13 úrdu ,laIK

úrduh hkq kej;Su hs' f,aLkfhys fuka u l:kfhys úrdu fhdoñka woyia
bÈßm;a lsÍu u.ska ksrjq,a j iy meyeÈ,s j f;areï .ekSu myiq lrhs'
l:kfha § wx.p,kh" y~ Wia my;a lsÍu jeks Wml%u Ndú; lsÍfuka
iajlSh woyia myiqfjka wka whg jgyd Èh yels h' l:kfha § Ndú; jk
úrduh ±laùu i|yd f,aLkfha § fhdÞ .kafka úfYaI i,l=Kq lsysmhls'
fïjd úrdu ,CIK f,i ye¢kafõ'

l:kfha § ;u woyia ksrjq,a j" m%dKj;a j bÈßm;a lsÍug hï Wml%u Ndú; l<
kuq;a f,aLkfha § tjeks iuyr Wml%u Ndú; l< fkdyels h' f,aLlhd ;ukaf.a
woyia ksrjq,a j m%ldY lsÍfï § fhdÞ .kafka úfYaI i,l=Kq lsysmhls' úrdu
,l=Kq f,i y÷kajk tAjd fhdÞ .ekSfuka f,aLkh meyeÈ,s jk w;r tys
we;=<;a lreKq mdGlhdg wjfndaO lr .ekSug o myiq h'

WÞyrKhla ;
Y nih fmr¿Kd'
Y nih fmr¿Kd@
Y nih fmr¿Kdæ

by; m%ldY mqoa.,hl= l:d jHjydrfha § Ndú; lrk úg tys WÉpdrK iajrEmh
wkqj woyi f;areï hk kuq;a f,aLkfha § tA i|yd fhdÞ we;s úrdu ,l=Kq wkqj
woyi f;areï .ekSu myiq fõ'

my; i|yka jkafka rdyq, fmdä yduqÿrefjda wei< mqkafmdfydh Èk

fmfyjia iudoka jQ Wjiq Wjeishka i|yd foaYkd l< O¾u foaYkfhka
fldgils'

nK wikakg iQÞkï ù isák ie±yej;a mskaj;=ks" wo uu fï mskaj;=kag lsh,d

fokak n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkafka iS,jkd. cd;lh hs' wfma fndai;dKka jykafia
tla;rd wd;au Ndjhl wef;la fj,d Wmkakd; yßu is,aj;a" tA ksidu iS,jkd.
lsh,d kul=;a jegqKd' tla ojila fï we;d isáh jkhg tkjd ±j o`vq fidhdf.k
ukqiaifhla' Tyq lef,a ±j o`vq fidhñka hoa§ w;rux jqKd' mdr fydhd.kak
neßj weúÈk fldg Tyqg iS,jkd. we;d yuq jqKd' we;d Tyqf.ka lreKq úuiqjd'
we;dg Tyq .ek wkqlïmd ys;s,d msfÜ ;shdf.k le,fhka t<shg f.kdjd'
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h 64
t<shg f.kú;a mdr fmkak,d .shd' wr ukqiaihd
we;d ;ukag l< Woõj .ek fkdi,ld msfÜ
isáoa§ u ta lef<a i,l=Kq u;l ;shd .;a;d' wehs
okakj o@ mskaj;aks" tA we;dg ;snqKd" È.u os.
we;a o< folla' miafia weú;a tA o< fol lmdf.k
hkak lsh,d ys;df.k hs" Tyq u. i,l=Kq u;l
;shd .;af;a'
b;ska fï ÿIag ñksid le<fhka t<shg
weú;a È.g u .sfha we;a o< jev lrk ùÈhg'
Ôj;a j isák wef;l=f.a o< folla ;sfnkjd'
th f.k;a fokak lShla fokjo lsh,d tA ú§fha
uqo,d,s flfkl=f.ka Tyq weyqjd' Ôj oka; ksid
jeä ñ,la fok nj uqo,d,s lSjd' kmqre ñksyd tAl wy,d lsh;l=;a wrf.k
lef<a g .s y s k a iS , jkd. we;d yuq fj,d fufyu ls h kjd'''''''''''''''''''

—wfka æ we;a rcqks" uu yßu ÿmam;a"

ug úl=K,d ðj;a fjkak Th
o< fol fokjo@˜ lsh,d'
we;d lsisu l;djla ke;sj ìu È.dù o< fol lmdf.k hkak bv ÿkakd' lshf;a
tl me;a;lska wr ñksyd w,a,df.k isáoa§ we;d ;u fydf~ka wks;a me;a;
w,a,df.k o< lmkak mjd Woõ l<d' ñksyd tA o< fol wrf.k .syska úl=K,d
fyd|g ld,d î,d Ôj;a jqKd' fï ñksidf.a ÿIaglu ksidu wdfh;a ojil
we;df.a b;sß o< fldg fol lmd.kakg l,amkd l<d' tfyu ys;,d ñksyd
iS,jkd. we;d <Õg weú;a uyd fndrejla lSjd'
—wfka we;a rcqks" tod wrf.k .sh
o< fol úl=K,d Kh f.õjd ú;rhs'
oeka Ôj;a fjkak úÈyla kE'
Tn;=udf.a b;sß o< fldg fol
fokj o@˜'''' lsh,d weyqjd'
we;a;gu msxj;=ks" lmkak lsh,d o< folla keye' tA;a we;d fï ñksyd .ek
lreKdfjka ìu ksod.;a;d" lmkak lsh,d' fï kmqre ñksyd we;df.a ysi u;
ke.,d ú¿fUka wek,d" wek,d f,a mksoaÈ wr o< lE<s fol lmd .;a;d' we;dg
yßu fõokdj hs' tA;a bjiqjd' we;d fï fõokdfjka fl`Èß .doa§ ysfika neye,d
ñksyd wr o< fldg fol;a wrf.k hkak .shd' yenehs msxj;=ks" tA ñksydg jeä
ÿrla hkak ,enqfka kE' ñksydf.a ;snqKq kmqrelu ksidu fmdf<dj m<df.k
ksrhg jegqKd' tA fndai;a we;d fõokdj bji.kak nerej ñheÿKd' b;ska

fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h 65

msxj;=ks" tA kmqre ñksid fjk ljqre;a fkfõ" wfma nqÿkajykafiaf.a ld,fha
foajo;a; fj,d bmÿfKa thd ;uhs' fï cd;l l;dfjka wm ldg;a lsh,d
fokafka l<.=K fkdi,lk kmqre .;s we;s wh ÿ.;sj, bmfok nj hs'
O¾u foa Y kdj wjidkfha Bg ijka ÿka Wmdis l djka fofofkl= rdyq ,
fmdäyduqÿrejkaf.a yelshdjka .ek l;d nyl fhÿfKa fufia h'

ìfidaydñ (--- —rdyq, fmdä yduqÿrejkaf.a nKl;dj kï yßu wmQrehs˜'

hfidaydñ (-- —Wkajykafia nKl;dj lshmq úÈy kï ÿfla nE''''' wyf.k bkak
wdihs'
ìfidaydñ (-- —ux n,df.k" iuyr whf.a weiaj,g l`ÿ¿ wdjd' uf.a weiaj,g;a
l`ÿ¿ wdjd˜'
hfidaydñ (-- wr we;ao< fldg fol lmmq tl .ek lshkfldg kï ldg o
wef`vkafka ke;af;a˜@
ìfidaydñ (-- —we;a;g u nKl;dj meyeÈ,s lrmq yeá' wïumd fmdä <uhl=g;a
f;afrkjd' Wkajykafiaf.a lgy~;a flfkl=g wyf.k bkak
yßu wmQrehs˜
hfidaydñ (-- tk udfia wfma wïuf.a wjqreoafoa msxlug;a nKg Wkajykafiag
wdrdOkd lrkag ´k˜'
ìfidaydñ (-- ljo yß wfma msßfjfka rdyq, fmdäyduqÿrefjda fyd| m%isoaO
mKaä; yduqÿrekula fjhs lsh,d ug ysf;kjd hfida'
ìfidaydñg;a" hfidaydñg;a rdyq, fmdä yduqÿrejkaf.a nKl;dj ms<n
s | j fu;rï
meye§ula we;s jQfha l=ula ksid o@ iS,jkd. cd;l l;dfõ l:d mqj;g
wu;r j Wkajykafiaf.a l:d ú,dih" y`v Wia my;a lsÍu" jdlH w;r;=r úrdu
;nñka w¾:h biau;= jk fia jpk yeisrùu" wx.p,kh jeks Wml%u Ndú;
lsÍug rdyq, ysñhka i;= jQ yelshdj hkdÈh nj meyeÈ,s h' l:dj fl;rï
is;a.kakdiq¨ jqj;a" Bg Ôj .=Khla tl;= jkafka bÈßm;a lsÍfï § tA i|yd iqÿiq
Wml%u Ndú; lrkafka kï mu‚'

úrdu ,l=Kq y÷kd.ksuq

kej;Sfï ,l=K = .
fldudj = "
;s;a fldudj = ;
jryka = ^&
WoaOD;h = — ˜

fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h 66

wm y÷kd .;a úrdu ,CIK my jk fldudj" ;s;a fldudj" jryka"
WoaOD;h" kej;Sfï ,l=K my; i|yka jdlHj, fhdÞ we;s wdldrh
n,kak'

Y wkqrdOmqrh" oUfo‚h" kd.fiak" wkq,d" wdÈ mo ix{d kdu mo f,i

y÷kajhs'
Y tA lúh ñysß h; w¾:j;a h; .S;j;a h; is;a .kakdiq¨ h'
Y m<uq jk úchndyq rc;=ud cïnqflda, mÜgk ^oUfld< mgqk& úydrh
m%;sixialrKh l< nj jxYl:dj, i|yka fõ'
Y wïud fj; ,shQ ,smsfha —uu fyg f.or tñ˜ hs isßmd, i|yka lr
;sn‚
q '

úrdu ,l=Kq fhdok wdldrh y÷kd .ksuq'

;s; ^'&
Y kej;Sfï ,l=K fyj;a iudma;s ,l=K'
Y jdlHhl wjidkh oelaùu i|yd fhfoa'
Y kduhla flálr oelaùfï § fhfoa'
WÞ (-- ,xld ÿïßh fomd¾;fïka;=j ^,x'ÿ'fo'&
fmrjre ^fm'j'&
Y wjqreÿ udi wdÈh oelaùfï § fhfoa'
WÞ (-- 1995'05'17
fldudj ^ " &
Y u`o úrduhla ±laùfï § jdlHhl fldgila w;r fhdok i,l=Kls'
Wod (--- fud<h" reêrh" wdudYh wdÈ YÍr wjhj .ek i,ld n,k l,"
ñksid yd Ñïmkaishd w;r fjkialï we;'
Y tlsfkl yd iïnkaO jk lreKq ±laùfï § o fldudj fhfoa'
Wod (--- rc;=udf.a Whk r;=" ly" iqÿ j¾K iys; u,aj,ska msÍ ;snq‚'

Wod (--- wE uy;a fYdalfhka isák nj iqÿue<s jQ wef.a uqyf

q Ka fmkqfuka o"
wE ksYaYío j isàfuka o" ug jegysK'
Y wduka;%K mohla iu. wkH mo fjka lsÍfï § fldudj fhfoa'
Wod (--- u.sh" ud lshkakla lrj'

fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h 67

;s;a fldudj ^ ; &
Y fldudjg jvd §¾> úrduhla fmkaùug wjYH ia:dkj, § fhfoa'
Wod(-- k<`.k /`.=fuka rcq i;=áka mskd .sfha h; uy yçka iskdiqfKa h;
kdáldx.kdjkag ;E.s fnda. ÿkafka h'
Y bÈß m%ldYk yd mj;sk iïnkaOh ±laùfï § fhfoa'
Wod(--- fmdä yduqÿrejkaf.a O¾u foaYkdj ñysß h; w.fka h'

jryka ^ &
Y fjka lr ±laùfï §" woyila jvd meyeÈ,s lsÍul §" fuu úrduh fhdod
.kS' WÞ(-- jdlHhl wjidk ls%hdfjka lshfjk ^Wla; mo& moh m%:ud
úNla;s .ksh's
ih jk mrdl%undyq rc;=ud ^ls%'j 1415 - 1467& fldaÜfÜ hq.fha
isá fYa%IaG md,lfhls'

WoaOD; mdG ,CIKh ^ — ˜ &

Y fmr<s fldud f,i o y÷kajk fuu i,l=K uqL mdG" WoaOD; mdG"
úfYaI jHjydr fhdok wjia:dj, § Ndú; lrk úrdu ,l=Kls'
WÞ (--- —orejka fyg f.or t;sZhs uõmsfhda n,d isá;sZZ'
—ffjrfhka ffjrh fkdixisf`oa˜ hkq nqoaO jpkhls'
Y%S ,xldj — bkaÈhka id.rfha uq;= weghls ˜ hkak fndfyda fokdf.a
woyils'
$

l%shdldrlu 13'1
i. my; i`oyka jdlH Tn W.;a úrdu ,l=Kq fhdoñka kej; ,shkak'
w& kx.sf.a .jqu iqÿ ks,a r;= j¾Kj,ska hq;a w,xldr u,aj,ska msÍ
;snq‚
wd& hfidaydñ Wmdil ud;dj is,aj;a h .=Kj;a h keKj;a h
we& foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a rdcH ld,h ;=< nqÿoyu furgg
f.k wd nj uydjxYfha i|yka h
wE& wyiska jefgk tl Èh ì|la fyda m%fhdackhg fkdf.k wmf;a
fkdyßñ uymerl=ïnd rcqf.a WÞr m%ldYhls
b& msxj;=ks nK weiSug fmrd;=j mkais,a iudoka ùug kuialdrh
lshkak

fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h 68

$ l%shdldrlu 13'2
my; olajd we;s úrdu ,l=Kq fhdÞ w¾:j;a jdlH idokak'
i& '
ii& "
iii& ;
iv& ^&
v) zz ZZ
$

l%shdldrlu 13'3
my; i|yka tla tla jdlHfha fhdÞ we;s úrdu ,laIK kï lr tu ixfla;fhka
w¾:j;a jk oE meyeÈ,s lrkak'
i& ud¾áka úl%uisxy zzolaI f,aLlfhlsZZ hkak fndfyda fokd f.a
woyi ls'
ii& ufvd,a¥j" .ïfmr,sh" l,shq.h" úrd.h" hq.dka;h wdÈh
ud¾áka úl%uisxy uy;d ,shQ kjl;d h'
iii& w.aks mQcdj ^.sks ms§u& Ndr; iudcfha mej;s mQcd úêhls'
iv& .=re;=ud mka;shg meñ‚fha h¦ mdvug iqÞkï úh¦ isiqkaf.a
±kqu mÍlaId lf<a h¦ rij;a mdvula b.ekajQfha h'

fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h 69