woaf>daIKh l<o cd;sjd§ ixúOdk miq.sh oYl my ;=< rdcHfha
ueÈy;a ùulska f;drj bvï yd foam, w,a,d .ekSu" ckdjdi ìyslsÍu"
iajdëk wd¾Ólhka ;ekSu" muKla fkdj hqo l,a,shla ks¾udKh lsÍug
mjd iu;aj ;sfí' uqia,sï jreka ta fou< cd;sjd§kag jvd fyd¢ka
bgqlr.ksñka isá;s' tu.ska Tjqkau jHjia:dfjka m%Yak úi|d .ekSu M,
úrys; nj Tmamq lr we;' isxy, cd;sl jHdmdrh muKla fï kùk
;;ajh f;areï fkdf.k ;ju;a 1956 ckm%sh igkamdG j, isr ù isà'
fou< wNs,dYhka ms<sn| jerÈ woyila we;' mqoa.,fhl=g
;uka f .a ´kEu mq o a . ,s l woyila ±Íug yd ta wkq j

3
 l%shd;aul ùug whs;shla we;s nj iaffjÍ mdßY=oaO mqoa., ksoyi ms<sn|
ixl,amhhs' fuh yskaÿ iudcfhaoS kï ;ukaf.a wd;auka y÷kd.ekSuls'
wd;auka iudchg Tijd ;nk úg iudc wd;auka flfkl= iaffjÍ cd;Sh
kñka ìysfõ' túg ta cd;sh fufia ;¾l lrhs wms iaffjÍ mdßY+oaO
cd;shla ksid wmg Wjukd wdldr j,g wmg is;sh yel" wmg l%shd l<
yel' fou< cd;sl wNs,dYhkays moku by; lS o¾Ykhhs' wjdikdjlg
zuf.a f,dalhZ yd mßY=oaO cd;sh kñka jQ fn!oaO úix.; ixl,amhla
isxy, cd;sl jHdmdrhg;a miq.sh oYl fol ;=< tlaúh' in|;d iys;
f,dalhl lsisu mqoa.,fhla" iudchla fyda cd;shla mdßY=oaO" ksrfmalaI
iaffjÍ;ajhla w;alr fkd.kS' tf,i ls%hd lsÍug .shfyd;a .egqu
wksjd¾h fõ' fï wkqj fou< ck;djf.a moku hqo .egquh' jika; rdcd
jeks fou< cd;sjd§ka ±ka fldms lrkafka bjla njla ke;sj foiQ ta jHdc
isxy, Ñka;khkaf.ka fou< cd;sjdoh ì£u i|yd f.k wd lshk ta
Ñka;khka f.ka jeäfhkau fmdaIKh ù we;af;ao fou< cd;sjd§
u;jdohhs' mqoa.,hkag cd;shg fukau ukqIH;ajhgo we;af;a idfmalaI
wkkH;d muKs'
wfkla w;g jHdc idujd§ka yd udkjd§ka ish u;jdo m;=rjoa§
fndfyda myiq f,i fldákaf.a hqo yuqodj yd Y%S ,xldfõ wdrCIl yuqod
iudk f,i i<l;s' fou< iudch yd isxy, iudch iudk f,i
cd;sjd§hhs i,l;s'
fldákaf.a ;%ia;jd§ hqo l,a,sh wkalsisjl=g j.fkdlshhs' th
;u u;jdo iys; iudchla ks¾udKhl lrf.k we;s Wu;= taldêm;s
l%Shdj,shls' fmr,d Y%S ,xld hqoyuqodj kS;shg j.lsj hq;=h' tys
foaYmd,k fufyhjk wdKavq ck;d Pkaohg fjkia l< yelsh' isxy,
iudc nyqúo woyia we;s iudchls' fou< iudch ;=< fuka tys we;af;a
tlu taldêm;s woyila fkdfõ' fou< cd;sjd§kag mjd ìh ieflka
f;drj isxy, iudcfha woyia m<lsÍug" fm<md,s hEug muKla fkdj
fndaïn msmsrùug yelshdj ,eî ;sfí' wks;a w;ska isxy, iudch ;=<
fou< ck;dj urd ouñka ish bvlvka j,ska m<jd yßk cd;sjd§
jHdmdrhla ke;' cd;sjdo hkq wyUq isÿùula folla fkdj N+f.da,Sh
f,i yd ld,dka;rhla uq¿,af,a wLKavj isÿjk wka cd;shla Tjqka ta
cd;shg wh;ajQ ksidu mSvdjg m;alrk l%shdj,shls' fpïuksfha
ñkSj,j,a j, lekSï isÿjqjo ;srelafldaú,a j, lekSï isÿjkafka ke;'
lel=<dfjka ux., .ñka isxy,hska urdoud m<jdyeßhdg .d,af,ka"

4
 fld<ôka fyda fou< ckhd urdoud m<jd yßkafka ke;' fï ksid
isxy, iudch yd fou< iudch iu`. iuj cd;sjdoh hehs ixikaokh
l< fkdyl' tlla uyck j.lSulg hg;aj we;s w;r wks;a tla
mqoa.,fhl=g muKla hg;aj we;s ksid h' fï ksid fou< fldákq;a tlhs
isxy, yuqodj;a tlhs hk ixikaokhka l< yelafla wjidk ú.%yfha§
fldá ixúOdkfhau fmruqK nd,ldhlg muKs'
fï lD;sh lshjk wh fuys fou< ñksiqkaf.a ÿla fõokd wkd:
Ndjh yd ;j;a iudc .eg¿ m%udKj;a f,i idlÉPd fkdlsÍu ;=< úgl
fpdaokd l< yel' th tfia isÿù we;af;a jeo.;a fya;+ka ksidh' Y%S ,xld
rdcHfha udOHh;a cd;sjd§ udOHh;a úfoaY rgj, udOHh;a mqoa.,sl
udOHh;a fou< ÿlafõokd fndfyda w;sfYdala;sfhka j¾Kkd lr we;s
ksid' wm;a ta i|yd wl=re jeh lsÍfuka m,la ke;' wfkla w;g th
je,lSï j,ska wjêl< yels fou< iudchlao ke;' fou< ÿla.ekú,s
ms<sn| lsUq,a l÷¨ j,ska m%fhdack w;ajkafka fldá ixúOdkfha ñkSure
l%shdj,shg muKs' fou< kñka mj;skafka fldákaf.a ixúOdkhg wh;a
fou¿ka yd ksIal%Sh" u< fou< iudchla muKs' fï ksid m%Yakh úi£fï
j.lSu we;af;a ;ju;a fkdu< isxy, iudchgh' fï lD;sfha b,lalh ta
ksid isxy, iudchh'
fï lD;sh lshjd ñf,aÉP;ajhg hg;aùu fjkqjg ukqIH;ajh
fjkqfjka igka je§u tla ñksfil= fyda f;dard.kSkï fuys id¾:l;ajh
thuh'

5
1 jk wÈhr

nqÿreia ñ,sk l< .sKs/ia

o yila nqÿka nqÿjk WoEik ysref.a m<uq /ia oyr ;=re ,;d
w;rka fmÍú;a rkaúhfka fld;ale/,a, u; Èÿ,kq fidauj;S ud;dj
ÿgqjdh' weh;a wehf.a ÈhKsjreka jQ iS,j;S" iqukdj;S yd uqKqnqre
ñksìßhhka jQ y¾I .hdka yd bIdrd ÿrl;r f.jd ? ksÈjrd fuys
meñKsfha Ôjudkq nqÿkaf.a ixfla;h jQ Y%S oka;Od;+ka jykafia is;afia
je|mqod .ekSugh' miq.sh mkia jirlg fijke,a, n÷j weh wi, isá
wdodrKSh ieñhd jQ ysßmsáh uy;d o tys úh'
fidauj;shf.a Ôú;fha jir yegmylu oji werUqfka WoEik
nqÿka keue§fuks' ukaoiañ;sh /ÿkq nqÿuqj yd mshjqKq uyd ldreKsl nqÿ
fofk; olsñka'' —b;smsfida N.jd wryx iïud iïnqoafOda˜'' hehs mjid
myka o,ajd weh oji werUqjdh' wreKg m<uq wehf.a uq¿;eka f.hs
,sfmys wdf,dalfhka ksji wdf,dalu;a úh' b;ska weh <e±ßhlaj isá
ÈhKshla jQjdh' t;ekska wo fojeks nqÿka flfkl= n÷ jQ wïud flfkl=
jQjdh' ±ka weh wïudjrekaf.A;a wïud flfkls' iir mqrd fifkyiska
je<|.;a neÿï j,ska hq;=jQ ¥orejkq;a uqKqnqre ñksìßhkq;a msßjrd.;a
modkq.; w¾:fhkau ñ;a;kshls' fï is,a uEKsfhda fuys meñKsfha
nqÿysñhkaf.a uyd lreKdj iu`. tlajkakgh' tys myi w;aú¢kakgh'
th ;u ÿjdore le±,a, iu`. tlaj ksrdñij ú|.kakgh'
b;ska wE WoEik ysre /ia foi n,d isáhdh' o<odjg fijk fok
rkaúhkg by,ska ienE nqÿ/ia úysfoa hehs n,dfmdfrd;a;=fõ oEia o,ajd
isáhdh' whg l=vdl, w;afmd;a l< —o<odisß;˜ u;la úh'
—kdrc" o<od jykafia mkaoyila yjqreÿ nqÿ iiqka mj;akd
,laÈjg wrla msKsie jvkd fiale' f;dm úiska r|jd.ekau ldrK
fkdfõ" hs jod<y' t flfkys kdrc f;reka jykafiag o<od jykafia
yd rejka lrvqj mdjd ÿkafka he' blaì;s f;reka jykafia .=re¿ fji
ye/ ihqfrka ke.S o<od jykafia Tjqka fofokd yg mdjd§
kslauqKqfiale˜
o<Þ isßf;a joka wehg ;ju;a u;lh'

6
 th wef.a uEkshka wehg lshjQjdh' weh ish ÿjd orejkag th
lsfhõjdh' wehf.a uqKqnqre ñksìßhkao th lshkq weh wid we;' Tjqkf.a
orejka o osfkl th jkfmd;a lrkq we;af;ah' th ta ;rïu fkdlevqKQ
fkdìÿkq rka yqhla nÿ b;sydihls'
i;a iuqÿre fonElrf.k ish¨ i;=re wdmodjka uevf.k o<odj
fyauud,sh yd oka; l=ure furg f.k tk whqre wehg ±ka ueù fmfka'
Tjqka f.dvniskafka j;aufka uq,;sõ kñka m%p,s; jqjo w;S;fha isxy,
fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfha f;da;ekakla jQ fjr<lvgulgh' t;eka mi`sÿ ux
Tiafia o" fm;aux Tiafiao" jk ,eyen yd .sßÿ¾. Tiafiao" Èh l`ÿre
Tiafia o Wkajykafia jevu l< fial' tjla mgka isxy, fn!oaO rdcHfha
iaffjÍ;ajfha" talSh;ajfha yd iyÔjkfha rka i,l=k njg Wkajykafia
m;aùu wksjd¾hhla úh' fjda,a" fõr" mdKavH ñf,aÉP wdl%uKslhkaf.a
f,a ;ejreKq wism;a wiaila uq,a,la kEr Wkajykafia fidh;a § lidjka
isjqre ;=<;a" .sß YsLr hg;a" Èhl`ÿre u;;a" Wkajykafia iqrlaId jQ fial'
mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais" bx.%Sis ñiÈgq múgq ïf,aÉP md,kfha ld,;=jlal=
j,g;a Wkajykafia foorjkq fkdyels úh' ú,a¨o m,ia o >K l=ryka
.,lao tlu uqÿ mshú,a,la f,i i,ld iqjfhka Wkajykafia ie;emS isá
fial' i;=rdf.a ffjrfhka ±ù .sh fofk;a .sKs mq<s`.= j,g lsislf,l
Wkajykafia ojd,sh fkdyels úh' iod m%Ndu;aj ±,afjñka isá fial'
b;ska fidauj;S Wmdisld ud;j u,a myka iQodkï lrkakg jQjdh'
iqÿ msrejghla we|.;a weh iqÿu,ska msÍ.sh jÜáh Èfhka fodjd ish oEia
o Èfhka f;ud .;a;dh' bkamiq nqÿka isyslr ol=Kq mh fmrg ;nd
wreKska keyeùug wrw`Èk o<od ud,s.fha jdy,alv n,d .uka .;a;dh'
wef.a ÿjdorefjdao uqKqnqre uqKqìßfhdao weh miqmiska mshuekafka myka jQ
is;a ;j;j;a m%Ndj;a njg m;alr .ksñks'
tfy;a mykajQ is;ska hq;= msßisÿ ñksiqkag Ôjudk nqÿka jeksjQ
o<od iñÿka ±lSug" ms§ug" jir fooyia ;=kaiShl fn!oaO b;sydihla
we;s fï rfÜ ;j;a whs;shla fyda bvlvla fkdue;s nj ta Wjeisfhda
lsisfjla fkdoek isáhy'
ta jk úg;a ñf,aÉP hlaIfhda w`ÿr ueÈkau ta mqKH N+ñhg msúi
isáhy' wuq f,a iqj|g bj w,a,ñka Ôjudk nqÿka jeks jQ o<od ysñhka
úiqkq lsÍfï wruqKska ÿrefjk wÿr ;=<u isg fmrg wefoñka isáhy'
w;ska f.k isá u,ajÜáh ysig .;a fidauj;sh nqÿka keu§fï .d:dj

7
is;ska uquqkkakg jQjdh'
'''''b;smsfida N.jd wryx iïud iuqnqoafOda''
'''''fvdaxxx''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
hlaIfhda fndaïn mqmqrjd Æy '''''''''''''''''''''
jdy,alv foord weo jeáks' i|lv myK i;a lvlg me,S
.sfhah' nqÿka ±lSug f;,a u,a myka f.k iqfoda iqÿ j;ska o is;ska o
;ekam;ajQ Wjeis Wjeisfhda hlaIhka úiska brdoud ;snqfKdah' leg
len,s;s jQ nqÿrej lshdmEfõ ;jÿrg;a fï ìfï ksoyfia nqÿka ±lSug
lsisfjl=g;a whs;shla ke;s njh'
msmsÍfuka jd;,h foordf.dia wjika jkj;a iu.u ysßmsáh
uy;d úisù .sh ;ekska ke.sg .;af;ah' f,hska fm`.S.sh oEi újr l<
Tyqg leg leì,s;s ù mqmqrd weo jefgk o<od ud,s.fha jy, o¾Ykh
úh'
''wfka o<od yduqÿrejfka fudlo fï Wfka''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
msiafil= fuka Tyq iqka nqkq w;ßka fmrg Èj .sfhah' ;u ìß\ jQ
fidauj;sh;a ;u ÈhKsjreka jk iS,j;S yd iqukdj;S;a ;u uqkqnqre
ñksìßhka jQ .hka iy bIdrd;a bÍ .sh udxY iys;j weo jeà isákq Tyqg
±l .; yels úh' iqÿ msrejg f,hska fm`.S ;snqKq wdldrh Tyqg ;j;a
ord.; fkdyels o¾Ykhla úh' msh fifkyi Tyqf.a f,a uia úksúo
f.dia weg ;=<g jeo tys isg fõokdfjka lSß .efik yv y~djefgk
y~ Tyqg wekafkah' ;u ÿjdorejka yd ieñhd wysñ jQ mgdpdrj
je<fmñka nqÿka fidhd .sh f,i ta úhm;a ñksid o úhre jefgkq wfhl=
fia Èj hkakg úh'
''wfka nqÿyduqÿrejfka fï wmrdOh Tnjykafiagj;a fmfkkafka
ke;afoda'''
mgdpdrdjg msysgùug nqÿrÿka ysáh;a Tyqg msysg ùug nqÿjre
b;=rej isáfha ke;'
ta fou< cd;sjd§ ;%ia;jdoh fï mska ìfï nqÿjre yd foújre
jkid oud fndfyda l,la .;j we;s ksidh'

8
 2 jk wÈhr

f,a id.rfha i;H .s,ShEu

Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk ;%ia;jdoh ksid Èkm;du ñksiaiq
ñhh;s' foudmshka ke;s orefjda;a" ¥ orejka wysñ foudmsfhda;a iudchg
tlafj;s' fmdÿ yd fm!oa.,sl foafmd, jekfia" ;uka ika;l ish¿ foa
wysñj ñksiqka wkd:hka njg m;afõ' wd.ñl ia:dk j,g m%ydrhka
t,a,fõ' ksYaÑ; tla nila muKla tkï isxy, l:d lsÍfï jrog
ñksiqkag urKh Wreu fõ' ïf<aÉP ixialD;sh úiska wkH ixialD;Ska yd
udkj iodpdrhka brd±fï' wú wdhqO iys; wd¾Ólh ksid cdjdrï
lrejka iQ¿ msßila fmdfydai;=ka jqjo fmdÿ ñksiqkaf.a yd rfÜ wd¾Ólhg
nrm;, ydks isÿfõ'
fï ish,a, wo Y%S ,xldfõ mj;akd h:d¾:hhs' tfy;a rdcH udOH
we;=¿ foaYSh" úfoaYSh udOH yd m%ldYlhska fï ms<sn|j lshkafka wmQre
l;kaorhls' tkï Y%S ,xldfõ we;af;a ckjd¾.sl hqoaOhla nj;a thska ñh
hkafka" wkd:jkafka" foafmd< wysñjkafka" ysxidjg m;ajkafka" wd¾Ólh
weojefgkafka" ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl ksoyi wysñjkafka fou<
ck;djf.a njh' ke;fyd;a Y%S ,xldfõ fou< ck;dj ckjd¾.sl
jekiSulg yd ckjd¾.sl mú;%lrKhlg ,laù we;s njh' fï ksidu
we;euqka mj;sk hqo jd;djrKh fou< ck>d;l hqoaOh hehs ye¢kaùug
;rï ieyeis ù we;'
fï ms<sn| i;Hh l=ula o@ fou< cd;sjd§ m%pdrl hka;%Kh u.ska
l=,shg .kq ,enQ udOHfõ§ka yd udOH úiska k.k wi;Hfha f>daIdfjka o"
fou< cd;sjd§ ñkSure hka;%hg yiqù jdka ouk f,a id.rfhka o" hgm;a
lsÍug ;e;a lrk lreKq iys; Ôjudk i;Hh l=ulao@
m<uqfjka lsjhq;=j we;af;a Y%S ,xldfõ rgj,a folla w;r
mj;akd hqoaOhla ke;s njh' rg ;=< urKh" ìh" iel iys; hqo
jd;djrKhla mj;s k w;r thg fya ; = ù we;a f ;a ;% i a ; jd§
ler,slrejkah' ^Y%S ,xld wdrlaIl yuqod th hgm;a lsÍu i|yd
l%shdlr;s& bka ñksiaiq ñhh;s" wkd:fj;s" wx.úl, fj;s" wd¾Ól w;ska
úkdYhg m;afj;s'
fï m<
s n
s |j we;s ufkda f,dl
a fha mn
% kO
a l;d flfia fj;;"a Ôjudk

9
w;a±lSï fmkajd fokafka jeäu ydks isÿù we;af;a fou< fkdjk ckhdg
njh' úfYaIfhka isxy, fn!oaO ckhdg njh'
wms uq,skau ixLHd f,aLk f.k n,uq'
fou< cd;sjd§ ;%ia;jdoh 70 oYlfha isg ish m%ydr t,a, lsÍu
ksid 1998 foieïn¾ udih olajd ñh .sh Y%S ,xld wdrCIl yuqod
idudðlhkaf.a .Kk 11"855 ls' w;=reoyka ù we;s msßi 2408 ls'
fudjqkaf.ka 350-400 la w;r msßila fldá w;awvx.=fõ isák w;r fiiq
msßi ñh.sh neõ úYajdi flf¾' fï wkqj wdikakfhka 14"000 la fin¿
ñhf.dia we;af;ah' fuhska 8208 lau tkï wvlg;a jeä m%udKhla
ñhf.dia we;af;a pkaøsld-m%Ndlrka Bkshd idul:d 1995 wfm%a,a 17 od
wNdjjdjl f,i fl<jrùfuka miqjh' 1983 cQ,s isg 1998 ud¾;= olajd
;=jd, ,enQ" wx.úl, jQ fyda w;=reoka jQjka f,i ie,l+ wdrCIl yuqod
idudðl msßi 26"127 ls' fuhska ;=fkla folla tkï 17"492 la tu brKug
,lajQfha 1995 wfm%a,a 17 ka miqjh' fuu.ska fl,skau fmkajd fokafka Bkshd
idu idlÉPd j, m%;sM,hla f,i rfÜ orejkayg f,a yd udxY j,ska jkaÈ
f.jkakg isÿjQ njh' 1998 foieïn¾ ui jkúg ñh.sh uq¿ wdrCIl
yuqod idudðl msßi 1400 blaujk w;r ;=jd, ,enQ" wx.úl, jQ fyda
w;=reoka jQ msßi 26"000 la muK jk nj jd¾;d fõ'
wdrCIl yuqod m%ldY lrk wkaoug yd yuqod m%ldYlhska miq.sh
oYl fol ;=< ckudOH j,g ksl=;a l< ksfõok j,g wkqj 1998 ud¾;=
olajd fldá ixúOdkfha idudðlhska 25"337 la urd oud we;' fldá
ixúOdkfha ,kavka ld¾hd,h lshkafka ñh.sh ;u idudðlhska .Kk
13"335 la njh ^1998 fkdjeïn¾ ui olajd& tfy;a fldá ixúOdkh
fndfydaúg ñhhk ;u idudðlhska isú,a jeishka f,i yqjd olaj;s'
^WodyrKhla f,i 1995 § je,sTh ckmohg t,a, l< ñf,aÉP
m%ydrfha§ fldá idudðlhska 450 la ñhs.sh úg Tjqka m%ldYlf<a wdrCIl
yuqod fldals,dhs yd uq,;sõj, wysxil fou< ckhd >d;kh lr we;s
njh& fï wkqj uOHia: úpdrlhska m%ldY lrkafka 1998 foieïn¾ ui
jk úg ñh.sh fldá idudðlhka msßi 16"000 la muK jk njh'
1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 10 od isg fï .egqug tlajQ bka§h yuqodj 319
fofkla ñh .sh nj;a 1053 la ;=jd, ,enQ nj;a bka§h yuqod kdhlfhl=
jk äfmkav¾ iska.a uy;d lshhs' tfy;a uOHia: úpdrlhska mjikafka
bka§h fin¿ 1187 la 1987 Tlaf;daïn¾ yd 1989 fkdjeïn¾ w;r ñh.sh
njh'

10
 fï .egu q g ueÈj ñh.h s kr s dho
q iú s ,a ck;djo ià s ' 1984 fkdjeï¾
ui 30 jeks Èk fvd,¾ yd flká a *dï kï je,T s hg ixsy, ckmo folg
my§ ih s iuy Q >d;k werUq fldá ixúOdkh 1998 wfm, a% a jkúg mo q .
a ,hk s a
yh fofklg = jeâfhka tljr urd±uQ tjeks iuy Q >d;k j,k s a ixsy,hk s a
2541 la urdoud we;' 1978" 83" 87 wd§ jir j, W;r = e yd kef.kyr s
m<d;j a , iÿ s l< ixsy, úfrdë a ck>d;kh yd mo q .
a ,hk s a yh fokdg
wvfq jka iÿ s l< >d;k ki s d urd±uk q q ixsy, ck;djo ie,l+ úg fï .Kk
3500 la muK fõ' 1990 wf.di a ;a = 3 jeks Èk ld;kl a ä = ys cï q ud yf q ika
ui
q ,a ï
s m,, a h s g myr§fuka wdrïN jQ W;r = e yd kef.kyr s ui q ,a ïs m,, a hs g
myr§fuka wdrïN jQ W;r = e yd kef.kyr s ui q ,a ïs iuy Q >d;k ki s d fï
jkúg ui q ,a ï s jreka 540 la muK >d;kh ù we;s nj jd¾;d fõ'
1972 ck Q s 04 od ;ks ka fõ,y s o
s S ti'a W,. a kdoka >d;kh lÍ s fuka
werUKq q fldá fkdjk fou< ck ixydrh u.k s a fïjk úg fldá ixúOdkh
4000 lg wêl mß s ila >d;kh lr we;s nj jd¾;d fõ' 1987 Tlf a ;dn
a ¾ 10 od
werUkQ bk§ a h yuo q d fufyhï q kis d kr s dho
q fou< ckhd 900 lg wêl
mß
s iloa mi. q h
s oYl fol ;< = YS% ,xld wdrCIl wxY yd fldá ixúOdkh
w;r .egïj,g ueÈù 2000 wdikk a mß s ila o ñh.h s nj jd¾;dù ;f s í' fï
wkjq ljrdldrfhka fyda ñh.h s fou< ck ixLdhj y;o a yilg wdikk a h'
fufia mi.q hs oYl fol ;< = fï .egu q ki s d Rcj
q ñh.hs .Kk
41"000 la muK fõ' thk s a wdikk a fhka 17"500 la ixsy,hka jk w;r 23"000
la fou< cd;ls hka fõ' ui q ,
a ï
s jre 550 la muK fj;'s fï urK j,k s a 25"000
lg Rcj q j.lj s h;q fa ;a fou< fldá ixúOdkhh's
tfukua W;f = ¾ ;i% ;
a jdofhka olf = Ka ;i % ;
a jd§ ler<l s dÍ;j a hlg
u. mEÈK's fou< cd;j s doh" bk§ a h wdlu% Kh yd m,d;a iNd fkdjkk a g
1987-89 jljdkf q õ ck;d úul q ;a s fmruKq g fojeks le/,, a la i|yd wjYH
jQ m¿ q ,a foY
a md,k jd;djrKhla f.dvkef.kf a ka ke;' tfia fkdjf q ha kï
1987-90 jljdkf q õoS YS% ,xld wdrCIl wxY" c'ú'fm'a" tcdm" Y, S% km s yd
jdudxYl s mCIj, idudðlhka o wyxsil ixsy, ck;dj o 72"000 la ., s .;a
NIS K jd;djrKh mek k.k s fa ka ke;' W;f = ¾ Bkh s d iduh my s g s ù q ug
olf = Ka fou< fkdjk Ôú; 72"000 la ì,. s ;a nj o wu;l fkdl< h; q h = '
fï wkjq fou< cd;js d§ ;i % ;a jdoh mi. q h
s jljdkf q õ§ YS% ,xldj
;<
= ,CIhlg wêl ck Ôú; jekiu S m< s n
s |j Rcj q yd jlj % j.lj s h;
q j
=
;f
s í' ;;j
a h tfia ;ì
s h§ f,hks a ,hs ejkq q Ôjudk w;± a luS " wfma Ôj;j,

11
w;±
a lu
S lj
a ;ì s h§" fou< ckhd 55"000 la ñh.hs dhehs lh
s k jHdc fou<
ck>d;l hoq O
a h wyfia ;ekQ udhdj;a nj meyeÈ,h
s '
fu w;r YS% ,xldfõ >d;k iÿ s jkfaka wú j,k s a muKla fkdfõ'
jirlg 9000 -14000 w;r mß s ila YS% ,xldfõ ih s Èú kid .k; s 's ^fuh 1997 §
,CIhlg 47 la jQ w;r th f,dl a fha by<u m; % Ys ;hh&s ta wkj q 1983 ig s
ñh.hs mßs i 150000 la muK jk w;r Tjk q a 91] lu a ixsy,hkh a ' fuhg
wu;rj u;ø a jH yd u;m a eka Ndú;h ki s d jd¾Il s j 10"000 lg wêl mß s ila
jekfik njo jd¾;d fõ' k; s s úfrdëa .íidfjka muKla j¾Ihlg km Q ka
orejka 1"50000 la >d;kh flfr;'s tfy;a ta li s ÿ
s >d;khla .ek
fl`Èß,,
a lja ;a YS% ,xldfõ wefikfaka ke;' ta Tjk q a ixsy, ùu ki s dh'
fï wkj q YS% ,xldfõ § ñki s a Ôú; w.hkfaka Tjk q fa.a
ckjd¾.l s ;j a h wkj q h' ñh.h s ñki s d fou< fkdfõ kï Tyfq.a fyda wehf.a
urKhg w.hla ke;' tfia fyhk s a fou< ;i % ;
a jdofhka yd ih s Èú
kid.ekfSuka ñhhk ixsy, ckÔú; fírd .eku S g foY a md,k úi÷ï .ek
l:d lrkk a g li s fsjla ke;' tfuku a fldá ixúOdkh úik s a kr
s dhO q ixsy,"
fou<" ui q ,a ïs " ñkfsil= fyda .eyeKh s l urd±uQ úg ih s ¿ udkj yñ s lï
ixúOdk tlj a ru kø s djg m;faõ' tli a ;a ckmofha mYp a d;a Wmdê
wfmla I a lfhlf = .a kn s kO a khlg wkj q YS% ,xldfõ ixsy,fhlf = .a Ôú;h
fuka wiQ .K = hla fou< Ôú;h jákfakh a ' thg fy; a j= f,i Tyq fmkj a d
fokfaka fou< Ôú;hla wyñ s ùu m< s n s |j mßyrKh lrk udOH bvlv
^jpk yd ld,h wkj q & tli a ;a ckmofh§ a ixsy,fhlg = jvd wiQ .K = hla
muK ùuh' fuhk s a fmkh S kfaka udOH wdêm;H úik s a YS% ,xldfõ mY % k a h
fou< ck >d;l tlla njg úfoY a j,§ ujd md we;s wko a uh' fufia
wjidk jYfhka YS% ,xld rdcHh;"a ih s ¿ foY a hS úfoY a h S udkj yñ s lï
ixúOdk;"a Bkh s d udkjjd§k; q a fou< ckÔú; .ek muKla Wkkÿ a jk
thk
s ; q a fou< fldá m, s ns | Wkkÿ a fjka lgh; q = lrk fldákfa.a iydhl n,
weKh s la njg m;j a ;fsí'
mj;k s fou< cd;j s d§ ;i% ;a jdoh ki s d ;j
= d, ,enj Q ka fyda wx.úl,
jj
Q ka fyda m,s n s | Ñ;h % o fujeku s tll's fï i|yd fld<U k.rh muKla
WodyrKhlg .; yel' 1984 ckjdß 21 od fld<U Tnfrdh a s fydg
a ,fha iÿ
s jQ
fndï
a n mms Í
s ulk s a idudkH jeih s ka b,ll a lr.;a fndï a n my % drhka werôK's
bka mijq 1998 ud¾;= ui 25 jeks Èk urodfkA § mm q r
q jd yßk ,o fou<
fldákfa.a cd;j s d§ my % drh;a iu. mm q jd yßk ,o u¿
q r q fndï a n mu% dKh úis
tll's tu.k s a fld<U k.rfha muKla urd ouk ,o ixLHdj

12
 541 ls' ;=jd, ,enQjkaf.a .Kk 4480 ls' fï ;=jd, ,enQjka w;=frka 12-
15 w;r m%udKhla iodld,sl wkaONdjhg fyda wx.úl,;ajhg fyda
m;aj we;' tfy;a ta lsisfjl= ms,sn| Tjqkf.a Ôú; iu`. foudmsh
¥orejkaf.a Ôú; ld,lkaKs Ndjhg weojeàu mss<sn|j fyda l÷¿ i,k"
m%pdrh lrk" iyh ,ndfok foaYSh úfoaYSh udkjjd§ka lsisfjl= ke;'
fï wkqj fou< cd;sjd§ m%ydr ksid wirK Ndjhg m;a ,laI .Kka
ck;dj yvla ke;s wirKqka njg m;a ù we;'
wkd:Ndjh ms<sn|j Ñ;%h o fuhg fkdfofjksh' uq,skau fou<
wkd:Ndjh ms<sn| m%Yakh f.k n,uq'
hdmk Èia;%slalh ms<sn| ;;ajh m<uqj i,ld n,uq' 1981 §
hdmkfha fou< ck.yKh 8"12"447 la úh' iajNdúl j¾Okh wkqj 1998
§ fï ck.yKh oY,CIhlg b;d wdikak úhhq;= nj lshfõ' tfy;a
ßú/i fufyhqfuka jir ;=klg miq 1998 wf.daia;=fõ § hdmkh
Èia;%slalfha isá fou< ck.ykh ,laI 5 lg wdikakh' fou<
cd;sjd§kaf.a ixLHd f,aLk j,g wkqj b;sß ,laI 5 wkd:fhda f,i
jdih lr;s' Tjqkaf.ka ,CI 1'5 la úfoaY.; ù we;s njo ;j;a ,CI 2 la
bkaÈhdfõ o" ;j;a ,laI 1'5 la jkaksfha o wkd: l|jqre j, ÿlaú¢k nj
lshfõ'
bkaÈhdfõ jdih lrkjdh lshk fou< wkaOhska ,CI 2'5 la
ms,sn|j 1984 jif¾ isgu bkaÈhdkq uOHu rcho" ;ñ,akdvq m%dka;h o
fndfyda fõokdfjka m%ldY ksl=la lr we;' 1984 isg isßud-Ydia;%S .súiqu
hgf;a bka§h mqrjeisNdjh ,enQ bka§h fou< ckhd bkaÈhdjg f.kajd
.ekSu bkaÈhdj mud lf<a o fï ,CI 2'5 l fou< wkd:hka fmkajñks'
tfia lr 1989 § iïmQ¾K úh hq;=j ;snQ isßud-Ydia;%S .súiqu l%shd;aul
ùu je,elaùfuka ,laI 6 lg wdikak bka§h fou< irKd.;hkag Y%S
,xldfõ iqj myiq l÷lrfha Ôj;aùug bkaÈhdj bv i,iajd we;'
wfkla w;ska fï bkaÈhdfõ isákjdh lshk ,CI 2 - 2'5 l wkd:hka
ms<sn|j bka§h iduidOl yuqodfõ ^IPKF& wKfok ks<Odßhdj isá
äfmkav¾ iska.a fufia lshd we; —Y%S ,dxlsl fou< wkd:hskaf.a
ix>Kkhla meje;a jQ úg wmg we;a;gu ±k.kakg ,enqfKa tlS ixLHdj
60"000 la muK jk njh' ta ;dla uOHu rcfhka iEu jirlu ,CIhlg
wêl msßilg wkd:dOdr ,ndfohs' fï uqo,a hkafka fldhsng o@˜ ^THE
IPKF IN SRI LANKA - DEPENDER SINGH - Pg 121& 1991 § rðõ .dkaê
>d;kh lsÍfuka miq ysá wäfha bka§h n,OdÍka ;j;a fidhd.ekSula
l<y' tkïs bkaÈhdfõ fjfik Y%S ,xlsl fou< wkd:hka

13
35"000 yels bla u Ks k a ms g uka l< hq ; = njhæ fuf,i ±ka i;H
jYfhka u bka È hdfõ Bks h d wkd: l|jq r ej, jdih lrk fou< ck
lKa v dhu 30"000 la muK fõ' tfy;a ta 30"000 fmka k d j;= f ou<
kS ; s ú frdë bka § h mq r jeis h ka ,CI 6 la Y% S ,xldfõ iq j myiq l÷lrfha
ckdjdilrKh lr we;a f ;a bka § h úfoa Y m% ; s m ;a ; s f ha tk
mxpiS , fhka l= u k tllg wkq j ±hs úuid ne,s h hq ; = h '
fï wkq j bka È hdfõ fjfik wkd:hka .Kk 30"000 ls ' tfia
kï jka k s f ha fl;rï ms ß ila is à o@
1995 wjika ld¾;= f õ hdmkh ;% i a ; jdofhka uq o d.ekS f ï
ßú/i fufyhq u wrUq úg fldá ;% i a ; jdoh t,s h g ms < s ; = r e ÿka f ka
w;s Y h ñf,a É P wdldrfhks ' tkï ,CI 6 muK jQ hdmkh k.rfha
ck.ykh n,y;a ldrfhka jka k s le<hg ±la l S f uks ' fujeks
ïf,a É P l% s h djla fojeks f,da l hq o a O fha § j;a is ÿ fkdùh' tjeka k lg
iudk is ÿ ùulq is ÿ jQ f ha 1975 wfm% a , a udifha § ldïfnda c fha fkdñfmka
w. k.rfha h ' flurEÊ kdhl fmd,a f mdÜ fkdñfma k a k.rjdiS k a
,la I 10 lg wdika k ms ß ila .ïudkj,g ola k df.k f.dia k.rh
ys i a l f<a h ' wo;a uq ¨ f,da l hu fmd,a f mdÜf.a ta Wïu;a ; l l% s h dj
fy<d ols k w;r ta ñf,a É P;a j h ls i s u ldïfnda c jeis h l= wu;l lr
ke;' tfy;a m% N dlrka kï ñf,a É P Wïu;a ; lhd hdmkh jeis h ka
jka k s le<hg ±la l + ú g ta ms < s n | ls i s f jla ls i s j la fkdlS y ' føda y S
fou< cd;s j dÈfhl= jk f;dKa v uka lS f õ —rdu l= u re iu.
jk.;ùug wfhdOHdfõ ñks i q k a kdj;a m% N dlrka iu. jk.;ùug
hdmkh fou< ckhd wd;a u mß;Hd.fhka bÈßm;a ù we;s njh˜'
tfy;a ta Bks h d wd;a u mß;Hd.YS , S ckhd ,la I .Kks k a hdmkhg
wdmiq meñfKk úg Tjq k a lS f õ Y% S ,xld hq o a O yuq o dj ks i d jka k s f ha
fou< ckhd wmd ÿla ú¢k njh' 1998 wf.da i a ; = ui jõks h dfõ ma f ,dÜ
ixúOdkfha uka ; % S j rhd >d;kh l< úg ma f ,da Ü ixúOdkh 1990 ka miq
jõks h djg meñKs hdmkfha fou< wkd:hka 3000 lg k.r yerhk
f,i ks f hda . lf<a h ' thg fmr ma f ,dÜ ixúOdkhu lS f õ jjq k s h dfõ
muKla 50"000 ka fou< wkd:hka is á k njh' 1999 wfm% a , a ui uvq
foa j ia : dkh uq o d.ekS u g Y% S ,xld wdrCIl wxY l% s h dlrkúg
mQ c lhs k a o " fou< cd;s j d§ka o lS f õ tys fou< wkd:hs k a 40"000 la we;s
ks i d yuq o d ueos y ;a ù ug Tjq k a tfrys jk njh' tfy;a 1999 cQ k s j,§
fy<s j Q f ha tys is á fha wkd:hs k a 7800 la muKla njh' fï is h ,a f ,ka
fmfkka f ka fou< wkd: ixLHdj W¨ma m d,ñka fou< cd;s j d§ka f,djg
lrk fnda r ejh' uq ¿ jka k s m% f oa Y hgu hdmkfha meñK wdmiq fkdf.dia

14
 isák .Kk 1999 wf.daia;= fjoa§ 30"000 lg fkdwvq nj uOHia:
ksÍCIlhkaf.a u;hhs' fudjqkaf.aka id;sYh nyq;rh ienE wkd:hska
fkdj hdmkhg h<s;a fkdhdyels fldá ixúOdkfha idudðlhkaf.a mjq,a
yd ys;j;=kah' Tjqka hdmkhg fkdhkafka fldákaf.a hqoaOfha
iydhl n, weKshla ùu;a ksid;a" hdmkhg .shfyd;a fldá úfrdaë
fou< ckhdf.a m<s.ekSug ,lafõh hehs ìh ksid;a h'
tfia kï bkaÈhdfõ yd jkaksfha we;af;a 60"000 la kï hdmkfha
fou< ck;djg isÿ jQfha l=ula o@
1981 ck ix.kKhg wkqj fld<U k.r iSudfõ iuia;
ck.yKh 5"85"776 la jk w;r thska Y%S ,dxlsl fou, ck.yKh
1"30"210 fõ' 1998 cQ,s j,§ fld<U k.r iSudfõ jdih lrk fou<
ck.yKh 4"85"000 muK jk nj jd¾;dfõ' fï wkqj fld<U k.rhg
muKla 3"00"000 lg wdikak hdmkfha fou< ixl%uKslhka meñK we;s
nj fmfka' ó.uqj" j;a;," foysj," .,alsiai' fldaÜfÜ hk k.r iNd
iSud j,g o 1"00"000 lg wdikak msßila meñK we;' fï wkqj 1998 w.§
fld<U wjg w¨;ska ckdjdi ù we;s fou< ck.yKh ydr,CIh
blaujk nj;a Tjqkaf.ka nyq;rh Bkshd fou< wkd:hka nj;a
meyeÈ,sh' fld<U k.rh ;=< ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßh ;ekQ ;Ügq
ksjdi tlla 47"000 lska nyq;rh fï fou< —irKd.;hska˜ úiska ñ,shk
.Kka f.jd ñ<§ f.k we;s w;r kùk yskaÿ fldaú,a 50 la o f.dvkxjd
we;' tfia kï isxy, yuqodjg ìfha jkaksfha ÿlaú¢kjdh lshk fou<
wkd:hska we;a;gu isákafka fld<U ;Ügq ksjdi j,hææ
fuhg wu;rj uykqjr k.rhg o úisoyil muK fou<
ixl%uKsl msßila meñK we;' fï u.ska fld<U iy uykqjr ckjd¾.sl
ixhq;sh fou< lrKhg ,laù we;' ±ka fï ixúOdkd;aul f,i
isÿflfrk ckdjdilrkhla njg m;aj we;' fuh ksielju fou<
jHdma;jdohhs'
;j;a ,CI 1'5 - 2 w;r hdmk fou< jdiSka mssßila úfoaYj,
jdih lr;s' fudjqka lsisfjla wdk:hka fkdjk w;r fudjqka fou<
cd;sjd§ m%pdrl jHdmdrhg uqjdù ngysr yd kef.kysr wdishd;sl
rgj, fyd| /lshd fidhdf.k m,d.sh wh fj;s'
hdmkh yer fiiq Èia;%slal j, fou< wkd:hska .Kk 5000 -
10000 w;r fõ' fï ish,af,ka fmkS hkafka fou< ixl%uKslhka yd
fld<U fgdfrdkafgda" fu,an¾ka" isx.mamQre" uÿrdis wd§ k.rj, —fou<

15
jHdm;
a jd§k˜a ,CI lmS hla iá s h;a ienE fou< wkd:hka .Kk 40"000 lg
fkdjeä njh' tfuku a jvd jeo.;a foh kï" YS% ,xldfõ li s u
s mf%oY
a hlk s a
fou< ckhd fou< ùu ki s s m<jd yer fkdue;s njh' fuh YS% ,xldfõ §
ixsy, ui
q ,
a ï
s ckj¾. folgu iÿsjj Q ;a fou< ck;dj wrUhd iÿsfkdjQ
ckjd¾.l s mú;l % rKfha m; % Ms ,hh' tfy;a f,dl
a h mr
q d fou< cd;j s d§yq
fou< wkd: mY
% k
a h ;ju;a Wiy
a äka jh;'s
±ka wms ixsy, wkd: ;;;
a j
a h úuid n,u'q
wms hdmkfhku a mgka .ku s 'q idfml a I a jYfhka iduldó jQ 1971 §
hdmkfha ixsy, ck.yKh 20"402 la fyj;a 2'9] la úh' ij a Ndúl j¾Okh
wkj q wo ta ixLHj 30"000 la muK úh h; q h = ' tfy;a 1977" 78" 81" 83 cd;j s d§
my % drj,k s a lu % fhka ixsy,hka m<jdyßkq ,enQ w;r hdmkfha wk; a u s ixsy,
mr q jeih s d Ôj;j a f
Q ha 1987 Tlf a ;dn a ¾ 6 odh' fuf,i hdmkfhka muKla
ioygu m<jd yßk ,o ixsy,hkf a .a .Kk 30"000 l's 1981 § u, q ;õ s
Èi; a l %s l a fha 3948 la fyj;a 5'9] la ixsy,fhda jdih l,y' wo u, q ;õ s j,g
wh;a je,T s h ixsy, ckmofha .ïudk ly s ms hla yer fjk;a tlÿ
ixsy,fhl= fyda ke;' ij a Ndj j¾Okh iu. .;a l< u, q ;õ s j, wkd:jq
ixsy,hka ixLHdj 5"000la muK fõ' 1981 oS ixLHd f,L a k wkj q ;l s% K = du,h
oi
s ; a l s% l a fha ixsy, ck.ykh 86"341 jk w;r ij a Ndúl j¾Okh wkj q th
wo ,lI a h blu a jd hd h; q h= ' úfYI a fhka ;l s% K = du, k.riu S dj ;< = m,jd
yßkq ,enq ixsy,hka 12"000 la iu. ;l %s K = du,h oi s ;
a l s% la fhka muKla
16"000 la muK ixsh,hka m<jdyer ;f s í' 1981 ixLHd f,L a K wkj q
ukk a drï ixsy, ck.ykh 8"700l'S ^8'14]& ij a Nd j¾Okh wkj q fuu
.Kk wo 12"000 la muK úh h; q h= ' fñ ki s d wv; q rñka ukk a drfï wkd:ù
we;s ixsh,hk s a .Kk 10"000 blu a úh h; q h = ' 1981 ixLHd f,L a k wkj q
jjk q h s dfõ ixsy, ck.yKh 15"876 l's ^16'55]& ij a Nd j¾Okh wkj q wo
th 22"000 la muK úh h; q h= ' fï wkj q wvu q ;rñka 6"000 l muK ixsy,
wkd:hk s a mß s ila jjk q h
s dfõ ìyù s we;' 1946 § uvl,mf q õ§ ixsy,
ck.yKh 11"850 la úh' 1957 my % dr ki s d 1963 § th 6"580 olj a d my<
.f s hh a ' 1971 È th 11"281 ^4'37]& la úh' fï wkj q wo th 16"000 la muK úh
h;q h = ' fu wkj q uvl,mq Èi; a l
s% l a fha ixsy, wkd:hk s a .Kk 15'000 la úh
h;q h = ' fuhg wu;rj m; q ;a ,u" wkr q dOmr q h" fmdf<dkk a rej yd wïmdr
Èi; a l S% l a j,o ixsy, wkd:fhda 6"000 - 8"000 w;r .Kkla jdih lr;'s fï
wkj q wvu q ;rñka 1977" 78" 81" 83" yd 84 ka miq fou< cd;j s d§ my % dr
128 la u.k
s a 90"000 la 90"000lg wdikk
a ixsy,hka mß
s ila wkd:

16
Ndjhg m;l a r we;' fï wkd:Ndjfha jkfaka fudjk q g ljrodlj;a h<; s a
;u .ïìï j,g hd fkdyelS f,i tu .ï ckjd¾.l s mú;l% rKhlg
m;la r ;ìs uh' fudjk q f
a .ka id;Y s h ny;q rh uyu`. y`s.uko olf = Ka
fjr,dikk a fha lv = d me,m a ;a j,go .ïudkj, l, = l
S rejka njg o m;l a r
we;' fudjk q fa .a mY% kA h .ek l;d lÍ S ug lis f
s jla ke;' uko a ixsy,
wkd:Ndjh udkj yñ s lï wNñ s úula fkdjk f,i rch;a fiiq ixúOdk;a
i,lk ki s dh'
1983 l¿ c, Q h
s .ek l;dlrkf a kda fld<U fndï a n 21 u.k s a 541
fofkla >d;kh l< nj wmg fkdlh s ;'s tlih s úiw s g ierhla kr s dhO
q
ixsy, .ïudkj,g myr§ wyxsil s hks a >d;kh lr ;k = o
a yim a kia hS la urd
90"000 la wkd: l< nj fkdlh s ;'s ta li s ÿs my % drhl § wyxsil fou<
ckhdg m; % m
s y
% dr§ula iÿsfkdjq nj f,dl a hdg fkdlh;'s l¿ c, q hs .eku
lhs ;'s wei< l¿jr .ek kdgH ;k;'s 1983 c, q f s h§a ñh.h s u¿q ixLHdj
471 la jk w;r thk s a 311 fofkla fou< cd;l s fhdo a 160 la ixsy, cd;l s fhda
o jy q ' 1983 ka miq fou< cd;j s d§ iduy q l s f,i lrK ,o ixsy, >d;k
j,k s a nla udihl§ ñh.h s .Kk 348 l's fjila udifha § th 235 l's wei<
ui 330 l's kl s Ks s ui§ 464 l's tfy;a li s f s jla nla l¿jr" fjila
l¿jr"fyda kl s Ks S l¿jr .ek fkd,h s ;'s fldá ixúOdkh wo fï rfÜ
l,dj yd idy; s Hho yir q ejk nj wms f;r a eï .;h; q = fju'q
fuhg wu;rj 1991 Tlf a ;dn a ¾ 11 od igs hdmkfhka yd W;r = e
m<df;ka ui q ,
a ï s jre m<jdyßkq ,eny Q ' fuf,i wkd: jq mu % dKh 50"000
blu a jk nj lh s efõ' kef.kyr s ui q ,a ï s .ïudk j, o 1990 ka miq fou<
cd;j s d§ my % dr 11 la iÿ s ù ;f s í' wjidkfha iÿ s jf q ha ui q , a ï
s wkd:hka
ixsy,hk s a ny; q rhla iy; s mf % oY a j, mÈxÑ lrùuh' ui q , a ïs wkd: mY % k
a h
li s h s ï cd;Hk; a r ixúOdkhla mY % k a fkdl,;a ui q ,
a ï s wkd:hkg Pko a
wh; s h s ,nd § we;s w;r ^Tjk q ga hdmkh i|yd uk; a S% jrfhlo a iá s &
mkq re;: a dmk weu;s wIr a *a úik s a ixsy, yd fou< wkd:hkg a fjkl a r we;s
uo
q ,a fudjk q g jeh lrk nj fpdo a kdo ke.S we;' m; q ; a ,u" wïmdr" wd§
mf% oY a j, iÿ s lr we;s ui q , a ï
s wkd:hkf a .a ckdjdilrKh ki s d o myr je§
w;f a ;a ta mf % oY a j, ixsy, ck;djh'
fuhk s a fmkh S kfa ka ckjd¾.ls fld,a dy," cd;j s d§ my% dr" iuy q
>d;k" ckjd¾.l s mú;l % rKh yd wkd: .eg¿j m< s n
s oj fou< cd;j s d§ka
ujd we;fa ;a fmdä fndrejla fkdjk njh' fï wi;Hh fom¿ lÍ s u yd
Ôjudk wkd: mY % ka h lr<h s g f.k tua fou< cd;js d§ ;i% ;
a jdohg tfrys

17
iEu whl=f.au hq;=luh' wo fou< cd;sjd§ rdcHla njg m;a we;s
Y%S,xldfõ f.!rjKshj ðj;a úug whs;sh ,nd.ekSug fou< cd;sjdÈ
;%ia;jd§ka fkdjk fiiq ish¿ ck;djg úfYaIfhka yvla ke;s isxy,
ck;djg isÿj ;sfí'
fou< cd;sjd§kaf.a B<. uyd fndrej kï" wdrlaIl fufyhqu
ksid fou< ckhdg úfYaIfhka fou< l=, l;=kg ysßyer msvd isÿjk
njh' fldákau wêlrKh weu;sjrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka fou< ckhd
mßlaIdjg ,lalSÍug fidhd ne,Su úfYaIs; udkj ysñlï fldñiula
m;alr ;sfí' fï mqÿu udkj ysñlï fldñiu fidhd n,kafka fou<
udkj ysñlï muKs' ta wreu mqÿu fou< udkj ysñlï muKla fidhd
n,k udkj ysñlï fldñifï ks< fkdfjk ks¾ud;D jq wdpd¾h kS,ka
;srefp,ajï o 1999 cQ,s 29 od uyu`. >d;kh flfrKS' thg tfrysj
fldákag fpdaokd lsÍug tlÿ fou< udkj jdÈfhl=;a bÈßm;a jqfha ke;'
wo Y%S ,xld rdcHh fou< cd;sjd§ rdcHhla njg ;j;a wgqjd àld l=ugo@
flfia fj;;a wdrlaIl wxY lsisÿ m%Yakhlska f;drj
w;awvx.=jg .ekSu yd mßlaId lsÍu isÿlrkafka kï" th idudldó
ckhdg we;a; jYfhka ysßyerhls' tfy;a wdrlaIl wxY tfia ls%hd
lrkafka fou< iudchla wdjrKhla lrf.k fndaïn mqmqrjk" isxy,"
uqia,sï .ïudk j,g lvd je§ wysxilhska le;s.dk" úÿ,s g%dkaiafmdag¾"
ÿrl:k moaO;s" f;,a gexlS" m%jdyk fiajd jkik fou< cd;sjd§
;%ia;jdoh ksidh' b;ska ud¾. jid±ófuka" ud¾. mßlaIdjka fyïn;a
jkafka isxy, fou< - uqia,sï ish¨ fokdh' tfy;a ;%ia;jdoh we;af;a
fou< iudcfhah' tfiakï we;af;akau isÿj we;af;a fou< iudch ;u
iudch cd;sjd§ rl=idg ì,s§fuka iuia; rfÜ ck;dj ysßyerhg m;a
lsÍuh' fou< iudch ;ukaj ld,lKaKs ñf,aÉc;ajhlg hg;a úug
bvyeÍfuka th wjidkfha uq¿ rgu fj,d.ekSug bv§fuka lr we;s
úkdYhg uq¿uy;a ,dxlSl iudcfhkau th iudj wheÈh hq;=h' tlS
úkdYhg Tjqkao j.lsj hq;=h' wfkla w;g hdmkfha isxy," uqia,sï
ckhd le;s.d m<jd yßoa§" tl jpkhlska j;a thg tfrysj fkdjq
iudchla ±ka ;ukag jk ysßyer .ek l:d lrkafka flfiao@ thg
Tjqkg iodpdrd;aul whs;shla we;ao@ 1983 ka miq 128 jrla isxy, úfrdaê
m%ydr t,a,lr we;e;a ta tlÿ m%ydrhlÈj;a isxy,hkaf.a m%;sm%Ndr
t,a, fkdù ;sìh§;a fou< ;%ia;jdhla iys; fou< iudchlg ;uka
ckjd¾.sl f,i ysßyerhg m;aù we;ehs lsjyelso@ we;af;kau fou<
iudcfha yDo idlaIsh wo úuiSh hq;af;a hdmkfha isxy,

18
uqia,sï ckhdg ðj;a úug fkdyelsj ;sìh§;a ;uka fld<U" ñ.uqj"
uykqjr yd .d,af,a ðj;ajkafka flfiao hkakh' tfukau hdmkfhaj;a
l< fkdyels f,i isxy, úfrdaë Woaf>daIK yd y¾;d,a meje;aùug o
fld<U fou< ixúOdk j,g yels nj 1999 cqks 18 od Tjqka úiska fld<Ug
le|jq y¾;d,fhka fmkS .sfhah'
w;awvx.=jg m;ajk fou< l=, l;=ka .ek l:dlSßug m%:u
fou< iudch ;ukaf.a wid .; hq;= m%Yak lSmhla we;' tkï jir 9 - 16
olajd orejka nd,l nd,sldjka ;sßika f,a msmdis;hska f,i fldá
yuqodfõ ls%hd lrK nj fou< iudch fkdokafkao@ fou< ;reKshka
nfâ fndaïn ne|f.k fn!oaO isoaOia:dk jekiSu yd isxy, mdie,a
±ßhka >d;kh lsÍu .ek fou< iudch fkdokafkao@ fldá ixúOdkh;a
fiiq fou< ikakoaO l,a,s;a ;u m%;súreoaO l,a,sj, fou< l=, l;=ka
¥IKh lr lE,s lmd urd±uQ nj fou< iudch fkdokafkao@ fou<
l=,j;a ixialD;sh .ek l;d lsÍug fmr ksrdhqo uy¨ .eyeKshl jk
ifrdacKs fhdaf.aYajrka wuq wuqfõ udrd±óu .ek;a wehg ksoyfia
je,,Sug mjd isxy,hskaf.a w.kqjrg tAug isÿjQ nj;a f;areï
fkd.;af;a wehs' ^ñkS ure fou< cd;sjdoh fmdaYkh lsÍug ñhhk
f;lau ifrdackS fhdaf.aYajrka yd fldàka úiska >d;kh l, wef.a
ieñhd jk fjÜgqfõ¨ fhdaf.aYajrka ls%hd l< njo i|yka l< hq;=h&
ysÜ,¾ ìyslsÍu fjkqfjka c¾uka iudch jkaÈ f.õjd fia
m%Ndlrka ìyslsÍu .ek fou< iudcho jkaÈ f.úh hq;= fõ' wdrCIl
wxYj, kS;Hdkql+, mÍlaId lsÍu ms<sn|j fodvjk fou< iudcfha úúO
ixúOdk l,amkd l< hq;=j we;af;a isxy, yd uqia,sï iudcho wú.;a
cd;sjd§ l,a,s ìyslr.; fyd;a ;;ajh l=ula fõo hkak h' fou< ck
iudcfha j.lSï úrys; l%shdjka fhduqjkafka iuia: iudchu tlsfkldg
tfrysj wú.;a wrDðl ;;ajhlg fhduq lsÍugh' ta ìysiqkq ;;ajh
u.yrjd .ekSug kï ljr jkaÈhla fyda § fou< cd;sjdÈh jkid ,sh
hq;=h'
bkaÈhdfõ uOH wdKavqjg Ndr;Sh ck;d mCIh meñKSu;a iu`.
Y%S ,xldfõ Bkshd fou< ixúOdk 39 la bka§h w.ue;s jrhd wu;ñka Y%S
,xldfõ fou< yska¥kag wd.u weoySug fkdyelsù we;ehs m%ldY l,y'
Y%s ,xldfõ isxy, fn!oaOhka úiska yskaÿ fldaú,a 3000 úkdY lr we;s
njg fpdok t,a, flßks' ta ,smsh ksl=;aù i;s ;=klg miq ;ñ,akdvqfõ
fi,aú ch,,s;d chrdï m%ldY lf,a yskaÿ fldaú,a 1800 la úkdY lr we;s
njh' ^i;s;=kla we;=<; yskaÿ fldaú,a 1200 la w;=re oyka ù we;&

19
Y%S ,xldfõ fuu fm;aiug w;aika ;nd we;s tla ixúOdkhla jkafka
yskaÿ uy iNdjh' fuh msysgd we;af;a fldgqfõ iïnqoaOd f,dal úydrhg
óg¾ 100 la ;rï kqÿßks' ;j;a óg¾ 100 la kqÿßka fldgqfõ yskaÿ fldaú,
by, wyfia ±l.; yel' fou< fldá ixúOdkh .,odÍ m%ydrh
t,a,lrk úg fn!oaOhkag jeo.;a fmdfydh Èkl fldgqfõ
iïnqoaOdf,dal úydrhg myr ÿka w;r is,aiudoka ù isák Wmdisl
Wmdisldjkaf.a Ôj; fjkqfjka fld<U Èia;%slalfha ix>kdhl
ú;drkafoKsfha pkaofcda;s ysñmdKka jykafia fuys§ fldáka wNsuqj
wNS;j Èúÿka fial' fn!oaO isoaOia:dkhl fu;rï kskaÈ; f,i fn!oaO
úfrdaë m%ydrhla t,aù ;sìh§ yskaÿ uyd iNd f.dvke.s,a,g fyda wi,
fhdaO yskaÿ fldaú,g m%;sm%ydrhla t,a, fkdùh' f,dal fn!oaOhkaf.a
uqÿkau,alv n÷ o<od ud,s.hg fou< cd;sjd§ka 1998 ckjdß 25 od
fndaïn m%ydrhla § jkid ouk úg wjg msysá tlÿ yskaÿ fldaú,lg fyda
;¾ckhla t,a, fkdùh' miq.sh úis jir ;=< W;=ßka yd kef.kysßka
fn!oaOhska 85000 la m,jd yßoa§" fn!oaO isoaOia:dk 261 la jkidouoa §"
fï tl÷ yskaÿ fldaú,lg fyda ydks fkdùh' bkaÈhdfõ yskaÿ fldaú,lg
fujeks m%ydrhla t,a,úks kï" ñksiqka ñhhkq we;af;a oY,CI .Kkska
nj lsjhq;=h' Y%S ,dxlsl fjfiiskau fn!oaO tlla jk w;r ta ksidu
bjiSulskau hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau miq.sh úis jir ;=< th yskaÿka
iïnkaOfhka b;d bjis,sjka;j lghq;= lr ;sfí' tfy;a bkaÈhdfõ
wka;jd§ yskaÿ uQ,O¾u jd§ msßilg uqjdù' yskaÿ uy iNdj" hdmkfha
yskaÿ fldaú,a Ndrlrejkaf.a ix.uh" yd yskaÿ mQcl ixioh ^tka'
úchisxyï" iÑ;a;kdoka yd l=ud¾ fmdkakïn,ï jeks fldá ixúOdkfha
n<,a w;a fuh fufyhjhs& jeks ixúOdk yskaÿ uq,O¾u jdoh m;=rjhs'
fudjqyq b;d iQlaIu f,i bkaÈhdkq wruqo,a yd fldá ixúOdkfha wruqo,a
j,ska fld<U yd ;odikak m%foaYj, uykqjr" kqjrt,sh" nÿ,a, jeks
m%foaY j,ska foafmd< ñ,§ f.k kùk yskaÿ fldaú,a f.dvk.ñka isá;s'
je,a,j;a; lÈf¾Yka fldaú, ,ys,ysfha yskaÿ ixialD;sl ixlS¾Khla
njg m;alrñka mj;sk w;r kqjrt,sfha isoafohs wïudka ^iS;d fofjd,&
yd ykqudka fofjd, f,i wlalr 100 l muK me;sÍ hk yskaÿ fldaú,a
bÈlrf.k hkq ,efí' yskaÿ uy iNdj fld<U fldgqfjka ;Ügq y;l
fhdaO f.dvke.s,a,la ñ,§ f.k we;s w;r uÜglal=,sh" mE,shf.dv"
j;a;," ó.uqj" je,a,j;a;" lsre<mk yd foysj, m%foaYj, fõ.fhka
isÿjk fou< ckmolrkh w;r wkjir bvï w,a,d.ekSu yd fldaú,a
f.dvke.Su ,ys ,ysfha isÿlrf.k hkq ,efí' uq;=rdc fj,
m%foaYfha rdcH wkq.%yfhka re fldaá 600 la jehlrk fhdaO fldaú,a

20
ixl¾ S Khla bÈlÍ s ug lgh; q = lrf.k hh's fld<U wjg muKla fujeks
fldú a ,a 50 la f.dvk.d we; tj a dfha fij a hg bk§ a h mc Q lhk s a 50 fofkl=
f.kú;a we;' fld<U fou< jHdm; a jdohg bk§ a h wk; a jd§ yk s ÿ a
u,
Q O¾ujd§ka o tlù a we;s nj meyeÈ,h s 1998 - 99 jirj, fld<U k.rh
mrq d .ukl a < fõ,a fmryerj,a .Kk yd f;r a e W;i a j .Kk i,ld neÆ
úg fou< jHdm; a jdofha ;ru jgyd .; yel' wo wkr q dOmr q wgui: a dk
mjd fldá my % drfhka miq ±ä wdrCIl ;;j a hkg a hg;j a we;s w;r
ko s yfia fn!oO a fmryer lÍ s ug fyda fn!oO a hkg a jko a kd udk lÍ s ug
fkdyel' hdmkh k,Æ a ¾ lko a idï fldú a f,a ig s fld<U lÈf¾Yka fldú a ,
olj a d" kj q rt,f s ha i; S d fofjd,a ig s .d,f a ,a l; s ; a kf a .hs fldú a , olj a d yk s ÿ a
ckhd Nl = ;a s ú¢k wd.ñl ko s yi fn!oO a hkg a ke;' fldú,a 1800 la ì|
±uj Q dhehs lh s k l:dj YS% ,xldfõ iÿ s jk fn!oO a ixydrh jid .eku S mK s i s
yk s ÿ a lu = k; a K% ldÍka úik s a f.dvke.+ mn % kOa hla jk w;r YS% ,xldfõ
fn!oO a hks a jir 2300 la ;i s f a ia yk s ÿa " bi, a dï" li %s ; a h
s dks u, Q O¾ujd§ka
w;f,dii a lf.a wim s ;a yd ;j = ll a j
= ,k s a ;u wd.u /l.;a w;r ;j;a
mko a yila l,a tfia lrkq we;s nj yk s ÿ a u, Q O¾ujdoh ±k.; h; q h
= '

wfkla w;g fldákf a .a ihkhâ s ixil a D;h s go ±ka yk s ÿ

a lh
s ùula
,nd§fï W;i a dyhla we;' uydNdr;fh§ a lI s% K
a w¾ck q ga meyeÈ,s l< f,i
Ôú;hla fuku a urKhlo a " mõ fyda mk s a lh s d fohla ke;' we;f a ;a
fkdfjkia wd;u a hka muK's fï ki s d ij
a hx >d;k fuku a ñki s a >d;k j,ks o a
wd;u a hkg
a ydkh s la iÿ
s fkdfõ' mdmhla iÿ s fkdfõ' wd§ f,i fldákf a .a
weu;= >d;k j,g wd.ñl /ljrKhla §ug u, Q O¾ujd§ka ±ka
lh
s% dlrf.k hh's

wfkla w;k s a 1987 ig s ij a hx>d;k iÿ s lr.;a 148 la jQ ^1999

wf.dia ;
a &= fldákf a .a Wu;= l¿fldá lh s% d ùr;ja hg kexùuo ihkhâ s lr,
fldá k¾ s Nh;j a h nj fmkù a ugo W;i a dy ±f¾' jd¾;d ù we;s wko a ug 1993
ig
s 1999 wf.di a ;
a = olj a d 1065 la ihkhâ s ne|.;a fldá idudðlhka
wdrCIl wxYj,g Ndr ù we;' fuh fldá n,ldfhka 20] l's fuhk s a
fmkhS kf a ka Bkhs d ihkhâ s ùr;j a h .eko m;r = ejd we;f
a ;a fmdä fndrejla
fkdjk njh'

f,dla h mr q d fou< ñ:Hdj jemÍ

s ug lf;d, a l
s yd li
s% ;
a h
s dks kl
s dhka
j, mc
Q lhks a ly
s m
s fofkla o bÈßm;ù a iás ;'s 1984 fkdjeïn¾ 30 od kdhdrE

21
fldls,dhs ^lel=,dj& §jr .ïudk j, isxy, ;f;da,slhska fm;s.id oud
Tjqkaf.a l=vd lf;da,sl m,a,s .sksn;a l< fou< cd;sjd§ ñkSurejka
lshkafka fou< lf;da,slhka yd l%sia;shdkSka u¾Okhg ,laj we;s njh'
1983 § W;=f¾ lf;da,sl ÈfhdalSihka rfÜ fiiq ÈfhdalSihka iu`. in|;d
wfydais lr B<dï iNdjla msysgqjd .ekSug lghq;= l< iqm%lg
cd;sjdÈfhl= jk f;dauia fi!kaøkdh.ï yd fcdaima rdhmamq mshkuj,a
wo o hdmkhg yd ukakdrug ù isÿlrkafka ;u cd;sjd§ Wïu;a;lNdjh
m%lg lsÍuh' tïudkqfj,a" isx.rdh¾" isxyrdid jeks mQcljre' fl,skau
fldá ixúOdkfha m%pKav;ajhg yjq,a jQfjdah' miq.sh oYlh ;=< pkaød
m%kdkaÿ mshku ^iNdm;s mqrjeis lñgqj uvl<mqj 1988' 06' 06 Èk
>d;kh flreKs& we;=¿ lf;da,sl idfydaaor mshkuj,a ;sfofkl= fldá
ixúOdkh >d;kh lr we;s kuq;a lsisÿ lf;da,sl ks< wdh;khla fï
>d;k fy<d ±l ke;' uvq m,a,sh jkaokd lsÍug isxy, lf;da,slhkag
we;s whs;sh Wÿrdf.k we;s w;r uvq m%foaYh wdrCIl yuqod w;g
w;am;aùu .ek ukakdru ro.=re we;=¿ msßi uyd f>daIdjla 1999 wfm%a,a
ui isg f.k .sfhdah' cQks 02 jeksod lel=,dj isxy, lf;da,sl êjrhkag
m%ydr t,a,lr m<jdyßkq ,enQ w;r uvq fou< wkd:hska .ek je,fmk
lsisfjla ta .ek lsisjla lSfõ ke;' tfukau l%sia;shdks l,a,s .Kkdjlau
wirK fou< yska¥ka b,lal lrf.k —l%sia;shdkSlrKh˜ isÿlrf.k hkq
,nk w;r fkd¾fõ" iaùvka" lekvdj" tx.,ka;h" tlai;a ckmoh jeks
l%sia;shdks uQ,O¾ujd§ rgj, rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk fï msgqmi fjhs'
isxy, lf;da,slhka yd isxy, ls%ia;shdkSka u¾Okh lsÍug lghq;= lrk
fï uQ,O¾ujd§ n,fõ. wo lrk jHikh ksid úfgl fï rg ;j;a
fidaud,shdjla njg m;aùug bv we;'
fou< cd;sjd§ka úiska Èh;alr we;s hqoaOhg uqyqK§u i|yd Y%S
,xld wd¾:lh Yla;su;a fkdjk njo' rfÜ cd;sl wdodhfuka jeä
fldgila hqoaOhg jehfjk ksid fjk;a iykdOdr fyda ixj¾Ok lghq;=
l< fkdyels njo rch m%ldY lrhs' fï w;r fldá ixúOdkfha n<,a
wKavla jk cd;Hka;r we,¾Ü ixúOdkh ysgmq ckdêm;s f,alï n%eâuka
ùrfldaka" tlai;a cd;l mlaIfha WmfoaYl pß; r;aj;a;" ysgmq .=jka
yuqodm;s yeÍ .=K;s,l wd§kaf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ
hqo úhoï ms<sn|j wOHhkhl kshef,k njo jd¾;dù ;sfí'
1997 j¾Ifha § rchg hqo lghq;= i|yd remsh,a fldaá 41"527 la
jeh lf<ah' 1994 g fmr lsisÿ jirl hqo úhou fldaá 2000 blaujd .sfha
ke;' jkaksfha fufyhqï wjika jQ úg fï hqo úhou h<s;a remsh,a fldaá

22
2000 blaujd fkdhk nj wdrCIl wxY lshhs' wo Y%S ,xldfõ wdrCIl
wxYj, Rcq /lshdj, 260000 la muK fiajh lrk w;r Tjqka
wdY%s;j ;j;a ,CI 7 la muK jl% /lshdj, ksr;j isá;s' wks;a w;g
Y%S ,xldfõ o< cd;sl ksYamdokh jd¾Islj remsh,a fldaá ,laIhla
muK fõ' ^1998 § th remsh,a fldaá 105000 la muK úh& fï ish,af,ka
t<ôh yels ks.uk lsysmhls'
rch whjeh f,aLkhg wkqj rdcH wdrlaIl msßjeh 15] la
muK jqj;a o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h wkqj th 5% lg wvq uÜgul mj;S'
fï wkqj fï úhou rfÜ wd¾Ól w¾nqohla we;slsÍug ;rï n,j;a
;;ajhl fkdmj;S' fldá ixúOdkho u;aøjH cdjdrï j,ska" úfoaY
wdOdrj,ska" fou< ckhd f.a lmamïj,ska jd¾Islj remsh,a fldaá 600
la muK Wmhk njo jd¾;d ù we;s ksid Y%S ,xldjgo ish wdrCIl
úhoï ie,lshhq;= m%udKhl È.gu r|jd .ekSug isÿfõ' wfkla w;g
wdrCIl úhoï j,ska ;=fkka follg;a jeä m%udKhla rch
Wmhd.kafka cd;sl wdrCIl noafoks' fï ksid rchg fï hqo úhoï
mshjd .ekSu ms<sn|j úYd, w¾nqoldÍ j.lSula fkdmj;S' wfkla
w;g jydu fufyhqï k;r l<;a wdrCIl wxYj, 260000 la kv;a;=
lsÍu i|yd wksjd¾hfhkau remsh,a fldaá 2000 lg wdikak m%udKhla
jehl< hq;=fõ' wfkla w;ska idufhdackd f,i bÈßm;aù we;s m<d;a
iNd i|yd o rch remsh,a fldaá 2200 la jehlrhs' ta w¾:fhka Bkshd
iduh hqoaOhg jvd úhoï iys; tlls' ;jo WoOukh ksid uqo,a j,
w.h msßySu fya;=fldgf.k fï úhoïj, ienE jákdlu jvd wvq
w.hls' WodyrKhla f,i 1977 ñ< .Kka j,g wkqj 1997 remsh,a
fldaá 4153 fka yqjudre jákdlu ienE f,iu remsh,a fldaá 456 ls'
^ksYaÑ; ixLHd f,aLk i|yd weuqKqu n,kak&
wfkla w;ska Y%S ,xld rch fjk;a fCI;%j,ska cd;shg
wysñlr we;s Okh remsh,a fldaá ,CI .Kkls' WodyrKhla f,i
f¾.=j ;=< muKla rchg ys;j;a jHdmdßlhka isÿlrk jxpd ksid
jd¾Islj rems,a fldaá 5000 la muK Y%S ,xld rchg wysñjk nj
jd¾;d fõ' fuh ielhlska f;drj fï ;;ajfhkau hqo úhoï mj;ajd
.ekSug ;rï m%udKj;a uqo,ls' wfkla w;ska cd;sfha Okfhka
f.dvk.d.;a Y%S ,xld fg,sfldï" ,xld jdfka ixia:dj" thd¾ ,xld
.=jka fiajh" rdcH j;= moaO;sh wdÈh mqoa.,Slrkfhka muKla
ßmsh,a fldaá 20"000 l muK mdvqjla isÿj we;s nj .Kka nkd we;'
wkd.;fha§ mejßug hk tmamdjj, fmdiafmaÜ ksêh" fld<U jrdh
wdÈfhka cd;shg isÿjk mdvqj ;rñka remsh,a fldaá ,CIhls' fï

23
ish,af,kau fmkShkafka foaYmd,lhka ish fkdyelshdjg ms<s;=rla f,i
hqo úhoï fmkakqj o Tõka úiska ldndiskshd lrk cd;sl Okh tfuka
ish.=Khlg;a jeä njh'
flfiafj;;a Y%S ,xld wdrCIl wxYj,g jeh lrk uqo,a
ld¾hCIuj jehfjkafkao hkak ms<sn|j o m%Yak we;' 1997 jif¾ §
hqoaOhg jehl< remsh,a fldaá 4153 ys kshu jákdlu 1977 g wkqj
remsh,a fldaá 456 la jQj;a tu.ska ;ju;a tla uyje,s c,dYhla ;ekSug
bv ;sìKs' fuhska fmfkkafka ;%ia;jdoh uev,Sug Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk
foaYmd,k mCI fol yd ta fofla kdhl;ajh fynjQ m%N+ mjq,a foll
idudðlhska wfmdfydi;aùu ksid jkaÈ f.ùug isÿj we;af;a iuia;
ck;djg njh' 1997 jir ;=< fldá ixúOdkfha 1300 la urd±uQ nj
wrCIl wxY lshk úg ;u idudðlhska 1065 la ñh.sh nj fldá
ixúOdkh lshhs' fï wkqj remsh,a fldaá 4153 jehlr isÿlr we;af;a
fldá ixúOdkfha oyilg wdikak msßila urd±óuh' tkï tla fldá
idudðlfhla urd±óu i|yd remsh,a ,laI 400 la muK jehfjk njh'
fuh lsisfia;au ms<s.; yels ;;ajhla fkdfõ' isïndífõ rg
iu`. l< fudagd¾ .kqfokqfõ § o" hqfl%akh iu`. l< m%ydrl hdkd
.kqfokqfõ§ o" muKla isÿj we;s jxpd i,lk úg ;%ia;jdoh fïid
n,j;a jHikhla njg m;al< foaYmd,k m%N+ka wú cdjdru chgu
isÿlrf.k hk nj fmkShhs' chisl=re fufyhqfï ksr;jQ oyilg
wdikak fin¨kaf.a >d;k j,g j.lsj hq;= isïndífõ fudagd¾
.kqfokqfõ iellre jQ uhs,ajd.kï remsh,a 25000 l wm u; ksoyia ùu
wú cdjrï lrejkaf.a foaYmd,k n,h fmkakqï l< tla isÿùula muKs'
fin¿kaf.a Ôú;j,ska" cd;sfha iïm;aj,ska fï uyd uxfld,a,h
lrf.k hdug cd;sh ;j;a bvÈh hq;= ke;'
wfkla w;ska fldá f;a wd¾Ólhg" wfhdack j,g" ixpdrl
jHdmdrhg" n,Yla;s ksIamdokhg" nexl= moaO;shg" mß.Kl cd,hg"
ÿrl:k moaO;sj,g È.ska È.gu m%ydr t,a, lr;s' fldá 2000 lg wêl
mqo,la m%Odk nexl= folg foaYmd,lhskaf.a ys;j;a jHdmdßlhka jxpd
lsÍu ksid m%Odk nexl= folu mj;skafka wia:djr ;;ajhlh' kef.kysr
wdishdfõ wd¾Ól w¾nqoh Y%S ,xldjg jdisodhl f,i ne,mEj;a
cmdkfha" reishdfõ" yd bkaÈhdfõ wd¾Ól ì|jeãï Y%S ,xldjg ;Èkau
n,mdkq we; jir úiaila mqrd ngysr uQ<H wdh;k úiska kgjkq ,nk Y%S
,xld wd¾Ólh ta ksidu w¾nqohla lrd we§hdug kshñ;jj we;'

24
 fï ish,af,ka fmkS hkafka ;%ia;jd§ .egqu ;Srl f,i wd¾Ólhg
n, fkdmEj;a YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh fj;;a fya;= u; ì`ojeàfï bvla we;s
njh' fï ksid fou< cd;sjd§ ;%ia;jdoh ;Srl f,i uev,Sula jydu isÿ
fkdjqfyd;a uq¿ rgu uy; wkaOldrhlg weojeàug kshñ;h' W;=re yd
kef.kysrg jvd ol=fKa wia:djr;ajh wd¾Ólhg ;SrKd;aul f,i
n,mdhs' WodyrKhla f,i 1978 § 8] la jq wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.h W;=f¾
ler,SldÍ;ajh ;=<;a 1985 § 5'8] la úh' tfy;a ol=K wia:djr ùu ksid
th 1987 § 1'8] la úh' fuh wd¾Ólfha ia:djr;ajh .ek ie,ls,su;ajk
´kEu wfhl= úiska wjOdrKh lr.; hq;= lreKls'
¥Is; foaYmd,lhkaf.a w¥ro¾Ys wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ksid fldá
;%ia;jd§kaf.a uq,sl b,lalhla jq YS% ,xldj wd¾Ól ì`ojeàgúu bfíu
id¾:l ùug bv ;sfí' túg fldákag tfrysj hqo fmruqK o bfíu
ÿ¾j, ú 1987 - 89 jeks wrdðl hq.hla we;súug bv we;' jyd fldá
meroùu i|yd l%shd l< hq;af;a ta ksidh'

25
 3 jk wÈhr

;%ia;jdofha ufkdaldh fou< cd;sjdohhs'

1 998 uehs ui Èkl tx.,k; a fha iá s kd Y%S ,xlls fhda ì; % dkH
w.ue;j s rhdf.a fldá ixúOdkh ;ykï lrk f,i b,, a d iá s ïka
fm<md,h s la .uka .;y a ' ta fm<md<f s ha mo % ¾Ykh jq tla nekrhl ,h s d
;n
s f
q Ka zfou< ;i % ;a jdoh mrouZq hkk a h' fuh rcfha mj q ;ma ;a yd úoH; q a
udOH j,k s a mp
% drhjQ w;r fou< cd;j s d§ mlI a " ixúOdkh yd rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk tys i|yka —fou< ;i % ;
a jdoh˜ hk jpkhg tfryj s uyd
f>dI a djla f.k .h s y' YS% ,xldfõ mj;k s f
a ka ;i % ;
a jdohloa hkk a m< s n
s |
fndfa yda jdo újdo olf = KA we;ús h'

;i% ;a jd§ lh s% d lrkf a ka fldá ixúOdkh nj wo meyeÈ,h s ' fï

kis d ;i % ;
a jdohg mú s iK
q q yg s mq igkl a dó f,i fmkS iá s k mf a ,dÜ"
B'm'Sã'm'S fgf,d"a B'm'Swd¾'t*'a" Bfrdi a a jeks l,, a o
s " Bkh
s d uOHi: a jdÈka
f,i fmkS iá s kd fou< tli a ;a úul q ;a s fmruK q o iuyr úfgl fou<
cd;j s d§ lreuh mN % dlrkg a oud fou< cd;l s Wreuh ;uka i;l = r .eku S g
;e;a lr;'s rdcH udOH o wf;drla ke;j s lh s kf
a ka fou< cd;l s wN, s dIhka
yd fldá ;i % ;a jdoh folla njh'

m<uj q lj s h;q fa ;a by; i|yka l< Bkh s d yg s mq igkl a dóka fyda

Bkh s d uOHi:djd§ka wo fld<Ug ù hdmkh .ek l:d lrkf a ka Tjkq fa .a
fyd`oy; s fyda mc % d;k % ;a jdohg we;s lemùu ki s d fkdj fldá ixúOdkh
Tjkq j a ho q uh f,i u¾Okh lr Bkh s d mc % d;k; a j % d§ mj % dyhg t<jd we;s
ki
s dh' 1999 c, q s ui ig s fldá ta ih s ¿ Bkh s d mc % d;k; a j
% d§ mlI a yd
ixúOdk ;ykï l<y' tfy;a ;ju;a Tjy q q ih s ¨ fokdu ±ä ixsy,
úfrdë a " ñf,É a P woyia we;s f,a mm s di; s ;i % ;
a jd§ ukil s ka h;q = whu fj;'s
fldáku a fudjk q f a .a rEmldh mc % d;k; a j % d§ i¿m< s s ±rejka ufkdl a dh
fou< cd;j s d§ mN % dlrka ;i % ;
a hdf.a li s f s i; a a fjkia fkdfõ'

wfkla w;k s a l,lg fmr fou< ÿla .ekú,s f,i ml % dY l<

tfy;a li s h
s ï idOlhla fmkka d,u
S g wfmdfydi;a ùu ki s d ±ka zfou<
wN,s dIhkZa f,i fjkia lr we;s Bkhs d fou< cd;l s wh;
s k
S a fou< iudch
;<
= we;; a gu mj;o S hkk
a fidhd ne,h s h;q f
= õ' ßú/i fufyhf q uka miq

26
 hdmkfha fou< idudkH ckhd b;d leue;af;ka yd lSlrej Y%S
,xld hqo yuqodj iu. jdih lr;s' fou< ckhd YS% ,xld yuqod iu.
isákafka ie`.ú.sh fldamhlska msmsfrñks' Tjqkaf.a ffjrh fldhshïu
fudfyd;l fyda mqmqrjdf.dia oyia .Kka úÈj,g nei ke.S isák
;;ajhla Wodjk nj fndfyda l,l isg fou< cd;sjd§yq mji;s' tfy;a
jir ;=kla mqrd tjekakla isÿú ke;' tmuKla fkdj w;S;fha§ mjd fï
Bkshd ke.Sáñ msgqmi ;sì we;af;a fou< cd;sjd§ ;=jlal= nj ±ka ila
iqola fia meyeÈ,sh' Bkshd fou< wNs,dIhka" Bkshd fou< cd;sl whs;Ska
jkdyS fou< cd;sjd§ jHdmdr yd ixúOdkj, w;f,diaila úiska l=,jd§
mSvkfhka" n,y;a ldrfhka fou< iudch u; —mgjk˜ ,o fndrejla nj
meyeÈ,Sh'

ta ksid fï rfÜ lS%hd;aul jk m%pKAv foaYmd,k fou< cd;sjd§

;%ia;jdoh ñi wka lsisjla fkdfõ' fldá ;%ia;jdofha u;jdoh yd
wruKq fou< cd;sjdoh h'

fou< ckiudch lS;=lS;+lr Wïu;a;l fou< cd;sjdoh tlS

iudch u; —nf,ka megjq˜ wdldrh;a" ñkSure ;%ia;jdohla lrd fou<
iudch olaldf.k .sh wdldrh;a ±k .eksug w;S;h msßlaid ne,sh
hq;=fõ'
l%s'j' 14 - 15 jeks ishjia j, bkaÈhdfõ n,j;a jQ uqia,sï - fuda.,a
wêrdcHhka ksid o ngysr n,mEï ksid o ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ úch k.¾
rdcOdksh úisÍ .sfhah' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ fou< m%foaYj, Ôj;a jQ iuyr
.ï m%OdkSka o fjf<kaoka o wdrlaIdj m;d;a" fj<odu i|yd;a
f.dvneiafia Y%S ,xldfõ hdmk w¾Ooaùmhgh' Tjqyq ksr;=reju fldaÜfÜ
yd miqj uykqjr isxy, rdcOdkshg hg;aj ish Ôúldj f.k .shy'
hdmkh fyj;a kd.§mh ÿrd;s;fha isgu fyd| isxy, fn!oaO
ckdjdihla yd fj<| f;dgla jQ nj rkska .,ska l< wo olajd mj;sk
mqrdjia;= ckmo yd .%du kdu idCIs orhs'

flfia fj;;a mD;=.Sis wdl%uKh ^16 ishji& isÿjQ úg hdmkh

fou< fjf<| m%OdkSka lf<a isxy, rcqg jQ mCImd;S;ajh mdjd§ lsisÿ
igklska f;drj hdmkh mD;=.SiSkag mdjd§uhs' th k,a¨¾ .súiqu f,i
m%lgh' tfy;a mD;=.Siska fukau ,kafoaiska o hdmkh ie,l=fõ fou<
fjf<kaokag wh;a m%foaYhla yeáhg fkdj isxy, rdcOdksfha fldgila
f,iska nj Tjqka yd isxy, rdcOdksh w;r jQ .súiqï j,ska fmkShhs' 1815
isxy, bx.%sis .súiqfuka o fuh ia:dms; úh'

27
 bx.%SiSka uq¿ f,dj mqrdu ish wêrdcHh m;=rej .;af;a ta ta
rgj,u ;ukag ys;j;a úfYaI lKavdhula fyj;a m%N+ jxYhla ìyslr
.ekSfuks' fuh tx.,ka;h" iafldÜ,ka;h yd fõ,aih wE|df.k
md,kh lsÍfï§;a isÿl< fohls' ta wkqj bx.%SiSkaf.a m%:u W;aidyh jQfha
Wvrg isxy, m%N+jreka o tjeks msßila ìyslr .ekSuh' tfy;a
lemafmáfmd< ks<fï ;=ud bx.%SiSka úiska isxy, m%N+jreka flfrys ;snQ
wdl,amh fjkia úh' ta fjkqjg Tjqkf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQfha ol=Kq
bkaÈhdfõ§ o" hdmkfha§ o ngysr cd;Skag ksYaÑ; f,i lSlre ùu ish
m%;sm;a;sh lr .;a fou< jxYlaldrhka fj;gh' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ
úúO fldgia l%sia;shdks ñIkdÍkag fnodfok úg hdmkh weußldkq
ñIkdÍ iud.ug mjrfokq ,eîh ^1819& fuys uqLH wruqK jQfha
bx.%SiSkag iqjp lSlre fou< m%N+ l,a,shla hdmkfhka ìyslr .ekSuh'
tu.ska ks;r ler,s.iñka ksoyi b,a,k isxy, n,fõ.hg tfrysj
m,syla f,i fï úfYaI fou< m%N+jreka fhdod.ekSuh'

fï jevms<sfj, fl;rï id¾:l ùo h;a 1833 jkúg hdmkh

bx.%Sis wOHdmkh fukau l%sia;shdks jHdma;sfha o f;d;ekakla njg
m;aúh' Y%S ,xldfõ muKla fkdj wjg rgj,go wjYH rdcH fiajlhska
ìyslrk bx.%Sis .e;s W.;a Y%uh ìyslrk melagßh úh' fï wkqj 1833 §
Èh;a jQ flda,anDDla - leurka wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKj, § o fï fou<
m%N+;ajh m%uqL jQ w;r bkaÈhdj" uef,aishdj" wm%sldj wd§ rgj,o ,dN
nqoaêuh yd ,smsldr Y%uh imhkakd njg fou< m%N+ mka;sh m;aúh'

fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ fou< m%N+ mka;shla ìysjQfha n,j;a jQfha

t<dr hq.fha isg tk jir oyia .Kkl Bkshd fou< YsIagdpdrhl
m%;sM,hla f,i fkdj uqia,sïjrekag ìfhka ,xldjg m<d wd msßila
bx.%SiSka úiska yodjvd n,j;a lsÍfï Wmdh ksidh'

fou< m%N+jre f,i úfYaI msßila fï wkqj 1833 jk úg

f.dvkexúKs' 1833 m%;sixialrK j,§ bx.%SiSka furgg jHjia:dodhl
iNdjla y÷kajd ÿkay' miqj thg fyda¾gka wdKavqldrhd úiska
ks<fkd,;a idudðlhska f,i isxy,' fou<" n¾.¾ f,i ksfhdað;hka
m;alrk ,È' ^1835&

fuys jeo.;a lreK kï Y%S ,xldfõ YsIagdpdrh f.dvke.+

isxy, cd;shg tla ksfhdað;fhl= m;alrk úg fou< yd n¾.¾ jrekago

28
 ksfhdað;hka ,nd§uh' fuu.ska fou< m%N+ mka;sh ;=< ;uka o Y%S
,xldfõ iu whs;slrejka njg udkakhla we;sjQ w;r cd;sfNaojdoh o
kS;Hkql+, lrkq ,eîh' fojeks ldrKh kï fï i|yd m;al< fou<
ksfhdað;hdf.a iajrEmhhs' Tyq kñka wreuq.ï ms,af,a l=udriajdñ jQ
w;r Tyqj 1805 § bx.%SiSka úiska jdi, uqo,slug m;al< wfhla úh'
tfukau wjika isxy, rcq kdhlald¾ jxYslfhla jQ ksid 1815 isxy,
rdcOdksh wdl%uKfha § úfYaI fufhyla bgql< wfhla o úh'
l=udriajdñ yÈisfha 1836 § ñh .sh úg W.% fou< cd;sjdÈfhl= jk
ihsuka ldisfjÜá ta i|yd m;alrk ,§' hdmkfha jir oyia .Kkl isg
fou< YsIagdpdrhla úh hk ft;sydisl uyd fndrej uq,skau m%ldY l<
wh w;rg ihsuka ldisfjÜá o tla fjhs' miqj 1845 § fï i|yd
l=udriajdñf.a mq;a uq;=l=udriajdñ ta OQrh ±refõh' ^1861-1879&
Tyqf.ka miq ta i|yd m;alf<a Tyqf.a nEkd jQ fmdkakïn,ï rdukdokah'
rdukdoka uy;d ta jkúg ðj;a jQfha uÿrdisfha njo isysl< hq;=h'

fuf,i 19 jk ishji wjika jk úg fou< m%N+ mka;shla ìysùu

ia:djr ù ;sìKs' Tjqka Y%S ,xld isú,a fiajfha;a" mßmd,kfha;a" ;jÿrg;a
jeú,s l¾udka;fha mjd n,j;a l,a,shla njg m;aù isáhy' wdreuq.
kdj,¾ úiska Èh;a lrk ,o l%sia;shdks úfrdaë yskaÿ mqk¾Ôjkh ksid
isÿjQfha idudkH fou< ckhd hdmkfha fj,a,d,hkaf.a jy¨ka ;;ajhg
my; fy<kq ,eîu;a ;ñ,akdvqj iu`. in|lï Yla;su;a ùu;ah'
tfukau yskaÿ oyfï tk mqoa.,sl wd;auka fjkqjg iudc wd;auka
flfkl= f,i fou< cd;sh ksYamdokho werôks' fï w;r 1858 ka miq
uyd ud¾.j, jevg f.k tkq ,enQ bkaÈhdkq u,nd¾ lïlrejka o
bx.%SiSka úiska Wvrg rdcOdkshg wh;aj ;snQ uvl<mqfõ mÈxÑ lsÍfuka
tys fou< ckdjdihla we;s fjñka ;snqks' tfukau bia,dï oyu weoyQ
uef,a yd uqj¾jre tlaj fjku uqia,sï ksfhdackhla b,aÆ w;r ^1888& ta
wjia:dfõ § fou< m%N+jre lSfõ uqia,sïjre —fou< l:dlrk˜ ksid
fjku ksfhdackhla wkjHY njh' fuf,i —fou< l;dlrk ckhd˜
kñka ckfldgila ksIamdokh lsÍug fou< m%N+jre W;aidy l<y' 1910
oS f;drd.;a msßilg Pkao whs;sh § foaYSh ksfhdað;fhl=
jHjia:dodhlhg m;alr.ekSug bv§ug bx.s%is wdKavqj uel,ï
m%;sixialrkfhka ;SrKh lf<ah' fuhg úfrdaOh mE fou< m%N+jre
1910 wfm%a,a 6 fjksod hdmkfha § /iaù lDDfõ hg;a úð; f,alïjrhdg
,smshla hejQy' ta ,smsfhka lshjqfka fou< ckhd iuia;
Y%S ,xldfõu YsIagdpdrh f.dvke.+ ft;sydisl ckfldgi jQ neúka

29
 Pkoa wh;
s h
s u.k s a ixsy,hkg a jHji: a dodhlfha n,h
yñ
s jkjdg ;uka tfrys njh' fuhk s a fmkS hkf
a ka fou< cd;js d§
wN,s dIh ìyj s f Q ha 1956 ixsy, NdId mK; fyda 1983 c, Q s fld, a dy, ki s d
fkdj Bg fndfyda l,lg fmr njh' flfia fj;;a fou< m%N+jrekf a .a
n,h u¨ q rggu m%o¾Ykh jf Q ha 1911 § ul, a ï - lDDfõ m%;i s xil a rK j,k s a
Okyñ s bx.i %S s W.;a m%N+jrekg a ;ukf a .a —Pko a fhk˜a kf s hdð a ;fhl=
m;l a Ís ug k, s f,i wji: a dj ,enK q q úgh' tyÈ s fou< m%N+jrfhl= jQ
fmdkk a ïn,ka rdukdoka ixsy,fhl= jQ udli a a m%kdkÿ a j mrdchg
m;l a f<h a ' ty§ s Pko a h §ug iÿ q iq jjQ ka 2924 la jQ w;r bka fou< wh jf Q ha
1160 la muKh' flfia fj;;a rdukdokg a Pko a h 1645 la ,enK q q w;r
m%kdkÿ a g ,enf q Ka Pko a 981 la muKh'

fï Pko
a m%;M
s ,h fou< m%N+jre úi;
a r lr .;f
a ;a fufih
a
—'' wms ixLHdfjka lv = d jjQ ;a k, s " Ok" l,
= n,fhka YS% ,xldfõ n,j;a
cd;h s h's ixsy,hka yd ui q ,a ï
s jre mjd wfma kdhl;j a h m< s fs .k we;'
fï ki s d bx.i S% k
S a furg yerhk úg fï rfÜ md,kh yñ s úh h; q fa ;a
wmgh''˜ lh s dh' fï W;=ï cd;j s d§ u;h ikd: jk j¾.fha iÿ s ùï lm S hla
B,`.g iÿ s úh' tkï Wvrg" my;rg wd§ f,io l=,-u, f,io fn§ iá s
ixsy, m%N+jre rdukdokf a .a kdhl;j a fha fijKg m;ù a ugh' fuh 1915
ixsy, ui q ,a ï
s .egï q j,§ —fou< f.dl= whh s d˜ f,i fmkS ià s ug
rdukdokg a má s jy,la úh' fï ki s d B,`. ue;j s rKfha § rudkdokg a
tfryj s ;r`. l, â'wek'a chj¾Okh ,enf q ka Pko a 47 l's 1917 § my s g
s jq k
,o wdKv a l q %u m%;i s xil a rK lñgf q õ o" 1919 oS my s g s j q k ,o ,xld cd;l s
ix.ufha o iNdm;s Or q h ,enf q Ka rukdokf a .a fidhr q e fmdkk a ïn,ï
wrekdp,ïgh' fï ih s ,, a úik s a ikd: flfrkf a ka Y%S ,xldfõ m%ul q cd;h s
fou< hkk a nj fou< m%N+jre ;jÿrg;a i; s kk a g jy Q ' Y%S ,xldfõ
cd;f s No a jdoh jemÍ s ug m%uL q fhl= jQ uekxs wdKv a lq drhd 1921 § kj
wdKv a lq %u ixfYdO a khla lrd m<d;n a o Pko a hla meje;ù a ug ;e;l a rk úg
fou< m%N+jre thg úfrdO a h mEfõ —fou< uyck iNdj˜ kï ;ks fou<
cd;js d§ ixúOdkh my s gs ù q fuk's th fï ih s jfia Y%S ,xldfõ my s g s jQ m%:u
cd;js d§ ixúOdkh úh' 1921 wf.di a ;
a = 15 jeks Èk my s gs jQQ fuu
cd;j s d§ mN
% + ixúOdkh m:% ujrg újD;ju ml % dYlf<a ih s jia 25 l
igs fou< ckhd YS% ,xldfõ jdih l< nj;"a hdmkh YS% ,xldfõ
w.k.rh jQ nj;"a fou< ckhd YS% ,xldfõ YI S g
a dpdrh f.dvkexjq
mu
% Lq " ÈhKq q cd;hs nj;ha ' fuys iNdm;;
s j
a h ±refõ fmdkk a ïn,ï
wrekdp,ïh' fï m<
s n
s | udkj úoj
a f;l= jq î'tia fldk
a a fuf,i m%ldY

30
lf<ah' zzkjish úis .Kka j, ueo jkf;lau Y%S ,xldfõ fou<
m%N+jrekaf.a udkisl;ajh jQfha Tjqka Y%S ,xldfõ m%uqL ckj¾.h jQ
njh' fï ms<sn| fyd|u idlaIsh jkafka wrekdp,ïf.a l:djhkah'
Tyq fndfydaúg isxy, yd wka wh iq¿ cd;Ska f,i kï lf<ahZZ
[B.S.COHN, NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF INDIAN
SOCIETY AND CULTURE pg 70 - 71]

fï wkqj 1911 - 30 jljdkqj ;=< fj,a,d, fou< m%N+jre Tjqka

fiiq fou< iudch jy¨ka lr.;a;d fia Y%S ,xldfõu ck;dj ;ukaf.a
fomd hg uev jy¨ka lr.ekSfï Wïu;a;l is;sú,a,g m;ajQy' fï wkqj
19121 - 30 hkq fou< cd;sjdofha m<uq hq.h hs' tys§ Tjkqf.a W;aidyh
iudk jkafka bx.%SiSkaf.ka miq ;uka w;g n,h .kakg l%shd l< ol=Kq
wm%sldfõ iqÿ —wms%ldkd˜ cd;sjdohg h' 1911 -21 jljdkqfõ Y%S ,xldfõ
tlu foaYSh ksfhdað;hd ùug j,slE fou< m%N+ka 1921 - 31 w;r W;aidy
lf<a jHjia:dodhlfha nyq;rh ùug h' ol=Kq wm%sldfõ iqÿ cd;sjdoh
l%shd lf<ao tfiah'

1927 fkdjeïn¾ 13 jk È —w¾,a ys fvdkfuda¾˜ idñjrhd

meñKsu;a iu.u fou< m%N+jrekaf.a ysia .sks .;af;ah' ta —fvdkfuda¾
fldñiu˜ meñKsfha Y%S ,xldjg —i¾jck Pkaoh˜ §ug nj jd¾;d ùu
ksid h' fou< uyck iNdj kï fou< cd;sjd§ ixúOdkfha f,alïjrhd
jQ ta' rdukdoka fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu bÈßfha idlaIH foñka lshdisáfha
zzfou< ckhd jkdys fï Èjhsfka m%drïNl wdÈjdishd h' Tjqka jir
oyia .Kkl isg fï rfÜ YsIagdpdrh f.dvkexjQy' úoaj;=kaf.a
m¾fhaIK wkqj fï fou< kscN+ñh uq¨ f,dal YsIagdpdrfha u
f;dá,a,hZZ [NATHAN MSS 606, EVIDENCE OF A.RAMANATHAN. 7
DEC 1927] rdukdokaf.a fï woyi øúvia:dkfhao mokuh' uq¿ f,dal
YsIagdpdrhu wdrïN jQfha øúvia:dkhlska nj f,dal øúvia:dkfha
uQ,drïNlhkaf.ao u;hhs' 1926 § m%ldYhg m;alrk ,o uqo,s iS'
rdikdh.ï kï fou< cd;sjd§ m%nkaOlref.a —merKs hdmkh˜ kï
lD;shg wkqj úch rcqf.a isg Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH;ajh msysgqjd we;af;a
fou< rcjre úisks' fuf,i Ydia;%Sh f,io foaYmd,ksl f,io Y%S ,xldj
fou< kscN+ñh nj;a th wjg rgj,a ish,a, thska YsIagdpdr.; jQ nj;a
wkd.;fha f,dal øúv rdcHh Y%S ,xldj mokï lrf.k msysgqúh hq;=
nj;a lshúKs'

fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d ;jÿrg;a m%ldY lf<a —i¾jck

Pkaon,h ksid wislals; uerhkag;a" .eyekqkag;a" mdovhkag;a md,k

31
 n,h yñ
s j˜ njh'

^lh
s jkk
a EVIDENCE OF CEYLON TAMIL LEAGUE, 30 NOV
1927 YD P.RAMANATHAN, MEMORANDUM ON THE
DONOUGHMORE CONSTITUTION-LONDON 1934, PG 4-14&

fï wkjq fou< mN % j+ re" fj,, a d, mß s ñ yer fou<" ixsy," ui q ,

a ï s
wka li s f
s jla md,k n,h ,eìh h; q = fkdjk njgo Wu;= cd;j s d§" ldk; a d
úfrdëa u;fha t,n a iá s hy' thk s a yk s ÿ a ixil a D;h s úkdY jk nj mk q mk q d
lf
s jdh a '
flfia fj;;a fvdkfud¾ a m; % i s xil a rK hgf;a fou< cd;j s d§kg a
úYd, wkd.; wdfhdc a khla ,enK q 's tkï ixsy, Pko a n,h Èhdre lÍ s u
i|yd j;= fou< ixlu % Kls hkg a o Pko a wh; s h
s mß s keóuh' 1931 jkúg
;ukf a .a rg jQ bkÈ a hdfõ ke;s Pko a wh; s hs la fï wkj q ixlu% Kl s fou<
lïlrejkg a ,enK q 's fvdkfud¾ a Tjk q g Pko a wh; s h
s ,ndÿkf a ka y;s du;dh'
tu.ks a fou< mN % j
+ re i;g = q lÍs u Tyq wfmCaId lf<h a '

wjidkfha fvdkfud¾ a m; % i
s xila rK lh s% d;u
a l úh' u,q k
s a Pkoa
j¾ckh l< hdmkfha mN
% j
+ reka ;ukf a .a m;
% j
s d§ n,fõ. mp % Kva ;j a h yd
urn,h fhdod u¾Okh l<y'

fï wkj q fou< iudch mp % Kv

a ;ja fha wêm;; s j
a hg yiq jf Q ha 1934
§ ;rï wE; w;; S fha §h' bx.iS% s .e;"s ixsy, úfrdëa " l, = jd§ Wïu;; a l
udkil s ;j
a hla iy; s fldja l t;eka ig s fou< iudch jefvkk a g úh'
ixsy, iudch ;< = fuka úúO woyia ±lù a fï .K = h" ko s yi" iyk
Y,S ;
S j
a h yd iudkd;u a ;djh fou< iudcfhka m<d .f s hha ' mp% Kv a ;j a h
fou< iudcfha w;u a h úh'

fvdkfud¾ a m; % i s xil
a rK j,k s a miq fou< cd;j s d§ foY a md,kfha
fojk h. q h werôK' i¾jck Pko a n,h hgf;a tjlg 70] la jQ ixsy,
ckhd md.df.k ià s ug fkdyels nj meyeÈ,s úh' túg mh s jrla wdmii a g
.;a fou< mN % j
+ re fou< cd;j s dofha fojk h. q h ^1931-49& wdrïN l<y'
tkï YS% ,xld rdcHh u¿ q ukks ua w;m a ;la r .; fkdyels ki s d th yß
yßhg iuj fnod.ekf S ï igkh' wfma rfÜ orejkg a cd;l s ùrhk s a f,i
b.ekk a jq ;a fï rfÜ fou< cd;j s d§ Wïu;; a l foY a md,kh ìyl s < mh s jre
jQ fmdkka ïn,ï rdukdoka ^1931& yd fmdkk a ïn,ï wrekdp,ï ^1924& hk
foYa fødy a kS a fofokdu fï jk úg ñh f.dia iá s h ki
s d;a Tjk q f
a .a m; q k= a yd

32
nEkkqjka jQ ta' rdukdoka" wrekj,ï uydfoaj" tia' kfÜika jekakjqka
ÿ¾j, pß; jQ ksid;a w¨;a fou< cd;sjdÈfhl= ìysúh' ta lkm;sms,af,a
{dkm%Ndi¾ fmdkakïn,ï fyj;a fld<U kS;sfõÈfhl= jQ Ô'mS'
fmdkakïn,ïh' wms ±ka Tyqg weyqïlï fouq'

1939 cQks 19 jeksod —yskaÿ T¾.ka˜ mqj;am;g wkqj kdj,msáfha

mej;s /iaùfï§ Ô'Ô' fmdkakïn,ï uy;d m%ldY lr we;af;a —Y%S
,xldjg Wreulï lsjyels tlu msßisÿ cd;sh fou< jk w;r isxy,hka
lj,ï cd;shla nj˜ h' 1944 Tlaf;daïn¾ 29 od iuia; ,xld fou<
fldx.%ih ìysl< úg tys iNdm;s foaYkh lrñka Tyq m%ldY lf<a zzwmg
we;a;gu wjYHjkafka 70] la jQ isxy,hka jHjia:dodhlfha 50] lg
jvd wdik .ekSu je,alaùuZZ f,ih' fï wkqj fou< cd;sjdofha fojk
hq.h t<eôK' tkï iqm%lg 50(50 hq.hhs' tys wruqK jQfha nyq;r
isxy,hkag wvlv jvd wvqfjka ck;d ksfhdackh ,ndoSfï wjudkj"
m%cd;ka;% úfrdaë" j¾.jd§ u;hhs' fï u;hg bc.%SiSkao Wmldr lf<dah'
ta wkqj"

Y%S ,xldjg Bkshd fvdñkShka ksoyi ,enqfKa isxy, ksfhdackh

55] fkdblaujk f,i jHjia:dodhlfha ckao fldÜGdY ks¾Kh lsÍug
whsj¾ fcksxia fhdackd l< miqjh' 50(50 ke;akï ksoyi wjYH ke;ehs
fou< m%N+jre ish iajdñjre jQ bx.%SiSkag lSfjdah' ta wkqj 55(45 f,i
jHjia:dodhlfha isxy, isxy, ksfhdackh ,enfk f,i —ksoyi˜ ,eìk'
fida,anß jHdjia:dj wjika jYfhka ks¾udkh l< uqref.aiq ;srefj,ajï
yd we,ka frdaia tlaj Y%S ,xldfõ ksoyi iod j<,k 29 j.ka;sho thg
tla l<y'

kj Y%S ,xld rcfha fmdkakïn,ïg yd iqkaor,ska.ïg weu;s

moú ,enqK o ;ukg tlla fkd,eîu ksid lïmdjg m;aj isá l%Er;u
fou< cd;sjdÈhd Wm; ,nkafka fï iu.h' tkï Wm;ska uef,a
cd;slfhl= jQ ieuqfj,a fÊñia fõ¨ms,af,a fj,ajkdh.ïh'

fõ,jkdh.ïj 1949 iema;eïn¾j,§ fou< fldka.%ifhka

fkrmd yßk ,o w;r Tyq 1949 foieïn¾ 18 od fld<U urodfka§ fou<
fï i|yd fiajh ,enqKs'

1947 ue;sjrK m%;sM,j,ska fmkqfKa lsisu jHdjia:dolhl

l=uka;%Khlska Y%s ,xldfõ iajfoaYSh ckhdf.a nyq;r n,h k;r l<

33
fkdyls njh' fï ksid fmdkakïn,ïf.a Y%S ,xld rdcHh yß yßhg
fnod.ekSfï W;aidyh id¾:l jQfha ndf.gh' tfyhska fp,ajkdh.ï
;j;a mshjrla msgqmig ;enqfõh' tkï fou< cd;sjd§ foaYmd,kfha
;=kajk hq.hh' thska woyia jQfha Y%S ,xldfõ W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a
Y%S ,xldfjka fjkalr fjku fou< rdcHhla f.dv kexùuh'

fj,ajkdh.ï w¨;a ixl,am lSmhla —ksIamdokh˜ lf<ah' tajdg

fjku wdldrhlg j;a ft;sydisl jQ;a" mqrdúoHd;aul jQ;a" ixialD;sl
jQ;a udkjjdÈ jQ;a ljr jgmsgdjla j;a fkdùh' ta fufiah'

1' Y%S ,xldfõ fou< ckhd W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, wvqu

;rñka jir 3000 l isg Ôj;aù we;' fï ksid W;=re kef.kysr
hkq fou¿kag muKla Wreu Y=oaO fou< kscN+ñhhs' fiiq whg
tys Ôj;aúh fkdyel'
2' Y%S ,xldfõ fou< ckhd rgmqrd jeõ moaO;sh yd k.r ks¾udKh
lrñka fï rg YsIagdpdr .;lr we;' ;ks fou< rdcHfha yd rdc
mrïmrdjla jir 3000 l isg ks¾udKh lrf.k we;' fï ksid
fjku fou< rdcOdkshla b;sydifha isg mej;=k w;r th
mD;=.SiSka úiska úkdYlr bx.%SiSka úiska isxy,hkag mjrd §
we;' th kej; ,ne .ekSu fou<df.a cd;sl j.lSuh'
3' fou< ckhd wkkH NdIdjla " ixia l D;s h la " wLKa v
YsIagdpdrhla" kscN+ñhla" we;s ksid fjku cd;shls' ta ksid
Tjqkag Tjqkaj md,kh lr .ekSfï iajdêk rdcHhla ìyslr
.ekSfï whs;sh we;' tkï iajhx ;S¾Kh whs;shhs'
4' kef.kysr fou< yd j;= fou< f,i fou< m%fNao ke;' we;af;a
fou< l:dlrk tlu cd;shls'
fjku rdchhla f,i fp,ajkdh.ï ;u woyi fou< iudchg
bÈßm;a l<;a Tyq th f,dalhg m%ldY lf<a fmvr,a rdcHhla f,ih'
tfukau Tyq lsisúfgl Y%S ,xldfõ rdcHh iyuq,ska meyer f.k
bkaÈhdjo fnod fjka lr f,dal øúv rdcHhla ìys lsÍfï Wu;= cd;sjd§
u;h w;afkdyf<ah' f,dal øúv rdcHhla ìyslsÍfï Wu;= cd;sjd§ u;h
w;afkdyf<ah' f,dal øúv rcHhfha m<uq mshjr f,i Y%S ,xldj folv
l< hq;= nj Tyqf.a woyi úh' bkamiq j;=lrh;a" fld<U;a .s,f.k Y%S
,xldj mshjfrka mshjr w,a,d .; yels nj Tyqf.a úYajdih úh'

34
 fndfyda fofkla y÷kajkafka fp,ajkdh.ï wúysxidjdÈfhl=
f,ih' tfy;a kQ;k fou< ;%ia;jdofha mshd jQfh;a Tyqh' 1948 ud¾;= 20
jeksod —iuia; ,xld foaYfm%aó fou< ixúOdkhg˜ wh;a yekaâ
fmßhkdh.ï" fla' fkaihshd" ta'B' ;ïn¾" tia' isjiqn%ukshï" iS'
;knd,isxyï" ta'iS lk.isxyï wd§ka hdmkh k.r Yd,djg tlaù
fp,ajkdh.ï yd õkakshisxyïf.a fnÿïjd§ cd;sjd§ u;j,g tfrysj
/iaùula meje;ajQy' tjlg fou< fldka.%ifha isá fï wúyxoidjdÈhd
lf<a uer msßila iu. f.dia ta /iaùug myr§ fnÿïjd§ fkdjk fou<
ñksiqkag nrm;, ;=jd, isÿ lsÍuh'
1952 ue;sjrKfhka fp,ajkdh.ïg ish lkalika;=f¾ wiqk
wysñ jQ úg Tyq lf<a jeäjeäfhka cd;sjd§ fjñka ;ukag tfrys n,fõ.
j,g tfrysj m%pKav l%shd ixúOdkh lsÍuh' 1954 - 56 jljdkqfõ
fp,ajkdh.ï ixúOdkh l< Bkshd wúysxidjd§ md.uka j,§ fnÿïjd§
fkdjk u; ±rejkg oreKq f,i ysßyer lrkq ,enQ w;r wuqu wuq
wi;Hh judrñka fou< iudch ìhg;a ;%dihg;a m;alf<ah' 1956
ue;sjrKfhka Tyqg ,enqKq —úYsIaG˜ ch.%yKh f;areï .; hq;af;a
fou< iudch mqrd Tyq uqody< iduqysl m%pKav;ajh yd ue;sjrK uer
l%shd iu.h'
1956 cQks ui 5 jeksod" ft;sydisl jrola ksjerÈ lrñka bx.%sis
ni fjkqjg isxy, rdcH NdIdj flßKs' ^1958 iema;eïn¾ ui§ fou<
nio rdcH lghq;= i|yd fhoúh yels njgo jq mk;la iïu;úh& túg
fp,ajkdh.ï lf<a hdmkfha" uvl,mqfõ yd fld<U isxy, úfrdaë
Woaf>aIK werôuh' fuhska rg mqrdu m%pKavl%shd we;súh' 1958 ud¾;= yd
wfm%a,a w;r§ fp,ajkdh.ï rgmqrd hñka jdykj, Y%S wl=rej, ;dr.Eu
wdrïN lrk ,§' fï yd iu.u 1958 uehs ui§ rgu fj<d.;a cd;sjd§
.sks±,a weú< jQfha o fp,ajkdh.ïh' ixúOdkd;aul wdhqO ikakoaO
fou< cd;sjd§ l%shd tys§ ±l.; yelsh' wïmdf¾§ fmd,sia ks<OdÍka
i;=j ;snq rhs*,A 6 la fp,ajkdh.ïf.a wdOdr lrefjda meyer.;a w;r
uq¨ W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a mqrd isxy, .ïudkj,g ixúOdkd;aul
m%ydr t,a,úh' fp,ajkdh.ï kï Bkshd wúysxidjdÈhd ìysùug fmr
isxy, - fou< tlu cd;sjd§ fld,dy,hla fyda Tjqfkdjqka w;r tlu
ixúOdkd;aul ;%ia; l%Shdjlafyda jd¾;d ù ke;' tfy;a 1947 § Tyq
foaYmd,khg meñKSu;a iu. fou< iudch m%pKav;ajhg ;,a¨
lf<ah' tu.ska cd;sjd§ m%pKav l%shd wjq,jkq ,eîh'

35
 1960 ud¾;= yd cQ,s ue;sjrK j,§ fp,ajkdh.ï W;aidy lf<a
t'cd'm' hg fyda Y%S ,'ks'm' hg fyda ish wik 13 úl=Kd wdKavqfõ fyKavqj
ùug h' th wid¾:l jq úg 1961 ckjdß ui§ w;=re m<d; Y%S ,xldfjka
fjkalr,Sfï rdcH úfrdaë l%shdjkg Tyq .uka lf<ah' B<dï Widú" B<dï
;eme,a ld¾hd," B<dï nexl= ,ys,ysfha msysgqúKs' ish .ka wú uq.=re
j,ska ikakoaO ;reK l,a,shla ixúOdkh flßKs' tys ks< kduh jqfha
—mq,shmdfohs˜ fyj;a fldá u.h'
th m<uq ;%ia;jd§ fou< cd;sjd§ ixúOdkh hs' hdmkh úYaj
úoHd,fha yd mdi,a j, fou< cd;sjd§ foaYmd,khg tfrys jQjka
u¾Okh lrk ,È' fndfyda mudù 1961 wfma%,a j, rch fï rdcH úfrdaë
;%ia;jdoh u¾Okh lsÍug bÈßm;a jQ úg fï ryis.; l,a,sh —hg˜
.sfhah' th kej; u;=jQfha 1969 § fou< B<dï úuqla;s ixúOdkh f,i
l=ÜgukS yd fma.kaf.a kdhl;ajfhks'
1961 § rdcH fødayS fpdaokdj u; w;awvx.=jg m;a fp,ajkdh.ï
jydu ksoyia flßKs' Tyq ksÈyia lr,Sug n,mEï l< wdrCIl wxY
m%OdkSka w;r 1962 fn!oaO úfrdaë rdcH úfrdaë l=uka;%Kh l< ks<OdÍka
o isá nj lshfõ' úfoaY.; jQ fp,ajkdh.ï ,kavkhg .sfhah' t;eka isg
Y%S ,xldfõ fou< wr.,hg iydh b,a,d f,dj mqrd —fou< m%cdjg˜
wdhdpkd ksl=la lf<ah' f,dal fou< iïfï,kh bka tlls' hqfoõjka
úiska rgj,a 86 la úisÍ isá hqfoõjka fjkqfjka wysxilhkaf.a m,ia;Skh
folg lvd f,dal hqfoõ rdHhla ^BY%dh,hla& ìysl< wdldrhg rgj,a 34
lg úisÍ isák f,dal fou< m%cdj ÿ¾j, Y%S ,xldfõ fou< rdcHhla
ìyslr.; hq;= nj lshúKs' ^fï i|yd bkaÈhdfõ § 1936 isg orK ,o
W;aidyhka bka§h jHjia:dfõ 13 jk ixfyaOkh u.ska o" 1962 § yuqod
ueÈy;a ùulska o hgm;a lrk ,o ksid fï i|yd ÿ¾j, Y%s ,xldj f;dard
.eksKs& fou< B<ula i|yd fuf,i úfoaYsl fou< ckhdgo cd;sjd§ úI
leùu wdrïN lrk ,§'
1965 - 69 w;r ;=re fp,ajkdh.ï y;ayjq,a wdKavqjg tlajQ w;r
ta hq.h ;ukaf.a iaj¾Kuh hq.h nj fp,ajkdh.ï miqj m%ldY lf<ah'
n, f,daNfhka fnfok nyq;r isxy, Pkao odhlhkaf.a mlaI kgjkafka
flfia ±hs fp,ajkdh.ï 1965 - 70 yjq,a wdKavqfjka mQ¾jd o¾Yhla
ÿkafkah'
1970 ue;sjrK m%;sM, j,ska fou< cd;sjd§yq iyuq,skau miqmig
.shy' fp,ajkdh.ïf.a Bkshd fou< rdcH mlaIhg ,enqfKa uq`M ckao
odhlhskaf.ka 4'9] l ckaohla muKs' ^,xld fou< ck.yKh 12] ls'&

36
 wñ¾;,xs.ï" kd.kdok"a ij s i; s ;
a ïm,ï" wd§ ihs ¨ cd;j s d§fhda
ih
s wik
q a j,k s a mrdchg m;j a y
Q ' iui; a fou< cko a odhlhkf a .ka 60]
lg jeä mß s ila fnÿïjdoh m%;l s f
a Yma l<y' 45] la muK fou< cko a
odhlfhda Y'%S,'k'sm' m%uL
q iu.s fmruK q g yd t'cd'm' hg Pko a h ÿky a '

fou< ckhdf.a fï m%cd;k; a %jd§ ;r S Kh wdmiq .ekù a ug

fp,j a kdh.ï mh s jr ;=kla .;f a ;h a ' m<uq mh s jr f,i fou< rdcH
mlI a h" fou< fldk. a %ih yd ,xld j;= lïlre fldk. a %ih ^f;dKv a uk&a
tll a r 1972 uehs 14 od fou< tli a ;a fmruK q ìys lf<h a ' tys wruK q jf Q ha
ihs jia myl úfoY a md,khlk s a miq ko s yia if a fjß tl a h S ck rchla njg
m;f a jk Y%S ,xldfõ ckrc jHji: a dj brd ±óuh' fojeks mh s jr jf Q ha
n,y;a ldrh ui q q jQ y¾;d," fm<md,s iy; s Wof a >dI a K jHdmdrhla
weröuh' túg h<; s a ixsy, fou< fld, a dy, we;ù s ;;; a j a h ;ukg a
jdio s dhl f,i f,a j,k s a ;kS ÿ a jkq we;ehs fp,j a kdh.ï l,m a kd lf<h a '
yels ;rï Wu;= ixsy, úfrdë a u; wï¾;,xs.ï" ij s i; s ; a ïm,ï"
fhdf a .I a ja rk"a iïmko a k"a ldis wdkko a ka wd§ka ,jd lh s jf Q hh a '
ixsy,hkf a .a yïj,k s a fifrmm a q ye§u m< s ns `oj;a mko a yil fou<
n,ldhla .ek;a mr q idrï weiK s 's ;uka fn,d fmdfrd;; a = jQ f,i cd;j s d§
f,a je.ß s ï iÿ s fkdjk úg ñku S eÍug fp,j a kdh.ï ;k S ÿ a lf<h a ' tkï
fl,k s ua ;%i; a jdoh Èh;a lÍ s uh' fï i`oyd ;enQ u, q u
a mh s jr jkf a ka 1972
ck
q s 04 od ti'a W,.kdokj a ;k S ; a fõ,y s § s >d;kh lÍ s uh' >d;khg
fy; a =j jf Q ha 1972 uehs 22 od fp,j a kdh.ï Èh;a l< jHji: a dj m< s is i a f S ï
y¾;d,hg iydh fkd§uh's bka miq È.k s a È.gu m%pKv a lh %s d iÿ s jQ w;r
fï m%pKv a lh %s d ixúOdkd;u a lj iÿ s lÍ s u i`oyd 1974 § my s g s j q kq ,enQ
fou< tli a ;a úul q ; a s fmruK q hgf;a ;reK n,ldhla my s g s j q k ,§'
tjlg fo't'ú'fm' iNdm;s fp,j a kdh.ï jQ w;r mij q fou< úul q ; a s
fldá kñka m%p,; s jQ ta ixúOdkh fufyhùu i`oyd lfÜ lß s ij q `oj;a
fkd.h s .egjrfhl= bÈßm;a úh' Tyq fõ¨m, s f a ,a m%Ndlrka úh'
fï wkj q wo m%Ndlrka úiks a l=vd orejka ho
q ìug hjkf
a ka ih
s
mh
s jreka jQ fj,ja kdh.ï,d Tyjq hoq ìug hejQ wdldrhguh'
m%Ndlrkf a .a m<uq ì,, a jf Q ha hdmkfha ck;dj w;r buy;a
ckdorhg m;j a iás fou< cd;j s dohg tfrys hdmk k.rdêm;s jQ we,* a â
fodf¾ wmm a djh' fodf¾wmm a d 1960 c, q s ue;j
s rKfho a S Ô'ð' fmdkka ïn,ï
hdmk wif q kka mrdch l< w;r 1970 ue;j s rKfha § fou< rdcH mlI a
wfmla I
a lhdg mrdch jf Q ha ckoa ih s .Kklk s 's Tyq k.rdêm;s jf Q ha ih
s ¨

37
4 jk wÈhr

f,a ú, u; idu Èh fl,sh

1 985 cqks udifha N+;dkfha ;sïmq kqjrg tlaj Y%S ,xld ckdêm;s
fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Okf.a u,kqjka jQ tÉ'ví' chj¾Ok uy;d" wêkS;S{
tia' t,a' .=Kfialr uy;d yd ;j;a Y%S ,xlsl ksfhdað;hka msßila
iemj;a jQy' Tjqka tfia bkaÈhdfõ W;=re fmfofia ;snQ l÷lr fn!oaO
rdcHhlg .uka lf<a Y%S ,xldfõ Bkshd ck jd¾.sl m%Yakhg úiÿula
fidhd .ekSu msKsi bkaÈhdfõ ueÈy;a ùfuka meje;a jQ idlÉPdj,g
iyNd.s ùuh'
chj¾Ok rch 1985 cQks 18 od fï —;sïmq idlÉPd˜i|yd igka
úrduhla Èh;a lrk ,o w;r yuqodfjda ish ne/lalj, isÿlrkq ,enQy'
t,a'á'à'B' fgf,da" B'ms'wd'¾'t,a't*a' iy Bfrdaia ixúOdk tlaù B,dï
cd;sl úuqla;s ixúOdkhla ^B'weka'we,a'we*a'& f.dvk.d ;snQ w;r yuqod
Nghskaf.a ysiajQ w¾Ooaëùmfha iEu uxixêhlu ±l.; yelsjQfha
;rÕhg fuka wkd.; hqoaOh i|yd nxlr ;ekSu" .egjr - .egjßhka
mqyqKq lsÍu" fudßia uhsk¾ r:j, n|k ,o ,jQiamSl¾ j,ska jefhk B,dï
rKf.di wdêhhs'
fï w;r fld<U wdKavqj Wodjk iduh .ek m%Yia;s jhñka isá
w;r ish udOH Wmßu f,i fhdod .ksñka idufha w.h ck;djg m%ldY
lrñka isáfhah' tu fudfydf;a§ hdmkfha ls,sfkdÉÑfha" uq,;sõ" yd
jõkshdfõ weiqfKa Y%S ,xld wdKavqj oK.id we;s nj;a h<s;a yuqodjg
l÷jrej,ska t<shg neiSug fkdyels f,i m%ydrhka Èh;a lsÍu ms<sn|j
hqoaOfha w.h m%ldY lrk udOH m%pdrKhkah'
flfia fj;;a idu idlÉPd fldkafoais úrys;j wdrïN lrkjd
hehs bka§h ks,OdÍka jQ m¾;idr;S yd älais;a ^udkS& úiska ÿka fmdfrkaÿ
wl=rgu bgqlrñka fou< cd;sjd§ ixúOdk y;r yd Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k
fmruqK jQ fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK fldkafoais y;rla bÈßm;a
lf<dah' tajd ´kEu ilÉPdjl moku njo m%ldY l<y' tajdkï"
1' fou< cd;sh fjku cd;shls
2' tu fou< cd;shg jyd mqrjeislï ,nd Èh hq;= bka§h j;=
lulrejka o we;=<;ah'

39
 3' tu wkkH fou< cd;s f ha idïm% o dhs l ks c ìu Y% S ,xldfõ
W;= r e yd kef.kys r ta l dnoa O m<d;h'
4' tu ìu ;= < fou< cd;s h g wjYH kï ia j dëk rdcHhla
f,i md,kh ùfï ia j hxKS ¾ kh kï whs ; s h we;'

ilÉPd i|yd bÈßm;a l< mq ¾ j fldka f oa i s y;r ls h dmEfõ

fou< B<dï rdcHh ms < s . ekS u idlÉPd i|yd w;HdjYH njh'
idlÉPdj,s k a fou< cd;s j d§ka " bka È hdj fyda n,h i|yd
´kEu mdjd§ulg iq o dkïj is á fld<U ,xld wdKa v q j fyda mdvula
W.;a ; dhehs iel iys ; h' flfia fj;;a ths k a N+ ; dkfha fn!oa O rc
jQ zpxpq l a Z rc;= u d kï mdvulg W.;a f ;a h ' tkï N+ ; dk
jeis h ka f .ka 40] la bka § h iïNjhla iys ; ys k a ÿ ckhd ks i d ´kEu
wjia : djl ,xldfõ 12] la j Q fou< ys k a ¥ ka 67] jQ fn!oa O hka g
fmka j k j¾.fha —i¾lia o¾Yk˜ wkd.;fha N+ ; dkhg o o¾Ykh
úh yels njh' wêIa G dkYS , S f,i ls % h d;a u l jQ pxpq j la rcq
fn!oa O hka yer fiiq ckhdf.a mq r jeis whs ; s h wfyda i s lrk ,o w;r
,CI .Kkla ys k a ÿ ckhd N+ ; dkfhka ms g uka lf<a h ' fuf,i pxpq l a
rcq 40] ckykhlg bvï ys ñ lr .ekS f ï whs ; s h Pka o n,h fyda
mq j eis whs ; s h iyuq , s k a wfyda i s lf<a h ' tfy;a mq ÿ uhlg fuka wo
N+ ; dkfha ;% i a ; jdoh ke;' fnÿïjdohla ke;' Y% S ,xldfõ ta
is h ,a , g yßhka k g fnda ï n ms m s f ¾ .ïudk ms á ka wyxilhka >d;kh
flf¾' wd.ñl is o a O ia : dk mq m q r jd yef¾'
tfy;a f,dj mq r du ls h ka f ka Y% S ,xldfõ fou< ck;dj
ixydrhlg ,la ù we;s njh'
idlpPd j,g uq j dù ms h jßka ms h jr is h b,la l h ,nd.ekS u
1949 ka miq fou< cd;s j dofha Wmdh ud¾.hh' 1956 § W;= r e m<df;a
nyq ; r wdik ixLHdjla Èkd .ekS f uka miq fou< rdcH mCIfha
kdhl fp,a j kdh.ï" nKa v drkdhl w.ue;s j rhdg ;¾ckhla
lrlñka m% l dY lf<a fjku rdcHhla i|yd Woa f >da I Khla 1957 cQ k s
ui wrUk njh' túg nKa v drkdhl uy;d lf<a rgg;a ck;djg;a
fydfrka is h Ydka ; f;da u ia úoHd,fha mdi,a ñ;= r djq fp,a j kdh.ï
iu. tla ù rg iNd kñka m% d ka ; rdcHh l% u hla ìys l r .ekS u g
l= u ka ; % K h ls Í uh' fuh Bks h d nKa v drkdhl fp,a j kdh.ï .s ú iq u
f,i m% l g úh' .s ú iq u g úfrda O h mEug uq , s l ;a j h .;a f ;a úmCIhg
jeà Is á tla i ;a cd;s l mCIfha jev n,k kdhlhdjQ fÊ'wd¾'
chj¾Okh' fÊ' wd¾' f.a rg fírd.ekS u i|yd jQ kq j r md.ukg

40
wjYH wdOdr iemhQfõ tï'ù'mS' mSßia uy;dhs' 1957 cQ,s 26 od w;aika
lrk ,o nKavdrkdhl fp,ajkdh.ï rgiNd mk; rg folvùfï m<uq
mshjr hehs chj¾Ok uy;d Woaf>daIKh lf<ah'
b;sydifha iroug fuka 1965 ud¾;= ui Èkl§ ffjoH tï'ù'mS'
msßilf.a ksjfia§ fp,ajkdh.ï Èia;%sla iNd .súiqu ck;djg fydfrka
w;aika lf<a tf<ih'
cd;sl hehs lshd.kakd foaYmd,kfha kskaÈ; l=yl lu tf<i
fy<sorjQ úh' fï ms<sn|j fp,ajkdh.ïf.aka —iaka˜ [SUN] mqj;am;
m%Yak l<úg Tyq lSfõ ;u m%;sm;a;sh —±ka álla yd miqj f.dvla˜
njh'
1977 isg rÕ ±lafjkakg jQfha fï ksid Bkshd idu idlÉPdj,
yd foaYmd,k úiÿul wjYH;dj ms<sn|h' uq<skau th jg fïifha
idlpPd úh' wjidkfha § fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK;a" wdKavqj;a"
úmCIh;a fndfyda mCI;a" uyd ix>hd;a tlaù iduh fjkqfjka tlÕ
;djhlg meñKshy' 1981 § msysgqjkq ,enQ Èia;%Sla ixj¾Ok iNd tys
m%;sM,h úh'
fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK Èia;%sla ixj¾Ok iNd ;rÕ l<
w;r Tjqka úiska we;s ±ä l< fou< cd;sjd§ ixúOdk th lvdlmam,a
lsÍug m%pKav l%shd lrkakg jQy' tjlg wdKavqjg iïnkaO jQ uerhkao
m%pKav l%shd l<y' yh uila hdug fmr fp,ajkdh.ïf.a WmfoaYkh
wkqj hñka ^±ka álla yd miqj f.vla f,ig& wñ¾;,sx.ï ;ukag
m<d;a iyd wjYH nj lSfõh'
1981 cQks ui ixj¾Ok iNd msysgqjk úg fou< ;%ia;jdoh úiska
m%;súreoaO foaYmd,lhska ;sfokl=o idudkH jeishka 15 fofklao fmd,sia
ks,Odßka 18 fofkla f,ig 36 fofkla >d;kh lr ;sfí' thska isxy,hka
>d;kh lr ;snqfKa 4 fofkla muKs' fï wkqj uq¿ ler,sldÍ;ajh ksidu
ñh .sh .Kk 50 lg fkdwvqh'
tfy;a cqks j, isg Bkshd idu .súiqug mska isÿjkakg m%pKav
l%shd iS.%fhka by< ke.af.ah' foaYmd,k úi`¥ï j,ska ;%ia;jdoh
u¾Okh jk njg jQ ckm%sh u;h wi;Hla nj Tmamq jQfha 1981 ;rï
ue;l§h'
1981 hkq ;r
S Kd;u
a l j¾Ihl's fï ihs ji u,q § ig
s fou< cd;j s doh
W;i
a y lf<a YS% ,xldfõ md,kh w,, a d .eku S gh' ^1911-31& bkm a iq
Wmlñ% lj rfÜu n,h iuiuj fnod yod .eku S g ;e;la rk ,§' ^1931-47&

41
bkamiq W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a folu fjka lr .ekSug ;e;alrk
,§' ta i|yd foaYmd,ksl" u;jd§" Woaf>daIKsl yd houh f,i fmruqKq
lsysmhla we;s lrk ,§' wka;sfï§ Tjqkag 1981 § Èia;%sla iNd ,enqKs' ta
i|yd urd ±óug isÿjQfha 36 fokl= muKs' ±ka b;ska bÈßfha§ m<d;a
iNd taldnoaO m<d;a iNd fmvr,a rdcH" uOHu wdKavqj fnod yod.ekSu
yd Y%S ,xld rdcHh w,a,d .ekSu wd§ mshjr fjhs'
1983 cQ,s 23 jeksod hdmkh m,d,s udjf;a —jhs˜ ykaÈfha§ Y%S ,xld
hqo yuqod LKavhg ;%ia;jd§ka m%ydrhla t,a, l< w;r udo.,a l|jqrg
wh;a fojk ¨;sk,ajrhl= yd fin¿ fodf,dia fokl= Ôú;CIhg m;ajQy'
1983 cQ,s 23 olajd m%ydr j,ska wdrCIl wxYj, 50 fokl= ñhf.dia isá
w;r foaYmd,lhska 11 fokl= idudkH jeishka 19 foklao iys;j 90
fofkla >d;kh lr ;sìK'
—jhs˜ ykaÈfha >d;kh isxy, ckhdf.a ys;a ii, lf<ah'
mshjßka mshjr fou< cd;sjd§ka úiska hdmkfha isxy, ckhd
m<jdyßñka Wïu;a;l cd;sjd§ ixydrhlg uq, mqrdwe;s nj ish¿
fokdg meyeÈ,s úh' wdKavqj l%shd lf<ao b;du j.lSï úrys;jh' fï
ksid tljru hdmkfha yd fld<U cd;sjd§ .egqï we;sjQ w;r fld<U
we;sjQ uer l%shd j,g wdKavqfõ foaYmd,lhskaf.a iyd.S;ajh ñi idudkH
isxy, ck;djf.a iyNd.S;ajhla ;snqfKa ke;'
f,dj mqrd fou< cd;sjdoh Y%S ,xldfõ fou< ixydrhla isÿjk
nj m%p,s; lf<ah' wuqfjka mq¿iaid ñksiqka urd ±uQ yeáo' fou< uia"
isxy, uia lvj, úl+KQ whqreo wo olajd m%ldY lrkq ,efí'
w;sfYdala;shlska f;drj m%ldY lrhs kï ta cd;sjd§ flda,dy,h ksid
fou< Ôú; 311 lso isxy, Ôú; 160 lao jekiS ;sìK' fï f,a je.sÍu Èj
fndcqkla jQfha fo't'ú'fm' yd fou< cd;sjd§ ;%ia;jd§ l,a,s j,gh'
83 c, Q s fld, a dy,fhka miq h. q h m< s n
s |jo igyka lÍ s u jà' c, Q s
fld, a dy,fhka udi 6 la blu a jkk a g fmr ixsy, mf % oY a j, h<; s a fou<
ckhd ih s im q rq eÿ Èúfmj; werUq w;r jir 17 la .;ù we;o s Tjk q g
a wn
u,a f¾Kj q l ydkh s la ù ke;' fmr<d fou< mf % oY a j,k s a m<jd yßk ,o
ixsy,hk s a id;Y s h ny; q rh h<s ta mf % oYa j,g fkd.h s w;r bkm a iq 129
j;djla ixsy,hk s g
a yd ui q ,
a ï
s jrekg a tfryj s fou< cd;j s doh iuy Q ixydr
iÿs lr ;f s í' fndfyda fokd lh s kfa ka 1983 c, Q s j,k s a miq fou< ckhd ilh S% j
f,dj mr q d fou< fnÿïjd§ ler<l s dÍ;j a h Wmldr l< ki s d th mï s fï

42
jeã.sh njh' tfy;a i;H kï fou< cd;sjd§ ;%ia;jdoh msïfï jeä
.sfha fou< ckhdf.a oE;aj, Yla;sfhka fkdj bkaÈhdfõ ueÈy;a ùu
ksid njh' bka§h uOHu wdKavqj 1983 iema;eïn¾ ui isg iDcqju Y%S
,xldfõ fou< ;%ia;jdohg Wmldr fkdlrkakg lsisf,il fou,
cd;sjdohg fujka j¾Okhla ,efnkafka ke;'
bkÈ
a hdj ueÈy;a jfQha weh@s fuhg fy;
a = .Kkdjla olj
a kfakda fj;'s
1' bkaÈhdj ksoyi ,eîug fmr ìs%;dkHhg hg;a m%foaY yd
uydrdcjre md,kh l< rdcHhka 562 lska iukaú;
m%foaYhls' merKs wd¾hhkag .%Slhkag" fu!¾hkag fyda
fuda.,a jrekag ;nd bx.%SiSkag j;a ta wkqj wo mj;akd
bkaÈhdj tla md,k tallhla f,i md,kh l< fkdyels úh'
flfia fj;;a bkaÈhdj ìysùfï§ uyd Ndr;h bkaÈhdj yd
mlsia:dkh f,i folv ùu yskaÿ wd.ïjdofha ys;a fõokdjg
;=vq ÿkafkah' f.daäfia .dkaëg fjä ;enqfha jer§ulska
fkdj yskaÿ uQ,O¾u jdofha igkamdGh jQfha yskaÈ ^NdIdj&
yskaÿ ^wd.u& yd yskaÿia:dka ^rdcHh& f,i;a ksoyiska miq
bkaÈhdj l,dmfha n,j;aùu i|yd iDcqj;a" jl%j;a l%shd
lf<ah' th ;u mßjdrfha jQ l=vd iajdëk rdcHla jk
islSuhg yuqod hjd th ;u 25 jeks m%dka;h lr .;af;ah'
mlsia:dkhg wh;aùug .sh uqia,sï nyq;rhla iys;
ldIaórfhaka 75] la hqoaOh fldg we|d .;af;ah' fkamd,fha
rcq bkaÈhdjg flkys<s l< úg Tyqj t<jd oud ;ukag
ys;j;a fldka.%ia mCI tys n,hg f.kdfõ fn!oaOhska md.d
±ófuks' fkamd,fha fukau N+;dkho bkaÈhdj i,lkafka
;u mßjdr rdcHhka f,ih' l,la ^1947-71& kef.kysr
mlsia:dkh kñka jQ nx.,dfoaYfha fnÿïjdohg hqouh yd
foaYmd,k Wmldr lr ksoyia nx.,dfoaYhla ìys lf<ah'
^70 oYlh ;=< fou< cd;sjd§ka o úYajdi lf<a bkaÈhdj
ueÈy;aù YS% ,xldjo ;ukag folv lr fok njh& fuf,i
fkaref.a mxpiS, úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh flfiaj;a th ;ud wjg
rgj,a iu. .efgñka iuyr rgj,a wE`od.ksñka ;j;a tajd
folv lr ÿ¾j, lrñka ;j;a tajd ìhg m;a lr fomhg
;nd .ksñka jHdma;jd§ f,i ls%hd lr ;sfí' fï wkqj
bkaÈhdkq jHma;jd§ yia;h YS% ,xldjg fhduq ùu
iajdNdúlh' bkaÈhdj isáfha tjeks wjia:djla tk ;=reh'

43
 2' tjlg ;snQ cd;Hka;r ;;ajh wkqj bkaÈhdj" fidaúhÜ
ix.uh iu.;a 1977 ka miq YS% ,xldj" tlai;a ckmoh
iu.;a w;aje,a w,a,d.kakd ,§' Ökhg wNsfhda. lrkakgh
tlai;a ckmoh ;dhsjdkh fhdod .kakd fuka ;ukag wd¾Ól
yd foaYmd,ksl f,i wNsfhda. lsÍug tlai;a ckmoh" YS%
,xldj fhdod .kakd nj 1977 ka miq bkaÈhdfõ jegySu úh'
úfYaIfhka 1984 § isÿjQ tlai;a ckmo ksfhdað; j¾kka
fjda,agiaf.a pdßldj ksid YS% ,xldjg jl% hqoaOhla Èh;a lf<a
ta ksidh' fuh 1969-71 jljdkqfõ§ mlsia:dkhg isÿl<
fufyhqug iudk ls%hdjls'
3' bkaÈhdjg isxy, ckhd .ek ft;sydisl ielhla we;' th
;u ckfldgi f,i i,lkafka fou< ck;djhs'
;ñ,akdvqfõ m%dka; foaYmd,khg fï iu. tlg ne£ we;'
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl fldx.%ifha f,!lsl m%;sm;a;shg tfrysj
yskaÈ yskaÿ yskaÿia:dka igka mdGh 1928 isg wefikakg jQ úg
thg m<uq m%;sl%shdj ,enqfKa uÿrdis m%dka;fhks' th
yskaÿia:dkhg tfrys øúvia:dkhg úh' fï ksid jrla
;ñ,akdvqjj úiska weúiaiSug fmr bka§h uOHu wdKavqjg
m%Yakhg ueÈy;a úh' fuhg ;ñ,akdvqjg .,d wd fou<
wkd:hskaf.a m%Yakho n,mEfõh'
4' YS% ,xldfõ rdcH md,khg yjq,aj isá we;euqka bka§h
úfrdaêka jQ w;r YS% ,xldfõ tjlg isá uy flduidßia
fÊ'tka' älais;a ±ä isxy, úfrdaêfhl= úh' fudjqkaf.a
fm!oa.,sl u;jdoho bkaÿ ,xld .egqula njg m;a úh' thg
.dkaêjre yd tcdmh w;r ;snqKq idïm%odhsl fkdalalvqjla o
fya;= úh'
fï fy;a k
= a f.ka tlla fyda fy; a = ihs ,,
a u ki s d fyda fõjd 1984-90
ld,h ;<= bk§a h uOHu wdKv a j
q ilh s% f,iu Y%S ,xldfõ fou< ;i % ;
a jdohg
wjYH wú wdhO q my q K
q j
q " /ljrKh' foY a md,k n,h ,ndÿkf a kh
a ' Y%S
,xldfõ fou< rdcHhla ìyù s u ;ukf a .a foY a fha wdrCIdjg wkd.;
;¾ckhla nj ±k ±ku th ih s yuo q d yd foY a md,kl s f,i ueÈy;a ùu
iÿ
s lf<h
a '
1984 § we;j a Q i¾jmdCIls iu¿ q j 1985 § we;j s Q ;ï
s mq idlpPd 1986
§ we;j
s Q m<d;a iNd fhdc a kd yd 1987 § we;j s Q bkÿ
a -,xld .ú s ifq uka bk§a h
ueÈy;a ùu lg + md%m;
a úh' fï jljdkj q ;<= mej;s iEu idu idlÉPdjlk s ua

44
isÿjQfha j¾Okh ùu muKs' wka;Sfï§ o bka§h yuqod W;=re yd
kef.kysr m%foaYj, fufyhqï isÿl< w;r fldá idudðlhska oyila
muK o" idudkH fou< jeishka 900 la muK bka§h Nghska oyilg jeä
m%udKhla o tys§ >d;kh úh' bka§h yuqod ueÈy;a ùu yd bkaÿ - ,xld
.súiqu ovóud lrf.k ish udlaiajd§ úma,jldÍ ysia foaYfm%auhl iÕjd
.;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK ol=fKa le/,a,la Èh;a l< w;r Tjqka úiska
o yuqod fin¨ka" fmd<sia ks,OdÍka yd foaYmd,k l%shdOrhka we;=¿ 5680
la >d;kh lrk ,§' u¾Okh iyuq,skau jdf.a iïu; kS;shg msg;ska
isÿjQ w;r c'ú'fm' idudðlhska 20"000la iu. 66"000 la isxy,hska
ixydrh jQ njg õYajdi lghq;= ixLHd f,aLk we;' fï wkqj 1987- 98
ol=fKa we;sjQ ySIK ie,lsh hq;af;a o W;=f¾ cd;sjdofha w;=re M,hla
f,ih' W;=rg iduh f.k tau i|yd ol=fKa ñkSs lkaola lrkq ,eîh'
fuh wkd.;fha § o W;=rg muKla flfia fyda iduh WodlsÍug j,lsk
n,fõ. j,g f,hska fmkajd fok i;Hh' tfukau Bkshd ;=kajeks
md¾Yjhl ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿjk ;;ajh lsisfjl=g md,kh l< fkdyels
wmrdðl ;;ajhlg rg weoùug njo ;j;a W.;=hq;= i;Hls'
1984 § bka§h T;a;= fiajdfõ fla'tka' ldfjda yd miqj ielafiakd
úiska Èh;a lrk ,o —Y%S ,xld l%shdldÍ;ajh˜±ka uola úia;rd;aulj
i,ls ne,sh hq;=h'
1984 - 87 ld,h ;=<§ bka§h T;a;= fiajh úiska bkaÈhdfõ m%foaY
.Kkdjl§ we;s lrk ,o l|jqre 29 l§ wvqu ;rñka úúO lKavdhï
j,g wh;a fou< cd;slhska 25"000 hqo Nghska f,i ;%ia; l%shd j,g
mqyqKq lr we;' fï lKavdhï j, Y%S ,xldfõo mj;ajdf.k .sh
l|jrej, o mqyqKqj ,;a msßi i,ld ne¨j úg fï .Kk 42"000 la ;rï
by< ixLHdjla fjhs' fï jljdkqfõ Y%S ,xld hqo yuqodfõ isáfha 27"000la
muK jk w;r fufyhqï i|yd fhdod.;af;a Tjqkaf.a wvla muK
^15"000& msßils' ;;ajh tfia ;sìh§ mqÿuh kï 42"000l msßi 15"000 l
muK msßila hg;a lr .ekSug fkdyels jQfha wehso hkakh' fï mqyqKqj
,enQjkaf.ka jeä msßila úisÍ .shy' 1986 uehs udifha§ m%Ndlrka úiska
iydr;a;ï yd fgf,da yd maf,dafgda ixúOdk folg fldá ixúOdkh t,a,
l< udrdka;sl m%ydrh ksid igka mqyqKqj ,enQ úYd, msßila úisÍ .shy'
1986 foieïn¾ 14 od isg fldá" maf,dÜ iy B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a' ixúOdjh
;ykï lr iuqy >d;kh wrUk ,§' flfia fj;;a 1987 uehs ui

45
8000 l f.ka hq;= n,weKshla úiska fldínElvqj uy;d úuqla;s
fufyhqu isÿl< úg fldá ixúOdkfha Bkshd udrl n,h fooreï
lEfõh' Tjqka iyuq,skau úkdY fkdù b;=re jQfha bkaÈhdfõ iDcq ueÈy;a
ùu yd wrdê; wdl%uK ksidh' 1986 uehs ui isg 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ olajd
hdmkh w¾Ooaëmfha isú,a md,kh fldá ixúOdkh i;=j mej;=Kq w;r
fï jljdkqj ;=< ´kEu hqo .egqulg yiqj w;=.Eù fkdhkakg wjYH
lrk Yla;sh ,nd .;af;ah' hdmkfha wjika isxy,hd;a wuqwuqfõ
mq¿iaid m,jd yßk ,oafoa fï jljdkqfõ§h' bka§h yuqodj, wdOdrfhka
1987 iema;eïn¾ ui§ ;%sl=Kdu,h yd kef.kysr m<df;a isxy,hska
ixydrh m<jd yeßfha 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 06 odh' Tlaf;dn¾ 09 fjksod
fldákag tfrysj mjdka fufyhqu werUqKs'
1987 foieïn¾ jk úg fldá ixúOdkfha n,uysuh md,kh
lrkakg bka§h yuqodjg yels jqj;a ish iqmqreÿ uq.aO;ajh m%o¾Ykh
lrñka Tjqka th w;=.d ±óug lghq;= fkdlf<ah' m%;sM,h jQfha tajk
úg;a ngysr f,dalfha cd,hla f.dvk.d isá m%Ndlrkag ngysr wdKavq
Wmldr lsÍuh' 1988 ud¾;= isg fldá kej;;a bka§h T;a;= fiajh
^R.A.W.& iu`.o in|;d we;slr .;ay'
1983 ka miq m%Ndlrka bkaÈhdfjka muKla fkdj ngysr
wdKavqj,ska o Wmldr ,nd .;af;ah' rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yryd fou<
ckdjdi ìyslrkq ,enQ w;r fldá ixúOdkhg msßia fukau úfoaY
Okho" úfoaY m%pdrho ,enqKs' úfoaY rgj, wú fj<|fmd< yd cdjdrï
lrejka y÷kd .ekSug o tajd mßyrKhgo m%Ndlrkag fï rgj,a bv
,nd ÿkafkah' Tjqkaf.a n,dfmdfr;a;=j jQfha m%Ndlrka ,jd bkaÈhdj
fnod fjkalr,Suh' iuyr rgj,a ;u wd.ñl uQ,O¾u jdoh jHdma;
lr,Su i`oyd fldákaf.a fou< cd,h Ndú;d lf<ah' wú cdjdrï lrefjda
;ukaf.a wú wf,ú lr .ekugo wú w;ayod ne,Sugo f;d;ekakla f,i
Y%S ,xldj f;areï f.k fldá ixúOdkh Yla;su;a lrkakg jQy' 1987
Tlaf;dan¾ isg m%Ndlrkag bkaÈhdjg tfrysj igka lsÍug ffO¾hhla
,ndÿkafka ngysr rgj,a õisks' wka;sfï§ m%Ndlrkaf.a .e,jqï ldrhd
jQfha Y%S ,xldfõ fm%auodi wdKavqjh'
1977 igs u YS% ,xld wdKv a j
q fou< ;i % ;
a jdoh i|yd wk.
q ukh lf<a
fonä m<s f
s j;l's th kï lu % fhka ;i % ;a jdoh n,j;a ù rgu ., s .kk
a d
;r
= e iduh-hoq Oa h-iduh jßkj a r ue;Í s u muKl's rfÜ wd¾Ólh lvd

46
jegqKq w;r m%cd;ka;% úfrdaê md,khla we;súh' 1987 wfm%a,a 12 jeksod
igka úrduhla m%ldY flrefKa isxy, fou< wÆ;a wjqreoao fjkqfjka
hehs lshúKs' tfy;a ;srfhka msgqmi wdKavqj bkaÈhdj yd fldá
idlÉPd lrñka isáhy' fldá ixúOkh igka úrduh lÈug ms<s;=re
ÿkafkdah' wfm%a,a 17 od ynrk ls;=,aW;=fõ§ niar: foll isg
isxy,hka 127 la lmd fldgd urd ±uqKq w;r wfm%a,a 21 od msgfldgqfõ
nia kej;=fï fndaïnhla mqmqrjd yer 114 fokl= >d;kh lr 1052
fokl=g ;=jd, isÿl<y' fldgqfõ ,xld nexl= f.vke.s,a, újD;
lsÍug .sh ckdêm;sjrhd Woafõ.fhka m%ldYlf,a fldá ;%ia;jdoh
iyuq,skau wjika lrk njh' tfy;a 1987 cq,s 29 jeks nodod
rEmjdysksfhka ck;dj weu;+ ckdêm;sjrhd lSfõ ;uka —fou< igka
ldóka˜ yd .súiqulg .sh nj;a B<Õ i÷od jkúg Tjqka i;= wdhqo
Ndr§ iduh Wodlrk nj;ah' ta i÷od h<s fkdwd w;r rgu f,aú,la
úh'
fï f,aú, ueÈka msyskd n,hg m;a rKisxy fm%auodi
ckdêm;sjrhd fldá ixúOdkh iu. ryiska idlÉPdjka iïuq;sfhka
iïuka;%Kfhka ;uka iduh Wodlrk njg fyf;u jyis nia
fovjQfhah' fm%auodi uy;d fldá ixúOdkh iu`. idlÉPd wdrïN
lrk úg wdrCIl wxYj, 1237 la fldá ixúOdkh urd ;sìKs' 843 la
w;=reoyka ù fyda wx.úl, ù isáhy'
Tyqf.a idlÉPd j¾Ihlg wêl ld,hla wefoñka .sfhah'
fldákag wú wdhqO" uqo,a muKla fkdj fld<U kjd;ekao iemhsks'
bka§h yuqod bj;aùfuka miq fldá hdmk w¾Ooaùmh i;s lsysmhla ;=<
ish;g .;ay' jjqkshdfõ isg W;=rg ;ssnQ mq,shïl=,u" udkal=,u"
fldldú,a" yd ls,sfkdÉÑ yuqod l|jre mjdfokq ,enQ w;r w,suxlv
isg jjqkshdj olajd ie;mqï 56 l ÿr uq¿ jkaks ;srfhau fldá
ixúOdkhg mjdfokq ,eîh' ^1990 fkdjeïn¾ 22 jkod fldá
ixúOdkh udkal=,u yuqod l|jqr w,a,d .ekSu i|yd jirlg wêl
ld,hla igka jÈkakg Y%S ,xld wdrCIl yuqodjg isÿjQ w;r tald,h
;=< Èú ms¥ fin¨kaf.a .Kk 3150 jk nj jd¾;dfõ fuhska fmkS
hkafka fm%auodi - m%Ndlrka idu idlÉPdj, yd l|jre w;yer
±ófï foaYmd,lfhl=f.a ;Skaÿj, jkaÈh f.ùug tlS idlÉPd u.ska
jir 10 lg miq;a cd;shg isÿù we;'& fï ld,h ;=< wvqu ;rñka keõ 6

47
 úfoaY j,ska f.kajd .ekSugo fld<U uykqjr wd§ m%foaYj, wdrCIl
ksjdi ñ,§ .ekSug o m;d, f,dalh úksúo hEug o fldá ixúOdkh
iu;a úh'
m%;sM,h CIKsl úh' 1990 cqks 11 od fldá ixúOkh kef.kysr
fmd,sia ia:dkj,g myr ÿkafkah' fldákag hg;a jk f,i fld<ôka
ksfhda. ,enqKq w;r isrlrejka njg m;ajQ fmd,sia ks,OdÍka 600 lf.a
muK reêrh weo.ekSfuka miqj jd,Épfka ;srelafldaú,a le,fha § wuq
wuqfõ >d;kh lrk ,§' 1983 È je,slv ysrf.or§ fldá iellrejka 53
fokla isrlrejka úiska urd±óu .ek wo;a l:dlrk Bkshd udkj
ysñlï ixúOdk ksrdhqOj hg;a jQ ta fmd<sia ks,Odßka 600 lf.a Ôú;
.ek jpkhla j;a l:dlf<a ke;' Tjqkaf.a ñkS weglgq ydrd
f.dv.kakg lsis`ÿ cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla bÈßm;a jQfha ke;'
fma%uodi m%Ndlrka iu. uOqiuh nrm;, m%;sM, f.k ÿkafkah'
fldá ixúOdkh uq,ajrg Y%S ,xld hqo yuqodfõ wdrCIl ixlS¾Kh úkdY
lsÍug ;rï n,j;a jQfha ta Bkshd idu idlÉPd ksidh' fm%auodif.a
idlÉPdj,g fmr urdouk ,o wdrCIl yuqod idudðlhskaf.a .Kk
1237 la jq nj;a w;=re oyka jQ ;=jd, yd wx. úl, jQ msßi 843 la nj l<ska
lSfjuq' 1972 - 89 cqks olajd ld,hla ta i|yd jeh úh' tfy;a idu l:d
j,g msx isÿjkakg 1989 cqks yd 94 fkdjeïn¾ w;r wdrCIl yuqodj,
2679 la ^idul:dj,g fmr ñh.sh msßifuka fo.=Khla& urd ±uqKq w;r
5565 la w;=reoka fyda wx.úl, lrkq ,eîh' uq¿ W;=re m<d;a kef.kysr
m<df;a ie,lsh hq;= fldgil=;a fldá md,khg k;= úh' kS;s úfrdaë
fldá fmd<sia Widú nexl= yd mßmd,khla W;=f¾ ìysúh'
1987 bkaÿ - ,xld .súiqug;a 1989 - 90 fm%auodi m%Ndlrka
l:dj,g;a uq, isgu tfrys jQfha Y%S ,xld ksoyia mCIh n,hg m;ajQ w;r
1994 § tu mCIh n,hg m;ajQ w;r fkdjeïn¾ ui isg tys kdhsldj ish
mCIh w;S;fha l< foa ish,a,gu mhska .id fldá ixúOdkh iu.
idlÉPd wdrïN l<dh' iduh yd iuDoaêh wef.a igka mdGh úh' W;=f¾
f.dvìu;a" uqyqo;a" wyi;a fldá ixúOdkh md,kh l< ksid ±kgu;a
rg folv ù we;s njo mqrdfÊre weisKs' fou< cd;sjd§ka rdcHfha ish¿
wxY md,kh lsÍug bÈßm;a jQ w;r fjiaj,d.;a fldá kdhlhl= jk
jika; rdcd rEmjdysksh u.ska iduh WodlsÍug fmdfrdkaÿ msg
fmdfrdkaÿ ÿkafkah'
fï w;r fldá ixúOdkh ish ixúOdkh i|yd újD;ju orejka
we;=¿ .egjrhka 3000 muK n|jd .;af;ah' wvqu ;rñka wú kejq 3 la

48
fï w;r ld,h ;=< ,ndf.k we;' nexfldlays fjfik mqj;a m;a
l,dfõÈhl= jk frdnÜ ld¾fkdhs,a ^ Tyq j¾;udkfha fmfka kï
wdrCIl iÕrdfõ wdishdkq ixialdrljrhdhs'& m%ldY lrk mßÈ —iEï˜
^SAM& j¾.fha ñihs, f;d.hla ldïmQÑhdkq rcfha ¥Is; ks,OdÍka
msßila úiska fldá ixúOdkhg wf,ú lr we;' pkaøsld - m%Ndlrka Bkshd
idu idlÉPd yd igka úrdu mj;sk úg fï ñihs, ;dhs,ka;fha pQïfmdaka
j, isg uq,;sõ olajd /f.k ú;a we;' ^Interítional & Regionl Security
Implicayions of The Sri Lankan Tamil Insurathna Pg 24-25& 1995
wfma%,a 17 ;%sl=Kdu,fha kdúl hd;%dj,g myr§fuka Bkshd igka úrduh
fl<jr jQ w;r SMA ñihs, j,ska wfm%a,a 26" 28 Èkj, Y%S ,xld .=jka
yuqodfõ wekafgdkS hdkd úkdY lrkq ,eîh' fïidu idlÉPd w;r
ld,fha§ hqfl%akfha§ ksfldf,hsÉ jrdfhka fldá ixúOdkh wh;a tï;ù'
iaùks kefjka à'tka'à' j¾.fha mqmqrK øjH lsf,da .%Eï 60"000 la uq,;sõ
jkhg f.ktkq ,eîh' Bkshd idu l:d ì|jeàfuka miq fï mqmqrK øjH
j,ska lsf,da .%Eï 1000 la muK Ndú; lr uynexl= f.dvke.s,a," f,dal
fj<| uOHia:dkh" foysj, ÿï¾h ia:dkh urodk ÿïßh ia:dkh yd Y%S
o<od ud,s.dj mqmqrjd yßkq ,enQ nj f;areï .; hq;=h' ;j oYl
.kKdjla hk f;la ta mqmqrK øjH úkdYldÍ l%shd i|yd Ndú;d jkjd
we;' idu idlÉPd .ek kkafodvjk lsisfjla fï úkdYj, j.lSu
Ndr.kafka o ke;' tys jkaÈ f.ùug isÿù we;af;a o cd;shgh'
pkaøsldf.a idu l:dj, m%;sM,h uekqfkao ñksia ðú; j,sks'
yhuila ;siafia fldá ixúOdkhg wú f;d. f.ktaug;a" idudðlhska
n|jd .ekSug;a rdcH wkq.%yh ,eîfï m%;sM,h yo mdrjk iq¿h'
pkaøsld - m%Ndlrka idu l;d j,g fmr ñh .sh iïmQ¾K
wdrCIl yuqod idudðl msßi 3979 la fõ' w;=reoka jQ fyda wx.úl, msßi
6408 ls' 1994 fkdjeïn¾ isg 1998 foidïn¾ olajd ñh.sh msßi 8208 ls'
w;=reoka jQ fyda wx.úl, msßi 18813 ls' fuhska fmkShkafka pkaøsldf.a
iduh yd iuDoaêh fidhd l< Bkshd idlÉPd j,ska isÿj we;af;a wdrCIl
yuqodj, 1972 - 94 olajd ñh.sh msßi fuka fo.=Khlg;a jeä msßila
ñhhEu muKla njh'
flfia fj;;a fm%auodi m%%Ndlrka idu idlÉPd j,§ fuka ksjg
urKhla fujr wdrCIl yuqodj,g w;afkdùh' ßú/i" tän," yd
chisl=re fufyhqï ksid wvq ;rñka fldá ixúOdkfha 9000 la muK
urd±uQKq w;r hdmkh w¾Ooaùmh ;=< rcfha wKil msysgqjkakgo

49
iu;a ùh' thska fmkS.sfha fl;rï cd;Hka;r cd,hla ;snqKo úfoaY
iydh;a ;snqKo fldá ixúOdkhg Y%S ,xld hqo yuqodj fmkajd we;s
úkho .re lghq;=h' f,dalfhau udkj ysñlï .ek l:dlrk tlai;a
ckmoh ;u fin¨ka 58"000 la úhÜkdufha§ ñhhk úg wvqu ;rñka
ksrdhqo úhÜkdï jeishka úis ,CIhla >d;kh lf<ah' tfy;a Y%S ,xld hqo
yuqodj ;ukaf.a Nghska 14"000 la ñh .sh ;;ajh ;=<§ fou< isú,a
jeishkaf.a ðú; ì,sf.k we;af;a 2000 lg wvq .Kkls' thg fldákaf.a
Wmdh YS,S fou< ck;dj ì,s£uo wh;ah'
flfia fj;;a kej; jefgk fldá /lSug úúO n,fõ. bÈßm;a
fjñka we;' bka bÈßfhkau isákafka ngysr wdKavqh' fldá ixúOdkh
w;=.Eù .shfyd;a Y%S ,xldfõ ;u wú fj<|fmd< jekiS hkq ±lSug
ngysr wú cdjdrï lrefjda iqodkï ke;' bkaÈhdfõ yskaÿ Wïu;a;lfhda
ykqud fuka h<s j,s.h wjq,jd .ekSug udk n,ñka isá;s' ngysr
uq,O¾u jd§ wdh;k úiska fufyhjk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk o" fldá
ixúOdkfha fmruqKq ixúOdko h<s;a idu idlÉPd hk igka mdGh
fmrg f.k tñka we;' wdKavqj" úmCIho tcdmho yd jdudxYsl mCIj,
kdhlhska fï ixúOdk f,iska ñ,g f.k we;s ieáhla fmfka' hdmkh
hqoìfï § w;ajQ mrdch ud,s.d l=uka;%Kh lrkq fmfka' tfy;a Èkd.;a
m%cd;ka;%jdoh;a" ksoyia mdjdÈulg cd;sh bv fkdfokq we;' lsisu
foaYmd,lfhl=g fldá iu. idlÉPd lsÍug whs;shla ke;s w;r
b;ska Tjqka tfia lrkafka kï ;u Ôú; j, whs;sh fjkqfjka ke.S
isàug isxy, fou< uqia,sï iEu Y%S ,xld mqrjeishl=gu kS;suh jq;a
m%cd;ka;%jdd§ jQ;a whs;shla we;af;ah' ukao wmrdOldÍ kS;s úfrdaë
cd;sjd§ tldêm;s ïf,apP idyislhka msßila /lSug ks;Hdkq l+,
wdKavqjla lghq;= lrkafka kï th je,elaùu iEu mqrjeishl=f.au
cd;sl j.lSu jk fyhsks'

50
5 jk wÈhr

fldá f.dÿre ìï
m kai,a lkafoa isg ne¨ l< wE; lel=,dj l<mqj;a" uE; uq,;sú
uy jkh;a ukdj m%o¾Ykh fõ' fyauud,d yd oka; l=ure Y%s o<odj
jvujdf.k wdfõ fï ft;sydisl jk;Srh yrdydh' mkai,a lkafoa isg
W;=rg we;s uq¿ uq,;sõ jkfhau ;ekska ;ek ta bmerKs fn!oaO
YsIagdpdrfha kgnqka úisÍ we;' l=re¨ fldfnhshkaf.ka yd c,pr
Wr.hkaf.ka o lel=,djdjg wvqjla ke;' YS% ,xldfõ W;=re
lÿref.dv;a ^lkaorfrdafâ& kef.kysr uvl,mqfõ;a ngysr
le<Ksfha;a wE; reyqfKa;a ish udhsï iksgqyka l< —jiN˜ rdcOdksfha
ire fl;la jqfha Th ksïkh neõ kï b;d meyeÈ,sh'
1995 cQ,s 28 jeks Èk ysñÈßfha >K w`ÿr ueÈka uq,;sõ jkh
foiska o" lel=,dj l,mqj foiskao ish .Kka wÿre fijke,s hdkaTh
ckmoh fj;g .uka lrñka isáhy' fp,ajkdh.ï úiska 1995 cQ,s 15 od
fufia lshk ,o nj ta w`ÿr fijke,sj,g uq,;sõ jkfha § ishjrla
cmlrkq ,ÿj ;snqKs'
zzfou< ckhd fï ksïkfha jir 3000 la Ôj;a ú we;' lsishï isxy,
rfcl= fï fou< N+ñhg w; ;eîug ìh jqy' tfy;a kQ;k isxy, rdcHh wfma
bvñ meyer .ksñka we;s w;r tajd wdmiq .ekSu wm úiska l< hq;=h'ZZ
fï ïf,aÉP cd;sjd§ uka;%fhka Wu;= lrk ,o ta —wj;dr˜
o<odj jeäh ud¾.fha isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a f,a iqjo bj w,a,ñka fmrg
wefokakg jqy' fï Tjqka fuys meñKs m<uq j;djg fkdfõ' 1984
fkdjeïn¾ 30 od foieïn¾ 1 od o Tjqyq fuys wdy' jeõÈh f,hska f;;a
jkf;la isxy, lf;da,sl f,h j.=rejk ,oafoah' bkamiq úáka úg ta f,a
iqj`o Tiafia fou< cd;sjd§ ïf,aÉPfhda meñKshy' isxy, f,a î" tys
msyskd ;u rl=iq lh i;mjdf.k w`ÿf¾u uq,;sõ jkhg weÈ .shy'
tfy;a fujr ta b;sydih wdmiq yerúKs' je,sTh yuqod lojqf¾
fin¿ yd .%dudrlaIl n, weKs ish kscìfï whs;sh fjkqfjka fmrg
wdy' ksy`vj ú,dm k.ñka ñhhEu fjkqjg —igk˜ f;dard.;ay' .skswú

51
 l;d lrkakg mgka .;af;a ysñÈßfhau isguh' ysre lel=,dj l,mqfj;a
ke.toaoS ireidr l=Uqrej, oKjgla tßo`.,k fou< ïf,aÉPhskaf.a
reÿre wú fydÈka fmfkkakg úh' .sks uoaoyk jk úg igk ksud úh'
1984" 86" 88" 91 wd§ f,i wjia:d .Kkl§ .,d.sh f,aj, jkaÈh ta tl
igkska wdmiq ,eìKs' fou< cd;sjdofhka Wïu;a;l lrkq ,enq
ñf,aÉPhka 453 lf.a isrere je,sTh ksïkh mqr úisß ;sìKs'
je,sTh igk fldaákaf.a —fjdag¾ ¨˜ igk úh' 1984 isg chmsg
ch ,nñka isá fldá yoj;a fuhska foÿre úh' bkamiq ßú/i" tän,"
chisl=re fufyhqï j,ska Tjqka È.gu wdmiq .shd ñi fmr .ukla
fkdùh'
je,sTh m%ydrfhka fmkS.sh tla jeo.;a fohla úh' m%ydrh
i|yd meñK isá nyq;rh —fldá megõ˜ yd —fldá fokqka˜ njh' wjqreÿ
12 isg orefjda tys isáhy' ishhlg jeä ldka;d u<isrereo úh'
miqj fy<sorõ jQfha fin< ys`.h ksid;a" urd ±óu mqyqKq lsÍug
yd f,a msmdih we;s lr,Su i|yd;a l=vd fldá megjq 1984 isgu isxy, yd
uqia,sï .ïudk j,g myr §ug fhdojd we;s njh' yuqod l|jqre j,g
fyda fmd,sia ia:dkhkag myr §ug m%:u —ukSueÍfï mqyqKj˜ i|yd fldá
.egõ yd .eáiaisfhda isÿlr we;af;a isxy, uqia,sï .ïj, lsßleáhka yd
<ud ,máka we;=¿ wysxilhkaf.a ysia fonE lsÍug mqyqKq ùuh' wysxil
ksrdhqO ckhd lmdfldgd ouñka fujka —Ôjudk hqo mqyqKqjla˜ f,dfõ
fjk;a lsisu rdcH úfrdaë l,a,shla isÿlr we;a±hs iel iys;h'
je,sTh yd bkamiq we;sjQ igka j,skao .eUqre m%Yak .Kkdjla
mek ke.sKs' tkï ikakoaO igkla i|yd n,mdk idOl fudkjdo@ fldá
ixúOdkh tu idOl imqrdf.k we;af;a flfiao hkakh' idudkH
ikakoaO igkl§ lreKq lSmhla ;Srl f,i n,mdhs' tkï"
1' Rcqju hqoaOhg ueÈy;ajk Ng ixLHdj
2' Nghkag kùk;u" ld¾hCIu" jvd úkdYldÍ wú
iemhqï wLKavj ,nd§fï yelshdj'
3' Nghka yuqodj ;=< ixúOdkh lr we;s wdldrh" yd thg
,ndfok hqo yd foaYmd,k yelshdj
4' hqo .egqug ueÈy;ajk iudch ta i|yd olajk wdl,amh
yd odhl;ajh wdÈhhs'

52
±ka fuhska m<uq idOlh fyj;a Ng ixLHdj .ek i,ld n,uq
idudkHfhka hqo .egqul§ tlsfkldf.a yuqodNg ixLHd úkdY lsÍfï
iS.%;djh u; hqo ch.%yKfha tlame;a;la r|dmj;S' fuys§ tla;rd
ksYaÑ; ixLHdjla m%;súreoaO ms<g isà kï Tjqka lsis lf,l mrdch l<
fkdyels ;;a;ajhla úfgl we;sfõ' fkdtafia kï ie,lsh hq;= §¾>
ld,hla igk w,a,d .ekSug m%;súreoaO lKavdhug yelsfõ'
1972 isg fldá ixúOdkh yd fiiq fou< ;%ia;jd§ ixúOdk j,g
igk i|yd Nghka n|jd .ekSfï § úYd, rel=,la jQfha fou< iudcfha
wêm;s foaYmd,kh f.k.sh fou< rdcH mlaIh yd miqj fou< tlai;a
úuqla;s fmruqK thg ,ndÿka /ljrKhhs' ;%ia;jd§ l%shd wdrCId
lsÍug fukau tajd úuqla;sjd§ l%shd f,i m%pdrh lsÍug fyd| Woaf>daIK
fmruqKla f,io fo't'ú'fm' l%shd lf<ah' fï n,.;= foaYmd,k yia;h
fkdjkakg 1972 - 84 jljdkqj ;=< ´kEu fudfyd;l fou< ;%ia;jdoh
hqouh f,i iyuq,ska w;=.Eù hkakg bv ;sìKs'
1983 ka miq ikakoaO fou< ;%ia;jdofha m%pdrlhd yd foaYmd,k
fmruqK f,i l%shd lsÍug ;ñ,akdvq m%dka; wdKavqj bÈßm;a úh' 1984 ka
miq thg bka§h uOHu wdKavqj;a" 1987 ka miq ngysr cd;Skq;a bÈßm;a
úh' úfYaIfhka bkaÈhdj 1984 - 87 jljdkqj ;=< ìysl< ikakoaO Nghska
25"000 ksid Y%S ,xld .egqfï hqo ;=,kh fou< ;%ia;jdohg jdis f,i
keUqre úh' fuh fl;rï n,j;a jQfha o h;a ol=fKa isxy, ;%ia;jd§
l,a,s ;=kla o rfÜ rdcH n,h meyer .ekSu i|yd bka§h T;a;=fiajd j,
iydh me;+ njo jd¾;d fõ' fï wkqj fldá ;%ia;jdoh fïid msßia n,hla
we;slr.;af;a fo't'ú'fm' bkaÈhdj" ngysr cd;Ska yd fld<U ;=ÉP
foaYmd,k wêldÍkaf.a l%shd ksid ñi Tjqkaf.a úfYaI olaI;djhla ksid
fkdfõ'
fldá ;%ia;jdh i|yd fou< ck.ykfha úúO fjialñ o ;srK
f,i n,md ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i jhia mr;rh fyj;a ;reK yd
uy¿ fnÈu ie,lsh yelsh' ikakoaO igkla i|yd ;reK iydNd.s;ajh
wksjd¾hh' úfYaIfhka jhi 16 - 25 w;r ;reK ck.ykh jeo.;ah'
f,dj mqrd ;reK ler,s úYaf,aIKh l< úoaj;=kg wkqj jhi 16 - 25
w;r ;reK ck.ykh uq¨ ck.ykfhka 20] blaujhs kï t;ek
—;reK msmsÍula˜ we;s ùug miqìula mj;sk nj lshfõ' fuhska woyia
jkafka wksjd¾h le/,a,la we;sjk nj fkdfõ' foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhla
ke;skï tjekakla isÿfkdfõ'

53
fï wkj q YS% ,dxll s fou< ;reK ck.ykh foi ne,f S ï§ 1950 - 60 ld,h
w;r;r = th mej;S we;f a ;a 17 l mu % dKhlh' tfy;a fou< rdcH mCIfha
cd;j s doh;a iu`. fou< ck.yk j¾Okh bkm a iq fõ.j;a jQ nj fmfk'a
fï wkj q 1970 § 18'5 la jQ tu m; % Y s ;h 1975 § 20] iu S djg t<eö we;'
jeäu fou< ;reK mß s ila ^42000 l&a ikk a oO a igfka fh§ ià s ' 1985 § th
23] l's bkm a iq we;f a ;ku a fou< cd;j s d§ foY a md,kfhka idudkH fou<
ckhd úiÍ s hkk a g mgk. a ;a w;r 1987 ka miq fldá ixúOdkh ñi wkl a i s s
ixúOdkhla ikk a oO
a ìfï b;r = ej fkdiá s hy' fï ki s d fou< ck.yk
j¾Okho lvdjeà we;s w;r 1995 ßú/i ho q ch ,nk úg fou< ;reK
ck.ykh 20] la olj a d weojeà ;n s Q w;r l's%j' 2000 § th ;jÿrg;a 16]
olj a d weojefgkq we;ehs ixLHdf,L a k fmkj a dfoh's ^l's% j 2000 § ixsy,
;reK ck.ykh 16] la jk w;r 20] blu a jd ;reK ck.yKh
mj;k s f a ka ui q ,a ï
s yd j;= fou< ckyd w;r muK&s fuf,i ikk a oO a
igfka fh§ iá s k fou< ;reK ;i % ; a jd§ka ixLhdj 1985 ig s fõ.fhka
weojeà we;s w;r 1987 ig s thg ;reK iyNd.; S j a h ,eîuo iu S d ù we;
fldá ixúOdkh fuu ;;j a hg uy q K q q § we;f a ;a wmr Q e wdldrhgh tkï
1984 ig s ;u ixúOdkfha jhia iu S dj 16 ig s 9 olj a d my; fy,u S h'
tfuku a mä S ; .eñ ;reKh s ka jeäfhka n|jd .eku S h' fï wkj q fldá
úik s a orejka yd ldk; a djka hO q Nghka lÍ s u ;, = k s a fmkj a d fokf a ka wka
li s j s la fkdj ;reK fou<d ;jÿrg;a ;i % ; a jdohg hg;l a , fkdyels
njh' fuh fyd| i,lK = l's fï wkj q fldákf a .a hO q Ng ixLHdjg
wvl q Í s ug yd n|jd.ekï S wju lÍ s ug kï orejka yd ±ßhka ñki s a
fndï a n lÍ s fï fldákf a .a ñf,É a P ixil a D;h s g myrÈh h; q h = ' we;f a ;ku a
th l< h; q fa ;a fou< l, = l;k = a yd fou< ixil a D;f s ha W;l a DIG a nj
m,s n s | fodvk iú s ,a ixúOdkhkh a ' tfy;a Tjk q a ta i|yd li s j s la fkdlrk
ki s d fou< <ud yd ldk; a d Ôú; ir Q dlEu m< s n
s | úYd, Wof a >dI a Khla
f.k hd h; q h = ' fldá ixúOdkhg mß s ia n|jd .ekf S ï§ jhi yd ,xs.fNo a
fuka u fou< iudcfha l, = jdoh yd mf % oYa jdoho miì q ï ù we;'
1972 - 87 jljdkj q ;< = fldá ixúOdkg mß s ia n,h iemhQ mO % dk
mf% oY
a h jf Q ha hdmkh w¾Ooù a mhh's f,dj mrq d ij
a Ndj j¾Okhla iy; s jQ
.ß,, a d lKv a dhï u,q ks a jkho" B,`. .ïudko wjidkfha k.rho f,i
me;r s .h s y' tfy;a ih s ,, a úlD;s f,i k¾ s udKh ù we;s YS% ,xldfõ fou<
fldá u, q ks ua w,,a d .;f a ;a mO % dk k.rhh' tkï hdmkhh's 1986 u, q ig s
1995 ßõ/i fufyhu q olj a d i¿ q ì| jeàï iy;j jj q ;a k.rfha iú s ,a

54
 mßmd,kh mj;ajd .ekSug fldákag yelsúh' fuhska fmkShkafka fldá
ixúOdkh iajNdúl .ß,a,d jHdmdrhlg jvd n,y;aldrfhka ndysr
n,hla úiska f.dv.iaik ,o wdl%uKsl yuqodjla f,ih flfia fj;;a
1987 Tlaf;dan¾ ui werfUk —mjdka˜ bka§h hqo fufyhqu ksid fldá
jkakshg m,d.sh w;r ish b;sydifha uq,ajrg ;u uQ,sl mokï N+ñh
f,i jkaksh f.dv k.kakg jQy' 1989 cQks j, isg fld<U isg cd;sfødayS
wdKavqj fldákag w;fkdÿkafka kï yd ngysr rgj,a wúf;d.
fkdiemhQjdkï Tjqka iyuq,ska úkdY ùug bv ;sìKs' ta cd;SfødayS
ls%hdfjka isÿjQfha wojk f;la jkaksh fldá mokï m%foaYhla ùuh' oYl
lsysmhlg by; ck Y+kH m%foaYhla jQ jkaksh fldàkag msßia n,h
imhk f;d;ekak jQfha flfiao hkako fidhd ne,sh hq;=h'
1981 oS ukakdrfï ck.ykh 68"178 ls' fuh 1971 oS 53"353 ls' 1971
-81 w;r ukakdrfï ixl%uKsl mÈxÑlrejka jeäùu 11"317 ls' fuhska
8000 la muK bkaÈhdjg hEug isá bka§h fou< mqrjeisfhdah' 1971 §
jõkshdj yd uq,;sõ taldnoaO Èia;%lal j, fou< ck.ykh 73"010 ls'
1981 § fï Èia;%sla fofla taldnoaO ck.ykh 14"3803 ls' fuhska wvqu
;rñka 62"000 la ckhd bkaÈhdjg hEug isá bka§h ckhd fj;s' fïfia
fï ld,h ;=< hdmkhg wh;aj ;snQ ls,sfkdÉÑ Èia;%slalhg f.k tk ,o
bkaÈhdkq fou< ck ixLHdj 30"000 lg wdikakh' fï ish,af,ka
fmfkkafka 1971 - 81 ld,h ;=< bkaÈhdjg hEug isá bka§h cd;slhka
,CIhla jkaksfha mÈxÑ lr we;s njh' ;jÿrg;a fidhd ne,Sfï oS
fmkShkafka fuh 1981 ka miqj wo olajd isÿlrf.k hk fou< cd;sjd§
ckmolrKhla njh' wvqu ;rñka fï jkúg 18"0000 la muK kS;s
úfrdaë bka§h fou< ckmolrKhla fï m%foaYj, isÿlr we;'
^ft;sydisl lkao Wvrg isxy, rdcOdksfha fldgila jQ jkaksfha fïid
úfoaYsl fou< ckmolrKhla isÿlrñka" je,sTh isxy, ckmolrKh
uq¿ f,dj mqrd m%pdrh lsÍug fou< cd;sjd§ m%pdrl hka;%h iu;aj isà&
miq.sh jljdkqj ;=< fï ckmo foi ne,Sfï § fmkShkafka fldá
ixúOdkfha hqo Ng msßia j,ska 70] la muK ieÿï,d we;af;a fï kS;s
úfrdaë fou< ckmo j,ska njh' ±ka fï bkaÈhdkq fou< ckmoj, isg
lkao Wvrg j;=lrhg ;%ia;jd§ mqyqKq udj;la ;ekS ;sfí' o<od
fndaïnho meñKsfha ta udjf;a nj fy<sorõ ù we;'
tfia kï wo jkaksfha fldá n,h mj;ajd f.k hkafka fï ckmo
úiska nj meyeÈ,sh' tfia kï fï ckmo l,a;shd ie,uqï l< zzB<dï hqo

55
ckmoZZ fõ' tys wruqK wkqrdOmqrh olajd fldá jeg mq¿,a lsÍu nj;a
meyeÈ,sh' ;jÿrg;a fidhd ne,Sfï § fmkS hkafka fï ckmo j, úúO
l%sia;shdks ñIkdß jHdmdr w;sYhska m%p,s; njh' l%sia;shdks uQ,O¾ujd§
ixúOdk iy l%sia;shdks uQ,O¾ujd§ rgj, wdOdr ,nk rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk fïjdfha w;sYhska l%shd;aul njh' fkd¾fõ" iaùvka rgj,a tys§
m%uqLh'
fï ckmo msysgjQfha lõo@ fou< cd;Sjd§kaf.a m%jdo j,g wkqj
1977 iema;eïn¾j, fou< ckhdg tfrys m%Ndr .ek lïmdjg m;ajQ
,kavkfha isá .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amsfhl= jQ ta' fâúâ iy rdÊ iqkaorï
fodia;r hqj, Y%S ,xldjg meñKshy' Ydka;sks rdciqkaorï jjqkshdfõ
Ñls;aid.drhla mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r fâúâ yd rdciqkaorï" .dkaêhï
jHdmdrh wdrïN l<y' fudjqka iu. yß yßhg fou< mqkre;a:dmk
ixúOdkh fyj;a à'w¾'w¾'´' jHdmdrho lghq;= lf<ah' tys m%drïNl
idudðlhka jQfha ks;hkdoka yd lkao idñh' fudjqka úiska isxy, m%ydr
j,ska wkd:jQ fou< ckhd jkaksfha mÈxÑ l<y'^ì÷kq ;,arel - rdcka
yq,a'tia'Y%S Orka&
neÆ ne,aug fuh wmQre l;djls' tfy;a 1977 - 81 jljdkqj ;=<
muKla ta jHdmdrh u.ska ,CIhla wkd:hka mÈxÑ lr we;' th uyje,s
jdHdmdrh hgf;a Y%S ,xld rchg mjd l< fkdyels jQ lghq;a;ls'
fudjqkg fï i|yd uqo,a ,enqfKa fldyska o@ ,kavkfha" isx.mamQrefõ
fyda bnoka j, fou< mqKHdOdr j,ska fïjd bÈúkso@
lsisfia;a ke;' miqj fy<orjq jQ mßÈ fï i|yd m%fldaá .Kkl
úfoaYdOdr m%udKhla ls%ia;shdks uQO¾ujd§ rgj,ska ,eî we;' tajd
fifvla" frândkd" i¾fjdaoh jeks fjk;a wdh;k yrydo .dkaÈhï yd
á'w¾'wd¾'´ yrydo fnodyer we;' fuf,i fl,skau fkd¾fõ yd iaùvka
rgj,a fou< fldá ;%ia;jdohg msán,hla jk ñksia mjqrla kS;s úfrdaê
mqrjeishkaf.ka jkaksfha f.dvkxjd we;' bkaÈhdkq hqo yuqod fukau Y%S
,xld hqo yuqodj,go jkaksh úksúo hEu fu;rï wiSre ù we;af;a 1977
isg b;du iQlaIu ie,iqulg wkqj msysgjQ fï hqo .ïudkh ksidh'
fkd¾fõ" iaùvka" lekvd yd ì%;dkH wdOdr ,nk iel lghq;= rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk yd wd.ñl m%pdrl lKavdhï fï m%foaYj, Y%S ,xld
kS;sh wNsfhda. lrñka ;ju;a l%shd;aul fj;s' jkaks fldá hqo n,h
ì§fu rka h;=re we;af;a wd.ñl uQ,O¾ujd§ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j,
f., is£u yrydh'

56
fldákaf.a B<`. ck moku we;af;a kef.kysrh' ;%sldKdu,hg;a jvd
th we;af;a uvl,mqfõh' flfia fj;;a lreKq .Kkla ksid kef.kysr
fldá n,h 1995 jkf;lau wju ;;a;ajhl mej;sKs' bka m%uqL fya;=j jQ
l,S uvl,mq fou< ckhd yd hdmkh fj,a,d,hka w;r 1833 isgu mej;s
l=,jd§ wr.,hhs' 1858 ka miq uvl,mqfõ bx.%SiSka úiska j;= fou< yd
ud¾. lïlrejka f,i f.k wd fou< ckhd ckdjdi lsÍfuka miq fï
.egqu ;%Sjq úh' fï ksid fou< rdcH mlaIh jeks fou< cd;sjd§ mlaI mjd
uvl<mqfõ id¾:l jQfha ke;' fldákag m%;súreoaO B'mS'w¾'t,a't*a"
fgf,da jeks ;%ia;jd§ka jeäfhka me;sr.sfha kef.kysrh' tfukau
wïmdr fyd fmdf<dkakrej isxy, ckmoku yd isxy, fou< uqiqùuo
fuhg n,mEfõh' uqia,sïjrekaf.a n,ho fuhg fya;=ù ;sfí'
flfia fj;;a uyje,s jHdmdrh hgf;a bÈjQ udÿreTh ol=Kq
bjqf¾ 1977 - 85 w;r isÿjQ kS;súfrdaë fou< ckmolrKh ksid kquqyqka
yqol<d fou< ck.ykhla we;súh' fï ixLHdj 40"000 la muK jk
w;r Tjqkaf.ka o nyq;rh bka§h j;= lïlrefjda fj;s' fï
ckmolrKh kï ;kslru jdf.a 1977 - 88 t'cd'm' wdKavqfõ
weu;sjrfhl= jQ fla'ví' foajkdh.ï yd rdcfodf¾ úiska isÿl<
úma,jhls' 1995 ßú/i fufyhqu ksid,;a hqo mrdch;a iu`. fldá
ixúOdkh jeä nrla fï fou< ckmoj,g ±uQ w;r jkaksh yd
kef.kysr w;r uqyqÿ" le<E yd f.dvìï ud¾.h wo fldá ixúOdkfha
m%dK kd,h ù ;sfí' 1985 § udÿreTh jï bjqf¾ ÈUq,d., kdysñhka úiska
mÈxÑ l< isxy,hka 20"000 la tjlg t'cd'm' rcfhka m<jd yeßfha
ke;akï fldákaf.a f.dvìï ud¾.h weysÍ hEug;a tu.ska Bkshd W;=re
yd kef.kysr fou< kscìu folv ùug;a bv ;sìKs' n,f,daNS
foaYm,kh úiska ta ish,a, mdjd§ we;af;ah'
fldá ixúOdkfha w¨;au ñksia flakaøhka fol ù we;af;a
uykqjr yd fld<Uh' fjf<| jHdmdr ysñlr .ekSu" n,mEï l< yels
fou< Pkao l=Üáhla ìyslr .ekSu" fldaú,a bÈlr wd.ñl m%fndaOhla
cks;lr .ekSu" ;ukaf.u jQ rEmjdyskS yd mqj;am;a cd,hla mj;ajd
.ekSu" ^fld<U yd uykqjr fou< ckhd b,lal lr.;a mqoa.,sl
rEmjdyskS fiajd folla o .=jka úÿ,s fiajd folla o w;sYhska
me;sÍ .sh mqj;am;a ;=kla o we;=¿ mqj;am;a lSmhla o we;s
w;r tajd fl,skau fldá ixúOdkfha u;jdoh m%pdrh lrhs&
wjidk jYfhka udkj ysñlï j,g uqjdù fldákaf.a fmruqKq
ixúOdk ìyslsÍu isÿfõ' fld<U fou< jHdma;jdoh me;srùu
hgf;a 1991 isg 1998 olajd wvqu ;rñka ,CI y;rla j;a ixl%uKsl

57
fou< ñksiqka ckdjdi ù we;s w;r uÜglal=,sh fldgfyak je,a,j;a;
yd foysj, l¿fndaú, m%foaYj, id;sYh nyq;rh fou< ù ;sfí' fld<U
m%foaYh Ndr ksfhdacH fmd,siam;s jrfhl=g wkqj fld<U uyk.r iNd
iSudfõ fou< ck.ykh 1998 § 57] olajd by< ke. w;' 1998 ckjdß
isg wf.daia;= olajd uykqjr k.rhg muKla fou< mjq,a 1092 la meñKs
nj uOHu m<df;a ksfhdacH fmd,siam;s ld¾hd,h lshhs' fï ld,h ;=<
.ïmy Èia;%slalfha ó.uqj yd j;a;, m%foaY folg meñKs we;s fou<
ck ixLHdj 10"000 blaujk nj mE,shf.dv fmd,sia wêldÍjrhd lshd
we;' miq.shod fld<U k.rfha isÿjQ fhdaO m%ydrj,g fukau
g%dkaiafmdau¾ iy ÿrl:k moaO;s úkdY lsÍugo fï kj fou<
ckmÈlhska ueÈy;a ù we;s nj fmkShhs' fï wkqj ±kgu;a fld<U yd
uykqjr ck ixhq;sh nrm;, f,i úlD;s ù we;s w;r jefvk
foaYmd,k n,h bÈßfha —fou< jHdma;jdoh˜ bÈßfha § ;j;a chg
isÿùug bv we;' fldá ixúOdkh ±kgu;a miqnisk ish ikakoaO l,a,s
fld<U iy uykqjr ia:dk.; lrñka isák w;r ;j;a —fldá nxlr˜
fm<la kqjr" ó.uqj" j;a;," uÜglal=,sh" je,a,j;a;" lsre,mk yd
foysj," .,alsiai m%foaYfha bÈfjñka mj;sk nj wm úiska ±k.;
hq;=h' fldákaf.a fojeks igka fmruqK fld<U újD; ùug fmr th
u¾Okh lsÍu wjYHh' tys w;HjYH idOlh kï fld<U yd kqjr isÿjk
fou< jHdma;jdoh k;r lsÍuh' úfYaIfhka 1987 isg meñKs jHdma;jd§
ixl%uKslhka úiska iïm%odhsl ñksiqkaf.ka ,ndf.k we;s foafmd, ,nd
.ekSuh' fï iïnkaOfhka ±ä f,i l%shd fkdl< fyd;a hdmkfha wysñ jQ
hqo fmruqK fld<U újD; ùu je,elaúh fkdyels jkq we;'
j;=lrfha fou< jHdma;jdoh yd fldákaf.a ls%hdldÍ;ajh ó,`.
mßÉfþofha § i,ld n,k ksid ta ms<sn| jeä úia;r ±kg wjYH ke;'
fldá ixúOdkfha msßia n,h w; 1985 g wkqj n,k l, we;af;a
b;d wvq uÜgulh' tfy;a 1985 g jvd Tjqkaf.a úkdYldÍ yelshdj lsysm
.=Khlska jeäù we;' fï ;;a;ajh fudjqka ,ndf.k we;af;a b;d kùk
wúwdhqO ,nd.ekSu;a tajd mqyqKq ùu;a" tl È.g wLKav f,i uqo,a yd
fiiq iemhqï ud¾. mj;ajd .ekSug yelsùu;a ksidh'
fï i|yd Tjqka úúO cklKavdhï yd ixúOdk iQCIu f,i
fhdodf.k we;'

58
Tjk q f
a .a mO % dk;u b,ll a lKv a dhu jQ l,S úfoY a .; YS% ,dxll s fou<
ckhdh' 1833 ;rï wE; w;; S hl ig s fou< ckhd bx.i S% kS a úiks a úfoY a
fija hg hjkq ,enQ w;r 1977 ka miq fï ;;; a j
a h jeäÈhK q q úh' 1983 ka miq
;j;a mß s ila tkï —foY a md,k /ljrKh m;k fou< ckhd˜ kï Bkh s d
mä
S ;hka mß s ila o fudjk q g
a tlj a y Q ' fudjk q a ny, q jYfhka ,kv a k"a
fgdfrdkf a gd"a ixs.mma rQ ej" f,di a wa ekc a ,iS "a fu,f a ndka "a Tif a ,d"a fgd%k
a ä
a hï"
bnoka wd§ k.rj, flk a ø
a .;ù iá s ;'s fudjk q a mu % dKfhka ydr,CIhla
muK jk w;r thk s a wvlu a mdfya hdmk fou< ckhd fj;'s tfuku a
fudjk q a f.ka 95] lu a 77 ka miq tys .f s hda fj;'s
1961 - 75 w;r ld,h ;< = fï úfoY a .; fou< ck fldgik s a
mf% hdca kh .;f a ;a fp,j a kdh.ïh' tfy;a fo'at'ú fmruf q Ka wñ¾;,xs.ï
yd kjr;k a ï úik s a úfoY a .; fou< mß s ia j,g fldá ixúOdkh y÷kj a d
fok ,È' ,kv a kfha mÈxÑj iá s tk'ati'a lI s% Kka fuy§ s u, Q ls ld¾hNdrhla
bgl< w;r 1983 ka miq ,kv a kh mokï lrf.k hf q rdm a h mr q d fldá
cd,h fufyh jQ h'Qfl'a nd,fil a rka úik s 's t,h s ;ïì r;k a iNdm;s úik s a
ìyl s rk ,o fou< B<dï YI s H iïfï,kho (GUES) fuy§ s u, Q ls
ld¾hNdrhla bgl q f<h a ' fldákg a m,i; a kS ;i % ;a jd§ka iu`. my q K
q ù q ï yd
in|;d we;s lr ÿkf a ka r;k a iNdm;s h' u, q § fldá ixúOdkh fuku a
mf
a ,dÜ yd Bfrdi a a ixúOdko hf q rdm a d fou< mc % dfjka uo q ,a Wmhd.;a ;i % ; a
l,, a s jy
Q ' thks a 1984 § mf a ,dÜ ixúOdkh —m,djk˜a kñka fk!ldjla ñ,§
.eku S g mjd iu;a úh'
flfia fj;;a 1986 jk úg fldá hdmkfha fiiq fou< ;i % ;
a jd§
ixúOdk wNns ejQ wdldrhgu úfoYa j,§ o th iÿ s l<y' ty§
s Tjk q f
a .a
ixúOdkh cd,fha yoj; njg m;j a f
Q ha ,kv
a khh's
fldá ixúOdkh fï úfoY a cd,h lh s% d;u a l lr.ekf S ï §
wdo¾Yhg .;f a ;a hfq oõ cd;l
s jHdmdrhh's Tjk q a iyu,q k
s a u mdfya
wk.q ukh lf<a hf
q oõ jHdmdrhh'
1858 § ,; s f= õkh s dfõ lv = d k.rhl Wm; ,o t,i s r fnka fhyv q d
hf q oõ if s hdk a a jdofha mh s d úh' tjlg u, nila jQ yn s DD ni k.d ig s hf q hk a a
,;s f = õkh s dfõ" fcd¾ a ðhdfõ úiQ hf q oõjka ih s .Kkk s a m,i; a k
S hg /f.k
.f s h;a a Tyh q ' 1894 § mx%Yfha we;s jQ —äf¾mi a ˜a iÿ
s ùu jd¾;d lÍ s ug .h s
;f s hdv a ¾ y¾I,a úik s a fyhv q df.a lhs% dj,hs h:d¾:hla lÍ s ug bgd.;f a ;h a '
1897 § mo q .a ,hks a ih s .Kkla tll a r if s hdkj a d§ hf q oõ jHdmdrh

59
f.dvke.=fõ Tyqh' tys§ Tyq wkq.ukh l< m;sm;a;sh jqfha tjlg
rgj,a 86l jdih l< fldaáhlg uola jeä hqfoõ ckldh tlu
ixúOdkh cd,hlg f.k tauh' tys§ hqfrdamfha § bx.S%is yd hqfrdamSh
úfrdaê jq Tjqyq m,ia;Skfha § wrdî úfrdaê ú bx.%sis .e;s jqy' fï ksid
bx.%Siskaf.a n,mEfuka 1917 § ne,a*¾ .súiqfuka Tjqkg m,ia;Sk l=vd
m%foaYhl iajhx md,khla ,enqKs' ^fuh yßhgu 1987 § bka§h ueÈy;a
ùfuka m<d;a iNd ,eîu jeksh& bka miq fõ.fhka úfoaY wruqo,a j,ska
m,ia;Skh ;=< hqfoõ ckmo msysgqjñka hqfoõ jHdma;jdoh ls%hd;aul
l<y' wrdì cd;sl fn§ fjkaù ldfldgd .ksoa§ hqfoõ jHdma;jdoh wrdì
bvlvï ñ<§ .ksñka m,ia;Skh mqrdu me;sr .sfhah' wrdì f;,a n,h
ì|,Su i|yd hqfoõjka fhdod.; yelsnj is;+ bx.%SiSyq thg yeu
wkqn,hla u ÿkay' fojk f,dal ix.%duh ksid hqfoõfjda W;=re
weußldjg;a reishdjg;a yd m,ia;Skhg;a ixl%uKh jQy' W;=re
weußldfõ n,j;a l,a,sh;a jQ hqfoõ ckldh tys isg uqo,a wdOdr yd
foaYmd,k wdOdr iys; ˜fkdkj;sk iemhqï .`.la˜ BY%dhd,h olajd
lemQy' m%;sM,h jQfha 1948 § BY%dh,h kñka m,ia;Skhu folv lr
fjku rdcHhla ìysùuh' kdis m%ydr j, wkqlïmdjg uqjdfjka 1948 §
BY%Dh,h kñka m,ia;Skhu folv lr fjku rdcHhla ìysùuh' kdis
m%ydr j, wkqlïmdjg uqjdfjka 1956 jk úg uq¿ m,ia;Skhu ish;g
.kakg Tjqka iu;a jQy' 1956" 1967 yd 1973 hqoaO j,ska Bðma;=j" isßhdj"
f,nkkh" fcda¾odkh hk rgj, fldgia wE|d uyd BY%dh,hla
f.dvk.d .;ay' iS;, hqo iuh mqrdu ngysr cd;Skaf.a f;dgqm< jQfha
BY%dh,hhs'
f,dal øúv rdcHh f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd isfhdkajd§ wämdf¾
hEug m%Ndlrka ;SrKh lf<a hqfoõjkaf.a fï ch.%dyS w;a±lSu iu.h'
fï wkqj ,kavkh mokï lrf.k f,dj mqrd rgj,a 34 l isák fou<
ckhd w;r úúO fmruqKq ixúOdk" wdjrK ixúOdk we;s lsÍug Tjqka
iu;a ù we;' ,kavkfha § fldá ixúOdkh fndfyda úg l%shd;aul jkafka
fou< f;dr;=re uOHia:dkh (Tic, Tamil House, romford Rd London) fou<
mqkre;a:dmk ixúOdkh (Tro-Walthamstow, London) cd;Hka;r fou<
fmvf¾IKh (Ift-Birchiew, Surrey) wd§ wdjrK ixúOdk yrydh' ±kg
fmkSf.ia we;af;a jkaksfha msysgd we;s rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhl
uQ,ia:dkh yd fou< f;dr;=re uOHia:dkh pkaøsld ÿrl:k u.ska
iïnkaOj mj;sk w;r tu.ska fldákaf.a ksfõok f,dj mqrd m%pdrh
lrk njh'
´iafÜ%,shdj ;=<o Tjqka wdjrK ixúOdk .Kkdjla mqrd me;sÍ
we;' isâks k.rfha§ fl,skau fou< B<dï ix.uh kñka o ol=Kq

60
´iafÜ%,shdfõ § fou< wkd: ix.uh f,io fu,an¾ka k.rfha § ,xld
fou< ix.uh f,io l%shd lr;s' ðð yd kjiS,ka;fha o fujeks wdjrK
ixúOdk f.dvk.d f.k we;'
hqfrdamh ;=< kï tlai;a rdcOdksh" m%xYh" c¾uksh" b;d,sh"
´iaá%hdj" ;=¾lsh" ihsiam%ih" fko¾,ka;h" fkda¾fõ" fvkaud¾lh
iaùvk yd mska,ka;h wd§ rgj,a ;=< fudjqka lsisÿ kS;suh ndOdjlska
f;drj újD;j;a wdjrK ixúOdk yryd;a wruqo,a tla lsÍu;a" jHdmdr
lsÍu;a ikaksfõok cd,d mj;ajd .ekSu;a fydr cdjdrï lsÍu;a
lrf.k h;s'
wm%sldj ;=< kï ,sìhdj" we,aÔßhdj" ieïìhdj" ol=Kq wm%sldj"
uqreish yd fi!È wrdìh ;=< Tjqyq l%shdlr;s' fou< rgla jk uqreish
ish rdcH m%;sm;a;shla f,iu fldá ixúOdkhg Wmldr lrk w;r
wkd.; øúv f,dal rdcHfha fldgila f,i th ±kgu kï lr we;'
ol=Kq wm%sldfõ k;d,a m%dka;fha nyq;rh bka§h cd;slhkaùu ksid;a
ol=Kq wm%sldfõ cd;sl fldka.%ih fndfydaúg fufyhjkafka bka§hhka
ksid;a ol=Kq wm%sldj ;=< rdcH ms<s.ekSula fldá ixúOdkhg we;'
khsÔßhdfõ bnoka k.rho fou< cd;sjd§ f;da;ekakla jk w;r uE;l
isg wm%sldfõ f.da;%sl yd hqo wêm;Ska iu. fldákaf.a in|;d
f.dvke.S we;af;a o bnoka yd v¾nka yrydh'
W;=re weußldfõ kï tlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj" mkudj olajd
fldá cd,hka úisÍ we;' tx.,ka;h yereKq úg fldákag jeäu
wdodhula Wm; ,nkafka W;=re weußldfjks'
hqfrdamh ;=<;a W;=re weußldj ;=<;a fmr ;rï ksoyila
fkd,efnk úg fldá ±ka ish uOHia:dk f,dalfha kj wd¾Ól
flakaøhla jk wdishdj lrd f.k wjq;a we;' cmdkh" ms,smSkh"
fydxfldx" isx.mamQrej" uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj" ;dhs,ka;h yd
nqreufha Tjqkaf.a ld¾hd, we;' uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj" ;dhs,ka;h
yd nqreufha Tjqkaf.a ld¾h we;' uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj forgu
fldá ixúOdkh ;ykï lr we;s w;r isx.mamQrej fmdÿfõ fou<
cd;sjdoh iïnkaOfhka ±â m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lrhs' mqÿuh kï
,xldfõ fukau f:rjd§ fn!oaO rdcHhka ;=kla jQ nqreuh" ;dhs,ka;h
yd ldïmQÑhdj Y%S ,xldfõ fn!oaO úfrdaê fldá ixúOdkhg wú yd
iemhqï imhk m%Odk rgj,a njg m;aù ;sîuh' ^;dhs,ka;fha
nexfldlays jdih lrk mqj;am;a l,dfõÈfhl= jk frdnÜ ;d¾fkdhs,a
m%ldY lrk wkaoug 1994 fkdjeïn¾ yd 1995 wfm%A,a w;r pkaøsld
m%Ndlrka idlÉPd mj;ajk úg wúkeõ ;=kla bkaÿ - Ök m%foaYj, isg

61
f.kú;a we;' fuhska tla wú kejl ldïmQÑhdfjka ñ<g .;a M-7 ñihs,
;sî we;' fïjd fldafldaka kï lduqmQÑhd m%foaYfha isg pqïfmd¾ka kï
;dhs,ka;fha m%foaYhg f.kú;a we;' nqreuhg wh;a àfjkafgd kï l=vd
Èjhsk 1996 jk f;lau fldá ixúOdkfha m%Odk wú f;dgqfmd, úh&
fldákaf.a m%Odk iemhqï ud¾.h ;ju;a bkaÈhdjh' ;ju;a
Tjqka ;ñ,akdvqj ish ;%ia; lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kS' Y%S ,xld rchg
fldá ;%ia;jdoh uev,Sug fu;rï wiSre ú we;af;a ;ñ,akdvq m%dka;
rcfha foaYmd,k n,Odßka yd rcfha ks<Odßka jl%j yd iDcqj fldákag
isÿlrk Wmldrhla ksidh' rðõ.dkaê fldñio ^cdhska& fï ;;a;ajh
lÈug fy<sorõ lr we;' Ndr;Sh ck;d mlaI wdKavqfõ wdrlaIl
weu;sjrhd jq fcda¾Ê *¾kEkaviag tfrysj ke.=kq fpdaokd j,ska o fmkS
.sfha fldá ixúOdkh fl;rï bkaÈh rdcH hka;%h úksúo f.dia we;s o
hkakh' fldá ;ñ,akdvq m%dka;fha O¾u mqfrhs' fldhsïnf;da¾ fia,ï -
fmßhd" fõorkahï" uÿfrhs" kkacqjqj¾" kd.mÜgï" á%jq" ueärdia
^fpkakdhs& wdÈ m%foaYj, ish ixúOdk cd,h msysgqjd we;' 1984 - 91
olajd fuh újD; uqyqKq jßka isÿjq w;r 1991 ka miq th ryis.;j
isÿúh' ;ñ,akdvqfõ m%Odk mlaI folla jk ch,,s;df.a wkak fou<
uqkafka;%lid.ï mlaIho" lreKdksêf.a fou< uqkafka;%lid,ï
mlaIho ;r`.hg fuka fldákag Wmldr lrhs' fuhg wu;rj fldá
ixúOdkh úiska fufyhjk mlaIo we;' rdïodia f.a fou< ks¾Ok
mlaIh" ùruKsf.a øúv lid.ï mlaIho" keÿurkaf.a lïrdc fldx.%ia"
fmßkaÑka;kdrhkaf.a Y=oaO fou< jHdmdrh wd§h tajdh'
we;a; jYfhka ;ñ,akdvqj n,j;a fod<ÿlla mj;sk iudchlS'
wd¾h wdêm;Hh iys; bka§hdfõ jir 4000 l isg wkd¾hhskag
wd¾hhka hgf;a md,kh ùug isÿj ;sfí' fï ksid 1930 .Kka j,§ Tjqka
bx.%siSka f.ka b,a,d isáfha ksoyi wjYH ke;s nj;a ksoyi fokjd kï
øúv rdcHhla wkaød" flar," uÿrdis yd l¾kdgl m%dka; tlalr
msysgq úhhq;= nj;ah' bkaÈhdfõ úiQ merKs wkd¾hhka øúvhka
f,i w¾:l;kh l< fudjqka yskaÿia:dkhg tfrysj øúvia:dkfha
y`v f.dvke.+y' mlsia:dkh ^bia,dï& yd l,sia;dka ^iSl& fnÿïjdohka
mjd we;s jQfha bka miqjh' mlsia:dkh msysgùfuka ffO¾hg m;a
fou< cd;sjd§ka ksoyia bkaÈhdj folv lsÍug øúvia:dka
igkamdGh fõ.fhka .hkakg jQy' kuq;a .dkaêf.a kdhl;ajh
hgf;a isá ol=Kq bka§h kdhlhka jQ fmd;aisß rñ¨" ù'ù .sß wdpd¾h
md;ïì" id;drdñhd jeks wh tlS fnÿïjdoh mrdch l<y' ksoyiska
miq NdIdj mokï lrf.k Bkshd øúv foaYh uÿrdis ^fou<& flar,

62
^f;,s`.=& wkaød ^u,hd,ï& l¾kdgl ^lKakä& f,i NdId j,g fnok
,§'
øúv foaYhlg tfryj fmd;aisß rñ¨ urKh olajd Wmjdi l<
w;r Tyqf.a urKska miq we;sjQ fou< úfrdaë flda,dy, j,ska miq uÿrdis
cd;sjdoh miq neiafiah' ¥ro¾YS bka§h kdhlfhda ish jHjia:dj
ixfYdaOkh l< wdrïNfha §u fnÿïjdoh kS;s úfrdaë lr th ±äj
l%shd;aul l<y' fuf,i bkaÈhdfõ fiiq m%dka; iu. tlaùug fkdyels
jQ úg uÿrdisfha fou< lid.ï yd kdñ;ñId¾ jeks mCI Y%S ,xldfõ
fou< cd;sjdoh yd tlaù fou< rdcHhla ms<s|j y`v ke.Sh' —wms fou<˜
jHdmdrh f,i th kï úh' tfy;a 1962 ue;sjrKfhka lid.ï mCIh
merÿKq úg fkare ±ä f,i kS;sh l%shd;aul lrñka Tjqka u¾Okh
lf<ah' kdhslal¾f.ka miq fou< lid.ï mCIfha kdhlhd jQfha
wkakfodfrhsh' wka; fou< cd;sjdÈfhl= jQ wkakfodfrhs hgf;a 1967 §
bka§h fldka.%ih mrojd uÿrdis m%dka;fha ch ,eîug fou< ldid.ï
mCIhkag yelsúh' tfy;a Tyqg l< yels jQfha uÿrdis m%dka;fha ku
;ñ,akdvqj f,i fjkialsÍu muKls' miqj lid.ï mCIh folv úh'
fuhska fmkS hkafka bkaÈhdfõ uq,a fnÿï jd§ka uqia,sï fyda
.%Slhka fkdj fou< cd;Ska jd§ka njh bka§h m%dka;hl m%dka; mCIhla
n,hg yiqjQfha uq,aujrg uÿrdisfhah' wojk úg uq¨ bkaÈhdfõu m%dka;
mCI m%dka; n,h w,a,df.k we;s w;r uOHu wdKavqj mj;skafkao ±ka
m%dka; mCI u;h' fï wkqj ;ñ,akdvqj muKla fkdj weiEuh" mkacdnh"
kd.,ka;h wd§ fjk;a fnÿï jdohkao ÿ¾j, bka§h uOHu rch hgf;a
Yla;su;a jk w;r m%Ndlrka Tjqkaf.a wdl¾IKhg ,lafõ' cdhska
fldñiug wkqj wo bkaÈhdfõ ish¨ fnÿïjdohka iu`. fldá ixúOdkh
;CIKsl yd fjk;a myiqlï yqjudre lr.ksñka we;' we;af;kau ngysr
cd;Skago wjYH ol=Kq wdishdfõ fï fhdaO rdcHh fidaúhÜ ix.uh fyda
hqf.dia,dúhdj fuka úiqrejd yeÍuh' Tjqka m%Ndlrka rlskafka ta
i|ydh' Tjqka wu;l lrk i;Hh kï ÿ¾j, bkaÈhdjla we;sùu;a iu`.
we*a.ksia:dkh yryd uqia,sï uQ,O¾u jdo bkaÈhdjg lvd jeàug bv
we;s njh'
tfy;a W;r= e bkÈ a hdkq foY a md,k n,fõ. ;ju;a fou< cd;j s d§
wk;r = e f;r
a eï f.k ke;' Ndr;h S ck;d mCIh zzyk s ÿ
a ;j
a ZZ ixl,m a h
fidhd .ekfSuka miq ±ka YS% ,xldfõ fou, cd;j s d§kfa.a W;r = e bkÈ
a hdkq
igkma dGh ù we;fa;a zzwms yk s ÿ
a ZZ hkka h' fuf,i ;ñ,k a dvfqõ§ zzwms fou<ZZ

63
igka mdGh .hk m%Ndlrka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ§ zzwms øúvZZ igka mdGh
.hhs' W;=re bkaÈhdfõ§ zzwms yskaÿZZ igkamdGh jhk Tyq mkacdnfha§"
weiEufha§ yd ldYaórfha§ zzwms bka§h úfrdaëZZ igka mdGh lshhs' fï
Wml%ñl yeisÍug ms,s;=re §ug yels ikaOdkhla W;=re bkaÈhdfõ yd Y%S
,xldfõ w¾hhka f.dvk.d .kafka ke;akï bkaÈhdfõ yd Y%S ,xldfõ
fn!oaOhka f.dvk.d .;af;a ke;akï ol=Kq wdishdj we;af;a urKfha
fl; Wvh'
fuf,i fldá ixúOdkh ol=Kq wdishdfõ iy kef.kysr
wdishdkq fukau kef.kysr wm%sldkq rgj, fou< ck fldgia w;r f,dal
øúv rdcH ms<sn| uki /f.k hkq ,efí' f,dal b;sydifha b;d merKs
hq.hl fï l,dm ;=< mej;s ñksia YsIagdpr ^YS% ,xldfõ hlaI"
´iafÜ%,shdfõ wefndamSka wd§& mjd øúv YsIagpdr njg ±ka fou<
cd;sjd§ka úiska u;jdohla jmqrdf.k hhs' fuu.ska fuu l,dmh ;=<
Ôj;a jk ÿUqre ñksiqkaf.a zzw¾h fkdjkZZ fhdaO YsIagdpdrh øúv nj
fmkajd th ;u f,dal øúv rdcHfha ft;sydisl moku njg fmkaùugo
W;aiql fõ' iqÿ ñksiqkaf.a f,dalfhka neglk fï YsIagdpdr j,g fmkajd
Èh hq;af;a wd¾h fkdjk YsIagdpdr ish,a, fou< fkdjk nj;a wvqu
;rñka øúv lshd YsIagdpdrhla j;a b;sydifha fkdue;s njh' ^øúv hkq
NdI mjq,lg lshk kuls' wd¾h hkq NdId mjq,la jk w;ru
YsIagdpdrhls& wksla w;r fou< cd;sjdoh bkaÈhdfõ yd Y%S ,xldfõ
ìyslf<a iqÿñksiqka nj fmkajd §uo fï l,dmfha ixialD;sl úoaj;=kaf.a
j.lSuh'
fldá ixúOdkh f,dj mqrd ish cd,h jHdma; lr,Sfï§ úúO
ixúOdk yd jHdmdr iu`. Wml%ñl in|;d f.dvk.d .kS' tajd kï'
1' úfoaY T;a;=fiajd wxYh
2' wúcdjdrï yd u;aøjH cdjdrï l,a,s
3' wd.ñl uQ,O¾u jd§ ixl,am f,ih
bkÈa hdfõ rðõ.dkê a " >d;k fldñiu ml % dY lrk mßÈ fldá
ixúOdkh tli a ;a ckmo udOH T;; a = fij
a h yd iïnkO a h' ta i|yd
;l
%s K
= du, jrdh tli a ;a ckmohg ,nd§fï .ú s iu
q lg fldá ixúOdkh ne£
we;'
cd;kS a fldñifï ml% dY flfifa j;;a 1983-87 ld<h ;<
= bkÿ
a ,xld
in|;d mßs yuS g fndfyda fihks a n,mEfõ ;l s% K
= du,h jrdh bkÈa hdfõ

64
i;=rkag m;ajkq we;s nj bkaÈhdjg jq ielhhs' ms,smSkfha la,d¾la
Èjhsfka jq yuqod ixlS¾Kh ;S%l=Kdu,hg f.k taug weußld tlai;a
ckmoh W;aiyd l< njgo bkaÈhdj fpdaokd lrhs' 1998 cQ,s j,§
;s%l=Kdu, f;,a gexlS isx.mamQrejg nÿ §fïÈ o bkaÿkSishdfõ úfrdaOh
t,a, úh' tmamdj, fmdaiafmaÜ ksÈh yd wkqrmqrfha ie`.ú we;ehs lshk
úlrKYs,S f;daßhï ksêh' mq,auqfâ yd uq,;sõj, LKsc je,s yd ridhksl
øjH ksid h<s;a jrla ;s%l=Kdu,h flakaø lr.ksñka bkaÈhdj yd weußld
tlai;a ckmoh Y%S ,xldj ;u igka ìu lrf.k isá' bkaÈhdj kej;
j;djla kHIaál fndaïn msmsrúulska miq ^1998 uehs& weußld tlai;a
ckmoh bkaÈhdj"wia:djr lsÍug W;aiyd .kakd nj bkaÈhdkqfjda
fpdaokd k.;s' ldYaórh wrNhd bkaÈhdj yd mlsia:dkh w;r mj;akd
iïm%odhsl .egqu;a wdishdfõ n,j;d f,i Ökh r`.mdk pß;hla ksid
fï úfoaYh in|;d w;sYh ixlS¾K ú we;' fldá thska Wmßu m%fhdack
,n;s'
wfkla w;ska rðõ .dkaê >d;kh lf<a fldá ixúOdkh nj ysre
fuka meyeÈ,sh' rðõ >d;kh yqÿ mqoa., >d;khlg tyd .sh fohls'
rðõ .dkaê ñh.sh ksid bkaÈhdkq fldka.%ia mlaIhg tlg ,nd.; yels
wjika kdhlhdo wjikaúh' bkaÈhdj tla l< yels tlu mlaIh
fldka.%ia mlaIhjk w;r fldka.%ia fkdfjk bka§h wdKavqj hkq
m%dka;j, fnÿïjdÈ n,fõ. È,a,sh w,a,d .ekSula muKls' .dkaêf.a
urKska miq yskaÿ wka;jdoh fukau m%dka;Sh mlaIo fmr fkdjQúrE f,i
foaYmd,kSlj n,j;a ù we;' zzbkaÈhdj ±kgu foaYmd,kslj f,i fí§
we;ehs ZZ lshd úpdrlhska lshkafka ta ksidh' fï wkqj rðõf.a urKh
ksid " Y%S ,xldj fn§ug fldákag wdOdr l< rðõ fldá w;skau ñh
hkafka bkaÈhdj fn§fï nrm;, l=[a[h .iñka nj b;d meyeÈ,sh'
fï >d;kh fldá ixúOdkh fukau ngysr f,dalho w;afmd,ika fokafka
ta ksidh' rðõ >d;kh ksid wia:djr jQ bkaÈhdj ;j;a jir .Kkdjla
hk ;=re tf,iu wia:djr jkq we;'
ta wkj q fldá ;ykï lrñka weußld tli a ;a ckmo rdcH
fomd¾;fïk; a j = lu = la lj S ;a fldá ixúOdkh iyu, q k s a w;. = d ±óug Tjk q a
lh
%S d lrkq we;ehs i; s h
s fkdyel' BYh % ,a T;; a f = ija d k< s Odßfhl= fuku a
bkÈ a hs dfõ iá s fldá y; s jdÈhl= jk in q u
% khs ï ij a dï i'Swh'st'a fldá
in|;d .ek lh s k úg tj a d tla jru bj;,h s fkdyelf a la tk a i
s dh' wfkla
w;k s a fldá ixúOdkh ih s ;i % ;
a jd§ ;dlI a Kh zzf.d, a h S lrKhZZ lÍ s u ki
s d
f,djmr q d Yl; a u s ;a ;i % ; a jd§ cd,hla f.dvke.u S tli a ;a ckmofha
wdrlI a djg ;¾ckhlj a mj;'s tfuku a ngyr s rgj, fjfik fou<

65
irKd.;hska tlS rgj, wd¾Ólhg nrla jk fudfydf;a§ Y%S ,xldjg
ueÈy;a ùug ngysr rgj,a l%shd l< fyd;a fyd;a mqÿuhg lreKla
fkdfõ'
fuhg wu;rj fldá ixúOdkh ;ju;a bka§h T;a;= fiajd iu`.
in|;d mj;ajk nj o ryila fkdfõ' 1987 - 90 jljdkqfõ Y%S ,xldfõ§
,;a nrm;, hqo foaYmd,k mrdcfhka bka§h T;a;=fiajd ;ju;a mdvï
bf.kf.k ke;s nj fmfka'
fuhg wu;rj fldá ixúOdkh ì%;dkH T;a;=fiajdj iu`.
fukau mlsia;dk T;a;=fiajd iu. o .Kqfokq lrk nj jd¾;dfõ' fldá
yd BY%dh,a T;a;=fiajdj w;r ióm iqyo;dj fy,slf<a fudiâ T;a;=
lrejl= jk úlag¾ Tiaf;%dúials úiskauh'
flfia fj;;a 80 oYlfha ;snQ foaYmd,k .egqï fjkqjg ±ka
f,dalh ;=<;a kj .egqï u;=ù we;' n,j;a hqon,hla yd wd¾Ólhla
iys; ùu yd yskaÿ uQ,O¾ujdoh ksid bkaÈhdj .ek m%;súfrdaOhla
ngysr f,dalhg we;' tfukau ;uka úiskau fidaúhg foaYhg tfrysj
f.dvke.+ we*a.ksia:dkfha uQfcysãka yd ;df,hsndka bia,dï uQ,O¾u
jd§ mlsia;dkh hg;a lsÍug;a t;ekska bkaÈhdjg" Y%S ,xldjg"
uef,aishdjg yd bkaÿkSishdjg lvdmekSug hk nj;a tlai;a ckmo
f;areï .ksñka we;' wksla w;ska wkd.; f,dalfha ;u wd¾Ólh" hqo"
foaYmd,k i;=rd jkafka Ökh yd thka u;=jk isksla-ly jHdma;jdoh
njo tlai;a ckmoh okS' Ökhg yd mlsia:dkhg uqyqK §u i|yd wksla
w;ska tlai;a ckmohg Yla;su;a bkaÈhdjlao wjYHh' fï wkqj
wkd.;fha§ ngysr f,dalh bkaÈhdj iu`. l%shdlrkq we;af;a fï mriamr
woyia fol iu`. Wml%ñl f,ih' wfkla w;ska bkaÈhdfõ yskaÿ uQ,O¾u
jdoh n,j;a jqjfyd;a th ksielju h,s;a Y%S ,xldjg ueÈy;a jkq we;'
Y%S ,xldjg jeäu ydksh l< yelafla ngysr f,dalhg fyda fjk;a rglg
fkdj bkaÈhdjg nj f;areï .; hq;=h' fï wkqj Y%S ,xld úfoaY
m%;sm;a;sh fï mriamrhka; ;=< b;du Y+r f,i fkdyeisrjqjfyd;a
wjidkfha thska m%fhdack w;ajkafka m%Ndlrka yd fou< cd;sjdohgh'
fldá ixúOdkh b;d nrm;, yd ;r S l in|;djla f.dvk.d
f.k we;f a ;a u;ø
a jH yd wúcdjdrï lrejka iu`.h' th tla w;lk s a
fldf,dïìhdj iu`.o" we*. a ki
s ;
a dkh iu`.o" ;dh, s k;
a h iu. o tlúg
u;ø
a jH cdjdrfï fhfoh's fldá ixúOdkh ih s m:% u fk!ldj 1984 § ñ,§
f.k we;s w;r wo th keõ iud.ï .Kkdjla fufyh a jh's ih
s kdúl

66
.uka j,§ 95] la u fj<| lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kakd fudjqka ysá wäfha
u;aøjH yd wú cdjdrï j, fhfo;s' wdpd¾h tÉ' mS' laf,amela g wkqj
wkqj u;aøjH iuia: cdjdru jd¾Islj fvd,¾ ì,shk 2-4 w;r fõ'
^remsh,a fldaá 14000-28000 ;a w;r& fuhska úYd, m%udKhla
we*.ksia;dkfhka yd ;dhs,ka;fha rka ;%sfldaKfhka ,efí' fldá
ixúOdkh fï cd,hg tl;= ù we;s w;r tu.ska jd¾Islj re fldá 600 la
muK ckkh lrk nj j¾;d fõ' fuh w;s úYd, Okhla jk w;r Y%S
,xldfõ muKla fkdj bkaÈhdfõo ´kEu foaYmd,khla" yuqod
ks,Odßfhla" rdcHfiajlfhla" rdcHfkdjk ixúOdkhla udOH
wdh;khla ñ,§ .;yels ;;ajhls' ±ka hdmkfha Wmhk uqo,a o ie,lsh
hq;= f,i weKysg we;s ;;ajh ;=<§;a wdKavqj, ndOd ksid úfoaY uqo,a
tl;=lsÍï j,g ndOd meñfKk úg§;a fldákaf.a m%Odk wdodhu fuh
nj;a iel ke;' fuh je,elaúh fkdyels kï fldá ixúOdkh mrdch
lsÍu hkq ySkhls' ;dhs,ka;fha l=kaid" fldf,dïìhdfõ uev,Ska
l¾fg,ajre fuka fldá ioygu ;u jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k isákq we;'
foaYfm%añ úfoaY T;a;= fiajhla Yla;su;a kdúl ±,la yd bkaÈhdj"
nqreuh yd ;dhs,ka;h iu`. kdúl wdrCIl n,hla f.dvke.Su
w;HdjYH ù we;af;a ta ksidh'
fldá ixúOdkh b;d n,j;a ixúOdkhla jkafka ngysr wd.ñl
uQ,O¾u jd§ ixúOdk yd rgj,a iu`. Tjqka f.dvk.df.k we;s
iïnkaO;djhs' iS;, hqoaOh wjika ù we;s ksid wkd.; f,dalfha igk
lf;da,sl" l%sia;shdks ^32'5]& bia,dï ^19'5]& yskaÿ ^13'7]& fn!oaO ^5'7]&
jk nj iuyr úoaj;=kaf.a u;hhs' hqfrdamh" weußldj" wm%sldj" reishdj
±kgu;a fï wr.,fhka ;S¾Kh ù we;s w;r ish¨ wd.ï me;sÍug
W;aidy lrkafka f,dalck.ykfhka 2$3 isák wdishdj ;=<h' fï ksid
wdishdfõ ìysfodr msysá Y%S ,xldjo fï wd.ñl uQ,O¾ujdohg ;Èka
f.dÿre ù ;sfí' úfYaIfhka .egqï iys; m%foaY j, iduh ia:dms; lsßu
wkd:dOdr iqNidOk" udOH ksoyi" udkj ysñlï" mßir iq/lSu ck;d
igka wdÈfha§ fï uQ,O¾u jd§ wdh;k ish ie`.jqkq yia;h úúO rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk yryd bÈßm;a lr we;'
YS% ,dxll s fou< iudch foi ne,f S ï§ th bkÈa hdfõ fuka yks ÿ
a
nd%yu a Khka úik s a md,kh lrk iudchla fkdjk nj fmkS hh's YS% ,xldfõ
yk s ÿa mc Q lhd jkdys wêm;s fj,, a d, l,= fha fija lhl= nj kdj,¾f.a
mkq ¾Ôjkfha ig s mej;k = q i;H úh' flfia fj;;a 1996 ka miq bkÈ a hdfõ
zzyk s ÿa ;ja ZZ n,h ke.u S g iudk; a rj i.S % yks ÿ
a j¾Okhla ±ka ,xldfõ

67
we;s fjñka mj;S'
Y%S ,dxlsl fou< m%cdj ;=< lf;da,sl yd l%sia;shdks m%cdj
iq¿;rhla jqj;a ^hdmkh frdaudkq lf;da,sl msßi 11'5] ls ukakdrfï 41]
ls uq,;sõ j, 15'2] ls& ls%ia;shdks m%cdj hdmkfha 1'1] ls ukakdrfï 1]
^1981& ls' isxy, iudchg jvd lf;da,sl l%sia;shdks m%cdj ixLHdfjkao
isú,a n,fhka o n,j;ah' fuhg n,j;a yd tlu fya;=j jQfha hdmkfha
yd ukakdrfï mej;s wd.ñl mdi,a j, n,hhs' *ekaisia fCIaúh¾f.a
fÊiqhsÜjre uq,skau f.dvngqfõ ukakdrug jk w;r fou< hqo
wdêm;Hl= jQ ixls,s úiska lf;da,sl ixydrhla lsÍu ksid mD;=.Siska
uq,skau hg;a lf,ao ukakdru yd hdmkhhs' t;eka isg fou< ls%ia;shdks
jre 1819 § weußldkq ñIkdÍ n,mEug yiqfjñka w;sYh n,j;a m%N+
l,a,shla njg m;ajQy' kdj,¾f.a mqk¾Ôjkh ksid wdmiq .sh
l%sia;shdkSka kej; lr,shg wdfõ fp,ajkdh.ï ksidh' miqj mQcljre
lsysm fofkla fl,skau ;%ia; l%shd i|yd iïnkaO ù w;awvx.=jg mjd
m;aúh' ^isxyrdh,a msh;=ud ^lf;da,sl&" iskakrdid msh;=ud ^lf;da,sl&"
ch;s,l rdc msh;=ud ^fuf;daÈia;&" fvdk,aâ lk.r;akï ^tx.,ka;h
iNdj& - 1982 - 1983 cQ,s fld,dy<hfhka miq hemk iNdj fld<ôka
fjkaù B<dï iNdjla f,i yeisfrñka fjku mQcl mqyqKq wdh;khla
we;slr.;a w;r ta i|yd tïjdkqfj,a ^±ka ´iafÜ%,shdfõ fldá
m%ldYl&" f;dauia fi!kaøkdh.ï ^±ka hdmkfha ro.=re& yd fcdaima
rdhmamq ^ukakdru ro.=re& uq,a úh' fldá ixúOdkh ;=< isá by<fmf<a
kdhlhka /ila o ^nd,ixyï" úlag¾" fhda.s& lr,shg wdfõ fï wd.ñl
miqìu ;=<h' fï ksid u hqfrdamh;=, ckm%sh u;jdoh ù we;sf;a Y%S
,xldfõ fou< l%sia;ShdkSka isxy, fn!oaOhka úiska ixydrh lrjk
njh' tlÿ lf;da,sl mshkula fyda fï Nhdkl uqidjdoh ksjerÈ lsÍug
bÈßm;a jQfha ke;' flfia fj;;a fï ;;ajh ;j;a nrm;, jkafka fldá
bÈßfha fou< lf;da,sl mQcl jre ks¾Nhj l%shdfldg >d;kh ùu;a
ksidh' ^1997 § isxy, fldñiu bÈßfha isxy,hka fjkqfjka idlaIs §ug
meñKs Tiald wfír;ak mshku yd fi,agka m%kdkaÿ mshkug ish m%cdj
fj;ska wd nrm;, m%ydrhlg uqyqK §ug isÿúh' 1960 .Kkaj, we;sjQ
fn!oaO lf;da,sl foaYmd,k .egqï j, is;amEÍï ;ju;a iqjfkdjk nj
tu.ska fmkS .sfhah'& ls%ia;shdks iNdj, kï lsisfjla lsisu úgl
ixúOdkhg tfrysj lghq;= fkdl<y'
tfy;a ixsy, lf;d,a l
s yd li
s% ;
a hs dks úYd, mß
s ila wdrCIl yuoq d
idudðlfhda fj;'s fuhg wu;rj lel, = dj §jr .ïudk j,§ urd±uf q ka

68
 woo wkd: jkafka isxy, lf;da,sl ëjrhkah' uvq m,a,sh jkaokdjl
oYl foll isg isxy, lf;da,slhkag ksoyila ,eî ke;' tfy;a fou<
lf;da,s l%sia;shdks m%cdj ;=< wka;jjd§kaf.a m%ydr uev,Sug fmdÿfõ Y%S
,xldfõ lf;da,sl - l%sia;shdks m%cdjg fkdyelsj we;af;ah'
fï wkqj ±ka Y%S ,xldfõ fldá ixúOdkh muKla fkdj wdKavqj
yd úmCIho úfYaIfhka jdudxYsl mlaIo kgjk n,fõ.h njg wd.ñl
uQ,O¾ujd§ka yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk m;aj ;sfí' úfYaIfhkau
fkda¾fõ wdOdr ,enQ we,¾Ü ixúOdkh ms<sn| fy,sorõ jQ lreKq wkqj
th Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavq mCIh" úmCIh yd jdudxYsl mCI ish,a,o iuyr
yuqod ks,OdÍka yd rdcH ks,OdÍkao ish w,a,g f.k ;sfí' tu;=o
fkdfõ' úfoaY rgj, fï rg ms<sn| jerÈ m%pdr f.khdug rg ms<sn|
fødayS m¾fhaIK lsÍug u; jdo yeisrùug w;súYd, Okhla wd.ï
uQ,O¾ujd§ka úiska fhdojkq ,efí' Ökh yd bkaÈhdjo nqreuh yd
;dhs,ka;ho fuka fï wd.ñl uQ,O¾u jd§kaf.a jHdma;sh foaYmd,ksl
f,i" u;djd§ f,i" kS;Hdkql+, f,i u¾Okh fkdl,fyd;a Y%S ,xldfõ
ie`.jqkq md,lhka njg Tjqka m;aùu wksjd¾hh' rdcHfkdjk
ixúOdk cd,h iyuq,ska md,kh lsÍu fldá;%ia;jdoh uev,Sfï
w;HdjYH mQ¾j fldkafoaishlao fõ'

69
6 jk wÈhr

fikalv.,ska u,hdkdvqfõ mq,a,s u;=fõ

ks ,a wyi l=ig úys§ .sh l÷hdh wjika jkafka tysh' rdjkd
rciufha isg uykqjr rdcOdksh olajdjQ wLKav YsIagdpdrhl i<l=Kq
yEu iEu fm;a u.lu iEu ;=re,;djlu .,d yef,k iEu Èhlÿrlu
,sheù we;'
ta kqjr t<shhs
l=udr úfÊr;ak 1998 ckjdß 25 jeksod .=jka úÿ,s m%jD;a;s
m%pdrh weiSfuka uq,ska úYauhg m;a úh' thska lshjqfka uykqjr Y%S o<od
ud,s.h fldá ;%ia;jd§ m%ydrhlg ,lajQ njh' jyd kqjr t<sh k.rhg
.sh Tyq fï ms<sn| ish ñ;=frl= jQ m;srKg mejiSh' fYdalhg yd
fldamhg m;aj isá TjQyq fofokd nekrhl fufia ,shQy'
—o<odjg myr ÿka ;%ia;jd§kag wfma úfrdaOh'˜
tfy;a Tjqkag th m%o¾Ykh lsÍug ,enqfka ke;' mecfrda ßhl
meïKs Tjqka wi, k;r l< w;r thska nei wdfõ m%foaYfha j;= lïlre
fldka.%ifha n,j;d jQ i;disjïh' Tyq nekrh brd±óug ;e;a lf<ah'
;u Wmka ìu ;=< Nhdkl f,i ;uka wirK ù we;s nj fyd|ka
wd;audrCIl igka l%u m%.=K l< l=ud¾ f;areï .;af;ah'
iS;d t<sfha Oïudkkao ysñhka iS;dt<sh Y%S .x.drdufha
úydrêm;sks jykafiah' iqkaor fod, myrlg Wäka wdrdug msysgd we;s
w;r uq¿ iS;dt<shu iyuq,skau mdfya fn!oaOhkah' ^fou< mjq,a we;af;a
11 ls'& mkai, mduq, .ila hg —iS;d fldaú,˜kñka l=ä isoaOia:dkhla
jir .Kklg fmr ud¾.fha jevl< fou< lïlrejl= msysgjQ nj
Wkajykafiag u;lh' ysá yeáfha Èkl t;kg meñKs msßila th
t<sfmfy<s lrkakg úh' bkamiq weu;s jreo ;j;a fndfydafofkla o tys
wd.shy' ±ka tys —isoafohs wïudka˜ kñka fldaú,la bka§h Ys,amSyq úiska
ks¾udKh lrkakg lrïka isá;s' .Õg Wäka jQ wlalr 50 l le<hla
lmd rdu-iS;d mqrhla bÈlsÍug hhs' wfma rcqjQ rdjKd fjkqjg
wdl%uKsl rduf.a mqrhla tys bÈjk nj ±ka ryila fkdfõ' th
kqjr t<sh mqrd bÈfjñka hk fhdaO fldú,a ixlS¾Kj, ;j;a tlla

70
muKs' fou< cd;sjdofha b;d Y+r f,i lkao Wvrg ;ukaf.a w.kqjrla
ks¾udKh lrïka isá;s'
1999 wfm%a,a 29 fjksod kqjrt<shg iqúfYaIs Èkhla úh' oYl
myla ;siafia ta iS; l÷lrh w,a,d .ekSu i|yd ,xld j;= lïlre
fldka.%ifha cd;sjd§ka f.k.sh iS;, hqoaOh mqmqrd .sfha tod h' ;%ia;
úfrdaë cd;sl jHdmdrfha nekrhla bj;a lsÍu i|yd iajhxl%Sh .sks wú
/f.k k.rhg lämkskq wdreuq.ï f;dKavuka m%uqL l,a,sh úiska f.k
.sh ks;s úfrdaê l%shdú,sh úiska kqjr t<sh muKla fkdj uq¿ rgu wjê
lf<ah'
fï yd iud.u kqjrt<sfha foaYmd,k taldêldßh bkaÈhdkq
iïNjhla iys; fou< foaYmd,khg k;=fjñka mj;akd nj meyeÈ,s
lrñka ÿïßh ud¾.fha m%:u ìïfndaïnh msmsÍ.sfhah' m%foaYfha f;,a
gexls' g%dkaiafmdau¾" yd ÿrl:k moaO;S msmsÍ hñka we;' mdie,a orejka
isxy, úfrdaë fm<md,S j,g olalñka isá;s' th l%ufhka isxy, muKla
fkdj uqia,sï úfrdaë o jk nj nÿ,af,a uqia,sï .=rejßhka mdie,a j,ska
m<jd yeÍfuka fmkS .sfhah' 1970 .Kkaj, hdmkh" kqjrt<sfha
ks¾udKh fjïka mj;S o@ ;%ia;jdoh ish fojk hqo fmruqK l÷lrfha
újD; lr we;s o@'
Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl foaYmd,kh l< m%N+jre ish¿ fokdu mdfya
¥ro¾YS fkdjQ wjia:dj,§ n,f,daNska nj fmkaùug fyd|u WodyrKh
msmsfrñka we;s l`¥ lrhhs' W;=re yd kef.kysr iïnkaOfhaka Tjqkag
hï iudjla Èhyels jqj;a .sks .ekSug kshñ; l÷rg ms<sn|j kï lsisÿ
iudjla Èh fkdyelsh'
1833 § fï jeú,s l¾udka;h werUqKq w;r ud¾> yd há;,
jHqyhka f.dvkexùu isÿúh' bx.%Siska yd uqyqKg uqyqK ÿka isxy, ckhd
fï jevìïj, jevg fkd.sh ksid bkaÈhdfõ úúo m%dka;j,ska f;d.
.Kkska jy,a fiajh i|yd lïlrejka f.k tk ,§' bka§h cd;sl
fldx.%ifha n,mEu ksid 1982 isg fuf,i bkaÈhdfjka —ckhd
úlsKSu˜kS;s úfrdaë l<;a cdjdrï lrefjda ish cdjdru È.gu lrf.k
.shy'
fï cdjdru fh§ug jefjkv a ka j;h = dfha lïlrefjl= jQ lremhh s d
bgd.;f a ;ha ' k; S s úfrdê a bkÈ a hdkq ñki s a wirKk q a úlk
s u
S w;Y s h ,dN
Wmhka jHdmdrhla úh' lremhh s d fuu.k s a fl;rï Okhla Wmhd.;; a do
h;a 1910 § Tyq ;ud fij a h l< jefjkv a ka j;h = dh ñ<§.;f a ;h
a ' 1924 §
Tyq olK= q bk§ a h uk q dmv
q ¾ .ïudkfha ig s ;u nd, orejdjQ u;djka fyj;a

71
jkd Bkd lkd rEkd fi!uHuq¾;s f;dKavuka fï rgg f.kajd .;af;ah'
fï ishji ;=< Wvrg isxy, rdcOdksfha fjkuu fou< rdcOdkshla
f.dvk.d .ekSu ms<sn|j l:dj werUqfKa t;ek isgh'
È.ska È.gu bkaÈhdkq lïlrejka f.kaùu wNsfhda.h ,la
lsÍug lsisÿ cd;sl kdhlhl= bÈßm;a jQfha ke;' ta'B' .=Kisxy uy;d
muKla fñ wk;=r ±l thg úfrdaOh mEjo m%N+jre is;=fõ ;ukaf.a
j;=j, wvql=,shg jevlrk fou< ñksiqka ;j;a meñKshdfõ lshdh'
1928 § fvdkfud¾ fldñiu fï cd;sl kdhlhskag fyd|
lfkamdrla ÿkafkah' tkï yhuila ;rï iq¿ ld,hlg fï rgg meñK
isá ish¿ bkaÈhdkq ixl%uKlhskag Pkao whs;sh ,nd§uh' tu.ska isxy,
n,h md,kh lsÍug fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu bgd.;af;ah' fuf,i ;uka
Wmka rfÜj;a ke;s Pkao whs;shla Y%S ,xldfõ È fï ckhdg ,enqKs' 1931
rdcH uka;%K iNdjg Tjqyq ksfhdað;hka fofokl= hejQy' 1947 § th 7
olajd by< .sfhah'
1939 cQ,s 25 od Y%S ,xldjg meñKs Y%S fkare ms<s.ekSu i|yd Y%S
,xldfõ jdih l< bkaÈhdkq jHdmdßl msßi jQ fjÜáka úiska W;aijhla
mj;ajk ,§' W;aijh wjika jQfha ,xld bkaÈhdkq fldx.%ih ìysùfuks'
1939 wf.daia;= 13 jk od .ïfmd<§ tys Ydldjla újD; lrk ,o w;r
fi!uHuQ¾;s f;dKavuka tys iNdm;sjrhd úh' 1940 uehs ui ymq;f,a§
,xld bkaÈhdkq fldx.%ihg wkqnoaO lïlre wxYhla ìyslrk ,o w;r
kS;s úfrdaë fou< ixl%uKslhka thg n|jd.kakd ,§' fuys úfYaI;ajh
jkafka fndfyda j;=j, whs;slrejka jQfhao fjÜákau ùuhs' fï wkqj
lïlrejkaf.a iajdñjrekau lïlrejkag jD;a;Sh iñ;s ;kdfok ,§'
Tjqkag ,enqKq tlu whs;sh jQfha Pkaofha § fjÜákag Pkaoh §uhs' miqj
Pkao n,h ksid ,xld bkaÈhdkq fldx.%ifha Èhù ,xld lïlre
fldx.%ih ìysúh'
,xld bkaÈhdkq fldx.%ih Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,nd§ug tfrysúh'
fldkafoais úrys;j bx.%Sisfhka wdmiq hdhq;= hehs lsfõ wíÿ,a whsia muKs'
Tyq miqj m%cd;ka;%jd§ lulre fldx.%ih ìysl< w;r wisiaf.a
urKfhka miq th h<s;a f;dKavuka yd tlaúh'
fvdñkshka ksoyi ,eîfuka miq ksoyia rch" Y%S ,xldfõ
mqrjeishka ljqreka±hs ;SrKh lsÍug mqrjeis mk;a folla f.k
wdfõh' fï u.ska újdylhka kï jir 10 lskao fï rfÜ iaÒr
mÈxÑh ±rE wh kï Tjqka Y%S ,xldfõ mqrjeishka f,i kï lrk

72
,§' tfy;a fou< cd;jd§ka fuka mqrjeis mk; kïlr we;af;a fou<
ckhdf.a mqrjeis whs;ska keiSula f,ih' we;af;kau thska isÿjQfha
mqrjeis whs;sh ,nd§ugh' 1939 isg fojk f,dal hqo ;;ajh ksid tf;la
yhuilg jrla bkaÈhdjg hñka isá ixl%uKsl lïlrejka Y%S ,xldfõ
k;r jQ w;r fï ksid kj mqrjeis mK; hgf;a ie,lsh hq;= msßila
mqrjeishka ùug iqÿiqlï ,enQy' ksoyia bkaÈhdjo ;u rfÜ mqrjeishka
ljqreka±hs ;SrKh lsÍu i`oyd fï f,iu jQ mqrjeis mk;la wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj iu.u f.kd nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' tfy;a fï mqrjeis
mk; iyuq,skau l%shd;aul fkdùh' f;dKavuka thg kvq±uQ w;r §¾>
jevj¾ck i|yd yd y¾;d,a ixúOdkh lf<ah' 1953 § fkarE fiakdkdhl
yd 1954 § fkarE fld;,dj, idlÉPd yd tlÕ;d we;s jqjo bkaÈhdj tajd
l%shd;aul fkdl< w;r Y%S ,xldjo w,i m%;spdrhla ±laùh' f;dKavuka
tcdmfha fyda Y%S','ks'm' m;al, uka;%Ska fjñka isáfhah'
1964 Tlaf;dan¾ 30 jeksod jk úg bka§h kS;súfrdaê
ixl%uKslhskaf.a Ñ;%h fuf,i úh'
mqrjeis mk; hgf;a ,xld mqrjeis Ndjh ,enQ 1"40"185 hs' bka§h
mqrjeislu ,enQ 2"34"488 hs' ;Skaÿjla ke;s msKsi 9"71"073 h'
tÈk bka§h w.ue;s Ydia;S% yd Y%S ,xld w.ue;s isßud
nKavdrkdhl .súiqug t<eôKs' tu.ska ;Skaÿjla ke;s 9"71"073 l
msßfika ,CI 3lg yd Tjqkaf.ka mej; tkakg Y%S ,xld mqrjeislu ,efí'
,CI 5'4 lg yd Tjqkaf.ka mej; tkakg bka§h mqrjeislu ,efí' fuh
1981 Tlaf;dan¾ uig fmr wjika l< hq;=h' b;sß ,CI 1'3 .ek miqj
;Skaÿjla .kq we;'
1964 § f;dKavuka isßudfjdaf.a wdKavqj fmr<d ±óug yjq,a jQ
w;r 1956-70 y;a yjq,a t'cd'm' rchg tlaù isßud - Ydia;%S .súiqu
uq¿ukskau wvd, lf<ah' jir 5lg n,fha isgu tcdmh uq¿ rfÜu
wkd.;h W.ig ;eîh' fï ksid 1964-70 w;r bkaÈhdjg .sh msßi
13"733la jQ w;r ,xld mqrjeislu ,enqfha 8"519 la muK h'
1970 ka niq cQß ie,eiau l%shd;aul jQ w;r 1973 § isßud - bkaÈrd
l:dj,ska 64 § b;sßjQ ,CI 1'3 ^th ±ka ,CI 1'5 ls& ,CI 0'75 ne.ska 1(1
wkqmd;hg fnod .kq ,eîh' tfy;a fuh l%shd;aul jkafka 64 .súiqu
mQ¾K f,i l%shd;aul ùfuka miqh f,i tlÕ;djhlg o tkq ,eîh'

73
1970-76 bka§h mqrjeisNdjh ,enQ msßi 2"14"732 la jQ w;r 99"059la
bkaÈhdjg .sh msßi 1"79"663 la úh' fï ld,h ;=< Y%S ,xlsl mqrjeislu
1"01"992 la ,nd.;af;ah'
1977-81 w;r bka§h mqrjeisNdjh 96"142 la ,enQ w;r 99"059 la
bkaÈhdjg hjkq ,eîh' fï ld,h ;=< Y%S ,xlsl mqrjeisNdjh 55"744la
,enQy'
fï wkqj 1964- 81 iïmQ¾K úh'
bka§h mqrjeisNdjhg iqÿiq jQ .Kk 3"73"912 ls' iajdNdúl
jeäùu;a iu. th 4"98"341ls' fuhska i;Hfhkau bkaÈhdjg .sfha
2"84"300ls' iajdNdúl jeäùu;a 3"75444ls' Y%S ,xlsl mqrjeisNdjh ,enQ
msßi 1"62"112ls' iajdNdúl jeäùu;a iu. th 2"10"660 ls' fï wkqj ,CI
5'36 l msßilf.a m%Yakh muKs'
1986§ we;=<;auqo,s - f;dKavuka - älais;a l:d wkqj 1964 .Kla
wkqj bkaÈhdj Ndr .ekSug iQodkï jQ ,CI 6'15 l .Kk ,CI 5 olajd
wvq lrkq ,eîh' ,xldj ish ,CI 3'75 g wu;rj ;j;a ,CI 0'94la
Ndrf.k uq¿ .Kk ,CI 4'69 olajd jeä lf<ah' miqj bkaÈhdj fmkajd
ÿkafka ;u ,CI 5ka ,CI 4'2 lg ±kg mqrjeis Ndjh ,nd§ we;s ksid ;j
we;af;a 84"000 la muK njh' bkaÈhdfõ isák ,xld wkd:hska f.kajd
.;a úg ta 84"000 Ndr.kakd nj älais;a lsfõh' fï ksid 1984 ka miq
bkaÈhdkqjka msgù .sfha ke;' 1988 ckdêm;sjrKhg fmr bka§h Pkao
l=Üáh lvd.ekSug W;aiy l< t'cd'm'h 1988 § mqrjeis mk;la
f.kú;a 1964 § 2"31"849 la yd Tjqkaf.ka mej; tkakg tljru mqrjeis
whs;sh ,ndfok ,§' wjidk jYfhka wo olajdu 1964 .Kk wkqj
bkaÈhdjg .sh msßi ,CI 3'4 ls' fï wkqj 1986 Y%S ,xldfõ jdih lr;s'
1964 .súiqu wkqj kï fï .Kk 2"78"000la yd Tjqkaf.ka mej; tkakka
fõ'
m%;sY;hla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.h wkqj isxy,
0'74]" ,xld fou< 1'7] j;= fou< 3'0] uqia,sï 4'5] fõ' fï wkqj j;=
fou< Pk.ykh iEu jir 23 lgu jrla fo.=Kfõ' fï wkqj 1964
.súiqu wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ /`§ isák bka§h mqrjeishka .Kk ,CI 9la jk
w;r 1988 fødayslu ksid th ±ka ,CI 6la muK fõ'
1994 ck ixLHd f,L
a k wkjq W;r = e yd kef.kyr
s m<d;j
a , yereKq
úg fiiq m<d;j
a , fjfik bkÈ a hdkq fou< ck.ykh 5"43"794 l's fuhks a

74
3"91"749 la uOHu m<df;ao" 20"886 la niakdysr m<df;ao 61 137la W!j
m<df;ao"56"735la inr.uq m<df;ao jdih lr;s' kqjr t<sh Èia;%Slfha
muKla fï .Kk 3"42"326ls'
fmdÿ fmruqK wdKavqfõ kj jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka ^1995& fï
uq¿ msßigu Y%S ,xldfõ mqrjeis whs;sh §ug fhdckd lr we;' ta wkqj
niakdysr m<df;a bkaÈhdkq fou< m%;sY;h 7]lao" uOHu m,df;a 24'8]
olajdo ^j;auka 7'9]& W!j m<df;a th 17'5] la ^j;auka 8'9]& yd
inr.uqj m<df;a th 8'9] la j;auka 5'57]& olajo by< hhs' kqjr t<sh
Èia;%slalfha th 55'7] olajdo by< hhs'
fuhska fmkShkafka f;dKavuka b;d oCI f,i l÷lrfha fou<
ck.ykhla ks¾udKh lr we;s njh' jir 23 lg jrla fo.=Kj;a jk
th B<Õ ishji ;=< 16 .+Khlska by< hk njh' fï msßi w;r ;reK
ckldh 27]la ;rï w.hla .kakd njh' fudjqka i|yd ±kgu;a bvï
,nd§fï jHdmD;shla Èh;a lr we;' fjku .%du fiajd jiï 101la msysgqjd
we;' m%dfoaYSh WmiNdm;s fldÜGdY 14la ,nd.ekSug o lghq;= fhfoa'
B<Õg fou< Èia;%Slalh msysgqjk w;r wjidkfha m<d;a yd kscN+ñh
ìysfjhs' kj .%dufiajd jiï" m%foaYSh f,alï fldÜGdY yd Èia;%Sla udhsï
ks¾foaY lsÍfï lñgqj úiska kqjr t<sfha ±kg we;s m%foaYSh f,alï
fldÜGdY .Kk wgla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla úh hq;= nj;a thska y;rla
fou< nyq;rh iys; úh hq;= nj;a fhdackd lr we;' fï wkqj wU .uqj
yd kqjrt<sh fldÜGdY tlalr m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdY 4la ìyslr
thska 3la fou< nyq;r fldÜGdY lsÍug;a" j,mfka" fld;auf,a"
yÕ=rkafl; tlalr kj fldÜGdY 4la fyda jeä .Kkla ìyslr thska
wvq;rñka tlla fou< nyq;r fldÜGdYhla lsÍug fhdackdlr we;'
fuh uykqjr r;akmqr yd nÿ,a, Èia;%sla j,o isÿlsÍug kshñ;hs' thska
bfíu ;ks fou< .%du fiajd jiï" m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdY yd
wjidkfha Èia;%slah ,efnkq we;' ikakoaO igklska f;drju f;dKavuka
úiska ;ksfou< kscìula ìyslrñka isá hkakg fuhg jeä wgqjd wjYH
ke;' ±kgu;a cd;sjd§ fou< fmruqK bka§h fmruqK bka§h juqiS,S
ulal,a fmarkS f,i f.dvke.S we;' f;dKavukag;a jvd bÈßfhka isáñka
pkaøfialrka yd mq;% iS.dukS jekakka m%pKav;ajh cd;sjdoh jmqrñka
we;' fou< ;reKhka fld<Ug fukau jkaksfha hqo mqyqKqjgo hk w;r
j.d md¿ùfuka isxy, .eñhka Wvrg bvï w;ayer hEu;a" bvï
wysñlu ksid úh,s l<dmhg ;,a¨ùu;a isÿfjñka we;' fï i|yd
blauka ±ä md,khla fkdl< fyd;a j;=lrfha fojk fou< cd;sjd§

75
igka fmruqK újD;jkq fkdjkq udkh' fï m%Yakh úi|d .ekSug fmr
±kgu;a fndfyda foa jerÈ we;s nj ms<s.; hq;=h' 1947 mqrjeis mk;
l%shd;aul fkdùu ksid Y%S ,xldjg wjdisodhl f,i 1964 .súiqu we;s úh'
n, f,dayS foaYmd,kh th l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu ksid 1986 .súiqu we;s úh'
±ka Bkshd foaYmd,k fhdackd j,sfhka ish¿ bkaÈhdkq jeishkag jyd
mqrjeislu ,nd§ug hhs' ±kgu;a kqjr t<sfha ckjd¾.sl mú;% lrKh
l%shdj,sh werö we;s w;r mdrïmßl isxy, ñksiqkag ìï wÕ,la fyda
,nd .ekSug wfydaisù we;' kqjr t<sfha ld¾ñl úoHd, yd mdie,a ;ks
fou< wOHdmkh wdh;k njg m;a flfrñka we;' kqjr t<sfha we;s
ld¾ñl úoHd, yd mdie,a ;ks fou< wOHdmk wdh;k njg m;a
flfrñka we;' kqjr t<sfha we;s tlu .=re úoHd,hg lsisÿ isxy,hl=
n|jd .kq fkd,efí' hdmkh yd uvl,mqj úYaj úoHd, fuka inr.uq
úYaj úoHd, o ;ks fou< tlla njg m;alsÍug fhdckd flÍ we;' rfÜ
kS;sh" fmd,sia wdrCIdj isxy,hl=g mSvdldÍ f,i;a fou< cd;sjd§
ixúOdk j,g jrodkhla f,i;a l%shd;aul fõ' fï ish,a, ;=<ska uOHu
m<df;a muKla fkdj uOHu wdKavqfõ o n,h yeisrùu fou< cd;sjd§
f,i isÿlsÍug f;dKavukag yelshdj ,eî we;' Tyq tla w;lska j;=
fou< ckhdg rfÜ fiiq fldgia iu. uqiqùug fyda bkaÈhdjg hEug bv
fkdfok w;r wfkla w;ska ;u mjqf,a foaYmd,k talsêldrhg Tjqka
hg;a fldg we;' fuys wjidk m%;sM,h jkqfha hdmkfha m%N+ wdêm;H
u; fou< cd;sjdoh we;s ù jeã.shd fia l÷rgo fou< cd;sjdoh
;%ia;jdoh we;sùuh'
,xldfõ fï fødays foaYmd,kh y÷kd.; hq;af;a bka§h
lïlrejka kS;súfrdaë f,i /f.k .sh fjk;a rgj,a foi ne,Sfuks'
nqreuh" flkahdj" W.kavdj" msÔ rg fï m%Yakhg ks¾NS; f,i úi|d
we;' ta flfiao@
flkahdfõ f;a jeú,a, iys; rgls' 1963 § trg ksoyi ,nd.;a
w;r ckdêm;s fcdafuda flkahdgd úiska —wm%sldkqjdoh˜ y÷kajdfok ,§'
fï wkqj flkahdkq NdIdj bf.kf.k flkahd wm%sldkqfjl= úh fkdydls
ish¿ fokd ráka msgúh hq;=hehs ksfhda. flßK' 1967 § ixl%uKsl mk;
f.k tk ,o w;r wm%sldkqjdoh m%;slafIam lrk ish,a,kaf.a fjf<|
jHdmdr yd foam< w;am;a lrf.k Tjqka ráka fkrmk ,§' ta ksid
flkahdfõ f;dKavuka flfkl= fyda m%Ndlrka flfkl= ke;'
W.kv a dj o bkÈ a hdkq ixl%uKl s hks a ny, q j iá
s rgl's 1969 § trg
ckdêm;s ñ,g
a ka Tfndfa Ü úik s a ixl%uKls k; S s f.k wd w;r bkÈ a hdkjq ka

76
we;=¿ wdishd;slhska ráka msgqjy,a lf,ah'
1948 § nqreuh ksoyi Èkd.;a w;r ta jk úg tys jHdmdr yd
md,kh bkaÈhdkqjka w;g m;aù ;sìKs' 1953 § bvï ck i;=l< w;r
bkaÈhdkq fjÜákaf.a foafmd< cki;= flßKs' bkamiq fkúkaf.a yuqod
rcho nqreu mqrjeis kS;s ms<s.; fkdyels wh ráx msgux lf<ah' Tyqf.a
m%;sm;a;sh jQfha nqreuh tys ckhdg ñi wka lsis úfoaYslfhl=g Kh ke;s
njh' bka§h lïlrejka fï rg f.dvke.+ njg fudr.dk
jdudxYslhskag th fyd| ms<s;=rls'
msð rfÜ ;;ajh Bg jvd nrm;,h' 1970§ msð rfÜ jHdmdrh"
lïlre fCI;%h yd ck.ykh bkaÈhdkqjka úiska md,kh flßKs' bka§h
ck.ykh 55] la úh' 1970 jHjia:dfjka bkaÈhdkqjkag iu;ekaÿka w;r
m%;sM,h jQfha bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a cd;sl ix.uh ^NFF& ch ,eîuh' flfia
fj;;a w.ue;slu lï Tiafia urd kï msð kdhlhl= i;=jQ ksid msÔjre
;j;a lrnd isáhy' 1987 § fï ;;ajh fjkia úh' bkaÈhdkqfjla
w.ue;sjk w;r msð foaYmafm%añfhl= jk isõfjks rnqld tys yuqod
md,khla msysgQùh' 1990 § kj jHjia:djla msysgqjkq ,enQ w;r
md¾,sfïka;= wdik 59 ka 37la msð cd;slhska i|yd 27la bkaÈhdkqjka
i|ydo fjhs' by< uka;%K iNdfõ nyq;rho ^wdik 34ls& msðjreh'
fuf,i trfÜ ixLHd;aul nyq;rh fj;ska iajfoaYslhka /l.ekSu
i|yd jHjia:dj m%fhdackhg f.k we;' fujeks kS;s moaO;shla u.ska
uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj" yd isx.mamQrej bkaÈhdkq jix.;fhka fíÍ
we;' tfy;a Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,kh lrkakka njg mshjßka mshjr
bkaÈhdkq úfoaYslhska m;aù ;sfí' fï ishjia ;=< fldkao mK we;s
foaYfm%aó ck kdhlfhl= ìys fkdùu thg fya;=jls' thg B<Õ ishjfia§
j.lSug isÿù we;af;a Wvrg ft;sydisl mÈxÑlrejkagh'
pkaøfYalrka yd f;dKavuka ±kgu;a ish m%;sm;a;sh m%ldYkh
;=< lkao Wvrg fixlv., m%foaY j;=fou< bka§h ckhdf.a ksc N+ñh
f,i m%ldYlr we;' uq,ska ck.ykh ;kd.;a Tjqka B<Õg N+ñh
Èkd.ksñka h;s' B<Õg u;jdoh yd b;sydih ks¾udKh lrñka hhs'
wjidkfha hqoaOh yd fjku rdcHh fmrg tkq we;'
j;= fou< cd;sjdoh mqmqrdhEug fmr jyd l%shd;aulúh hq;af;a
ta ksidh'

77
7 jk wÈhr

fldá uÈjg Tgq ;%ia;jdohla æ

1 997 cq,s 23 jk Èk meje;ajQ uyd ue;sjrK iufha§ fou<
tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa kdhlfhda W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj,
iaffjÍ fou< B,dï rdcHhla i|yd Pkao jHdmdrhla f.k .shy'
kef.kysr m<df;a —B<dï jdoh˜ jEmsrE tla lgy`vla wh;a jQfha
tï'tÉ'tï' rYar*akï kS;sfõÈfhl=gh' wñ¾;,sx.ï B,duh ,nd.kakd
nj wIafrd*a tys§ Èjqrd fmdfrdkaÿ jQfhah'
tfy;a tlS ue;sjrKfhka wd.ñl uQ,O¾ujd§ isxy, úfrdaë
uqia,sï tlai;a fmruqK wka; mrdchg m;aùh' Tjqka miqj Y%S ,xld
ksoyia mCIhg tlajqjo wIafrd*a È.gu fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK
iu. .sfhah' 1982 ka miq ie,lsh hq;= ;rï uqia,sï ;reK msßila
isxy,hskag tfrysj fou< ;%ia;jdoh ixúOdk iu. tlaù —msydoa˜Y=oaO
hqoaOh Èh;a lr ;snqfKah' fo't'ú'fm' Èhù hEu;a iu. iu. 1986 isg
wIafrd*a jeäjeäghka uqia,sï wd.ï jdoh wjqiajkakg jQfhah' tys
wkidk m%;sM,h f,i ±ka Tyq uqia,sïjreka fjkqfjka fjku rdcHhla
fyj;a —l,sia:dkhla˜ b,a,Sfï fhdackdj lrd .uka lr we;af;ah' ish
fou< cd;sjdoh .cñ;=rka fuka Tyq ±ka b;sydifhka mgkaf.k we;'
tkï b;sydih úlD;s lsÍuh' ta wkqj wïmdr Èia;%slalfha jir oyia
.Kkl isg mej; tk wkkH uqia,sï kscN+ñh hehs fmkajd§u i|yd Y%S
,xld rch wruqo,a j,skau uqia,sï wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl
fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska lD;s fm<la ksl=;alr we;' ta wkqj Bkshd
w.aksÈ. uqia,sï l,sia:dkh Tjqka úiska bÈßm;a lr we;af;a fufiah'
Y%S ,xldfõ c, yd f.dvìï iïm;a we;=¿ wd¾Ól myiqlï
jHdma; jQ ìï fmfoila wh;a lrf.k w.aksÈ. uqia,sïjre jdih lr;s'
Tjqka tys nyq;rh ck;dj jk w;ru fjku wkkH;djhlska o hqla;h'
l=uk mßirhl l=uk ;;ajhl jqj ;ukf.a Wreuh kscN+ñh w;ayeÍug
wlue;s —N+ñmq;%hka˜ f,i tys jdih lr;s'
—w.aksÈ. wïmdr Èia;%sla;h fou< fyda isxy, fyda ck;dj iu.
we,Su tlg hdlsÍu l< fkdyelsh'˜

78
kef.kysr fjr< iu. wrdìjre we;slr.;a in|;d —fgdf,dñf.a˜
igyka j, ±lsh yel' mdku" ;srelafldaú,a" fldudß" lfrhs;sjQ"
l,a,dre" l,auqfKa" uvl,mqj wd§ jrdh .ek wrdìjreka úiska
—fgdf,dñg˜fok ,o f;dr;=re j,ska tajd igyka úh' b;d merKs
hq.fha isgu wrdì uq;=ka ñ;af;da kef.kysr iu. in|;d meje;ajQy'
7 jk Y;j¾Ifha uq,drïNfha wrdì rfÜ bia,dï O¾uh ìysjQ
ld, mßÉfþofha ,xldfõo bia,dï O¾uh jHdma; jQ njg idOl we;'
uvl,mqj yd w.aksÈ. fjr<nv ;Srh iyuq,skau md,kh l<
nj lsjyelsh' lsisu isxy, - fou< rfcla isáfha ke;'
l%s'j' 1160 § mrdl%undyq rc;=ud w.aksÈ. m%foaYh
iïmQ¾Kfhka fkdi,ld yeÍ w;r isxy,fhda th w;ayer .shy'
fuf,i w÷re jQ m%foaYh ckdjdi lr taldf,dal lf<a uqia,sï jrekah'
ljfrl= l=ula lSj;a 13 jk Y;j¾Yfha§ fï m%foaY j, uqia,sïjre
f.dúhka f,i Ôj;a jQ njg idCIH we;af;ah'
fuf,i w.aksÈ. m%foaYh ;u ft;sydisl kscN+ñh hehs
fmka j d§ug uq i a , s ï ixia l D;s l lghq ; = wud;HdxYh wïmdr
Èia;%Slalfha uqia,sïjrekaf.a ft;sydisl fufyjr yd Wreuh ^l;D
tï'tia'tï' wksia& kñka lD;shla ksl=;alr we;'
fuu.ska jHdc b;sydihla ks¾udKh fjñka we;' tu.ska jir
1500lg tmsg isg ^tajk úg f,dalfha bia,dï wd.u ìysù j;a ke;'&
uqia,sï jre kef.kysr Ôj;a jQ nj;a Tjqka tys N+ñ mq;%hka nj;a m%ldY
lr we;' wïmdr Èia;%slalh i|yd ta uq¿ lD;sh mqrdu zuqia,sï m%dka;hZ
hkak Ndú; lr we;' fuh fl,skau fudys¾ ryqudkaf.a uqia,sï tlai;a
úuqla;s fmruqK zl,sia;fkhZ f,i kï lr ;sfí' rcfha wruqo,a
j,skau fuf,i w.aksÈ. uqia,sï fjku rdcH i|yd b;sydih
f.dvkxjdf.k hkq ,efí' ^fï lD;sfha uq,a msgm; ckdêm;sg
ms<s.kajkq ,eîh&
ui
q ,a ï
s jrekf a .a ienE b;y s dih lu = loa @ wrdìka ixsy, rg iu.
.kf q oKq l< ku; q a tjlg wrdìfhka ie,lh s h; q = mf% oYa hla fn!oO a hka úh'
7 jk ih s jfia ig s uyuoa ìyú s fuka miq bi, a duh wdlu % Kls f,i 12 jk
ihs ji olj a d me;r s .f s hh
a ' W;r = e bkÈ a hdfõ Tíng th me;r s .f s ha ke;'
th W;r = e bkÈ a hdfõ yd w.k a Ès . wdih s dfõ me;r s .f s ha fn!oOa rdcHhka
hgm;a lr,ñk's YS% ,xldjg ui q ,
a ïs jreka meñKf s ha 14 jk yd 15 jk

79
ishjia j, ixl%uKsl fjf<kaoka f,ih' mD;=.SiSka úiska 1526 § uqia,sï
fjf<kaoka fjr<näka msgqjy,a l< w;r 1626 § fldkaiagkaghska ã id
úiska uqia,sï jre iyuq,skau mdfya m<jdyßk ,§' túg uqia,sï jre
lkao Wvrg fikr;a rcq yuqjQ w;r rcq Tjqkag 1602 - 35 w;r§ wïmdr
m%foaYfha mÈxÑlr jQfhah' tys§ mrïmrd folla ;=< isxy,hka ùug
fmdfrdkaÿjla o úh' ;j;a uqia,sï jre msßila ud,Èjhskg m,df.dia
tys ;snQ isxy, rdcHhka w;am;a lr.;a w;r lsis lf<l isxy, rcqg jQ
fmdfrdkaÿj .re fkdl<y'
uqia,sï jrekaf.a ienE iajrEmh fmkqfKa 1817 isxy,hska
kef.kysr yd reyqKq m%foaYh mqrd bx.%Sis úfrdaë foaYfm%aó le/,a,la
we;s l< úgh' ì%;dkHhka le/,a, u¾Okh i|yd ydmS fkhsk ußlald¾
fhdod .;a w;r isxy,hska iuQy >d;kfhka miq uqia,sï jrekaj
kef.kysr isg lkao Wvrg olajd mÈxÑ lrk ,§' bx.%Siskaf.a fnod
fjkalr md,kh hgf;a fou< wi,g jrm%ido ,enqfKa uqia,sï jrekagh'
BÔma;=fjka msgqjy,a lrk ,o wrdìhl= jQ isoaê f,ífí úiska
jydì bia,dï jHdmdrhg iudka;rj uqia,sï msì§ula we;s lf<ah' thska
isÿjQfha uqia,sï m%N+jre mdßi foYmd,k f,i Yla;su;a úu;a uqia,sï
jre fjku is;kakg yqre ùu;a muKh'
1880 .Kkaj, isg ;ukag fjku ksfhdackhla wjYH nj uqia,sï
m%N+jre y`v k.kakg jQ w;r 1889 § ta i|yd u¾yqï wíÿ,a ryqudka
m;aúh' ryqudka bkaÈhdkqfjl= jk w;r miqj ta i|yd l=mamsh ;ïì
uyuqoa m;alrk ,§' bkamiq uqia,sï jre w;r uef,a - uqj¾ fNaoh wdrïN
jQ w;r iq¿;rh jQ uef,a jrekag jeä jrm%idoh ,efn;ehs uqj¾jre
fpdaokd l<y' fuh udl¾ yd à'î' chd uq,§ ±ä fn!oaO úfrdaêfhl=
úh'
m%:u uqia,sï cd;sjd§ ixúOdk 1927 § msysgqjkq ,enQ w;r 1931
ue;sjrKfha§ udlka udl¾ uvl,mqfõka ch ,nd uKa;%K iNdjg
we;=¿ úh'
Y%S ,xld rdcH w;am;a lr .ekSu ;ukaf.a l=uka;%Khg uqia,sï
jre wE|d .ekSug fou< m%N+jreka .;a W;aiyh jH¾: jQfha udlka
udl¾ uy;d fufia m%ldY l< fyhsks'
i¿
q cd;k s a jk wms iu kf
s hdc
a khla fkdb,¨
a u'q wmg wjYH ki s s
kf
s hdc
a khl's fï rg ixsy,hka md,kh lrkjdg wmf.a wleue;; a la ke;'

80
^ ETHNIC POLITICS IN COLONIAL SRI LANKA - N.Wickamasingha -
1995& udlka uy;d fkdisákakg fnÿïjdoh wdrïN ùug kshñ; jQfha
30 oYlh ;=<§uh'
miqj tï'tia' yóâ úiska fp,ajkdh.ïf.a fnÿï jdoh
kef.kysr fnÿï jdoh kef.kysr uqia,sï ckhdg ldjeoa§ug W;aiy
l< kuq;a ^1956 ka miq& id¾:l fkdùh' miqj fp,ajkd.ïf.a f.da,hl= jQ
tï'tia' ldßhmam¾ o 1960 § iuia; ,xld bia,dóh tlai;a fmruqK
ìyslf<ah' miqj nÿWoa§ka uyuqoa úiska —msydoa˜ kï fmruqKlao wdrïN
lf<ah' wjidkfha§ 1976 § fou< tlai;a õuqla;s fmruqKg iudka;rj
uqia,sï tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK *,S,a ta' uÔâ yd ta'tï' Iñiq§ka úiska
ìyslf<dah' yh fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK yd 1977 § tlajQ w;r
wIafrd*a tys m%uql kdhlfhl= úh' 1986 § Tyq uqia,sï fldx.%ih
msysgqúh' t;eka mgka tï'tÉ'tï' wIafrd*a b;d Y+r f,i tcdmh;a-
Y%S,ksmh;a-fldá ixúOdkh;a" fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK;a"
bkaÈhdj;a" wrdìh;a w;r ish —bia,dï˜.kqfokqj isÿ lrf.k .sfhah'
tys m%;sM,hla f,i t'cd'm' hg yd Y%S'ks'm' h;a ;snQ uqia,sï ckhd
wka;jdohlg fldgqlr .ksñka isà' Tyqf.a B<Õ b,lalh w.aksÈ.
uqia,sï m%dka;hhs'
fï wkqj udlkaudl¾" à'î' chd" risla *Íâ" ldßhmam¾ fyda
Iuqiq§kag l< fkdyels jQ fyda Tjqka lsÍug wlue;s jQ uqia,sï fndïnfha
fiaj kQ,g wIafrda*a .sks ;nd we;' wñ¾;,sx.ï fukau Tyqo tys
wjidkh l=ula ±hs fkdokakd nj fmfka' flfia fj;;a ±kgu;a uqia,sï
cd;sjd§ u;jdohla yd foaYmd,khla f.dvke.S we;s ;;ajh ;=< thg
hqO fmruqKla o fndfydaúg tlaùu úh yellals' fudayS¾ ryqudkaf.a
uqia,sï tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK tjekakl l<,hhs' tjeks fohla
isÿjqjfyd;a fya;= .Kkla ksid th Y%S ,xldj wk;=f¾ fy<Sug ;rï
n,fõ.hla njg m;ajkq we;'
m<uqjekak kï cd;slhkaf.a iduQysl ne£u wd.ñl iajrEmhla
.ekSuh' ^ ta ksidu th cd;sl;ajhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels o hk m%Yakh
we;'& tu wd.ñl bia,dóh" hqfoõ" l%sia;shdkS yd bia,dï wd.ï ;=fkau
moku tlla jqj;a bia,dóh wd.ñl kdhl;ajh yd .syskdhl;ajh
folla fkdj tlla fõ' tfukau bia,dï oyug wkqj w,a,dya fkdy÷k
´kEu lmsrfhl=g tfrysj Y+oaO hqoaOhla fyj;a msydoA m%ldY lsÍug
bia,dóh Ißhdya kS;sh wkqj yelshdj we;'

81
wIafrd*amjd ;u uqia,sï fldx.%ia jHjia:djg ;uka w,a,df.a n,h;a
wd.ñl kdhlhd hkak we;=,a lrf.k we;s w;r —msydoa˜ixl,amho
úáka úg Tyq miqmi isg fyd,auka lrk nj o fmkShhs'
fojk jeo.;a fya;=j kï Y%S ,xldfõ jeäu fõ.hlska jefvk
ck fldgi uqia,sï jre ùuh' Y%S ,xldfõ iuia: ck.yK j¾Ok
fõ.h 1 -1'1] w;r mj;soa§ uqia,sï jre w;r th 4- 4'5] la ;rï by<
w.hla .kakd nj kshÈ mßCId fmkajdfohs' ,nd, úfhka újdy fjk
ksid;a" Wm;a md,kh" bia,dï kS;shg mgyeks ksid;a jeäu
iM,;djhla we;af;ao uqia,sï ldka;djka w;rh' úfYaIfhka 1981 ka
miq fï m%jK;djh fõ.j;a ù ;sfí' ta wkqj iEu jir 15-18 la
ld,hl§ uqia,sï ck.ykh fo.=K jk w;r B<Õ ishji ;=< th 32-
64 .=Khlska muK by< hhs' ^ th fï ishjfia § 8 .=Khlska by<
f.dia we;'& fï wkqj B<Õ ishjfia§ Ñ;%h fufiah' tkï 1994 § 13
,CIhla muK jQ fï ck.ykh jir ishhlska ,CI 400-600 w;r
ixLHdjlg fyj;a Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ ck.ykfhka 55] úfï ;;jhla
we;' jhi 16-24 w;r ;reK m%;sY;ho 24] l uÜgul we;s ksid
mqmqrdhk ;rï ck.yK j¾Okhla th ;=< we;' 1980 ka miq uqia,sï
jre Y%S ,xldfõ ck ixhq;sh nrm;, f,i úlD;slr we;s w;r
ck.ykh yd iSñ; bvï yd iïm;a ms<sn|j .eg¿j ksid wIafrd*a f.a
N+ñ mq;% kscN+ó ixl,amh bÈßfha § jvd;a fõ.fhka bÈßm;a ùug bv
we;' uq¿ uqia,sï ck.ykfhka 30] la ^15]& ne.ska csj;ajk wïmdr yd
fld<U Èia;%Slaj, o ;jo 10] la muKjdih lrk uykqjr Èia;%slalh
;=< o fuh msmsÍula jkq we;' ^1994 kshe¢ mßCIdjg wkqj fld<U
Èia;%slalfha bia,dï ck.ykh 2"22"614 la fõ' uykqjr 1"60"196 la
fõ'&
f;jeks jeo.;a lrek kï f,dj mqrd isÿjk bia,dï
jHdma;jdohg wkqj fmkShkafka 1900 § 12'4] la jQ bia,dï weoys,a,
19'2] la f,i jir 2000 § iksgqjyka jk njh' ^fn!oaO wd.u 7'8] isg
5'7] olajd weo jeà we;' ta muKla fkdj wd¾Ól n,fhkao th
jefvk njh' fpÉkshdfõ§ yd fndiakshdfõ§ reishdkqjka yd
i¾ìjreka ,;a hqo mrdchka msgqmi we*a.kaia:dkfhka yd f,dj mqrd
rgj,a .sh bia,dï iafõÉPd igka l<dlrejka n,md we;s nj ±ka
fy<sorjQ ù ;sfí' f,dal f;,a fj<odu muKla fkdj wdishdfõ u;aøjH
yd wú cdjdrï o lrkafkda njg bia,dóh uQ,O¾u jd§yq m;aj

82
isá;s' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ .egqugo uqo,a" wú yd ñksiqkao tùug
bia,dóh ifydaor jreka bÈßm;ajqjfyd;a th mqÿuhla fkdfõ' l,la
uqia,sï fldx.%ifha kdhlhska f,i isá fia.= bi§ka" Tiaudka wíÿ,a riQ,a
wd§ka úiska lr we;s fy<sorõ j,g wkqj fi!§ wrdìh" ,sìhdj" brdkh"
brdlh" we*a.ksia:dkh yd mlsia:dkho tys T;a;= fiajdj jk
whs'tia'whs' o uqia,sï fldx.%ihg uqo,a" wú yd cd;Hka;r in|;d ,nd§
;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%dka;hla jqjfyd;a blauKskau th wdo¾Yu;a
uqia,sï rdcHhla lsÍug wdfhdackh isÿjk nj meyeÈ,sh' th bkaÈhdfõ
muKla fkdj Ökfha iamd[a[fha yd tlai;a ckmofha o fjku uqia,sï
m%dka; msysgqùu i|yd jk Woaf>daIKhg fiajkQ, jkq we;'
isõjeks fya;=j kï Y%S ,xldfõ ;=ÉP foaYmd,khhs' tcdmh yd
Y%S,ksmh jßka jr n,h i|yd uqia,sï cd;sjdoh fhdod.ksñka isá;s'
wIafrd*a fjkqfjka tcdmh ;u fÊHIaG uqia,sï kdhlhkaj ^fudfyduâ"
ukaiQ¾" yóâ& mjdfok w;r Y%Smksmh o ;u uqia,sï cd;sjd§kag is;afia
wd.ñl ia:dk ish Wïu;a;l foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g fhdod.ekSug bv§
we;' kef.kysr uqia,sï ckhd m,a,sj, fjä ;nd >;kh lf<a fou<
fldá ;%ia;jd§ka jqj;a Tjqka ish¿ fokd igka jÈkafka isxy,
ckj¾.hdg tfrysjh'1999 cqks 18 od fld<U§ meje;aùug kshñ; ;snQ
fou< cd;sjd§ ixúOdkh úiska le|jQ isxy, úfrdaë y¾;d,hg uqia,sï
uq,O¾ujd§ka tlaj isá nj meyeÈ,sh' uqia,sï ckhd ;=< isák cd;sjd§ka
yd uQ,O¾ujd§ wka;jd§ka ±kau mrdch fkdl<fyd;a" iykYs,S f,i
Ôj;a ùug leu;s uqia,sï ckhdf.a kdhlhka ia:djr fkdl<fyd;a"
iykYs,S f,i Ôj;a ùug leu;s uqia,sï ckhdf.a kdhlhka ia:djr
fkdl<fyd;a Y%S ,xldjg o ;f,andka Tgq ;%ia;jdohg wkd.;fha§
uqyqK§ug isÿjkq we;'

83
8 jk wÈhr

uvmdg fldá
fo u< ck;djf.a wdorŒh orejka ol=Kq wdKavqj úiska
fpdaokd úrys;j r|jdf.k jo nkaok foñka isá;s' fldá megjqka
f,i widOdrK f,i isrlrf.k isák fou, ckhdf.a orejka
we;a f ;ka u wys x il uq j fmdjq j ka h ' Èú mrÿjg ;nd ;u
ks¾fodaYSNdjh fjkqfjka uefrkf;la Wmjdih lsÍug ;Skaÿlr we;s
tA wysxilhska .,jd.ekSu wfma mru hq;=luh' tA i`oyd uu
lemfjkafkñ'
fuf,i m%ldY lf<a wka lsisjl= fkdj hdmkh Èia;%slalfha
—jeäu md¾,sfïka;= wdik˜.Kkla ysñj isák B'mS'ã'mS' kdhl
v.a,ia foajdkkaoh' fï m%ldYfhka Èk lsysmhlg miq Wmjdih lrk
wysxil fou< uqjfmdjqjka ne,Sug úYd, udOH m%isoaêhla iys;j
l¿;r nkaokd.drhg .sh fou< ck;d ksfhdað; v.a,ia foajdkkaoj
—uqjfmdjqjka f.a˜ o;a myßka ,;a ;=jd, iu. fmdrnooa§ Tyqf.a
lsÜgqjrfhl= jQ rfïIa úiska m<lrk —;skuqriq˜mqj;am;a foajdkkaog
myr§u ms<sn|j isxy, wdKavqjg fodaIdfrdamkh lf<ah'
jõkshdfõ ish wKil m;=rejdf.k isák maf,dÜ ixúOdkfha
hqokdhl ukslalÞika hdmkh k.riNd ue;sjrKfha§ k.rdêm;s
;k;=r i|yd ;rÕlf<ah' bkamiq Tyq fou< ckhdf.a udkj ysñlï
.ek by<ska l:dlrkakg úh' —fjïuks˜ys we;ehs lshk iuQy
ñksj,j,a f.dv.ekSug fou< ckhdf.a W;=ï ñksia ksoyfia kdufhka
;ud lghq;= lrknj u‚lalÞika hdmkfha§ udOHj,g m%ldY lf<ah'
Èk lsysmhlg miq jd¾;djQfha uKslalÞikag whs;s jold.drhl
wmdÿla úÈñka isá fou< ;reKhl= ish Ôj;a ùfï whs;sh b,a,d
jõkshdfõ lf;d,sl mshkula ,Õokska jeàu ms<snoZ fYdal ckl
mqj;h' maf,dÜ idudðlhska úiska m,a,sh jglrKq ,enQ w;r ;reKhd
lshd isáfha maf,dÜ ñkSurejkag ndr§ug jvd ;uka Y%S ,xld wdrCIl
wxY fj;g ndrfok f,ih' miqj jõkshdfõ mj;ajdf.k hk maf,dÜ
jOld.dr 14la ms<sn|j c;Hka;r fukau foaYsh udkj ysñlï
ixúOdk l:dlrkakg jQ úg fy<srjQ jQfha maf,dÜ kdhlhd

84
f,i fmkS isák isoaOd¾:hka mjd ;ukaf.a Ôú;hg —Þika˜ f.ka
t,a,jk ;¾ck j,gìfhaka Ôj;a jk njh' 1999 fmnrjdß 25 Þ
hdmkh k.r uOHfha ;sî l| ke;s ñksia ysila yuq jQ w;rtys l|
fldgia niqj maf,dÜ ixúOdkhg wh;a ld¾Hd,hl jeisls,s jf,a ;sî
yuqùh' fldamhg m;a fou< ckhd maf,dÜ ld¾hd,h .sks ;nd úkdY
lf<ah'
fou< ckhdf.a m%Yak j,g jyd úi¥ula f.i igkaúrduhla
yd fldá ixúOdkh iu. fldkafoais úrys; idlÉPdjla wjYH nj
B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a'kdhl iqf¾Ia fm%aupkaøka m%ldYlf<a jrla fojrla
fkdfõ' Tyqf.a ;¾ckdx.=,shg úáka úg Y%S ,xld wdKavqj;a wdr®Il
yuqÞ;a ,lafjhs' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a ixúOdkh g wkqhqla; l,a,s jk
—fudydka l,a,sh˜yd —risla l,a,sh˜ je,s wegfha isg wïmdr yd uvl<mq
ck;djf.ka lmamï .kakd nj;a tA m%foaYj, fou< ckÔú;h
fnfyúka ÿIlr ù we;af;a B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a' lmamï l,a,sksid nj;a
fm%aupkaøka f,djg fkdlshhs' jvd;a jeo.;a lreKkï uyd isxy,
wdKavq úfrdaêhl= f,i oyia .Kkska jegqma ,nkafkl= jk njh' risla
l,a,s kdhlhd urd oukq ,enQ úg fy<sorjq jQfha tlS ish¿ ikakoaO
l,a,sj,g Y%S ,xld wdKavqfjka jegqma f.jQ njh'
fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa fonä Ôú;hg Tjqka fndfyda
fia jkaÈ f.jqjo Tjqkaf.a jxpksl foaYmd,kh ì|l=ÿ wvqù ke;'
fo't'õ'fm' kdhl wmamdms,af,a wñ¾;,sx.ï yd ;u ieñhd jQ
fjÜáfõ¨ fhdaf.aiajrka hk fookdju Tjqka iu. iqyo l:djl kshe,S
isá fldá idudðlhl= jk —úIQ˜ úiska 1989'07'13 Èk urdoukq ifrdackS
fhdf.aiajrka weia mkdmsg ÿgqjdh' tfyla weh hdmk mqrm;sksh jQ úg
È.gu —;ïì˜ ^m%Ndlrka& f.a .K .shkd lsÍugo miqng fkdjQjdh'
weh mßyrKh lrñka hdmkfha isú,a md,kh fldá ixúOdkh w;g
m;afjñka ;sfnk nj mjd tla wjia:djl§ fmkS .sfhah' tfy;a weh
urd ±óu i|yd jQ fldá ;Skaÿj fjkia lsÍug tA lsisjla iu;a
fkdùh'wjidkfha wehg iduÞkfha ie;mSug"weh oYl ;=kla igka
l< Bkshd fou< ksc N+ñfha ßhka yrla j;a b;=re fkdùh' weh ñysoka
jQfha fld<Uh'ñh hEug Èklg fmr fmdkakhshd isjmd,ka hdmkh
k,rdêm;sjrhd lSfõ o fldákaf.ka ;ukag ;¾ckhla ke;s nj;a Y%S
,xld wdrCIl yuqÞj,ska fou< ckhdg ysßyerhla isÿjk nj;ah'
wka;sfï§ cd;Hka;r uÜgfï pß;hla jQ kS,ka ;srefj,ajïj >d;kh
l< w;r fldáka jpkhlaj;a úfõpkh fkdlsÍug Tyq fndfyda

85
fjfyi .;a wfhls' fhdaf.aIajrka" isjmd,ka fyda ;%sl=Kdu< Èia;%Sla
uka;%S ;x.fÞfrhs' fou< ixúOdkhla wvq ;rñka fou< tlai;a úuqla;s
fmruqK mjd jpkhlaj;a tA ms<sn| m%ldY fkdlf<ah' fcdaima
mrrdcisxyï jeks fo't'ú'fm' iuyr kdhlfhda fl,skau fldá
ixúOdkfha m%ldYhka jk ;rï ÿrÈ. f.dia we;af;a fï ish,a, ;=,h'
1999 cq,s ui isg fldá h<s;a jrla fï ish¿ ixúOdk ;ykï lf<ah' tA
.ek l:dl< udkj ixúOdkhkao fkdùh'
ysgmq Bkshd igka ldó ixúOdk jk maf,dÜ " B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a'"
B'mS'ã'mS'" fgf,da wd§ ixúOdko fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK
ms<sn|jo h:d¾:h ±kaj;a Y%S ,xlsl iudch f;areï .; hq;=h' fudjqka
ms<sn|j" fudjqka yd fiiq fou< cd;sjd§ jmqrd we;s udhdjka f;areï
.; hq;=h' fldá ;%ia;jdofha W!kmqrlhla f,i l%shdlrk fï uvmdg
fldá /< u¾Okh lsÍug iduldó Y%S ,xldjl w;HjYH fldkafoaishla
fjhs'
fudjqka ms<sn| udhdjka tlska tl yÿkd .; hq;= fjhs' m<uq
udhdj kï —fou< ck;dj˜ yd —fldá ;%ia;jdoh˜ lshd fohla we;s
nj;a tfukau fldá ;%ia;jdoh fou< ckhd fok iyfhda.h k;r
lsÍug kï fou< ÿla.ekaú,s fyda fou< ckhd fok wNs,sIhka bgql<
hq;= nj;ah' tys§ fldá ;%ia;jd§ka fkdjk by; lS uvmdg
fldá/<f.a foaYmd,kh wNs,dIhka bgql< hq;= njoa ;¾lfhka
lshefõ'
fldá ixúOkh yd fou< ck;dj w;r iïnkaoh ud¿jd yd
c,h w;r iïnkaOh fuka hehs m%ldY lrkafkdao fj;s' tfy;a i;Hkï
uq,;sõ j, Ôj;a jk fou< ckhd úiska wdydr yd iemhï ,nd§u ksid
fldá ixúOdkh mj;skjd fkdj tlS ckhd Ôj;a jkafkao fldá wruqo,a
j,ska njh' fldá yd idudkH fou< ckhd fjka ù fndfyda l,a .;ù
we;s w;r fldákag Bkshd fou< ck iyh ke;sj ish ;%ia;jdoh ;j
fndfyda l,a f.khd yels uqo,a Wmhk" wú imhk" m%pdrh ,ndfok
;ukaf.au jQ cd,hla ;sfí' idudkH fou< ckhdg wdydr" jdiia:dk"
/lshd yd iduldó Ôú;hlg jvd jeä Bkshd fou< ÿla.ekaú,s fyda
fou< wNs,dIhka ke;' tA ÿIaG úkdY ldÍ u;jdo ish,a, fou<
ckhd u; n,fhka megjQfha fou< m%N+ mka;sh úisks' Bkshd
ysgmq igka ldó l,a,s úisks' tfy;a —fou< ck;dj˜ kï jpkhlg
uqjdù ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k wNs,dIh uqÿkam;a lr.ekSug oÕ,k fï
ÿIaG n,fõ. fkdmels, u¾Okh l< hq;= fõ' fldáka f.ka uqÞ .;a

86
ck;dj uvmdg fldákag Ndr§fuka ;%ia;jdoh yd jHik k;r fkdjk
nj 1986 § msysgqjk B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a' " m<d;a iNdjo" 1997 § msysgqjk ,o
hdmkfha m%dfoaYSh yd k.riNdo f,a j,ska Tmamq lr we;'
fojeks jHdcH kï maf,dÜ" B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a" fgf,da wd§ ysgmq
;%ia; l,a,s m%cd;ka;%jdohg wdfõ m<d;a iNd kï foaYmd,k úi÷u ksid
njg jQ u;hhs' úi¥ula fkd,enqkfyd;a ;uka h<s;a le,Ejg hk nj fï
ixúOdk j, kdhlfhda b|ysg udOH yryd ;¾ckdx.=,s ksl=;a lr;s'
fuys i;H l=ulao@
fgf,da ixúOdkfha ysgmq kdhlhka jk l=águkS yd fÊ.ka Tjqka
je,slv isrf.or§ ^1983 cq,s 25& >d;kh lrk úg mjd Y%S ,xld wdKavqj
iu. tlÕ;d .Kkdjla we;slrf.k ;snq‚' Tjqkaf.a urKj,ska miq Y%S
idydr;akï úiska fgf,da ixúOdkh ;kslru bka§h T;a;=fiajfha lsys,s
lrejla lrkq ,enQ w;r 1986 uehs 07 jkÞ Tyq we;=¿ fgf,da isudðlhska
350 la muK fldá idudðlhska Y%S ,xld wdrlaIl yuqÞ l|jqrej,g
/ljrKh m;d meñ‚ w;r bkamiq wo olajd Tjqka ðú;a jkafka tysh'
maf,dÜ ixúOdkh tla w;lska tla w;lska bka§h wdKavqj iu.
fukau wfkla w;ska Y%S ,xld wdKavqj iu. È.gu .kq fokq lf<ah'
maf,dÜ ixúOdkhg Y%S ,xld wdKavqj mçf.jkakg mgkaf.k we;af;a
1984 ;rï ÿr ld,hl isgh 1986 foieïn¾ ui maf,dÜ ixúOdkh fldá
úiska ;ykï lrkq ,enQ w;r bkamiq Tjqka iyuq,skau mdfya hemqfka Y%S
,xld wdKavqfjks'
B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a ixúOdkh ;kslru mdfya bka§h T;a;=fiajd
j, ks¾udKhls' 1986 foieïn¾ 14 Þ B'mS'wd¾'t,a't*a ixúOdkh fldá
úiska ;ykï lr Tjqka Y%S ,xld .súiqfuka úiq Tjqka bka§h yuqÞ j,g
udre ù .shy' j¾Ordcd fmreud,a B,dï m%ldY lsÍfuka miq Tjqka
bkaÈhdjg f.dia isá w;r 1994 wf.daia;= ui fmdÿfmruqK n,hg
meñ‚fuka Tjqka Tjqkaf.a jdudxYsl ñ;=rkaf.a wdOdrfhka wdKavqfõ
;k;=re .Kkdjla ysñlrf.k we;' iuyreka udOHfõ§ka yd
nqoaêu;=ka f,i id¾:l f,i fjiaj,d f.k we;' fhda.rdcd fhda.pkaøka
fyj;a tia;ufkdrxcka" rdï udkslal,sx.ï" fcda fikúr;ak wd§ka
tys§ lemSfmfka' wdKavqfõ idu ;j,u j, m%Odk idu m%ldYhka ù
we;af;a rg fn§u i|yd we;sjk ;=re f,a je.srE fujeks —uy;ajre˜
msßils' Tjqkaf.a iuyr msßia kef.kysr§ fl,kau wdrlaIl yuqÞ
iu. isá;s' fld<U§ wdrlaIl yuqÞj,ska lvjk fou< ckhdf.a

87
udkj ysñlï .ek l:dlr;s'
B'ãS'mS' ixúOdkh ;kslru mdfya tlai;a cd;sl mlaI wdKavqfõ
ks¾udKhls' v.a,ia foajdkkaog l=,S fyajdhl=f.a isg iïNdjH uyck
ksfhdð;hl= olajd jQ fjiaudrej isÿlr ÿkafka Y%S ,xld wdKavqjhs' woo
Tyqg Y%S ,xld ck;djf.a wruqo,a j,ska mçf.jkq ,efí'
fï wkqj fmkS hkafka fï Bkshd ysgmq igkaldó ixúOdk
ish,a,u mdfya —m%cd;ka;%jdohg˜ meñK we;af;a fldá Tjqkaj úkdY
lr,Sfïka miq ñi fkdj —ys;fyd|lu˜ ksid fkdjk njh' tfukau Tjqka
wo Èk mj;skafka fou< ck iydhla ksid fkdj Y%S ,xld wdKavqfõ uQ,H"
wú wdhqO yd foaYmd,k /ljrKh ksid njo meyeÈ,sh' wo wú ord ñkS
urK" lmamï .kakd" ìhjeoa§u lrkd fudjqka lsisÈkl iduldó
m%cd;ka;%jdoh fkdmsúis njo tfukau meyeÈ,sh' fudjqka ;jÿrg;a
ck;djf.a wruqo,a j,ska kv;a;= lsÍula isÿjkafka"
1' lsislf,l fou< ckhd W;=ï cd;sjdofhka ñ§u je,lShEuh'
2' fldá úfrdaë idnE iduh w.hk fou< ck lKavdhï j,g
bÈßhg tAug fkdyels ùuh'
3 fudjqkaf.a lmamï" jOl ls%hd" n,y;aldrh ksid fou< ck
Ôú;h ;j;j;a wjq,a ù tA ñksiqkaf.a l,lsÍu jeäùuh'
4 lsisu fou< ckmokula ke;s fï fp!r l=,S ñkSure l,a,s
wdrlaIl yuqÞ fufyhqï j,g .jd .ekSfuka hqo ryia ñ,g
.ekSug fldákag yelshdj ,eîuh' fldákag hqo ryia" bkaOk
yd f;dr;=re fudjqka ,ndfok njg idOdrK ielhla ±ka u;=ù
we;' 1999 cQ,s j,§ fldákaf.a ksfhda.hg wkqj fï
ixúOdkj,g wh;a 79 fokl= yuqÞ l|jqre j,ska fldá l|jqre
j,g uereù .shy' fï iu. l|jrej, hqOryia o fldáka w;g
m;aùh'
5 fudjqkaf.a /lj,d f,i wdrlaIl yuqÞ fou< ckhd bÈßfha
fmkS isàfuka isÿjkafka Y%S ,xld yuqÞj. ls¾;skduh ;j;j;a
úkdYùuh'
Bkshd uOHia:jdÈka f,i l%shd lrk fo'tA'ú'fm' —kv;a;=˜
lsÍfuka yd Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k wNs,dIhka tlska tl bgqlsÍfuka
isÿjkafkao fou< cd;sjdoh Yla;su;a ùu yd Y%S ,xldfõ iduh ;j;j;a
l,ahEuh' fo't'õ'fm' wo ;u;ukaf.au jQ foaYmd,khla ke;s w;r th
fldá ixúOdkfha

88
foaYmd,k yd Woaf>daIK fmruqfKa wx.hla njg jeä jeäfhka m;aù
isà'
fudjqka m;=rjk ñ:Hd u;jdohla kï fldá ixúOdkh hqouh
f,i úkdY jqjqo fou< m%Yakhla ;sfnk ksid ljÞ fyda h,s;a fldá
ixúOdkh jeks hqo n,fõ.hla f.dvkef.k njh' fuys i;H kï
—fou< m%Yakh˜ fou< cd;sjd§kaf.a ueùula ksid th úkdY l< úg h<s;a
f.dvkef.k njh' úchndyq rcq fpda, wêrdcH mrdch l<úg th h<s;a
ìysfkdùh' tf<iu m%Ndlrka we;=¿ fldá jkid ±uQ úg fou<
cd;sjdoh h<s;a ìysjkafka ke;'
fudjqka ms<sn| B,Õ ñ:Hd u;h kï fudjqkag myrÿka úg
fudjqka jeäjeäfhka fldákag ;=re¿ jk njh' tA ksid Tjqka wkqjhk
fou< ckhd o fldákag ;j;j;a fya;a;= jk njh' tu.ska fldá
Yla;su;a jk njh'
m<uqj lsjhq;af;a fudjqkaf.ka iuyreka tkï pkaøyika
"mrrdcisxyï" l=ud¾fmdkakïn,ï jekakjQjka ±kgu iDcqj fldákag
fya;a;= ù we;snjh' wfkla whg fldákag fyA;a;= ùug jqjukdjla
;snqKo tfia lsÍug idOdrK urK ìhla o we;s nj foajdkkao "
fhdf.aIajrka" isjmd,ka" ;srefÉ,ajï isoaê fmkajd fohs' wfkla w;ska
fudjqka msgqmi fm<.eiS isák fou< ck;djo iSudldÍh' fï
foaYmd,kh urdoud fndfyda l,ah' fudjqkag jvd fyd§ka idudkH fou<
ckhd fm<.eiaùug wjYH kï Y%S ,xld wdrlaIl wxY j,g yelsh' tA
i|yd wjYH idudkH fou< ckhd ljÞlj;a fkdhs,aÆ fmvr,a jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkh fkdfõ' wdydr" jia;%" /ljrKh" m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd iajhx
foaYmd,k wNsudkh " ìfhka ñßlS l=,jdofhka Toao,a ù isák miq.dó
fou< iudchg ,nd§uh' Èkd.ekSug fou< ck;djla ke;' tfy;a uq,
isg m%cd;;a;%jd§" cd;sjd§ fkdjk fou< iudchla f.dvke.Su
w;HjYHfõ' tA i|yd fldá fmkajñka" fou< ckhdg uqjdù ;ukaf.a
múgq foaYmd,kh wNs,dIh bgqlr .ekSug udk n,k foajdkkao"
udkslalÞika" fm%aupkaøka" isjis;a;ïmrï mrrdcisxyï jeks uvmdg
fldá iyuq,skau u¾Okh lr,Su w;HjYHfõ'
fou< cd;j s dofha yd ;%i; a jdofha ly s ,
s l
s re f,i lh %s d lrk ;j;a
uvmdgfldá rxpq ly s ms hla ol=fKa jdih lr;'s fudjk q fa .ka m%uL
q l,, a hs
jkf
a ka ol=fKa udlia j a d§ mlIa hkh a ' ,xld iuiudc mlI a h" ck;d úul q ; a s
fmruKq " Y%S ,xldfõ fldñhk q i
s Ü
a mlI a h" kj iuiudc mlI a h wd§ ihs ¿

89
mlaI fou< ckhdf.a Bkshd iajhx ;SrK whs;sh tla whqrlska fyda
;j;a whqrlska ms<s.ks;s' tkï Y%S ,xld rcfhka fjkaù fjku rdcHhla
ìyslr,Sug fou< ckhdg whs;sh;a we;s nj m%;sm;a;sh f,i ms<s;ks;s'
,'i'i'm'"c'ú'fm'" Y%S ,'fld'm' yd k'i'i'm' hk mlaI ;kslru
mj;sk hqo .egqï fou< ck >d;l hqoaOh f,i kï lr;s' hqoaOh kj;d
jydu fldá iu. idlÉPd lrk f,i b,a,d isá;s' fï mlaI j, iuyr
úfoaY.; l,a,s úfoaY j,§ fldá iu. tlaù Y%S ,xld rchg tfrysj
mjd m%pdrh lr;s' tlaj fm< md,s h;s' fldá fï isxy, kï we;s fødays
/,af,ka iuyrekag úfoaY pdßld ,nd§ isxy, lgj,a j,skau —fou<
m%Yakh˜ f,djg m%ldY lr;s' tu.ska ;ukaf.a f,a ;ejqreKq
;%ia;jdohg iqÿmsrejg fmdrjd .ks;s' fï mlaI ish,a,u miq.sh oYl
fol ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ f,a je.sÍï j,g iDcqju iïnkaOh' iuyrekaf.a
mlaIj,ska weu;slï § we;af;a Y%S ,xld rch folv lsÍug fou<
cd;sjd§ka yd l=uka;%Kh lsÍug iïnkaOj rdcHfødayS fpdaokd hgf;a
kvq mjrd jeolrejka jQ whgh' iuyr mlaI j, uyf,alï jre Y%S
,xld wdrlaIl yuqÞ l|jqrej,g myr §ug iïnkaO whh' fuf,i
biauqre;a;dj iEfok f;la u,ñkS .s,oud we;s fï weúÈk kr rl=ika
/< l:dlrkafka iduh .ekh' iudkd;au;dj .ekh' fou<
widOdrK;ajh .ekh' cd;sl .eg¨j .ekh' fldá ;%ia;jdoh
u¾Okh lrk w;ru fï rfÜ § yd úfoaYj,§ Tjqkaf.ka lsys<slrejla
f,i l%shd lrk fï udlaiajd§ ,'i'i'm'" c'ú'fm'" YS%',x'fld'm'" yd
k'i'i'm' cd;sfødayS /< mrdch lsÍgo wo wjYH ù ;sfí'
uvmdg fldá /f,a B<Õ l,a,sh kï fï rfÜ l%shd;aul jk
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk cd,hhs' we,¾Ü ixúOdkh" u¾ð ixúOdkh"
idu uka;%K iNdj" ksoyia udOH jHdmdrh yd fï jdg wkqhqla; ;j;a
foaYmd,k tka'mS'´' foiShlg wêl m%udKhla Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul
fj;s' fï ish,a,gu mdfya fmdÿ ,laIKh kï fïjdg uQ,H wdOdr
,efnkafka ngysr wd.ñl uq,O¾u jd§ rgj,ska ùu;a tlï mdßila
úúO kï j,ska hq;a fï ixúOdkfufyh ùu;ah' fuhska w;sYh iq¿
msßila by< ;,fha isg tkaÔ´ ud*shdjla f,i l%shdlrk w;r fiiq
msßi Tjqkaf.a m%fõ‚ Þihka fj;s' fudjqkaf.a wjidk wruqK B<u
msysgqùu fyda øúvia:dkhla msysgqùuo fkdfõ' th y÷kd .;
hq;af;a f,dju ish hqouh" u;jdouh" foaYmd,kuh" wd¾Óluh
wdêm;Hhg hg;a lr .ekSu i|yd ngysr f,dlfha 15jeks ishjfia isg
f.k.sh ix.%dufha wx.hla f,ih' fldá ;%ia;jdoh Tjqka
fhdÞ.kafka ol=Kq wdishdj hg;a lr .ekSu ms‚ih' uqia,sï jrekaf.a

90
wrdì f,dalh kegùug BY%d,h fhdÞ .kakd;dla fuka ol=Kq wdishdj
tkï Y%S ,xldj yd uyd Ndr;h kegùug øúvia:dkh fhdÞ.ekSug
fufjqka lghq;= lr;s'
fudjqkaf.a iuyr wdh;k fl,skau hqo wú cdjdrug iïnkaOh'
WÞyrKhla f,i î%;dkH r;=l=reih wú melafÜß mj;ajdf.k hk nj
fy<sorjq lf<a ì'î'iS' fiajuh' fudjqkaf.ka ;j;a wdh;k fl,skau
wd.ï jHdma; lr;s' wkd: jQ ÿlaÅ; ñksiqka w;f¾ wruqo,a jemSßfuka
wm%sldfõ wd.ï jekiQ wdldrfhka ±ka Y%S ,xldfõ o jkaksfha yd
kef.kysr o" fld<Uo"fï n,fõ. ish jHdma;sh Èh;a lrñka isá;s'
;j;a wh iqNidOk j, kshef,;s' wdydr iykdOdr ,ndfo;s' udkj
whs;Ska .ek l:dlr;s' kvqyn j,g Wojq lr;s' tu.ska tys idudkH
ckhd w;r jeo.;a kula ysñlr .ks;s' fidaud,shdjg yd rejkavdjg
úfoaY ueÈy;a ùula b,a,d isáfha flhd¾ yd TlaiamEï hk iqNidOk
wdh;k fol nj isyslr .ekSu fuys§ jà' Y%S ,xldfõ udkj ysñlï
jd¾;dj cd;Hka;rhg f.khkafka —u¾Ê˜wdh;kh yd thg wkqnoaO
wh úiska nj o tfukau isysl< hq;=h' fudjqkaf.ka ;j wh udOH j,g
wrlaf.k udOHfõÈka l=,shg f.k ;ukaf.a u;jdo ySka iSrefõ
ck;djg ou;s' Y%S ,xldfõ úoHq;a udOH yd mqj;am;a foi n,k úg
fudjqka fl;rï tAldêldßhla Wiq<hs o hkak meyeÈ,sh'
wdKavqfõ udOH fukau wdKavqjg tfrys udOH o" we;ï
udOHfõÈka o isákafka fudjqkaf.a uqo,a" õfoaY pdßld" u;ameka yd
,sx.sl fÞ<msfoaks úiska w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuks' fudjqka fl;rï kskaÈ;
f,i Y%S ,xldfõ udOH iÞpdrh úfoaY j,g úl=Kkafkao hkak ÆIka
rdclreKdkdhlg ksoyia udOH jHdmdrhg t,a, l< uqo,a jxpd fpdaokd
j,ska u fmkS hhs' ÆIka rdclreKdkdhlg m%;spdr f,i u¾Ê wdh;kh
úiska iellghq;= f,i ue;sj¾K ksÍlaIKhg ,nd.;a wruqo,a ms<sn|j
fy<sorjqjla lf<ah' tA oijirlg fmr fidrdld tlaoyia tlajeks jr
úril úfï m%;sM,hhs' 1987 - 89 NSIK iufha Ôú; 1200 la úkdY
lsÍug j.lsjhq;= —m%d˜ kï ñkS ure ixúOdkfha l%shdlrejl= jk ir;a
is,ajd keue;a;d lr we;s m%isoaO m%ldYhg wkqj tlS ñkSureï
j,g u¾Ê ixúOdkho foajirKh o iïnkaOh' cd;aHka;r
úys¨j jkqfha tlS ixúOdk j,g iïnkaO jQ Y%S ,xldfõ
lsisÿ ckmokula ke;s tla;rd —m%N+ ia;s%hlg˜ cd;Hka;r idu
;Hd.hla ysñùuh' >d;k fpdaokd t,a,ù we;s ;j;a wh nqÿjrefuka
±ka idu O¾uh foaYkd lrñka isá;s' Y%S ,xldfõ lsisÿxkmokula ke;sj

91
wruqo,a j, n,fhka jexfUk fï cd;Hka;r fp!rhka /, je,elaùug
fy<sorjQ lsÍug ±kaj;a Y%S ,xlsl iudch bÈßm;a úh hq;=h'
fudjqkaf.ka ;j;a wh m¾fhaiK uÜgfï jeälrf.k h;s'
fojeks f,dal ix.%dufha hqo wmrdO lrejka úiska mj;ajdf.k hk
mska,ka;fha jhsv¾ wdh;kh jeks wdh;k yryd Y%S ,xldfõ úYaj
úoHd, m%cdj ish Okh bÈßfha w,af,a kegùu;a tu.ska b;sydih
fukau iÞpdrho ;ukag wjYH f,i úlD;s lr .ekSug;a fudjqk l%shd
lr;s' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ § w;sYh id¾:l ù ;sfí' wo ngysr
uQ,O¾ujdÈkaf.a Þ¾Yksl m%ldYhka ù isákafka Y%S ,xld úYaj úoHd,
j, ^úfYaIfhka fld<U yd fmardfoksh & wdpd¾h" uydpd¾h jreh'
fudjqkaf.ka ;j;a iuyfrla l<dlrejka ì,Snd.ekSug fhfo;s'
;ukag wjYH f.i l<dlrejkao fhdÞ.ks;s' l<d úpdrh lr;s'
fudjqkaf.ka iuyfrla fl,skau foaYmd,k mlaI úksúo h;s'
tAjd ;=< ;ukaf.au jQ —fg%dacka˜ wYajhka ks¾udKh lr .ks;s' fyd|u
WÞrrKh kï —we,¾Ü˜ ixúOdkh úiska md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka
i|yd úfoaY j,§ mj;ajkakg fhÿkq foaYmd,k mka;sh' fïjdg
tcdmfhka uyskao iurisxy" ir;a wuqKq.u lreKdfiak fldä;=jlal=
jeks who Y%S,ksmfhka v,ia w,ymafmreu " ä,dka fmf¾rd jeks who
c'ú'fmka ksyd,a .,mam;a;s o iyNd.súh' we,¾Ü ixúOdkfha ysgmq
ixúOdhl l=ud¾ rEmisxyg isr,sfhdaka rch fmr,d ±óug
l=uka;%Kh l< njg fpdaokd t,a, jQ w;r fkd¾fõ rg fldá
ixúOdkhg isÿlrk foaYmd,k Wmldr fy<sorõ lsÍu ksid fmâßld
cEkaiaj tu ixúOdkfhka fkrmk ,§' wo wdKavqfõ fukau úmlaIfhao
WmfoaYl;ajhka ù isákafka fï rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j, n<,a w~qh'
±ka Tjqka jHdmdßl m%cdj ksfhdackh lrk jd‚c uKav,h jeks
wdh;ko" rdcH ks,OdÍkao" Y%S ,xld hqoyuqÞfõ iuyr ks,OdÍkao ;u
—fldá w~q˜ njg m;a lrf.k isá;s' ks;Hdkql+, f,i;a" foaYmd,ksl
f,i;a" wdh;ksl f,i;a tkaÔ´ ud*shdfõ l%shdldÍ;ajh u¾Okh
fkdl<fyd;a bÈß oYlfha § fï fødays /< Y%S ,xldj fldá
ixúOdkhg ì,sfokjd ksh;h' tkaÔ´ ud*shdj u¾Okh lsÍug
.; yels kS;suh mshjr fndfydah' m<uqj fudjqkag ,efnk
wruqo,a ms<sn|j md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lshk l%uhla we;sl< hq;=hs'
fojkqj uQ,H jxpd isÿlrk whg o~qjï ,ndÈh hq;=h' rdcH wdrlaIl
lghq ; = úfoa Y m% ; s m ;a ; s h " rdcH Wmfoa Y l lghq ; = wd§
lsisjlg tkaÔ´ ud*shdjg wh;a mqoa.,hska iïnkaO ùu kS;s

92
úfrdaê l< hq;=h' úfIaYfhka úYaj úoHd, m%cdj ish m%pdrl lghq;=
i|yd fhdÞ.ekSug tkaÔ´ ud*shdjg bvÈh hq;= ke;'
ish¿u foaYmd,k mlaI o ;u mlaI ;=< isákd tkaÔ´ ud*shdfõ
l%shdldÍka y÷kdf.k Tjqka nj;a lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;=h' tA i|yd
ck;dj mlaI j,g n, l< hq;=h'
iqnidOk jHdmdr i|yd ngysr uQ,O¾ujd§ wdh;k j,ska
isÿlrk ueÈy;a ùï md,kh lsÍug rch ueÈy;a úh hq;=h' tfukau
úfoaYdOdr ,nk iDcq wd.ñl m%pdrl l,a,s iyuq,skau kS;s úfrdaë l<
hq;=h'
fï f,i rch yd idudkH ck;dj ueÈy;a ù rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj, foaYmd,k ld¾hNdrh Wÿrd fkd.;fyd;a jeäl,a
fkdf.dia fï rfÜ md,lhska njg m;ajkq we;af;a tkaÔ´ ud*shdj nj
isyslg hq;=h' fudjqka u¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fyd|u wdo¾Yhla wdishd;sl
rgj,a jk bkaÈhdkqjka Ökfhaka yd uef,aishdfjka ,nd.; yel'

93
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 9 jk wÈhr

fldá jekiSu yer wka u.la ke;

w ms ±ka fou< cd;j s d§ fldá ;%i; a jdoh l=ul± a hs uola úmrï
lr oek.ku s 'q WoEik if q odi a Èq ka ye| nÿ q /ia olk s ka g Y%S uyd fndêhg" Y%S
o<Þjg .h s Wjeis Wjeih s ka lE,s brdoukq wms ÿgf q ju'q mß s ;a meka biñka
f,djg Ydk; a h s foiq uy i> .K yi s a fonElr l; S = l; S = lrkq ÿgf q ju'q
foih S yegla wdikk a W;=re yd kef.kyr s m<d;a j, ;n s Q fm!rdKl s
fn!oO a io s Oa i: a dk jkik"q fn!oO a m%;u s d frÈ wm, q ,a k .,a njg m;a
lrk"q ffp;H ì| tj a dhk s a jeil s < s s ;kkq wms ÿgf q ju'q tfy;a wms
fn!oO a hk s a fï uyd fn!oO a ixydrhg tfryj s lf<a l=ula ±hs wfma fn!oO a
yoj;k s a ±kj a ;a widne,h s h; q =h' fou< idudcfh; a "a bkÈ a hdfõ;"a f,dj
mr
q d;a fn!oO a hk s a fldá
a 40lf.a wOHd;u a h fldá ñku S rejkg a tfryj s
O¾u ho q O
a hlg wjêlr,u S fn!oO a wfma h; q =lu úh h; q =j ;n s K q 's tfy;a
wms th fuf;la u.yeßfhu'q b;k s a fyg wms th fkdl<fyd;a t<drg"
ld,xs.ud>g" wifõÿg fyda nj q kß a .g a l< fkdyels jQ fn!oO a rdcH
wjika lÍ s u m%Ndlrka úik s a iÿ s lrkq we;' f,dl a fhu a fn!oO a rdcHh ùug
ihs ¿ w;k s a ;k S ÿ a ù we;s fï mk s ì a u jekiu S g wms bv fouq o hkk a wms wfma
yoj;a j,k s a úuid ne,h s h; q fa ;u'q
fï rfÜ b;y s dih f.dvke.+fha ixsy,hk s a úik s 's th rdjkdf.a
igs úchg;"a foj a dkï mh s ;i s ia f.a ig s ÿg. q euKq q g;"a úchndyf q .a ig s
mrdl%undyq g;"a lemf a mÜáfmd<f.a ig s O¾umd,g;a fjkl a < fkdyels
b;y s dihl's th .,k s 'a rkk s "a mky a f
s |k"a lgy`äk"a f,hk s a ikg s yq ka l<
b;y s dihl's th wkk q f a .a foY a hl ìï wÕ,lj a ;a wdl%uKh fkdl<o
;ukf a .a foY a fha je,l s eghla mjd wkk q ga mjd§ug tfryj s Q wdkN q dj
iïmkk a ùrhk s fa .a b;y s dihl's tfy;a fou< iudch ;=<;"a u¿ q f,dj
mr
q du;a fï b;y s dih l; S = l; S = lr ou;§ a ixsy, wms ky s `vj n,d iá s fhu'q
úlD;s b;y s difhka u;ù a fou< cd;j s d§ Wïu;; a lfhda W;=r yd
kef.kyr s m<d;j a , ixsy,hk s a ixydrh lr tj a d ckjd¾.l s mú;%lrKh
lr;§ a wms ky s `vj n,diá s fhu'q hdmkfha wjika ixsy,hd Ôj;a jf Q ha 1987
Tlf a ;dn a ¾ 6 od nj wu;l l< wms foY a md,khg jro wfma mg s u
mgjd,kk a g bvÿkf a ku a 'q l¿ c, Q h
s yd wei< l¿jr .ek wms jdo újdo
lrñka iá s k úg fou< cd;j s doh W;=r yd kef.kyr s jeg mek fld<U

105
yd uykqjr ;ukaf.a lr.;af;ah' wms k.r .ï w;ayßïka jvjvd
fldgqfjñka wfma b;sydih;a idrO¾uj,g;a ks.dfoñka" ishjia ;=klg
fmr úfoaYj,ska furgg meñKs isxy, úfrdaë fm<m;a j,ska mej; tk
foaYmd,lhskag mCI f,i fn§ wm jkikakg bv foñka n,d isáfhuq'
ïf,aÉP;ajfha oE;g yiqj wm hg;a jkakg hk nj wmg fkdyef.kafka
wehs@ wl=re lrkakg mdi,g .sh wfma orefjda Tjqka isxy, jQ ksidu
uymdr ueo brdouoa§ wms ksi,j isáfha wehs@ ;u orejkaf.a l=i msrùu
i|yd wvl=iskau jevfmd<g" ld¾hd,hg .sh wfma foudmshka niaßfha§"
ÿïßfha§ yd ld¾hd,fha§ mqmqrjd yßk úg wfma oEia újD; fkdjQfha
wehs@ rg fírd.ekSug igka ìug msúis wfma orejka W;=f¾ nxlr ;=<
ñheÈ tysu fmd<jg miafjoa§ Tjqkaf.a kEishkaf.a wf|dakd wmg kEiqfka
wehs@ wms wfma cd;sl wOHd;auh wo wjê fkdl< fyd;a fyg th
iyuq,skau urdouk nj wms ±kaj;a wu;l fkdl< hq;=h'
1984 fkdjeïn¾ ui lel=,dj l,mqfõ§ isxy,hska lf;da,slhka
urd Tjqkaf.a ÿ.S m,a,sh .sks;noa§ lf;da,sl wms ksy~j tAjd ú|rd
.;af;a wehs@ uvl<mqfõ§ pkaødm%kdkaÿ mshku ^1988'06'06& urdouoa§
mdi,a újD; lsÍfï jrog lf;da,sl mQcl fidhqrka >d;khlroa§ wfma
lf;da,sl yoj;a ii, fkdjQfha wehs@ 1985 foieïn¾ 20 Þ u~qm,a,sfha
jkaokdudk j,g .sh isxy, lf;da,slhka yhfokl= urd ouoa§
uvqm,a,sh jeks wfma mQckSh jkaokdia:dk fldá i;=rdg ì,s§ wms
n,disákafka wehs@ uvqm,a,sfha fou< wkd:hska .ek je,fmk wh
ld,;=jlal= m%ydr j,ska lel=,dfõ isxy, lf;da,slhska t<jd ouoa§
ksy~j n,d isáfha wehs@ wirK isxy, fou< lf;da,slhka wms ÿla
úÈ;a§ jkaksfha bksÈhdkq fou< yskaÿ ckhd hqo ckmo j, mÈxÑ lsÍug
m,a,sh ish wruqo,a fldaá .Kkajeh lf<a flfia ±hs lf;da,sl m%cdj wid
±k .; hq;=h' ish,a,g m<uqj lf;da,sl l%sia;shdka m%cdj;=< tys ks<
wdh;kh ;=< fkdks< wdh;k ;=>" w,a;srhu; mjd nyq;r isxy, úfrdaë
" fn!oaO úfrdaë" fou< cd;sjd§ .e;s W;=ï l:d wms mrdch fkdlrkafka
wehs@ lf;da,sl- l%sia;shdkS m%cdj fou< ïf,aÉP;ajh ms<sn`o wjêlr,Su
wfma mru foaj hq;=lu úh hq;=h' fï rg" ol=Kq wdishdkq l<dmh" wkd.;
f,a ihqr lrd olaldf.k hk ngysr l%sia;shdkS uQ,O¾u jd§ka f.a ienE
l=uka;%Kh ksrjq,a f,djg y~.d lSug foaYfm%aó udkj jd§ ls%ia;shdkSkag
±ka ld,h t<ö we;'
bi,a dï woyk ck;djg fldá ;i
% ;
a jdÈhd l< úkdYh wmg wu;l
o@ ldkl
a K
= äa >d;kh muKla bi,a duhg tfryj s iuyQ >d;khla fkdúks

106
o@ wfkla w;ska fï rfÜ bia,dïjre jdih lrkafka merKs isxy, fn!oaO
rcjrekaf.a lreKdj wrdì uq;=kañ;a;kag ,enqk ksid fkdfõo@ tfyhska
bia,dï Nla;slhka fou< l:dl< muKska Tjqka fou< cd;sjdohg
weof.k hkakg" isxy, úfrdaê lrkakg" fldákaf.a .e;a;ka lrkakg"
fødays uqia,sï foaYmd,lhskag bvÈh hq;=o@ W;=ï wd.ñl u; m%pdrh
lrñka ieug fmfkk" wefik" ±fkkf,i jHdma;jd§ fjñka uqia,sï
m%cdj úkdYh lrd olaldf.k hEug ;f,hsndka j¾.fha uQ,O¾u jd§ka
w;f,diailg bvÈh hq;=o@ we*a.ksia:dkh fyda m<ia;Skh Y%S ,xldjg
tfrys hqoaOhg fhdod.ekSug uqia,sï ck;dj bvÈh hq;= ke;' fldá
úfrdaë Y=oaO hqoaOfha jeo.;a jevfldgila uqia,sï jrekag o bgqlsÍug
we;'
Y%S ,xlsh fou< iudcho ±ka yeÍ ne,Su w.fkah' fï rg Wreu
fou< ñksidgh'''' hk fou< m%N+ fovú,a, rKf>daIdjla njg m;afjñka
fou< iudchg w;am;a jQ iq.;sh l=ulao@ isxy, rdcHh wofyg lvd
jefgk njg jQ jyis nia oYl y;rla ;siafia wid isáhd fkao@ ;j;a oYl
myla fï rKy`v ke.=jo thska fou< iudchg ,enqfka fudkjdo@ hqoaOh
fmkajd úfoaY.;jQjkag" hqoaOh ksid by,ska jecfUk fldá kdhlhkag"
hqoaOh fmkakd fld<U foaYmd,k iQÿ fl<sk fou< m%N+ l,a,s j,g fkdj
ydksh isÿj we;af;a idudkH fou< iudchg nj Tjqka wjfndaO lr.;
hq;=h' m%Ndlrkaf.a ìß| ukaÈjd§kS" mq;d pd,aia weka;kS" ÿj foaõrd
iaúiag¾,ka;fha iqriem ú¢ñka l=udr ðú; f.jk úg wysxil fou<
±ßhka m%Ndlrkaf.a Wu;= wKska wkqkq;a urd ;ukq;a jekfikjd
fkdfõo@ fjÜáfõ¨ fhdf.aiajrka" wmamdms,af,a wñ¾;,sx.ï" uqref.aiq
isjis;a;ïm,ï 1977 § udi ;=fkka ,ndfok njg fmdfrdkaÿ jQ B<u
fjkqjg ,eî we;af;a f,a yd l÷¿ muKla fkdfõo hkak fou< iudch
;u yDo idlaIsfhka úuid .; hq;=h' Y%S ,xldj iu. muKla fkdj
bkaÈhdj iu.;a hqoje§u wruqKq lr.;a f,dal øúvia:dkh kï isyskh
fjkqfjka ;j;a fldmuK jkaÈhla fou< ckhd f.jkakg o@ lDDrf,i
bkaÈhdj" ngysr rgj,a yd fødayS foaYmd,khka fou< ñksiqka ish n,
wr.,fha b;a;ka f,i fhdod.ekSu Tjqka f;areï .kafka ljodo@
fõ.fhka me;sr hk yskaÿ uQ,O¾u jdfofhka isÿjkafka fou< jKh
;j;a Toao,aùu muKls' m%N+jrekag tfrysj m%cd;ka;%jdoh Èkd.ekSug
fou< iudchg fkdyels jQ miq.dó;ajh ksid fmdkakïn,ïg"
fp,ajkdh.ïg yd m%Ndlrkag hg;aùug thg isys úh' fou<-yskaÿ
wd.ñl N+ó" wd.ñl woyia yd weoys,s f,hska ls<sá lrkakg isÿõh' f,a
id.rfha .s,Shkakg m%:u ;u iudch .s,f.k we;s ïf,aÉP;ajh

107
 mrdch fkdl< fyd;a fou< iudcho tysu ñhhEug kshñ;j we;'
ysÜ,¾ yd fmd,afmdÜ mrdch lsÍug c¾uka yd fLu¾ ck;djg
j.lSula ;snqKdfia m%Ndlrka" fmdÜgqwïudka" lms,a wïudka" n,ardÊ"
lreKd yd fidrkdï f.a úkdYh ,nd§ug fou< iudch ±kaj;a
ks¾NS;j bÈßm;a úh hq;=h' fudayfhka wkaOlr we;s" wi;Hfhka jid
we;s fou< weia yd yoj;a i;Hhg yd iuHlaoDIaáhg újD; lr§u iEu
Y%S ,dxlslfhl=f.au m%uqL j.lSuh' u< fou< iudchg h<s;a
Ôjwd;auhka ,ndÈh yelafla fldá meroùfuka muKla nj ish¿fokd
jgyd.; hq;= i;Hhhs'
b;s k a ;jÿrg;a od¾Yks l ixjdo" foa Y md,k újdo"
wekfldgd.ekSï j,g ld,h b;sßj ke;' fou< cd;sjd§ ïf,aÉP
;%ia;jdofhka ,CI 180l ck;djf.a Ôú;" foafmd< yd wd;au wNsufkh
fírd.; hq;=h' iEu ðú;hlau tlyd iudk f,i jà' iEu urKhlau
fõokdnr fÄojdphls' tfy;a úfgl id;sYh nyq;rfha Ôú;
fjkqfjka" id;sYh nyq;rhlf.a ñksia woyia" wd;au wNsudkh yd
b;sydifha i;H fjkqfjka ñhhkakg we;ful=g isÿfõ' b;sydifha
foaYmd,lhskaf.a ld,lkakslï j,g ±ka wmg;a wf,a orejkag;a
jkaÈf.ùug isÿj ;sfí' foamd< yd wd;au wNsudkh úkdYù hEug
bv§ug isÿj ;sfí'
jeo.;a jkafka ðú; úkdYh fyda foafmd< jekiSu fkdfõ'
jeo.;a jkafka ta jkaÈfhka ïf,aÉP;ajh yd cd;sjdoh mrdch ú Bkshd
fou< ÿla.ekaú,s yd miqj fou, wNs,dIhka iemÍu i|yd Èia;S%la iNd"
m<d;a iNd" l<dm iNd wd§ foaYmd,k fod,mdfoaks yd idu idlÉPd"
igka úrdu cd;sjd§ ïf,aÉPhskag ,nd§uh' tu.ska Ôú; yd foafmd<
jekiSu fo.=K f;.=K lr.ekSuh' wo wjYH Ôú; jekiSu je,elaùu
i|yd wLkav hqo yd foaYmd,ksl jev ms<sfj,ls' ta fjkqfjka jk cd;sl
lemùuls'
fou< cd;j s d§ b;y s di lrejka yd mN % + foY a md,lhk s a fï rfÜ
b;ys dih m< s n
s | lh s d we;f a ;a .,a mef,k fndre nj Tmm a ùq we;' bvï"
/lh s d" wOHdmkh" wdrCIdj yd mu % dKj;a foY
a md,k kf s hdc a kh m< s n
s |
.eg¿ j,§ fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla fkdj iÿ s j we;f a ;a jrodk yd
jrmi % dÈ; ;;j a hla ,eîug nj Tmm a ù
q yudrh' YS% ,xld rdcHhka
li
s fs jlf a ou< ckhd mg s ux fkdl< w;r tfia ij a Hxju mg s uxù .f s ha
fou< foY a md,lfhdh a ' B<Õg Tjy Q q fou< ckhdj n,y;l a drfhka ;u
u.g weo .;y a ' YS% ,xld wdrCIl wxYj, fou< kf s hdc a kh wju lf<a tys

108
fiajh l< fou< ks,OdÍka urdouñka ìhjoaoñka' fødays T;a;=lrejka
f,i yxjvq .iñka fou< cd;sjd§ka f.k.sh l%shdud¾.hh' fou<
b;sydih yd fou< ÿla.ekaú,s ms<sn| u;h ±ka fï rfܧ ì|jeà we;'
^tfy;a úfoaYj, fuh ì|±ñh hq;=j we;' & ta ksid ±ka Tjqka —fou<
wNs,dIhka˜ kï w¨;a jokla fidhdf.k we;' ish,a,kag wNs,dIhka
we;' ñkSuia leug mjd wNs,dIhka ;sìh yelsh' ;ks mqoa.,hl=g fyda
iudchlg ;ukag Wjukd f,i wNs,dIhka is;d .; yels jqj;a
l%shd;aul l< fkdyel' ukao mq;=kaf.a uf.a f,dalj,g uyfmd<fõ bvla
ke;' fï ksid tjeks ys;=jlaldr wNs,dIj, wjidk m%;sM,h hqoaOhhs'
hqo .egqfuka fou< ;%ia;jdoh ljod fyda ch.ks;shehs is;hs kï th
Wu;=jls' Y%S ,xld hqo yuqodj mrdch ùu fyda miqneiSu hkq hqoaOh
wdrCIl wxY fj;ska .s,syS W;=rd hEuh' md<kh l< fkdyels wmrdðl
;;ajhlg weojeàuh' ish,a,ka ish,a,g tfrys —kshu ckjd¾.sl
hqoaOhlg˜ hEuh' fï ksid Y%S ,xld hqo yuqodj mrdch ùu fyda miqneiSu
hkq fou< ñksiqkaf.a mrdchhs' miqneiSuhs' úkdYhhs' úfYaIfhka tjka
jHikhlÖ W;=re m<df;aka msg fjik 70] lg wêl fou< ñksiqkaf.a
brKu fÄojdplhla jk nj fou< iudch yd fou< wNs,dIh .ek
l:dlrkakg;a ±k.; hq;=h'
Y%S ,xld wdrCIl wxY yd fldá ;%ia;jdoh w;r hqo .egqu
;ukag whs;s ke;s fohla f,i foaYmd,lfhda;a ta ksid ck;dj;a is;Sug
mgkaf.k we;' rg md,kh lrk we;a;kaf.a ÿjdorejka úfoaY iriú
j,g we;=<;afjoa§" rd;%S leisfkda iudcj, úfkdao l%Svd lroa§ rfÜ
úmCIkdhlhska leíf¾ kegqï n,ñka" lïiqj ú¢;a§ cd;sl
rEmjdysksfhka .,dhk fmdma ix.S;fhka ke,fjoa§ fin¿ rKìfï§
Èúfo;s' weia" bia" uia" f,a mqo;s' Tjqkaf.a ks¾Kd;aul mrdch hkq fldá
yuqod fld<U k.rh lrdu meñKSu;a" thg m%:u ±jeka; ckjd¾.sl
ñksia >d;khla isÿùu nj;a ish,a,ka o; hq;=h' Bkshd újdo" ieKfl<s
yd foaYmd,k .eàï k;r lr ±kaj;a fï hqo .egqug cd;sl wruqKla
ljd ish¿ fokdf.a Ôú;fha fjkal< fkdyels Ôj wx.hla f,i th
i,ld wjika ch.%yKh ,nd.; hq;=h' jekfik Ôú; j,g"
foafmd<j,g jákdlula ,efnkafka túgh' b;sydih mqrd wfma
uq;=kañ;a;ka f,hska l÷<ska /l.;a cd;sfha wNsudKh /flkafka
tu.ska muKls' ÿgq.euqKq rcq wl%uKsl t<drj wkqrmqrfha§ mrdch
lf<a kï" úchNdyq rcq rdcrdc-rdfÊka ø f.a fhda O fpda ,
wêrdcHh fmdf<dkakrefõ§ oK .eiaiqfõ kï" wU;ekak uy igkska

109
 bx.%Sis wêrdcH miqneiaijQfha kï uq,;sjQ jkfha§ m%Ndlrka mrdch
lsÍu wmg l< yelsu fohls' wjYH b;sydih wkqj mshjr ;eîu muKs'
ke;akï 1997 § b;sfhdamshdkq tß;%shd fnÿïú§ka b;sfhdamshdju
w,a,d.;a;dfia fldá ïf,aÉPhd Y%S ,xldj w,a,d.kakjd we;' ysÜ,¾
mgka.;af;a c¾uksfha uq,a,l ;snQ nefõßhdfjks' Tyq mrdch lsÍug
c¾uka ck;djg;a" f,dalhdg;a uyd jkaÈhla f.ùug isÿjQfha Tyq
nefõßhdfõ§u idfmaCI jYfhka iq¿ jkaÈhla f.jd mrdch fkdlsÍu
ksidh' b;ska m%Ndlrkaj wms jkaksfha§ mrdch fkdl<fyd;a Y%S
,xldjg;a" bkaÈhdjg;a" ;j;a Ôú; fldaá.Kkl jkaÈhla f.ùug
isÿjkq we;'
fï ksid ljr jkaÈhla f.jd fyda fou< cd;sjd§ fldá
;%ia;jdoh wo wou ;SrKd;aul f,i mrdch l< hq;=h' ta i|yd u;jd§
f,i" m%pdrl f,i" Woaf>daIKsl f,i" wd¾Óluh f,i" hqouh f,i
fldákag tfrysj iEu fodrlvu" iEu ìï wÕ,lu" iEu rglu igka
jeÈh hq;=h' wfma rfÜ ld,lkaks fld<-ks,a-r;= foaYmd,lhska lsislf<l
fï i;Hh f;areï .kafka ke;' fldákag Y%S ,xldfõ f.dvìu;a uqyqo;a
^iuyr úfgl fygÈkfha § & wyi;a mjdÿkfka fï foaYmd,lhka úisks'
tfy;a Tjqkag Ydm lsÍfuka muKla fldákag mrdch jkafka ke;' wms
wfma ÿjdorejkaf.a Ôú; fjkqfjka" wfma cd;sfha ft;sydisl wNsudkh
fjkqfjka" ñksi;anj fjkqfjka wo wou ixúOdkh úh hq;= fjuq' l=Kqjkq
foaYmd,lhska fjkqjg ftkaøsh cd;sl jHdmdrhla f.dvke.sh hq;=fjuq'
ta i|yd ±kgu;a f.dvke.S we;s ixúOdk Yla;su;a l< hq;=h' uq¿
f,dalh mqrdu wfma cd;sl wÈgk jHdma; l< hq;=h' fldá úfrdaë igk
—f.da,SlrKh˜ l< hq;=h'
wms uõli = k s a ìyj s k úgu cd;f s ha li= ks a o ìyf s ju'q wfma ir s ere
wfma ud;DNñ + fha .yfld," i;d iõ s md" Èh lÿre yd jd;,fhka fmdI a Kh
ù f.dvkef.kk a d fiu a wfma cd;l s l<,h ujf.k"a mh s df.ka iudcfhk"a
f.dvkef.kk a d fiu a wfma cd;l s l<,h .íid lÍ s ug" úIfmdjd úlD;s
lÍ
s ug" yk S §k lÍ s ug wdlu % Kl s fhda ie§ meye§ iá s ;'s wms wfma uia udxY
j," f,a kd,l s d ;< = " iu úo wegñÿ¨ ;< = ta cd;l s ìcj q fidhd.; h; q =
fjh's uyd k. q rella lv = d ìcj q lk s a ck;s j me;r s hkk a d fia wm ;< = ieÕj
we;s ta cd;ls ìcj q g wm fidhdf.k" frdm a Kh lr" fhdO a cd;l s jDlI a hla
f,i yodjvd .;h; q f = jh's tys Wmka ìu;"a je¥ uj;a /l.kk a d" Tjk q g a
fijk iokd fhdO a jDlI a hla njg m;l a < h; q f= jh's .il u, q "a
l|" w;"= b;"s u,"a M, fiu a cd;l s jDlI a fh; a a úúO ñki s k
q a iá s ;'s

110
tys nqoaOu;=ka" fin¿ka" ysñjreka" jHdmdßlhka" lïlrejka" .eyeKqk"
msßñk" jeäuy,a,ka fiau orejka o isá;s' wmg wjYH tjeks fhdaO
ftkaøsh cd;sl jDlaIhla ks¾uKh lsÍuhs' fldá o;a" ksh" yd mq,a,s j,g
Tfrd;a;=fok úúO;ajfhka hq;= fhdaO cd;sl jDCIhla ks¾udKhhs'
b;ska wms isyskhla olsuq' fndaïn fkdmsmsfrk" wfma orejkaf.a
udxY brdfkd±fuk" reêrh .,d fkdhk" fõokd bls .eiSu wfodakd
úrys;" ïf,aÉP Wu;= cd;sjd§ ñksiqka ke;s" iqkaor iduldó" M,nr
wNsudkj;a fygojila .ek wms isyskhla olskafkuq'
ta isyskh ienE lrkakg wms wfma cd;shg wduka;%Kh lruq'
mqoìfï ysñjrefKa"
rKìfï fin¨fka"
jevìfï ñksiqfka"
ismaìfï orejfka"
brd±fukafka Tfí udxYhhs'
.,dhkafka Tfí reysrhhs'
je,fmkafka Tfí l÷¿hs'
cd;sh fjkqfjka Tn mqok Ôú;hg wre;la fokakg Tn fy<k
reysre j,g jákdlula fokakg Tfí l÷¿ ïf,aÉPhka ojkd .sks±,a
lrkakg Tfí ÿla fõokd wf|dakd rK .Shla njg m;alrkakg fï Tng
ld,hhs'

111
o;a; wxl 1

Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksYamdokh remsh,a fldaá j,ska

jir 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

mj;akd ñ, 50"000 57"000 66"800 76"800 89"000
WoaOuk úrys; jákdlï 8291 9415 10437 11130 12136

1998 fuh mj;akd ñ< .Kka wkqj remsh,a fldaá ,CIhl=;a

mkaoyila úh' 1999 § th remsh,a fldaá ,CIhl=;a úisoyila jkq we;s
njg úYajdi flf¾'
WoaOuk úrys; ñ< .Kka .Kkh lr we;af;a weußldkq
fvd,rhlg idfmaCIjh'

o;a; wxl 2

Y%S ,xldfõ wdrCIl úhou remsh,a fldaá j,ska

jir 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

wdrCIl lghq;= 1541'3 1941'5 3518'6 3811'7 3358 3645'7
^j¾;k&
fmdÿkS;sh" wdrCIdj 536'8 702'9 795'4 681'8 799'7 719'4
mj;akdñ, wkaj 2078'1 2644'4 4314 4493'5 4152'7 4371
iuia: úhou
WoaOuk úrys; ienE 225'5 315'7 549'8 552'4 456'1 455'6
jákdlu
o, foaYSh ksIamdokfha 4'16 4'57 6'45 5'85 4'67 4'2
m%;sY;hla f,i ]

1998 iema;eïn¾ udifha§ tlajQ ;j;a msßjehla ksid 1998 uq¿

wdrCIl úhou remsh,a fldaá 5600 olajd by< .sfhah' th o< foaYSh
ksYamdokfha m%;sY;hla f,i wdikakfhka 5'6] la fõ' 1999 § wdrCIl
úhou o< foaYSh ksYamdokfhka 4'5 ls' th remsh,a fldaá 4760 fj;ehs
úYajdi flf¾'

112
o;a; wxl 3

wdrCIl noao yryd ck;dj wdrCIl lghq;= j,g iDcqj f.jk uqo,
remsh,a fldaá j,ska

jir 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

jákdlu 658'9 969'3 1440'8 1644'1 1842'6 2050'0

1998 ueo§ uq¿ mßfNdackfhka ;j;a 1] la tlaúh' ta wkqj 1998

i|yd wdikakfha remsh,a fldaá 3200lao 1999 i|yd wdikakfhka remsh,a
fldaá 3700lao wdrCIl noafoka ,efí'

o;a; wxl 3

Bkshd foaYmd,k úi÷u jQ m<d;a iNd j,g iDcqj jehjk uqo,

jir 1995 1996 1997

m<d;a iNd úhou 2085'2 2212'8 2341'5
m<d;a iNd wdodhu 444'2 488'4 539'5
rch f.jQ uqo, 1641'2 1724'4 1806

1998 § m<d;a iNdj, uq¿ úhou ^ue;sjrK iuÕskao& remsh,a

fldaá 2800 blaujQ w;r thska remsh,a fldaá 2200la úhoï lf<a uOHu
rchhs' 1999 § m<d;a iNd úhou remsh,a fldaá 3000lg wdikak jk nj
jd¾:d fõ' m<d;a iNdj úiska we;slr we;s ks,OdÍ jHqyh ksid wOHdmk
fi!LH yd fjk;a ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,g jd¾Islj isÿjk mdvqj lsisjl=
úiska .Kkka n,d ke;' fuhg m<d;a iNd ue;sjrK iufha rch iy
wfmaCIlhka úkdY lrk Okh o tla l< úg iuia; wdrCIl úhou
blaujk nj fmkajhs'

113
o;a; wxl 5

fldá ïf,aÉP;ajfha uq,a myr - wdrCIl wxY iudðlhska

ku Èkh ia:dkh ;k;=r

lreKdksÈ 1977-02-14 lkalika;=f¾ fmd,sia fldia;dm,a

Ikauq.kdoka 1977-05-18 lkalika;=f¾ fmd,sia fldia;dm,a
ú' Ikauq.kdoka 1997-05-18 lkalika;=f¾ fmd,sia fldia;dm,a
neiaáhka ms,af,a 1978-04-07 ukakdru fmd,aia mÍCIl
fmdkakïn,ï 1978-04-07 ukakdru Wm fmd,aia mÍCIl
nd,isxyï 1978-04-07 ukakdru fmd,aia mÍCIl
isßj¾Ok 1978-04-07 ukakdru ßhÿre
moaukdoka 1978-04-07 hdmkh fmd,aia mÍCIl
l=udriajdó 1978-06-09 je,ajeá;=f¾ fmd,aia mÍCIl
fmf¾rd 1978-12-05 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
i;Hdkkao 1978-12-05 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
{dkiïf;ÿ 1979-02-01 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
isjfkaiï 1979-03-31 fj,ajeá;=f¾ fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
.=reiajdñ 1979-07-01 hdmkh fmd,aia mÍCIl
uq;=nKavd 1981-03-25 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
wfír;ak 1981-03-25 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
mqxÑ nKavd 1981-05-31 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
lk.iqkaorï 1981-05-31 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
chrlak nKavd 1981-07-02 wdkfldaÜfÜ fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
úù 1982-07-02 fmaÿre;=vqj fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
wdßhr;ak 1982-07-02 fmaÿre;=vqj fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
lkaohshd 1982-10-27 jdjlÉfÉßh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
lrkdkkaoka 1982-10-27 jdjlÉfÉßh? fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
;s,lr;ak 1982-10-27 jdjlÉfÉßh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
úfÊj¾Ok 1983-02-18 fmaÿre;=vqj fmd,aia mÍCIl
ùrisxy 1983-02-18 fmaÿre;=vqj fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
chj¾Ok 1983-05-18 hdmkh fmd,aia fldia;dm,a
t,a'tï' fmf¾rd 1983-06-01 jjqkshdj .=jka Ng

114
 fldá ;%ia;jd§kaf.a iuQy >;k fm<
;=jd,
Èkh ia:dkh ñh.sh
,;a
.Kk
.Kk
01 84-11-30 fvd,¾*dï' uq,;sõ 33 21
02 84-11-30 flkaÜ*dï' uq,;sõ 29 14
03 84-12-01 lel=,dj' uq,;sõ 11 12
04 85-05-14 Y%S uyd fndaêh" wkqrdOmqr 129 285
05 85-05-14 õ,am;a;= 21 31
06 85-05-30 ñysÿmqr" uq;+¾ 15 08
07 85-06-11 foysj;a;" uq;+¾ 13 11
08 85-08-02 fidaudj;S" fmdf<dkakrej 11 ² 06
09 85-08-14 wrka;,dj" jõkshdj 13 07
10 85-08-18 kdu,aj;a;" ;%sl=Kduf,a 08 13
11 85-11-07 kdu,aj;a;" ;%sl=Kduf,a 14 16
12 85-12-20 uvq" ukakdru 09 ² 06
13 86-05-25 uy Èjq,ajej" ;%sl=Kduf,a 21 20
14 86-06-04 wdkkao jej' ;%sl=Kduf,a 17 23
15 86-06-11 ;%sl=Kduf,a ^k.rh& 27 75
16 86-06-25 lka;f,a" ;%sl=Kduf,a 19 31
17 86-07-08 ukalsì%Ê" ;%sl=Kduf,a 17 03
18 86-07-13 mdjkal=,u" jõkshdj 19 13
19 86-07-17 iSks lïy," lka;f,a 12 03
20 86-07-19 jäf.jej" fmdf<dkakrej 14 03
21 86-07-22 uduvqj" jõkshdj 36 20
22 86-07-24 bfikaneiai.," ueojÉÑh 19 40
23 87-02-07 wrka;,dj" wïmdr 31 08
24 87-03-07 wrka;,dj" jõkshdj 11 03
25 87-03-22 firekqjr" fydfrdjõml;dk 29 13

² ñh.sh whf.ka ;sfofkla fn!oaO NsCIQka jykafia,dh

² ñh.sh whf.ka yhfofkla lf;da,sl jkaokd lrejkah'

115
 ;=jd,
Èkh ia:dkh ñh.sh
,;a
.Kk
.Kk
26 87-04-17 ynrK' ;%sl=Kduf,a 127 31
27 87-04-20 chka;smqr" ;%sl=Kduf,a 19 08
28 87-04-21 uOHu nia kej;=u" fld<U 114 398
29 87-05-02 lvqje,auÿj" fmdf<dkakrej 11 07
30 87-06-02 wrka;,dj" wïmdr 34 ²² 04
31 8706-11 fjmamkal=<u 17 08
32 87-06-12 f.dvmd;" ueÈß.sßh 12 06
33 87-10-06 uvl,mqj 21 08
34 87-10-06 ,jdh" trdjq¾ 34 03
35 87-10-07 fmd;=ú," wïmdr 29 04
36 87-10-10 .ka;,dj" lka;f,a 19 03
37 87-10-15 lka;f,a" ;%sl=Kduf,a 17 08
38 87-10-16 m,a,sfudodhs" ;%sl=Kduf,a 11
39 87-11-09 urodk" fld<U 29 106
40 87-11-12 fjÜál=<u" jõkshdj 31 06
41 87-12-15 fidaudj;sh" fmdf<dkakrej 14 03
42 87-12-31 uyÈjq,ajej" ;%sl=Kduf,a 19 03
43 88-03-02 fudr jej" ;%sl=Kduf,a 17 08
44 88-03-05 is;a;dre" lka;f,a 19 ² 03
45 88-03-11 iqyo.u" fydfrdjqm;dk 23 09
46 88-03-14 lka;f,a" ;%sl=Kduf,a 18 03
47 88-03-15 lsjq,alfâ" ;%sl=Kduf,a 11 07
48 88-03-17 §>jdmS" wïmdr 17 03
49 88-03-22 mqÿl=,u" jõkshdj 11 03
50 88-03-22 ueojÉÑh 12 03
51 88-03-29 fõje,aleáh" wkqrdOmqr 11 14

²² ñh.sh wh yd ;=jd, ,enQ wh fn!oaO NsCIQka jykafia,dh

² ñh.sh wh uqia,sï cd;slhkah

116
 ;=jd,
Èkh ia:dkh ñh.sh
,;a
.Kk
.Kk
52 88-03-31 ihska;sureÿ" l,auqfka 19 ² 07
53 88-04-08 fydfrõm;dk" wkqrdOmqrh 19 05
54 88-05-01 is;a;dre" l;a;f,a 24 ² 06
55 88-07-28 we;djegqKq jej" je,sTh 19
56 88-08-25 udrú," fmdf<dkakrej 1
57 88-09-10 odih fld<ksh" uOHu l|jqr 11
58 88-10-09 uylka.ialv" ueojÉÑh 49 16
59 88-11-14 mkaksfláhdh" f.durkalvj, 28 60
60 89-02-02 fnda.uqhdh" uyTh 14
61 89-02-11 ÿgq jej" fydrõm;dk 34
62 89-02-22 isxymqr" je,sTh 09 07
63 89-02-27 fndrjej" fmdf<dkakrej 42
64 89-08-17 fkdÉÑl=,u" jõkshdj 11 04
65 90-07-23 ùrfpdaf,hs" uvl,mqj 11
66 90-07-24 wrx.ú," fmdf<dkakrej 12 18
67 90-07-25 jdx we," ;%sl=Kdu,h 11 03
68 90-07-26 ;ïuekakdj" ueojÉÑh 23
69 90-07-30 wlalfrhsm;a;=j" uvl,mqj 14 ²
70 90-07-31 fmvxlv" ;%sl=Kdu,h 13 ²
71 90-08-03 ld;a;kal=ä" uvl,mqj 103 ² 70
72 90-08-05 mq,shxlvqj" wïmdr 19 ² 73
73 90-08-06 wïmdr 39
74 90-08-07 nKavdr¥j" WyK" wïmdr 34
75 90-08-08 ó.iajej" wkqrdOmqrh 29 07
76 90-07-11 fldÜGdY 3-6 trdjQ¾ 121 ² 20
77 90-08-13 mq,auqfâ" je,sTh 17 11
78 90-09-13 wrka;,dj" jõkshdj 12
79 90-09-19 je,a,uKav,h" mq;a;,u 27 07

² ñh.sh wh bia,dï ne;su;=kah

117
 ;=jd,
Èkh ia:dkh ñh.sh
,;a
.Kk
.Kk

80 90-09-19 Wyk wïmdr 09 02

81 90-09-21 mqäl=äßmamq" wïmdr 15 11
82 90-09-24 .cndmqr" je,sTh 09
83 90-09-30 fmarje,a;,dj 09 84
84 90-10-02 jdy,alv" moúh 09
85 90-10-11 wdre.ïfí" wïmdr 09 ²
86 90-10-23 ;ka;sßuf,a" wkqrdOmqrh 14 06
87 90-10-27 ;ka;sßuf,a" wkqrdOmqrh 09
88 90-11-23 isxymqr" je,sTh 10
89 91-01-23 fnda.uqhdh" wïmdr 29 13
90 91-04-03 flú,sh" fmda,afmdhskaÜ" ;%s'fu,a 26 11
91 91-04-14 t;suf,a" fudkrd., 19
92 91-04-20 ks.oE, 27 03
93 91-04-24 ud¨ fj<|fmd<" wlalfrhsm;a;=j 09 32
94 91-05-20 u,aj;a;" wïmdr 09 02
95 91-06-12 fldlalâfodaf," uvl,mqj 11
96 91-06-27 ,dyq.," wïmdr 19 08
97 91-07-06 ukïmsáh" fmdf<dkakrej 09 03
98 91-07-06 mQ¥¾" fmdf<dkakrej 18 03
99 91-09-19 m,a,shf.dve,a," fmdf<dkakrej 13 06
100 92-01-26 fndrfmd<" wïmdr 14 17
101 92-04-10 uyr.u 09 23
102 92-04-29 w,skaÑfmd;a;" fmdf<dkakrej 61 15
103 92-06-02 209 ie;mqoa lKqj" wïmdr 17 02
104 92-07-06 mrhkal=<u" uvl,mqj 10
105 92-07-15 ysßhka l=<u" uvl,mqj 19 07
106 92-07-21 mrx.shuvq" uvl,mqj 07
107 92-08-30 ;%sl=Kduf,a k.rh 15 34
108 92-09-01 ihskaoure;s" l,auqfKa 24 67

118
 ;=jd,
Èkh ia:dkh ñh.sh
,;a
.Kk
.Kk

109 92-10-01 fldx jej" je,sTh 17 09

110 92-10-24 wïmdr k.rh 25 33
111 94-03-16 l=Èruf,a" mq;a;,u 19 03
112 95-05-25 l,a,rdj" ;%sl=Kdu,h 44
113 95-08-07 ksoyiap;=rY%h" fld<U 21 44
114 95-10-20 fldf<kaksj f;,amsßmyÿj 14 20
115 95-10-21 ux.,.u" wïmdr 16 05
116 95-10-21 fudkr ;ekak" fndaj;a; 39 12
117 95-10-21 .,a;,dj" moúh 21
118 95-10-23 we;=uf,a" fldáhd., 19
119 95-10-25 mdku" wïmdr 14
120 95-10-26 ;ïuekakdj" ;,a.yfj, 26 27
121 95-11-02 u,l¿f.d,a, 07
122 95-11-11 fldïm[a[ ùÈh 17
123 96-01-31 uy nexl=j fld<U 98 1338
124 96-07-24 foysj, ÿïßh ia:dkh 63 418
125 f,dal fjf<| u' fld<U 13 125
126 98-01-25 o<od ud,s.dj uykqjr 11 22
127 98-03-05 urodk 42 196
128 99-05-31 lsßbínka jwj" moúh 11 06
129 99-07-06 b.skshd.," wïmdr 07 34

119