uOHld,Sk iy

bia,dóh o¾Ykh

tï'tï' ví' tia úmq,kd;a

B.A. (Hons) Special in Philosophy

1
01' uOHld,Sk o¾Ykh ms<sn| ye|skaùu

2
 uOHld,Sk o¾Ykh jYfhka .efkkafka 4 yd 5 ishjiaj, frdau wêrdcHh
ì|jeàu;a myf<diajk ishjfia we;s jQ mqkreoh;a w;r ld, iSudj hs' ngysr o¾Ykfha
wdrïNl hq.h jYfhka i,lk .%Sl hq.fha ìys jQ od¾Yksl u;jdo yd wruqKj
q ,g fnfyúka
fjkia njla uOH;k o¾Ykh ;=<ska ksrEmkh fõ' tkï m%{dj wruqKq fldgf.k mej;s
.%Sl Ñka;kh frdau wêrdcHfha ì| jeàu;a ls%ia;shdks wd.ñl jHdma;s h;a iu`. wd.ñl
wruqKq jHdma; lr,Su i|yd o¾Ykh fuj,ula f,i Ndú; l< w;r t;=<ska uOH;k
o¾Ykh ks¾udKh úh'

.S%l hq.fha fuka m%nqoaO od¾Yksl u;jdohka ìyslsÍu fjkqjg uOH;k hq.fha isÿ
jQfha l%sia;shdks wd.fï oä n,mEfuka od¾Yksl oDIaáfldaKhlska wd.u ck;dj ;=<g f.k
hdug W;aidy oeÍuls' .%Sl hq.h úYajfha wdrïNh" úYajfha meje;au yd ñksid jeks
f;audjka ms<sn| wOHhkhka jgd f.dkqj mej;sh;a uOHld,Sk o¾Ykh tjeks
mrud¾:hkaf.ka fjkaj l%sia;shdks wd.fuys fufylrejd njg m;a ù ;sì‚' fï hq.fha
od¾Yksl jYfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wruqKq tjlg isá od¾Ykslhska flfrka Woa§mkh
fkdjQ w;r ta ;=<ska cks; jQfha oeä wd.ïjd§ wNsu;d¾:hka uqÿka muqKj
q d .ekSuls' fuys
uQ,sl moku jQfha .S%l o¾Ykfha mej;shd jQ nqoaêuh ;¾lkh yd újD;Ndjh fkdj
l%sia;shdksfha mej;s úYajdih u; mokï jQ Nla;sh yd fma%uh h' fuh nqoaêhg ióm jQjla
fkdj yoj;g ióm jQjla ú‚' ta wkQj uOH;k hq.fha m%Odk úêl%uh jQfha úYajdih iy
Nla;sh hs'

fuf,i nqoaêhg jvd Nla;shg uq,a;ek oSfuka i;H .fõIKh w;ayeÍKs' tfiau
fu;=<ska foúhka" wd;auh" ueùu" mdmh" .e,ùu" iaj¾.h wd§ ixl,am .ek idlÉPdj uQ,sl
idlÉPdjka njg m;aúh' fï ;=< uOHld,Sk Ñka;kfha oelau jQfha nqoaêfhka fidhd.;
yels i;Hhla fyda h;d¾:hla ke;s nj;a od¾Ykslhd i;H fkdfiúh hq;af;a fiùug
i;Hhla fkdue;s ksid nj;a h' ñka m%lg jkafka uOHld,Sk o¾Ykfha meje;s i;H
.fõIKfha wjYH;dj hs' uOHld,Sk od¾Ykslhska i;H f,dalh jYfhka ms<s.;af ;a
bkaøshf.dapr f,dalh fkdj iodld,sl iaj¾.hhs'

uOH;k o¾Yk b;sydih fmdÿfõ fldgia ;=klg fnfoa' ta

01' uq,ald,Sk uOH;k hq.h ^ l%s(j 476 - 1000 &

02' uOHld,Sk uOH;k hq.h ^ l%s(j 1000 - 1300 &
03' miqld,Sk uOH;k hq.h ^ l%s(j 1300 - 1600 &

jYfhks' uqq,ald,Sk uOH;k hq.h weßiafgdag,shdkq iy maf,af;daksl b.ekaùï u;

hemqKq hq.hla úh' uOH;k hq.h ueoNd.fha muK l%sia;shdks Ñka;lhska úiska foúhkaf.a
meje;au ikd: lsÍug oeä W;aidyhla oeÍh' ta jkdys tu o¾Ykfha is;a.kakdiq¨ ,laIKh
hs' uOH;k o¾Ykh yd iïnkaO m%Odk;u wd.ï jkafka hqfoõ" ls%ia;shdks wd.u yd bia,dï
wd.u hs' ta wkQj uq,a ld,Sk uOH;k hq.h ls%ia;shdks wd.u iu`.;a miq ld,Sk uOH;k

3
hq.h bia,dï wd.u iu`.;a Rcqj u iïnkaO fõ' tu wd.ï u; mokïj uOH;k hq.h ;=<
ls%ia;shdks o¾Ykh yd bia,dï o¾Ykh f.dv ke.sK's

uOH;k o¾Ykh f.dvk.d jHdma; l< m%uqLhska w;r jeo.;a jk ls%ia;shdks

Ñka;lhska ;sfofkls' Tjqka ;sfokdu ls%ia;shdks mQcljreka h'

 Ydka; f;dauia welajhskdia

 Ydka; wekai,ï
 Ydka; T.iaàka

tu ls%ia;shdks Ñka;khska ;sfokd h' fï whf.ka wk;=rej uOH;k o¾Ykh bÈßhg f.k
hkq ,nkafka bia,dï Ñka;lhska lsysmfofkl= úisks' ta wh w;r

 w,a lskaÈ
 w,a *rdì
 wúfikd
 w,a >id,s

hkd§ka jeo.;a fõ' by; i|yka lrk ,o ls%ia;shdks iy bia,dï Ñka;lhska úiska
f.dvk.d mj;ajd f.k .sh o¾Ykh uQ,slj u uOH;k o¾Ykhg wh;a fõ'

02' uOH;k o¾Ykh ìys ùfï miqìu

o¾Ykh jkdys wfya;=lj my< jkakla fkdjk w;r th ft;sydisl yd iuld,Sk idOl
miqìï lrf.k ks¾udKh jkakls' ta wkQj uOH;k o¾Ykh ìys ùu flfrys o úúO idol
n,mdkq ,eî h' tf;la mej;s .s%l Ñka;k Odrdj wvmK ù fjk;a od¾Yksl u;jdohka
iuQyhla o¾Yk úIhg we;=¿ ùu;a .S%isfha leã hdu;a tjlg meje;s iudc jd;djrKh;a
uOHld,Sk od¾Yksl hq.fha miqìu ilia ùug fya;= úh' fuys§ .%Sl Ñka;khg ndOd
muqKj
q ñka foaYmd,k jYfhka .s%ish leã ì£ hdu uOHld,Sk o¾Ykh wdrïNl l%shdj,shg
moku ilid we;s nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' fuys§ we;ekaia iy iamdgd
w;r we;s jQ hqOuh j;djrKh foaYmd,ksl jYfhka .%Sl Ñka;kh yl=¿jd oeóug fya;=úh'

uOH;k hq.fha foaYmd,k jYfhka mej;sfha jevjiï rdcH l%uhls' ta ;=< mdma;=ud;a rcq; a
w;r n,h ms<sn|j úYd, wr.,hla mej;sK's rdcHfha wdrïNh ms<sn |j ful< mej;s
foaYmd,k kHdh jQfha foajjrï jdoh hs' foajjrïjdohg wkQj foúhka jykafia ish n,h
ish foaj mq;%hd jQ fhaiqia jykafiag mejrEy' miqj th mdma jykafia i;= úh' mdma jykafia
tu n,fhka foaYmd,k n,h rcq fj; mejÍ h' ta wkQj rcq ;u n,h iïnkaOfhka ;udg
by<ska isák foúhkag yd mdma jykafiag;a j. lshkjd úkd idudkH ck;djg

4
j.lshkafkl= fkdù h' fuf,i mej;s foaYmd,k l%ufhka ñ|S kj foaYmd,k l%uhla we;s
ùu kj od¾Yksl hq.hla ks¾udKh ùug fy;= úh'

tfiau i¾jn,OdÍ foú flfkl= jgd f.;=Kq uOH;k o¾Ykh ìysùug ;;ald,Sk iudc
miqìu o n,mEï lr ;sfí' tjlg mej;s jevjiï iudc l%uh ;=< bvï ysñ ro< mx;shg
by< iudc ;;ajhla ysñj meje;s w;r m%fõKs odihka jQ jy,a ck;dj Ôj;a jQfha oeä mSä;
;;a;ajhlska h' ta ksid Tjqkag f,!lsl jYfhka ,nd .; fkdyels iykhla w;a lr
.ekSug foúhka flfrys úYajdih jeä jeäfhka ;nk ,§' mSä; ckhd fj; fuf,i
jHdma; jQ l%sia;shdksh m%N+jreka fj; jHdma; jkafka fjk;a wruqKla fjkqfjks' m%N+
mka;shg wjYH jQfha wOHdmkfha wdêm;H ;ud ;=< r|jd .ekSug;a idudkH ckhdf.a
nqoaêuh msì§u hgm;a lsÍug;a h' ta wkQj Tjqka wd.u ta i|yd msgqjy,la lr.kq ,eî h'

;jo .%Sl yd uOH;k hq.j, j¾Okh ù ;snqKq wd.ï o uOHld,Sk o¾Ykh ìysùug n,mEï
we;s lrk ,§' l%sia;shdks o¾Ykh flfrys fndfyda fihska u n,md ;sfnkafka hqfoõ wd.u
hs' n¾g%kaâ ri,a yd ngysr o¾Yk b;sydih kue;s lD;sh ;=<ska fmkajd fokafka lf;da,sl
iNdj m%Njia:dk ;=klska we;s jQ nj hs' tys YqoaO jQ b;sydih hqfoõjkaf.a nj;a wdKavqj yd
wjfYaI kS;sh frdaujrekaf.a nj;a foaj O¾uh .%Slhska f.a nj;a bka fmkajd fohs'

;jo uOHld,Sk o¾Ykh flfrys .%Sl o¾Ykfha mej;s n,mEu o od¾Yksl jYfhka uOH;k
o¾Ykh ìys ùfuys ,d miqìu ilid we;' ukao uOHld,Sk hq.fha l%sia;shdks wd.u u;
mokï jQ o¾Ykhla bÈßm;a jqj;a tu wd.ñl ixl,amkd yeisrùu i|yd fhdodf.k
;sfnkafka .%Sl Ñka;kfha m%N,hka jk maf,afgda" weßiafgdag,a" fidl%àia hk od¾Ykslhska
;%s;ajfha Wodr;u ixl,amhka h'

WodyrK - wp, pd,lhd ms<sn| woyi

fuu woyi hgf;a úYajfha isÿjk iEu l%shdjlgu uQ, fya;=j wp, pd,lh jk nj .%Sl
o¾Ykh ;=< b.ekaúks' uOH;k o¾Ykh ;=< § tu uQ, fya;=j jkdys foúhka jykafia f,i
w¾:l:kh lr ;snqK's

fujeks jQ iudc" wd¾:sl" od¾Yksl" wd.ñl jd;djrKhlg uqyqK ÿka ck;djf.a Ñka;kh
;=<ska nqoaêuh úu¾Yk mfilg ;,a¨ úh' Tjqkaf.a Ñka;kh fhduqjqfka f,!lsl yd
f,daflda;a;r wruqKq flfrys muKs' ta wkQj tu wruqkq uqÿka muqKj
q d .ekSfï wNs,dIh
iys;j uOH;k o¾Ykfha úIh lafIa;%h f.dv ke.S we;'

 úYjdih ;=<ska ;¾lh f.dv ke.Su

 foúhkaf.a meje;au
 foajO¾uh yd mdrfN!;sljdoh
 ueùu
 mdmh

5
  idudkH mo ms<sn| .eg¨j
 wd;auh
fuu úIh lafIa;%h foi ne,Sfï § meyeÈ<s jk wdldrhg fuu o¾Ykh uQ,sl jYfhkau
foajOd¾ñl h' óg wkQj uOH;k o¾Ykh wd.u ;yjqre lsrSug ñi wd.u wNsnjd hdug lsis
úgl;a W;aidy lrkq fkd,eî h'