iïuka;%Kh 2023 wf.

daia;=
SOCI 2015 – iudcúoHd;aul kHdh (m<uq ieish)
uydpd¾h Wfífialr Èidkdhl, iudcúoHd wOHhkdxYh, le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h.

1. kHdh i;= uQ,sl ,laIK yd kHdfha ld¾hNdrh weiqßka iudc úoHd;aul kHdh
hkak ú.%y lrkak.
kHdh hkq /ia lrk ,o úoHd;aul ±kqï iïNdrhl tl;=jls. ´kEu úIhla úoHdjla f,i
y÷kajkafka, tys kHd;aul ±kqu wka;¾.; jk ksidh . úoHd;aul úIh Odrdjkaf.a meje;au ia:djr
jkafka, wod, úIh lafIa;%j,g tl;=jk kj kHdhd;aul ±kqu m o k ï l r f . k h . fï wkqj
úoHdj yd kHdh w;r iDcq iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s fõ. fuu woyi mokï lrf.k
kHdh hkak my; mßÈ ks¾jpkh lr oelaúh yelsfõ .

‘iudc úoHd;aul kHdh hkak iudcuh ixisoaê yd ne÷Kq m%mxp folla fyda lSmhla w;r we;s
fya;= M, iïnkaO;djh úoHd;aulj Tmamq lr olajk tAldnoaO fldg we;s ;d¾ lsl woyia iuQyhl
tl;=jls’.

‘n¾kdâ iy n¾c¾ia’ (Barnard and Burgess) hk úoaj;=kag wkqj

‘iudc úoHd;aul kHdh hkq iudc l%shdldÍ;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSfï wruQK we;sj, wm úiska iudch
foi n,k hï oDIaáhlg wod, wdlD;shls’ f,i ú.%y lr ;sfí.

‘fcda¾Ê ßÜi¾’ (George Ritzer) úiska 2007 jif¾ § ,shk ,o ‘ iuld,Sk iudc úoHd;aul kHdh yd
tys iïNdjH moku’ (Contemporary Sociological Theory and It’s Classical Roots) kï lD;sfha iudc
úoHd;aul kHdh y÷kajd ;sfnkafka my; mßÈh.

‘iudc úoHd;aul kHdh hkq, iudcuh f,dalh ú.%ylr ne,Sug l%ufõoSuh wldrhg ia:dms;
fldg, úoHd;aulj tAldnoaOfldg we;s, woyia j,ska hq;= ; d ¾ l s l u;jdohls. th mj;sk iudch
ú.%y lrkjdg jvd, wkd.; iudc l%uh ms<sn| úoHd;aulj wkdjels bosrsm;a l< yels oekqï
iïNdrhls’ hkqfjks.

‘fcda¾Ê iS . fydaudkaia ’ (George C. Hormans) kï úoHd{hd iudc úoHd;aul kHdh ks¾jpkh

lrk wdldrh wkqj th fufia oelaúh yelsfõ.

‘wdkqNúl w;aoelSï u; úoHd;aulj ;yjqre lr .kakd ,o, iudch ms<sn| isoaOdka;uh mokula
iys; woyia iuqodhl tl;=jla iudc úoHd;aul kHdh f,i ye¢kaúh yels fõ’.

iudc úoHdfõ ìys ù we;s kHdhka wdldr lSmhlg j¾. lr ±laúh yels fõ. ta hgf;a, iudc úoHfõ
kHdh f.dvk.k wldrh yd kHdhla u.ska iudch ú.%y lrk wdldrh wkqj, uq,sl iajrEm lSmhlska
tu kHdhka j¾. fldg oelaúh yels fõ.

1. iufmalaIKd;aul kHdh yd mokï kHdh

2. uyd kHdh yd l=vd kHdh
3. id¾j kHdh iy iQlaIu kHdh
meyeÈ,s lrkak.....

kHdh i;= uQ,sl ,laIK weiqßka o kHdh hkak ;jÿrg;a my; wdldrhg meyeÈ,s l< yels fõ. ta

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 i|yd my; ,laIK i,ld ne,sh yels fõ.

1. kHdh ;=< hï hï iudc isÿ ùï yd m%mxp ms<sn| fyd¢ka ks¾jpkh jQ ixl,am yd m%ia;=;
wka;¾.; ùu
2. kHdh hkak, m%;HlaI lr.;a idlaIs, idOl u; ;yjqre lr.;a t<Uqla ùu.
3. kHdh hï ld, iSudjlg iSud úu, kj kHdhd;aul ±kqu ìysjk úg, mej;s kHdhka
ixfYdaOkh ùu fyda m%;slafIam ùu.
4. kHdh, udkj l%shdldrlï ms<sn|j /ia lr.;a wdkqNúl o;a;, ;d¾lsl ñKqï o`vq,
;¾lk l%u Tiafia úYaf,aIKh fldg f.dv k.k ,o iQ;%hla ùu.
5. kHdh u`.ska, iudcfha mj;sk h:d¾:h ú.%y lrkjdg wu;rj, wkd.; iudc l%uj,
iajrEmh ms<sn| úoHd;aul wkdjels m<l< yels ùu.

iudc úoHd;aul kHdfha ld¾hNdrhka/m%fhdack ms<sn|j úuid n,k úg ta hgf;a, iudc úoHdjg
wod,j ìys ù we;s kHdhka fmdÿfõ iudchg;a, Bg wu;rj, tys úIh lafIa;%fha ixj¾Okhg
yd fjk;a úúO wxY j,g jeo.;a jk wdldrh my; wkaoug oelaúh yelsh.

1. iudc m%.ukhg wys;lr j Woa.; j we;s úúO iudcuh .eg¨, iudch ;=< cks; jkakg mdol ù
we;s ienE fya;= idOl úoHd;aul j kHdh u`.ska wkdjrKh lr oSu.

2. ìys fldg we;s iudc úoHd;aul kHdh u`.ska, mj;sk iudch h:d¾;jdoS j ú.%y fldg f;areï
.ekSug;a, wkd.;fha oS ìys úh yels iudc l%ufha yevrej ms<sn| j l,a;nd úoHd;aul wkdjels
m<lrkakg;a, nqoaêuh wdf,dalh imhhs.

3. iudch ms<sn|j kj ;d¾lsl oekqu f.dvk.kakg;a, mj;sk oekqu w¨;a lrkakg fyda, ixfYdaOkh
fldg ksjros lrkakg wjYH kj m¾fhaIKj,g fhduq ùu i|yd, mj;sk kHdh u`. fmkajkq ,nhs.
(kHdh w;ayodne,Sfï m¾fhaIK)

4. iudcfha l%shdldÍ;ajhg wod,j, fmkqu msgqmi we;s yrh (h:d¾;h) ksjeros j úoHd;aulj olskakg
wkq.ukh l< hq;= ud¾.h kHdh u`.ska fmkajd fohs.

5. iudcfha Woa.;jk úúO isÿùï, l%shdldrlï yd tu isÿùïj,g fya;mdol jQ úp,Hhka w;r we;s
iïnkaO;d úoHd;aul wlD;shlg f.dkqfldg, tu fya;=-M, iy-iïnkaO;d kHdh u`.ska ;d¾lsl
j úYaf,aIKh lrfokq ,nhs.

6. iudcfha úúOdlr ixisoaê yd isÿùï ms<sn|j we;s ñ;Hdjka, l,ams;hka, Wml,amkhka úoHd;aul
j ksjeroslr olajkakg kHdh bjy,a lr.kq ,nhs.

7. iudc úoHdj úIhlafIa;%fha mj;sk oekqfï we;s wvqmdvq wjldYhka mßmQ¾K lrñka úIh
lafIa;%fha úoHd;aul ixj¾Okhg kHdh u`.ska moku oukq ,nhs.

8. iudcfha m%dfhda.sl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfhys,d ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s yd jevigyka ie,iqï lsÍug;a ,

tyS § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= wxY ms<sn| ksjeros ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd foñka ienE iudc
ixj¾Okhg kHdh u`.ska odhl;ajh ,nd §u.

2. iudc úoHd;aul kHdh yd iudc m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj

meyeÈ,s lrkak.

iudcúoHd;aul kHdh yd m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lsÍfï § wmg kHdh
ìys lsÍu Wfoid m¾fhaIlhska isÿ lrk m¾fhaIK i|yd Ndú; lrk úoHd;aul l%uh weiqßka wmg
th ú.%y lr kakg isÿfõ. iudc úoHd;aul kHdh ìys jkafka iudcuh isÿùï fyda iudcuh m%mxp
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 ms<sn|j úoHd;aul úêl%uh wkqj iudc úoHd{hska isÿlrk iudc m¾fhaIKj, w.% M,h f,igh.
ta wkqj ó,`.g kHdh yd m¾fhaIK w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj o fláfhka ú.%%y l< yelsfõ. t a
i | y d m¾fhaIK i|yd Ndú;d lrk úoHd;aul l%uh wdY%s; m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh i,ld ne,sh
yels fõ. iudc m¾fhaIK i|yd Ndú;d lrk f u u úoHd;aul l%uh f;areï .ekSug fjda,ag¾
fjd,ia bÈßm;a l< úoHd;aul l%uh ms<sn| pl%h mokï lr.; yels fõ.

fjda,ag¾ fjd,iaf.a, úoHd;aul l%uh ms<sn| pl%h

jdia;úl/m%;HlaIuQ, l%ufõoh
kHdh
Woa.dó ;¾lkh ks.dñ ;¾lkh

wdkqNúl WmkHdi
iudkHlrKh

o;a; úYaf,aIKh m¾fhaIK ie,eiau

ksÍlaIKh

úIhuQ,sl/m%mxpfõ§ l%ufõoh

úoHd;aul l%uh ms<sn| pl%h weiqßka, kHdh yd m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj,
uQ,sl m%fõY follska y÷kd.; yels fõ. tu l%u fol my; wdldrhg úia;r l< yels fõ.

1. kHdh w;ayod ne,Su i|yd isÿjk iudc m¾fhaIK: fjd,iaf.a wdlD;sh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka
mj;sk kHdhd;aul ±kqu (kHdh) weiqßka l,ams; ks.uk (WmkHdi) ms<sfh, lrf.k tu
WmkHdi wdkqNúl iudc l%shdldrlï weiqßka mÍlaId fldg, kej; úoHd;aulj ;yjqre lr .ekSu
i|yd fuu m¾fhaIKh l%shdjg k.k nj lshkak. mj;sk kHdh ks.dó l¾lK l%ufhka
WmkHdihla njg m;afldg, tu WmkHdih wdkqNúl j mÍlaId lsÍug isÿl< hq;= m¾fhaIKh,
úêu;a j ie<iqï fldg, tu ie<eiaug wkqj WmkHdih iudkH iudc mßirhg /f.k
f.dia, ksÍlaIK wjia:dj ;=< th mÍlaId fldg, o;a; /ia lr, tu o;a; úYaf,aIKh fldg,
l,ams;h mÍlaId lsÍu fuys § isÿ fõ. fuf,i mÍlaId l< kHdh kej; ;yjqre ùu, kHdh
ixfYdaOkh ùu, fyda kHdh m%;slafIam ùu m¾fhaIK u.ska isÿ úh yelsh.

1.kHdh ìys lsÍu i|yd isÿjk iudc m¾fhaIK: kHdh ìys lsÍfï m¾fhaIK úoHd;aul l%uh
wkqj wdrïN l< hq;af;a ksÍlaIKh kï wêhr ;=<sks . fï i|yd wdkqNúl iudc mßirfha
isÿjk lsishï ixisoaêhla ksÍlaIKh fldg, ta ms<sn| o;a; /ia lrf.k, tu o;a; úYaf,aIKh
fldg ta ms<sn| uQ,sl ks.ukhlg t<ôh hq;= fõ. miqj fuu ks.ukh wdkqNúl
idudkHlrKhg ,la fldg, Woa.dó ;¾lK l%ufhka th, ´kEu iudclg .e,fmk
isoaOdka;hla f,i Tmamq lr bÈßm;a lrKq ,nhs . túg f,dalhg bÈßm;a l< kj;u kHdhla
njg th m;afõ. fuh kHdh nys lsÍug isÿ lrk m¾fhaIKhla fõ.
fï wkqj kHdh hkq l=ulaoehs ú.%y lrñka kHdh yd m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj
kHdh w;ayod ne,Su yd kHdh ìys lsÍu hk m%fõY fol weiqßka wdlr follg ú.%y l< yels
fõ.
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 Dr.Ubesekara Dissanayake

2. iudc mßKduh ms<sn| f;dard .;a iudc úoHd{hska fofofkl=f.a kHdhd;aul

u;jdo folla ú.%y lrkak.
iudc úoHdfõ yd iudc úoHd{hdf.a uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh jkafka iEu iudchlg u fmdÿ wksjd¾h
l%shdj,shla jk iudc mßKduh wOHhkh lsÍu hehs uQ,drïNl iudc úoHd{hd jQ T.iaÜ fldïÜ
úiska m%ldY lrk ,È. Tyqf.a fuu u. fmkaùu wkqj hñka fldïÜ g miq ld,Sk j ìys jQ iEu
iudc úoHd{fhl= úiska u, ;u iudch ms<sn| kHdhd;aul ú.%yhka ;=< iudcfha isÿjk mßKduh
f;areï .ekSug Ndú; l< yels kHdhla ta ta úoHd{hdf.a oDIaáfldaKhg wkqj f.dv k.d, iudc
úoHdjg odho lr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ. tu úúO iudc úoHd{hska iudc mßKduh úúO
kHdhd;aul wdlD;Ska weiqßka ú.%y lsÍug lghq;= lr we;s neúka, iudc úoHdfõ ìys ù we;s iudc
mßKdujd§ kHdhka w;r úúO;ajla mj;sk nj y÷kd.; yels fõ.

fï wkqj iudc úoHdfõ m%:u iudc úoHd{hd jQ T.iaÜ fldïÜ o we;=¿j ì%;dkH cd;sl y¾nÜ
iafmkai¾, m%xY cd;sl tñ,a vq¾lhsï, c¾uka cd;sl ld,a udlaia wd§ jQ iEu úoajf;l= úiska u iudc
mßKduh f;areï .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels úúO kHdhka ;u oDIaáfldaKHg wkqj f.dv k.d
we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ. iudc mßKduh ms<sn| kHdhdka bÈßm;a l< fuu úoaj;=ka w;=ßka tlsfklg
fjkia iqúfYaIs ,laIK iys; kHdhka folla bÈßm;a l< iudc úoHd{hska fofofkl= f,i, m%xY
cd;sl T.iaÜ fldïÜ yd tñ,a vq¾lhsï hk fofokd f.a kHhd;aul ú.%yhka fol wmg fuy s§
ú.%y lr ne,sh yels fõ.

iudc mßKduh ms<sn| T.iaÜ fldïÜf.a ú.%yh

fï hgf;a uq,ska u m%xY cd;sl T.iaÜ fldïÜ bÈßm;a iudc mßKdujd§ kHdh wmg i,ld n,kakg
isÿ fõ. T.iaÜ fldïÜ úiska iudc mßKduh f;areï .ekSu i|yd jQ ish mßKdujd§ kHdh ‘iudc
wjê iys; ú.%yh’ f,i y÷kajd bÈßm;a l< w;r Tyq tu kHdhd;aul ú.%yh f.dv k.kafka,
iudch h:d¾:jd§ j f;areï .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< hq;= hehs fmkajd ÿka ‘iudc ia;sÓlh’ yd
‘iudc .;slh’ ms<sn| kHdhd;aul ixl,am fola weiqßkah. Tyq tu ixl,am fol iudch f;areï
.ekSug Nddú; l< hq;= wkaou my; mßÈ meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí.

iudc ia;sÓlh yd iudc .;slh ms<sn| ú.%yh: T.iaÜ fldïÜf.a iudc úoHd;aul Ñka;h ;=< we;s
Tyqq bÈßm;a l< uq,au kHdhd;aul ixl,am fol, ‘iudc ia;sÓl;ajh’ yd ‘iudc .;sl;ajh’ ms<sn|
m%fNaolrKh hs. hï fohl jHqyd;aul iajrEmh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh ‘iaÓ;slh’ f,i o, tys fjkiaùu
yd fjkiaùfï iajrEmh ‘.;sl;ajh’ hkafkka o, woyia lr ;sfí. iudc úoHdj fhdod f.k iudch
wOHhkh lsÍu, fuu úoHd;aul m%fõY fol wkqj isÿ l< hq;= nj fldïÜ fmkajd § ;sfí.
iudc ia;sÓlh: iudch ms<sn| wOHhkfha § wdo, iudcfha mj;sk iajrEmh ke;fyd;a
;;ajh fln÷ o? hkak úYaf,aIKh lr ne,Su i|yd fhdod.; hq;= kHdhd;aul m%fõYh iudc
ia;sÓlh f,i olajd ;sfí. iudch kï moaO;s jHqyfha we;=<;a úúO fldgia (iudc Wm wdh;k)
w;r, f.dv kef.k úúO l%shd yd wka;¾l%shd, tu fldgia w;r taldnoaO;djh wdrlaId lrf.k
hkakg jeo.;a jk wldrh wOHhkh fldg f;areï .ekSu i|yd iudc ia;sÓlh m%fõYh
fhdod.; hq;= nj fï u.ska flïÜ fmkajd fok ,È.

iudc .;slh: úúO iudÔh Wmx`. w;r taldoaO;dj ;=<ska ks¾udKh ù we;s iudc jHqyh fjkia
ùug ,lajk wdldrh, yd tys fjkia ùfï iajrEmh iudc úoHd;aul j f;areï .ekSug fhdod
.; hq;= kHdhd;aul m%fõYh iudc .;slh kï ixl,amfhka, fldïÜ meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí. iudc
jHqyfha ksh; jQ iudc mßKduh yd ne÷Kq ixj¾Okh, iudc úoHd;aul j f;areï .ekSug
fhdod.; hq;= ixl,amh f,i ‘iudc .;slh’ fldïÜ úiska bÈßm;a l< w;r, fldïÜf.a fojeks
kHdhd;aul ú.%yh jQ iudc m%.;sh ms<sn| wjê iys; kHdhd;aul ú.%yhg mokï lr .kakd ,oafoa
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o, fuu iudc .;slh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul m%fõYh fõ.

by; olajk ,o iudc iaÓÓlh yd iudc .;slh ms<sn| ixl,am fol mdol lr .ksñka fldïÜ
iudcfha isÿjk mßKdóh l%shdj,sh iudc úoHd;aulj f;areï .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels kHdhla
f,i iudc mßKduh ms<sn| wjê iys; ú.%yh my; wdldrhg meyeÈ,s lr olajd ;sfí.

iudc mßKduh ms<sn| wjê iys; ú.%yh: T.iaÜ fldïÜ, iudc mßKduh ms<sn| ish u;h ;=<ska,
ñksidf.a nqoaêuh mßKdufha iDcq m%;sM,hla f,i iudch mßKduh jk nj wjOdKh lr ;sfí.
ñksidf.a nqoaêfha we;sjk ;d¾lsl ixj¾Okh, iudc ixj¾Okfha úYsIaG;u uQ,O¾uh nj
Tyqf.a woyi fõ. mqoa.,hd Wmf;a isg jhiska jefvk úg, isÿjk nqoaêfha ;d¾lSlrKhg
wkqrEmj mqoa., j¾Okh o, m%:ñl wjia:djl isg ;d¾lsl ixj¾Ok wjia:djlg .uka lrk nj
fmkajd fohs. fuu l%shdj,shg iudka;r j udkj j¾.hdf.a m%;sh o we;sjk nj, fldïÜf.a u;h
jQ nj fmkajd fokak. ñksidf.a nqoaêfha we;sjk fuu m%.;shg iudka;rj udkj l%shdldrlï yd
iudch o foajjd§ wjêh, mdrfN!;sl wjêh yd h:dkqN+; wjêh f,i, ;d¾lSlrKh fjñka iudch
wjê ;=kla Tiafia m%.;sh lrd ,`.d jk nj fldïÜ ish iudc mßKdujd§ u;h ;=<ska wjOdrKh
lr ;sfí. (T.iaÜ fldïÜf.a iudc mßKdujd§ kHdhd oelafjk wdlD;sh weiqßka tu wjê ;=k
ú.%y lr olajkak).

iudc mßKduh ms<sn| tñ,a vq¾lhsïf.a kHdhd;aul ú.%yh.

19jk ishjfia w. Nd.h ;=< Ôj;a jQ iqúfYaiS iïNdjH iudc úoHd{fhl= f,i ie,flk tñ,a
vq¾lhsïf.a iudc úoHd;aul Ñka;kfha flakaøSh kHdh jkafka, Tyq bÈßm;a l< Y%u úNckh yd
iudc mßKduh ms<sn| ú.%yhs. Tyq iudcfha isÿjk Y%u úNckh iudc mßKduhg n,mdk wkaou;a,
iudcfha Y%u úNckh flfrys iudc lreKq n,mdk wdldrh;a ú.%y fldg ;sfnkafka fuu iudc
mßKdujd§ kHdh ;=< h. vq¾lhsïf.a m%:u kHdhd;aul .%ka:h jQ 1893 § m%ldYhg m;a l< iudcfha
Y%u úNckh (The Division of Labor in Society) kï lD;sh u`.ska Tyq fuu isoaOdka;h f,dalhg
bÈßm;a lrk ,È.

vq¾lhsï ish iudc mßKdujd§ kHdfha olajd we;s wdldrhg, udkj iudch mßKduhg n÷ka ùu g
m%:u j uq,ska u mej;s iudc l%uh y÷kdf.k we ir< iïm%Odhsl iudc l%uh f,igh. fuu iudc
l%uh idïm%odhsl idrO¾u ixialD;sl isß;a úß;a oeä ia:dms; jQ iudcfha iduQysl ú{dkh n,j;a
jQ iudc l%uhla f,i Tyq y÷kajd ;sfí. fufia iudcfha iduQysl ú{dkfha iajdëkj th n,j;a
jk úg, tu fmdÿ ukig wjk; nyq;r iudðlhska msßi tlg taldnoaO fldg, Tjqka iucd;Sh
(Homogeneous) jQ idudðlhska msßila njg m;a l< nj vq¾lhsï fmkajd fohs . fuhska woyia
jkafka, idïm%odhsl iudcfha iduQysl ú{dkh n,j;ajk úg, Bg hg;a ish,q iudðlhskf.a is;=ï
me;=ï wfmalaId yeisÍï iurEmS Ndhg m;a fldg, Tjqka ish¨ fokd, Tjqkaf.a ishÆu wjYH;d yd
wruqKq tlg tl;= ù iuQyslj imqrd .ekSug, tlg taldnoaOj ls%hd lrk iudcd;Sh m%cdjla njg
m;a lrk ,o njhs. mßKdufha uq, wka;fha mej;s ir< iudc l%ufha iudðlhska w;r wiudk;dj
(Differences) ÿ¾j, ù iudcd;Sh iurEmS;d uÜgu by< hk nj wjOdrKh lrk vq¾lhsï , iuQysl
ú{dkh n,j;a, b;d by< iucd;S;ajhla we;s, iurEmS Yla;su;a taldnoaO;djla fuu iudcfha
y÷kd.; yels jk nj i|yka lr ;sfí. th hdka;%sl taldnoaO;djh f,i y÷kajd ;sfí.

iudch mßKduh, iudcfha Y%u úNckh ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i isÿjk nj fmkajd fok vq¾lhsï,
iudc mßKduh úfYaIs; iudc wka; folla (Two Extreme forms of Social Organization) w;r
isÿjk ika;;shla f,i ú.%y lr ;sfí. fuu ika;;sfha uq,a wka;fha § yuqjk iudc mßKdufha
uq,a wka;h ;=< mej;s ir< iudcfha mej;s hdka;%sl taldnoaO;djh ì| jeàu, iudc fjkiaùug
n,mdk w;r, hdka;%sl taldnoaO;djh ì| jefgkafka, iudcfha isÿjk Y%u úNckh (Division of
Labour) ksid hehs vq¾lhsï fmkajd § ;sfí.

5
 ir< iudcfha Y%u taldnoaO;dj ì| oud Y%uh úNckh jkafka iudc lreKqj, n,mEu ksid nj
vq¾lhsï ish ‘iudcfha Y%u úNckh’ lD;sfha olajd ;sfí. Y%u úNckh flf¾ iudc lreKq n,mdk
wkaou ú.%y lrk vq¾lhsï, ir< iudcfha mej;s Y%u taldnoaO;dj ì|jeà Y%u úfYaIdhkhla yg
.kafka iudch ;=< mej;s ‘lD;H úirKh’ fjkqjg tys lD;H úfYaIdhkhg ,la ùu ksid nj
olajhs. fuu lD;H úfYaIdhk ;;ajh (Functional Specialization) ks¾udKh lrkakg FN1;sl
>K;ajh yd iodpdr >K;ajh hk m%Odk iudc lreKq fol n,mdk nj nj vq¾lhsï i|yka lr
;sfí.

fuu iudc lreKqj, n,mEu fya;=fjka iudch >kSlrKh g ,luau yd ixlS¾K ùu ksid tys
iïm;a ys`. ù, mqoa.,hska tlsfkldg tfrysj .egqulg fhduq ùu iudch mqrd ±l.; yels jk nj
vq¾lhsï fmkajd § ;sfí. iudcfha we;sjk fuu ixlS¾K .egqï iy.; nj iukh lr, th ia:dhs j
mj;ajd .ekSug úi÷u f,i, iudc úfNaokh (Social Differentation) j¾Okh jk nj vq¾lhsï
fmkajd § ;sfí. fuu miqìu hgf;a, mqo. a ,hska tlsfklg fjkia ld¾hkag wod, jD;a;Ska i|yd
bf.k f.k, úfYaIs; lD;Hhka ys ksr;ùug fm<fò. thska iudcfha Y%u úNckhg ,lajk nj
Tyqf.a u;h fõ. kQ;k ÈhqKq iudcj, mj;sk fuu Y%u úNckh f,i y÷kajkafka fuu lD;H
úfYaIdhkh hs. fuu Y%u úNckh u; mokï jk lD;H úfYaIdhkh ksid, tlsfkld tlsfkldg
tfrysj .efgñka tlsfkld úkdY lsÍu fjkqjg, tlsfkl jD;a;slhd tlsfkldg wkq.%yl;ajhla
(Interdependent Relationship) olajñka tlsfkld u; r|dmj;sk wdldrfha taldnoaO;djla fuys
ks¾udKh jk wkaou vq¾lhsï meyeÈ,s lr olajhs. th ftkao%Sh taldnoaO;djh f,i y÷kajd ;sfí.

Y%u úNckh ksid iudch mßKduh ù ìysjk fuu ftkaøSh taldnoaO;dj n,mj;ajk ÈhqKq iudc
wka;hg iudch tkúg mqoa.,hka w;r iduH;ajhlg jvd úfNaokh ;=<ska we;s l< úIu;dj
m%j¾Okh fõ. iudcfha ish¨ mqoa.,hska iudk jkjdg jvd tlsfkld wiudk fõ. tfiau mqoa.,hska
w;r udkisl yd iodpdruh iduH;ajh ÿ¾j, fõ. fï ksid ftkaøSh taldnoaO;dj iys; iudcj,
iqúfYaI ,laIK jkafka, úfYaIslrKh, Y%u úNckh, mqoa., flakaøSh nj hkdÈh hs. iudcfha
mqoa.,hska yd iudc tall lD;H úfYaIdhkhlg ,laùu ksid, mqoa.,hska w;r iucd;S;ajhlg jvd
tlsfkl u; r|dmj;sk iajNdjhla ks¾udKh jk nj vq¾lhsï fmkajd § ;sfí.

fï wdldrhg iudc mßKduh ms<sn| T.iaÜ fldïÜ tal f¾Çh mßKdujd§ kHdhla bÈßm;a lr we;s
w;r, vq¾lhsï úYaùh mßKdujd§ wdlD;shlska hq;= kHdhla bÈßm;a lr we;s neúka fuu úoaj;=ka
fofokd iudc mßKduh wdldr follska ú.%y lr ;sfnk wlaou wmg y÷kd.; yels fõ.
Dr.Ubesekara Dissanayake

4. udkj iudch ms<sn| ld,a udlaiaf.a ‘ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh’ ms<sn| iudc

úoHd;aul kHdh ú.%y lrkak.
ld,a udlaia hkq 1818 -1889 olajd Ôj;a jQ c¾uka cd;sl od¾Ykslfhl= nj;a , Tyq udlaiajdoh kï
m%N, foaYmd,k o¾Ykh ks¾udKh fldg, f,dalhg bÈßm;a l< neúka, Tyq foaYmd,k
od¾Ykslfhl= f,i o y÷kajkq ,nhs. udlaia f.a fuu foaYmd,k o¾Ykh ;=< iudc jHqyh yd
tys l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| m%N, úYaf,aIKhla we;=<;ajk neúka, Tyqf.a tu t<Uqï iudch f;areï
.ekSug Ndú; lrk úg, iudc úoHdj ;=< Tyq iïNdjH iudc úoHd{fhl= f,i o y÷kajkq
,nhs.

udlaiaf.a iudc úoHd;aul Ñka;kh úuid n,k úg, Tyqf.a Ydia;%Sh Ôú;fha uq,a wjêfha Tyq
f,dalfha iuia: l%shdldÍ;ajh ú.%y lrkakg, c¾uka cd;sl od¾Ykslfhl= jQ, fy.,a f.a
ú{dkjdoh weiqre lr.;a w;r, ta wkqj uq,a wjêfha udlaia ú{dkjdÈfhl= f,i y÷kajd ;sfnk
nj meyeos,s fõ. tfy;a miqj Tyq, ñksidf.a ú{dkh o fN!;sl øjHuh idOl j,g mrdëk jk
nj f;reï f.k, ú{dkjdoh neyer fldg, fN!;sl øjHuh idOl mokï lrf.k f,dalh
6
ú.%y lrkakg fm<UqKq neúka Tyq fN!;sljdÈfhl= f,i y÷kajkq ,eîh. úfYaIfhkau iudc
ixialD;sl f,dalfha l%shdldÍ;ajhg n,mdk uQ,sl u fN!;sl idOlh jkafka wd¾Ól idOl
nj olajk udlaia, iudch yd tys ish¨ l%shdldrlï wd¾Ól idOlj, ksh; n,mEfï m%;sM,hla
f,i fN!;sljd§j f;areï .kakg miq ld,Skj fhduq úh. udlaia øjHjd§/fN!;sljd§ mokulska
iudch ú.%y lrkafkl= f,i y÷kajkafka fï ksid h.

ld,a udlaia fuf,i fN!;sl øjHd;aul wd¾Ól idOlj, n,mEu Tiafia ;SrKh jk iudc
ixialD;sl jHqyfha l%shdldrlï ú.%y lr f;areï .ekSu i|yd fhdod.; yels m%Odk kHdhd;aul
ú.%yhka lSmhla my; wdldrhg iudc úoHdjg odho lr ;sfí.

1. oajkaOd;aul fN!;sljdoh
2. ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh
3. wd¾Ól ksh;sjdoh
4. iudc mx;s kHdh
5. mrdfrdamKh ms<sn| kHdh

ld,a udlaiaf.a iudch ms<sn| kHdhd;aul ú.%yhka w;r jeo.;ajk ;j;a iqúfYaIS iudc úoHd;aul
kHdhla f,i ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh y÷kajd Èh yels fõ. udkj iudc b;sydih yd tys
ft;sydisl hq. mßKduh isÿ jQ wkaou ms<sn|, udlaiaf.a ú.%yh we;=<;a jk kHdh jkafka, fuu
ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh hs. iudcfha mj;sk ksIamdok l%uh mokï lrf.k, ksIamdok l%ufha
we;sjk fjkia ùug wkqrEmj, ta u; r|dmj;sk iudc ixialD;sl jHqyh ft;sydislj úldYkh ù
mßKduhg n÷ka jQ wkaou fuys ú.%y lrk neúka, fuh ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh f,i y÷kajhs.
udkj iudch wdrïNl wjêfha isg wjêfhka wjêh fjkia fjñka, bÈßhg .uka .;a wdldrh;a,
tu iudc úm¾hdihg n,mE fya;= idOl fudkjd o? hkak;a, fN!;sljd§ oDIaáfhka ú.%y lsÍug
Tyq fuu khhdfhka W;aidy f.k ;sfí. fuu kHdh ;=<ska udlaia fmkajd § we;s mßÈ udkj
b;sydih ú.%y l< hq;af;a w;S;fha iudch md,kh l< rcjre fyda, tla tla rdcOdks weiqßka
fkdj, w;S; iudc l%uj, mej;s tla tla ksIamdok l%u yd tajdfha we;s jQ fjkialï uQ,sl lrf.k
nj wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí.

fuu udliajd§ u;h ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lrk úg udlaia oajkaod;aul fN!;sljd§ kHdh ;=<ska
fmkajd ÿka mßÈ iudcfha mj;sk ksIamdok l%uh wrnhd mx;s folla w;r we;sjk fN!;sljd§
oajkao .egqu u`.ska, iEu wjêhl u mej;s ksIamdok l%uh fjkia lr, kj ksIamdok udÈ,shla ìys
lrhs. mx;s .egqu ;=<ska fufia ksIamdok l%uh fjkia lrk úg, ta u; r|d mj;sk iudc l%uh o,
fjkia ù kj iudc l%uhla ìys fõ. fuu ixisoaêh iudc mßKduhg n,mdk m%Odk idOlh f,i
.ksñka, udkj b;sydifha iudc hq. mßKduh isÿ jQ wdldrh fuys § ms<sfj,ska iudc wjê lSmhla
Tiafia udlaia meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí. (iudc úldYkfha wjê ms<sfj,ska oelafjk rEm igyk we|
meyeÈ,s lrkak)

ft;sydisl fN!;sljd§ ú.%yhg wkq udkj b;sydifha mQ¾j fldñhqksiaÜ wjêfhka miqj nysjk
jy,a wjêh, jevjiï wjêh yd OfkaIajr wjêh, hk iEu iudc wjêhlu ksIamdok l%ufha n,mEu
u; oajkao mx;s .egqu we;s jk nj udlaia fmkajd § ;sfí. jy,a-jy,a ysñ mx;s .egqu ksid jy,a
iudc l%uh fjkia ù iudch jevjiï wjêhg mßKduh fõ. jevjiï wjêfha kej; m%fõksodi-
ro, mx;s .egqu we;s ù jevjiï iudc l%uh o fjkia fõ, wk;=rej nysjk OfkaIajr wjêfha,
ks¾Ok mx;sh yd OfkaIajr mx;sh w;r we;sjk oajkaO mx;s .egqfuka OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól
l%ufha w;slrk úma,ùh mßj¾;kfhka miqj ìys jk iudcjd§/fldñhqksiaÜ iudc wjêfhka
(Socialist/Communist Society), miq oajkao mx;s .egqu wjika fõ. fï ksid iudc mßKdufha wjika
úYsIaG;u iudcwjêh jkafka fuu iudcjd§ wjêh nj udlaia fmkajd § fí.

7
iudcfha mj;sk ksIamdok l%ufha we;sjk fjkig wkqrEm j iudcfha isÿjk úldYkh wkqj ìysjk
wjika iudc wjêh jk iudcjd§ iudc wjêh hkq, ish¨ jrm%ido iudch ;=< iufia fn§ hk,
iukd;au;djh rchk iudc l%uhls. tys kej; mx;s úfNaokhla isÿ fkdjk neúka, th mx;s úrys;
(Classless Society), mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla (Private property) fkdue;s, fmdÿ foam, l%uhla iys;,
ish¨ ñksiqkag ys;iqj msKsi jQ úYsIaG iudc wjêh, f,i udlaia y÷kajd ;sfí.

udlaia ft;sydisl fN!;sljd§ kHdh u`.ska fmkajd fok wdldrhg, iudc b;sydifha tla hq.hlska
;j;a hq.hla ìys jkafka oajkaO mx;a .egqu ;=<ska iudcfha mdol jHqyh jQ ksIamdok l%ufha we;s
jk fjkia ùu ksid h. fï wkaoug iudcfha we;sjk oajkao mx;s .egqu u`.ska , iudch mßKduh
ùu g n,mdk ‘ksIamdok l%uh fjkia lsÍu’, hkafkka woyia lrkafka ksIamdok l%ufha lskï
wx`.j, we;s lrk fjkila o hkak ;a, udlaia meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí. ta i|yd Tyq w;=re ixl,am ;=kla
bÈßm;a lr ;sfí. ( ta i|yd my; ixl,am ;=k meyeÈ,s lrkak)

1. ksIamdok udOHh/ksIamdok udÈ,sfha we;s lrk fjki

2. ksIamdok l%shd ud¾.j, we;s lrk fjki
3. ksIamdok iïnkaO;dj, we;s lrk fjki

fï wkqj ksIamdok l%uh úiska iudcfha we;s lrk fN!;sljdoS oajkaO mx;s .egqu ksid udkj
b;sydifha tla tla wjêfha mej;s ksIamdok mdol jHqyh fjkia l< wkaou ;a, ksIamdok l%ufha
we;sl< tu fjkig wkqrEmj ksIamdok l%uh u; r|d mj;sk iudc l%uh o wjêfhka wjêh,
fjkia ùug ,la ù, iudch ft;sydislj hq. mßKduhg ,lajk wkaou, ld,a udlaia ish
ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh kHdh ;=< by; wdldrhg ú.%y lr olajd ;sfí.
Dr.Ubesekara Dissanayake