Journal of SamajaViamasuma

wxl 17
2017 l,dmh
iudc
úuiqu
iudcúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYkhls
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h
iudc úuiqu
l,dm wxl 17" 2017
ixialrKh
Ydka; jkakskdhl
iqika; riakdhl
;=Idr lu,ar;ak
iudcúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
fmardfoKsh
© iudcúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j - 2017
fmardfoKsh" Y%S ,xldj
ISSN : 2012-7308
© ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs' fuu m%ldYkh fyda fuys fldgila

fyda m%ldYlhdf.a mQ¾j wkque;shlska f;drj kej; msgm;a
lsÍu fyda úoHq;a udOHfhka m<lsÍu imqrd ;ykï fõ'
fuys m<jk ,sms f,aLkhkays wka;¾.; woyia ta ta

f,aLlhdf.a ksoyia u;jdohka nj i,lkak' tu woyia
wjYHfhka u iudcúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j fyda fmardfoKsh
úYajúoHd,h ksfhdackh fkd flf¾'
uqøKh( fk;aúka m%skag¾ia ^mqoa& iud.u

fkd' 832" zzo<od fijfka wms mokuZZ"
.egfò ykaÈh" uykqjr'
081-2386908
ixialdrl igyk
Ydia;%Sh úIh fCIa;%hl oekqfï ksïj<¨ mq¿,a lsÍu

i|yd kj úIh oekqu tl;= lsÍu w;sYhskau jeo.;a jQjls'
tfyhska kj oekqu" m¾fhaIKd;aulj" úpdrYS,Sj yd
úYaf,aIKd;aulj tla lsÍu tys úIh idys;Hh fmdaIKhg
ufydamldÍ jkakls' —iudc úuiqu˜ fuu ld¾hfhys,d wkjr;
W;aidyhl fhfok jákd Ydia;S%h iÕrdjla f,i ye|skaúh
yelshs'
fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha iudc úoHd

fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska jd¾Islj m%ldYhg m;alrk —iudc
úuiqu˜ iÕrdj fujr o Tn w;g m;ajkqfha yrj;a Ydia;S%h yd
m¾fhaIKd;aul ,sms fm<la iu.sks' iudc úuiqu iÕrdj
ksrka;rfhka mdGl Tnf.a Ñka;kh" oekqu yd nqoaêfha mrdih
mq¿,a lrk Ydia;S%h idr ix.%yhls' idudÔh úoHd úIhm:h ;=<
úúO fCIa;% w<,d isÿ flreKq m¾fhaIK" .fõIK yd Ydia;%Sh
úpdr ;=<ska iukaú; fujr l,dmh Y%S ,dxflah úoaj;=ka
fm<lf.a Ydia;%Sh ksnkaOkhkaf.ka iukaú; jQjls' isxy,
NdIdfjka Ydia;%Sh yd m¾fhaIK ksnkaOk b;d úr,j
t<soelafjk hq.hl iudc úuiqu iÕrdj fj;ska iudc yd
udkj úoHd;aul úIh fCIa;%hg wod, fujka Ydia;S%h ,sms
t<soelaùu wmf.a uQ,sl mrud¾:h hs' tys ish¨ f.!rjh
fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha Ydia;% mSGfha iudc úoHd
fomd¾;fïka;=jg;a" ishü f,aLl f,aÅldjkag;a ysñúh
hq;=hs' fujka yrj;a" Ydia;%Sh ksnkaOk tla/ia lrñka Ydia;%Sh
.fõIKfhys ksr;ùu —iudc úuiqfï˜ wkd.; taldhk
mrud¾:h hs'
i`.rd ixialdrljre
Ydka; jkakskdhl
iqika; riakdhl
;=Idr lu,ar;ak
wxYdêm;s;=udf.a mKsúvh
iudc úoHd úIh uq,alr .ksñka isxyf,ka m<jk

Ydia;%Sh i`.rd Y%S ,xldj ;=< mj;skafka b;du iSud iys;
ixLHdjls' ta w;r wm fomd¾;fïka;=j b;d os.= l,l isg m<
lrkq ,nk iudc úuiqu i`.rdjg ysñjkafka woaú;Sh
ia:dkhls'
úúO fya;= ksid miq.sh jir ;=< i`.rdj m< lsÍug

m%udo jqjo fuu jif¾oS l,dm folla jir fol i|yd m<
lsÍug ixialdrl uKav,h ie<iqï lsrSu .ek wxYdêm;s
jYfhka uu w;sYhska i;=gg m;a fjñ'
iudc úoHdj fjkia jk iudc m%mxphka y`÷kd .ksñka

tajdg iqÿiq úiÿï yd fhdackd bosßm;a lsÍu iòyd mj;sk
idudÔh úoHd úIh Odrdfõ ;sfnk m%Odk úIhhls' ta wkqj
iudc úoHd fCIa;%fha m%ùkhka úiska fujr m<jk i`.rdjg
úúO f;aud Tiafia m%dfhda.sl ,sms iïmdokh fldg we;' óg
wu;rj úúO kHdhd;aul miqìï Tiafia o ,sms ilia fldg
;sfí' ta wkqj ldka;djdoS kHdh, iudc w¾: idOkh,
*Qfldaähdkq hkdos kHdhhka ms<snòj l;=jreka úiska ,sms
iïmdokh fldg we;'
jir lsysmhlg miqj fuu i`.rdj m< lsßu iòyd ,sms

iïmdokh l< l;=jre, l;=jßhkag;a tfukau fuu i`.rdj
kej; m, lsÍug fkduò W;aiyhl fhÿkq fuys ixialdrl
uKav,hg;a wmf.a ia;=;sh yd f.!rjh ysñ fjhs' fuu
i`.rdfõ wvx.= úIh lreKq iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,dxlsl idudÔh
úoHd úIh ms<snò mq`M,a l;sldjla iòyd wkqn,h we;s lsÍug
yelsjk nj udf.a úYajdihhs' tfukau bosß j¾Ij,oS fuu
i`.rdj wLKavj mj;ajd f.k hdug yels fõjdhs uu m%d¾:kd
lrñ'
wdpd¾h wfí r;akdhl
wxYdêm;s/ iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
mgqk
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul m%fõY
ví,sõ¡ tï¡ isßfiak 01 - 48
iudc jev - woaú;Sh udkj fiajd jD;a;shl wdrïNh iy iajNdjh

ms<snò yeòskaùula
ir;apkaø .ï,;a 49 - 82
.f,a nKavdr foafjda;am;a;sh ms<sn| mqrdjD;a;j,ska fy<sjk iudc

wkqms<sfj, iy tys wNsfhda.
ld,sx. áhqv¾ is,ajd 83 - 116
orejka yd iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK( l%ufõoSh yd wdpdr

úoHd;aul wNsfhda. ms<sno úYaf,aIKhla
l=udß f;darfoKsh 117 - 134
Y%S ,xlddõ ¥IK ixialD;sh ms<sn| m%f;Hl wOHhkla iy ld¾gQka

wdY%h lr.ksñka lrkq ,nk iudc úoHd;aul úYaf,aIKhla
lreKd;siai w;=fldard< 135 - 162
n,y;aldr ixl%uK( wNHka;rsl udkj wj;ekaùu yd kej; mÈxÑh

wdY%s; ixl,amSh ú.%yhla
Ydka; jkakk s dhl 163 - 202
*Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh iy mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh

iqika; riakdhl 203 - 242
a úpdr( ckjd¾.sl .eg¨fjys iudc úoHd;aul ksÍËKh

.%k;
m%ldYkh ( iSudiys;" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
ohd wurfialr 243 - 245
f,aLlfhda
uydpd¾h ví,sõ¡ tï¡ isßfiak
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" tï'ta. ^le,a.ß&, mS. tÉ. ã. (ta. tka. hq.)
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha iudcúoHd wxYfha iïudks;
uydpd¾h'
wdpd¾h ir;apkaø .ï,;a
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" î'tia'ví. (, f;%daí),tï'tia.iS. ^ta.whs.à.&,
mS. tÉ. ã. (, f;%daí), fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha iudcúoHd
wxYfha fÊHIaG lÓldpd¾h'
uydpd¾h ld,sx. áhqv¾ is,ajd
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" mS. tÉ. ã. (fudkEIa ), fmardfoKsh
úYajúoHd,fha iudcúoHd wxYfha iïudks; uydpd¾h'
wdpd¾h
h l=udß f;darfoKsh
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" tï'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&, mS. tÉ. ã.
(f.da;kan¾.a), fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha iudcúoHd
uydpd¾h lreKd;siai w;=fldard<
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" tï'ta ^fmardfoKsh&, fmardfoKsh
úYajúoHd,fha iudcúoHd wxYfha uydpd¾h'
wdpd¾h Ydka; jkakskdhl
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" tï'*s,a ^fmardfoKsh&, mS. tÉ. ã.
(f.da;kan¾.a,), fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha iudcúoHd
iqika; riakdhl
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" tï.ta ^fmardfoKsh& tï'*s,a ^fmardfoKsh&,
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha iudcúoHd wxYfha fÊHIaG
lÓldpd¾h'
uydpd¾h ohd wurfialr
î'ta' ^fmardfoKsh&" tï.ta ^fmardfoKsh& mS. tÉ. ã. (l,algd,),
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha iudcúoHd wxYfha uydpd¾h'
iudc úuiqu
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul m%fõY 2017 l,dmh
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul m%fõY
ví,sõ' tï' isßfiak
yeÈkaùu
ldka;djdohg úúO iudc kHdh" foaYmd,k jHdmdr iy

o¾Ykh we;=<;a fõ' ldka;djdÈka úiska ia;%S-mqreI iïnkaO;d
úpdrd;aulj mßlaIdjg Ndckh lrkq ,efí' Tjqka úiska
f.dvkÕk ,o ldka;djd§ kHdh Tiafia ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
^gender& ms<sn| mj;sk wiudk;d" ta yd iïnkaOj mj;sk
foaYmd,kh" n,h" ,sx.sl;ajh wd§ úúO ud;Dld fj; wjOdkh
fhduqlr we;' ldka;djd§ foaYmd,kh ;=< m%ckkh ms< sn|
whs;sh" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh" ud;D ksjdvq" ia;%S-mqreI iudk
fõ;k" ldka;djkag flfrk fjkialï iy ,sx.sl ysxikh
wdÈh iïnkaOfhka y~ ke.su isÿfjhs' tfiau mS;DuQ,sl;ajh
ksid ldka;djkg we;sjk mSvkh ms<sn| ldka;d w;aoelSï
ldka;djdÈka úiska újrKh lrkq ,efí'
ldka;djdÈka ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfï§

tu l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;dj uqyqKmdk fkdfhla .eg¨
wkdjrKh lsÍu miq.sh oYl lsym s h ;=< isÿúh' ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh ms<sn|j we;sjk wiudk;d ldka;dj fj; flfrk
n,mEu" mqreI mlaIh iu. ixikaokh lrk úg ixj¾Ok
l%shdj,sh ;=< wiudk jev fldgila ldka;djkag mejÍu
muKla fkdj úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie,iqï lsrSfï§ iy
l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ ldka;dj fndfydaúg fkdi,ld yeÍu"
ldka;djd§kaf.a úfõpkhg Ndckh ù we;s ud;Dldjka h'
tfiau ldka;djka g mqreI mlaIhg jvd fofjks ;ek iudch
;=< ysñùu ksid we;sjk wjdisodhl ;;ajh ldka;djg muKla
fkdj uq¿ iudch iunkaOfhka flfrk wk¾:ldÍ n,mEu
ldka;djdÈka fy<sfldg we;'
1
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul m%fõY
ldka;djd§ u;jdoh f.dvke.=k uq,a wjia:dfõ ldka;djd§ ìï

uÜgfï iudc jHdmdr ^Grassroot Social Movements& iu`. l%shd
l< w;r úúO mx;sj,g" cd;skag" ixialD;sl miqìïj,g iy
m%foaYj,g wh;a ldka;djka tlu lKavdhula fia i,lñka
fmdÿ .egÆj,g uqyqKmdk yd iudk w;aoelSï we;s fkdfhla
msvdjkg ,lajQ fldgila yeáhg úúO ;¾l bÈßm;a úh' tfy;a
ldka;djd§ Ñka;kh úldYh iu`. úúO miqìïj,
ldka;djkaf.a w;aoelSï tlla fkdjk nj ta;a;= .ekqK ksid
ldka;d .eg¨ wOHkh i|yd úúO t<Uqï mek ke.S we;s
wdldrh oelsh yel' ta w;r ngysr wdNdihg keUqrej
ldka;djd§ jHdmdr f.dvkefÕk njg we;s úfõpk fya;=
fldgf.k úúO;ajhka" úixjdo" mriamr úfrdaO;d iy úl,am
Wmdhud¾. ldka;djd§ jHdmdr ;=< oelsh yels w;r tu ksid
tlai;a ldka;djd§ jHdmdrhla fkdj úúO lKavdhï mek
ke.Su fya;=fjka ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;au
t<Uqï w;skao úúO;ajhla oelsh yel'
ldka;djd§ l%shdldrlï ixúOdkd;aul jHdmdrhla

f,ig wdrïN jqfha oykj jk ishjfia fojk Nd.fha muK h'
uq,ska iudk foam< whs;sh iy iudk újdy .súiqï ;sìh hq;=
njg ;¾l bÈßm;a lrñka újdyl ldka;djf.a whs;Ska ms<sn|j
ldka;djdÈkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh' ta wkqj újdyh uÕska
ldka;djka iy orejka iunkaOfhka iajdñ mqreIhdg we;s
whs;sh ms<sn| m%Yak lsÍug ux ie,isks' tfy;a oykj jk
ishji wjidkh jk úg Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;dj njg
m;ajqfha foaYmd,k n,h ,nd.ekSu h' tys§ Pkao n,h
,nd.ekSu uQ,sl wruqK njg m;a jqfha tjlg mej;s mqreI
mlaIhg n,h ;nd.ekSfï foaYmd,k jHQyh fjkia fldg
ldka;djkg o tu ;;ajh ,nd.ekSu h' m%:ufhka tx.,ka;h
foaYmd,k whs;h s iSñ;j ldka;djg 1918 § ,nd § jhi wjqreÿ
30 g jeä iy hï foam, whs;shlg ysñlï lshQ ldka;djkg
muKla Pkao n,h iSud lrk ,§' thg oi jilg miqj 1928 §
mqreI mlaIhg iudkj jhi 21 g jeä iEu ldka;djlgu
iudk Pkao whs;sh ,nd §u isÿúh' fuu foaYmd,k whs;sh
2
iudc úuiqu
,nd.ekSfï jHdmdrh ;=< ldka;djd§kaf.a ld¾hNdrh
úfYaIfhka lemS fmkqKs ^Butler 1954&' wefußld tlai;a
ckmoh ;=< i¾j ck Pkao n,h ,nd.ekSu i|yd oYl lsysmla
;=< f.k hk ,o ldka;d jHdmdr ksid 1920 § id¾:l m%;sM,
,nd.;a w;r uq,ska m%dka; uÜgñka iy miqj uq¿ wfußld
tlai;a ckmoh ;=< u fuu whs;sh ,eîu;a iu`. 1920 § mej;s
ckdêm;s ks,jrKfha§ iqÿiqlï ,o ishÆu ldka;djkag tu
n,h Ndú; l< yels úh ^Scott and Scott 1982&' wefußld
tlai;a ckmofha ldka;djd§ jHdmdr fï ms<sn|j f.k hk ,o
y`v wjidk m%;sM, i|yd n,mdk ,§'
ldka;djd§ fofjks /,a, 1960 oYlfha§ werïN ù 1980

oYlh olajd mej;sKs' fuu jHdmdrfha§ Okjdoh mqreI mlaIhg
jeä jdis iy.; widOdrK l%uhla f,ig ldka;djd§yq ;¾l
l<y' wefußldfõ ldka;djd§ /,a, f.dvkeÕ=fka isú,a
whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j iy úhÜkdï hqoaOhg úfrdaë jHdmdr
;=<sks' fï jkúg iudch ;=< ldka;djg ,enqK mqreI mlaIhg
idfmalaI wiudk ;ek ms<sn| iEySulg m;a fkdjQ yd
fkdi;=fgka miqjqk ldka;djd§ msßia ldka;djka uqyqKmdk
fkdfhla fjkialï yd .eg¨ ms<sn| flfrk úfrdaO;d
jHdmdrhla f,ig th Èh;a flßK' Tjqkaf.a uq,sl ;¾lh jqfha
ldka;dj iudch ;=< ,nk ;;ajh ;u iajdñmqreIhd iy
orejka mokï fldgf.k úkd ldka;djg u jQ úfYaI
wkkH;djhla ksid fkdjk nj h' ta wkqj mjq, ;=< mjd wef.a
wkkH;djh .s,syS we;s nj Tjqka fmkakd fok ,§ ^Betty
Frieden 1963&' ldka;djka i|yd jQ cd;sl ixúOdkh ^The National
Organization for Women& hk ixúOdkh 1966 § wdrïN lsÍug
mqfrda.dó jqfha fná *arhsfâka úisks' fuu ixúOdkh ldka;d
úuqla;sh hk ixl,amh u; ieliqK mq¿,a ixúOdkhla f,i g
ms<s.eksK' 1960 oYlfha werUqk fuu ldka;djd§ fojk /,a,
1968 jkúg mq¿,a f,i jHdma;j mej;s w;r tu j¾Ifha
wefußldfõ mj;ajk ,o rE /ðk ;r`.hg ldka;djdÈka
úfrdaOh olajñka ta ms<sn| u;jdohla f.dvkeÕSug Tjqyq
W;aidy oerEy' fuu jHdmdrh ;=< úúO wdldrfha ldka;djd§
3
iudc úuiqu
ixúOdk l%shd;aul ùu oelsh yel' l¿ cd;sl ldka;djdÈka"

iu,sx.sl ldka;djdÈka" ^lesbian& ,snr,a ldka;djdÈka iy
iudcjd§ ldka;djd§ka wd§ úúO lKavdhï ys iyNd.s;ajfhka
fkdfhla iajrEmfhka fuu /,a, biau;= úh' fuu
lKavdhïj, uq,sl ;¾lh jqfha fujeks wjOdrKhg ,la fkdjQ
ldka;djka fjkqfjka yvla ke.Sfï wjYH;dj mekke.S we;s
nj h'
ldka;djd§ jHdmdrfha ;=kajk /,a, 1990 oYlfha

mekke.=K w;r tys§ mYapd;a kùk ixl,am iy mYapd;a
jHQyjd§ ixl,amj, n,mEu lemS fmkqKs' fï uÕska fuf;la
l%shd;aul jQ iqÿ cd;sl by, uOHu mdka;sl w;aoelSï biau;=
lsÍu muKla fkdj id¾j;%sl ldka;djd§ wkkH;djhla ms <sn|
u;h o ;=kajk /,a, fufyh jQ ldka;djd§ka úiska m%;sfCIam
lrk ,§' fuu ;=kajk /,a, iu. bÈßhg meñKs ixl,am w;r
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd iïnkaO fhÿï yd j¾.j, we;s
oaúka.sh;ajh âmbiguity& m%;slafIam lsÍu" ckjd¾.sl úfrdaO;dj"
j¾KfNaoh ms<sn| ldka;d oelau ^colour consciousness&" ia;%Sjdoh
^womanism&" mYapd;a hg;aúð; kHdh" wka;¾cd;sl;ajh
^transnationalism&" mßir ldka;djdoh" úuqla;s ldka;djdoh iy
kj ldka;djdoh úh' tfiau fuu ;=kajk /,a, ;=< l%shd;aul
jQ ldka;djdÈka id¾j foaYmd,kh fjkqjg laIqø foaYmd,kh
fj; Wkkaÿjla olajk ,§' tfiau ia;%s-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn|
jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlrk ,§' ;jo we;eï kHdh uÕska 1990
oYlfha we;s jQ mYapd;a-ldka;djd§ keUqrej$Wmke;sh ^trend&
;=<ska ;jÿrg;a ldka;djdoh wjYH fkdjk njg m<lrk ,o
u; o ms<s.;a nj fmfka'
ldka;djdoh ms<sn| fuu fojk yd ;=kajk u;jdo

uÕska lr<shg f.k wd ldka;djka uqyqKmdk wiudk;dj"
oßø;dj" iy ldka;djg wjdisodhl ia;%S-mqreI iïnkaO;d wdÈh
ms<sn| u;jdoh ksid werUqk b;d jeo.;a yd úpdrd;aul
woyiaj, n,mEu ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ;=< Èiajkakg mgka .kq
,eîh' fï yd iïnkaOj ldka;djdÈka u;=lrk ,o .eg,q
4
iudc úuiqu
ixj¾Ok fCIa;%h ;=< l%shdldÍ cd;Hka;r ixúOdk iy wdh;k
ms<s.ekSu ksid ldka;djd§ ixj¾Ok kHdh fmdÿfõ ms<s.;a
ixl,am" l;sldjka iy l%shdldrlï njg m;aj we;' ixj¾Okh
;=< ldka;dj fj; wjOdkh fhduq ùfï§ ldka;djd§
jHdmdrhkg wu;rj f.da,Sh ksIamdok l%uh ;=< ldka;djka
úiska bgqlrk ld¾hNdrh o n,mdk ,§' úisjk ishjfia
wjidk oYl lsym s h ;=< wd¾:sl lghq;= f.da,slrKh fya;=
fldgf.k ksIamdok Y%u n,ldhg ldka;dfjda ñ,shk .Kkska
wka;¾ .%yKh jQy' tu ksid kj f.da,Sh jevlrk mx;sfha jeä
m%;sY;hla ldka;djka njg m;aj we;' tfia jqjo uq,Huh iy
l¾udka; i|yd wjYH m%d.aOkh md,kh mqreI mlaIh wf;a
mej;=Ks' f.da,Sh ixj¾Okh ksid ;=kajk f,dalfha È<s÷
ldka;djka l¾udka; fIa;%fha úúO /lshdjkg fhduqlr we;s
w;r ta uÕska Tjqkaf.a iudc iy wd¾:sl ;;ajh fkdfhla
fjkialïj,g Ndckh fldg we;' ta w;r ldka;dj
.Dyuq,sl;ajh orK È<s÷ mjq,a úYd, ixLHdjla mj;sk fyhska
Tjqkg f.or fodr j.lSug wu;rj fõ;kh i|yd /lshdjl
ksr;ùug isÿj we;' fufia jv jvd ldka;djka Y%u n,ldhg
tlaùu ksid f,dalfha ì,shk 2'8 l Y%ñlhkaf.ka ì,sh 1'1 la
ke;fyd;a 40] m%;sY;hla ldka;djka njg m;aj we;'
fudjqkaf.ka jeä msßila ú/lshdj ksid b;d wvq fõ;khlg
Y%uh imhk w;r f,dalfha jev lrk È<s÷ ck.ykh jk
ñ,shka 550 ka 60] l m%;sY;hla ldka;dfjda jQy ÎLO 2004&'
fï w;r f,dalfha wmkhk ksIamdok l,dmhkays

Y%ñkalhkaf.ka 90] l m%;sY;hla È<s÷ ldka;dfjda fj;s' ta
wkqj we`.¨ï" mdjyka" l%Svd NdKav iy bf,lafg%dksla jeks
ksIamdok fCIa;%hka ;=< fufia ldka;djka úYd, m%udKhla
/lshdj, kshe<Su oelsh yel' ldka;djka /lshdjkays ksr;ùu
ksid mjq, ;=< ms<s.ekSula we;sfjk w;ru tlg jev lrk
fiajlhka iu. tlaj Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bÈßm;a lsÍug o
wjldY ie<fia' wfkla w;g jHdmdßlhka wvq fõ;khlg
kuHYS,s ldka;d Y%u n,ldhla fhdod.ekSu uÕska jeä ,dN
Wmhd.ekSug wjia:djla i,id .kshs' tu /lshd i|yd w¾O
5
iudc úuiqu
mqyqKq iy ;djld,sl moku hgf;a wvq fõ;khlg ;reK

ldka;djka fhdod .ekSug we;s yelshdj ksid Tjqkaf.a ,dNh
by< uÜgul ;nd .; yel' tfiau wjYH wjia:djl
;djld,sl fiaúldjkaf.a fiajh kj;d,Sug o yelshdj mj;S' ta
w;r fuu ;reK ldka;djkg /lshdfõ iy .DySh jev lghq;=
ms<sn| hk oaú;aj j.lsï mejÍu ksid hï muKl msvdjg
,laùu isÿfõ' ldka;djdÈka fuu ;;ajh ms<sn| fkdfhla
úfõpk bÈßm;a fldg we;'
ixj¾Okh;a iu`. ldka;djka uqyqKmdk fuu ;;ajfha

fjkila iy úl,amhka i|yd hï hï ldka;d jHdmdr Èh;a
lsÍu oelsh yel' fuu jHdmdrhkaf.a wruqKq w;r jvd fyd|
wd¾:sl m%;sm;a;s iys; md,kh" ia;%S-mqreI fofldgigu iudkj
jdis ,efnk wdldrhg th l%shd;aul ùu" iudcuh iy
mdrißl jYfhka hym;a m%;sM, we;sfjk wdldrfha ixj¾Ok
úl,amhka fj; hdu ta w;r m%Odk úh' tfiau ukd fi!LH
iy wOHdmk myiqlï" msßisÿ c,h iy ukd fmdaIKh jeä
msßilg ,efnk wdldrfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= ta uÕska wfmalaId
lrk ,§' tuksid tjlg ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾.hla f,ig
wkq.ukh lrk ,o ksoyia fj<| m%;sm;a;s ldka;djd§ka
wkqu; fkdl< fyhska ta ms<sn| úfrdaO;d mek ke.=Ks
^Harcourt and Escober 2005; Miles 1996&'
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| újdoh ;=< ldka;djg ysñ ;ek l=ula

o hkak fiùfï§ ldka;d oekqu êpistemology& ms<sn| ;¾l
mßlaIdjg Ndckh l< hq;= fõ' fuu ldka;djd§ oekqu ms<sn|
.eg¨ 1970 oYlfha iy 1980 oYlfha uq,a ld,fha m%:u jrg
u;=jQ w;r fïjd ldka;djd§kaf.a wjOdkhg 1980 oYlh fojk
Nd.fha fhduq jQ wdldrh oelsh yel' m%nqoaO ênlightenment&
ixl,am jk ;d¾lsl;ajh" úoHdj iy úuqla;sh êmancipation&
u; ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s r|d mj;s' úoHd;aul ;d¾lsl;ajh ms<sn|
j;auka úYajdih úisjk ishji wjidk ld,h jk úg
úfõpkhg Ndckh úh' fuu úfõpk t,a, l< lKavdhï
w;r ldka;djdÈka lemS fmkqKs' f,dhsâ ^Lloyd 1984& úiska 1984
6
iudc úuiqu
§ m< l< The Man of Reason hk lD;Hfha olajk mßÈ
;d¾lsl;ajh ms<sn| kùk mrudo¾Y oyy;ajk Y;j¾Ifha
fvld¾Üia ^Descartes&" iamsfkdid ^Spinoza& iy fjk;a
od¾Ykslhka úiska f.dvk.k ,o tajd jk w;r" tajd
mqreI;ajh ^maleness& wka;¾.;j mj;sk nj;a fmkajd fohs'
Tjqka udkj mrudo¾Y ms<sn| lreKq oelaùfï§ woyia lrk
,oafoa mqreI;ajh ms<sn| mrudo¾Yhka h' frfka fvldÜia úiska
meyeÈ,s ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh mj;skafka mqreI mlaIh i;=j nj;a
ldka;djka fndfyda úg ye`.=ïnr fldgila f,ig;a olajhs'
fuu woyia oykjk ishji olajdu mej;s nj;a tajd ms<s.kakd
,o mrudo¾Yhka jQ nj f,dhsâ fmkajd§ we;' fï ms<sn| lreKq
olajk mYapd;a jHQjyjd§ ldka;djkaf.a ;¾lh jqfha ishÆ
.eg¨ mqreIhkg úi¢h yelsh hk u;h ñ;Hdjla njh' wfkla
w;g fndfyda .eg¨ mqreI mlaIfha ;d¾lsl;ajh ksid we;sjk
njg o Tjqyq ;¾l l<y' tu ksid ;d¾lsl;ajh u; mokï jQ
ixj¾Ok kHdhhkao Tjqka úiska úfõpkhg Ndckh lrk ,§'
Tjqkaf.a ;¾lh ù we;af;a ixj¾Okh i|yd w;HjYH hehs
ie,flk ngysr úoHdj o mqreI mlaIhg mlaImd;sj" mqreI
mlaIh flakaøSh fldg f.dvkeÕ=Kla ksid ^Harding 1986&
ldka;djdÈka ;=< úoHd;aul oekqu ms<sn|j o t;rï meye§ula
fkdue;s fyhska ldka;djd§ kHdh bka úl,am ixl,am foi
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj h'
ixj¾Ok kHdh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ úfõpk
iudcjd§ iy /äl,a ldka;djd§ Ñka;kh j¾Okh;a

iu`. kùk ixj¾Ok kHdh kej; mÍlaId l< úg th mqreI
iajrEms ^masculine& jHdmdrhla f,ig fmkajd § we;' le;ßka
iafldÜ úiska kùlrK iy mrdëk hk ixj¾Ok kHdh
úYaf,aIKfhka fï nj fmkajd § we; ^Scott 1995&' kùk;ajh"
ixj¾Okh" iajhx úYajdih iy úma,jh hk ixl,am ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh mokï fldgf.k we;s nj;a ngysr rgj,a"
cd;Hka;r wdh;k" ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a muKla fkdj
úma,jjd§ rdcH ;=< o m%Odk m%;sm;a;s iy l%shdldrlïj,
7
iudc úuiqu
wka;¾.;j mj;S ^Scott 1995&' tfiau kùlrK kHdh .;a úg

tys kùk;ajh yd iïnkaO ;d¾lsl;ajh iy bÈß oelau iys;
mqreIdêm;H hgf;a mj;sk fmdÿ wjldYh ^n, m%foaYh& ^public
domain& ixikaokh fldg we;af;a ldka;d ,laIK f,i ms<s.;a
fkdÈhqKq" idïm%odhsl iy mjq, fj; wjOdkh fhduq l<
fm!oa.,sl wjldYh ^private domain& iu`. h' kùk;ajhg
m;aùu isÿjkafka ;d¾lsl kùk;ajh iy ldka;djd§ iïm%\h
w;r we;sjk n, wr.,h ;=<sKs' th mßK;Ndjhg m;aùfï
ud¾.h Tiafia isÿjkakls ^Rostow 1960&' kùlrK l%shdj,sfha§
ixj¾Okh <`.d lr .ekSu i|yd ;d¾lsljq;a ld¾ñlrKh
ms<s.kakd mqreIhska my< ùu w;HjYH fõ' TjQyq kj
woyiaj,g .relrk" kshñ; fj,djg jevlrk" id¾jY=Njd§
iy id¾j;%sl ,laIKj,ska hqla; jk w;r n,h iy wdêm;H
mj;ajk hdka;%Khlska hqla; kùk l%shdYS,s rchla o ta i|yd
;sìh hq;=h' iafldÜ olajk mßÈ fuu id¾j;%sl kùlrK
wdlD;sh mokï ù we;af;a mrudo¾YS mqreIrEmS ^masculine&
kùk;ajh u;h' fuu t<Uqu ;=< ldka;dj woDYHudk fõ' weh
ms;Duq,sl;ajhg hg;a fõ' kùlrKh i|yd iajYla;sh u;
mokï jQ mqreIhka l=gqïNfhka msg;g fhduq ù idïm%odh
w;yer fiiq ld¾ñlrKh je<| .;a mqreI mlaIh iu.
tlafõ' fï ;;ajh hgf;a ldka;djka hgf;a mj;sk l=gqïNh
fmdÿfõ .;aúg thg mßirh ^nature& md,kh lsÍfï Yla;shla
fkdue;' tu ksid kùlrKfha§ iïm%odh" mßirh iy ldka;dj
hg;a lr .ekSu wksjd¾hfhkau isÿl< hq;=h' iafldÜ
olajkafka kùlrK kHdh o fm!oa.,sl iy fmdÿ hk ngysr
uq,a nei f.k we;s oaúOdlrKh ^dichotomy& Ndú; lr we;s
nj;a" ta wkqj fm!oa.,sl wjldYh iy ldka;djka my;a
;;ajhl ke;fyd;a mqreI iy fmdÿ wjldYhg wkqmqrl
;;ajhl mj;sk njg;a ms<s.efka'
iafldÜ mrdëk kHdh o úfõpkhg Ndckh lrhs' tu

kHdh o mq¾j Okjd§ iudc l%uh flakao%-m¾hka; iïnkaO;d
uÕska m¾hka;fha iajdêk ixj¾Okhg ndOdjla jQ njg
ms<s.kakd ,o fyhska tho kùlrK kHdh fuka Okjd§
8
iudc úuiqu
ksIamdok l%uh ;d¾lsl nj;a mjq, mokï lrf.k ksIamdok
l%uh flakao% iy m¾hka; hk ixl,am fhdodf.k ms<s.kakd
,o nj;a iafldÜ fmkakd fohs' tfiau mrdh;a;;d kHdhh o
wd¾:sl j¾Okh i|yd fmdÿ wjldYh ld¾ñlrKhg Ndckh
lsÍu w;HjYH njg ms<s.efkk w;r fjkia fkdjk Okjd§
iudc jHQjyh thg ndOdjla fia fmkakd § we;' tu kHdh
ud¾laiajd§ woyia wkqj hñka ixj¾Okh uÕska mßirh md,kh
fldg úm¾hdihg ydckh lrk nj ms<s.kakd nj iafldÜ
fmkajd fohs' fï uÕska o iudc wr., ksIamdokh
mokïfldgf.k mj;skakla nj ms<s.kakd w;r ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIh w;r mj;sk .egqï wu;l fldg we;s njg weh ;¾l
lrhs' tfiau mßirh o ldka;d iajremhla .kakd nj mrdëk
kHdh uÕska ms<s.ekSu fj; wjOdkh iafldÜ úiska fhduq
fldg we;' ;jo kùlrK kHdh iy mrdh;ak;d kHdh hk
kHdhka foflau uQ,sl ;¾l kej; mßlaIdjg Ndckh fldg
kùk;ajh" ld¾ólrKh" jev iy ixj¾Okh hk ixl,amj,g
kj w¾: iemhSu jeo.;a nj weh ;j ÿrg;a ldka;djd§
oDIaáfhka fmkakd fohs ^Scott 1995&'
ldka;dj" ixj¾Okh iy kHdhd;aul t,Uqï
ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j we;s kHdh yd ixl,am fndfyduhla

ldka;dj ms<sn|j m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduqfldg fkdue;s
njg olajk úfõpkhka ksid ldka;djd§ka ueÈy;aj ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| kHdh kej; ilia lsÍug W;aidy oeÍu 1970 oYlfha
isg oelsh yel' tys § Tjqyq .eg¨ .Kklg wjOdkh fhduq
fldg we;' ixj¾Ok kHdh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ úfõpk .;aúg
tajdfha uq,sl yrh ù we;af;a ;=kajk f,dalfha ishÆ iudchka
ys mdfya Y%u n,ldfha jeä m%udKhla ldka;djka jqjo ixj¾Ok
kHdh ;=< weh wka;¾.; ù fkdue;af;a ljr fyhska o hk
mek hhs' tfiau kHdh f.dvke.Sfï§ ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy
ldka;d w;aoelSï mokï lrf.k ixj¾Ok kHdh kej; ilia
lsÍfï§ ljr fjkila oelsh yelso@ hkak o ldka;djd§
mekhla njg m;aj we;' ldka;djÈkaf.a ;¾lh ù we;af;a ia;%S-
9
iudc úuiqu
mqreI iudcNdjh uq,a fldgf.k ixj¾Ok l;sldj wÆ;a

ud;Dld yd ixl,am jgd f.dvkeÕSu wjYH ù we;s njls'
idïm%odhslj ;=kajk f,dalh ld¾ñlrKfha§ fhdod .kakd Y%u
n,ldh mqreI md¾Yjfhka ieÿk tlla f,ig yeÈkaùu
idOdrK iy ksjerÈ fkdjk nj;a tu Y%u n,ldfhka jeä
m%;sY;hla ldka;djka f,ig ms<sf.k ta wkqj l%shd lsÍu
w;HjYH nj Tjqkaf.a u;h ú we;' tfiau ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
jgyd .ekSu i|yd ia;%S-mqreI iïnkaO;d fj; wjOdkh fhduQ
lsÍfï jeo.;alu o ldka;djd§ka fmkajd§ we;' tfiau ldka;d
ksfhdackh jvd;a lemS fmfkk .%dóh iy wúêu;a wxY rgl
wd¾:slhg flfrk n,mEu" ixj¾Okh flfrys n,mdk
mqk¾ckkh ^m%ckkh reproduction&" ksIamdokg flfrk
n,mEu" wmkhk ksIamdok l%uh ;=< mj;sk ia;%S-mqreI
iïnkaO;d" ixj¾Okh ;=<ska mek kÕsk iudc wiudk;d iy
ixj¾Okfha m%;sM, wd§ wxY ixl,amuh ;;ajfha isg w;aoelSï
olajd mßlaIdjg Ndckh lsÍfï jeo.;alu lka;djd§ka úiska
fmkajd § we;'
ixj¾Okh ldka;djkg n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn|j

ldka;djd§ oDIaáfldaKfhka lreKq mßlaId lsßfï§ ta ms<sn|j
kej; is;d ne,sh hq;= nj ldka;djdÈ u;h ù we;' ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul t<Uqï úúO foaYmd,k
u;jdohkaf.a n,mEug o k;= ùu oelsh yel' ixj¾Okh ms<sn|
ldka;djd§ m¾fhaIKhka ;=<ska ìys jQ wOHhk mßlaId lsÍfï§
ta ;=<ska kHdhd;aul t<Uqï myla muK y÷kd.; yel' tkï
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj" ixj¾Okh iy ldka;dj" ia;%S-mqreI
iudc Ndjh iy ixj¾Okh" ldka;dj" mßirh iy ixj¾Okh
iy mYapd;a kq;kjdoh iy ixj¾Okh hk tajdh' fuu
j¾.SlrKh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ wOHhk ;=<ska
biau;=fõ ^Rathgeber 1990; Young1992; Visvanathan et al' 1997&'
fï w;=frka ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqï jvd;a lemS fmfka' fuu ldka;djd§
t<Uqï ixj¾Okh ms<sn| Ñka;khg fukau ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s
iunkaOfhka o n,md we;s wdldrh oelsh yel' fuu wOHhk
10
iudc úuiqu
uÕska ldka;d .egÆj,g úiÿï o úúO fhdackd uÕska bÈßm;a
lsÍu fuu wOHhk mßlaId lsÍfuka fmkS hhs' ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul t<Uqï iudc úm¾hdi ;=<ska
,nk w;aoelSï wkqj jßka jr fjkialïj,g Ndckh ùuo isÿ
úh' tfiau ldka;djd§ jHdmdr ;=<ska ìys jqk kHdhd;aul
t<Uqï uÕska ixj¾Ok l;sldjg ldka;djka wruqKq fldgf.k
kj oDIaáfldaKhka y÷kajd§u o isÿ úh'
ldka;d jHdmdr ke.Sisàug fmr isgu ldka;djkaf.a

m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d bgqlr.ekSu msKsi úúO ld, mßfþfÉoj,
we;eï u; bÈßm;a úh (Molyneux 1985; Mosher 1989)' uq,skau
ldka;djkaf.a iy orejkaf.a tÈfkod wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu
msKsi;a" ia;%S-mqreI iïnkaO;d ;=< ldka;dj hg;aùu
wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍu;a wruqKq fldgf.k ldka;d y`v ke.Su
isÿ úh' ta wkqj miq.sh ishjil muK ld,h ;=< ldka;d
ixúOdk ìysùu;a ta uÕska ldka;d iqnidOkh iy ldka;d
iún, .ekaùu i|yd l%shdldÍ ùu;a oelsh yel' tys§
ldka;djd§ Wmdhud¾. iqnidOk uqyqKqjrla .kakd ,§' ta w;r
miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< ldka;djka uq,afldg.;a ixj¾Ok
ie,iqïlrKh ms<sn| l;sldj f.dv keÕSfï§ ldka;djd§
jHdmdrj, n,mEu lemS fmkqKs (Moser 1993)'
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj
1960 oYlfha ueo muK jk úg ixj¾Okh ;=<

ldka;dj hk t<Uqu bÈßhg tau i|yd we;eï idOl n,mdk
,§' fï iïnkaOfhka m%:u wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oafoa
fvkaud¾laj, lDIs wd¾:sl úoHd{jßhla jQ tiaf;¾ fndiarma
Êsther Bosrup& úisks' weh úiska 1965 § t<solajk ,o The
Conditions of Agricultural Growth hk lD;sh uÕska fmkajd fok
,oafoa hï iudchla ck úldY úoHd;aul wNsfhda.hkg
uqyqKmdk úg Bg m%;sW;a;r jYfhka kj fidhd.ekSï isÿjk
njhs' WodyrKhla f,i m%foaYhl ck >k;ajh j¾Okh jk
úg bvï iy Y%uh Ndú;h by, uÜgulska mj;ajd .ksñka
11
iudc úuiqu
ksIamdokh jeälsÍug Wkkaÿjk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrk ,§'

tys§ wjYH jdß myiqlï iemhSu" fyd| îc Ndú;h" j.dlrk
jdr .Kk jeä lsÍu" iy kùk l%ufõoh fhdod .ekSu
Wmfhda.S lrf.k ksIamdokh by, uÜgulska mj;ajd f.k
hdug ork jEhu úúO idOl weiqßka fndiarma fmkakd fok
,§' tu w;aoelSu Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka fndiarma Women’s Role in
Economic Development hk lD;sh 1970 § m, lrñka tu ;¾lh
;jÿrg;a mq¿,a f,i bÈßm;a lrk ,§' flfia fj;;a
lDIsl¾udka;h kùlrKhg Ndckhùfï§ kj ;dlaIKh
Ndú;h mq¿,a jk úg lDIs lafIa;%h ;=< ldka;djg hï hï jdis
ie,fik njg bÈßm;a fldg we;s ;¾lh ksIam%N lsÍug
fndiarma ork W;aidyh tys§ lemS fmfkhs' weh olajk whqßka
kùlrK l%shdj,sh uÕska ngysr woyia wkqj ixj¾Okh jk
rgj, o ia;%S-mqreI Y%u úNckh isÿ jqj o hg;a úð; md,k
iufha isg hg;a úð; ;=< y÷kajd fok ,o kj ;dlaIKh
mqreI mlaIh flaJøh ùu ksid idïm%odhsl lDIsl¾udka;fha jeä
ld¾h fldgila bgq lrk ,o ldka;djka wd¾:sl l%shdodufhka
fldkaùu isÿùu ksid Tjqka wdka;sl ;;ajhg m;aj we;s wdldrh
fndiarma WodyrK iys;j fmkajdfok ,§' fuu l%shdj,sfha
m%;sM,h f,ig ldka;djka ,nñka isà wdodhu Tjqk;ska
.s,syqk w;r Tjqka ,nd ;snqK iudc yd wd¾:sl ;;ajh o foord
.sh wdldrh fndiarma meyeÈ,s lrk ,§' tfiau kùlrK
l%shdj,sh uÕska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,efnk
úg cd;sl rdcH iy cd;Hka;r wdh;k tlaj fuu ;;ajh
fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj mj;sk njg ;¾lh o weh úiska
bÈßm;a lrk ,§' fndiarmaf.a wOHhkh ms<sn| lreKq bÈßm;a
lrk fÊka celaÜfÜ ^Jane Jaquette 1990& fndiarmaf.a w.kd
ú.%yh uÕska m%;sm;a;suh ie,iqï i|yd kj u.fmkaùula isÿ jQ
nj;a" jD;a;Suh jYfhka kj fCIa;%hka újD; jQ nj;a olajhs' ta
uÕska we;sjqK n,mEfï m%;sM,hla f,i ixj¾Okh jk
rgj,g wdOdr imhk wefußldj iy fiiq ngysr rgj,a wdOdr
u; mokï jQ ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha§ ldka;djka we;=<;a
lr.ekSu i|yd mshjr .kakd ,§'
12
iudc úuiqu
fndiarma f.a wOHhkhka uÕska bÈßm;a lrk ,o lreKq fya;=
fldgf.k kj m%mxphla ìys jQ w;r tys n,mEu ixj¾Ok
fCIa;%h ;=< oelsh yel' WodyrKhlg wefußldfõ
fjdIskagkaj, msysgd ;snqK Society for International
Developmenthk ixúOdkh tys ldka;d wxYfhys ;=kajk
f,dalfha ldka;djka ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï Wmdh
ud¾.hg ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk ixl,amh we;=<;a lrk
,È ^Rathgeber 1990&' fuu miqìu ;=< wefußldfõ 1973 wkqu;
lrk ,o Percy amendment to the1973 Foreign Assistance Act hk
mk; uÕska úfoaYSh rgj, cd;sl wd¾:slhg ldka;djka
iïnkaO lrùu Wkkaÿ l< w;r ta uÕska ldka;djkaf.a iudc
wd¾:sl ;;ajh by< kxjd,Su ixj¾Okfha wruqKla f,ig
bÈßm;a lrk ,§' tfiau 1974 § USAID ixúOdkh ixj¾Okh
;=< ldka;dj hk f;audj hgf;a ld¾hd,hla msysgqjk ,§' ta
uÕska wjYHh m¾fhaIK i|yd úYd, myiqlï i,ik ,È' fuu
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqug fldf;la ms<s.ekSula ù o
h;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh 1975 iy 1985 w;r j¾I oyh
ldka;d oYlh f,ig kï lrk ,§' tfiau ldka;djd§ka
f.khk ,o ldka;d jHdmdrj, m%;sM,hla f,ig l%shdldÍj
ixj¾Ok lghq;=j, kshe¿k iEu ixúOdkhla ldka;djf.a
iudc wd¾:sl ;;ajh k.d isgqùu msKsi úúO jevigyka Èh;a
lrk ,È' thg m%Odk fya;=j f,ig olajd we;af;a ixj¾Ok
lghq;=j,g ldka;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh m%udKj;a ;rug
isÿfkdjk njg ms<s.ekSu h' 1975 § fulaisfldafõ meje;ajQ
cd;Hka;r ldka;d j¾I iuq¿fõ§ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
ldka;d ixj¾Ok wruqo, ÛN Development Fund for Women&
wdrïN lrk ,§' th f,dj jik È<s÷ ldka;d wjYH;d bgqlsÍu
i|yd fhdod .ekSu wruqK úh' fuu ldka;djkaf.a m%Odk
wjYH;dj f,ig olajkafka Tjqka iy Tjqkaf.a orejkaf.a
wjYH;d bgqlr.ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a wdodhu Wmojd.ekSu h
^Snyder 1995&' ta wkqj bÈß .uk ms<sn| ksoyia u;h kï
wd¾:sl lghq;=j, ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh jeä fldg Tjqkaf.a
wjYH;d i|yd iïm;a fldgila ldka;djkg ,nd §uh' /lshd
,nd§u ;=<ska Tjqkaf.a ðjk l%uh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd
13
iudc úuiqu
m%udKj;a wdodhula ,nd.ekSug wjldY ie,iSu isÿfõ' ta wkqj

ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg uq¿ ldka;d n,h iïnkaO lr.ekSfï
wjYH;djh ldka;djd§ka úiska fmkakd § we; ^Mueller 1987&'
fuu ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu ms<s.;a iy wkq.ukh
l< rdcH iy úúO wdh;k kùlrK kHdh ms<s.;a w;r
ixj¾Okh hkafkka w¾:j;a jkafka f¾Åh l%shdj,shla ;=<
wd¾:sl j¾Ok nj ms<s.kakd ,§' kùk iy idïm%odhsl hk
iudc w;r fjki we;s jqfha fuu foj¾.h w;r m%udKj;a
iïnkaO;d fkd;snqK fyhska h" hk ;¾lh o ta iu.u
ms<s.eksK' ta w;r ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu uÕska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqfha mj;ajdf.k hk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s j,g
ldka;dj iïnkaO lr .ekSu h' túg ldka;dj uqyqKmdk ud;D
urK ixLHdj md,kh lsÍu jeks .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu
muKla fkdj ldka;djkg fjku u jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu"
ldka;djka fjkqfjka hï hï ixúOdk ìyslsÍu" ia;%S$mqreI
iudcNdjh ms<sn| we;sjk fkdfhla .eg¨ tu ixúOdk uÕska
úi£u o wfmalaId lrk ,§ ^Moser 1993&'
fuu ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu uÕska we;sjqk

l=;=y,h ksid ldka;djg iudcfha mj;sk ;;ajh ms<sn|
fkdfhla wOHhk 1970 oYlh ;=< t<soelaúK' tajd w;r
ldka;dj lsisu fõ;khla fkd,nñka l=gï q nh uq,alrf.k
bgqlrk fiajdjka" m<d;ano m%cdjka ;=< ldka;dj úiska
bgqlrk ld¾hNdrh" wd§ ud;Dld ms<sn| lrk ,o .eUqre
wOHhk uÕska úia;rd;aul fukau .=Kd;aul f;dr;=re rdYshla
m<úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh fï ms<sn| úfYaI Wkkaÿjla
olajk ,o w;r tu wOHhk uÕska ldka;djf.a ld¾hNdrh
yE,aÆjg ,laù we;s wdldrh;a wef.a odhl;ajh wj;lafiarejg
Ndckh jQ wdldrh;a fy<súh' WodyrKhlg tlai;a cd;skaf.a
ixúOdkh l< wOHhk uÕska Èkm;d jevlrk uq¿ meh
.Kkska 2$3 la Y%uh ldka;dj iemhqj o th jd¾;dúfï§ 1$3
olajd wvqù we;s nj;a" Tjqka ,nk fõ;kh mqreI mlaIh ,nk
fõ;kfhka 1$10 muK nj;a" fN!;sl NdKavj,ska wehg ysñj
we;af;a 1$100 muKla nj;a foam, whs;h
s o mqreI mlaIhg jvd
14
iudc úuiqu
fnfyúka wvq m%udKhla nj;a jd¾;d úh ^Pezzullo 1982&' tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha fujeks f;dr;=re fy,s lf<a o ta uÕska
m%ldYhg m;al< ldka;d oY j¾Ih ;=< ldka;djka fjkqfjka
l%shd;aul l< jHdmD;sj,ska ksis m%;sM, ,enqK njla
fkdfmfka' tu ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< idfmalaIj ldka;djf.a
;;ajh ;jÿrg;a my< jegqk nj fmkakd § we;' iïm;a whs;sh"
jev nr" fi!LH" fmdaIKh" iy wOHdmkh hk ljr fCIa;%hla
iïnkaOfhka jqjo fuu miqnEu Èiaúh'ta wkqj fuu ixj¾Okh
;=< ldka;dj hk ixj¾Ok t<Uqu ldka;djg t;rï jdis
iy.; ;;ajhla we;slrk ,o tlla fkdjQ ÿ¾j, tlla nj
ldka;djd§ka jgyd .;a fyhska kj úl,amhka fj; Tjqkaf.a
wjOdkh fhduq úh ^Sen and Grown 1987&'
fuu ;;ajh ksid tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh fukau

fjk;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdk wkq.%yfhka mj;ajk ,o
iïuka;%Kj,§ ldka;djd§kaf.a fkdfhla úfõpk t,a,fjñka
úfrdaO;d oelaùu isÿúh' WodyrKhlg 1975 § fulaisfldafõ
cd;Hka;r ldka;d j¾Ih iïnkaO iïuka;K % h iy 1980
fldmkafy.kaj, meje;ajQ ldka;d iïuka;%kfha§ ldka;djd§ka
fkdfhla ldka;d .eg¨ ms<sn| oreKq jdo újdo we;s jQ w;r
tys§ ldka;djd§ ixj¾Ok kHdhhkaf.a wod,;ajh ms<sn|
fkdfhla u; fNao we;súh' 1985 § khsfrdaìj, meje;a jQ
iïuka;%Khg iyNd.S jQ ldka;djkaf.ka jeä msßila ;=kajk
f,dalfha rgj, ldka;djka jQ w;r' Tjqka úfYaIfhka ;=kajk
f,dalfha ldka;djka uqyqKmdk .eg¨ yqjdolajñka ta ms<sn|
úiÿï fj; m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq fkdùu iïnkaOfhka
;on, úfrdaO;d olajk ,§' Tjqkaf.a fuu úfrdaO;d oelaùu
i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuka;%Khg wu;rj ta yd iu.dñj
mj;ajk ,o úl,am /iaùï ud,djla fhdod.kakd ,o w;r tu
/iaùïj,g ldka;djka 16000la muK iyNd.S jQ nj jd¾;d
fjhs' ldka;d m%pKav;ajh" iïm;a md,kfhka ldka;dj bj;a
lsÍu" ldka;d oßø;djh iy oekg ldka;djg wjdisodhlj
mj;sk iudc jHqyh hk ud;Dld fuu /iaùïj,§ jeä
wjOdkhla fhduqj idlÉPdjg Ndckh úh' fï jk úg uq,ska
15
iudc úuiqu
ngysr ldka;djd§ka úiska fok ,o kdhl;ajh fjkqjg ;=kajk

f,dalfha ldka;djka iy fkdfhla ldka;d ixúOdk iyNd.s
ùu mq¿,a ùu;a iu`. ldka;djd§ jHdmdr ;=< c.;a úIu cd;s
ksfhdackhla we;sùu;a ;=kajk f,dlfha ldka;d kdhl;ajh
bÈßhg tau;a lemS fmkqKs' tfiau ldka;d wjYH;d wka;¾.;
fkdjQ fuf;la ms<s.;a ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul t<Uqï o
;on, úfõpkhg ,laúh'
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk ldka;djd§ t<Uqu uÕska

ngysr ixj¾Ok wdh;k ldka;dj ixj¾Okhg fhduq fldg
f.k hk m%;sm;a;sj, m%fNao myla fudi¾ fmkajd § we;
^Moser 1993&' tkï iqnidOk t<Uqu" iudk;d t<Uqu" m%;soßo%;d
t<Uqu" iy iún, .ekaùfï t<Uqu tu m%fNao myh' iqnidOk
t<Uqï uÕska ldka;djf.a m%ckk ld¾h iy ck.ykh yd
iïnkaO .eg¨ fj; 1970g fmr wjOdkh fhduqùu oelsh yel'
iudk;d t<Uqu iïnkaOfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ldka;d oYj¾I
l%shdldrlïj, n,mEu oelsh yel' fuhg oeä úfrdaO;d
mqreImlaIfhka t,a, úh' m%;soßø;d t<Uqu uÕska ldka;dj Y%u
nd,ldhg tlaùu uÕska m%Odk wd¾:sl m%jdyhg tlaùu isÿjqj o
;ju;a th foaYmd,k iy wd¾:sl lghq;=j,ska ÿria:j iy
fm!oa.,sl wjldYhg isud lsßu isÿúh ^Chowdry 1995&'
ld¾hCIu;d t<Uqu uÕska cd;Hka;r uq,H wruqo, úiska
y÷kajdfok ,o wd¾:sl m%;sjHqjy.; lsÍfï jevigyka iuÕ
m%;sjHqjy.; wd¾:slh ;=< ldka;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh wjOdrKh
lsÍu isÿ úh' ;=ka jk f,dalfha ldka;djd§kaf.a wOHhk" ìï
uÜgfï ixúOdk iy ixj¾Ok ie,iqï my, isg by<g
l%shd;aul jk wdldrhg kS;s iy jHqjyd;aul fjkialï we;s
lsÍu ms<sn| ldka;djd§ woyiaj, n,mEu ldka;djka
ixj¾Okhg iïnkaOlr .ekSu i|yd n,mdk ,os' ldka;djd§ka
wLkavj f.k.sh uq,sl ;¾lh jqfha ldka;dj widOdrKhg
,laj we;s nj h'
16
iudc úuiqu
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj ms,sn| úfõpk
1970 iy 1980 oYlhkays ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu

;o n, úfõpkhg Ndckh úh' cd;Hka;r ixj¾Ok ixúOdk
iy wdh;k l%shd;aul l< tu ixl,amh u; l%shd;aul jHdmD;s
kùk l;sldjka folla mokï fldg mej;sKs' tkï hg;a
úð;jd§ l;sldj; iy ksoyiau;Odß ,snr,a l;sldjka h' hg;a
úð;jd§ l;sldj uÕska ;=kajk f,dalfha ishÆ ck fldgia
iucd;sl;ajhg m;afldg È<s÷ ldka;d m%;suD;sh fhdod.ksñka
ixj¾Ok l;sldj; f.dvk.k ,§' ,snr,a l;sldjka ksoyia
fj<|m<" iafõÉPd wNsu;h" iy mqoa.,d¾: jdoh îndividualism&
mokï fldgf.k mej;=Ks' fïjd uÕska ;=kafjks f,dalfha
ldka;dj n, rys; ;;ajhlg m;alrk ,§ ^Chowdry 1995&'
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu ,snr,a ldka;djdoh iu`.
tlaj fhdod .;a w;r wjYH iïm;a imhd.ekSu i|yd È<s÷
ldka;d ixl,amh o fhdod .eksK' ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk
t<Uqug tl`. jQ ldka;djka idudkHfhka ukd wOHdmkhla
,nd.;a ,snr,a ldka;djd§yQ jQy ^Young 1993&' Tjqyq mj;sk
iudc n, jHqjyh wkqu; lr" tu ;;ajh tfia mj;ajd.ksñka
ldka;djf.a ;;ajh by< uÜgulg f.k tau wfmalaId lrk
,§' tys§ ,sx. fNaoh mokï lr.;a Y%u úNckh iajNdúl
;;ajhla f,ig ms<s.;a w;r mqreI mlaIh ldka;dj mSvkhg
Ndckh lsÍu hk ixl,am bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aiql fkdjqy'
tuksid ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| u;jdoh" ia;%S-mqreI
j.lSïj, wiudk;d" ia;%S-mqreI ld¾h i|yd wiudk jákdlï
;lafiarej hkd§ ldka;djg wjdisodhl ;;ajh fkdi<ld yeÍu
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu úfõpkhg fya;=jQ idol
h' tfiau fuu t<Uqug È¾>ld,Sk ft;sydisl mokula
fkdue;s fyhska mx;sh" ckj¾.h iy ixialD;sh ldka;dj fj;
flfrk n,mEu wjOdkhg ,lafkdjQ njg o u;hls' tfiau
fï uÕska ldka;dj fj; muKla wjOdkh fhduq lsßu ia;%S-
mqreI iudcNdjh fkdi<ld yeÍu ksid iudc wd¾:sl
úYaf,aIKh .eUqßka fkdj u;=msáka flfrk njg o ;¾l
bÈßm;aj we;' f.da,Sh m%d.aOkh talrdYSùu ksid ldka;dj
17
iudc úuiqu
iudcfha fojk ;ekg m;ajk njg mj;sk u;h ixj¾Okh

;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu uÕska mßlaIdjg Ndckh lr fkdue;s
nj thg t,a, ù we;s ;j;a úfõpkhls' tfiau ldka;d
oßo%;djh mqreI mlaIfha mSvkh uÕska we;s jkakla jqj o th o
wjOdkfhka .s,syS f.dia we;snj ;j;a ;¾lhls' fuu iSudjka
ksid ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hkak u; mokï jQ ixj¾Ok
Wmdh ud¾.j, o ÿ¾j,lï rdYshla oelsh yels nj;a tu ksid
ldka;djf.a wNsjDoaêh i|yd fjkialï we;s lsÍfï yelshdj o
iSud iys; njgo ;¾l bÈßm;aj we;' tfiau tu t<Uqu uÕska
ldka;djf.a ksIamdok ld¾hg muKla wjOdkh fhduq lrk
w;r weh úiska bgqlrk iqúfYaIS ld¾h jk m%ckk ^mqk¾ckk&
ld¾h wu;l lr we;s njg o úfõpk bÈßm;aj we;' fuhg
fya;=ù we;af;a kùlrK kHdh u; mokïùu ksid w¾:sl
j¾Okh ksIamdok ld¾h uÕska muKla isÿúh yels nj
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu uÕska o wkq.ukh lsÍu h'
tu ksid ldka;djg wdodhï ud¾.hla ,nd§ug Wkkaÿ jqjd úkd
wef.a f.or fodr jev lghq;= ms<sn| nr wvq lsÍug iy
m%ckk ld¾hg ksis ms<s.ekSula ,nd §ug fï ;=<ska iu;a ú
fkdue;s njg ;¾l bÈßm;a ú we;' mj;sk iudc wd¾:sl l%uh
È.g mj;ajdf.k hñka ldka;djg myiqlï ie,iSug tl`.ùu
ksid .egqïldÍ ;;ajhka u`.yeÍu isÿ ú we;' fuu t<Uqu
kùlrK kHdh wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid ldka;d .eg¨ úu¾Ykh
i|yd fhduq jQ t<Uqula fkdjk njg ldka;djd§ka fldgila
;¾l bÈßm;a fldg we; ^Rathgeber 1990; Young 1993&'
;=kajk f,dalfha ldka;djka fkdÈhqKq" miq.dó"

wdmodjkg f.dÿrejqK" ÈhqKq m%:u f,dalfhka wdOdr ,ndÈh
hq;= fldgila f,ig ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu
bÈßm;a lsÍu mYapd;a kq;k ldkajd§ka úiska úfõpkhg
Ndckh fldg we;' WodyrKhlg fka m¾mdÜ iy ueßfhka
u¾pkaâ tu l;sldj foaYSh oekqu iy tu oekqu fydnjk
udkj iïm;a fkdi,ld yeÍu fukau ;=kajk f,dalfha ldka;d
.eg¨ i|yd úfoaYSh úi÷ï fidhk wefußldkq wdOdr l%uhg
.e,fmk fia ieliqK t<Uqula f,ig fmkajd § we; ^Parpart
18
iudc úuiqu
and Marchande1995&' fuu t<Uqu ;Èka u úfõpkh l<
ldka;djd§ka fofofkla f,i wefv,a ñhq,¾ iy fvdfrd;s
iañ;a oelaúh yel ^Mueller 1987; Smith 1990&'
ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh
kùlrK kHdh mokï fldg.;a ixj¾Okh ;=<

ldka;dj hk t<Uqu uÕska ldka;dj kùlrK l%shdj,shg
iïnkaO l< hq;= njg ;¾l bÈßm;a l< kuqÿ ldka;djd§
u;h ú we;af;a ta uÕska ldka;dj jv jvd oßo%;djhg m;a jQ
nj h' tu ksid tu wvqj msrùu i|yd ixj¾Okh iy ldka;dj
hk t<Uqu f.dvke.Sfï§ mrdh;a; kHdh iy kj ud¾laiajd§
kHdh úiska W!k ixj¾Okh ms<sn| bÈßm;a lrk ,o
ixl,amhkaf.a wdNdih ,nd we;' mS;Duq,sl;aj ixl,amj,
wdrïNh" Okjdoh keÕSu;a iu`. tu woyia ;yjqre ùu"
tx.,aia fm!oa.,sl foam< ms<sn| lrk ,o úYaf,aIKh" lDIs
úma,jh wd§h fuu ldka;djd§ t<Uqug mdol jQ ft;sydisl
miqìu úh ^Bandarage1984; Mies 1986&' r;af.n¾ ^Rathgebar&
fmkajd § we;af;a ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh hk ldka;djd§
t<Uqu uÕska ud¾laiajd§ka wjOdkh fhduq l< mx;s w;r
iïnkaO;d fjkqjg ia;%S-mqreI iïnkaO;d ms<sn| wjOdkh
fhduq fldg we;s nj h' tys§ ldka;djka Tjqka jik iudcj,
ksIamdok iy m%ckk lghq;=j, kshef<ñka b;d jeo.;a
ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrk nj meyeÈ,sj fmkajd § we;' ta w;r
f.da,Sh Okjdoh we;s ùu;a iu. ldka;d Y%uh Bg iïnkaO ùu
ksid ldka;dj msvkhg iy wdka;sl ;;ajhg m;ajQ njg
ldka;djd§yq ;¾l flfr;s' WodyrKhlg nyq cd;sl iud.ï
úiska mj;ajd f.k hk wmkhk fj<| l,dmhka ;=<
ldka;djka ,dnodhs Y%u n,ldh f,ig fhdod .ekSu oelaúh
yel ^Visvanathan 1986" 1991" 1997&'
ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu ;=< iudcjd§

n,mEu oelsh yels kuqÿ tys§ ud¾laiajdoh úfõpkhg Ndckh
lrhs' iïNdjH ud¾laiajdoh .;a úg iudcjd§ ldka;djdÈka
19
iudc úuiqu
fmkajd § we;af;a ldka;djf.a meje;au i|yd n,mdk

iïnkaO;d yd l%shdldrlï ta uÕska úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh lr
fkdue;s nj h' tfiau ta uÕska wd¾:slh fj; úfYaI
wjOdkhla fhduq l< o ldka;djka ms<sn| wjOdkhla fhduq
fkdl< njg ldka;d jdÈka úiska lreKq olajhs ^Mitchell 1966&'
;jo mx;s wiudk;d iïnkaOfhka mq¾K wjOdkh ud¾laiajd§ka
fhduq l< o ia;%S-mqreI wiudk;d Tjqkaf.a wjOdkfhka .s,syqKq
njg Tjqyq ;¾l flfr;s ^Hartmann 1981&'
iudcjd§ ldka;djdÈka ldka;djka bgqlrk ld¾hkays

we;s jeo.;alu fj; m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' cq,shÜ
ñfp,a ^Juliet Mitchell 1966& ldka;djka iïnkaOfhka n,mdk
lreKq jk ksIamdokh" m%ckkh" iudcdkqfhdackh iy
,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| lreKq olajñka thska ksIamdokh l=gqïNfha
lreKqj,g mßndysrj wd¾:sl fCIa;%h ;=<;a fiiq tajd
ldka;dj Nd¾hdjla iy ujla f,ig l=gqïNh ;=<;a bgqlrk
ld¾h yeáhg fmkajd fohs' fuu yeu ld¾hla iïnkaOfhka
mriamr úfrdaO;d fukau .;sl;ajhla o mj;sk w;r ta yeu
tllska u ldka;dj fmdÿ w;aoelSï ,nhs' flfia fj;;a fuu
fCIa;% y;r w;ßka mjq, yd jvd;a iïnkaO ,sx.sl" m%ckk iy
iudcdkqfhdack lD;H ksIamdok lD;Hh wNsNjd mj;sk
wdldrh ldka;djdÈka fmkajd § we;' ldka;dj l=gqïNfha
lghq;=j,g ,ndfok Y%u odhl;ajh mqreI mlaIh ,ndfok Y%u
odhl;ajhg jvd fjkia wdldrfha ksIamdok Wmdhka ^means&
yeáhg ie,lsh yel' ldka;djf.a fuu l%shdjka uÕska
ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH Y%uh mj;ajd f.k hdu iy
m%;sksIamdokh ^reproduction& isÿ fjhs'
iudcjd§ ldka;djd§kaf.a ;¾lh jqfha wdydr ksjdi

jeks mqoa.,hdf.a fN!;sl wjYH;d fukau orejka oeÍu iy yod
jvd .ekSu" ,sx.sl ;Dma;sh ,nd§u iy Ñ;a;fõ.S nj iukh
lsÍu hk ishÆ ld¾h jeo.;ajkjd muKla fkdj ta i|yd
ldka;d Y%uh wksjd¾hfhkau w;HjYHh njh' iudcjd§
ldka;djd§ kHdh uÕska fuu uq,sl lreKq iïnkaO .eg,q
20
iudc úuiqu
meyeÈ,s lsÍug W;aidy ord we;' kekais fpdafodfrdaõ hk iudc
úoHd{jßh mqreINdjh ^masculinity& iy ia;%S;ajh ^femininity&
iudcuh jYfhka mjq, ;=< f.dv kexùu îxo¾Nkh& isÿjk
njg ;¾l lrhs ^Nancy Chodorow 1978&' tys§ ujf.a iïnkaOh
b;d jeo.;a fjhs' ta wkqj msßñ orejka ksjiska neyerj lghq;=
lsÍu ksid idOkh âchievement& fmroeß fldg.;a mqreIhka
f,i ye§ jeãu;a .eyeKq orejka ksji ;=< fyda msg;
Ñ;a;fõ.S f,i lghq;=j, kshe<Sug yev.eiSug isÿjk
wdldrh;a weh fmkajd fohs'
wd¾:slh" m%ckkh iy mqreIdêm;H w;r we;s

iïnkaOh ksid ft;sydislj isÿjqk l%shd uÕska ldka;djg
mej;s úl,am iy w¾:sl ,dN iïnkaOfhka iSudjka we;súh'
iudcjd§ kHdh wkqj m%ckk ld¾h iy fmdÿ wd¾:sl
ksIamdokh tlsfkl u; r|d mj;sk wka;¾ mrdëk iïnkaO;d
f,ig mj;S' tfy;a fmdÿ wd¾:sl ksIamdok iy fm!oa.,sl
ksIamdok lghq;= w;r fjki we;s lsÍu ;=<ska ldka;dj
iqrdlEug êxploitation& ,lalsÍu isÿjk njg iudcjd§
ldka;djdÈka ;¾l lrkq ,efí ^Fergusion and Folbre 1981&'
idudkHfhka ldka;djka úiska fõ;khla fkd,nñka Y%uh
imhk w;r Y%u n,ldh m%;sksIamdOkh i|yd odhl ùu ta
uÕska isÿfõ' ta wkqj ldka;djka by< uÜgñka iQrdlEug
Ndckh jk jevlrk mx;sh njg m;afõ'
fuu woyia mokï fldgf.k f.dvke.S we;s tl

u;hla kï ud¾laiajd§ woyia iDcq f,iu fhdodf.k ldka;dj
iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh úYaf,aIKhg W;aidy ork nj
^Vogel 1983&' tx.,aia olajk wdldrhg mqreI mlaIhg
idfmalaIj ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh my; ;eklg m;ajqfha mx;sfNaoh
iudc ;=< we;sjQ miqj h' fuu ;¾lh ;jÿrg;a úuik fudkd
tf;kafka iy t,sfkdõ ,Sfldla hk udkj úoHd{jßhka
fofokdg wkqj iudc" wd¾:sl wiudk;d iy Oqrdj,ska wjfndaO
lr .ekSu i|yd iudc iïnkaO;d wOHhkh jeo.;a jk njh'
thg fya;=j kï fuu ishÆu wiudk;d iudch ;=< tlg ne£
21
iudc úuiqu
mej;Su h Êtienne and Leacock 1980&' ta wkqj Tjqka iudc

wd¾:sl iy ,sx.sl Oqrdj,ska w;r we;s iïnkaOh i<ld ne,Su
i|yd ft;sydisl rduqjla wjia:d y;rla mokïfldg bÈßm;a
fldg we;' iudkd;aul êgalitarian&" wiudkd;aul înequality&
ia:rdhk.; ^stratified& iy Wmfhdack êxploitative& Tjqka
olajk wjia:d y;r h'
ta wkqj ovhu" wdydr /ialrk iy uq,a lDIsld¾ñl

wjia:d ;=< iudkd;aul iy iuysïlïjd§ ;;ajhla mej;sK'
tu iudcj, iajdëk wd¾:sl N+ñld .Kkla mj;S' ;SrK
.ekSfï n,h o ysñ ;;ajhl ldka;dfjda isáhy' B<`. wjia:dj
jk f.da;%sl wjêh jk úg fj<| lghq;= we;sù úfYaIslrKh
iy ksIamdok iïnkaO;d m%;sixúOdkhlg ,la úh' ta jk úg
rdcH wxYh Okh /ialsÍu iy fj<|du i|yd ksIamdokh;a
fm!oa.,sl l=gqïNh uq,a fldgf.k hemSu iy fnodyod .ekSu
i|yd ksIamdokh;a w;r fjki we;s úh' mqreI mlaIh ovhu
yd igka i|yd flreK odhl;ajh ksid jdKsc iy ndysr
foaYmd,k lghq;= Tjqka fj; mjrd .ekSu isÿ úh' fufia fmdÿ
wxYh j¾Okh;a iu`. ldka;dj uq,a wjia:dfõ N=la;s ú¢k ,o
iudk;d ;;ajh .s,syS .sfhah' B<`.g mq¾j ld¾ñl iudc ;=<
ia;rdhk.; iïnkaO;d we;s jQ w;r mS;Duq,sl l=gqïn wd¾:sl
jYfhka iajdëk ;;ajhg m;a jQ w;r ldka;dj i;= ld¾h
;jÿrg;a fm!oa.,sl;ajhg (privatized) m;a úh' wjidk jYfhka
ld¾ñl Okjd§ iudc ;;ajhg m;a jQ úg ck;dj hg;a lr
.ekSu;a iu`. ldka;dj o tu ;;ajhg m;a úh Êtienne and
Leacock 1980&' fuu ft;sydisl úYaf,aIKfha m%Odk wruqK
jqfha ksIamdok udÈ,s iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd iïnkaO
iudc ;;a;aj w;r iïnkaO;d fmkajd§u jk w;r ta uÕska
uq,ska iudkd;aul iïnkaO;d ;;ajfha isg mqreI mlaIh úiska
mqreIdêm;H wdfrdaKh lr .ekSu olajd úldYkh ùu ms<sn|
kHdhd;aul t<Uqula ieliSu h' tfiau ia;%sh iajNdjfhka
ieuúg u mqreImlaIhg hg;aj fkdisá nj ta;a;= .ekaúu o tys
;j;a wruqKla úh'
22
iudc úuiqu
flfiafj;;a we;eï ldka;djdÈka úiska fuhska
fkdkej;S mS;Duq,sl;ajh hk ixl,amh o Bg iïnkaO fldg
úYaf,aIKh ;jÿrg mq¿,a úh hq;= njg ;¾l lrk ,o y' ta
w;r fN!;sl whs;sh i;= mqreI mlaIh th mokï fldg f.k
Tjqka w;r ix.;shla ^solidarity& j¾Okh ù ia;%Ska fj; n,h
mj;ajdf.k ldka;d Y%uh md,kh i|yd wjldY i,id.;a nj
ldka;djd§ka fmkajd § we; ^Hartmann 1981&' tmuKla fkdj
tu md,kh mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ ia;%Skag wjYH ksIamdok iïm;a
wysñ lsÍu Wmfhda.S lr.;a njg Tjqyq ;¾l l<y'
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iudcjd§ ldka;djd§ kHdh ksIamdokh

fukau m%ckkh o iudc meje;au i|yd fjka l< fkdyels
w;HjYHh wx. folla f,ig ms<s.kakd w;r ta folu tl yd
iudk jeo.;a nj;a tuksid ixj¾Ok kHdh f.dvkeÕSfï§ tajd
we;=<;a úh hq;= nj fmkajd fo;s' tys§ ia;%S-mqreI iïnkaO;d"
mx;s l%uh" l=gqïNh ;=< yd bka msg; ldka;d Y%uh" l=gï q Nh
flakaøfldgf.k orejka oeÍu iy Tjqka iudcdkqfhdackhg
Ndckh lsÍu" wd§ ish,a, wvx.= úh hq;= nj ldka;djd§kaf.a
u;h ù we;'
ldka;djd§ka fmkajd fok mßÈ udkj b;sydih mqrdu

ksIamdokh iy m%ckk ld¾h iu.dñj tlg mj;sk fyhska
th fjka l< fkdyels wdldrfha iudc ks¾udKhls' tfy;a
uE;l isg ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha§ tu ld¾h fjk;a wjldYhkg
fn§hdu oelsh yel' fuu wxY tlg mj;ajdf.khdu isÿjkafka
wiudk;dj iy wdêm;H mokï lrf.kh' uq¿ w;sßla;
ksIamdok l%uhu fõ;khla fkd,nk ldka;d Y%uh u; r|d
mj;S' fuu wjNdú;h$ iqrdlEu ixlS¾K u;jdohka fhdodf.k
iajdNdúl f,ig idOdrkSlrKh lr we;' tys§ ks;ru
ldka;djka ÿ¾j, fldgila yeáhg ks.uk lsÍu isÿ fjhs'
ixj¾Okh ta wkqj ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; ;SrKh jk mx;sh
yd iïnkaO l%shdj,shls' tu moku hgf;a ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha
úfYaI;ajh ks.uk flf¾' iudcjd§ ldka;djdÈkag wkqj mx;sh
iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh wdêm;H mj;ajk iudcj, iqrdlEu
23
iudc úuiqu
iy wiudk;d krl ;;ajhl mj;S' fuu wiudk;d ;=<ska

n,j;a úmßkduhka ^catastrophe& we;s lrkq ,nhs' Tjqka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka óg yd;amiskau fjkia wdldrfha
ixj¾Okhls' th iudk ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh mokï fldg.;a
tlla úh hq;=h' Tjqka ud¾laiajd§ woyia jk ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh" cd;sh" ckjd¾.sl;ajh" iy mx;sh we;=<;a jk
ft;sydisl iudcuh jYfhka we;sjk udkj iajNdjh ms<sn|
u;h iu. tl`. fõ' ta iuÕu Tjqka fmdÿ iyNd.s;ajfhka
mjq, md,kh iy m%ckk ;SrK .ekSu muKla fkdj NdKav
ksIamdokh o fmdÿ md,khlska hqla; úh hq;= njg ;¾l flf¾
^Jagger 1983&'
udßhd ñfhia hk c¾udkq iudc úoHd{jßh cd;Hka;r

Y%u úNckh ;=< ldka;dj ,nk ;ek ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla
bÈßm;a lrñka tu Y%u úNckfhys ft;sydisl j¾Okh
olajñka tys mS;Duq,sl l%shdj,shg we;s iïnkaOh fmkajd §
we; ^Mies 1986&' wú wdhqO iy hqo lghq;=j,g we;s iïnkaOh
ksid wdêm;H meje;ajQ mqreI mlaIh ldka;dj iqrdlEfï
iïnkaO;d mj;ajd f.k .sh nj;a miqj f.da,ShlrKh uÕska
iqrdlEu È.g mj;ajdf.k .sh nj;a ta uÕska Okh /ialsÍu
iudc wd¾:sl ÈhqKj q f,ig ms<s.ekSu ksid idïm%odhsl m%cd
hemqï wjYH;d imqrd,k wd¾:sl l%uh h,amek.sh tlla f,ig
ms<s.eksu isÿ jQ nj ñfhia fmkajd § we;' fuu fmr<sldr
mS;Duq,sl;ajh mokï fldg.;a Y%u úNckh mqreImlaIh
ldka;djg hg;a mßirfhka fjka flfrk l%uhla f,ig
mej;=Ks' mqreI mlaIh m%Odk ksIamdok idOl f,ig úoHdj iy
;dlaIKh Ndú; fldg ldka;djf.ka iy mßirfhka ñ§ug
Wkkaÿ úh' ta w;r hg;a úð;jd§ Y%u úNckh iy wuq øjH
ld¾ñl ksIamdokh fjkqjg yqjudre lr .ekSu hg;a úð;j,
Y%u n,ldhg wjdis iy.; úh' ta uÕska f.forfodr jevg iy
kHIaál mjq,g isudjQ ldka;dj wNHka;r WmksfõYkhg fldgq
úh' tfiau 1970 oYlfha isg ;=kajk f,dalfha iuyr rgj, isÿ
jQ w¾O ld¾ólrKh hgf;a we;s jqk kj cd;Hka;r Y%u
úNckh ;=< wvq fõ;khg ldka;d Y%u iemhqu isÿúh' tu ksid
24
iudc úuiqu
ñfhia bÈßm;a lrk ldka;d úuqla;sh i|yd Wmdhud¾.h
jkafka fuu m%;s.dó ixj¾Okh fia ie,flk l%shdj,sfhka
ldka;dj bj;a lr .ekSu h' ldka;djd§ u;h kï fuu mqreI
mlaIh úiska ldka;dj iy mßirh iqrdlEu wksjd¾hfhkau
k;r úh hq;=nj h'
ñfhia úiska Y%uh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ ixl,amhla f.dv

kÕd we;' th fõ;khg jev lrk mqreIhd fkdj uj
flakao%fldg ilik ,oaols' weh jev lsÍu nrla fukau
úfkdaod;aul l%shdjla f,igo i,lkq ,nhs' uj" .eñhd iy
.eñ Ys,amshd .;aúg Tjqkaf.a jev l%shdj,sh uÕska Ôjkh i|yd
wjYH foa ksmoùu úkd Okh /ialsÍfï wruqfKka tfia
fkdlrk ,§' ldka;djd§ka Y%uh hkqfjka oelajqfha jev"
úfkdaoh iy úfõlh hk lreKq ish,a, tlg tla jqk
l%shdj,shls' tfia jev uÕska mßirh iu`. fl,skau mj;ajk
jeo.;a iïnkaO;djhls' tmuKla fkdj tu l%shdfjys fhfok
fukau ta wjg fjfik whgo m%fhdackj;a jk iy wjYH jk
fohls' th ñfhiag wkqj m%foaYhl ksIamdok iy mßfNdack
l%shdj,ska tlalrk foaYmd,k wd¾:sl l%uhls' ta uÕska iajhx
fmdaIs; ;;ajho we;s fõ'
1980 oYlfha uq,a ld,fha ;=kajk f,dalfha ldka;djka

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kHdh ldka;djdoh mokïfldg f.dvkeÕsh
hq;= njg lreKq bÈßm;a lrk ,§' Tjqka úiska ks;r
iïuka;%K j,§ fmkajd § we;af;a ldka;dj ixj¾Okfha §
.egÆjla fia fkdi,ld Tjqka ixj¾Ok ksfhdað;hka fia
iún, .ekaúh hq;= njh ^Bunch and Carrillo 1990&' 1984 §
bkaÈhdfõ nex.f,da¾ k.rfha Development Alternatives with
Women for a New Era ^DAWN& hk ixúOdkh msysgqùu ful,
ldka;djd§ .ukg úfYaI jdisiy.; isoaêhla úh' th ldka;dj
iy ixj¾Okh hk kHdhd;aul t<Uqu yd iïnkaO
ixúOdkhls' tys wdrïNh i|yd bosßm;a jQ wduq,sl
ixúOdkhkaf.a w;aoelSï n,md we;s w;r laIqo% uÜgfï
l%shdldrlï ixj¾Okh yd iïnkaO id¾j uÜgfï
25
iudc úuiqu
oDIaáfldaKfhka fhdod.ekSu w;ayod ne,Su i|yd msysgqjd

.kakd ,oaols ^ Sen and Grown 1987&' ldka;djdÈka olajk mßÈ
;=ka jk f,dalh mqrd È<s÷ ldka;djka ;u mjq,a iy Tjqkaf.a
meje;au iïnkaOfhka f.khk oeä wr.,hka ;=<ska ,o
w;aoelSï ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s iy l%shdj,ska y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
we;s fyd|u l%ufõoh fõ' fuu ldka;djkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=
ú we;af;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ckjd¾.sl jYfhka
uqyqKmdk msvkhkaf.ka ksoyia wkd.;hla iy ta u; mokï jQ
kj oelaula iy Wmdh ud¾.hkg fhduq ùu njg ldka;djd§ka
;¾l flfr;s ^Sen and Grown 1987&'
DAWN hk ixúOdkh mq¿,a m¾fhaIK iy jdo újdo

mokï lr.ksñka" ixj¾Okh ms<sn| úl,am Wmdh ud¾.
y÷kajd foñka" m%ldYk m<lrk ,§' tu wOHhk miqld,sk
m¾fhaIK iy m%dfhda.sl l%shd ldrlï iïnkaOfhka
m%fhdackj;a úh' tu ixúOdkh ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk
t<Uqu úfõpkh lrñka ta uÕska ldka;djka i|yd yÿkajd
fok fláld,sk /lshd wjia:d t;rï M,odhs fkdjk nj;a ta
fjkqjg /lshd iemhSu §¾.ld,sk Wmdhud¾. yd iïnkaO
fldg ldka;djkg wjYH ;SrK .ekSfï ksoyi iy whs;sh o
iu`. ,nd Èh h;= njg ;¾l lrk ,§' tfiau ljr wdldrfha
ixj¾Okhla i|yd hd hq;= o hkd§ m%;m s ;a;s iïmdokfha§
ldka;d y`v fhdod .; hq;= nj;a Tjqyq fmkajd ÿka y ^Sen and
Grown 1987&' ta wkqj ;=kajk f,dalfha ldka;dj iún,
.kajñka Tjqkaf.a y~ Yla;su;a lsÍu ixj¾Okfha § jeo.;a nj
wjOdrKh lrk ,§' 1995 îÔkaj, meje;a jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ldka;d iïuka;%Kfha§ tl`. jQ ldka;djka iïnkaO
l%shdldrlï w;r ldka;djf.a udkj whs;sjdislï jk
wOHdmkh" wdydr" fi!LH myiqlï ,nd §u" foaYmd,k n,h
mejÍu" m%pKav;ajfhka ñoùu hk wxY biau;=fldg oelaùu
ldka;d jd§kaf.a jHdmdrj, m%;sM, f,i oelaúh yel ^Bunch"
Dutt and Fried 1995&'
26
iudc úuiqu
mSvkhg ,lajQ È<s÷ ldka;djka úiska ixj¾Ok
jevigykaj, n,mEu mßlaId lsÍu i|yd ukd oDIaáfldaKhla
imhk nj 1987 fika iy f.%daka ;u wOHhk uÕska fmkajd §
we; ^Sen and Grown 1987&' msvkhg ,la jQ ldka;djka È<s÷lu
yß yeá w÷kk w;r tu ldka;djka w;ska bgqjk iudc
m%ckk ^social reproduction& ld¾h wj;lafiare lrKq ,enqj o
th jeo.;a ld¾hhla njg Tjqyq ;¾l lr;s' ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh
.;a úg tys iajremh l,ska l,g fjkialïj,g Ndckh ùu
isÿ ú we;' hg;a úð; md,h hgf;a ieliqK wd¾:sl iy
foaYmd,k jHqyh .;a úg tajd cd;ska w;r" mx;s w;r ia;%S-mqreI
mlaI w;r iy ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r wiudk;d we;sjk
wdldrfha tajd úh' ldka;djkaf.a wd¾:sl idOkh iy m%Odk
ixj¾Ok l%shdj,ska w;r uq,sl .egqï tu l%uh ;=< we;súh'
thg m%Odk fya;=j jqfha wd¾:sl j¾Okh uÕska È<s÷ ck;djf.a
wjYH;d fkdi,lñka ck;d uq,sl wjYH;d m%Odk ksIamdok
l%uj,g we;=<;a fkdùu fya;=fldgf.k wdka;sl ;;ajhg
m;aùu ksid ldka;djkaf.a meje;au .egÆjla úuh' mqreIdêm;H
ksid ldka;djkg wd¾:sl iïm;a fukau foaYmd,k
iyNd.s;ajh o fkd,eîu muKla fkdj Y%u úNckh uÕska
t;rï jdis fkd,efnk" wiSre ld¾h mejreKs' f.or fodr iy
bka msg; ldka;djg mejreK tu ld¾h ksid mqreI mlaIhg
jvd jeä meh .Kkla fuu lghq;=j, Tjqkg ksr; ùug isÿ ù
we;' tmuKla fkdj ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s wid¾:l jQ úg th
;Èkau n,mdk ,oafoao ldka;djkag ùu o fmdÿ ,laIKhls ^Sen
and Grown 1971&'
ldka;djdÈkag wkqj ,sx.sl m%pKav;ajh uÕska ldka;d

md,kh isÿfõ' úêu;a rdcH wxYh ;=< ldka;djkg ðjk
l%uhla imhd .ekSu wiSrej we;af;a tu wxYh mqreI mlaIfha
md,khg k;=j mj;sk fyhsks' kùk wOHdmkh iy ck
udOHh o ldka;djkg wjdis odhl f,i ieliS we;' oßø;dj
j¾Okh" wdydr iqrlaIs;Ndjh fkdue;s ùu" uq,Huh .eg¨"
mßir mßydksh iy ck.yk j¾Okh uÕska we;sjk wksis
m%;sM, ldka;dj iïnkaOfhka jeä n,mEula we;s lrhs' fï
27
iudc úuiqu
fya;= fldgf.k f,dalfha ck.ykfhka jeä fldgilg

meje;au wiSre ;;ajhg m;aj we;' tfiau rdcH" úfYaIfhka
ixj¾Okh jk rgj, rdcH È<s÷lu ;=rka lsÍu iy
ldka;djkaf.a ;;ajh k`.d isgqúu i|yd iïm;a fhduq lsÍu
fjkqjg hqouh Yla;sh j¾Okh i|yd l%shd lrk w;r ta ;=<ska
ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd wdOdr imhk md¾Yjhkaf.a
n,dfmdfrd;a;= wvmK ùula oelsh yel' 1980 oYlh jkúg
f,dal nexl=j úiska 1970 oYlfha wkq.ukh lrk ,o È<s÷
ck;djg wjYH uq,sl myiqlï iemhSfï m%;sm;a;s fjkqjg
wdOdr ,nk ixj¾Okh jk rgj, wd¾:sl m%;sjHqjyd;aul
.e<mqï m%;m s ;a;s ks¾foaY lsÍu wkq.ukh lrk ,§' fuu kj
m%;sm;a;s ldka;dj iïnkaOfhka jvd;au n,mE wdldrh ms<sn|
ldka;djÈkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq ù we;' ta wkqj ixj¾Okh
úfYaf,aIKh lsÍfï§ È<s÷ ldka;djkaf.a oDIaáfldaKfhka thg
m%úIag ùu;a ta ;=<ska u;=j we;s .eg¨ foi mq¾K wjOdkh
fhduqùu;a isÿúh' ixj¾Okfha § ldka;d Y%ufhys we;s
jeo.;alu" iudc wiudk;d u; ìysj we;s oßo%;dj ldka;dj
iïnkaOfhka flfrk jeä n,mEu" iy tu ;;ajh fjkia
lsÍu i|yd ldka;dj iún,.ekaùfï wjYH;dj ldka;djd§ka
biau;= lsÍu 1980 oYlh ;=< oelsh yel' 1970 oYlh ;=<
cd;Hka;r ixúOdk wkq.ukh l< uq,sl wjYH;d iemhSfï
m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ jdKsclrKh iy fj<|m<
flakao%Shj isÿflrek fyhska ta uÕska msgqoelSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jQ oßo%;dj ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh jQ wdldrh ldka;djd§ka úiska
fmkajd§ug W;aidy orK ,§' ta iïnkaOfhka yÿkajd ÿka
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s wkq.ukh lrk ,o l%u fõoh úfõpkhg
,lal< ldka;djd§ka jHdmD;s y÷kd.ekSu" ie<iqïlrKh iy
l%shd;aul lsÍu by< isg my<g fhduq jQ l%ufõoh fjkqjg
m%dfhda.slj ck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d
y÷kdf.k l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska jvd id¾:l m%;sM, <Õdlr
.ekSug bv we;s njg Tjqyq ;¾l l<y ^Sen and Grown 1987&'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska y÷kajd fok ,o

ldka;d oYlh ;=< ixj¾Okhg ldka;djka iïnkaO lr.ekSfï
28
iudc úuiqu
ixl,am iy l%shdj,s iïnkaOfhka fkdfhla .eg¨ we;súh'
WodyrKhlg ldka;djkg wdodhula ,nd.ekSu i|yd
fláld,sk /lshd iemhSfï jHdmD;s §¾> ld,Skj wd¾:sl
m%;sM, fkd,eîug fya;= jqfha ldka;djkg Tjqkaf.a bÈß .uk
i|yd w¾:sl ;SrK .ekSfï whs;sh Tjqka i;= fkdjQ fyhsks ^Sen
and Grown 1987&' tuksid th Tjqkg ,nd§u jeo.;a nj
ldka;dj§kaf.a u;h úh' wmkhkh i|yd NdKav ksIamdokh
fjkqjg wNHka;r mßfNdack wjYH;d i|yd ksIamdokhg
m%uqL;d §u" hqo lghq;=j,g flrk jeh iSud lsÍu" nyq cd;sl
iud.ï f.k hk lghq;= md,kh lsÍu wdÈh uÕska wd¾:slh
yev.eiaiSu ;=<ska ldka;djkg ixj¾Okhg iyNd.S ùu i|yd
miqìu ielfik nj ldka;djd§ u;h úh' Tjqkg wjYH jqfha
jHQjyd;aul .e,mqï l%uhla fkdj jHqyd;aul mßj¾;khla
fyda úm¾hdihla njg ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu
fj; fhduq jQ ldka;djd§yq ;¾l l<y'
fuu ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu o úúO

úfõpkhkg Ndckh ú we;' WodyrKhlg r;af.an¾ olajd
we;af;a mx;s l%uh ;=< mj;sk iudc iïnkaO;d fukau
mS;Duq,sl;ajh l%shd;aul ùu úúO ksIamdok udÈ,s iuÕ
fjkiajk wdldrh iy th ldka;dj flfrys n,mEu
wjOdkhg fkdf.k cd;Hka;r mx;s jHQyh ;=< ldka;dj
wiudk;ajhg m;aùu ms<sn|j muKla wjOdkh fhduq lsßu
ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh hk kHdhd;aula t<eUqfuys we;s
ÿ¾j,;djhla njls ^Rathgaber 1990&' fuu t<Uqu ms<sn| we;s
;j u;hla kï ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ie<iqï fldg l%shd;aul
ùfï§ cd;sh" mx;sh iy ckjd¾.sl;ajh fkdi,ld yer
ldka;djka fmdÿ lKavdhula f,ig lrk úYaf,aIKh
h;d¾:h hgm;a lsÍula njh' tfiau fuu t<Uqu Ndú;d lrk
ud¾laiajd§ iy mrdh;a;;d kHdh ms<s.kakd ldka;djd§ka
ks¾foaY lrk iudc ;=< jHQjyd;aul úm¾hdihla we;s lsÍu
ljr iudchl jqj o t;rï myiq ld¾hhla fkdjk nj;a tu
ksid h;d¾:jd§ iy M,odhs fjkialu we;s lsÍug wfmdfydi;a
ù we;s njg ;¾l bÈßm;aù we; ^Kabeer 1994&' tmuKla fkdj
29
iudc úuiqu
fuu t<Uqu uÕska ngysr mj;sk Y%u úNckh id¾j;%sl l%uhla

f,ig ms<sf.k Okjd§ wdlD;sh ;u úYaf,aIKh i|yd Ndú;d
lf<a o th fiiq ixialD;Ska ;=< mj;sk ;;ajh ú.%y lsÍu
msKsi fldf;la wod, o hkak úuiSug Ndckh fldg fkdue;s
nj we;efula fmkajd § we;'
by; lreKqj,ska fmkShkafka ixj¾Okh iy ldka;dj

hk t<Uqu 1970 oYlh ;=< bÈßhg meñKs w;r th úoaj;=ka
iy l%shdldÍka fj; hï n,mEula lrk ,o njls' úfYaIfhka
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk fuu t<Uqu Tiafia hñka ldka;djka
i|yd fjku u ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s Èh;a l< hq;= nj ms<s.kakd
,§' 1990 oYlh jk úg ldka;djka ìï uÜgfï ixúOdk we;s
lr .ksñka mq¿,a iïnkaO;d cd, uÕska ldka;djkg Wmldr
lsÍfï ld¾h jeo.;a fldg i,lk ,§' tfiau cd;sl
ixj¾Okhg Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh b;d jeo.;a nj rdcH iy
fjk;a wdh;khkag rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk uÕska n,mEu t,a,
lrk ,§' tfiau mS;Duq,sl wjYH;dj,ska ldka;d wjYH;d
fjkalr .ekSfï jeo.;alu o ta wkqj ms<s.kakd ,§ ^Pasport
1989; Rathgeber 1990&' tfiau ixj¾Okh iy ldka;dj hk
f;audj hgf;a ldka;d oekqu" ld¾h" wruqKq iy jÕlSu
wjOdrKh lrk w;r úfYaIfhka ldka;dj lDIsl¾udka;hg
flfrk odhl;ajh yqjd oelaùu;a kùk ixj¾Ok
ie,iqïlrKh iy l%shdj,sh ;=< idïm%odhslj ork ,o fuu
iqúfYaIS ld¾hg ;ekla § fkdue;s nj fmkajd § we;' ldka;d
wjYH;d fj; ks,n, l%uh fhduq lsÍu" iy ldka;d ixúOdk
w;r iïnkaO;d f.dvke.Su iy ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s ldka;d
wjYH;d bgqlsÍu i|yd fjkia lsÍu msKsi ldka;djd§ka fuu
t<Uqu ;=<ska W;aidy oeÍu oelsh yel' tfiau ixj¾Okh iy
ldka;dj hk t<Uqu uÕska ldka;dj fjku mx;shla yeáhg
y÷kd .ekSu;a ldka;djka w;r úIu;d úfYaIfhka cd;sl iy
ckjd¾.sl jYfhka we;s wju fldg f,dj ldka;djka
uqyqKmdk .egÆj,g tl úfYaI lKavdhul w;aoelSï mokï
fldg f.k y÷kajd fok jevigyka uÕska úiÿï ,nd Èh yels
nj;a fuu t<Uqu uÕska fmkajd fok ,§' fï uÕska kHdh iy
30
iudc úuiqu
m%dfhda.sl ;;ajh w;r iïnkaëlrKhla isÿùu ldka;d
Wkak;sh i|yd wod<jQ njg ldka;djd§ka ;¾l flfr;s'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh hk ldka;djd§

ixj¾Ok t<Uqu tx.,ka;fha ifilaia úYaj úoHd,fha hk
wdh;kh ;=< 1970 oYlfha ueo m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, fhÿK
úoaj;a ldka;djka msßila úiska y÷kajd fok ,oaols' fuu
ldka;djd§ lKavdhu ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;djka
fofjks ;ekg m;aùu ms<sn|j ldka;d iy mqreI mlaIh w;r
iïnkaO;d mokï fldg f.k úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh lsÍfï§
fuu kj ixl,amhka f.dvke.=Ks' wdrïNfha§ fuu ixl,am
ìysùfï§ iudc úm¾hdi ms<sn| ud¾laiajd§ úYaf,aIKh;a
ldka;djdÈka y÷kajd ÿka mS;Duq,sl;ajh hk ixl,am;a mokï
fldg f.k kj u;h bÈßm;alrk ,§ ^Young 1993&' ,sx.fNaoh
u; mokï jQ Y%u úNckh ms<sn|j ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk
t<Uqug wkqj ldka;djkag iy mqreIhkg hï hï ld¾h mejÍu
u; ieliqK Y%u úNck ixl,amh ms<s.;a w;r Tjqkaf.a ;¾lh
jqfha ldka;djkg fjka jqk ld¾h i|yd jeä jákdlula
,ndÈh hq;= njls' tfy;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd ixj¾Okh
hk t<Uqu uÕska bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa iudchl ,sx. fNaoh u;
mokï jQ Y%u úNckh ;=<ska ia;%S iy mqreI mlaIh tlsfkl
w;r mrdh;a;;djlg ux ie,fik ksid ta ta ld¾h mejÍu
ms<sn| fjkila we;s l< hq;= njh' fuu u;h f.dvke.Sfï§
DAWN l%shdlï o n,mE we;s nj fmkS hhs ^Chaowdry 1995;
Rathgeber1990&' ta w;r ixj¾Okha ;=< ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh
iy ldka;dj hk t<Uqï fol uÕska wjOdkfhka .s,syqk
ixl,am b;d .eUqßka iy mq¿,a f,i úYaf,aIKh lsÍu
ixj¾Okh iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh hk t<Uqu uÕska isÿ jQ
nj thg wkq.%yh olajk ldka;jd§kaf.a u;h úh'
WodyrKhlg Tjqka olajd we;af;a ldka;djka iucd;sl
lKavdhula fkdjk nj;a Tjqka mx;sh" cd;sh iy wd.ï wkqj
úúO fjkialïj,ska hqla; nj;a h' tfiau iudch ;=<
31
iudc úuiqu
ldka;dj i;= N+ñld ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iu. ne÷k tajd

ksid iajdëk N+ñld fkdjk nj Tjqkaf.a ;¾lh ù we;' fuu
t<Uqu uÕska ldka;djg wjdisodhl ;;ajh we;sùu i|yd
n,mdk iudc jHQyhka iy ld¾h mßlaIdjg Ndckh lrk w;r
tu wjdisodhl ;;ajh we;sùu f.da,Sh jYfhka mj;sk
mqreIdêm;H hk ixl,amh îdeology& tkï ldka;dj md,khg
mqreI mlaIhg n,h mj;sk njg we;s úYajdih u; moku
jqjls' hka ^Young& kue;s ldka;djdÈksh úiska olajd we;s mßÈ
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu idl,H
m%fõYhla nj;a ta wkqj ixialD;sh mokï fldg.;a wiudk;d
iy úNckhka iudch ;=< mj;sk nj;a tu iudÔh jYfhka
mj;sk Oqrdj,sh iu`. ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ;Èka ne£ mj;sk
nj;a ldka;djdÈkaf.a wjOdkh ta ms<sn|j fhduqj we; ^Young
1993&' tu ksid ia;%S-mqreI iudcydjh mq¿,a cd;Hka;r moaO;shl
fldgila yeáhg ms<s.ekSug isÿjk nj ldka;djd§yq fmkajd
fo;s' WodyrKhlg Okjdoh úiska ia;%S-mqreI iudcydjh
mokï fldgf.k wu;r Y%u n,ldhla we;s lrf.k we;s nj;a
l=gqïNh ;=< ldka;dj fõ;k rys;j imhk Y%uh Tjqkg
wu;r Okh ,ndfok tla ud¾.hla nj ldka;djd§yq fmkajd
fo;s' ixj¾Ok l%shdoduh ;=< ldka;djkg l%shdldÍ ùu i|yd
fodr újD; ùula isÿjk nj;a tys jeo.;alu jvd;a lemS
fmfkkafka iSudjkaf.ka hqla; uyd mßudK jHQyhka ;=< fuu
wjia:dj Wodfjk njg ldka;djdÈyq ;¾l lr;s'
fuu t<Uqu uÕska foaYmd,k" wd.ñl" ckjd¾.sl" iy

wd¾:sl jeks idOl ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd iïnkaO jk
wdldrh iy ta ;=<ska ia;%S-mqreI iïnkaO;d .;sl;ajhg m;aùu
úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh lsÍu ixj¾Okfha§ ldka;d ld¾h Ndrh
Woa§mkh i|yd jeo.;ajk njg ;¾l bÈßm;afldg we; ^Young
1993&' tfiau fuu t<Uqu uÕska úúO ud¾. Tiafia úYaf,aIKh
lsÍu ;=<ska Okjdoh" mS;Duq,sl;ajh" iy cd;sjdoh ms<sn|
,efnk jegySu ksid ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § wkq.ukh lrk
m%;sm;a;sj, wod<;ajh iy tajdfha mj;sk ÿ¾j,lï fmkajd
§ug ldka;djd§kag yels nj ixj¾Okh iy ia;%S-mqreI
32
iudc úuiqu
iudcNdjh hk t<Uqu fhdod.kakd ldka;djd§ka ms<sf.k we;'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu .;a úg ta
uÕska ixj¾Okh foi oDIaáfldaK follska wjOdkh fhduq
lrhs' tkï ldka;dj fN!;sl iy mx;s ;;ajh wkqj iudcfha
,nk ;ek mßlaIdjg Ndckh lsÍu iy iudch ms<sf.k we;s
mS;Duq,sl;aj ixl,am ksid ldka;dj hg;a ;;ajhg m;aj we;s
wdldrh mßlaId lsÍuh' tys§ ldka;dj flakao%Shj th isÿl< o
Bg wod< mqreI mlaIh iu. mj;ajk iïnkaO;d o mßlaIdjg
Ndckh flf¾' ldka;djdÈkaf.a tu úYaf,aIKfha§ fmkajd§ug
W;aidy ork tl lreKla ú we;af;a ldka;dj iudch ;=<
,nk ;;ajh ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uÕska iudÔh jYfhka
f.dvke.=k ;;ajhla ksid wjYH mßÈ th fjkia lsÍug
wjldYh mj;sk nj h'
tfiau ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu

uÕska ckjd¾.sl;ajh" mx;s l%uh hg;a úð; b;sydih"
ixialD;sh" iy cd;Hka;r wd¾:sl l%uh hk iEu wxYhlskau
ldka;dj msvkhg ,laj we;s wdldrh ;¾ldkql=,j bÈßm;a
lsÍug ldka;djdÈka W;aidy ord we; ^Mosher 1993&' ixj¾Ok
m%;sm;a;s iy l%shdldrlï ish,a,u .;a úg tajd ldka;d mlaIg
iy mqreI mlaIhg fjkia wdldrhg n,mdk njg ;¾l bÈßm;a
fldg we;' ta uÕska we;sjk .eg¨ yqjd olajk Tjqyq tajd úis§u
i|yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kHdh iy l%shdldrlïj, hïlsis
fjkila isÿúh hq;= njg Tjqyq ;¾l lr;s' tfiau ldka;dj
mqreI mlaIh iu. ðj úoHd;aulj iudk ;;ajhla bisÆj o
ia;%S$mqreI iudcNdjh ;=< Tjqka mj;ajk iunkaO;d iy
l%shdldrlï w;ska fjkiafjk wdldrh meyeÈ,s fldg we;' tu
ksid ldka;djf.a iudc ;;ajh jeä ÈhqKqj i|yd ia;%S$mqreI
iudk;djh ;yjqre lsÍu;a ldka;dj iún, .ekaúu;a w;HjYH
nj fuu t<Uqu uÕska ldka;djdÈka ;¾l lr;s' ta wkqj
ldka;djkaf.a m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d jk wdydr iemhSu" ksjdi"
wOHdmkh" fi!LH myiqlï wdÈh fláld,sk jYfhka
bgqlsÍu;a ldka;djg iudch jYfhka ysñj we;s my;a ;;ajh
fjkilg Ndckh lsÍu i|yd jHqjyd;aul fjkialï iu`.
33
iudc úuiqu
iudc úm¾hdihka isÿúh hq;= njg ;¾l bÈßm;afldg we;'

1980 oYlh ;=< rdcH iy wdOdr imhk ixúOdk ;ju;a
ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu mokï fldgf.k
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lf<a o rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu fj; jvd;a
keUqreùu oelsh yel'
ldka;dj" mßirh iy ixj¾Okh
fuu t<Uqu 1970 oYlfha we;s jQ w;r ta wkqj mqreI

mlaIh ldka;dj md,kh lsÍu;a mßirh md,kh;a tl iudk
njg ldka;djd§yq ;¾l l<y' tfiau mqreI mlaIh úiska
mqreI;ajh ^masculine& iy ld¾ñlrKh uÕska mDÓúh mdrißlj
mßydkshg m;alrk njg Tjqyq ;¾l bÈßm;a lr;s' lefrd,ska
u¾pkaâ c.;a mßir mßydksfha wdrïNh we;s jQfha kùk
úoHdfõ wdrïNlhka f,ig ie,flk *%ekaisia fílka ^Francis
Bacon&" frks fviald¾Üia ^Rene Descartes&" iy whsiela ksõgka
Îsaac Newton& úiska yÿkajd fok ,o c.;a oDIaáh mokï
lrf.k nj;a ^Merchant 1980& tu oDIaáhg wkqj mDÓúh m%dK
iys; jia;=jlg jvd hdka;%sl tallhla f,ig i,ld we;s nj
weh fmkajd fohs' u¾pkaâ ta ms<sn| woyia olajñka
ixialD;sfha iy m%.;sfha kdufhka iajdNdúl iy udkj iïm;a
YS>%fhka wê Ndú;h ;=<ska mßirh ðjudk ;;ajfhka .s,syS
mßydkshg m;ajk wdldrh fmkajd fohs' tfiau ;=kajk f,dalh
ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajk ldka;d mßirjdÈka jk jkaokd Ysjd
iy udßhd ñhia mßirh iQrdlEu êxploitation& ms<sn| úma,jjd§
oDIaáfldaKfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍu oelsh yel' WodyrKhlg Ysjd
oelajqfha úoHdj iy ixj¾Okh id¾j;%sl m%j¾. fkdjk nj;a
ûniversal categories& tajd mßirh úkdYhg Ndckh lrk ngysr
mS;Duq,sl;ajh mokï fldg.;a jHdmD;s jk njls ^Shiva 1989&'
;=kajk f,dalfha ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh uÕska isÿj we;af;a tys
Bg fmr iajdNdúl f,dalh iu`. iïmq¾Kfhka fjkia
wdldrfha iïnkaO;d meje;a jQ fjk;a ixialD;Ska Wreu lr.;a
m%cdj u; ngysr ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh mokï fldgf.k
34
iudc úuiqu
ieliqk u;jd§ úoHd;aul iy wd¾:sl iqiudo¾Y wêia:dms;
^superimposed& lsÍula nj Ysjd olajhs' fuu mS;Djd§ ixj¾Ok
l%shdj,sfhka mSvdjg m;ajQjka f,ig ldka;djka mßirh
wdrlaIdjg iy Tjqkaf.a meje;au iy;sl lr .ekSu i|yd tu
l%shdj,shg m%;súfrdaO;d oelaúu isÿ jQ njg Ysjd ;¾l lrhs'
bka§h ldka;djka ms<sn|j lreKq olajñka Ysjd fmkajd

§ we;af;a Tjqka jkdka;r" bvï iy c,h ixrlaIKh i|yd
mj;sk wr.,fha fmr.ukalrejka njg m;aj we;s njh' tfiau
Tjqka iajNdjO¾uh ms<sn| ngysr ixl,am Wmfhdack wruqfKka
hqla; ksid êxploitative& wNsfhda.hg m;alrk .uka mßirh
ðú; meje;au i|yd wdOdr jk il%sh n,fõ.hla f,ig th
wdrlaId lsÍug ueÈy;a ù isák nj fmkajd fohs' tmuKla
fkdj Tjqka ,dN bmhSu iy Okh tla/ia lsÍu wruqKq fldg
f.k ksIamdokfha fhfok ngysr wd¾:sl l%uh ms<sn| ixl,am
o wNsfhda.hg ,la lrhs' ta w;r Tjqka wd¾:sl l%u ixl,am
f,ig ms<sf.k we;af;a meje;au iy wjYH;d bgqlsÍu wruqKq
fldg .;a ksIamdokh l%u ms<sn| ixl,mhka h' mßir
wjYH;dj,g .re fkdlrk ck;d wjYH;d fkd;lk
ixj¾Okh wksjd¾hfhkau meje;aug ;¾ckhla nj Ysjd
fmkajd fohs ^Shiva 1989&'
ta wkqj mßir úoHd;aul wr., mßirh wLKav

iQrdlEfuka êxploitation& uqod.;a w;r ldka;dj wka; wdka;sl
;;ajhg m;aùu o j<ldÆ njg ldka;djdÈka ;¾l flfr;s'
mkacdí m%foaYfha l%shd;aul jQ yß; úma,jh uÕska we;s jQ
m%;sM, úYaf,aIKh lrñka Ysjd fmkajd § we;af;a mßirh
ÿ¾,N;ajfhka ^scarcity& hqla; njg;a ;dlaIKh nyq,;ajh lrd
f.k hk ^plenty& idOlhla njg;a mj;sk Wml,amkh
âssumption& ksid ta uÕska mßir úoHd;aul fNaokla ^disruption&
we;s l< w;r" tys m%;sM,h f,ig ksire mi" lDñkaf.ka
.yk j.djka" j.=re ìï" ldka;dr we;sùu iy w;Dma;su;a
f.dúhka ìysùu muKla fkdj fuf;la fkdmej;s wdldrfha
35
iudc úuiqu
.egqïldr ;;ajhka" ysxikhka iy m%pKav;ajh f,dj mqrd

we;sù ;sfnk njg Ysjd lreKq olajhs ^Shiva 1989&'
vhkd frdapf,õ" ndnrd f;dauia-iaf,g¾ iy tia;¾

jka.dß g wkqj mßirh ms<sn| ia;%S-mqreI w;aoelSï yd j.lSï
ms<sn| fkdfhla fjkialï we; ^Rocheleau, Thomas-Slayter, and
Wangari 1996&' ta ðj úoHd;aul moku ;=<ska we;s jQ tajd fkdj
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd iïnkaO iudcuh ks¾udKhka h' tys
§ mka;sh" ckjd¾.sl;ajh iy wjldY ^space& ms<sn| mj;sk
fjkialï uÕska we;s jQ tajd h' tfiau Tjqyq mßirh ms<sn|
ldka;djd§ wOHhk újO iajremfha tajd yeáhg olaj;s'
iudcjd§ ldka;djd§ jeks .=rel=,hkg wkqj ðj úoHd;aul
moku u; mßirh /ln,d .kakd fldgila yeáhg ldka;dj
oelaùu iu`. tl`. fkdjk w;r wiudk f,i ixj¾Ok jk
iudchkays ldka;dj iy mßirh" ldka;djkaf.a ksIamdoh iy
m%ckk N+ñld iu`. iïnkaO fldg bÈßm;a lr;s'
WodyrKhlg ìkd w.%jd,a bka§h ldka;djka mßirh ms<sn|j
Wkkaÿjla olajkafka mßirh iu`. Tjqka i;= iajdNdúl
iïnkaO;d ksid fkdj mßirh úkdYh;a iu`. ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdj mokïj Tjqkg uqyqKmEug isÿjk ÿIalr;d ksid
l%shdldÍka njg m;aùu ksid h' fudjqkaf.a ;¾lh ú we;af;a
mßirh fjkia lrk idOl w;r ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh o
jeo.;a úp,Hhla njg m;aj we;s njls' ta wkqj wiudk f,i
iïm;a md,kh fj; wjOdkh fhduqlrk foaYmd,k mßir
úoHdj fya;= fldgf.k ldka;djdÈka mßirh yd iïnkaO
.eg,q fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug jvd mßirh fjkia lsÍu
i|yd n,mdk iudc mx;s" iy cd;sh jeks idOl w;r ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh o ;j;a úp,Hhla f,ig y÷kd .ekSu ksid ta
ms<sn|j Tjqka Wkkaÿ jQ njg lreKq olajhs'
ldka;djd§ foaYmd,k mßir úoHdj ;=< f;aud ;=kla

fj; wjOdkh fhduqfldg we;' tkï ia;%S-mqreI oekqu ;=<
ms<sìUq jk fi!LH iïmkak ksjdi" jevlrk ia:dk Ydka;
mßir moaO;sj, meje;au ms<sn| keÕSf.k tk úoHdj foam,"
36
iudc úuiqu
iïm;a iy wjldYh ms<sn| whs;sh we;=<;a ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh yd iïnkaO mdrißl whs;sjdislï iy ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh yd iunkaO foaYmd,kh ke;fyd;a iajdNdúl
iïm;a iy mdrißl .eg¨ iïnkaO ldka;djkaf.a fmdÿ
wr.,hg ,efnk odhl;ajh hk f;aud ;=kh ^^Rocheleau,
Thomas-Slayter, and Wangari 1996&'
ldka;dj" mßirh iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu .;aúg tys

flakaøSh ia:dkhla OrKsh hk ixl,amh f.k we;' fuu
ixl,amh uÕska mrïmrdj w;r iudk;dj" w¨;a l< fkdyels
iïm;a ixrlaIKh i|yd wd¾:sl iy mdrißl wjYH;d w;r
iu;=,H;djla mj;ajdf.k hdu" ld¾ñl wmøjH iy ta uÕska
we;sjk mßir ÿIKh wju lsÍu hk woyia w;r iïnkaOhla
we;sfõ' fuu OrKsh ixj¾Ok ixl,amh ixj¾Okh wd¾:sl
j¾Okhg iudkh hk ;¾lh ldka;djd§ oDIaáfldaKfhka
wNsfhda.hg ,lalsÍug ldka;djdÈka wjia:djla lr.kakd ,§'
Tjqka fï uÕska ixj¾Okh hkakg thg jvd mq¿,a úl,am
w¾:l;khka §ug bÈßm;aùu oelsh yel' WodyrKhlg fjkaä
yd¾fld¾Ü (Harcourt 1994&) olajk mßÈ tu u;hkaf.a n,mEu
ksid kshu ðjk l%uh iïnkaO wd¾:sl úoHdj ìys jQ w;r ta
iu.u ixj¾Oh hk ixl,amh ;=< mdßißl mßydksh" oßø;dj
iy iyNd.s;ajh jeks úl,am fj; wjOdkh fhduqlsÍug o
wjldY ie,iS we; ^Harcourt 1994&' tfy;a tys ;ju;a ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh u; ldka;djkg wjdisodhl ;;ajh fy<s lsÍfï
wjYH;dj mj;sk nj ldka;djd§ u;h fõ' fuu oDIaáfhka
n,k úg .Ks;uh wdlD;s u; f.dvke.=k wd¾:sl úoHdj tys
ixlS¾K l%shdj,skaf.a we;s mriamr;djh iy nyqw¾:;djh
ke;fyd;a WNh¾: nj âmbiguities and contradictions& wjfndaOh
msKsi m%udKj;a fkdfõ (Apffel-Marglin and Marglin 1990&'
wd¾:sl úoHd;aul ixl,am iy l;sldjka w;ska .;a úg
;d¾lsl;ajh u; mokï jQ kuqÿ ikao¾Nfhka neyer tlla
yeáhg ldka;d;jd§ka ;¾l flfr;s' wfkla w;g oekqu
^knowledge& m%cdj w;r mj;sk l%shd ;=<ska ,nd.kakd tlla nj
Tjqyq fmkajd fo;s' ngysr iNH;ajh oekqu f,ig ms<sf.k
37
iudc úuiqu
we;af;a ixl,am iy l;sldjka uÕska ,nd .;a {dkh muKs'

fuu ;;ajh u ixj¾Okh uÕska ;=kajk f,dalhg yÿkajd §u
ksid mßirh fmdaIKh iy È.g mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd
flfrk odhl;ajh wj;lafiarejg Ndckh lr we;' ta wkqj
ngysr ixj¾Ok wd¾:sl úoHdj úiska mßirh wj;lafiarejg
Ndckh lsÍu iy fiiq ixialD;skag ,nd Èh hq;= f.!rjh ,nd
fkd§u ixj¾Okh jk rgj, ixj¾Ok l%shdj,ska ksßlaIfhka
jgyd .; yel' ngysr woyia fiiq woyiaj,g jvd jeo.;ah
hk wdl,am u; isg tu wjfndaOh ,nd .; fkdyelS nj
ldka;djd§ u;h fõ ^Harcourt 1994&'
mYapd;a kq;kjdoh ^ldka;dj& iy ixj¾Okh
mYapd;a kq;kjdoh iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu uÕska

foaYmd,khg Ndckh jQ mYapd;a-kq;k ldka;djdoh ;=kajk
f,dalfha iudcj, ldka;djka uqyqKmdk .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka
wod, o hk mekh u;= lrhs ^Marchand and Paspart 1995&' fuu
t<Uqu ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh hk kHdhd;aul
t<Uqu úfõpkh lrñka ta uÕska ;=kajk f,dalfha ldka;dj
fjk;a hk fhÿfuka ye|skaùu;a ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;djka
hk t<Uqu ldka;d m%;r s Emh widOdrKhg Ndckh jQ ,sx.sl
NdKav iy yqol,d jQ mqoa.,hka f,ig ye|skaùu úfõpkhg
Ndckh lrhs' mYapd;a kQ;kjdoS ldka;djd§ka ixj¾Okh ;=<
ldka;dj hk t<Uqu hg;a úð;jd§ ke;fyd;a kj hg;a úð;
l;sldjka ;=< ysrjQ fj<|m< ms<sn| l;sldjg we;=<;aj mj;sk
nj;a tu t<Uqï folu uÕska ldka;djka n, Y+kH ;;ajhlg
m;alr we;s njg ;¾l flf¾' mYapd;a kQ;kjdoh iy
ixj¾Okh t<Uqu wkq.ukh lrk ldka;djd§ka thg
wdl¾IKh ú we;af;a mYapd;a kQ;kjdoh uÕska th úúO;ajh
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsßu h' tfiau ta uÕska iudcfha
wdka;sl fldgiaj,g y`v ke.Su i|yd wjia:dj ,nd§uo tys
we;s úfYaI ,laIKhla f,ig ms<s.efka ^Hooles 1984&' tfiau
ol=fKa ldka;djka úfNaokhg ydckh fkdjQ fjk;a hk
.Kfha ,d ie,lSu o Tjqyq m%;slafIam lr we; ^Mohanty 1991&'
38
iudc úuiqu
mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ t<Uqu hqfrdamsh flakao%Sh ixj¾Ok wOHhk
úfõpkh lrk w;r úfYaIfhka ngysr úfYaI{hska úiska
foaYSh oekqu ms<sfkd.ekSu wkqu; fkdlrk w;r fuu ishÆu
oekqï iïNdrh ldka;d ixj¾Okfha§ wod< nj fudjqyq ;¾l
lr;s'
fuhg fyd| WodyrKhla kï fka m¾m¾Ü f.a

zzixj¾Ok úfYaI{hkaZZ ms<sn| ú.%yh oelaúh yel' th ngysr
Ñka;kh yd iïnkaO jqjls' fuu úfYaI{hska kq;k f,dalh
ms<sn| ;dlaIKsl oekqula we;s iy ixj¾Okh jk rgj, .eg¨
ksrdlrKh yelshdjla we;s ;eke;a;ka f,ig yÿkajhs' fuu
jrm%ido ysñ ;k;=r ixj¾Ok wd¾:sl úoHdj ms<sn|j o yi,
oekqula we;s nj úYajdi flf¾' tu úIh wd¾:sl Wkak;sh fyda
bÈß.uk ms<sn| úoHdj f,ig ms<s.efka' ta w;r mYapd;a kQ;k
ldka;djdoh wka;jd§j ms<s.kakd úg ldka;djka w;r mj;sk
iduqysl l%shdldrlï .egÆldr ;;ajhlg m;aj fmdÿ
l%shdud¾.hla i|yd hdug we;s bvlv iSud úh yel' tfiau
mYapd;a kùk wOHkh ;=< wvx.= kqyqre ni idlaIr;djfhka
f;dr iy wd¾:sl w¾nqohkg ,lajQ ldka;djkg wjfndaO lr
.ekSu o .egÆjls ^Parpart and Marchand 1995&'
fCIa;%fha isák fndfyda mYapd;a kQ;k ldka;djd§ka f.a

u;h ú we;af;a ixj¾Okh uq¿ukskau m%;sfCIam fkdfldg È<s÷
ldka;djka uqyqKmdk kshu .eg¨ y÷kdf.k tajdg ixj¾Okh
uÕska úi÷ï fiúh hq;= njh' tfiau Tjqka fuu ixj¾Ok
l;sldjka ;=< mj;sk fjkialï muKla fkdj tajd ;=< we;s
Yla;sh o wjfndaO lrf.k újD; iy WmfoaYd;aul
ikaksfõokh uÕska ol=fKa ldka;djka oekqj;a fldg Tjqkaf.a
wjYH;d bgqlsÍu i|yd ixj¾Ok jevigyka Èh;a fldg ta
;=<ska Tjqka iú n,.ekaúh hq;= nj mYapd;a kùk
ldka;djdÈkaf.a u;h fjhs'
39
iudc úuiqu
ldka;djd§ ixj¾Ok kHdh ms<sn| úfõpk
kùk ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;djd§

m¾hdjf,dalj, ^perspective& we;s úfYaI;ajh l=ulao@ yDo
idCIshg tl`. l%shdj,shla yeáhg ixj¾Okh .;a úg tys
m%;sm;a;s ud,djla wvx.= jk fyhska ta uÕska ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh ms<sn| iïnkaO;d mqreI mlaIhg jdisodhl f,i
fjkialïj,g Ndckh ùu fkdryils' ta uÕska iïm;a mqreI
mlaIfha md,khg k;=flfrk w;r tys m%;M s ,hla f,ig
ldka;dj iajdNdúlj fyda iudcuh l%shdjka ksid we;sjk
jHikhkg fhduq lsÍu isÿfjhs' ldka;djd§ wOHhk .eUqßka
isÿjk úg fuu .egÆj,g fya;= idOl t<s oelafjk w;r tajd
fN!;sl iïm;a fnodyeÍfï we;s ÿ¾j,lïj, isg ksIamdok
iïm;a md,kfhys we;s wiudk;d iy úoHdj iy idrO¾u
ms<sn| ngysr mqñYajr;ajfhka ândrocentric& hqla; mqreI mlaIhg
nrj we;s jqk woyiaj, n,mEu ms<sn| úfõpk olajd
úúO;ajfhka hqla; nj fmkajd § we;'
u¾pkaÜ olajk mßÈ ldka;djd§ b;sydih uÕska Wvql=re

iudch hál=re lsÍula oelsh yel ^Merchant 1980&' ta wkqj
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ úfõpk uÕska f,dalh wdmiaig
hk njla ms<sìUq flf¾' idudkH foa widudkH f,ig ;a"
j¾Kkd lsÍu fjkqjg mßNj lsÍu;a" idOdrKh widOdrKh
f,ig;a ixj¾Okh ms<sn| lreKq oelaùfï§ ldka;djdÈka
fhduqùu lemSfmfkhs' ta wkqj ldka;djd§ úfõpk uÕska
ixj¾Okfha m%Odk keUqrej ^trend& wdmiq yerùula isÿfjhs'
tys§ ldka;djdÈka úreoaO mlaIh .ekSfuka m%;sjdohla
ântithesis& we;sfjhs' ldka;jdÈka ms<s.kakd ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s
uÕska M,odhs Y%uh m%;k s sIamdok tlla f,ig fmkakd § we;'
fuu t<Uqu ixj¾Ok kHdh ldka;djd§ odhl;ajh ;=<ska wdmiq
yerùula f,ig we`.fjhs' tfy;a ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk
t<Uqfï isg mYapd;a kq;kjdoh iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu
olajd fjkiaùu ;=< thg jvd hula o oelsh yel'
idudkHfhka kHdh f.dvke.Sfï§ tajd ck;d woaoelSï ;=<ska
40
iudc úuiqu
we;sjk tajdh' ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul t<Uqïj, b;sydih
.;aúg tajd uÕska ngysr ldka;djd§ka ngysr mqreIdêm;Hhhg
olajk ,o m%;ls %shdjkg jvd hula wvx.=jk nj oelaúh hq;=h'
ldka;djd§ Ñka;kh .;a úg th úfõpk iy m%;súfõpkh
uÕska we;sjqk mSvkh ;=<ska fjkialïj,g Ndckh jQ w;r"
f,dalfha úúO ckfldgiaj, ^úfYaIfhka ldka;d
lKavdhïj,& w;aoelSï iuyrla iudk jk w;r ;j iuyrla
fjkialïj,ska hqla; h' úfYaIfhka fuu wiudk;d uÕska
ngysr ldka;d kHdhjdÈkag ngysr mqreI flakao%Sh;ajh wdmiq
yerùu muKla m%udKj;a fkdfjk w;r thg jvd kj
fidhd.ekSï l< hq;= úh' ta wkqj fkdfhla w;aoelSï rdYshla
;=<ska kj woyia ,nd.ekSu muKla fkdj tajd úpdrhg Ndck
lsÍu;a we;eï tajd ta wdldrfhka ms<s.ekSu;a isÿfõ'
ta wkqj ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg ueÈy;aùu o úúO

iajremfhka úh yel' ixj¾Okh iy wd¾:sl Wkak;sh jeks
fhÿï mjd ngysr Ñka;kh ;=<ska ìys jQ tajd ksid ixj¾Okh
jk rgj, ldka;djka iïnkaOfhka tajd fhdod.ekSu o
ldka;djdÈkag .eg¨ iy.; ;;ajhka Wodlrhs' fndfydaúg
kq;k ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j ldka;djdÈka wka;jd§j úfõpk
bÈßm;a lsÍu o isÿfõ' WodyrKhlg ia;%S-mqreI wiudk;d
iïnkaOfhka n,mdk iudc wd¾:sl jHqjyhka ì| oeóu"
ksIamdokh È<s÷ ck;d wjYH;d i|yd fhduqlsßu" ldka;djkg
;SrK .ekSfï whs;sh fláld,sk fukau È.=ld,Skj o ,nd§u
jeks úma,jjd§ fhdackd ldka;djd§ka úiska bÈßm;a lsÍu
fndfydaúg oelsh yel'
flfiafj;;a uE;l§ ldka;djdoh iy ixj¾Okh ms<sn|

m<fldg we;s wOHkhkaf.ka meyeÈ,s È¾.ld,sk n,mEula we;s
l< yels tajdg jvd ;djld,sl tajd njg we;efula lreKq
bÈßm;afldg we;' fndfydaúg tajdfha ks.ukhka ys wiïmq¾K
;;ajhla o ms<sìUq lrhs' we;efula olajk mßÈ ldka;j iy
ixj¾Okh hk uq¿ l;sldj;u rpkd lsysmhl tl;=jla f,ig
fmkS hhs' tajd fndfyduhla m%f;Hl wOHhk iajrEmhla .kakd
41
iudc úuiqu
w;r idudkH f;audjkaf.ka hqla; tajdfha .eUqre úYaf,aIKhla

fkdue;s nj we;efula fmkajd fo;s' ldka;djdoh fkdfhla
fn§ï j,ska hqla;h' flfia fj;;a ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aula
t<Uqï uÕska ldka;d wjYH;d ms<sn| újD; ixjdoj,g uÕ
fy<sl< w;r ixj¾Okh ldka;d wjYH;d we;=<;ajk wdldrfha
l;sldjla f.dvkeÕSfï§ ldka;djÈkaf.a odhl;ajh iy
ld¾hNdrh ta ;=<ska fy<sfõ'
wdY%s; .%ka:
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1990 Dominating Knowledge: Development, Culture and
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Moser, C.
1993 Gender Planning and Development.New York:
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Mueller, A.
1987 Peasants and Professionals: The Social Organization
of Women in Development Knowledge. Ph.D. thesis,
Department of Education, University of Toronto.221-
243.
Parpart, J. L.
1995 Deconstructing the Development ‘Expert’: Gender,
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Feminism, Postmodernism and Development, pp. 221-
243.
Parpart J. L. & Marchand M.H.

1995 Exploding the Canon: An Introduction/Conclusion.
Feminism, Postmodernism and Development.
Routledge: USA, Canada, pp.1-22.
46
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Pezzullo, C.
1982 Women and Development, Chile: UN Economic
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Rathgaber, E.M.
1990 WID, WAD, GAD: Trends in Research and Practice.
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Rocheleau, D., B. Thomas-Slayter, and E. Wangari (eds.).

1996 Feminist Political Ecology: Global Issues and Local
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1982 One half the People: The fight for Woman Suffrage.
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1987 Development Crisis and Alternative Visions. New
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1989 Staying Alive. London: Zed Books.
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Snyder, M.
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Martin’s Press.
48
iudc jev - woaú;Sh udkj fiajd jD;a;shl iajNdjh iy iudc úuiqu
wdrïïNh ms<snò yeòskaùula 2017 l,dmh
iudc jev - woaú;Sh udkj fiajd jD;a;shl wdrïNh

iy iajNdjh ms<snò yeòskaùula
ir;apkaø .ï,;a
ye|skaùu
At this moment, somewhere in the world, “clients” are

struggling into an office, to meet with a “Social Worker”
or worker is visiting the clients home or works with
clients’ groups or in a community work or works in an
agency setting doing administration, developing policy or
doing research. People assume that these social workers
are doing something useful. In most societies, these
something called “social work” goes on (Payne 2006: 3).
fuu ,smsh wdrïNfhaoS u ud úiska Wla; mdGh Wmqgd

olajkakg fhÿfKA" thsska .uH jk w¾:h iudc jev úIh iy
jD;a;sh y`ÿkajd fok ld¾hfha oS b;d jeo.;a jk fyhsks'
fuhska lshefjkqfha" —fï fudfyd; jk úg f,dalfha
fld;ekl fyda lsishï fiajd .%dylfhla iudc jevlrefjl=
uqK.eiSu iòyd wr.,hl fhfoñka isáhs" fkdtfiakï iudc
jevlrefjl= fiajd .%dylfhl= yuqùu iòyd tu ksfji lrd
hñka isáhs' tfia;a ke;fyd;a iudc jevlrefjl= ish fiajd
.%dyl lKAvdhu fyda fiajd .%dyl m%cdj iu`. lsishï m%cd
ld¾hl fhoS isáhs' fulS iudc jevlrejd úiska iudchg
—lsishï m%fhdackj;a fohla˜ lrñka isákafka hehs ñksiqka
úiska ms<s.kq ,n;s' fndfyduhla iudchkays fulS —lsishï oE˜
tkï" —iudc jev˜ ksrka;rfhkau isÿ fjñka mj;S˜' fulS
m%ldYkh iudc jev hk jD;a;suh l%shdldrlï lrkqfha
ljqreka úiska ljqreka iu`. o" ljqreka iòyd o iy idudkH
w¾:fhka ljqre;a th y`ÿkd .kafka flfia o hkak ms<snòj
ir, woyila b;d jHla; wdldrfhka ixCIsma;j olajhs'
49
iudc úuiqu iudc jev - woaú;Sh udkj fiajd jD;a;shl iajNdjh iy
2017 l,dmh wdrïNh ms<snò yeòskaùula
—iudc jev˜ hkq l=ulaoehs idudkH iudc jHjydrfhka
f;areï .ekSug fm<ö isák wms" —jD;a;Sh iudc jev˜ hkq
l=ulaoehs ;ju;a lsishï jQ l=;=y,hlska hqla;j wiñka
isákafkuq' th mqÿu iy.; fkdfõ' ngysr f,dalfha ìys ù"
ngysr f,dalfha b;d m%p,s;j" Ydia;%Sh iy jD;a;Suh Ndú;fha
fhfok iudc jev" jD;a;Suh w¾:hlska wmg ;ju;a kqyqreh'
fuu ,smsfha wruqK jkafka;a b;d ir, wdldrfhka fuh
y`ÿkajdoSuhs' th myiq lreKla fkdfõ' tfy;a wms W;aidy
lrkafkuq'
iudc jev hkq iafõÉPd ^voluntary&" mqKHdOdr ^charity&

fyda mrys;ldó ^philanthrophic& lghq;a;la Tiafia lrkq ,nk
mqoa., fyda m%cd fiajdjla hehs is;u
S g wms mqreÿ ù isákafkuq'
tfy;a úêu;a" jD;a;Sh iudc jev ^professional social work&
hkq —mqoa.,hd" mjq," iudc lKAvdhï yd m%cdjkaf.a mqoa.,sl yd
iduQysl iqNisoaêh by< kexùu iòyd lghq;= lrkakd jQ
Wmldrl jD;a;shla˜ f,i ir,j y`ÿkajdosh yel' fuys uQ,sl
wruqK jkafka mqoa.,hd i;= ffki¾.sl fyda idOkh lr
.kakd ,o l=i,;d iy Yla;Ska l=¿.kajd ;ud i;= iïm;a
;ukaf.au iqNidOkh yd iqNisoaêh iòyd fhdod.ekSug
yelshdj ,efnk wdldrfhka Tjqka iún, .ekaùuhs' th
iuia:hla f,i mqoa., ;,fhka wdrïNj mjq," l=vd lKavdhï
iy m%cd ;,hka Tiafia wjidkfha iudc;,h olajd úysfok
mqoa., iqNisoaêh jeä oshqKq lr ia:dms; lsÍfï iudcuh
l%shdj,shg jD;a;Suh jYfhka flfrk ueosy;aùula f,i
y`ÿkajdosh yel'
fï wkqj fmkShk lreKla jkqfha iudc jev jD;a;sfha

b;du;au jeo.;au wx.h —ueosy;aùu˜ (intervention& njhs'
ueosy;aùu iòyd iudc jev úIh tla;rd úêu;a l%shdldrlula
^formal action&" tfia;a ke;akï l%fudamdhla ^method&" bosßm;a
lrkq ,nhs' fï ksid tla w;lska udkj fiajdjka ^human
services& w;r mqoa., iqNidOkh iòyd iudcfha úúO uÜgïj,
50
oS WodyrKhla f,ig mqoa.," lKavdhï iy m%cd ;,hkays oS
l%shdldÍj ueosy;ajk m%Odk;u jD;a;Sh l%shdldrlula
^professional activity& fukau Ydia;%Sh úIhla âcademic
discipline& f,i iudc jev y`ÿkd.; yelsh'
iudc jev ms<sn| úêu;a ks¾jpkh
iudc jev ms<snòj meyeos,s jQ;a" úêu;a jQ;a" úoHd;aul

jQ;a" ks¾jpkhla y`ÿkd.ekSu ;ju;a myiq ld¾hla ù fkdue;'
ta ms<snòj m%:u W;aidyh j¾I 1958 oS wefußldkq tlai;a
ckmofha iudc jevlrejkaf.a cd;sl ix.uh ^National
Association of Social Workers - NASW& úiska ord we;s w;r"
th wx. iïmQ¾K jQ ks¾jpkhla fkdjQj;a" tys oS Tjqka iudc
jevj, m%Odk wruqKq ;=kla y`ÿkd.kq ,eîh ^Morales 2015;
14&'
1' mqoa.,hd fyda iudc lKAvdhï ;uka cSj;ajk —iudc

mßirh˜ ^social environment& iu`. wiu;=,s;
iïnkaO;djhla we;s jQ wjia:djkays oS tajd y`ÿkdf.k"
tajdg úi`ÿï fidhd .ekSug fyda tu wiu;=,s; nj wju
lr .ekSu iòyd ueosy;a ù Wmldr lsÍu'
2' tlS wiu;=,s; iïnkaO;djkag ;=vqosh yels m%Odk mqoa.,

yd iudc ldrKdjka y`ÿkdf.k tajd kej; we;s ùu
je<elaùu iòyd ksis lghq;= lsÍu'
3' mqoa.," lKAvdhï yd m%cdjkaf.a YlH;djhka y`ÿkdf.k

tajd ;j ÿrg;a Yla;su;a lr j¾Okh lsÍu ioyd lghq;=
lsÍu'
Wla; woyia iudc jev ms<snòj meyeos,s iy ksjeros

Ñ;%hla ,nd fkdfokafka hehs t,a, jQ úúO úfõpkhka
uOHfha NASW u`.ska 1980 oS m;a lrk ,o úfYAI fldñáhla
51
úiska tu ks¾jpkh kej; i,ld n,k ,oS' tys m%;sM,hla
f,i iudc jev hkq ,
mqoa.,hska" iudc lKavdhï iy m%cdjkag ;ukaf.a

mqoa., fyda iudcSh jq lD;Hhka id¾:l f,i mj;ajd
f.k hdu fyda m%;sIaGdmkh lr .ekSfï yelshdj
kej; ,nd.ekSu i|yd ueosy;a ù Wmldr lsÍug;a"
tlS wruqK idlaId;a lr .ekSug wjYH lrkq ,nk
ys;lr iudc ;;a;ajhka ks¾udKh lsßug;a Wmldß
jk jD;a;Sh l%shdldrlulaa f,ig y`ÿkajdfok ,os
(Morales 2016:15).
fuu ks¾jpkh 1980 iy 90 oYlhkays jvd;a m%p,s; jQ w;r

th tla;rd ÿrlg iudc jev úIhg lsishï idOdrK;ajhla
bIAg lrkq ,nk y`ÿkajd oSula f,ig tu wjêfha oS fmdÿfõ
ms<s.kq ,eìKs'
flfia fj;;a iudc jev jD;a;sfha flakaø.; lD;Hh

jvd;a w¾:dkaú;j ksrEmKh jk m%.;s.dó jQ ks¾jpkhla
ilid.; hq;= hehs hk lÓldj 21 jk ishji wdrïNh;a iuÕ
kej;;a wdrïN úh' ta iòyd iudc jevlrejkaf.a cd;Hka;r
ixioh Înternational Fedaration of Social Workers- IFSW& fuu
wjêh jk úg mqfrda.dój lghq;= lrk whqre fmkS hhs'
Tjqkaf.a m%Odk ;¾lh jQfha iudc jev ms<snòj mj;sk
idïm%odhsl ks¾jpkhka ys m%;s.dó iy .;dkq.;sl iajrEmh
;=< iudc jev úIh iy jD;a;Sh ia:sridrj mokï ù we;s
udkj whs;Ska ^human rights&" iudc idOdrK;ajh ^social justice&"
iudkd;au;djh êquality&" udkj .re;ajh ^human dignity& iy
n,.ekaùu êmpowerment& ms<snò W;a;Í;r we.hSï ms<sônq
fkdjk njhs' ta wkqj j¾I 2001 oS fvkaud¾lfha
fldmkafya.ka ^Copenhagen& k.rhg /ia jQ IFSW iy iudc
jev wOHhk mSGhkaf.a cd;Hka;r ixiofha Înternational
Association of the Schools of Social Work Education - IASSW)
ksfhdacs;hka b;d oS¾>jQ;a" mq¿,ajQ;a l:sldj;lska wk;=rej
my; ks¾jpkh ms<snò tl`.;djhlg t<UqKs'
52
udkj whs;Ska iy iudc idOdrK;ajh ms<snò uQ,O¾u u;
mdo uQ,sl fjñka" udkj p¾hdj iy iudc moaO;Ska ms<snò
kHdhka Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka" mqoa.,hd ;udf.a iudc
mßirh yd wka;¾l%shd mj;ajk w;=re uqyqK; ia:dkfha oS
ueosy;a fjñka iudc jev jD;a;sh" iudc fjki fukau
udkj iïnkaO;djhkaf.a .eg¨ ksrdlrKh iy mqoa.,
iqNisoaêh by< kexùu iòyd mqoa.,hd n,.ekaùu iy
úuqla;sodkh lsÍu m%j¾Okh lrkq ,nhs (IFSW 2012: 1)'
fuf,i mqoa.,hdf.a iqNisoaêh by< kexùu iòyd wod<

jQ;a" wjYH jQ;a oE bIAg lsÍu iudc jev j, flakaøSh
ld¾hNdrh f,ig;a" mqoa., úuqla;sh ^personal liberation&"
mqoa., n,h ^personal power&" iudc fjki ^social change& iy
mqoa., iïnkaO;djhkays we;s jk .eg,q úiòSu iòyd Wmldr
lsÍu ;=<ska mqoa.,hdf.a hymeje;au ^wellbeing& idCId;a lr
.ekSug iydh úh hq;= njg;a Tjqka tl`.;djhlg meñKsfhah'
fï ms<snò lÓldj mq¿,a fukau .eUqre ùu;a iu`. th wod,
lr.ekafï iy wdjrKh lrkakd jQ jmißh o mq¿,a jk
wdldrhla fmkShhs' fï ish,af,au m%;sM,hla f,i mj;sk
ks¾jpkh ms<snò kej; i,ld ne,sula isÿúh hq;= nj ks.ukh
lrk ,o w;r" ta wkqj j¾I 2014 oS IFSW iy IASSW w;r
kej;;a mej;s oS¾>jQ;a" .eTqrejQ;a lÓldjlska miqj jvd;a mq¿,a
jQ ks¾jpkhlg tl`. jk w;r" th úúO jQ iudc ixialD;sl
ikao¾Nhkays oS Ndú; l< yels wdldrhg újD;j ;eîug o
mshjr .kakd ,oS' ta wkqj" iudcjev jD;a;sh¦
iudcSh úoHdjka" udkj Ydia;% iy iajfoaYS {dKh

ms<snòj kHdhka u; mokï fjñka" iudc idOdrK;ajh"
udkj whs;Sk"a iduQysl j.lSu iy úúO;ajhg .re lsÍu
hkd oS jQ uQ,O¾uhka flakaø lr .ksñka" mqoa.,hdf.a
cSjk pl%h wdYs%; fjkialï yd ne`ÿKq .eg¨ ksrdlrKh
iòyd;a" Tyqf.a iqNidOkh by< kexùu iòyd;a"
mqoa.,hska iy iudc jHQyhka iu`. iïnkaO fjñka,
Ydia;%Sh úIhla fukau m%fhda.sl jQ jD;a;Shla f,ig;a "
iudc fjki iy ixj¾Okh;a" iudc taldnoaO;djh;a"
mqoa., n,.ekaùu iy úuqla;sh;a m%j¾Okh lrkq ,nhs
hkqfjka ks¾jpkh lrk ,oS (IFSW 2017: 1)'
53
udkj p¾hdj" mqoa., YlH;djh iy f.!rjh ms<snòj
b;d mq¿,a oDIaáhlska hqla;j bosßm;a ù we;s fuu ks¾jpkh"
iudcSh úoHdjka yd udkj Ydia;%hka fukau iajfoaYSh {dKh
îndigenious knowledge& iudc jev úIfhys oekqu" l%ufõoh yd
kHdhd;aul moku ilia lr .ekSfï oS wod< lr .kakd nj
mjihs' tys oS iudc idOdrK;ajh ^social justice&" mqoa.,
n,.ekaùu êmpowerment&" mqoa., úuqla;h s iy iudc úúO;ajh
^social diversity& ms<snò we.hqï flakaø fldg i,lkq ,nhs'
iajfoaYSh {dKh fukau iudc ixialD;sl yr moaO;Ska iy
wdh;ksl jHqyhka ffki¾.slju wod< jkafka hehs o" tajd
fkdi,ld yeÍu lsisfia;au l< fkdyels hehs o" hk woyi
ms<snò we;s tl`.;djh yd ms<s.ekSu ksrEmKh jk wdldrhg"
iajfoaYSh jYfhka wvx.= úh hq;= hï lreKla fõ kï th
we;=<;a lr .; hq;= wjldYh újD; lr ;eîu o fuu
ks¾jpkfha olakg we;s iqúfYAIS ,CIKhla fõ' ta wkqj foaYSh
iudc ixialD;sl ;;a;ajhkag wod, jk wdldrhg fuu
ks¾jpkh .,md .ekSfï yelshdj mj;sk w;r tu`.ska
úfoaYShj ks¾udKh lrk ,o ks¾jpkhka wdhd; fldg w¾:
úrys;j, foaYSh iudc ixialD;sl m¾hdhkag wod< lr .ekSfï
wjOdku wjysr lrkq ,nhs' iuia;hla f,ig iudc jev
úIfha we;s úYAùh;ajh fukau, f,dl= l=vd iEu ck
fldÜGdihlgu" ixialD;sl yrmoaO;Skag iy Tjqkaf.a
iajfoaYSh wkkH;djhkg f.!rj lsÍfï idrO¾uh fuu mshjr
u`.ska fudkjg ;yjqre lrk whqre fmkS hhs'
flfia kuq;a iEu ks¾jpkhlu miq;,fha wjOdrKh

jk jeo.;au ,CIKh jkafka iudc jev jD;a;sh Yla;su;a
we.hqï ^values& moaO;shla u; mokï fõ hk lreKhs' b;sydih
mqrdu iudc jev jD;a;sh tys uQ,sl yr moaO;Ska wkq.ukh
lrñka yd wdrCId lrñka mej; ths' iudc idOdrK;ajh"
udkj whs;Ska" mqoa.,hd" lKAvdhï fukau m%cdj n,.ekaùfï
m%h;ak iy iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Okh iudc jev jD;a;sfha m%Odk
mqjre f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fï wkqj iudc jev jD;a;sh"
j¾;udkfha" f,dj mqrdu talu;slj ms<s.kq ,nk fufyjrla
54
f,i iEufokd iòydu w¾:dkaú; jQ iudc ixj¾Okhla
idlaId;alr .ekau yÿkd f.k we;' tys oS mqoa.,hd n,.kajd"
;ukaf.a iajhx wkkH;djh iy woSk nj ;yjqrelr" mSvdldÍ
jq iudc jHqyhkaf.a nkaOkfhka úuqla;. s ; lrkakdjq
l%Shdoduhl wjYH;djh iy mqoa.,hdf.a uq,sl whs;ska ;yjre
jQ;a" wdrlaId jQ;a" m%j¾Okh lrkakd jQ;a iudchla Wfoid
iuia; m%cdj fjkiaúh hq;=h hk woyia oeä f,i wjOdrKh
lrkq ,nhs'
iudc jev jD;a;sfha m%Njh iy Bg n,mE iudc miqìu
mq¿,aj y`ÿkd.kakd ,o m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlula f,ig

jD;a;Sh iudc jev 19 jeks Y;j¾Ifha wjika oYl fukau 20
Y;j¾Ifha uq,A oYlhka ys úêu;aj ixúOdkh jk wdldrh
fmkS hhs (Howe 2009)' fuu ld,h we;af;kau ngysr hqfrdamfha
ld¾ólrK l%shdj,sfha fõ.j;au wjêh f,ig y`ÿkd.; yel'
j¾Okh fjñka mej;s k.r wdY%s; l¾udka;Y,djka ys jev
lsÍu iòyd mqoa.,hka iy mjq,a" .%dóh m%foaY w;ayer k.r lrd
ixl%uKh fjñka isá;a' tla w;lska" .%dóh m%foaYj, mej;s
oßø;djh tlS ixl%uKhg fya;=jla ù ;snqKs' flfia fj;;a"
k.rj,oS;a fujka mqoa.,hka w;s nyq;rhl iy Tjqkaf.a
mjq,aj,g oßø;djfhka iïmQ¾Kfhkau ñ§ug fkdyels úh'
ÿlaÅ;Ndjh" my;a jegqma ;,hka" miqlï rys; ;ono jQ ksjdi"
ksrka;r f,v frda. iy wêl udkisl wd;;sh fukau " fjk;a
úúOdldrfha mqoa., yd iudc .eg¨ wdosh kd.ßl jev lrk
mx;sfha fndfyduhla fokd iy mjq,a w;r iqúfYAIS ,CIKhka
úh' fudjqka fndfyduhlg fuu w;aoelSu fmr fkdjQúrE
jekakla úh'
fuhska woyia lrkafka fuu ld, mßÉfPAohg fmr

úiQjkag fujka m%YAk fkd;snQ njla fkdfõ' f,v frda."
wdndO" wkdrCIs; uy¿nj" fn,ySkùu" oßø;djh" ú/lshdj"
wirK yd wkd:Ndjhg m;a ùu" hqoaO yd l,flda,dy,"
iajNdúl wdmod wdos jQ jHikldÍ ;;a;ajhka ñksia iudcfha
55
wdrïNfha isgu tla;rd ÿrlg wvq jeä jYfhka ´kEu
iudchla wdY%fhka yÿkd.; yels nj wms oksuq' tfy;a tjeks
;;a;ajhka we;s jQ úg m%;spdr oelaúug" tfia;a ke;skï tajdfha
n,mEu md,kh lsÍug fyda wju lsÍug yels jQ úúO
wdldrfhka wfkHdakHj WmldÍ jQ;a" iduQyl s jQ;a" iudc
hdka;%K iy l%fudamdhka iudch ;=<skau l%shd;aul úh' mjq,"
{d;s iuQyhd iy m%cdj ta w;r m%Odk ;ekla .;ay' tfy;a oeä
iudc úm¾hdihka yuqfõ ks¾udKh ù ;snqK kj iudc m¾hdh
;=< Wla; wdh;khka ÿ¾j, ù tajdg tf;la bgq l< iudc
ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug fkdyels ;;ajhla Woa.; ù ;snqKs'
tlaflda tlS iudc wdh;khka isÿ fjñka mej;s oejeka; iudc
úm¾hdifha n,mEu fya;=fldg f.k fjkiaùulg" ÿ¾j,
ùulg fyda iïmQ¾Kfhkau wl¾uKH ùulg ,la ù ;snqKs'
tfia;a ke;akï mek ke`.=K kj m%Yak $ .eg¨ yuqfõ tajd yd
lghq;= lsÍug;a" kj úi`ÿï fiùug;a" tu wdh;khkag mej;s
iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdùh ^Howe 2009&'
kj iudc wd¾Ól jHdl+,;djh fya;= fldg f.k we;s

jQ m%Odk;u m%YAkh jQfha oßø;djhhs' th fldf;la j¾Okh
jQfha o h;a" iudc mßmd,lhkag ta ms<snò ;jÿrg;a wjOdkh
fkdlr isàug fkdyels ;;a;ajhla we;s úh' fuys oS m%Odk
jYfhka ÿmam;=kaf.a m%YAk úiòSu iòyd tx.,ka;fha 17 jk
Y;j¾Ifha oS bosßm;a ù l%ufhka úldYkh fjñka meñK" 19
jk Y;j¾Ifha oS ;rula ÿrg wdh;k.; jQ" oßø;d kS;sh
hgf;a mej;s fiajdjka fhdod .kakd ,o nj fmkS hhs' tfy;a
tla w;lska fulS kS;Í s ;s iy fiajdjka tu m%YAk úiòSug
m%udKj;a fkdjk nj os.ska os.gu wjOdrKh flßKs' wksla
w;g oßø;d kS;sh wdY%S;j fiajdjka iemhSfï l%fudamdhkaf.a
mej;s —wudkqIsl uqyqKj q rhka˜ ms<snòj o iudc idOdrK;ajh
ms<snò woyia oelajQjka fj;ska oeä úfõpkhka t,a, ù ;sìKs'
WodyrKhla f,ig pd,aia älkaia jeks idys;HhOrhka fï
ms<snò os.ska os.gu oeä iudc úpdrd;aul m%ydrhka ;ukaf.a
lD;Ska u`.ska t,a,lrkq ,nk wdldrh wmg oelsh yelsh'
úl,am úi`ÿï f,i hï;dla ÿrlg fyda udkqIsl jq uqyqKqjrlska
56
hq;a fiajd iemhSug bosßm;aj isá wd.ñl" mqKH wdh;k iy
mfrdamldr iñ;s iud.ï j,g ^benavolant societies& o" oßø;d
msä;hkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól wdrlaIdj iïmQ¾Kfhka u /ln,d
.ekSug ;rï m%udKj;a iïm;a fkdùh' flfia fj;;a
oßø;djhg ms<shï f,i m%;sl¾uhka fiùfï W;aidyhkaf.a
m%;sM,hla f,i úúOldrfha iudc m%;sixialrK jHdmdr" mqKH
ixúOdk ix.ï ^charity organizations&" iudc m¾fhaIKhka iy
jHdmdrhka fuu wjêfha mek k`.sk wdldrh fmkS hhs ^Howe
2009&'
tlS W;aidyhka flfrk w;ru iudc mßmd,lhkag"

mekke`.S ;snQ ixlS¾K iudc .eg¨ yuqfõ úi`ÿï iòyd blauka
ms<s;=re iudcSh úoHd{hkaf.ka iy iudc m%;sm;a;s
iïmdolhkaf.ka wjYH úh' kj iudc wd¾Ól m¾hdh ;=<
iajNdj O¾ufha uQ,sl kS;sÍ;s wNsfhda.hg ,la lrñka tys
iSudlï ch .ekSug iajNdúl úoHdjka ch.%dySj lghq;= lrk
wdldrhgu" iudcfha mej;s kj m%YAk yuqfõ iajNdúl
úoHdjkaf.a l%ufõoh wod< lr .ksñka tajdg ms<s;=re bosßm;a
úh hq;= nj Tjqka wjOdrKh lrkq ,eîh' kj iudc m%Yak
y`ÿkdf.k úYAf,aIKh lrkjd fukau" tajdg m%dfhda.sl úi`ÿï
f,i ueosy;aùula l< yels l%ufõohka Tjqkag wjYH úh'
fulS miqìu ;=<" úi`ÿï fiùu iòyd we;s ù ;snQ iudc

m¾fhaIKhkaf.a iy úúO iudc jHdmdrhkaf.a m%;sM,hla
f,ig iudc jev ^social work& úIh fukau jD;a;Sh ìysjk
wdldrh fmkS hhs' th .eg¨ úYAf,aIKhlg jvd .eg¨
úiòSug l%shdldÍ ueosy;aùul wjYH;djh imqrd .ekSug
bosßm;a jQ ms<shula f,ig mek k`.sk njla o fmfka' .eg¨
úioSug ueosy;aùu m%Odk wruqK yd ld¾h ùu ksid iudcjev
jD;a;sh uq,a wjêfha oS mqoa., m%Yak iy iudc .eg¨ úioSu
ioyd Wml%uhka bosßm;a lr Ndú;fha fhojQj;a mqoa., m%Yak
iy iudc .eg¨ wjfndaOh yd úYAf,aIKh iòyd uQ,sl jYfhka
iudc úoHdj yd ufkda úoHdj foig keUqre jkakg úh'
ufkdaúoHd;aul iïm%odhg jeä jYfhka keUqrejQjka"
57
fndfyduhla iudc .eg¨ j,g uQ,sl fya;= —mqoa.,hd˜ ;=< o" ta
iòyd iudc úoHd iïm%odh Ndú;hg fhduqjQjka .eg¨ miqìfï
m%Odk jYfhka —iudc ldrdKd˜ mj;skafka hehs o hk woyia
tlsfkldg m%;smCIj wjOdrKh lrkakg úh' tksid wdrïNfha
isgu iudc m%YAkhkag m%Odk jYfhkau n,mdk fya;=j b;d
ir, f,i" tlaflda —mqoa.,hdh˜" tfia;a ke;akï —iudch˜ hk
u;fNAod;aul isoaOdka;h iudc jev fCIA;%fhys o ia:dms; jQ
njla fmkS hhs'
fujeks miqìulA ;=<" tla w;lska" ufkdaúoHd iïm%odh

Tiafia hñka iudc m%YAk úiòSu iòyd mqoa.,hd iy Tjqkaf.a
mjq, foig jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka" mqoa.,hdg iy
Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g m%;sldr l< hq;=h hk woyi u; uQ,sl
jYfhka mokï fjñka" mqoa., m%;sldr îndividual treatment&
l%fudamdhla f,i iudc m%f;Hhl jev ^social casework&
bosßm;a lrñka, Mary Richdmond iudc jev jD;a;sfha moku
ilia lsÍug uQ,sl úh ^Richdmond 1917&' wks;a w;g fuhg
fjkia woyila bosßm;a lrñka" fndfyduhla jQ iudc m%Yak
miqìfï mj;skqfha iudcuh jQ ldrKd hehs wjOdrKh lrñka"
tksid ta iòyd iduQysl jQ m%;spdrhla ^collective response& wjYH
nj fmkajd foñka" iudc lKAvdhï jev ^social group work& iy
iudc l%shdldrlï yd jHdmdrhka ^social actions and campaigns&
ueosy;aùfï l%fudamdhka f,i bosßm;a lrñka, Jane Adams o"
iudc jev úIfha uQ,sl wä;d,u ilia lsÍug odhl úh ^Linn
1935&'
Mary Richdmond g ufkda úoHdj;a" Jane Adams g iudc

úoHdj;a m%Odk jYfhkau n,md we;s nj fmkS hhs' fudjqka
fofokdu oDIAáuh jYfhka m%;súreoaO wka;hka ksfhdackh
l<;a" mek ke`.S ;snQ úúOdldrfha m%Yak j,ska mSvdjg m;a ù
isá wirKhka" wkd;hka iy wjdikdjka;hka" Tjqkaf.a mjq,a
fukau iudc nysIAlrKhg ,laù isá úúOjQ iudc lKAvdhï
fjkqfjka ;ukaf.a y`v ke`.+ w;r ta iòyd fhduq jQQ úúO iudc
l%shdldrlï yd jHdmdrhkag mqfrda.dó kdhl;ajhla iemhSh'
58
fï wkqj udkj b;sydifha m%:u j;djg" b;d oeä
mqreIdêm;Hfhka hqla; jQ iudc mßirhl iy wjêhl jqj o"
wNS; ldka;djka fofokl=f.a mqfrda.dó;ajfhka udkj
iqNidOkh ioyd lem jQ" Wmldrl jD;a;shla ^helping
profession&" tfia;a ke;skï l%ufõohla f,ig" iudc jev
^social work& úIh fCIA;%fha wdrïNh iksgqyka jk wdldrh
fmkS hhs'
fï wdldrhg úisjk Y; j¾Ifha uq,a oYlhkays oS

tx.,ka;h yd wefußld tlai;a ckmoh wdY%fhka ÿ.SNdjh
;=rka lsÍu iòyd fhduq jQ mqKHdOdr iy mrys;ldó jevigyka
wdY%fhka u;=jk iudc jev ^social work& jD;a;sh iy Ydia;%Sh
úIh Odrdj" l%udkql+,j j¾Okh fjñka úldYkh fõ'
wdrïNfha oS ixl,amSh moku iòyd m%Odk jYfhkau
ufkdaúoHdj yd iudcúoHdj foig fhduq jqj o" iudc jev
úIh" l%ufhka" thgu wdfõKsl jQ oekqu" ixl,amuh rduqj iy
kHdhka f.dvk`.d .kakd wdldrh fmfka' l%ufhka wfkl=;a
idudcSh úoHdjka fukau udkj Ydia;%hka o" l,dj" idys;H"
o¾Ykhka iy úúO wd.ñl u;su;dka;r o iudc jev úIh
m:h mq¿,a lsÍu iòyd n,mEï lrkq ,eîh' fï ishü n,mEï
Tiafia jD;a;Sh iudc jev úIh flaI;%h ;=< iqNidOkh iòyd
l=uk wdldrfha oDIaáuh t<Uqula iy m%;sm;a;suh wdlD;shka
Ndú; úh hq;= o hk lÓldjo wdrïN úh. úúO foaYmd,k
oDIaÁkaf.a o fuu idlÉcdjkag iïnkaOùfï m%;sM,hla f,i"
lemS fkfkk wdldrfhka yÿkd.; yels u;jdoS oDIaà ka"
tfia;a ke;akï ixl,amSh t<Tqï ;%s;ajhla iudc jev úIh iy
jD;a;sh ;=< l%ufhka ks¾udKh ù ia:dms; jk whqre fmfka'
iudc jev úIh m:h iy oDIAÀuh t<Uqï
iudc jev jD;a;sfha ld¾hhNdrh jvd;a m%dfhda.slj

úoyd olajkq ,nk f,aLkhla IFSW úiska 2012 ud¾;= ui
m%ldYhg m;a flßKs' tys oS, fï jk úg;a iudc jev ms<sn|j
,shù we;s oE lrk ,o úYaf,aIKhlska fukau" úúO úoaj;=ka
59
iy IFSW idudcslhska iu`. lrk ,o mq¿,a woyia úuiSulska
(consultation) miqj iudc jev úIh m:h b;d mq¿,a mrdihl
úysfok wdldrhg úia;r lrk ,oS. tys oS iuia;hla f,i,
iudc jev úIh i|yd, mqoa.,hd “;ud wkqnoaO ù we;s iudc
mßir moaO;s yd .efgk uqyqk;ys oS” (at the interface between
person and environment) we;súh yels úúO u.yrjd .ekSug
jD;a;Suh jYfhka ueosy;aùu ioyd Ndú;d l< yels l%ufõohka
o meyeos,s lrk ,oS'
iudc jev jD;a;suh jYfhka idCId;a lr .ekSug

wruqKq lrkq ,nk m%Odk wNsu;d¾:hka, .kKdjla oelaúh
yelsh (IFSW 2012). tajd tlsfklg wkqnoaO lr ixCIsma;j
ioyka l<fyd;a" iuia:hla f,ig wruqKq lrkq ,nkqfha,
mqoa.,hd úIfhys iudc idOdrK;ajh yd mqoa., whs;Ska ;yjqre
lr, iudc nysIalrKhg ,la fkdjQ, wNsudkj;ajQ;a, woaú;ShjQ;a,
mqoa.,sl;ajhla mqoa.,hdg idlaId;alr .ekSug WmldÍ ùu ioyd
lem ù lghq;= lsÍuhs. tys oS iudcjev úIh iudc nysIalrKh
m%;sfCIam lrk w;r, thg ,lajQjka fyda ,laúh yels
wjOdkul isákakka, thska je<elaùug wjYH ueosy;aùfï
ld¾hh jD;a;Suh jYfhka bIaglrk wdldrh fhdackd lrkq
,nhs. tfukau iudc jev úIhm:h, iudc idOdrK;ajh
m%j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;djh wjOdrKh lrk w;r, jD;a;Sh
iy m%dfhda.slj th bgq l< yels ueosy;aùfï l%ufõohka o
fhdackd lrkq ,nhs. iudc jev úIh udkj whs;Ska úYsIagj
yqjdolajhs' tajd m%j¾Okh lrñka, woSkjq;a, wNsudkj;ajq;a
“mqoa., .re;ajhla” ;yjqre lsÍu yd th f.!rjd¾:fhka
we.hSu oekqj;a lrkq ,nk l%fudamdhkao fhdackd lrkq ,nhs.
iuia;hla jYfhka" ksh;fhkau, ñksiqkaf.ka mßmQ¾K jQ

iuia: f,dalh iudc jev jD;a;sfha úIh mßm:hhs. th
osfkka osk ixlS¾K jQ;a, l,n,ldÍjQ;a, fkdikaiqkajQ;a,
wdl+,-jHdl+,jQ;a ;;ajhlg m;afjñka ;sfnk úg th
lsishï wdldrhg kej; m%;sia:dmkh lsÍfï iy ikaiqka
60
lsÍfï wjYH;djh mek k.shs. iudc jev jD;a;slhka
tjeks jQ f,dalhl ksrka;rfhkau .ejfiñka tjeks
m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlul fhoS isá;a' Tjqka b;d wjmSä;j
úúO jQ wjYH;djhka idCId;a lr.; fkdyelsj jHdl+,
ù isák ñksiqka iu. lghq;= lr;s. Tjqka oeä iudc
úIu;djh" widOdrKh, n,h, Okh iy wjia:djka
wiudk f,i fnodyer we;s iudc mßirhl l%shdldÍ fõ
(Howe 2006: 12).
iEu iudc lreKlau mq¿,a iudc moaO;Ska ;=<

isÿjkakla f,i iudc jev úIh m:h ;=< olshs. ta wkqj
iudcjev jD;a;slhska l%shdldÍj iïnkaO jk iEu
mqoa.,fhl=u, l=gï q Nhlau iy l=vd lKavdhulau tla;rd
f,ilg m%cdj, iudc ixúOdkh, foaYmd,kh, rdcH jeks mq¿,a
moaO;Ska fukau, iuia; f,dal moaO;sfhau ksr;=rej isÿjk
úm¾hdihkaf.a n,mEug ,lajk fldgila f,i olS' wl¾ukH
fyda wlS%hjQjka iu. iïnkaO fjñka, Tjqkag tajd
ksishdldrfhka md,kh lr kej;;a ;ukaf.a lD;Huh
iu;=,s;;djh idCId;a lr .ekSu iòyd iudc jev jD;a;slhka
ueÈy;a ù Wmldr lrkq ,nhs. tys oS Tjqka we;s ù we;s
wiu;=,s; ;;ajh ukdj wjfndaO lr.ekSug;a, ta ms<sn|
mq¿,ajQ;a, .eUqrejq;a ;lafiarejla lsÍug;a, wk;=rej l=uk
wdldrfha ueosy;aùfï Wml%uhla Ndú; l< hq;= o hkak
ks¾Kh lsÍug;a ;u úIh {dKh, jD;a;Suh YlH;djh iy
w;aoelSï Ndú; lrkq ,nhs. fuu ld¾hfha oS iudc jev
jD;a;slhska ;uka wkq.; ù we;s oDIaáuh .=rel=,j,g wkql+,j
t,an.kq ,nk úúO kHd;aul t<Tqï ;%s;ajhla yÿkd.; yel.
1. mrdj¾;Sh Ñls;ail t<Uqu - reflexive therapeutic (therapeutic

helping) approach
2. mqoa., m%;sixialrK t<Uqu - Individual Reformist
(maintenance of social order) approach
3. iudcjdoS iduQysl;aj t<Uqu - Socialist – Collectivist
(emancipatory or transformational) approach
61
iudc jev l%shdldÍ;ajh iòyd bosßm;a ù we;s oekqu iy

yelshdj" ishü ixl,am" wdlD;Ska" m¾hdjf,dalkhka iy
kHdhka fuu úIh t<Uqï ;%s;ajh ;=< fjkafjkaj flakaø.;
jk wdldrh fmfka' tfukau" tajd tlsfkl miqìfï
.;dkq.;sl yd kj ,snr,ajdoS" iudc-m%cd;ka;%jdoS iy iudcjdoS
foaYmd,k oDIAàkaj, n,mEu mj;sk wdldrh o fmfka ^Turner
1996&' fuu t<Uqï ;%s;ajh ms<snò úia;rd;auljQ;a"
úYaf,aIKd;auljQ;a ú.%yhla lsÍu fuys oS wfmaCIs; fkdfõ'
úIh iy jD;a;sh y÷kajd§u wruqKq lrk" fujeks ir,
rpkdjl tjekakla lsÍu o myiq fkdfõ' tfy;a b;d
ixCIsma;j iòyka lrkafka kï" m%:u t<Uqu Ñls;ail Wmldrh
^therapeutic helping& f,i o y`ÿkajk w;r" tys oS mqoa.,hdf.a
iqNidOkh" ;ukaf.au iajdëk;ajh yd iajYla;sh u`.ska u
ilid .; hq;= hehs o" ta iòyd mqoa.,hd n,.ekaúh hq;= hehs o
hk woyi bosßm;a lrhs' n,.ekaùu u`.ska mqoa.,hd Yla;su;a
lsÍu fyda YlH;d l=¿.ekaùu n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' fojkqj
mqoa., m%;sixialrKjdoSka fmkajd fokafka iudch u`.ska
ie,iqïlr fnodyßkq ,nk Yla;su;a iqNidOk fiajdjka u`.ska
mqoa., iqNisoaêh mj;ajd f.khdug Wmldr l< hq;= njhs'
iqNidOkh mqoa.,hdf.a whs;shla f,i;a iudcfha iduQysl
j.lSula f,i;a Tjqka ms<s.kS' f;jeks t<Uqu iudc m¾hdfha
mj;akd wiudk;djhka yqjd olajk w;r" mSä;hska ôppressed)
iy iudc m%;s,dN yuqfõ nysIalrKh ù wjdisiy.; ;djhg
m;ajQjka ^the disadvantaged& iudch fjkia lsÍu ;=<ska
n,.kajd" ;ukaf.a cSú; md,kh lsÍfï n,h ;uka w;g
m;alr .ekSfï l%shdud¾.h m%j¾Okh l< hq;= nj;a" tjeks
;;a;ajhla ;=< Tjqka ;ukag wjdisiy.; iudc iïnkaO;dj,
m%;sM,hla f,i isr ù isák mSä; ;;a;ajhkaf.ka ñfok nj;a
fmkajd fohs' foam< iy n,h wiu;=,s;j fnoS mj;akd
iudchl mj;sk iudc wdh;k iy iïnkaO;d mqoa.,
iqNidOkh bIag fkdlrk nj Tjqkaf.a ye`.Suhs' ta ksid tjeks
n, wiu;=,s;;djhka mj;ajd f.k hk iudc wdh;k iy
iïnkaO;d fjkia úh hq;= nj Tjqka oeäf,i fmkajd foa'
62
rEm igyk 01
iudc jev ueosy;aùfï flakaøSh b,lalh ms<sn| igykla
Source: Morales et al 2015: 42 (redesigned by the author as appropriate to

this article)
63
by; rEmfhka iudc jev jD;a;Sh ueÈy;aùfï § Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk úúO oDIaáuh t<Uqï iy tajd yd wkq.; ù we;s
úúO kHdhhka" ixl,amhka iy wdlD;Ska ixCIsma;j" ixl,amSh
wdlD;shla f,i bosßm;a l< yel' tys oelafjk wdldrhg
mqoa.,hd ;ukaf.a iudc jd;djrKh ênvironment& iu`.
iïnkaO jk w;=re uqyK q ; înterface& wjia:dfõ oS we;s jk
.egqï ;;a;ajhka fya;= fldg f.k lD;Huh wiu;=,s;;djhla
we;s jkafkah' tjeks wjia:djkays oS tlS lD;Huh
wiu;=,s;;djfhka mqoa.,hd id¾:lj uqodf.k" kej; idudkH
cSú;fha ld¾hkag fhduq lsÍfï WmldÍ ueosy;aùu iudc jev
jD;a;sfhka flfrkafka hehs wkqudk l<fyd;a" úúO t<Uqï
oDIaáuh jYfhka wkq.ukh lrk iudc jev jD;a;slhska tlS
ueosy;aùfï lghq;a; lsÍfï oS Ndú; lrkq ,nk úúO
ixl,amSh wdfoaYlhka Wla; rEmfhka fjka fjkaj fmkakqï
lrhs' tla lKavdhula mqoa.,hd fjkia lsÍu yd n,.ekaùu o"
;j lKavdhula iudc m¾hdh fjkia lsÍu yd úm¾h lsÍu o"
;j;a fldgila mqoa., Wmldrh yd iqNidOk fiajd iemhSu o
wjOdrKh lr;s' Tjqka ;uka t,an .;a t<Uqu ;=< m%dfhda.slj
Ndú; lrkq ,nk úúO kHdhka" ixl,am" wdlD;Ska"
m¾hdjf,dalhka wdosh o rEmfha bosßm;a fõ' thska woyia
jkqfha úúO t<Uqï ;=< Ndú; jk iqúfYaIS kHdhd;aul ixl,am
wdlD;Ska mj;akd njhs' fudjqka ish,a,f.au flakaø.; b,lalh
jkafka mqoa.,hd iy iudc mßirh w;r we;s w;=re uqyqK;hs'
th mqoa., wiu;=,s;;djh we;s ùug fya;= jk ldrKd
l%shd;aul jk ia:dkhhs' fï wkqj fuys oS fmkShk jeo.;a
lreKla jkqfha mqoa., yd iudc .eg¿ úiòSu iòyd fuu
t<Uqï ;%s;ajfhka bosßm;a lrk m%;spdr iy m%;sl¾u oDIaÀuh
jYfhka tlsfklg oeäj fjkia jk njhs'
tlsfkl oDIAáka ;=< Tjqka úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk

úúO wdlD;Ska" ixl,am" kHdhka fukau u;jdo f.dkqjk
wdldrhla fmfka' WodyrKhla f,i" mqoa., fjki iy
n,.ekaùu úYAjdi lrkq ,nk m%:u t<Uqu Ndú; lrk iudc
jD;a;slhka ta iòyd mqoa.,hdf.a fjkiaùula" ;ukaf.a
64
Wmldßl ueosy;aùu ;=<ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r ta iòyd
wod< lr.; yels ixl,amSh msájy,la iudc ufkdaúoHd
kHdhkaf.ka ,nd .kshs' fuysoS fmkS hk m%Odk lreK jkqfha
iudc jevld¾fha oS wod< lr.; yels oekg bosßm;a ù ;sfnk
fndfyduhla ixl,am" wdlD;Ska" kHdhka" m¾hdjf,dal wdoS
ish,a, fuu mq¿,a oDIaàka ;%s;ajh ;=< ixl,amSh jYfhka fjka
fjkaj f.dkqlr y`ÿkd.; yels njhs' fuh tla w;lska
—ixl,amSh˜ f.dkqlsÍula f,i —wjOdrKh˜ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
thg fya;=j iuld,Sk iudcfha —iudc jev jD;a;slhka˜
fndfyduhl f.a woyi iy w;aoelSu jkqfha" fiajd,dNSkaf.a
iqúfYaIS jQ wjYH;d iy jHdl+, iy ixls¾K jQ mSä; ;;a;ajhg
m%;sldr yd m%;spdr f,i" fuu t<Uqï ;%s;ajfha u odhl;ajhka
wod< wdldrhg iïnkaO lr taldnoaO rduqjl Ndú; l< yels
njhs' fuh tla;rd wdldrhlg jD;a;Sh iudc jev l%shdldrlfï
—fm!oa.,sl uqyqKqjr˜ ^personal style in professional social work
action& f,i wmg y`ÿkd.; yelsh' my; rEmigyk tu woyi
ixCIsma; iy ir, f,i bosßm;a lrhs'
tu rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg iudc jev jD;a;slhska"

fiajd iemhSu i|yd .%dylhska iuÕ iïnkaO ù l%shd;aul jk
m%dfhda.sl lghq;af;a oS fmr úia;r lrk ,o m%Odk ixl,amSh
t<Uqï tlsfklg iïnkaO jk ;%sfldaKdldr mrdihl úúO
ia:dkj, ia:dk.; ùug bv we;' th tla w;lska tlsfkl
jD;a;slhska ;uka úiska f.dvk.d .kq ,nk —ueosy;a ùfï
ie<eiau˜ întervention plan& wkqj ;SrKh jkakla fõ'
WodyrKhla f,ig úúO jD;a;slhska úúO f,i A" B" C" D wdos
jQ ia:dkj, ia:dk.; ùug bv we;' ^rEmigyk n,kak& ta
wkqj ;ukaf.a jD;a;Sh ueosy;aùfï lghq;a; ie<iqï lrk ,o
idl,H rduqj (holistric framework) ;=< tlsfkl t<Uqïj,
odhl;ajh wvq jeä jYfhka Wmfhda.s lr.kq we;' WodyrKhla
f,i hï jD;a;slfhl= A ia:dkfha ia:dk.; fjñka ;ukaf.a —
ueosy;a úfï l%shdfõoS˜ uQ,sl jYfhka mrdj¾;Sh Ñls;ail
t<Uqu Wmfhda.s lr .kafkahehs Wml,amkh lruq' tys oS m%Odk
wruqK jkqfha n,.ekaùu ;=<ska mqoa.,hd ;uka mSvd úosk cSjk
65
.eg¨j úiod.ekSu wruqKq lr.;a Wmldßl l%shdj,shlg
iyNd.S lrjñka weh fyda Tyq ;=< Okd;aul fjkila we;s lr
.ekaug fm<Uùuhs' tfia jqjo fuys oS iudc jev jD;a;slhd
;u ie,iqu A ia:dkfha ia:dk.; lsÍu u.ska ;u .%dylhd
hï;dla ÿrlg mqoa., m%;sixialrK t<Uqu Tiafia iemhsh yels
fiajdjkag o iïnkaOlr we;' ta wkqj mqoa.,hd n,.eka ù
iaùh úuqla;sh" ksoyi fukau iajhx meje;au <Õd lr .ekSfï
yelshdjka Ydlaid;a lr .kakd ;=re weh fyda Tyq iudcfha
mj;sk fmdÿ iqNidOk fiajdjka j,g o m%fõY lr tu.ska
m%;s,dN ,eîug lghq;= i,iajd we;' fuys oS wjOdrKh l<
hq;= m%Odk lreK jkafka iudc jev jD;a;slhd tla;rd
taldnoaO ixl,amSh rduqjla ;ukaf.a fiajd ie,eiaug wod<
wdldrhg ks¾udKh lrf.k we;s njhs' fuu iuia;h ;=<
l%Shd;aul ùfï fhduqj" j¾;udkfha b;d m%p,s; fukau
ckm%shj Ndú; jk l%fudamdhla f,i yÿkd.; yelsh'
rEmigyk 02
mrdj¾;Sh Ñls;ail t<Uqu
A
B
C
mqoa., m%;sixialrK t<Uqu iudcjdoS iduQysl;aj t<Uqu

Source: Payne 2005: 10
66
fï wdldrhgu B ia:dkfha ia:dk.; lr we;s
ueosy;aùfï fiajd ie<eiau" yÿkdf.k we;s .eg¨ iy.;
.%dyl ;;ajhg WmldÍ ùu i|yd ueosy;aùug wod< wdldrhg
mrdj¾;Sh Ñls;ail t<Uqu iy iudcjdoS iduqysl t<Uqu bosßm;a
lrk ixl,amSh yd Ndú; Wml%u taldnoaO rduqjla ;=<
l%shd;aul lrkq we;' C ia:dkfha ia:dk.; lr we;s ie,eiau
úúO jq t<Tqï ;%S;ajfha u odhl;ajh wod< wdldrhg Wmfhda.S
lr .kakd nj fmfka' tfuka u ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla jkqfha
we;eï wjia:djkays oS lsishï iudc jev jD;a;slfhla ;uka
t,aU.kq ,nk oDIAáh oeä f,i wkq.ukh l<;a WodyrKhla
f,i mSvdldÍ jQ iudc wdh;k yd iïnkaO;d fjkia
l<hq;=heZhs oeä woyil isàu, ;u fiajd,dNshdf.a hym; iy
´kEtmdlï m%:u fldg i,ld ta fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍfï
kuH;djhla ;ukaf.a fiajd ie,eiau ;=< wkq.ukh lsÍug
fm<öuhs' WodyrKhla f,i D ia:dkfha ia:dk.;ùu tjeks
;;ajhla ms<sìUq lrhs' fuhg m%Odk;u fya;=j jkqfha" fmr
i|yka l< wdldrhg, iudc jev jD;a;sfha mru wruqK
zzWmldr l,hq;a;kAg Wmldr lsÍuZZ ^helping the helpless& ùuhs'
tySoS ;uka tl`. fkdjk u;jdohka jqjo, fiajd ,dNshdf.a
hym; Wfoid ;u fiajd ie,eiaug wkq.; lsÍug fm<fUkq
we;.
iudc jev i|yd ueosy;aùfï iudc ;,hka
iudc jev jD;a;sh mqoa., yd iudc .eg¨ ksrdlrKh

lr.ekSfï Wmldrl ueosy;aùu m%Odk iudc ;,hka lSmhla
Tiafia l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs' ta wkqj iudc jev jD;a;slhska
^social workers& ;u jD;a;Suh l%shdldÍ;ajh iòyd âction&
ueosy;aùfï întervention& lghq;a; osh;a lrkq ,nk" mqoa.,hd
ffki¾.slju iïnkaO ù isák m%Odk;u iudc uÜgï
lsysmhla y`ÿkd.; yel'
67
1' mqoa., uÜgu îndividual level&
2' l=gqïN uÜgu ^family level&
3' l=vd lKAvdhï uÜgu ^small group level&
4' m%cd uÜgu ^community level&
óg wu;rj iudc jev jD;a;slhska iudcuh uÜgñka

ueosy;aùula o isÿlrkq ,n;a' tys oS m%;sm;a;s úYAf,aIK yd
iïmdokhg iyNd.s ùu, odhl ùu iy iudc m¾fhaIK ;u
jD;a;Suh ueosy;aùu iòyd l%shdldÍj odhl lr.ekSu lrkq
,nhs' fndfyduhla lD;yia; jD;a;slhska iudc m¾fhaIK
u.ska oekqj;a lrKq ,nk m%;sm;a;s iïmdok ueosy;aùï j,
kshqla; fõ. we;eï jD;a;slhska iudc jev wdh;ksl mßmd,k
yd l<ukdlrK lghq;= u`.ska o fiajd,dNSkaf.a Wmldrh iòyd
ueosy;a fõ' fuu úúO ;,hkays oS Ndú; lrkq ,nk
ueosy;aùfï l%fudamdhka o întervention method& úúO fõ' tajd
w;r"
x mqoa., uÜgu - WmfoaYkh ^counselling&" iudc m%f;Hhl
jev ^case work& iy iudc jev l<uKdlrKh
x l=gqïN uÜgu - mjq,a WmfoaYkh ^family counselling&"
m%f;Hhl jev iy m%;Hl jev l<uKdlrKh ^case
management&
x l=vd lKAvdhï uÜgu - iudc lKavdhï jev ^social group
work&
x m%cd uÜgu - m%cd jev ^community work&" m%cd ixúOdkh
^community organizing&
x iudc uÜgï - m%;sm;a;s (policy), m¾fhaIK (research), iudc
l%shdldrlï (social action) iy iudc jHdmdr (social campaigns)
wdosh m%Odk" ksr;=reju Ndú; jk l%fudamdhka f,i

olakg ,efí' iudc jev jD;a;slhska úúO ;,hkays oS fuu
l%ufõohgu muKla iSudjkafka hehs" fuhska lsisúgl;a woyia
fkdfõ' we;eï wjia:djkays § úúO Wml%uhkaf.a odhl;ajfhka
hq;a taldnoaO wdlD;Ska o úúO uÜgïj, § wod< wdldrhg
68
Ndú; lrhs' tfukau j¾;udkfha úúOdldr, ks¾udKd;auljQ;a"

;d¾lsljQ;a jD;a;suhjQ;a l%uhka y`ÿkdf.k we;' tajd w;r,
fmr iòyka l< whqßka, fnfyduhla iudc jev jD;a;slhska
ksr;=reju Ndú; lrk ckm%sh Wml%u lsysmhla y`ÿkajd§ug
fuys oS woyia flf¾'
iudc m%f;Hl jev
iudc jev jD;a;sh wdrïNfha isgu Ndú;fha fhfok

iudc m%f;Hl jev iy iudc m%f;Hl jev l<ukdlrKh
(case management) j¾;udkfha mjd mqoa., yd l=gqïN uÜgï
wdY%s;j flfrk WmldÍ ueosy;aùïj, oS b;d m%p,s;j Ndú;
lrkq ,nhs' fïrs ßÉukaâ (Mary Richmond) úiska rpkd lrk
,o “Social Diagnosis” (1917) iy —What is Casework” (1922) hk
lD;s m%f;Hl jev l%ufõofha m%Odk uQ,O¾uhka meyeos,s lrkq
,nhs' miqld,fha oS" úfYaIfhkau 1920 iy 30 ld,hkays oS
fm%dhsähdkq ufkdaúoHd ^Freudian Psychology& iïm%odfha
n,mEu iu. m%f;Hl jev l%ufõoh iudc jev jD;a;slhska
w;r jvd;a ckm%sh úh. tys oS mqoa.,hd ;ukaf.a mqoa.,sl
.eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhlg uQ,sl jYfhka j.lsj hq;=h hk woyi
m%n,j wjOdrKh flreKs' WodyrKhla f,ig lsishï
flfkla ÿ.SNdjfha isákqfha Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a /lshd lsÍug
we;s w,i Ndjh ksidhehs ir, f,i ;lafiare lr" ta wkqj
mqoa.,hd /lshdjla i|yd fm<Uùu jeks lreKla i|yka l,
yel' fuysoS iudc jHqyh wdY%fhka mek k.sk iudc ldrKd
flfrys wjOdrKhla fldfy;au fkdjQ w;r mqoa.,hdf.a
;;ajh fjkia lsÍu ;=<ska fndfyduhla mqoa., m%Yak
ksrdlrKh l< yelsh hk u;h m%n,j wjOdrKh úh.
iudc lKavdhï jev
iudc lKavdhï jev o (social group work) iudc jev

jD;a;Sh ueosy;aùfï l%fudamdhla f,i m%p,s;j Ndú; jk w;r"
69
th o iudc jev jD;a;sfha wdrïNl wjÈfha isgu Ndú;fha
fhfok whqre fmkS hhs' Jane Adams m%uqL iudc l%shdldrlhska
msßila iudc jev úIh wdrïNfha u fndfyduhla mqoa., m%Yak
iy iudc .eg¿ m%Odk jYfhka iudc jHQy.; ldrKd yd neoS
mj;sk nj wjOdrKh lrñka" mqoa., m%Yakj,g mqoa.,hd
fjkia lsÍu ;=<skau muKla úiÿï n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh
fkdyels nj fmkajd fok ,oS' tysos mqoa.,hdg mßndysrj
l%shd;aul jk ldrKdj,g mqoa.,hd o iyNd.s jk tla;rd
iduqysl jQ ueosy;aùula u.ska úiÿï fiùu fhda.H nj
wjOdrKh flreKs' WodyrKhla f,ig ;reKhska w;r m%n,
ú/lshdjg fya;= ù we;s ldrKd ;lafiare lr tjeks ;reK
msßia lKavdhï f,i ixúOdkh lr úúO iajhx/lshd i|yd
mqyqKq lsÍu" wdOdr lsÍu wdÈh fmkajdÈh yelsh' tjeks
woyiaj, m%;sM,hla f,i iudc lKavdhï jev l%uh
ke;fyd;a Wml%uh ìys jQ w;r" fï jk úg fuh jvd;a .eUqßka
fukau úúO uqyqKj q rhkaf.ka jvd;a ixlS¾K jQ mqoa., .eg¨
;;ajhkays oS mjd Ndú;d l< yels wdldrhg j¾Okh ù we;"
WodyrK f,i u;aøjHhkag weíneysjQjka mqkre;a:dmkh jeks
l%shd wdÈh ioyd Ndú;djk lKavdhï Wml%u fmkajdosh yel.
m%cd ixúOdkh
iudc jev jD;a;suh ueosy;aùfï l%ufõohla f,ig

m%cd ixúOdk lghq;= j¾;udkfha mjd ckm%shj Ndú;fha mj;S'
fuysoS jD;a;Suh ueosy;aùfï uÜgu f,i m%cdj (community)
Ndú; flf¾' m%cdj flakaølr .ksñka m%cd wdh;k" jevigyka
iy m%cd ixúOdkh m%p,s; ùu;a iuÕ u m%cd uÜgfï
l%shdlrlï i|yd m%cdj o l%shdldÍj iyNd.slrjd .; hq;=h hk
woyi fuu ueosy;aùfï Wml%uh ke;alï l%ufõoh ;=<
wjOdrKh flfrhs' j¾;udkfha fuu Wml%uh jvd;a m%p,s;j
Ndú; flfrk w;r" m%cd mdol jevigyka" m%cdjf.a
iqNidOkh iy iqNisoaêh i|yd l%shd;aul flfrk ueosy;aùfï
l%shdldrlï m%cdjf.a u mQ¾K ueosy;a ùu iy odhl;ajh
iys;ju ie<iqï lsÍu iy l%shd;aul lsÍu wdosh fuu`.ska lrkq
70
,nhs' ta wkqj m%cdlghq;= u`.ska l=vd lKavdhï" m%cdj fukau
mqoa.,hd n,.ekaùu o, isú,a iudch f.dvkexùu u`.ska iudc
m%d.aOkh by< kexùu;a wfmalaId lrk w;r wjidk w¾:fhA oS
m%cdfõ ish¿u fokdf.a iqNidOkh tu.ska bgqjk m%;s,dN
ckkhfõhehs úYajdi lrkq ,nhs' m%cd-uQ,sl ixúOdk
f.dvke.Su u.ska" m%cdjka ixúOdkh lr m%cdjf.au udkj yd
fN!;sl iïm;a yd ndysr Wmldrl fiajdjka iïnkaOlr
oßø;djh ;=rkalsÍu i|yd ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lrk úúO
m%cd jHdmD;s wdÈh fï ms<sn| lÈu WodyrK fõ'
iudc wdh;k md,kh" m¾fhaIK iy m%;sm;a;s iïmdok Wml%u
fndfyduhla iudc jev jD;a;slhska fï jk úg iudc

fiajdjka iemhSu i|yd odhl jk jevigyka" jHdmD;s iy
wdh;k iïnkaëlrK" mßmd,k yd l<ukdlrK lghq;=j,
kshqla; ù isá;a' úfYaIfhkau m%cd fËaa;%fha l%shd;aul jk
rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl fkdjk wdh;k mßmd,k iy
l<ukdlrK l%shdjkag fudjqka iïnkaO ù we;s w;r" tys oS
fndfyda úg idïm%odhsl ks,n, jHqyhla ;=< l%shd;aul jk
l<ukdlrK Wml%u j,ska neyerj iudc jev jD;a;Suh
we.hSï iy p¾hd O¾u;dj,g wkQrEmjk wdldrfha mßmd,k
yd l<ukdlrK Wml%u Ndú; lrk wdldrhla fmkS hhs'
tfuka u we;eï jD;a;slhska jD;a;h S iudc jev
l%shdlrlïj,g m%dfhda.slj odhl úh yels wdldrfha iudc jev
m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, ksr;fõ' tajd ;=<ska iudc jev jD;a;Sh
l%shdlrlï" úfYaIfhkau m%Yak úioSu i|yd M,odhS f,i
ueosy;a ùfï Wml%uhka" oshqKq lsÍu i|yd oekqj;a lsÍï wdoshg
iïnkaO ù lghq;= lr;a' iudc m¾fhaIK lghq;= wdY%fhka
f.dvk.kq ,nk oekqu ueÈy;aùfï l%shdj,sfha M,odhS;djh
by< kxjhs' óg wu;rj fndfyduhla jD;a;slhska m%;sm;a;s
úYaf,aIKh" kj m%;sm;a;s iïmdok fhdackd bosßm;a lsÍu iy
hï hï m%;m s ;a;suh" úfYaIfhkau iudc m%;sm;a;s, fjkialï
i|yd n,mEï lsÍu jeks l%shdldrlï yd iïnkaO jk nj
fmfka' we;ï wdh;ksl ikao¾Nhka ;=< m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh
71
(policy development within organisational context) i|yd o fudjqka
Rcqju odhl fõ' iudc m%;sm;a;s rduqj ;=, jD;a;suh jYfhka
l%shd;aulùu o we;eï iudc jev jD;a;slhska ;u jD;a;Sh
l%shdldÍ;ajfha oS úfYaI jQ oekqula" yelshdjla iy w;aoelSula
,nd we;s fËa;%hla f,i fmkajd osh yel' WodyrKhla f,ig"
iudc jev úoaj;=ka iy jD;a;slhska iudc yd iqNidOk
m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh l%shd;aul lsÍu jeks lghq;=j, m%uqL
odhlùula lrkq ,nhs'
iudc WmfoaYkh" jHdmdr yd l%shdjdoh
fndfyduhla iudc jev jD;a;slhska j¾;udkfha iudc

WmfoaYkh ^social advocacy) iy iudc jHdmdrhkag ^social
campaign) l%shdldÍj iudc l%shdlrejka (social activists) f,i
iïnkaO ùu iudc jev jD;a;sh ueosy;aùfï Wml%uhla f,i
Ndú; lrk whqre fmfka' m%.;sYS,s (progressive) iy /äl,ajdos
(radical) iudc jev jD;a;slhska fuu l%shdjka ys m%uqLju
ueosy;aùula lrk whqre fmfka' fudjqka fuu l%shdldrlï
id¾j uÜgfï ueosy;aùfï Wml%u f,i;a Ndú;lr;a' we;eï
úg cd;Hka;r irKd.; ixl%uKslhska" f.da,shlrKh wdos
l%shdj,Ska wdY%S; .eg¿ úIfhys fudjqkaf.a ueosy;a ùu iòyd
fuu Wml%u m%p,s;j Ndú; lrk wdldrhla olakg ,efí'
lD;yia; iudc jev jD;a;slhska" iudc WmfoaYlhka (social
advocates) f,i" úúOdldr jQ mqoa., iy iudc .eg¿j,ska mSvd
úoskakka fjkqfjka" y~ keÕSu" ueosy;a ùu iy ksfhdackh
lsÍula lrkq ,nk njla o fmfka'
idl,H rduqj
flfia fj;;a uE;ld,Skj jvd;a ckm%sh fhduqùu kï"

w;aoelSï nyq, lD;yia; iudc jD;a;slhka úúO Wml%uhka
wod< wdldrhg taldnoaO lr iqúfYAIS fiajd.%dyl ;;a;ajhkag
.e<fmk wdldrhg ilia lr.;a —idl,H rduqjla˜ ^holistic
framwork& l%shd;aul lsÍu hs'
72
iudc jev jD;a;slhska ksrka;rfhkau ;u ld¾hh

bosßm;a lsÍfï oS jD;a;Sh l%shdlrlu (profesional action) fmroeß
lr.ksñka l%shd;aul jk msßila fõ' Tjqka tlS jD;a;Sh l%shdj
u.ska ;ukaf.a fiajd,dNshdf.a fm!oa.,sl fyda iudc cSú;hg
m%fõYùula iy Tjqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl p¾hdjg ueosy;aùula lrkq
,nhs' tfia lsÍfuka Tjqka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha mqoa.,hd
úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk fjkialï (change progress) i|yd;a
tu.ska Tjqkaf.a cSú;j, lsishï wdldrfha hym;ajQ;a"
.=Kd;auljQ;a j¾Okhla we;s lsÍug;a Wmldß ùuhs' fï ksid
iudc jev jD;a;slhska —úm¾h-ldrlhska˜ (change agents) hk
kdufhka o y÷kajk wjia:d mj;S' Tjqka iudc m%Yak
úYaf,aIKfhka muKlau iEySulg m;a fkdjk w;r
ksrka;rfhka tajd ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh ùu je<elaùug;a
tajdfhka mqoa.,hdg isÿúh yels ydks je<elaùug;a tajd
ksjdrKh lsÍug;a l%shdldÍj iyNd.sjkakka msßila njg m;a
fõ'
tlS ld¾h wjxlj bIaglsÍfï ld¾fhaoS;a ;u fiajd

,dNSka i|yd fiajdjka iemhSfï l%shdj,sfhaoS;a iudc jev
jD;a;slhka ;u úIh {dKh" jD;a;suh yelshdjka iy úIhnoaO
we.hSï" uQ,O¾u iy jD;a;Sh p¾hd O¾u b;d úkhdkql+,j
idl,H rduqjla ;=< wod< wdldrfhka Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' úúO
jD;a;slhska úiska fulS iuia; Ndú;h fldhs wdldrfhka lrkq
,nkafkaoehs ukdj úoyd oelafjk tla wjia:djla jkafka Tjqka
;u fiajd,dNshdf.a .eg¿ iy.; ;;a;ajh ms<sn| úúO
oDIaÀfldaKhkaf.ka lrkq ,nk .eUqre we.hSuhs' fuu.ska
we;a; jYfhkau w¾:j;a jkqfha jD;a;slhd úiska fiajd,dNshd
wkqnoaOj isák iudc moaO;Ska fukau wehf.a fyda Tyqf.a
j¾;udk iy w;S; ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|jo mq¿,a we.hSula lsÍu
i|yd b;d úia;rd;aul f;dr;=re iy o;a; m%udKhla talrdYs
lrkq ,nk njhs' fuu ld¾fhaoS;a" wk;=rej ueosy;aùu i|yd
Wml%u ie,iqï lsÍfïoS;a" Ndú; l,yels b;d M,odhS wdlD;shla
73
idl,H rduqj u.ska imhdfok nj fndfyduhla lD;yia;
iudc jev jD;a;slhkaf.a woyihs'
iudc jev jD;a;sfhys we.hqï, uQ,O¾u iy jD;a;Sh o¾hd O¾u

moku
iudc jev jD;a;sh tla;rd we.hqï" iy jD;a;Sh

p¾hdO¾u moaO;shla u; mokï ù we;s nj fmr iòyka lf<uq'
we;af;kau" fuu ldrKh iudc jev jD;a;sh" wfkl=;a udkj
fiajd jD;a;Ska w;=ßka iqúfYAIS ùug;a" we.hqï yd uQ,O¾u u;
mokï jQ Wmldrl jD;a;shla f,ig kï ùug;a fya;= ù we;'
iudc jev jD;a;sh m%Odk jYfhka" iudc idOdrK;ajh"
iudkd;au;djh yd udkj yssñlï iy mqoa., woSk;ajhg we;s
wiSñ; f.!rjh hk we.hSï u; mokï ù ;sfí ^Reamer 2013&'
wx. iïmQ¾K jQ, úêu;a mqyqKqjlska miqj, jD;a;Sh iudc jev
lrejl= f,i lghq;= lsrSfïoS tlS uQ,sl we.hSï iy m%;sm;a;s
fjkqfjka lem ù l%shd;aul jk njg Tjqka tla;rd
iodpdrd;aul im; lsßula o lrkq ,n;a'
iaÓridrjQ;a" úYAùhjQ;a" Yla;su;a we.hSï (values) mokug

wu;rj" iudc jev iòyd úYaùhj ms<s.;a tla;rd uQ,O¾u
(principle) rduqjla o mj;S' tu m%;sm;a;s rduqj Wla; we.hqï
m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsÍu iòyd mQ¾jdo¾Yhla f,i Ndú;
flf¾' iEu iudc jevlrejl=u my; oelafjk jD;a;Suh
uQ,O¾uhkg wkql+,j ;u ueÈy;aùfï l%shdj ie<iqïlr
l%shd;aul lrk w;r" tu.ska jD;a;sfha we.hSï yßhdldrj
;yjqre lsÍu iy m%j¾Okh lsÍu lrkq ,nhs'
1' iudc idOdrK;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍu" we.hSu iy ta iòyd

l%ufhka iudc yev.eiSu ;yjqre lrk wdldrhg lghq;=
lsÍu
2' iudkd;au;djh m%j¾Okh lsÍu" we.hSu yd ;yjqre jk
wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍu
74
3' ishü ld¾hkays oS uQ,sl ñksia whs;Skag .re lsÍu iy
w.hSu ;yjqre lrk wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍu
4' ieu mqoa.,hdf.au ffki¾.sl jQ iaffjÍNdjhg woSk;ajhg
iy jákdlug f.!rj lsÍñka lghq;= lsßu'
5' foaYShj ms<s.;a wdpdr O¾u" p¾hd O¾u yd
ud¾f.damfoaYlhkag wkql+,j lghq;= lsÍu"
fulS m%;sm;a;s rduqj ;=< l%shd;aul jk iudc jev

tla;rd jD;a;Sh p¾hdO¾u moaO;shla o wdjrKh lrkq ,nhs'
iudc jev ld¾h ksrka;rfhkau tajdg wkql+, jk wdldrfhka
isÿúh hq;= njg úYAùhj ms<s.kq ,nhs' tajd w;r my; oelafjk
ldrKd m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'
1' ;ukaf.a jD;a;Sh ld¾h lsÍug wjYH mQ¾K yelshdjka yd

ksmqK;djhka mqyqKq ù" ksr;=reju iajhx jD;a;Sh j¾Okhlg
fhduq fjñka" ;ukaf.a ld¾h lD;yia;j iy M,odhSj bIag
l< hq;= h'
2' ;ukaf.a jD;a;Sh oekqu" yelshdj yd ksmqK;djh lsisúgl;a
iudc yd udkj úfrdaë lghq;= iòyd Ndú;d fkdlsÍug
j.n,d .; hq;= h'
3' ;ukaf.a ld¾h Rcq" wjxl yd yDo idCIshg tl`. jQ
wdldrfhka l%shd;aul lsÍu o" fiajd,dNSka úiska ;uka fj;
;nd we;s úYAjikSh;ajh wjNdú; fkdlsÍu o" ;uka imhkq
,nk fiajdjka ;ukaf.a mqoa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack iòyd
lsisúgl;a Ndú; fkdlsÍu o l< hq;= h'
4' ;ukaf.a fiajdj Ndú;lrkq ,nk fiajd,dNSka fj;
iydkqlïmdj iys;j iy Tjqkaf.a iudc iqrlaIs;;djh
ms<snò wjOdkfhka hq;j= l%shd l< hq;=h'
5' fiajd,dNSkaf.a wjYH;d iy Wjukdjka ;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl
´kE tmdlï j,g oaú;Shsl fldg fkdie<lsh hq;h = '
6' ;ukaf.a fiajd ia:dkfha oS ;ukaf.a jD;a;h S yd mqoa.,sl
iqNisoaêh ms<snòj j.lSu ;uka úsiska Ndr.; hq;= w;r
tu`.ska M,odhS fiajdjla iemhsh yels wdldrfha jD;a;Sh
75
miqìula iy jd;djrKhla ilialr .; hq;=h. tfia ilialr

.ekSug fmroeßj lghq;= l< hq;h = '
7' udkj whs;Ska yuqfõ ksr;=reju mqoa.,hdf.a mqoa.,
wêIAGdkh yd ;SrK .ekSug we;s whs;shg f.!rj l< hq;=h'
8' mqoa.,hdg ndOdjlska f;drj iEu mqoa., iy iudc
wjia:djkays oS iudkj iyNd.Sùug we;s whs;shg f.!rj l<
hq;= w;r th m%j¾Okh l< hq;h = '
9' iEu mqoa.,fhl=u mjq," m%cdj iy iajdNdúl mßirh ;=<
isák iuia; mqoa.,fhl= f,i i<lñka wehf.a $ Tyqf.a
cSú;fha ish¿u ixlS¾K jQ uqyqKqjrhka y`ÿkd.; hq;= h'
10' mqoa.,hdf.a m%n,;djh iy weh $ Tyq wiSñ;
YlH;djhkaf.ka hqla; mqoa.,fhla f,i y`ÿkd.ksñka tajd
j¾Okh l< hq;= hehs hk woyiska Tjqka n,.ekaùu
m%j¾Okh l< hq;= h' ta iòyd iqÿiq Wml%u Ndú;l< hq;h = '
fmr iòyka l< whqre Wla; we.hqï" uQ,O¾u iy

jD;a;sh p¾hdO¾u iudc jev úIh yd jD;a;sh wfkl=;a udkj
fiajdjkaf.ka iqúfYAISj fjkalr y`ÿkd.ekSug m%Odk
idOlhla ù we;' tfukau fuu we.hqï" uq,O¾u iy p¾hdO¾u
tlsfklg wfkHdakHj n,mEï lrñka" taldnoaOj iïnkaO ù
we;' jD;a;Sh p¾hdO¾u" jD;a;sfha we.hqï iy uQ,O¾u
m%j¾Okh lr ;yjqre lrkq ,nhs' tajd tlsfkl LKAvkh lr
oelaùu iudc jev jD;a;shg wod< fkdfõ' fuu wfkHdakHjQ;a"
wúfhdackShjQ;a iïnkaO;djh my; iòyka wdldrhg
ixCIsma;j oelaúh yelsh'
76
j.=j 01- iudc jev jD;a;slhkaf.a we.hSï" uQ,O¾u iy
p¾hdO¾u wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh
we.hqï m%;sm;a;s p¾hdO

O¾u
x iudc x iudc idOdrK;ajh x wjYH jQ ksmqK;d

idOdrK;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍu mqyqKqj" j¾Okh yd
x iudkd;au;djh x iudkd;au;djh Ndú;h
x udkj ysñlï ;yjqre lsÍu x wudkqIslj Ndú;d
x udkj .re;ajh" x uQ,sl ñksia fkdlsÍu
udkj woSk;ajh whs;sjdislï j,g x Rcq m%;sm;a;sh ohdj
iy jákdlu .re lsÍu yd yd iydkqlïmdj
iq/lSu x wjOdkh iy hq;=lu
x ieufokdf.au x úYajikSh;ajh iy
ffki¾.sl jQ rdyiHNdjh
woSk;ajhg iy x iajhx l%%shdjg j.ùu
jákdlug
x iodpdr;aulj oekqj;a
f.!rj lsÍu
jQ ;SrK .ekau
x foaYShj ms<s.;a
x ;Skaÿ iòyd we;s hqla;s
wdpdr O¾u" p¾hd
idOkh
O¾u yd
ud¾f.damfoaYkj,g x foaYSh;ajhg .re lsÍu
wkql+,j lghq;= x p¾hdO¾u j,g
lsÍu tl`.j lghq;= lsÍu
yd mj;ajd f.k hdu
j¾;udkfha f,djmqrdu" úúO jQ foaYmd,k oDIAÁka mokï

fldg f.k tlsfklg fjkia jQ .=rel=, iy kHdhd;aul
osYdk;Ska wkq.ukh lrkakd jQ úúO iudc jev jD;a;slhska
ish,af,dau mdfya újdohlska f;drj tl`.;djhlg t<fUk ;u
ish¿u jD;a;Sh l%shdldrlï j,oS tl fy,du wkq.ukh lrKq
,nk ldrKhla f,i iudcjev jD;a;sh iy úIh iaÓridrj
mokï ù we;s fulS we.hqï" uQ,O¾u yd jD;a;Suh p¾hdO¾u
moaO;sh y`ÿkajd osh yel'
77
ks.ukh
iudc jev hkq w;HjYfhkau mqKH fyda iafõÉPd

lghq;a;lahe hs is;uS g wms ld,dka;rhla ;siafia mqreÿ ù
isákafkuq' tfy;a j¾;udk f,dalfha" úfYAIfhkau ngysr
cks; ù" m%p,s;j" jvd;a ckm%shj Ndú; jk iudc jev" jD;a;Sh
l%shdldrlula yd jákd Ydia;%Sh úIh m:hla f,i ia:dms; ù
yudrh' th mqoa.,hd" weh fyda Tyq iïnkaO ù isák úúO
iudc wdh;k, iuQy moaO;s iu. mj;sk iïnkaO;d wdY%fhka
fukau" mqoa., fukau iudc cSú;fha uqyK q mdk .eg¿
fya;=fjka we;sjk p¾hd wiu;=,s;;djhka u`.yrjd weh$Tyq
kej; m%Odk iudc wd¾Ól m%jdyhg iïnkaO lsÍug ueosy;a
jk WmldÍl udkj fiajd jD;a;shla f,i f,dj mqrd m%p,s; j,
ia:dms; ù we;'
iudc jev ìysùfï w;S;h ngysr ld¾ñl úma,jh;a

iu`. ks¾udKh jQ kj iudc jd;djrKh olajd osjhhs'
ld¾ólrK l%shdj,sfha fõ.h;a iu`." uyd k.r f.dvke.Su;a"
fmr fkdjQ úrE wdldrfha wNHka;r fukau ndysr udkj
ixl%uK m%jdyhka ks¾udKh ùu;a, ta wdY%S; ixlS¾K jQ iudc
úm¾hdihka isÿùu;a iu`.u we;s ù ;snQ kj mqoa., yd iudc
m%Yak úYAf,aIKh lr wjfndaO lr .ekSfï oejeka; W;aidyhl
iudcSh úoHd{hska ksr; ù isá wjêhl" tlS m%Yak j,g
m%dfhda.sl úi`ÿï imhk úIhla$jD;a;shla fidhd ne,sh hq;h
= e
hs hk Wkkaÿfõ m%;sM,hla f,i jD;a;Sh iudc jev úIh ìys
úh' u;= jQ kj iudc jd;djrKh yd tys oS wirK ù iudc
m¾hka;hg ;,a¨ ù wjdikdjka;" widOdrK fukau wjdis
iy.; cSúk ;;a;ajhkag f.dÿre ù isá mqoa.,hka iy Tjqkaf.a
mjq,a fjkqfjka fmkS isáñka Tjqkaf.a iykh iy iqNidOkh
iòyd m%dfhda.sl úi`ÿï bosßm;a lrñka iudc jev úIh iy
jD;a;sh ìys úh'
wdrïNfha oS iudcúoHdj iy ufkdaúoHdfõ wdNdIfhka

;u úIh m:h ilid.;a jD;a;Sh iudc jev l%ufhka ;ukagu
78
wdfõKsl jQ úIh oekqula" l%ufõohla yd ixl,amuh
wä;d,ula ilia lrf.k iajdëkj úldYkh úh' tys oS
l%udkql+,j" ta jk úg;a m%p,s; ù mej;s, mqoa.,hdf.a iuia;
iqNidOkh ;yjqre l< yelshehs tlsfklg fjkia jQ u;jdo
bossßm;a l< úúO foaYmd,k oDIAÁkaf.a n,mEug l%ufhka
,laj" úIh úúO u;jdoS .=rel=, Tiafia úldYkh jQ njla o
fmfka'
úIh iy jD;a;sh iaÓridr we.hqï" uQ,O¾u iy jD;a;Sh

p¾hdO¾u iuqodhla u; wdrïNfha isgu mokï úh' tajd
j¾;udkfha jqj o" ia:djrj mj;sk w;r úúO u;jdoS
lKAvdhï ish,a,u tl`.;djhlg t<fUk ia:djrhla njg
m;aj we;' .;dkq.;sljdoS fõjd" iudcjdoS fõjd" ,snr,ajdoS
fõjd" iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS fõjd fï ish,a,u újdohlska f;drj
úIfha uQ,sl we.hqï" uQ,O¾u yd jD;a;Sh p¾hdO¾u iu`. tl`.
fõ' ta ksidu iudc jev jD;a;sh iy úIh" iaÓridr jQ" udkj
ohdj w.hk we.hqï iuqodhla u; mokï ù we;s udkj
Wmldrl jD;a;shla f,i úreodj,shg m;aj we;'
iudc jev jD;a;sh yd úIh ngysr ìysj b;d fõ.fhka

ngysr f,dalfha m%p,s; jqj;a" th úis jk Y;j¾Ifha w.Nd.h
jk úg oshqKq fjñka mj;akd rgj, o wjOdkhg ,la úh'
WodyrKhla f,i j¾;udkfha iudc jev jvd;a m%p,s; oshqKq
fjñka mj;akd rgla f,i bkaoshdj m%uqL;ajhla .kS' wka
fndfyduhla udkjfiajd jD;a;Ska fuka fkdj úúO iudchkays
oSs iajfoaYSh;ajhg .relsÍu iudc jev úIfhys iqúfYAIS
,CIKhla fõ' ta ksidu iudc jev ms<snò úYAùhj ms<s.kq
,nk ks¾jpk mjd foaYSh;ajhg .e<fmk wdldrfha iudc
ixialD;sl wxf.damdx. wkq.; lr ks¾jpkh lr.ekafï
yelshdj we;s jk wdldrhg újD;j ;nd we;'
Y%S ,xldj ;ju;a iudc jev úIh yd jD;a;sfha <òre

wjêfha miq fõ' th Y%S ,xld Wiia wOHdmk yd mqyqKq wdh;ksl
moaO;sh ;=< ;ju;a m%udKj;a f,i ia:djr ù fkdue;' úIh
79
yeòskaùu iòyd ksYAÑ;jQ;a" fmdÿfõ tl`.;djhlg meñK
Ndú; lrkakdjQ;a mdßNdIsl kduhla mjd ;ju;a wm w;r
fkdue;s ùfukau ta nj fudkjg ikd: fõ' WodyrKhla
f,ig iudc jev yd jD;a;sSh úúO ia:dkhkays úúO wdldrfhka
iòyka lrk njla fmfka' we;euqka th iudc w¾:fõoh" iudc
w¾:idOkh" iudc ld¾hfõoh wdoS f,ig kï lr;a' fuhska
fmkShkafka fï iòyd o ksYAÑ; jQ ks.ukhlg meñKSfï
lÓldjla wjYH ù we;s njhs'
flfia fj;;a" jeo.;au ldrKh jkqfha uE;ld,fha Y%S

,dxlsl iudcfha isÿ fjñka mj;sk oejeka; iudc mßj¾;k
yuqfõ mekke`.S we;s wfkalúO jQ mqoa., yd iudc m%YAk
fukau mYapd;a hqO iudcfha m%cd iycSjkh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï
oejeka; lghq;a; iòyd o" ksrka;rfhkau w;aúòSug isÿj we;s
iajNdúl wdmodjkaf.a úkdYldÍ w;=re m%;sM, yd lghq;= lsÍu
iòyd o iudc jev jD;a;Suh ueosy;aùfï wjYH;djh meyeos,s
f,iu yÿkd f.k ;sìuhs' tksid fuu w;súfYAIjQ;a M,odhsjQ;a
wjYH;djh idlaId;alr .eksu iòyd Y%S ,xld Wiia wOHdmk
yd mqqyqKq moaO;shg jD;a;Sh iudc jev úIh úêu;aj y`ÿkajd
oSug;a" tu`.ska jD;a;Suhj lD;yia; jQ iudc jevlrejka rgg
wjYH mßos mqyqKq lsÍfï ld¾hg;a wem lem ùfï wjêhlg wms
ksh;fhkau wj;S¾K ù we;af;uq'
80
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2009 A Brief Introduction to Social Work Theory,
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Linn, Jems Webber

1935 Jane Adams – Biblogrphy, Chicago: University of
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Morales, Armando T., Bradford W Sheafor and Malcolm E Scott

2010 Social Work –Profession of Many Faces, 12th edition,
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Payne, Malcom
2005 Modern Social Work Theory, 3rd edition, Lyceum
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2013 Social Work Values and Ethics, New York: Colombia
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1922 What is social casework: An Introductory
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Turner, Francis J.
1996 Social Work Treatment- Interlocking Theoretical
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wka;¾cd, mßYS,k
IASSW (undated)http://www.iassw-
aiets.org/uploads/file/20140303_IASSW%20 Website-
SW%20DEFINITION%20approved%20IASSW%20Board%
2021%20Jan%2020 14.pdf, (last visited, 25 October 2015).
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Development: Promoting Social and Economic Equalities,
http://ifsw.org/news/the-first- global-report-on-social-work-and-
social-development-promoting-social-and-economic-equalities/(last
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visited, 25 October 2015).
82
.f,a nKavdr foafjda;am;a;sh ms<sn| mqrdjD;a;j,ska fy<sjk iudc iudc úuiqu
wkqms<sfj, iy tys wNsfhda. 2017 l,dmh
.f,a nKavdr foafjda;am;a;sh ms<sn| mqrdjD;a;j,ska
fy<sjk iudc wkqms<sfj, iy tys wNsfhda.
ld,sx. áhqv¾ is,ajd
wd.ñl úYajdi iy weoys,s iudcfha uQ,sl me;slvla

f,i iudcúoHdj iy iudc udkjúoHdj wdrïNfha isgu
y÷kd.kakd ,oS'1 wd.ñl ms<sfj;aj,ska isÿjkafka mqoa.,hd
úiska ;ukaf.a iudchg u jkaokd lsÍu nj tñ,a ÿ¾lhsï f.a
mq¿,a woyi úh ^Durkheim 1915&' tfuka u wd.ñl úYajdi yd
wkqnoaO mqrdK l:d ^Myth& mj;sk iudc l%ufha iqcd;Ndjh
;yjqre lrk m%isoaO m%ldYkhka ^Charter& f,i ue,sfkdõials
úiska y÷kd.kakd ,oS ^Malinowski 1925&' iudc taldnoaO;djh"
iqcd;Ndjh iy iudc OQrdj,sh jeks lreKq w;ska iudcfha
úúO md¾Yjlrejka w;r tl`.;djhla fyda iïuq;shla ke;ehs
fndfydaúg ie<flk j;auka wjêfha oS mjd wd.ñl ms<sfj;a
tajdfha yqÿ wka;¾.;hg wu;rj iudcfha úúO l%shdj,ska iy
miq;,hka weiqßka f;areï .; hq;= nj ms<s.kq ,efí ^Wod'
Comaroff & Comaroff 1993; Sax 2009&'
.f,a nKavdr weoys,a,
.f,a nKavdr weoys,a, l=reKE., osia;%Slalfha mqrdK

i;afldar,h flakaøShj isxy, fn!oaOhka w;r we;ss nKavdr
weoys,s úfYaIhg wh;a m%dfoaYSh foaj weoys,a,ls'2 isxy,
1
fuu wOHhkh isÿlrk ,oafoa wka;¾ cd;sl ckjd¾.sl wOHhk
wdh;kfha (ICES) wkq.%yh hgf;ah' fuu wOHhkfha oS úfYAIfhka u
uydpd¾h .Kkd: Tfífialr" uydpd¾h tÉ'tï'ã'wd¾' fyar;a " wdpd¾h
à'tï' jsfcafldAka nKvd" .dñKS lkafofmd, hk whf.a woyia yd fhdackd
m%fhdackj;a úh' m¾fhaIK l%shdj,shg iydh jQ wh w;r ví'tï'fla'ì'
úl%uisxy" nqoaêl fldaKdr" tï'cS' ohd isisr" tï'fla'tï' uyS¾ iy liqka
m;srdc hk wh ia;+;s mQ¾jlj i|yka l< hq;=h' fuh uqøKh i|yd ms<sfh,
lf<a l:’ldpd¾h iñkao {dkr;ak iy i,Sld mSrsia úisks'
2
l=reKE., osia;%slalfha we;eï m%foaY j, óg iudk foúfhl= fjk;a kï
j,ska ckm%sh ù we;' WodyrKhla f,i ysrshd, y;am;a;=j .f,a foúhkaf.a
wvúh f,i ie,fla' jeä úia;r i|yd n,kak lkafofmd, ^2015&' ;j;a
iuyr m%foaYj, z.f,a nKavdr uq;a;dZ kï foúfhl= .ek úYajdi lrkq
,efí' ^fuu f;dr;=r imhk ,oafoa l:’ldpd¾h iqika; riakdhl úisks&'
83
iudc úuiqu .f,a nKavdr foafjda;am;a;sh ms<sn| mqrdjD;a;j,ska fy<sjk iudc
2017 l,dmh wkqms<sfj, iy tys wNsfhda.
nqoaOd.u .ek yeoEÍfï oS iquk iuka" l;r.u" úIaKq" kd:"
m;a;sks jeks iuia; isxy, fn!oaO ckhdg fmdÿ jQ i;r jrï
foújreka fukau m%dfoaYSh jeo.;alula we;s nKAvdr foújre
iy hï hï .%dóh fmfoia ;u wvúh lr.;a .ïNdr foújreo
jeo.;a jk nj .Kkd: Tfífialr Ôbeyesekere 1966&" ls;aisß
u,,af.dv ^Malalgoda 1976&" tÉ't,a' fifkúr;ak ^Seneviratne
1978&" fm%aul=udr o is,ajd ^De Silva 2005&" O¾uodi iy
;=kafoKsh ^1994& jeks m¾fhaIlhka úiska fmkajd oS we;'
m%foaYSh foúfoaj;d weoys,s w;=ßka iQkshï foaj;d weoys,a, iy
nKavdr weoys,s .ek úfYaI Wkkaÿjla mYApd;a hg;a úcs;
,xldfõ ngysr fjr< ;Srhg wh;a kd.ßl fmfoiaj,
miqld,h ;=< Woa.; ù we;s nj;a th fndfydaÿrg hg;a úcs;
kùlrK l%shdj,sfha whym;a m%;sM,hla f,i .eksh yels
yQkshï iy fldäúk iïm%odhkaf.a kej; ysi tiùu yd
iïnkaO nj;a nDDia lema*r^¾& (Bruce Kapferer 2003) úiska
fmkajdfok ,oS' fu jeks Ydia;%Sh miqìula ;=< .f,a nKavdr
weoys,a, flfrys fuf;la wjOdkh fhduq ù we;af;a iSñ;
jYfhks ^n,kak Parker 1909; talkdhl ueKSfla 1997; Silva,
Niwas & Wickramasinghe 2016&'
.f,a nKavdr weoys,a, úfYaIfhka wjOdkhg ,laúh

hq;= ;j;a ldrKhla jkafka fuu foaj weoys,a, tla;rd ÿrlg
isxy, fn!oaOhka yd uqia,sï ne;su;=ka hd lrK wd.ñl
weoys,a,la f,i o ie<lsh yels ksidh' .f,a nKavdr weoys,a,g
wkqj fuu foúhka foaj;ajhg m;aùug fmr l=reKE., hq.fha
oS ^13 jk Y;j¾Ifha oS& j;aysñ l==udrhd f,i l,la rdcH;ajh
fydnjk ,oS'3 Tyqf.a mshd jQ m<uq nqjfklndyQ rcq iy uqia,sï
hlv foda,shlg4 odj bmoSu ksid Tyq ckaufhka isxy, iy
fudjqka tlsfklg fjkia foúhka fkdj tlu foaj n,fõ.hl úúO

uqyqKqjr f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
3
fuu ku iys; rcjrfhl= .ek uydjxYh" pQ, jxYh jeks jxY l:dj,
i|yka fkdfõ' flfia kuq;a ksldh ix.%yfhys l=reKE., rc l< j;aysñ
mrmqrg wh;a rc flfkl= .ek i|yka fõ ^chndyQ 1992( 19&'
4
isxy, jHjydrfhaoS zrkafoda,shZ iy zhlv foda,shZ hk mo fhdod.kq
,nkafka ms<sfj,ska rc fm<m;g wh;a m%Odk ìfidjqka jykafia,d iy
84
uqia,sï ñY% iïNjhla iys; ;eke;af;l= úh' ish¨ nKAvdr
foúhkag fmdÿjQ lreKla jkafka Tjqka lsishï ìysiqKq
urKhlska wk;=rej foaj;ajhg m;a jQ m%dfoaYSh kdhlhka f,i
ms<s.kq ,eîuhs ^Kapferer 2003, O¾uodi iy ;=kafoKsh 1994&'
.f,a nKavdr foúhka isxy, iy uqia,sï ñY% iïNjhla iys;
m%dfoaYSh foúfhl= fukau isxy, fn!oaOhka w;r muKla fkdj
m%foaYfha we;eï bia,dï Nla;slhkaf.a o mqomQcdj,g ,lafõ'
l=reKE., k.rfha mqrdK we;al| úydrhg hdnoj

we;=., mduq, m%Odk .f,a nKavdr foajd,h msysgd we;' tys
m%Odk lmq uy;d iy Tyqf.a iydhlhd mdrïmßlj tu
;k;=rej,g m;a isxy, fn!oaO ;eke;a;ka h' m%Odk lmq uy;d
f.dúl=,hg wh;a jk w;r Tyqf.a iydhlhd kele;s l=,fha
wfhls' fuu foajd,h mqrdK we;al| úydrh yd wkqnoaO isxy,
fn!oaO uOHia:dkhla f,i ie<flhs'5 fuu m%Odk .f,a
nKavdr foajd,hg wu;rj m%foaYfha iQ*S ksldhg wh;a bia,dï
Nla;slhka úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk .f,a nKavdr wjq,shd
^Ydka;=jrhd& f.a fidfydk wvx.= uqia,sï foajia:dkhla o
mj;S'6 iQ*S bia,dï u;jdoj,g wkqj Ydka;=jrfhl= njg
m;ajkafka wdo¾Yu;a pß;hla we;s w,a,d foúhkaf.a w;s úfYaI
wkq.dñlfhl= muKs' mqo mQcd i|yd isxy, fn!oaO foajd,hg
meñfKk ne;su;=kaf.a nyq;rh isxy, fn!oaOhka jk w;r
bia,dï Nla;slhka fuka u yskaÿ iy l%sia;h s dks jeks fjk;a
wd.ñl Nla;l s hka o b|ysg mqomQcd i|yd fuys meñfK;s'
idudkH mjq,aj,g wh;a rcqf.a wjfYaI Nd¾hdjka i|ydh' zrkfoda,shZ

hkafkys jpkd¾:h zrkafoda,dfõ .uka lrkakshZ hkakhs' wei< fmryer
jeks W;aij wjia:dj,oS m%Odk ìfidjqka jykafia,d r;arka foda,dj,ska o rc
fm<m;g wh;a ke;s wfkl=;a ìfidjqka hlv foda,dj,ska o f.khdu ksid
fï kï ,eî we;ehs is;sh yel'
5
fuu mqrdK rcuyd úydrh jvd;A m%isoaOj we;af;a uq,ajrg mkaish mkia
cd;l fmd; isxy, NdIdfjka mqiafld< fmd;aj, ,shejqKq ia:dkh f,ihs'
6
iQ*S weoys,a, idudkH bia,dï O¾uhg jvd fjkia jk lreKq rdYshla
we;' w,a,d foúhkag wu;rj Ydka;=jre ^Saints) úYajdi lsßu iy wfkl=;a
wd.ï iu. ixl,kh ùug ndOd úrys; ùu iQ*s weoys,a,g wdfõksl ,laIK
f,i ie<fla'
85
wfkla w;g bia,dï mQcHia:dkhg meñfKk ne;su;=ka
w;r bia,dï Nla;slhka fuka u we;eï fn!oaO yd fjk;a
wd.ñl ne;su;=ka o isá;s' fï wkqj wod< mQcHia:dk ksYaps;
jYfhka fn!oaO fyda bia,dï jYfhka y÷kd .ekSu o tla;rd
ÿrlg .eg¿ iy.; h' .f,a nKavdr weoys,a, yqÿ isxy,
nqoaOd.ug iSud jQ weoys,a,lg jvd nyq wd.ñl ^Multireligious&
,laIK iys; weoys,a,la f,i ie<lSu jvd fhda.Hh ^Walters
1995&' Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl ixl,kh iy iïñY%Kh .ek
ie<lSfï oS fuf;la wjOdkh fhduq ù we;af;a fn!oaO-yskaÿ
Ôbeyesekere 1970; Pfaffenberger 1979; Kapferer 1991, 1997;
Goonesekera 2007& iy fn!oaO-l%sia;shdks Ôbeyesekere 1970;
Gombrich and Obeyesekere 1988; Holt 1999& ixl,kh flfrys
muKs' .f,a nKavdr weoys,af,ka fy<sjkafka fn!oaO-bia,dï
iïñY%Khla o Y%S ,xldfõ isÿ ù we;s njhs' fuh ,xldfõ
wd.ñl ixl,kh iy ckjd¾.sl iïnkaO;d .ek ie<lSfïoS
úfYaIfhka wjOdkh ,laúh hq;= bosß m¾fhaIKj,g jvd;a
fhda.H ud;Dldjla f,i o ie<lsh hq;=h ^Silva, Niwas &
Wickramasinghe 2016&'
.f,a nKavdr uyfoajd,fha jd¾Islj meje;afjk

ms<sfj;a ud,djla mj;s hs' fï w;ßka ckjdÍ 1 od lsß b;srùfï
ux.,Hh" ud¾;= udifha meje;afjk w¿;a iy,a ux.,Hh"
wfm%a,a udifha meje;afjk w¿;a wjqreÿ W;aijh iy
wf.daia;=fõ meje;afjk jd¾Isl fmryer úfYaIfhka jeo.;a
fõ ^talkdhl ueKsfla 1997&' Bg wu;rj nodod iy fikiqrdod
hk flïuqr oskj, ;u ;ukaf.a mqoa.,sl wjYH;d i|yd foaj
lkak,õj iy Ndr Tmamq lsÍu msKsi ne;su;=ka nyq, jYfhka
meñfK;s' fndfyda oskj, fn!oaO yd bia,dï foajd,j,g tk
ne;su;=kaf.ka nyq;rh ldka;djka h' foaj ne,au$wdYs¾jdoh
wfmalaId lrk ldrKd w;r f.dú;eka" jHdmdr lgqh;=" kvqyn"
úNd. hkdosfha id¾:l;ajh ,nd .ekSu" wújdyl ldka;djkag
iylrefjl= ,nd .ekSu" újdyl ldka;djkag orejl=
,nd.ekSu" mjq,a wvonr iukh lr.ekSu hkdosh úfYAIfhka
jeo.;a fõ' óg wu;rj ;ukag úfYaIfhka n,j;a
86
md¾Yjhkaf.ka isÿjQ widOdrKlï" wlghq;= fyda ydks
iïnkaOfhka osjHuh hqla;sh ^Divine Justice&7 fyda osjHuh
úksYaph ,nd.ekSu o uE; Nd.fha oS fuys meñfKk
ne;su;=kaf.a úfYaI wjYH;djhla njg m;a ù we;' fjk;a
úpdrlhka o fmkajd oS we;s mßos Y%S ,xldfõ kS;sh l%shd;aul
lsßu iy hqla;sh mis|,Sfï l%shdj,sfha uE;ld,sk ì|jeàï o
.f,a nKavdr iy fjk;a foú foaj;djka flfrys fuu
wjYH;djh i|yd msßia keUqre ùug odhl ù we; Ôbeyesekere
1975; Kapferer 1997, 2003&'
m¾fhaIK wruqK
fuu wOHhkfha wruqK .f,a nKavdr weoys,a, ;=<ska

fy<sjk iudc ¥rdj,sh iy thg we;s wNsfhda. f;areï
.ekSuh' .f,a nKavdr weoys,a, m%foaYfha ck.; ù we;s
wdldrh f;areï .ekSu i|yd fuu weoys,a, yd iïnkaO mqrdK
l;d ^legend, myth& m%Odk udOH f,i fuysoS y÷kd.kakd ,oS'
tu ckl;d ^úfYaIfhka u cklú& ;=<ska m%ldYfjk
ckjd¾.sl" l=," iudc mx;s" mqñ;sß ¥rdj,s iy iudc
wkqms<sfj, y÷kd.ekSu fuys wruqKhs' thg wu;rj
¥rdj,sj,g we;s wNsfhda. iy tu ksid we;sjk n,mEu o fuysoS
úuid nef,a'
l%ufõoh
.f,a nKavdr weoys,af,ys úfYaI ,laIKhla jkafka

fuu foúhkaf.a Wm; iïnkaO isxy, ckm%jdo" cklú iy
kdv.ï iïm%odhg wh;a ck kdgH /ila m%foaYfha jHdma; ù
mej;Suhs' fuu ckY%e;s j,ska fldgila uq,ska uqL mrïmrd.;j
mej;s w;r miqj mqiafld< fmd;a uÕska o uqøK oajdrfhkao ck
lú fmd;a jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a ù we;' ;j;a iuyrla ckY%e;s
ta jk úg mej;s ckl;d weiqßka m%foaYfha W.;=ka úiska
7
osjHuh hqla;sh ms<sn| udkj úoHd;aul ú.%yhla i|yd n,kak Sax (2009).
87
lúfmd;a f,i rpkd fldg we;' fuhska fmkS hkafka .f,a
nKavdr weoys,a, fuka u tu l;d mqj;a o m%foaYfha ck.;j
mej;s njhs' Wvrg .eñ iudch yeoEÍfï oS lvhsï iy ú;a;s
fmd;a iïm%odhg wh;a ck idys;Hfha jeo.;alu m¾fhaIlhka
lsysmfofkla úiska u uE;l oS fmkajd oS we; ^Wod( wNhj¾Ok
1978; Obeyesekere 2017).
j¾;udk wOHhkh i|yd f;dr;=re Wlyd .kakd ,oafoa

my; i|yka uQ,dY% j,sks'
1' .f,a nKAvdr Wm; fyj;a ld,sx. isßu,a t;kd.

fÊ' r;akdhl keue;af;l= úiska rÑ; fuu lD;sh 1928
fld<U udoïmd uqøKd,fha oS uqøKh fldg we;' fuh
fmardfoKSh úYAjúoHd,fha mqia;ld,fhka tÉ'mS' ohd isisr
úiska fidhd.kakd ,oS' meos 145 lska iukaú; fuu lD;sfha
.f,a nKAvdr l;d mqj; fuka u thg iïnkaO w;=re l;djla
f,i rclu ysñ ld,sx. l=urd iy Tyqf.a ìß| isßu,a t;kdf.a
mqrdjD;a;o we;=<;ah' fuu lúfmd; ‘Wm; 1’ f,i myiqj
i|yd fuys§ fhdod.kq ,efí'
2' .f,a nKAvdr Wm; iy ld,sx. l=ure mKaä; merl=ïnd

kñka rcùu'
oUfoKs kdv.u keu;s fmdf;a .oHfhka mej;s l;d
mqj; we*a'mS. wurisxy keu;s wh úiska lúfldg 1920 j¾Ifha oS
fld<U iuhj¾Ok uqøKd,fha uqøKh fldg we;' nqoaêl
fldaKdr úiska fuu lD;sh fidhd.kq ,enqfõ fld<U rdcH
f,aLkd.drfhks' lú 70la we;=<;a fuu lD;sfha .f,a nKavdr
fyj;a j;aysñ l=urdg iudk jeo.;alula ld,sx. l=ureg oS
we;' myiqj i|yd fuh wm ‘Wm; 2’ f,i y÷kd.kq ,efí'
3' l¨kaoEfõ Wm;.

´;ekafkj, lsúf|l= úiska rÑ; fuu lD;sh
weï'fla'ã' nKAvd keu;s wh úiska fld<U Ndr;S uqøKd,fha
1921 oS m< fldg we;' fuho fld<U rdcH f,aLkd.drfhka
88
fidhd.kakd ,oS' fuu lú fmd; moH 36 lska iukaú;h'
ld,sx. l=urd ie.ù isá l¨kaodj .u fuu lú fmd;g mdol ú
we;' fuu lúfmd; ‘Wm; 3’ f,i wm y÷kajdfokq ,efí'
4' l¨kaod mgqk yd l¨kaod iskaÿj.

uqL mrïmrd.;j mej;s fuu lú fm< wurjxY
w;m;a;= keue;af;l= úiska 1986oS uqøKh fldg m%ldYhg m;a
l< nj lD;sfha i|ykah' fuu lD;sh i;r fldar<fha
mkai,lska fidhd.kakd ,oS' fuu lD;sfha oS uQ,sl wjOdkhg
,la ù we;af;a ld,sx. l=urdf.a l¨kaodfõ .; l< cSú;h hs'
.f,a nKAvdr l;dj W!K mQrKhla f,i olajd we;' fuu
lD;sh wm fhdod.kafka ‘mgqk’ hk kñks'
5' .f,a nKAvdr ú;a;sh.

fuys l¾;D fyda uq,ska m< jQ oskh .ek f;dr;=re ke;'
1952 m< l< m%{df,dal ysñf.a mqrdK isjqmo ix.%yj lD;sfha
by; lD;shg wh;a meos 145 la we;=<;a fõ' ‘ú;a;sh’ hk flá
ku fuu lD;sh i|yd fhdod.kq ,efí'
6' fld,auqr lú.

.f,a nKavdr j¾Kkd iys; fld,auqr lú .f,a nKavdr
weoys,a,g iïnkaO ms<sfj;a j, oS fhdod .kq ,efí' fï lú
jika;d talkdhl ueKsfla úiska rÑ; .f,a nKAvdr foúfhda
^1997&kï .%ka:fha bosßm;a fldg we;' lú 65 lska iukaú;
fuu fld,auqr lú j,ska .f,a nKavdr foúhkaf.a Wm; iy
n, mrdl%uhka biau;= fõ' fuh ‘fld,auqr lú’ f,i wm
y÷kajdfokq ,efí'
fuu úúO lD;Ska j, .f,a nKAvdr weoys,a,g iïnkaO

úúO l;d mqj;a we;=<;a jk w;r tu l;d mqj;a w;r .f,a
nKAvdr foúhka ms<sn| mq¾K tl.;djla ke;' t fuka u tlu
lD;sfha uqøK lsym
s hla mj;sk wjia:d o mj;S' iuyr úg tlu
moH fï tla tla uqøKj, tlsfklg fjkia wdldrfhka olajd
89
we;' fuysoS wm isxy, lúfmd;a j, .f,a nKavdr mqj; .ek
fmdÿfõ we;s úia;rh bosßm;a lsÍfuka wk;=rej ta .ek we;s
m%fNAo fláfhka bosßm;a lrkq we;' flfia kuq;a úfYaIfhkau
bia,dï wd.ñlhka w;r we;s .f,a nKAvdr úYajdih .eUqßka
úNd. fkdlsÍu iy .f,a nKavdr l;d mqjf;a we;s m%fNAo
.eUqßka ú.%y fkdlsÍu j¾;udk wOHhkfha iSudjla f,i
ie<lsh hq;=h' jika;d taldkdhl ueKsfla úiska rÑ; —.f,a
nKAvdr foúfhda˜ lD;sfha o .f,a nKavdr ms<sn| mQrdjD;a; j,
ixlS¾K;ajh hï ;rulg fmkajd oS we;'
.f,a nKAvdr Wm; iïnkaO úúO l;dmqj;aj, iudk

wiudklï mj;S' iuyr úg tlu lD;sfha úúO iïmdokhka yd
uqøK w;r hï fjkialï we;' uqL mrïmrd.; {dkfhys
fujka fjkialï wfmalaId l< yel' fuu lD;Ska mßYS,khg
wu;rj j¾;udk m¾fhaIlhd .f,a nKAvdr foajd,fha
j¾;udk lmq uy;=ka yd m%foaYfha isxy, yd uqia,sï W.;=ka yuq
ù f;dr;=re tla /ia l< w;r m%Odk foajd,fha we;eï
j;ams<sfj;a o ksÍlaIKh lrk ,oS' fuysoS úfYaIfhka u i|yka
l< hq;= lreKla kï .f,a nKavdr Wm; .ek lsisÿ uqia,sï
m%ldYkhla fidhd.; fkdyels jQ neúka m%foaYfha uqia,sï
W.;=ka yd l< idlÉPd weiqßka f;dr;=re tla /ia l<njhs'
fï wkqj j¾;udk ,smsh m%Odk jYfhka u m%foaYfha

jHjydßl NdIdfjka fmdaIKh jQ oaú;Sh uQ,dY% weiqßka
iïmdokh l< w;r tu lreKq ;jÿrg;a úu¾Ykh lsÍu msKsi
uQ,sl f;dr;=re imhkakkaf.ka iy kSÍlaIK wdY%fhka
f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd ,oS'
.f,a nKavdr l;dmqj;
.f,a nKAvdr weoys,af,ka fy<sjk iudc ¥rdj,sh

f;areï .; yelafla .f,a nKavdr iuia; l;dmqj; .ek hï
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSfuka wk;=rejh' fuys bosßm;a lrk .f,a
nKavdr l;dmqj; l,ska i|yka l< uQ,dY% weiqßka iliafldg
90
we;' flfia kuq;a fuu l;d mqj; .ek isxy, iy bia,dï
Nla;slhka w;r fyda m%foaYfha isxy, W.;=ka w;r mjd mQ¾K
tl.;djla fkdue;s nj fuysoS i|yka l< hq;=h'
.f,a nKavdr l;d mqj; tla w;lska foaj W;am;a;sh

ms<sn| mqrdK l;djla jk w;r ;j w;lska rclfï Wreuh
ysñúh hq;af;a ldgo hkak ms<sn| l;d mqj;ls' l%s'j' 1272 isg
1284 olajd l=reKE., rc l< m<uqjk nqjfklndyq rcqg
Tyqf.ka miqj rclu mejÍu i|yd l=udrfhl= fkdisáfhah'
rdcH ffoj{hdf.a mqfrdal:kh jQfha rcqf.a uq,a l=udrhd
bmfoKq we;af;a wkHd.ñl ìijlf.ka njhs' Tyqf.a
wka;#mqrfhys ìijqka 67la fï jk úg;a isá kuq;a Tjqka
lsisjl=g odj msßñ l=ufrl= fkdùh' oskla rcq wiq msg ke.S
weiajeoaÿu8 kï jQ .ïudkhla wi,ska ksßlaIK pdßldjl
kshe¨K w;r iqrEmS" we;eï whg wkqj ird.S, uqia,sï ;reKshla
Tyqf.a wei .egqKs' fuu ;reKsh flfrys is; .sh rcq weh
ud<s.djg f.kajd weh iu. ryfia újdy úh' uqia,sï ;reKshla
ksid udkïud keu;s weh rcqg újdy ùug yels jQfha hlv
foda,shla f,i ñi rkafoda,shla f,i fkdfõ' flfia jqj;a rcq
weh iu. b;d i;=áka osú f.õjd h' iqÿiq ld,fha oS weh msßñ
orejl= m%iQ; l< w;r Tyqg j;aysñ nKavdr hk ku fok ,oS'
j;aysñ hkq rc mrïmrdjg wh;a mdrïmßl fm<m;a kula fiau
—Okh ysñ˜ hk w¾:h we;s kula nj o wm fuysoS isys;nd .;
hq;=h' Tyqf.a /ljrKh i|yd uqia,sï ìijf.a kEhka fjfik
fírej,g hjk ,o w;r Tyq uõ md¾Yjfha kEhkaf.a
/ljrKh ueo l%ufhka ;reKfhla njg m;aúh'
fï w;r wlafnda kï jQ tla hqjrfcla úiska m<uq

nqjfklndyq rcqg úreoaOj le/,a,la osh;a l< ksid th ue~
meje;aùu i|yd ;u fiakd iu. msg;a ùug rcqg isÿúh' Tyq
hqoaOhg kslaóug fmr <dnd, j;aysñ l=urd l=reKE., k.rhg
8
fuu ia:dkh w¿;ska ù j.d l< ìula njg ye.fjk zwiajeoaÿuz fkdj
zweiajeoaÿuz tkï weia tlg .egqK ;ek f,i .eKsh hq;= nj
m%foaYfhawe;eï W.;=kaf.a woyihs'
91
le|jd hqoaOh wjika ù ;uka wdmiq meñfKk ;=re rdcHh Tyqg
mrjk ,oS' bka wk;=rej rcq ùr., kï jQ m¾j;h u; msysá
Tyqf.a wka;(mqrhg f.dia 67 la jQ Tyqf.a ìijqkag ;uka
hqoaOhg hk nj okajd hqoaOfhka ;uka oskqfjd;a ne¨ï.,
keu;s m¾j;fha iqÿ fldähla Tijd ta nj Tjqkag okajk nj;a
mrdchg m;ajqjfyd;a l¨ fldähla m%o¾Ykh lrk nj;a
Tjqkag okajk ,oS' Tyq miqod hqoaOhg msg;a jQ w;r tosku
Tyqf.a m%Odk isxy, ìijg ld,sx. kï ,o l=ufrla bmosKs'
m%Odk rkafoda,s ìijf.a jhiska wvq ld,sx. l=urd yd uqia,sï
hlv foda,shg odj uq,ska Wmka j;aysñ l=urd w;r rclfï
wkqm%dma;sh i|yd jQ wr.,h jgd .f,a nKavdr l;dj f.dvke.S
we;'
le/,a, myiqfjka u¾okh fldg i;=rka jekiQ rc;=ud

tl`. jQ mßos ;u úch.%yKh blaukska ìijqkag oekaùu i|yd
;u fiajlfhl= jQ ÿrhd hjk ,oS' rcq ÿrhdg iqÿ fldähla iy
l¨ fldähla oS uq,ska ìijqkag úys¿jla lsÍu i|yd l¨
fldäh fmkajd CIKslj th fjkia fldg iqÿ fldäh Tijk
f,i okajk ,oS' fuu mKsjqvlrejd w;ruÕoS ,nd.;a rd
uqÜáhla mdkh fldg moug fjß ù iqÿfldäh wu;l ù
l¨fldäh muKla /f.k ne¨ï.,g f.dv úh' Tyq ti jQ l¨
fldäh oel wka;(mqrfha isá ìijqka 67 fokdu ‘wka rfcl=g
wUq fkdfjuqhs’ iïuq;shlg meñK ùr.,ska mek iduQyslj osú
kid .;ay'9 fï jHikh .ek miqj oek.;a ÿrhd iy rcq ;u
fYdalh jdjd.; fkdyelsj ùr.,ska mek ;ukaf.a o osú f;dr
lr.;ay' fï w;r ud<s.dfõ ;ks jQ ld,sx. ì<s|d ud,s.fha
fiajh i|yd meñKs rcl ldka;dj úiska fros mglska T;d
f.k ;u ksjig ryiska f.k f.dia we;s oeä lrk ,oS'
fï w;r jhi fkdfïrE j;aysñ l=urd wkfmalaIs;j

l=reKE., rdcOdksfha wkqm%dma;slhd njg m;aúh' Tyqf.a
mshdf.a weu;s uvq,a, fï .ek lKiai,a,g m;ajQ kuq;a Tjqkag
9
fï wkqj fuh wd;au f.!rjh fjkqfjka isÿl< iduQysl osú kid.ekSu
ms<sn| mQrdK l;djla f,i o ie<lsh yelsh'
92
fjk lsisÿ úl,amhla fkdùh' l=urdf.a uqia,sï {d;sfhl=
Tyqf.a mqfrdays; ;k;=rg m;alsßu ksid isxy, weu;s uvq,a,
j;aysñ l=urd iu. WrK úh' fï w;r l=reKE., jefjys rka
i<Tla mdfjk njg wdrxÑhla me;sr .sh w;r j;aysñ l=udrdg
fuh ,nd.ekSfï wdYdjla we;s úh' t kuq;a th ,nd .ekSug
W;aidy l< lsisfjl=g thg <xúh fkdyels úh' fuh ,ndf.k
;ukag f.kú;a fok ´kEu lÜgçfhl=g ;E.s fnda. ,ndfok
nj;a tfia W;aidy fldg wid¾:l jqjfyd;a Tjqkaf.a ysia .id
ouk nj;a l=ure úiska m%pdrh lr yßk ,oS' fï i|yd W;aidy
fldg wid¾:l jQ ishü lÜgçhkaf.a ysia .id ouk ,oS' fuh
isxy, ckhd iuQ, >d;kh lsÍu i|yd w¾O uqia,sï iïNjhla
we;s j;aysñ l=ure Wmfhda.S lr.;a m%fhda.hla f,i o m%isoaO
úh'
fuu ;;ajh hgf;a j;aysñ l=udrhd jekiSug Wmdh

ud¾.hla weu;s uKav,fha o iyh we;sj isxy, m%N+ka úiska
l,amkd l< w;r th l%shdjg ke.=fKa we;=., uqÿfka bosl<
úfYaI uKavmhl meje;ajQ msß;a iÊCOdhkhla Tiafiah' fu
jeks msß;a iÊCOdhkhla meje;aùfuka jefõ mdfjk rka i<T
msß;a kQ, yryd tu ia:dkhg f.kajd .ekSug yels nj
Wmdhud¾.slj NslaIQka úiska l=udrhdg ta;a;= .kajk ,oS' tu
wjia:djg iyNd.S jQ rcl=urd wgdkdáh iQ;%h foaYkd lrk
fudfydf;a oS lªnEjqfuka my,g ;,a,qfldg cSú;CIhg m;a
lrk ,oS'
fufia fl%daOfhka" ffjrfhka yd f,daNfhka cSú;CIhg

m;a jQ j;aysñ l=urd ìhlre hfll= f,i W;am;a;sh ,nd msß;a
iÊCOdhkhg iyNd.S jQ NslaIQka jykafia,d 67 ku Tjqkaf.a
ysia m¾j;fha .id f,a î Tjqka cSú;CIhg m;a l<d muKla
fkdj ÿgq ÿgq ckhdg myrfoñka l=reKE., kqjr tlu
u<f.hla njg m;a lrk ,oS' fuhska lïmdjg m;a ;sia;=ka
fldaáhla foújre fï i|yd ueosy;a jk f,i rg /lSfï
j.lSu iys; l;r.u foúhkag lkak,õ l<y' l;r.u
foúhka meñK j;aysñ hl=ka yuqù l< fhdackdjlg wkqj Tyq
93
hCI wd;auh yerf.dia foaj wd;auhla njg m;a jQ w;r tu foaj
wd;auh .f,a nKavdr hkqfjka m%isoaO úh'
.f,a nKAvdr foaj Wm; fufia isÿjQ w;r tys w;=re

l;djla jQ j;aysñf.a wNdjfhka miq ld,sx. l=urd mKaä;
merl=ïnd kñka rdcOdksfha wkqm%dma;slhd njg m;aùu fndfyda
ckl;d iy ck lú ix.%yj, jvd;a ckm%sh f;audj njg m;a
ù we;'
fros kekaod úiska /f.k hk ,o ld,sx. l=urd

f.dúl=,fha iqÿiq mjq,lg Ndrfok f,i wehg isyskhl oS
l=udrhdf.a ñh.sh ujf.ka Wmfoia ,efnk w;r bka wk;=rej
l=urd Ndrfokq ,nkafka l¨kaoEfõ .urd< flfkl=f.a
f.orlghs' tysoS Tyqg uqyqK oSug isÿjk m%Yak iy tajd
chf.k wjidkfha Tyq .urd,f.a nd,oshKsh jQ isßu,a t;kd
iu. újdy ùu iy Tyq .urd<f.a jeäuy,a oshKsh jQ l¨
t;kdf.a ydiHhg iy ks.rejg ,laùu iy wjidkfha oS
rcjdif,a u.=,a we;= úiska Tyq fidhdf.k meñK urKhg
m;al< j;aysñ l=udrhd fjkqjg rdcH;ajhg m;alsÍu ish¨
isxy, ckm%jdoj, úfYaIfhka biau;= fldg we;'10 fuu ck
idys;Hfhka wjidkfha ;yjqre lrK lreK kï rdcH;ajh
ckaufhka ta i|yd jvd;a u iqÿiq l=udrhdg ysñúh hq;= njhs'
.f,a nKAvdr foaj W;am;a;sh isÿjkafka rdcH;ajh ms<sn| Wla;
wr.,fha w;=re m%;sM,hla f,ih'
ck idys;Hfha we;eï ks¾udK ;=< ld,sx. l=urd ms<sn|

w;=re l;dj tlsfklg fjkia wdldrfhka olajd we;'
WodyrKhla f,i flda,auqr lúj,g wkqj ld,sx. l=urd iy
j;aysñ l=urd rc ud<s.fhau jefvk w;r udkïud WmdhYS,Sj
rcqf.ka ,nd.;a jrhlg wkqj ld,sx. l=urdg rdcH;ajh fkdoS
10
fuu ckm%jdoh fld;auf,a m%foAYfhA ÿgq.euqKQ rcQ .ek we;' uqL
mrïmrd.; ckl;d j,g fndfydaÿrg iudkh' Wod: l¨ t;kd iy isßu,a
t;kd .ek l;d mqj;, .euqKQ l=urd l=Tqf¾ jev lsÍu, rcjdif,a u.=,a we;=
Tyq fidhdf.k meñK rdclug m;alsÍu'
94
j;aysñ l=urdg th ,nd fok ,È ^talkdhl ueKsfla 1997;
Dewaraja 1994&' wjidkfha ld,sx. l=urd bkaoshdjg m,df.dia
kCI;%lrefjl=f.a Wmfoia wkqj ,xldjg fjiaj,df.k meñK
l¨kaoEfõ .urd,f.a f.org iïnkaO jQ nj fuu mqrdjD;a;fha
olajd we;' hqoaOfhka isÿjQ jHikh fuu m%nkaOhg we;=<;a ù
ke;' rdcH;ajhg Wreu ke;s j;aysñ l=urd udkïudf.a ueosy;a
ùfuka th ,nd.kakd nj fuysoS jvd;a yqjd olajd we;'
.f,a nKavdr foaj;ajhg m;aùu uqL mrïmrd.; uqia,sï

ckl;d j, ksrEmKh jkafka l,ska oelajQ wdldrhg ;rula
fjkia wkaoñks' wrdìlrfha isg Y%S ,xldfõ fj<|dug meñKs
ish iajdñ mqreIhd fidhd udkïud ;u mq;d iu. Y%S ,xldjg
msúfia' Tjqka fidhd wd mqoa.,hd Tjqkag yuq fkdjk w;r
weiajeoaÿu m%foaYfhaoS wyïnfhka yuqjQ nqjfklndyq rcqf.a
ìij njg m;a úh' Tyq bia,dï wd.u je<|f.k weh yd újdy
úh'11 Tyqf.a wejEfuka miq rdcH;ajhg m;a jQ j;aysñ l=urd
fuu mqj;g wkqj mQ¾K uqia,sï m%Njhla iys; wfhls' fuhg
l=ms; jQ isxy, m%N+ka m%fhda.ldÍj Tyq cSú;CIhg m;alrkq
,efí' fuu m%jdohg wkqj Tyq wjq,shd ^Ydka;=jrfhl=& flfkl=
njg m;ajkafka Tyqf.a wdo¾Yu;a bia,dï wd.udkql+, pß;h
ksidh' flfia kuq;a fuu uqia,sï ckl;d uqL mrïmrd.;j
muKla mej;s w;r tajdg isxy, ck idys;Hfha tk l,ska
i|yka l< ckY%e;Skag ;rï m%pdrhla fyda iudc ms<s.ekSula
,eî ke;'
.f,a nKAvdr mqj; yd iïnkaO isxy, ck idNs;Hfhka

fy<sjk iudc ¥rdj,sh
ue,sfkdõialsf.a ú.%yd;aul wdlD;shg wkql+,j .f,a

nKavdr mqrdK l;d u.ska isxy, iudcfha ckjd¾.sl" l=,"
mka;s iy mqñ;sß wkqms<sfj, idOdrKSlrKhg ,la fldg we;s
wdldrh fuysoS úuid nef,a'
11
udkïud o miqj foaj;ajhg m;a jQ w;r wehf.a fidfydk u,a,jmsáh
m%foaYfha uqia,sï foajia:dkhl ;ekam;a fldg we;'
95
ckjd¾.sl ye.Sï" fm<Uùï iy wêm;sjdoS m%jk;d
tla w;lska .f,a nKAvdr weoys,a, fn!oaO-uqia,sï ckj¾.

hdlrK md,ula f,i ie<lsh hq;= njg fuu ,smsh wdrïNfha oS
i|yka lrK ,oS' fuys hï lsis i;Hhla mj;akd kuq;a fuu
weoys,a, yd iïnkaO isxy, ck idys;H foi n,k úg
mj;skafka fuhg fjkia ;;ajhls' úfYaIfhka u j;aysñ
l=udrhdf.a uqia,sï wkkH;djh ksid Tyq isxy, fn!oaO
rdcHfha rdcH;ajhg kqiqÿiq nj isxy, ckidys;Hfha mqK mqKd
i|yka fõ ^Dewaraja 1994&'
uEKshkaf.ka Wreu ù tk uyuod.u yer fkd,d12

fï f,iska we;=.,a mqf¾ ñKs lsre, is;af,i me<|,d
wdosfhka ;snQKdjq j;aysñ kdufhka rc meñks,d
î;fhka fm¿jdh ks,odßhka ieu isxy,d
^Wm; 1" 49 lúh& ^wjOdkh w¿;ska tlal<d&
fuhska fmkS hkafka j;aysñ l=urd uõ Wreufhka tk

uyuod.u w;afkdyer rc njg m;aùu ksid isxy, ks,OdÍka
NS;sfhka we<,S .sh njhs'
lsre, oerE j;aysï rc uyj;alre neúkd

ksu, iiqk jkik fuka Wmd fhdohs ks;skd
m;, rdcl=ufrla we;s njl=;a ;j oeKqkd
tl, Tyqj urjñhhs is;=fõ tu krkd
fuu lúfhka oelafjkafka n,hg m;a bia,dï Nla;sl j;aysñ

l=urd nqÿiiqk jekiSfï Wmdhka ksr;=rej fh¥ w;r rclu
Wreu ld,sx. l=urd >d;kh lsÍfï wNsm%dfhka o isá njhs'
12
we;eï lúfmd;a j, fuu moh zuEKShkaf.ka Wreu ù tj uyuod.u yer
f,d,dz f,i i|yka fõ' tkï j;aysñ l=urd rcjQfha bia,dï wd.u w;yer
njhs'
96
j;aysñ l=urdf.a ujf.a bia,dï wkkH;djh fuka u Tyqf.a
bia,dóh <ud ld,h o .f,a nKavdr Wm; lúfmdf;a úia;r
fldg we;'
bkakg l=reKE., l=ureg fyd| ke; lsh,d

fhdka w.kf.a kEfhd isák fírej,g hjd,d
fhdka ok i;= wd.u ni bf.kSfuys fhdo,d
ikaf;difhka jik lf,ys lreKla úh m;,d
fuu ck idys;H f,aLk ish,af,ysu udkïud y÷kajd oS

we;af;a zfhdka w.kZ" zfhdka l;Z" zfhdka ,shZ jeks mo j,sks'
by; i|yka 18 jk meosfhka fy<sjkafka j;aysñ l=uref.a <ud
ld,h msh md¾Yjhg wh;a isxy, ckhdf.ka fjkaj uqia,sï
jd;djrKhla ;=< .; l< njhs' isxy, fn!oaOhkag kdhl;ajh
oSug fudyqf.a kqiqÿiq nj fuhska ye`.fõ'
tfuka u Tyq rdcHfha ;k;=re oSfïoS ;u uqia,sï

kEhkag {d;S ix.%yh l< whqre my; i|yka lúfhka m%ldY
fõ'
ùr.,a mqr úiQ ìfidajre iu. ;u msh krjrd

f.dar ureuqj meñKs neõ ie,jqfhka j;aysñ tl=urd
iQr jka uyuosl kEhka f.kajñka mKsjqv yerd
ndr flfrñka weu;slï wE fkdfhla ;k;=re mqj;rd
isxy, ckhd ;=< tA jkúg uqia,sï wh .ek mej;s hï

w.;Ska o wod< isxy, moH ix.%y ;=< .eí ù we;' úfYaIfhka
u jefõ mdjQ jia;=j ,nd.ekSug j;aysñ ;=< jQ wdYdj
mdrïmßlj jHdmdßlhka f,i Okh tla/ia lsÍug uqia,sï wh
i;= jQ keUqrefõ me;slvla f,i i<ld we;s nj fmfka'
97
y,ka13 ul=fjñka l=reKE., jej ueo fmfkkakg úh
n,ka g tj ckS ckhka jej rjqfuys msfrkag úh
fhdkqkao t olsñka f.dia j;aysñ ksre÷g oeka úh
iefkka u rcq fhdka ue;sjre iu.ska t;kg ,kaúh
rcqgo fmKqfkh t y,ï .sKs oe,a ú,iska os,sfik

w.h o tys jákdlï wiñka f,dn ù fkdmuk
hk i| ta y,ï .ekqug fkdfmlS osh m,af,ys hk
kej; o u;= ù /ia úysÿjñka osh msg mdfjk
y,ka .ekSug f,dn ù j;aysñ rcq úiskd

okka kid ,k neõ ÿgq isy, ue;s÷ frdiskd
rcqka urd,kag Wmdfhdoñka ryifhkd
f.diska lSfjda bkaofcd;s iñ÷g tu lreKd
fuu lú j,ska tla w;lska j;aysñ l=uref.a jia;=

;Kaydj ksrEmKh jk w;r wfkla w;ska f,daNh yd wdYdj
ish¿ lrorj,g fya;=jh hk fn!oaO u;jdoh o bosßm;a fõ'
tla lúhl j;aysñ rcq y÷kajkafka ‘;ka kym;s j;aysñ rcAZ
f,ih14'
flfia jqjo fuu ck idNs;Hfhka fy<sjkafka isxy,

fn!oaOhka ;=< uqia,sï wh flfrys jQ idudkH úrilhlg jvd
uqia,sï iïNjhla iys; md,lfhl= hgf;a isàug we;s wlue;a;
úh yel'15 j;aysñ l=ure cSú;CIhg m;alsÍu i|yd jQ
l=uka;%Kh osh;a jkafka tjka miqìula ;=<h'
13
y,kaZ hkq i<T hk wre; we;s mohls' foajdNrK ye|skaùu i|yd o
fuu moh fhdod.kq ,efí'
14
Wm; 1" 75 jk lúh.
15
l=reKE., osia;%slalfha fn!oaO-bia,dï ckjd¾.sl iy wd.ñl in|;d j,
ixlS¾K iajNdjh 2015 oS l< udkj úod;aul m¾fhaIKhlska fmkajd oS
we;' l=reKE., osia;%slalfha frdã ckhd .ek úfcafldaka nKavd l<
98
oUfoKs mqr úydfr úiQ kdhl ÿr or kd
keKfhka hq;= bkaofcda;s kd ysñ i| iq.= kd
fmufhka ishrg wd.u /l.ekqfuys ßis kd
f;difhka yer oud isjqre l=reKE.,g meñ kd
wud biqre j;aysñ rc f,d,a f,a

iud.ula ne| mrej; t,a f,a
;ud lrmq fmr lï fmr ,s,a f,a
oud urdmq¨ we;=., m,a f,a
fuu moHj,g wkqj we;=., u; m%isoaêfha isÿl<

j;aysñ >d;kh isxy, fn!oaO ye.Sï iy Wjukdlï wkqj
isÿúh' Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl ¥rdj,sh ;=< isxy, fn!oaOhka
iy uqia,sï whg kshñ; ksYAÑ; ia:dkhka fuu isxy,
ckidys;H úiska y÷kd.;a nj fuu WodyrK j,ska meyeos,s
fõ' fuu ckidys;Hfhka fy<sjkafka rdcHh;ajhg isxy,
fn!oaO rc mjq,g jl%dldrfhka iïnkaO flfkl= m;aùu mjd
iïm%odhg mgyeks ùula muKla fkdj rfÜ hymeje;aug
ydkSlr fohla f,i o ie,l+ njhs' fuu ckm%jdo j, i|yka
ish¿ jHik j;aysñ rdcHh;ajhg m;aùfï w;=re M,úmdl f,i
ie,lSug fuysoS W;aiy fldg ;sfí' iuia;hla f,i i<lk
úg Y%S ,xld iudcfha isxy, fn!oaO wdêm;Hh idOdrKSlrKh
lsÍu wod< mqrdK l;dj, uqLH mrud¾:j jQ nj fmfka' tla;rd
ÿrlg isxy, fn!oaO cd;sl jHdmdrfha uQ, îc fuu
ckidys;Hfha wvx.= úh' úfYaIfhka u rg cd;sh iy wd.u
wdrCId lr .ekSu j;aysñ l=urdg tfrysj isxy, fn!oaO
m%N+kaf.a kdhl;ajfhka biau;= jQ le/,af,ys wNs,dih úh'
o¾YkY+rS ksnkaOfhka fy<sjkafka osia;%slalfha isxy, frdä ckhd fjfik

we;eï .ïj,g ^Wod( udkEj iy udt<sh& hdnoj fjfik uqia,sï
jHdmdrslhka frdã ckhdf.a Wvql=re p,H;djhg uyÕ= fiajhla lr we;s
njh' tu ksid uq,a hq.fha isxy, iudcfha by< l=,j, whf.ka isÿjq l=,
mSvkh ch.ekSug jHdmdrsl keUqrejla we;s frdã kdhlhkag yelsúh' fï
ksid m%foaYfha frdã ckhd uqia,sï jHdmdrslhd ;u wkq.%ylhka f,i
ie,l=y' fï wkqj uqia,sï-isxy, in|;d wjia:dkql+,j fjkia ù we;'
99
fuu uqia,sï úfrdaë isxy, wêm;sjdoh wod, mqrdK l;dj,
uq,isg mej;s keUqrejlao tfia ke;akï 20jk Y;j¾Ih
wdrïNfhaoS wk.drsl O¾umd,;=udf.a kdhl;ajfhka W;amdokh
jQ isxy, fn!oaO m%fndaOh iy 1915 isxy,-uqia,sï flda,dy,h
jeks ft;sydisl isoaêj, n,mEu hgf;a wod, mqrdK l;d
lúfmd;a f,i ms<sfh, lsrSfïoS tu l;=jreka úiska w¿;ska
imhk ,o cd;sljdoS kj w¾:l:khlao tfia;a ke;fyd;a uq,a
mqrdK l;dj, iq¿ jYfhka mej;s m%jK;djla w¿;a ;;ajhka
hgf;a jvd;a ;yjqreùula o hkak ksYaÑ; jYfhka ;yjqre
lr.ekSug fkdyels úh'flfia kuq;a fuhska wmg fy<sjkafka
1956 foaYmd,k úm¾hdih;a iu. cd;sl jYfhka biau;= jQ
isxy, fn!oaO cd;sl jHdmdrfha uQ, îcfha ck ú{dkh ;=<
jvd os.= l,la ;siafia mej;s m%jk;djhla isxy, NdId
idys;Hhkaf.a kj WoaoSmkh iy m%cd;kak%jdofha m%idrKh;a
iu. cd;sl ;,hg meñKSula f,ih îxikaokh i|yd n,kak
Nissan & Stirrat 1990; Gunawardana 1990&'
l=,h" mka;sh iy mj;sk iudc rgdj

.f,a nKAvdr weoys,a, yd iïnkaO mqrdK l;dj,ska
l=,h yd mka;sh hk iudc ¥rdj,s idOl kka whqßka
idOdrKSlrKhg ,lafldg we;' j¾;udk ,xld iudcfhys
l=,h újD;j i|yka fkdlrk ieÕjqKq iudc n,fõ.hla16 jk
kuq;a wod< uqL mrïmrd.; iïm%odh ;=< fuka u f,aLk.;
ckidys;Hfhyso l=,h újD;j ms<sf.k we;' t fuka u fuu
iïm%odhka ys oS iudc mka;sh fndfydaÿrg l=, rduqj hgf;a
l%shd;aul jk idOlhla f,i yªkdf.k we;' l,ska i|yka
l< mßos rdcH;ajh yd iïnkaO ckau.; Wreuh
idOdrKSlrKh lsÍu fuu mqrdK l;d iïm%odfha uqLH f;audj
úh' iuia;hla f,i l=, wkkH;djh iy fiajd o ckaufhka
Wreu jQ fyhska iuia; l=, l%uh /l.ekSug mj;sk iudc
rduqj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd w;HjYH jQ nj fmfka'
16
jeä úia;r i|yd n,kak is,ajd ^2015&.
100
wod< ck idys;H iïm%odh ;=< l=, rduqj iy thg
wkqnoaO mka;s l%uh ;yjqre lsÍu lsysm wdldrhlska isÿ ù we;'
m<uqfjka" fuu iïm%odh ;=< l=, ¥rdj,sfha my<
uÜgïj,g wh;a ish¿ fokd y÷kajd we;af;a Tjqkaf.a l=,
wkkH;djh wkqj ñi Tjqkaf.a kï fyda fjk;a mqoa.,sl
f;dr;=re wkqj fkdfõ' WodyrKhla f,i my; i|yka meosh
oelaúh yelsh'
fnd,ka ÿrfhks ùr.,a mqr ueÿf¾ ksjikìfidajrek g
fmfkkag fï l¿fldäh m<uqfjks Tijd tjqka ìhfld g
thska miq fï iqÿfldäh Tijd .ukafldg ta ud,s.dj g
f;diska lshkqj fuud hqofhka ch,nd tk neúo ;srfld g
fuys zÿrhdz f,i olajd we;af;a my< l=,hlg wh;a iq¿
uq,EoEksfhls'17 rc wKg wkqjmKsjqv f.khdu fldä tiúu
jeksfiajd lsrSu Tyqf.A j.lSu úh' t kuq;a tu j.lSï yßyeá
bgql< njla fkdfmfka'
Tyqo ., my, g
mek,d uereKs tuú g
y¿ ,fola njk g
wjq;a fros ms<s /f.k hk ú g
h,sÿ t y¿ l;
njkg jeoS tu je;
we;=¿f.ys hy k;
ksod isá l=ure oel mskaj;
17
. by, l=, j,g wh;a zfldarf,az zwdrÉÑz zúodfkaz jeks ;k;=re j,g
wod, wêldß;aj n,hla fyda .re;ajhla ÿrhdg ysñfkdùh' Tyq f.a z¥rhz
iajdëk n,;, rys; yqÿ jevjiï mejreula ke;fyd;a j.lSula úh'
101
wor fmï jvï k
tl=ure jvd.ksñ k
fros fmdosho /f. k
hkag kslauqKq if|a túuk
ìu jeá,d ;snqk
rka yjßh o werf.k
bfkys .kajd f.k
.sfha ;u .ï n,d t w`.k
zy¿ <|z f,i fuu moHhkayS i|ykaj we;af;a

ud<s.dfõ fros wems,a,Su l< rcl ldka;djh' fuysoS weh os.gu
y÷kajd oS we;af;a zy¿ l;z f,ih' miq moHhl oS weh zfros
kekaodz f,i o y÷kajd oS we;'
fndau j;=msá l=Uqre whs;s jQ .urd, ojila Wfoa

fmaufhka l=urdj wmamqfjd lshd wv.iñka fidf|a
;ju fkd.sfho .,a woaod fj; Woe,a,la ;kjk f,foa
lEu ys.fjhs lSfj f.dú;eka fkdl< fyd;a l,a oek idf|a
by; meosfhys ‘.,a woaod’ f,i i|yka jkafka kjkaokak

l=,fha lïu,alrejdhs' fï wkqj wod< mqrdK l;d iïm%odh ;=<
os.yefrkafka iudch ;=< ta ta l=,hg mejreK fiajdjka ^Wod
fldä tiùu" fros wems,a,Su" lïu,a jev&" ia:dkh iy l=,h
mqoa., wkkH;djfha w;HjYH idrh jk njhs'
fojkqj ta ta l=,hg fhda.H iy kqiqÿiq .;s mej;=ï fy<sorõ

lsÍu;a tajd ksjeros lsÍug n, lsÍu;a wod< ckidys;H ;=<ska
isÿù we;' WodyrKhla f,i ld,sx. l=urd rcl ksjfia we;s
oeä lsÍu .ek we;s jQ úfrdaOh oelaúh yelsh'
102
l=urefkda fros kekaof.ksjfi jefvk i|skd
word rc ìij oskl iSfkka lS lrekd
reisrd mq;= f.dú jxfia f.alg fokq lsfjkd
tjrd Tyq yeämkak, .urd,g ÿkakd
fï wkqj rc l=ufrl= fros kekaodf.a f.or we;s oeä

lsÍu iudcfha ;;aj wkqms<sfj,g fkd.e<fmk iïm%odh
úfrdaë fohla f,i y÷kd f.k th ksjeros lsßug Wmfoia
,efí' fuysoS o mj;sk iïm%odh wdrËd lsrSu muKla fkdj
thg wkql+, fkdùfuka zjiafodiaZ jeks whym;a m%;sM, wod,
mqoa.,hkag muKla fkdj fmdÿfõ iudchg t,a, úh yels nj
jHdx.fhka yeÕfõ'
;=kafjkqj" fï l;d mqj;aj, wmpdÍ p¾hdj fndfyda ÿrg

l=, ySkhkaf.a ÿ¾j,;djhla f,i bosßm;a fõ' ÿrhd rdcldßh
w;r;=re u;amekg .scq ùu" fros kekaod jeà ;snQ rka yjäh
bfka y`.jd f.k hdu iy ÿrhl= ld,sx. l=urdg .jndkla
fokjd hehs tl`. ù tfia fkdlsÍu fuhg WodyrK f,i
oelaúh yelsh'
je|,d rcqf.a fomd ÿrhd tu oj fia

lsh,d ÿka ú,i taa fldäfol wrf.k ú. fia
msk,d tk w;ru. oS rd î,d fid| fia
jeá,d fjß wdjhs W! jeks jeks u. fom fia
ÿrhdf.a u;amekg we;s .scq nj iy ta ksid rdcldß lghq;a;

meyeryeÍu fuysoS úfYaIfhka yqjdolajd we;'
y;rfjkqj" Wla; lúfhka o meyeos<s jk mßos my< l=, j,

wh by< l=,j, whg .re nqyquka oelaùu iy by< l=,j, wh
my< l=,j, whg úOdkhka oSu fuu l;dmqj;a iy
lúfmd;aj, kdgHdldrfhka olajd we;' by;ska i|yka l< —
103
fnd,ka ÿrhks˜" —fnd,ka ÿrfhda˜ —l=Uqrla uf. yd.kakg" oshka
yrla ndkla ug˜ jeks fhÿï j,ska fuu ;;ajh meyeos<s fjhs'
wjika jYfhka mka;u s h lreKla jQ iajdñ fiajl

iïnkaOh l=, rduqj ;=< bosßm;a ù we;' fuu rduqj ;=<
fiajlhd yd fiajd ,nkakd w;r ;sìh hq;= iïnkaOh l¨t;kd
iy isßu,a t;kd w;r wmamqjd iïnkaOfhka we;s jQ u;.egqu
weiqßka f;areï .; yel'
jeäu,a fidhqßh jk l¿ t;kd

isßu,a ke.Ksg nek l=, lshkd
w;m,af,ys isg jevfldg ÿkakd
;sf.j,a<uhf.a ku.u fld;kd
jdfy lug .ksñka jev lrejd

iEfyk wm l=,f.d; le; flrejd
foafy álla r;= ;=Ufil hqrejd
f;day g kï fuys úiqula fndrejd
wmamqjd iy isßu,a t;kd w;r újdyh .ek fpdaokd

uqLfhka l;dlrk l¿t;kd th olskafka ;u mjq,g
fkd.e<fmk fiajlhd yd iajdñ ÿj w;r jQ újdyhla f,ih'
l=,h iy jxYh iodpdr mokula wkqj ìys jQ mrïmrd.; iudc
wdh;k jk neúka tajdg mgyeksùu iudc w¾nqoj,g iy
wfkl=;a úm;aj,g fya;=jk n,fõ. f,i fuysoS i<ld we;'
mqu;sß nj
.f,a nKavdr weoys,a, ldka;d md¾Yjh w;r jvd;a ckm%sh nj

l,ska i|yka lrk ,oS' ldka;djka Y=oaOfhka iqÿ we÷ñka
ieriS foajdYs¾jdo ,nd.kq msKsi meñKsh hq;=hs' tfia
ke;fyd;a jiafodia we;sfj;ehs l,amkd lr;s'
104
ia;%S mqreI iïnkaO;d rgdj iïnkaOfhka mrudo¾Y
lsysmhla .f,a nKAvdr l;d mqj;ska bosßm;a fõ' rdcH Wreuh
mshdf.kA mq;dg isÿjk neúka rka foda,shla jQ m%Odk ìijg odj
mq;% r;akhla ,nd.ekSu rcqkaf.a m%Odk wNs,dihla úh' fï
wkqj rcìijf.a m%Odk fufyjr f,i ie,l=fka rcqg
wkqm%dma;slfhl= ,ndoSu h' nqjfklndyq rcq udkïud hlv
foda,sh f,i f;dard.ekSu isÿ lf<a wehf.a leue;a; úuiSulska
f;drj fndfydaÿrg tal md¾Yúl whqßks' rka foda,sh yd
hlvfoda,sh jeks woyia ldka;djf.a jákdlu ;lafiare lrk
mqreIdêm;s;ajh yd ne÷Kq tajd f,i ie,lsh yelsh' hlv
foda,sh jQ udkïud rcqf.a rdc;dka;%sl ;SrKhka flfrys
n,mdkafka Rcq ueosy;a úulska f;drj WmdhYS,Sj h' t fuka u
rcq hqoaOfhka mrdch ù hehs jeros mKsjqvh ,o ú.iska
ìfidajre 67 fofkl= .f,ka my<g mek osúkid .ekSfuka
fy<sjkafka iajdñ mqreIhdflfrys ldka;dj i;=j ;sìh hq;=
hehs l,amkd l< hq;=lï yd j.lSïh' wmamqjd rcùu ms<sn| l;d
mqjf;a oS o isßu,a t;kdf.a jdikdjla f,i th ie<l=k w;r
weh —isßj¾Ok ìij˜ kñka ckm%sh;djhg m;ajkafka wehf.a
lemùu" ;ekam;aNdjh iy iajdñ Nla;sh jeks lreKq wjOdkh
lrñks' iuia;hla f,i i<lk úg fuu l;d mqj;
mqreIdêm;H idOdrKSlrKh lrk tlla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
iïm%odhg mgyeks f,i bia,dï Nla;sl ldka;djla újdyhg
.ekSu" wehf.a Wmfoia wkqj j;aysñ l=urdg rclu mejÍu iy
rclu Wreu jQ isxy, fn!oaO l=udrfhl= isáh oS w¾O uqia,sï
iïNjhla iys; j;aysñ l=ureg rclu mejÍu fuu mqrdjD;a;
j,ska bosßm;a flfrk iudc-foaYmd,k w¾nqoj,g mdol jQ
fya;= f,i fmkajd oS we;'
iudf,dapkh
.f,a nKAvdr weoys,a, yd iïnkaO mqrdK l;dj,ska

mj;sk iudc ¥rdj,sh ;=< úfYaIfhka u ckjd¾.sl;ajh" l=,h"
mka;sh iy ia;%S mqreI Ndjh w;ska mj;sk iudc wkqms<sfj,a
;jÿrg;a ;yjqre jk nj by; i|yka ú.%yfhka fy<súh'
105
fuhska woyia jkafka iuia; Y%S ,dxlsl iudch ;=< isxy,
fn!oaO wdêm;Hh iy isxy, iudch ;=< f.dú l=,fha
m%uqL;djh yd mqreIdêm;Hh idOdrKSlrKh ùula fuu
ckl;d iïm%odfhka isÿjk njhs' fuu ;;ajh wdrïNfha isg
mej;s tlla o ke;fyd;a hg;a úcs; iy mYapd;a hg;a úcs;
;;ajhka hgf;a ìys jQ cd;sljdoS m%jK;d iy wd¾Ól ;rÕh
ksid w¨;ska ìys jQ iudc ÿrdj,shla o hkak ksYaÑ; jYfhka
wmg lsj fkdyel' fuu ÿrdj,sh flfia W;amdokh jqj o fuys
ú.%y l< mqrdK l;d u.ska thg lsishï iqcd;Ndjhla ,eî
we;' flfia jqj o wkaf;daksfhda .%eïials fmkajdÿka mßos lsisÿ
wdêm;Hhla m%Yak lsÍï fyda ye,yemams,sj,ska f;dr fkdjk
nj o by; i|yka ish¿ wdêm;Hhka fuu uQ,O¾uhg hg;a nj
o wm isys ;nd.; hq;=h ^Gramsci 1975&'
m%pKav;ajh .f,a nKAvdr l;dmqj; mqrd osjhk

f;audjla nj o fuysoS wm isysm;a l< hq;h = ' hqj rcqf.a
ueosy;aùfuka isÿ jQ hqoaOh" rc mjqf,a wh .f,ka mek
iduQyslj osúkid .ekSu" j;aysñ l=udrhd .f,ka my<g ;,a¨
lsßu" hlaIfhl= f,i Wmka Tyqf.a m,s.ekSï ish,a, fuhg
we;=<;a l< hq;=h' .f,a nKavdr weoys,a, iy fuys ú.%y l<
l;d mqj; w;r we;s iïnkaOh l=ula o hkak .ek;a wm
wjidk jYfhka úuish hq;=h' fuysoS u;=jk ú.%yd;aul
.eg¨jla kï isxy, fn!oaO wdêm;Hhg ;¾ckhla jq j;aysñ
l=ure tu ksidu isxy, fn!oaO m%N+ka úiska Wml%uYS,Sj
cSú;CIhg m;a lsÍfuka wk;=rej isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a
ms<s.ekSug iy weoys,, a g ,la jQ nKavdr foúfhl= njg
m;ajQfha flfia o hkak h' uy;a mßY%uhlska miqj Wml%uYS,Sj
rdcH;ajfhka bj;a l< Tyq nKavdr foaj;ajhg iqÿiq jkAfka
l=uk fya;=jla ksid oehs flfkl=g m%Yak l< yel' fjk;a
jpkj,ska lshkjd kï isxy, ck idys;H iïnkAO mqrdK l;d
j,ska isxy, fn!oaO wdêm;Hh ;yjqre jk nj lsjyels jqj;a t
uÕska .f,a nKAvdr weoys,a, hï ;rulg wNsfhda.hg ,lafõ'
106
wod< lD;Skaj, we;s iuyr meos ;=<ska u .f,a nKavdr
foú÷ wNsfhda.hg ,lafldg we;' WodyrKhla f,i z.f,a
nKavdr Wm; fyj;a ld,sx. isßu,a t;kdZ lD;sfhys wjidk
meosh fufiah'
.f,ka fmr¿ j;aysñ rc foú jqk lshñk

we;eï ofkda je| mqoñka fidfydkg woyk
tjka .f,a nKavr mqj;h lú nifhk
ne÷ï flf<a r;akdhl kï oere uú isk
fuhska fy<sjkafka Wla; lúhdg .f,a nKavdr foúhka

mss<sn|j t;rï meyeoSula ke;s nj h' z.f,a nKavdr Wm; iy
ld,sx. l=ure mKAä; merl=ïnd kñka rcùuZ kï lD;sfha oS
fuhg ;rula iudk meoshla we;'
nf,a me;=re j;aysñ rc uereK;a tu i|sfka

.f,a tnKAvdr kñka foú Wkd¿ ,isfka
nf,a fndfydu we; lshñka j|s;s mqo;s fkofka
ÿf,a fmak lsh;s tk; ;ju;a ok úisfka
fï wkqj .eñ idys;H ks¾udK ;=< .f,a nKAvdr mqj;

ft;sydisl i;Hhla f,i i,lk kuqÿ .f,a nKavdr weoys,af,a
j,x.=Ndjh .ek hï ielhla jQ nj fmfka'18 fu jeks ;;ajhla
hgf;a .f,a nKavdr weoys,a, úfYaIfhka u isxy, fn!oaO
iudch ;=< ck .; jQfha flfiao@ fuu jeo.;a ú.%yd;aul
m%Yakhg wmg fuysoS bosßm;a l< yelafla ;jÿrg;a úu¾Ykh
l< hq;= wkqudkd;aul ms<s;=rla muKs' .f,a nKavdr msysg
m;df.k tk ne;su;=kaf.ka iEfyk msßila ;u iudc l%uh
;=<ska widOdrKhg ,la jQ kuq;a tu widOdrKlï ksjeros
18
fuh w¿;ska ìys jQ fm%df;ia;ka;% nqÿiuh úiska foaj weoys,a,
wj;lafiare lsrSu ksid w¿;ska W;amdokh jQ fohlao tfia ke;fyd;a fuu
weoys,af,a jHqySh jYfhka mej;s m%Yakhlao hkak fuysoS úuikq fkd,efí'
107
lsÍug fyda hqla;s iy.;j ksrdlrKh lsÍug ;u iudc l%uh
;=< id¾:l l%ufõohla y÷kd.; fkdyels jQ wh nj fmfka'
WodyrK f,i mqreIdêm;Hfha mSvkhg ,la jQ ldka;djka"
n,j;=kaf.a widOdrKhg ,la jQ fn,ySkhka iy hqla;sh
mis|,Sfï l%shdj,sfhka msysg fkd,;a mSä;hka hk whg hqla;sh
yd idOdrK;ajh ,nd.ekSu msKsi ;u iudc l%ufhka hï
;rulg iajdëk jQ msgia;r foúfhl= wjYHh'
.f,a nKavdr foú÷ w;sYhska n,.;=" n,j;=kag

fkdkefjk tfukau hï ;rulg isxy, fn!oaO fuka u
uqia,sï iudchg mßndysr jQ wmCImd;S foúfhls' Tyqf.a msysg
m;kakkag Tyq wiajeis,a,la jkafka hqla;sh iy idOdrK;ajh
fjkqfjka fmkS isàug Tyqg úfYAI n,hla we;ehs ne;su;=ka
;=< úYajdihla we;s neúks' fjk;a jpkj,ska i|yka l<fyd;a
Tyq hqla;s iy.; foúfhl= f,i ne;su;=kaf.a m%idohg ,la ù
we;s neúks' fuu l;d mqjf;aoS j;aysñ l=urdf.ka isÿjQ jeros
fuka u Tyq idyisl f,i urd oeófuka Tyqg l< jro .ek o
i|yka jk w;r tu ksid Tyq hfll= njg m;aù ;ukag ydks
l< whg fmr<d myroSu hï ;rulg idOdrKSlrKh lrkq
,efí' úfYaIfhka u foaj lkak,õj iys; flda,auqr lúj, fï
.ek i|yka fldg we;'
yia;smqr k.rd
jia;ysñ kï l=urd
t kqjr ue;s jrd
lrmqyoslï rcqg tjrd
^fld,auqr lú" 15 jk lúh& ^wjOdkh w¿;ska
tlal<d&
.f,a nKAvr foú ne÷Kq ffjrfhka

uerejh ishhla weu;sjre ka
yoslï flrefõ iÕ fm<uhs ug tod
i;=ka yg ne|s ffjrfh ka
108
l=rsfrka i;=kg nekao ffjrfhka urdmq
is,aì| yegla iÕ= ka
mjika fuu .f, nKAvdrf. f;o tod mdmq
f;o fufyu úl= ka
^fld,auqr lú" 33 jk lúh& ^wjOdkh w¿;ska tlal<d&
fuu flda,auqr lúj,g wkqj .f,a nKAvdr hl=ka

weu;sjreka iy NslaIQkaf.ka m<s.kafka ;ukag Tjqka l<
widOdrKhg ^yoslug& úreoaOj .;a l%shdud¾.hla f,isks'
widOdrKhg ,la jQ Tyqf.a ne;su;=kag msyg s ùug úfYaI
yelshdjla Tyqg we;ehs fuhska yeÕfõ' Comaroff & Comaroff
^1999& fmkajd ÿka mßos kj ,snr,ajdoS mßirh ;=< úfYAIfhka
widOdrKhg yd mSvdjg ,la jQ whg fujeks hqla;sh mis|,sh
yels foaj n,fõ.hla wjYHh'
nKavdr weoys,a, .ek úu¾Ykhla l< le*ar¾ g wkqj

1977 ka miqj nKAvdr foújrekaf.a kej; biau;= úula
mj;s' Tjqka tfia biau;= ù we;af;a kj ,snr,ajdoS
keUQrej;a iu. ÿ¾j, jQ Y%s ,xldfõ iqN idOl rdcHfha
ysvei msrúu i|yd m%dfoaYhS ckys;jdoS n,j;=ka w;=ßka
ìysjQ wNspdruh n,fõ.hla f,isks' nKAvdr foújre
mßydKshg m;a Y=NidOl rdcHfha fiajdodhlhkag
msysgùu i|yd ckkh jQ woaN+; iykodhlfhla f,i
ie<lsh yelsh ^Kapferer 2003: 67&'
le*ar¾f.a fuu ks¾udKYS,S woyi tla;rd ÿrlg .f,a

nKAvdr weoys,a,g o j,x.=h' .f,a nKAvdr >d;khg ,lajQ rc
flfkl= jQ w;r foaj;ajhg m;aùfuka wk;=rej Tyq rc
flfkl= f,i ck;djg l< fkdyels jQ iyk fiajd iemhsh
yels n,jf;l= jQfha hehs l,amkd l< yel' nKAvdr kduh
uykqjr hq.fha rdcH ks,OdÍkA i|yd fndfyda úg fhdod .;a
moú kduhla jQ w;r Tjqka ñh hdfuka miq Tjqka w;ßka jvd;a
ckm%sh mqoa.,hka nKavdr foúhka njg m;a jQfha hehs ckl;d
j, i|yka fõ ^úl%uisxy 2011" l=reúg 2015" O¾uodi iy
;=kaofKsh 2003&'
109
flfia kuq;a .f,a nKAvdr foúhka Y=NidOl rdcHhg
wkqhqla; lsÍu .eg¨ iy.;h' .f,a nKavdr Wm; ;=<ska
meyeos<s jk mßos Tyq isxy, fn!oaO rdcHfha i;=frl= f,i
i,ld isxy, fn!oaO kdhlhkaf.a lDDr >d;khg ,la jQ
wfhls' tu ksid msßyqKq isxy, fn!oaO Y=NidOl rdcHfha
.e,jqïlrejl= f,i Tyq y÷kd.; fkdyel' udf.a ú.%yh wkqj
Tyq ie,lsh hq;af;a msßyqKq Y=NidOl rdcHfha widOdrKhg
,lajQjkag mjd msysg úh yels tla w;lska isxy, fn!oaO
oDIAájdohg k;= fkdjQ tfukau isxy, fn!oaO iqN idOl
rdcHhg msgia;r jQ osjHuh n,fõ.hla f,isks îudk ú.%yhla
i|yd n,kak Appleby 2000)' .f,a nKAvdr Wm; isÿjQfha isxy,
fn!oaO Y=NidOl rdcHfha ìysùug fndfyda l,lg l,ska h'
j¾;udkfha jqj o Y=NidOl rdcHfhka .s,syqKq fyda
widOdrKhg ,la jQ wirKhkag mjd Tyqf.a msysg me;sh yelsh'
foaj;djl= f,i .f,a nKavdrhkaf.a úuqla;s odhl nj iy
.e,jqïldÍ;ajh fiúh hq;af;a fuu ikao¾Nh ;=< h'
wdY%s; .%ka:
wNhj¾Ok" tï' ta' mS'
1978 lvhsï fmd;a úu¾Ykh. fld<U( ixialD;sl
fomd¾;fïka;=j.
wurisxy" t*a' mS'
1920 .f,a nKavdr Wm; iy ld,sx. l=ure mKAä;
merl=ïnd kñka rcùu. fld<U( iuhj¾Ok
hka;%d,h'
w;m;a;=" wurjxY îxialdrl&

1986 l¨kaod mgqk iy l¨kaod iskaÿj' fld<U( ysvei
m%ldYlfhda'
nKAavd" weka' fla' ã'

1921 l¨kaoEfõ Wm;. fld<U( Y%S Ndr;S uqøKd,h.
110
O¾uodi" fla' tka' ´ iy ;=kafoKsh" tÉ' tï' tia'
1994 isxy, foaj mqrdKh. fld<U( rcfha uqøK kS;s.;
ixia:dj.
talkdhl ueKsfla" jika;d

1997 .f,a nKavdr foúfhda' fld<U( f.dvf.a
ifydaorfhda.
lkafofmd," .dñKS
2015 .f,a foúhkaf. wvúfha ckl;d: ysrshd,
y;am;a;=j iy ;odikak m%foaYh weiqrsks. urodk
iQrsh m%ldYlfhda.
l=reúg" rx.k îxia&

2015 l=reKE., úia;rh' fld<U( iQ¾h m%ldYlfhda.
r;akdhl" fca' îxia&

1928 .f,a nKAvdr Wm; fyj;a ld,sx. isßu,a t;kd'
fld<U( udoïmd uqøKd,h.
is,ajd, fla'à'
2015 l=,h" mka;sh iy ,xldfõ iudc .egqï.
fndr,eia.uqj: úisÿKq m%ldYlfhda.
úl%uisxy" ã' mS'

2011 u.os.g ckl;d' fld<U( iQßh m%ldYlfhda'
úfÊfldaka nKavd" à' tï'

2015 ,xldfõ frdãl=, m%cdfõ Wvql=re iudc
p,H;dj( ms<sn| iudc úoHd;aul wOHhkhla'
o¾YkY+rS ksnkaOkh" reyqKq úYaj úoHd,h'
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116
orejka yd iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK: l%ufúoSh yd wdpdr iudc úuiqu
úoHd;aul wNsfhda. ms<sno úYaf,aIKhla 2017 l,dmh
orejka ms<sn| iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK: l%ufõ§h
yd wdpdr úoHd;aul wNsfhda. ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla
l=udß f;darfoKsh
ye¢kaùu
iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § wdpdr úoHd;aul

wxYfhys we;s wjYH;djh yd jeo.;alu ms<sn| j uq,ska u
wjOdkhg f.k we;af;a fojk f,dal hqO iufhka miqj jk
w;r úfYaIfhka u tu jljdkqfjys isg 1990 muK jk f;la
m¾fhaIKhl § wkq.ukh l< hq;= uq,sl wdpdr úoHd;aul
lreKq fudkjd o? hkak ms<sn| j woyia flfuka jeä §hqKq ù
;sfí (Roberts 2000). 1990 ka muK miq fuu l;sldj ;j;a
fõ.j;a jq w;r ta i|yd m%n, fya;=jla jqfha iudcfha úúO
.eg¨j,g uqyqK fokakka ms<sn| j iDcq jYfhka isÿjk iudc
m¾fhaIKj, m%udKd;aul fukau .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla isÿ
ùuhs' WodyrKhla f,i ms,sld frda.k
s a ms<sn| j" taåia frda.k
S a
ms<sn| j isÿjk iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § Tjqkaf.a iudc
wdrlaIKh ms<sn| j tla;rd ÿrlg kS;suh jYfhka wdpdr
úoHd;aul moaO;shl wjYH;djh we;s jq w;r fkdfhl=;a
wdldrfha iudc m%Yakj,g uqyqK fokakka ms<sn| j isÿjk
m¾fhaIKj, § jqj o m¾fhaIKh isÿ lrkakdf.a fuka u
m¾fhaIKhg ,lajkakkaf.a iudc wdrlaIKh ms<sn| j o hï
lsis wdldrhl úêu;a wdpdr úoHd;aul moaO;shl wjYH;djh
j¾Okh jkakg úh'
fï wkqj iudcfha wdka;sl fldgia iïnkaOfhka isÿ

lrk iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § úfYaIfhka u wdpdr
O¾u moaO;shla wkq.ukh lsÍfï wjYH;djh lemsS fmfkk
f,i biau;= ù ;sfí' fuhskq;a orejka iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrk
iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾u j,g
wkqj tu m¾fhaIK isÿ lsÍfï we;s wjYH;djh ms<sn| j
117
iudc úuiqu orejka yd iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK: l%ufúoSh yd wdpdr
2017 l,dmh úoHd;aul wNsfhda. mss<sno úYaf,aIKhla
j¾;udk m¾fhaIK f,dalh ;=< mq¿,a l;sldjla we;s ú ;sfí'
úfYaIfhka u orejka wOHkhg Ndckh lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= lreKq fudkjd o" orejka iïnkaOfhka isÿ jk
m¾fhaIKj, § we;s úh yels wdpdr O¾u .eg¨ fuka u tu
.eg¨ wju lr.; yelafla flfia o? jeks lreKq ms<sn| j
mq¿,aj idlÉPdjg Ndckh ù ;sfí (Alderson 1995; Morrow and
Richards 1996; Cree et al 2001). flfia fj;;a ´kEu iudc
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKhl § wdpdr O¾u .eg¨ mek ke.sh yels
nj;a úfYaIfhka u úúO .eg¨ yd wmyiq;dj,ska fmf<kakka
wOHkh lsÍfï § fuu ;;a;ajh W.% úh yels nj;a
m¾fhaIlhskaf.a u;h fõ (Flewitt 2008). tu ksid fuu ,smsfha
wruqK jkafka orejka úfYaIfhka u úúO .eg¨ j,g uqyqK
fok orejka ms<sn| j lrk iudc úoHd;aul wOHkj, § we;s
úh yels wdpdr O¾u .eg¨ ms<sn| j fuka u tajd úiod .kafka
flfiao? hkak ms<sn| j flá ú.%yhla lsÍu fõ'
orejka iïnkAO iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, olakg ,efnk

fmdÿ wdpdr úoHd;aul wNsfhda.
orejka iïnkaO m¾fhaIKj, § úfYaIfhka wdpdr

úoHd;aul lreKq ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;af;a tjeks
m¾fhaIK jeäysáhka iïnkaO m¾fhaIKj,ska iDcqj u fjkia
jk ksid o tfia kï mj;sk fjkialï fudkjd o hkak
fndfyda m¾fhaIlhskaf.a wjOdkhg md;% ù ;sfí (Punch 2002).
orejka hkq ljfrla o? hkak jhi mokï lr .ksñka úúO
rgj,a úúO whqßka ks¾jpkh fldg ;sfí' kuq;a tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a <ud m%{ma;h
s g wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 18 g wvq iEu
ukqIH Ôúfhla u orefjla ke;fyd;a <ufhl= f,i ms<s.efka
(Kuper 1979)' fï ksid jhi wjqreÿ 18 g jvd wvq orejka
m¾fhaIKhg ,la lrk úg NdIdfõ mj;sk iSñ; oekqu" NdIdj
^jpk& f;areï .kakd wdldrfha mj;sk úúO;d fuka u f,dalh
ms<sn| j mj;sk wvq m<mqreoao jeks lreKq ksid fujeks
m¾fhaIK jeäysáhka fhdod .ksñka isÿ lrk m¾fhaIKj,ska
wksjd¾hfhka u fjkia jk nj m¾fhaIlhskaf.a u;h ù ;sfí
118
(Punch 2002). tfuka u fuys § u;=jk ;j;a wNsfhda.hla
jkafka m¾fhaIKhka isÿ lrkafka jeäysáhka úiska ùu ksid
Tjqkag <ud f,dalh ksishdldrj f;areï .; yelso? yd orejkag
.e<fmk l%ufõohka fhdod .eksu ms<sn| j Tjqka fld;rï
ÿrg wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka o? hkakhs' fujeks lreKq mokï
lrf.k orejka iïnkaO j isÿ flfrk iudc úoHd;aul
m¾fhaIKj, olakg ,eìh yels fmdÿ wdpdr úoHd;aul .eg¨
lsysmhla ms<sn| j m¾fhaIlhska ;u wjOdkh fhduq fldg
;sfí'
fï w;ßka j¾;udkfha oeäj idlÉPdjg Ndckh jk

wdpdr úoHd;aul .eg¨jla jkafka m¾fhaIlhd iy orejka w;r
mj;sk n,fha wiudk;djh hs' m¾fhaIKh fufyh jkakka
jhi" iudc ;;a;ajh" olaI;djh" iy w;aoelsï jeks lreKqj,ska
orejkag jvd n,iïmkak jk ksid orejka wOHkhg Ndckh
lsÍfï § th úúOdldrfhka orejkag n,mE yels nj
m¾fhaIlhska fmkajd foa' WodyrKhla f,i fcdyekakd
tkriafvdáh¾ (Johanna Einarsdottir) fmkajd fokafka orejkag
kqyqre mqoa.,fhl= úiska m¾haIKhla fufyh jk úg fndfyda
úg Tjqka wod, m¾fhaIlhd i;=gq lsÍug W;aiyd orkq úkd ;u
u;h bÈßm;a lsÍug ue<s úh yels njhs (Einarsdottir 2007)'
tfuka u j¾ðkshd fudfrda iy ud¾áka ßpâiï (Virginia
Morrow and Martin Richards) o fmkajd fokafka m¾fhaIKhg
,lajkakkaf.a woyiaj,g jvd m¾fhaIKh fufyh jkakkaf.a
woyia ksrka;rfhka u m%uqL;ajfhys ,d ie,flk ksid iudc
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § j,x.= Ndjh ms<sn| j .eg¨ u;=úh
yels w;r orejka iïnkaOfhka th jvd;a W.% lreKla úh
yels njhs (Morrow and Martin Richards 1996).
orejka iïnkaO j isÿ lrk wOHkhkaj, § u;=jk

;j;a wNsfhda.hla f,i m¾fhaIlhska fmkajd fokafka
m¾fhaIKh i|yd orejkaf.a leue;a; (consent) ,nd .kafka
flfia o? hkak hs' fuys § mek k.sk wNssfhda. rdYshla ms<sn|
119
j m¾fhaIlhska wjOdkh fhduq fldg ;sfí' ñka m<uq jekak
f,i fmkajd Èh yelafla wod, m¾fhaIKh i|yd leue;a; ,nd
§ug ;rï wjfndaOhla orejkag ;sfí o? hkak;a tu ;SrKh
;ksj u .; yels o? hkak;a fõ' fï ksid orejdf.a jeä
ysáhkaf.ka m<uq j leue;a; ,nd .eksu;a ta Tiafia orejkaf.a
leue;a; wlue;a; úuiSu;a jvd;a jeo.;a jk nj m¾fhaIlhska
fmkajd § we;s w;r fuys § wOHhkh mss<snoj iïmq¾K" ksjerÈ
yd meyeÈ,s úia;rhla fomsßig u ,nd §u wksjd¾h lreKla
nj Tjqka fmkajd foa (Einarsdottir 2007).
óg wu;r j orejka iïnkaO j isÿ lrk wOHkhj, §

fhdod .kakd l%ufõohka mss<sno j m¾fhaIlhska w;r úúO
u;jdohka olakg ,efnk njla fmkS hhs' we;eï m¾fhaIlhska
fmkajd fokafka jeäysáhka wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd
idïm%odhsl l%ufõohkaa orejka wOHkh lsÍu i|yd fkd.e,msh
yels njhs' WodyrKhla f,i ,ekaâiajka (Lansdown) fmkajd
fokafka idïm%odhsl m¾fhaIK l%ufõohka jk m%Yakdj,S
msrúu" iïuqL idlÉPd iy tajd má.; lsÍu jeks l%u u.ska
orejka wmyiq;djhg m;a úh yels njhs (Lansdown 1994)'
orejka iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrk m¾fhaIKj, § wdpdr

úoHd;aul .eg¨ úiod .;yels wdldrhka
by;ska idlÉPd l< mßÈ orejka iïnkaOj isÿ lrk

iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § fmdÿfõ wdpdr úoHd;aul
.eg¨ we;s úh yels jqj;a ukd wjOdkhla ta iïnkaO j fhduq
lrkafka kï fuu .eg¨ wju lr .ksñka id¾:l m¾fhaIK
m%;sM, w;alr .; yels nj we;eï m¾fhaIlhska idlaIs iys;j
fmkajd § ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i we,av¾ika (Alderson) orejka
iïnkaOfhka isÿjk m¾fhaIKj, § we;sjk wdpdr úoHd;aul
.eg¨ wju lr .; yels l%ufõohka oyhla y÷kdf.k ;sfí'
wehg wkqj; m¾fhaIKfha wruqK meyeÈ,sj ks¾jpkh lr
.ekSu" m¾fhaIKfhka ,nd .eksug wfmlaId lrk m%;s,dN yd
120
m%;s,dNh w;ajkafka ljfrl=g o hkak y÷kd .ekSu"
mqoa.,sl;ajhg .re lsÍu yd ryiHNdjh wdrlaId lsÍu"
m¾fhaIKhg ,la úh hq;af;a ljr lKavdhula o hkak
ksjer§j ;SrKh lsÍu" orejka we;=,;a lr.ekS u fuka u
orejka m¾fhaIKfhka bj;a l< hq;af;a flfia o yd ljr
wjia:djl§ o hkak meyeÈ,sj ks.ukh fldg ;sîu" orejkag
f.ùula lrkafka o? tfia kï wjYH uqo,a ,nd .kafka flfia
o? hkak ;SrKh lsÍu" m¾fhaIK wruqKq iy l%ufõohka kej;
úu¾Ykhg Ndckh lsÍu" m¾fhaIKh ms<sn| orejkag fuka u
orejkaf.a foudmshka fyda Ndrlrejka oekqj;a lsÍu" orejkaf.a
fuka u orejkaf.a Ndrlrejkaf.ka m¾fhaIKhg Ndckh ùu
i|yd leue;a; ,nd .ekSu" m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj ieliSu yd
m¾fhaIKhg ,la jq orejka fuka u fmdÿfõ m¾fhaIKh ksid
orejkag isÿjk n,mEu úu¾Ykh fldg ne,Su fuu lreKq
oyh fõ (Alderson 1995)'
iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj,g orejka fhdod .eksfï §

by; lreKq j,g wu;r j m%dfhda.sl jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq
l< lreKq rdYshl wjYH;djh ms<sn| j m¾fhaIlhska ;u
wjOdkhk fhduq fldg ;sfí' úfYaIfhka u orejka iu. isÿ
lrk m¾fhaIKj, § m¾fhaIKfha úYajikS;ajh yd j,x.=Ndjh
fuka u m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾uhka o wdrlaId lr .; yels
m%fõYhla wkq.ukh lsÍfï jeo.;al u fuys § jeä fofkl=
úiska wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí' fï wkqj orejka iu. isÿ lrk
m¾fhaIKj, § wkq.ukh l< hq;= uq,sl wdpdr úoHd;aul
lreKq my; mßÈ fm<.eiaúh yelsh'
1. wfkHkH iqyo;djh j¾Okh lr .ekSu (Building

rapport)
m¾fhaIlhd yd m%;s.%dylhd w;r wfkHdkH iqyo;djh
j¾Okh lr .ekSu ´kEu m¾fhaIKhla i|yd fmdÿ lreKla
jk kuq;a m¾fhaIlhkaf.a u;h jkafka orejka iïnkaO
m¾fhaIKj, § fuu lreK i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l<
hq;= njhs (Punch 2002)' ukao h;a fudjqka fmkajd fokafka
121
jeäysáhka iu. lrk m¾fhaIKj, § wfkHdkH iqyo;djh
myiqfjka f.dvk.d .eksu myiq jqj;a orejka iu. th
myiqfjka isÿ lsÍug wmyiq úh yels njhs' WodyrKhla f,i
fndfyda úg m¾fhaIKhka isÿ lrkafka jeäysáhka úiska ùu
ksid jhia uÜgïj, mj;sk iudk;djh" NdIdj myiqfjka
f;areï .ekSu fuka u woyia myiqfjka f;areï .ekSu jeks
lreKq ksid jeäysáhka iu. myiqfjka wfkHdkH iqyo;ajhla
f.dvk.d .; yels fõ' kuq;a orejkag tf,i myiqfjka ,xúh
fkdyels w;r ta i|yd m%Odk; u fya;=j úh yelafla orejka
kd÷kk mqoa.,hskag ,xùug ìhla oelaùu fyda ,eþcd ùug bv
;sîuhs' wks;a w;g fndfyda jeäysá m¾fhaIlhka ;=< orejkag
myiqfjka <xúh yels wdldrfha l=i,;djhla" m<mqreoaola yd
w;aoelsï fkdue;s ùug o bv ;sfí' fï ksid orejka
m¾fhaIKhg ,la lsÍug ;rï iqyo;ajhla j¾Okh lr .ekSug
kï ta i|yd jeä ld,hla .; úh yels w;r we;eï úg ukd
mqyqKqjlao wjYH úh yels fõ' flfia fj;;a orejka iu.
lrk m¾fhaIKj, § orejkaf.a ìh ÿre lsÍu fuka u Tjqkaf.a
úYajdih §kd .ekSu w;HdjYH jk w;r fuh wksjd¾hfhka u
m¾fhaIlhdf.a l=i,;djh u; mokï jkakla fõ' WodyrKhla
f,i neksiag¾ we;=¿ msßi (Bannister et al) ioyka lrkafka
úfYaIfhka u m¾fhaIlhd ijka§fï l=i,;djh m%.=K l< hq;=
nj;a fuh we;eï úg myiq lghq;a;la fkdúh yels nj;a h.
wks;a w;g orejkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;djhka myiqfjka f;areï
.ksñka tajd bgq lr .ekSug wjYH lrk jd;djrKh imhd §u
;=<ska orejka ;=< iduldó ukila we;s lsÍu o jeo.;a jk nj
fudjqkaf.a u;h fõ (Bannister et al 1990)' flfia fj;;a
m¾fhaIlhskaf.a u;h jkafka fuys § orejkaf.a muKla fkdj
orejkaf.a foudmshka fyda Ndrlrejka iu. o iqyo;ajh Èkd
.eksu wksjd¾h njhs (Morrow 1999).
2. m¾fhaIKh i|yd leue;a; ,nd .ekSu (Consent)

by;ska o úia;r lrk ,oafoa m¾fhaIKh i|yd orejkaf.a
leue;a; ,nd .ekSu tla;rd wdldrhl wNsfhda.hla njhs'
úfYaIfhka u orejkag wod, m¾fhaIKh jgyd .eksug
122
fkdyels úh yels w;r wks;a w;g th tla;rd ÿrlg fyda
jgyd .;a;;a orejkag ;ud ms<sn| j ;SrK .eksug we;s
iSudlu fuhg tla fya;=jla fõ' fï ksid by; lS ;;a;ajhka
wju lr .ksñka iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK isÿ lrkafka
flfiao? hkak ms<sn| j m¾fhaIlhskaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ú
;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i fcdyekakd tkriafvdáh¾ fmkajd
fokafka m¾fhaIKh ms<sn| j mq¾K úia;rhla orejkag fuka u
orejkaf.a jeäysáhkag m<uqj ,nd §u wksjd¾hfhka u isÿ l<
hq;= njhs' fuys § tla;rd ÿrlg orejkaf.a jeäysáhkag
m¾fhaIKh ksid ;u orejkag fuka u iudchg isÿ lrk
Okd;aul fyda iDKd;aul n,mEu l=ula o?" m¾fhaIKh
orejdf.a jhia fyda iudc uÜug .e,fmkafka o?" m¾fhaIKh
ord .; yels udkisl uÜgula ;u orejdg ;sfí o? jeks lreKq
ms<sn|j mq¾K wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels fõ (Einarsdottir
2007)'
fuys § jeo.;a jk ;j;a lreKla jkafka orejka

m¾fhaIKh i|yd leue;a; ,nd ÿkak o wjYH ´kE u
wjia:djl orejkag m¾fhaIKfhka bj;a ùu i|yd ksoyi ;sìh
hq;= njhs' fï iïnkaO j woyia olajk we,av¾ika fmkajd
fokafka m¾fhaIKhg wjYH u lrk f;dr;=re ,nd §ug orejd
ue<sjkafka kï yd iïmq¾Kfhka u m¾fhaIlhdg m%;spdr
fkdolajkafka kï orejdg m¾fhaIKfhka bj;a ùu i|yd
ksoyi ,nd Èh hq;= njhs' orejd n,y;aldrfhka l;d lrùu
fuka u ta i|yd orejdg hï hï ;Hd.hka ,nd §u jeks lreKq
u`.ska m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾uhka lvjkjd muKla fkdj th
m¾fhaIKfha j,x.=Ndjh yd úYajikS;ajh wvd, ùu i|yd o
fya;= úh yels fõ (Alderson 1995)' fï ksid ksishdlr f,i
m¾fhaIKfha f;dr;=re ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍu" orejkaf.ka
fuka u orejkaf.a Ndrlrejkaf.ka leue;a; ,nd .ekSu fuka
u wjYH kï orejdg m¾fhaIKfhka bj;a ùug ksoyi ,nd §u
m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾u by< kexúug fya;=jk nj fmkajd Èh
yels fõ'
123
3. orejkaf.a iajNdjh meyeÈ,sj y÷kd .ekSu
by; lreKq fol u mokï lr .ksñka orejka
m¾fhaIKfha m%;. s %dylhska f,i f;dard.;a; o tu f;dard .;a
orejkaf.a iajNdjh l=ula o? hkak ms<sn|j ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla
m¾fhaIKh kshudldrfhka wdrïN lsÍug fmr ,nd .ekSu
jeo.;a úh yelsh' ukao h;a tlu jhia ldKavhla ;=<
idudkHfhka orejka tla;rd rgdjlg ;u is;=ï me;=ï yd
yeisÍï f.dvk.d .kafka h" hk wdl,amhla ;snqK;a ienE
l%shdldÍ;ajh ;=< we;eï úg fuh fjkia jk wjia:d o ;sìh
yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i orejka w;aú|sk w;aoelSï" orejkaf.a
iudc wd¾Ól mßirh jeks ;;a;ajhka ksid orejkaf.a iajNdjh
tla orefjl=f.ka ;j;a orefjl=g fjkia úh yels fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i orejkaf.a iajNdjh mokï lr .ksñka
fcïia (James) tlsfklg fjkia wdldrfha orejka j¾. y;rla
y÷kdf.k ;sfí' tkï ‘ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk orejka’(the
‘developing child’ ‘), f.da;%sl orejka (the ‘tribal child’), jeäysá
orejka (the ‘adult child’)" yd iudcYS,s orejka (the ‘social
child’) jYfhka fõ' fuys§ —jeäysá orejka˜ yd —iudcYS,s
orejka˜ lreKq jyd jgyd .ekSu" m%;spdr oelaùu fuka u
Okd;aul Ñka;kfhka o hqla; nj Tyq fmkajd foa (James
1995)' flfia fj;;a orejka iu. lrkq ,nk iudc úoHd;aul
m¾fhaIKj, § fuf,i úúOdldrfha orejka y÷kd .ekSu
w;HdjYH úh yels w;r tu y÷kd .ekSu wkqj orejka ;u
m¾fhaIKhg fhdod .kakjd o? keoao? hkak ;SrKh lsÍu
jeo.;a úh yels fõ' th tla;rd wdldrhlg orejdf.a iudc
udkisl ;;a;ajh i|yd jeo.;a úh yels w;r wks;a w;g wod,
m¾fhaIKfha úYajiks;j a h yd j,x.=Ndjh wdrlaId lr .eksu
i|yd o Wmldr fõ'
flfia fj;;a wod< m¾fhaIKh i|yd orejka f;dard .;a

miqj jqj o orejkaf.a úúO jQ iajNdjhka ms<sn| j wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍu w;HdjYH fõ' ukao h;a wOHkh i|yd f;dard .;a
orejka w;r mjd m¾fhaIlhd ms<sn| j wd.ka;=l ye`.Sulska
124
isák orejka isáh yels fõ' fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< orejka
ksoyfia ;u woyia oelaùug ìhla oelaùu" wêl ,eÊcd iy.;
nj jeks ;;a;ajhka Tjqka ;=< we;s ùug bv ;sfí'
flfia fj;;a fcdyekakd tkriafvdáh¾ fmkajd fokafka

fujeks ;;a;ajhka fkdje<elaúh yels ;;a;ajhla f,i we;eï
wh fmkajd ÿkak;a fuu ;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍu i|yd
l%ufõohka fhdod .; hq;= njhs' wehg wkqj fï i|yd tla
l%ufõohla jkafka orejka ;=< hï lsis wdldhrl n,.ekaùula
we;s lsÍuhs' tkï orejdg ;u u;jdoh ìhlska yd
wmyiq;djhlska f;drj bÈßm;a lsÍfï mßirh idod §u fuys§
woyia flf¾' fojekak jkafka orejdg .e<fmk wdldrfha
m¾fhaIK l%ufõohka fhdod .ekSu hs' by;ska o úia;r lrk
,oafoa m¾fhaIlhd yd orejd w;r ;sfnk n,fha wiudk;djh
m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾u W,a,x>Kh ùu i|yd iDcqj u fya;= jk
njhs' kuq;a weh fmkajd fokafka orejdg .e<fmk m¾fhaIK
l%ufõohka fhdod .ekSu ;=<ska by; ;;a;ajhka o wju lr .;
yels njhs (Einarsdottir 2007)'
flfia fj;;a orejka iu. iqyo;djh j¾Okh lr .ksñka

m¾fhaIKh i|yd Tjqkaf.a leue;a; ,nd .ksñka fuka u
leue;a; ,nd .ekSfuka miqj jqj o m¾fhaIKhg Tjqka fhdod
.ekSu fld;rï ÿrg idOdrK o hkak ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd hï
ld,hla .; ùug bv ;sfí' wks;a w;g fujeks ;;a;ajhka
myiqfjka f;areï .ekSug m¾fhaIlhdg orejka iu. jev
lsÍfï w;aoelsï fuka u l=i,;djhla o ;sìh hq;= fõ' fï ksid
jeäysáhka iu. lrk m¾fhaIKj,g jvd jeä ld,hla fuka
u jeä uqo,la orejka iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrk m¾fhaIKj, §
wjYH úh yels w;r ta i|yd fmr iqodkula ;sîu w;HdjYHh
fõ'
125
4. orejkag iqÿiq jk wdldrfha m¾fhaIK l%ufõohla
wkq.ukh lsÍu
´kEu m¾fhaIKhl § ta i|yd iqÿiq l%ufõohla fhdod

.ekSu ms<sn|j oeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug isÿjk w;r orejka
iïnkaO m¾fhaIKj, § ta ms<sn| j lrk ie,ls,a, ;j;a oeä
lsÍug isÿjkq we;' ukao h;a orejka iïnkaOj isÿ lrk
m¾fhaIKj, § m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾u wNsfhda.hg ,la jk
m%Odk wjia:djla f,i m¾fhaIlhska fmkajd fokafka o;a; /ia
lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd we;eï l%ufõohka fõ' orejkaf.ka
m¾fhaIKhg wjYH o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd idïm%odhsl
l%ufõohka fkd.e<fmk nj we;eï m¾fhaIlhskaf.a u;h ù
we;s nj by;ska o fmkajd fok ,È' flfia fj;;a
m¾fhaIlhska fmkajd fokafka orejkaf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd
.ekSug l=uk l%ufõohla wkq.ukh l<;a th orejka ;%dihg
m;alrk fuka u wNsfhda.;aul lreKla fkdúh hq;= njhs
(Morrow and Richards 1996).
fï iïnkaO j woyia olajk mqkaÉ (Punch) fmkajd fokafka

orejkaf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug <ud ys;ldó l%ufõohka
ms<sn| j m¾fhaIlhska ksrka;r wjfndaOhla ,nd .; hq;= njhs'
flfia fj;;a orejka jvd;a leue;a;la olajk <ud f,dalhg
b;du;a iïnkaO Ñ;%" lú" l;d" .dhkh jeks l%ufõohka fhdod
f.k orejkaf.a we;=<dka;h jvd;a fyd¢ka f;areï .; yels
nj Tyqf.a woyi ú ;sfí' fujeks l%ufõohka fhdod .ekSu
;=<ska lreKq lsysmhla imqrd .; yels nj fudyq fmkajd foa'
bka tla lreKla jkafka orejka fujeks l%ufõoj,g jeä
leue;a;la oelaùu;a" Tjqka ta i|yd jeä olaI;djhla oelaùu;a
fuka u orejkaf.a wjOdkh lv fkdù ;nd .ekSug tjeks
l%ufõoj,g jeä yelshdjla ;sîu hs' fojekak jkafka orejka
yd jeäysá m¾fhaIlhska w;r ;sfnk w;aoelSï j, fjki fuys
§ m¾fhaIKhg wys;lr f,i n, fkdmEug bv ;sîuhs'
;=kajekak f,i Tyq fmkajd fokafka úfYaIhka u l=vdu
orejka tl È.g tla wruqKl ;nd .eksug wmyiq úu ksid
126
fujeks l%u fhdod .ekSu jvd;a jdisodhl nj;a Tjqka mdi,
;=< fujeks l%u ksrka;rfhka mÍyKh lsÍug bf.k .kakd
ksid o;a; /ia lsÍu jvd myiqjkjd muKla fkdj th wdpdr
O¾u /l .ekSu i|yd o bjy,a jk njhs (Punch 2008) '
mqkaÉ f.a woyia ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lrñka fudfydka we;=¿

msßi (Mahon et al) fmkajd fokafka orejkag ixfõ§" orejka
jeä leue;a;la iys; l%ufõo Ndú; lsÍu ;=<ska jeäysáhka
úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk m¾fhaIKj, § orejkag jeä iykYs,S
Ndjhla fuka u ksoyia ye`.Sulska thg iyNd.sùfï wjia:djla
,efnk njhs' Tjqkag wkqj(
m¾fhaIlhd orejka iu. uqyqKg uqyqK,d m¾fhaIKh

fufyhùfï § Zjeäysá wêldÍ;ajhZ ;shqKq .eg¨jla
njg m;aùug fndfyda bv lv ;sfí' jvd úúO;ajfhka
hq;= yd ks¾udKYS,S l%ufõohka fhdod .ekSu yryd fuu
.eg¨j ;ru;a ÿrg fyda wju lr .ekSug wjia:dj
Wodfõ' Ñ;% yd rEm udOH jeks wka;¾ l%shdldÍ
l%ufõohka fhdod .ekSu WodyrK f,i fmkajd
§hyelsh (Mahon et al 1996: 149)1.
by; lreKq wkqj fmkS hkafka jeäysáhka iu. lrk

m¾fhaIKj, § fhdod .kakd m¾fhaIK l%ufõo ta whqßka u
orejka fjkqfjka fhdod .ekSu orejkag fuka u m¾fhaIlhd
;=< o wmyiq;d we;s ùug fya;= jk njhs' fï u;h ta
wdldrfhka u ikd: lrk we,av¾ika fmkajd fokafka
jeäysáhka i|yd fhdod .kakd iïuqL idlõPd l%uh" m%Yakdj,S
msrùu jeks l%ufõohka orejka i|yd fkd.e,msh yels jqj;a
tajd hï kùlrKhlg ,la lrñka" orejkag .e<fmk
wdldrhg fjkia lrñka fhdod .eksu tu .eg¨ wju lsÍug
fya;= úh yels njhs' WodyrKhla f,i m%Yak weiSu fjkqjg
1
The ‘problem’ of adult authority in realtion to children may be acute when
the child and the researcher are together on a one-to-one basis. The
adaptation of more varied and imaginative research methods may make it
posible to over come these problems to some extent; for example, interactive
methods such as video and drawings (Mahon et al 1996: 149).
127
mska;+r fmkajd lreKq ,nd .ekSu" m%Yakdj,s ieliSu i|yd
orejkaf.a woyia ,nd .ekSu jeks lreKq fuys § isÿ l< yels
nj wehf.a u;h fõ (Alderson1995)' flfia fj;;a by; lreKq
wkqj fmkS hkafka l=uk l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lrñka o;a;
/ia l< o ta u.ska lreKq folla iïmq¾K úh hq;= njhs' bka
tla lreKla jkafka m¾fhaIlhska yd orejka w;r mj;sk
n,fha wiudk;dj wvqjk wdldrfha l%ufõohka Ndú; lsÍuhs'
fojekak jkafka orejka wmyiq;djhkaj,g ,la fkdfldg
i;H lreKq ,nd .ekSug yelshdjla we;s l%ufõo Ndú; lsÍuh
5. orejkag myiqfjka f;areï .; yels NdIdjla fhdod

.ekSu
´kEu m¾fhaIKlhl § m¾fhaIK m%Yak ud,dj jeks oE
ilia lsÍfï § th m%;s.%ylhdg myiqfjka f;areï .; yels jk
fia ilia lsÍu w;HdjYH lgqh;a;la jk w;r fuh orejka
iïnkaOfhka úfYaI ie,ls,a,la oelaúh hq;= lreKla fõ' ukao
h;a jeäysáhka Ndú; lrk we;eï jpk orejkag lsisfia;a
f;areï .; fkdyels wjia:d we;s úh yels w;r we;eï úg
jerÈ f,i jgyd .ekSug o bv ;sfí' fï iïnkaOj woyia
olajk wh¾,kaâ iy fydf,afõ (Ireland and Holloway) fmkajd
fokafka orejkag iSud iys; jpk ud,djla ;sîu ksid orejka
jeäysáhka mjik oE ta whqßka u f;areï .kSú o? hkak iel
iys; njhs' wks;a w;g Tjqka fmkajd fokafka orejka Tjqkag u
wdfõksl NdIdjla Ndú; lrk w;r th jeäysáhkag f;areï
.ekSug fkdyels jk wjia:d o ;sìh yels njh (Ireland and
Holloway 1996)' fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< orejkaf.a NdIdj
f;areï .ksñka Tjqkaf.a NdId yelshdfõ ;sfnk iSudlï y÷kd
.ksñka m¾fhaIKh fuyhùu u.ska wod, orejka fuka u
m¾fhaIlhd o wmyiq;djhg m;aùu je<elaúh yels w;r ta
u.ska m¾fhaIKfha j,x.=Ndjh fuka u úYajikS;ajh o ;yjqre
jk nj fmkajd Èh yelsh'
128
idlõPdj
fuu ,smsfhys uq,sl wruqK jqfha orejka iïnkaOj isÿ

lrk iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § isÿ úh yels wdpdr
úoHd;aul .eg¨ fudkjd o? yd tajd wju lr .; yels ud¾.
fudkjd o? hkak idlÉPd lsÍu fõ' by;ska idlõPd l<
lreKqj,g wkqj orejka iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrk m¾fhaIKj,
§ wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= m%Odk lreKq lsym s hla y÷kd.;
yelsh'
bka m<uq jekak jkafka orejka ieneúka u

jeäysáhkaf.ka fjkia jkafka o? hkak meyeÈ,s j y÷kd.;
hq;= ùuhs' mqoa., fm!reI;aj ixj¾Okh ms<sn| is.auka f*%dhsâ
(Freud 1939), fuka u tßla tßlaika (Ericson 1995)
jekakkaf.a woyia msÍlaiSfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka orejka
jeäysáhkaf.ka fjkia h" hkak wújdod;aulj ms<s.; yels
njhs' WodyrKhla f,i is.auka f*%dhsâ fmkajd fokafka wjê
myla Tiafia orefjl= ;u fm!reIh j¾Okh lr .ksñka
jeäysáfhl= njg m;a jk njhs' fuu wjê my ;=< orefjl=
is;k m;k wdldrh fuka u tu is;=ï me;=ï jhi;a iu.
l%udKql+, j fjkia jk wdldrh;a tu is;=ï me;=ï iudch
ms<s.;a wdldrhg ilia ùu i|yd jeäysáhkaf.a úfYaIfhka u
orejkaf.a uj we;=¨ mjqf,a idudðlhskaf.a yeisÍu n,mdk
wdldrh;a Tyq fmkajd § ;sfí' tfuka u tßla tßlaika o
orefjl= wjê wgla Tiafia ;u fm!reIh ilia lr .kakd
wdldrh;a úfYaIfhka u tu yev.eiau flfrys iudc mßirh
isÿ lrk n,mEu ms<sn|j;a Tyq ;u kHdh u.ska idlÉPd fldg
;sfí' fï lreKq wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka is;=ï me;=ï" w;aoelSï
j,ska muKla fkdj NdId yelshdj fuka u l=i,;djkaf.ka o
orejka jeäysáhkaf.ka fjkia jk njhs'
fuu ,smsfhka biau;= jk fojk lreK jkafka

ieneúka u orejka jeäysáhkaf.ka fjkia jkafka kï orejka
fjkqfjka Tjqkag wdfõksl jq m¾fhaIK l%ufõohla Ndú; l<
129
hq;= o? hkak fõ' fï iïnkaO j by;ska idlÉPd lrkq ,enQfõ
jeäysáhka i|yd fhdod .kakd l%ufõo jqj o we;eï kúlrKh
lsÍï Tiafia fhdod .; yels jqj;a orejka jvd;a leue;a;la
olajk uq,dY%hka fhdod .ksñka Tjqkaf.ka o;a; ,nd .eksu
jvd jeo.;a jk njhs' kuq;a fuys § fmkajd Èh hq;= jeo.;a u
lreKla jkafka o;a; /ia lsÍfï § by;ska olajd Æ mßÈ o;a;
/ia lsÍfï l%ufõohka f;dard .ekSfï§ jhi" w;aoelSï" l=i,;d
yd yelshdjka yd m%;s.%dylhskaf.a iudc ;;a;ajh jeks lreKq
muKla fkdj orejkaf.a iudc ixialD;sl mßirh" fN!;sl
yev.eiau" m¾fhaIK m%Yak muKla fkdj m¾fhaIlhdf.a
yelshdj yd l=i,;djh o jeo.;a jk nj hs'
fï ksid orejka iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrkq ,nk

m¾fhaIKj, § jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka orejka jeäysáhkaf.ka
fjkia jkafka o? yd Tjqka fjkqfjka fjkia u wdldrfha
l%ufõohka fhdod .; hq;= o? hkak fidhd n,kjdg jvd
m%Yakfha iajNdjh wkqj yd fjka fjka jYfhka orejkaf.a
iajNdjh y÷kd .ksñka m¾fhaIKh fufyh úu nj fmkajd Èh
yels fõ' fï ksid orejka iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrk iudc
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj, § wdpdr O¾u lvùï wju ùug kï
lreKq lsyshla ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj fmkajdÈh
yels fõ' tkï ta ta orejdf.a iajNdjh meyeÈ,sj y÷kd .ekSu"
orejkaf.ka wikq ,nk m%Yak" m¾fhaIK ixo¾Nh" orejka l=vd
u orejka o jeäysá orejka o hkak meyeÈ,s j y÷kd .ekSu"
m¾fhaIlhdf.a wdl,am yd yeisÍu jeks lreKq fï w;Íka
m%Odk fõ' úfYaIfhka u m¾fhaIKh mgka.ekafï isg
wjidkh f;la m¾fhaIlhd orejkaf.a iajNdj ms<sn| j
l,amkdldÍ úh hq;= w;r orejka iu. .kqfokq lsÍfï § ;ud
Ndú; lrk fm!oa.,sl NdKav ms<sn| j mjd is;d ne,Sula l<
hq;= fõ' WodyrKhla f,i we`ÿï Ndú; lsÍfï § fuka u wõ
lkakdä jeks oE Ndú; lsÍfï § jqj o orejka ta fjkqfjka
olajk m%;spdr uekúka wjfndaO lr .eksu fuys § b;du;a
jeo.;a nj lsj yelsh' fï ksid orejka iu. lrk
m¾fhaIKj, § orejkaf.ka leue;a; ,nd .eksu fuka u
130
Tjqkag iqÿiq l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lsÍu muKla fkdj ;ks
;ks jYfhka orejkaf.a iajNdjh y÷kd .eksu" orejkaf.a
iudc ixialD;sl mßirh y÷kd .eksu jeks lreKq u.ska wdpdr
O¾uh lvùu wju lr .ekSug yelshdjla ,efnk w;r ta
u.ska m¾fhaIKfha úYajikS;ajh yd j,x.=Ndjh o by, kxjd
.ekSug yels jkq we;'
orejka ms<sn| j j¾;udkh ;=< m¾fhaIK isÿ lsÍfï §

by; lreKq ms<sn|j fndfyda úg ie,ls,su;a jk wdldrhla
olakg ,efnk w;r fï iïnkaOj we;s ù ;sfnk l;sldj ta
i|yd fndfyda úg fya;= ù ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i hqksfi*a
(UNICEF) ixúOdkh u.ska isÿ lrk wOHkhj, § by; lreKq
ish,a, u flfrys oeä wjOdkhla fhduq fldg ;sfnk w;r tu
ixúOdkh tla;rd wdldrhlg orejka iïnkaO j isÿ lrk
wOHkj, § wdpdr O¾uj, wjYH;djh ms<sn| j l;sldj
wdrïNhg o odhl;ajh imhd we;s nj fmkajdÈh yelsh
(UNICEF 2015; Berman et al 2016; Berman and Albright 2017).
tfuka u —hqoaOfhka mSvkhg m;a orejka yd Tjqkaf.a

mqkre;a;dkh˜ ms<sn|j l;=jrhd úiska isÿ lrk wOHkh ;=< §
orejka iïnkaO m¾fhaIK yd wdpdr O¾u ms<sn| l;sldj
fnfyúka bjy,a jq w;r th orejkag n,mEula fkdfldg
j,x.= Ndjhla iys; wOHkhla lsÍug bjy,a jq nj fmkajdÈh
yelsh (Thoradeniya 2009, 2017)' úfYaIfhka u tu
m¾fhaIKj, § m%;. s %ylhska hqoaOfhka mSvkg m;a jq orejka jQ
neúka Tjqka j wOHkhg md;% lsÍu wNsfhda.hla jq w;r tu
wNsfhda.hg uqyqK §fï § by; lreKq ms<sn| j fnfyúka
ie,ls,su;a jk ,È' úfYaIfhka u wOHkh wdrïNhg fmr
orejkaf.a jeäysáhka fuka u orejka iïnkaO ù isá wdh;k
(mdi,a" wd.ñl wdh;k fuka u mqkre;a;dmk jev igykaj,)
ks<OdÍka oekqj;a lsÍu isÿ lrk ,È' miqj orejka oekqj;a
lsÍu" orejka iu. úfkdaod;aul yuqjg lsym s hla mej;aùu"
orejkag m¾fhaIKh ms<s|j l%ufhka wjfndaOhla ,nd §u"
m¾fhaIKh ksis f,i wdrïN l< miq orejkag .e,fmk
131
wdldrfha l%ufõohka fhdod .ekSu fuka u wjYH úgl
m¾fhaIKfhka bj;a úug fyda myiq f,i o;a; ,nd §fï bv
lv ,nd §u jeks l%ufõohka fuys § fhdod .kakd ,§' fuf,i
orejka iïnkaO m¾fhaIKj, § fndfyda úg j¾;udkfha wdpdr
O¾u ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jqj;a fï lafIa;%h ;=< m¾fhaIK isÿ
lrk kjl m¾fhaIlhskag ;jÿrg;a ta ms<sn| j yeoEßh hq;=
w;r ta ms<sn| j ksis wjfndaOhla ,nd .; hq;= nj fmkajd Èh
yelsh' ta i|yd m%Odk; u fya;=j f,i fmkajd Èh yelafla ksis
wjfndaOhla fyda m<mqreoaolska f;drj orejka iu. m¾fhaIK
lsÍu tla;rd ÿrlg orejkag wys;lr n,mEï we;s ùug;a wks;a
w;g m¾fhaIlhd o m¾fhaIKh w;r;=r úúOdldrfha .eg¨
j,g uqyqK§ug bv ;sìu;a fõ' tfuka u th m¾fhaIKfha
id¾:l;ajhg fuka u j,x.=Ndjhg o wys;lr f,i n, mE
yels h'
wdY%s; .%ka:
Alderson, P.
1995 Listening to Children: Children, Ethics and
Social Research. London: Barnardos.
Bannister, A., Barrett, K., and Shearer, E. (eds).

1990 Listning to Children: The Profetional Response to
Hearing the Abused Child, London: NSPCC/Wiley.
Berman, G., and Albright, I.

2017 Children and the Data Cycle: Rights and
Ethics in a big data world. In nocenti Working
papers, UNICEF Publication.
Berman, G., Hart, J., Mattellone, E., and Tanner, T.

2016 What We Know about Ethical Resrach Involving
Children in Humanitarian Settings: An Overview of
132
Principles, Literature and Case Studies. UNICEF
Publication.
Cree, E.V., Key, Helen., and Tisdall, Kay

2002 Resarch with Children: Sharing the Dilemmas. Child
and Family Social Work. Vol. 07, no 01, pp. 47-56.
Einarsdottir, Johanna
2007 Research with Children: Methodological and
Ethical Challenges. European Early Childhood
Education Research Journal. Vol.15, No. 2, pp. 197-
211.
Erikson, E.
1995 Childhood and Society. London: Vintage.
Flewitt, Rose
2005 Conducting Research with Young Children:
Some Ethical Considerations. Early Child
Development and Care, 175(6), pp. 553-565.
Freud, Sigmund
1939 New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, New
York: W.W. Norton and company.
James, A.
1995 Methodalogies of Competence for a Competent
Methodalogy.Children and Society. Vol.12, pp.336-
348.
Kuper, J.
1997 International Law Concerning Child Civiliances in
Armed Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Lansdown, G.
1994 Children’s Rights, in B. Mayall (ed.), Children’s
Childhoods: Observed and Experienced. London:
Falmer press, pp. 33-44.
133
Mahon, A., Glendinning, C., Clarke, K., and Craig, G.
1996 Researching Children: Methods, and Ethikcs.
Children and Society, Vol, 10, no 2, pp. 145-54.
Morrow, V., and M. Richardsm.

1996 The Ethics of Social Research with Children: an
overview. Children and Society, Vol. 10(2), pp.90-
105.
Morrow, V.
1999 Its Cool, Cos You Can’t Give us Detentions and
Things, Can you?! Reflections on Researching
Children. In P. Milner and B. Carolin (eds). Time
to Listen to Children,. London: Routledge. pp. 203-
215.
Punch, Samantha
2002 Research with Children: The Same or Different from
Research with Adult? Childhood. Vol 09, No 2: pp.
321-341
Roberts, H.
2000 Listning to Children and: Hearing Them. In P.H.
Christensen and A. James (eds), Research with
Children: Perspectives and Practisess, pp. 225-240.
Thoradeniya, Kumari
2009 Sociological Study about War-Affected children in
Sri Lanka.School of Global Studies, University of
Gothenburg.
Thoradeniya, Kumari
2017 A Comparative Study of Psycho-Social Rehabilitation
Programmes for War-Affected Children in War-
Torn Sri Lanka. School of Golbal Studies, University
of Gothenburg.
134
iudc úuiqu Y%S ,xlddõ ¥IK
K ixialD;sh ms<sn| m%f;Hl wOHhkla iy ld¾gQka
2017 l,dmh wdY%h lr.ksñka lrkq ,nk iudc úoHd;aul úYaf,aIKhla
Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK ixialD;sh ms<sn| m%f;Hl wOHhkla

iy ld¾gQka wdY%h lr.ksñka lrKqq ,nk iudc
úoHd;aul úYaf,aIKhla
lreKd;siai w;=fldard<
yeÈkaùu
;=kajk f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a ie,ls,a,g .;a úg

wOHdmkhg uQ,sl jYfhka ;¾ckh t,a, lrkqqfha rgl
wOHdmk n, wêldßh hs' ck;djf.a fi!LHhg ;¾ckh t,a,
lrkqqfha rgl fi!LH fiajd wêldßh hs' iduhg iy kS;sfha
wdêm;Hhg ;¾ckh t,a, lrkqqfha m%Odk jYfhka fmd,Sish hs'
tfukau iudkd;au;djg iy idOdrK;ajhg ;¾ckh t,a,
lrkqqfha wdKavqj" rch iy foaYmd,k moaO;sh hs lSu m%n,
úfõpkhla jqjo" th fndfyda ÿrlg idOdrKhe hs ;¾l l<
yelsh' ukao fuu ishü wdh;k ck;djf.a wjYH;d bgq
lr,Su Wfoid ia:dms;j úldYkh jqj o" j¾;udkh jk úg
tajd th msysgqjd .;a iudch wNsNjd f.dia iudchg ;¾ckhla
jk whqrks a oejeka; ixúOdk f,i j¾Okh ù we;'
fuu wdh;k tajdfha uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh wu;l fldg

ck;dj wemfha ;ndf.k fyda m,syla f,i ;nd .ksñka
moaO;sh mj;ajd .ekSu iy moaO;sfhka ;ukg by<u m%;s,dN
iy jrm%ido w;alr .ekSu wrUhd lghq;= lrkqq ,nk nj
ukdj meyeos,s jk lreKls' fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldj
iïnkaOfhka o idOdrK jk nj furg wod< wêldÍka iy
l%shdOrhskaf.a yeisÍu ie,ls,a,g .;a l, meyeos,sj fmkS hhs'
md,lhska iy fiajd imhkakka n, ¥IKh ^wjNdú;h fyda
wêNdú;h& yryd n,h lsishï mqoa.,fhl= fyda mjq,l fyda
lKavdhul fyda wêldßhl fyda wdh;khl flakaø.; fldg
Tjqkaf.a iqNisoaêh i|yd muKla fmdÿ iïm;a Ndú;hg .efka'
fuhska meyeos,s jkafka n, ¥IKh iy wdêm;H w;r
iyiïnkaO;djhla mj;sk njhs' oskm;d mqj;am;a
lshjkafkl=g meyeos<sj ks.ukh l, yelafla wksl=;a fndfyda
rgj,aj,g idfmaCIj Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka fuh i;Hhla
135
Y%S ,xlddfõ
õ ¥IK ixialD;sh ms<sn| m%f;Hl wOHhkla iy ld¾gQka iudc úuiqu
wdY%h lr.ksñka lrkq ,nk iudc úoHd;aul úYaf,aIKhla 2017 l,dmh
njhs1' 2015 j¾Ifha oS meje;a jQ ue;sjrK fol ie,ls,a,g .;a
úg fmkS hkafka tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha m%Odk ue;sjrK
fmdfrdkaÿj jQfha ¥IKh msgq oelSu iy hymd,khla ia:dms;
lsrSu hkak hs' fufia n, wêNdú;h fyda n, wjNdú;h
fya;=fldg f.k iudkH uyck;djf.a nÿj,ska iy Y%ufhka
ish jegqma iy fjk;a m%;s,dN ,nk fiajd imhkakka iy
m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska ^j. jkakka& ck;djg ;¾ckhla ùu hs'
isú,a ck;dj md,kh lrKqq ,nkafka wdKavqj iy rch

hs' flfia jqjo isú,a mqrjeishka fuu wdh;k úiska lrKqq
,nk ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍfï oS th u¾okh lsrSu
Wfoid Wla; wdh;k Ndú; lrKqqfha m%pKav;ajh hs (violence).
fufia ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj, ¥IK iy NSIK ixialD;shla
(culture of violence and culture of corruption) mj;sk w;r tajd
ixialD;sl m%;sudkhka (norms) njg o m;aj we;ehs lSu hqla;s
hqla;h' fuys wjidk m%;sM,h jkafka rgl mj;sk kS;s
moaO;sh flfrys ck;dj ;=< mj;sk úYajdih ì| jeàu iy
tys m%;sM,hla f,i ck;dj kS;sh w;g f.k m%pKav f,i
m%;sl%shd oelaùu hs'
uE; ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k{hskaf.a" fmd,sia

ks<OdÍkaf.a iy rdcH fiajlhskaf.a yeisÍu ksÍCIKh lrK
úg by; úia;r l< ;;a;ajh ukdj Tmamq fõ' fuu ¥IK
1
. j¾;udkfha fndfyda foaYmd,lhska iy úúO isú,a wdh;k úiska m%isoaêfha
iy újD;j idlÉPd lrk m%Odk;u m%Yakh kï úreoaO mCIh tkï tjlg
n,fha isá ckdêm;s iy Tyqf.a ys;j;=ka iy {d;Ska úiska lrk ,o ¥Is;
Ndú;hka ms<sn|j h' ue;sjrK iufha iy ch.%yKh l< uq,a wjêfhaoS ¥Is;
Ndú;hla ms<sn|j j¾;udk wdKavqj úiska uyck /iaùuj,oS iy udOH
idlÉPd mj;ajñka lreKq bosrsm;a l<y' j¾;udkh jk úg;a th kej;S
fkdue;' we;s ù ;sfnk fjki jkafka j¾;udkfha ¥Is; Ndú;hka ms<s|j
úfõkj,g md;% jQjka ;uka kS;sfha /yekg w,a,d fkd.;a njg jyis nia
fodvñka j¾;udk wdKavqfõ iy m%n, foaYkd,k{hskaf.a ¥IK l%shd yqjd
olajñka lghq;= lsÍu hs' m%Odk mCI fol tl;=j fufia uyd mrsudK
¥IKhka ms<sn|j m%isoaêfha idlÉPd l< o" tjka ¥Is;hka Wfoid kS;sh
ls%shd;aulùfï úYd, ukao.dó iajrEmhla mj;sk nj fmfka' fuhska fmkS
hkafka ¥IKh m%Odk mCI w;r wfkdakH wjfndaOhlska hql a;j isÿjkakla
hhs iuyre ;¾l lsÍuhs'
136
Ndú;hka wjidkfha oS rfÜ iudc" wd¾:sl" foaYmd,k iy

ixialD;sl ÿ.S nj ks¾udKh lsÍu Wfoid n,mdkq ,nhs'
¥IKh ms<sn| ks¾jpk yd ta iïnkaO .eg¨
úlsmSähd úYaj fldaIhg wkqj ¥IKh hkak úia;r

lrkqqfha2 lsishï mqoa.,fhl= wêldrshl ks<hla fyda ;k;=rla
fydnjk wjia:djl tu mqoa.,hd jxpksl fyda wdpdr O¾u
úfrdaë f,i ish n,h fm!oa.,sl jdish ;ld fhdod .ekSu
¥IK Ndú;hla f,ih' iuyr rgj, kS;suh Ndú;hka f,i
lmamï .ekSu jeks l%shdldrlï mej;=k o" tjka l%shdldrlï
¥IK Ndú;hka f,i w¾: .ekaúh yel' rdcH fyda foaYmd,k
¥IKh hkqfjka woyia jkafka rdcH iy wdKavq n,h ysñj tu
;k;=re fydnjkakd ^kss<Odßhd fyda mqoa.,hd& ish fm!oa.,sl
m%fhdackh msKsi ish ks<n,h whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSuhs'
f,dal nexl=j úiska ¥IKh hkak fjkia wdldrhlg

ks¾jpkh lrhs' f,dal nexl=j fmkajd fokafka fkdi,ld
yeÍu iy mdßißl ydksh hkdosh fuka ¥IKh o ixj¾Okfha
m%Odk y;=re n,fõ.h njhs3' by< uÜgfï oS (macro level)
¥IKh ixj¾Okh flfrys RK n,mEula t,a, lrhs' kuq;a
2
. “Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person
entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit.
Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement,
though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries.
Government, or 'political', corruption occurs when an office-holder or other
governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain”.
(www.wikipedia.org/Downloaded on the 2th June 2016).
3
. “… like ignorance and environmental degradation, corruption is a great
enemy of development…” Corruption and Development, remarks for the
international symposium on the prevention and control of financial fraud by
Pieter Bottelier, Senior Advisor, East Asia and Pacific Region, The World
bank, Beijing, Oct. 19, 1998. Interne Corruption and Development, remarks
for the international symposium on the prevention and control of financial
fraud by Pieter Bottelier, Senior Advisor, East Asia and Pacific Region, The
World bank, Beijing, Oct. 19, 1998. (www.worldbank.org).
137
Y%S ,xlddfõ
¥IKh ÿ.shd flfrys n,mdk wdldrh fuhska úia;r
fkdflfrys' ;sridr ixj¾Okh Wfoid fkdajßÜia moku o
¥IKh úúO me;sj,ska úia;r lrhs' úlsmSähd ks¾jpkhg wkqj
úYd, uÜgfï ¥IK wdKavqfõ by< uÜgfï oS isÿjk w;r th
foaYmd,k" kS;suh iy wd¾:sl moaO;sh flfrys n,mdkq ,nhs'
úoaj;=ka úiska úúOdldr ÿIs; yeisÍï ms<sn| idlÉPd

lr we;' t u.ska wka;¾ cd;sl" l%udkql+," úYd, iy l=vd
mßudKfhka oshqKq iy oshqKq jk rgj, ¥IKhka .ek;a
idlÉPd lr we;' ¥IK ixcdhk o¾Ylhg (Corruption Index)
wkqj ÿmam;a rgj,ska by<u uÜgfï ÿIs; yeisÍï jd¾;d fõ'
tu f;dr;=re j,g wkqj ÿIKfha wys;lr m%;sM, jeä jYfhka
n,mdkq ,nkafka iïm;a rys; ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
rgj,gh' ,;ska-weußldkq iy wm%sldkq rgj, ¥IK Ndú;hka
ms<sn| úúO me;sj,ska úYaf,aIKh l< f;dr;=re we;' flfia
jqj o ol=Kq wdishd;sl úoaj;=kag wkqj tu rgj, ixj¾Okh
flfrys ¥IK Ndú; m%Odk;u ndOlhla jqj o" ta ms<sn|j olajd
we;s Ydia;%Sh Wkkaÿj u| njla olakg mq¨jk' ta i|yd n,mdk
tla m%Odk idOlhla jkqfha ¥IK Ndú;hka tu rgj, tosfkod
lghq;=j, fldgila njg m;aj ;sîu fya;=fjks' tu ksid l=ula
ksjeros o" l=ula jeros o hkak ms<sn|j meyeos<s;djhla ck;djg
fkdue;slu ksid fujka ;;a;ajhla we;s úh yel'
wd¾:sl ÿ.S nj iy ¥IKh tlsfklg lsÜgq

iïnkaO;djhla we;' tkï ¥IKh ÿ.S nj ks¾udKh lsÍfï ,d
fyda ÿ.S nj ¥IKh ks¾udKh lsÍfï ,d fyda n,mEula we;s
lsÍu hs' l=ula isÿjqj o jeo.;a lreK jkafka ¥IKh úiska
moaO;sh fj,d.;a miq we;a;ka moaO;sfhka fm!oa.,sl m%fhdack
.ekSu;a iu. mqoa.,hka yg tu moaO;sfhka m%fhdack .;
fkdyels ùuhs' fuys wjidk m%;sM,h jkafka ¥IK moaO;shla
;=< ÿ.S ck;djg ish fiajdj ,nd .ekSu Wfoid lmamï uqo,la
(bribe price) f.ùug isÿ ùuhs' fï wdldrhg ish uQ,sl wjYH;d
bgq lr .ekSu Wfoid lmamï f.ùfï oS ÿ.shdf.a uQ,sl iy
udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Kh ùula isÿ fjhs'
138
fujka ;;a;ajhla oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia mj;sk úg

wirK iy ÿmam;a fldgia moaO;sh flfrys we;s úYajdih m¿ÿ
lr .kshs' fujka lKavdhï rdcH md,kh ,nd .ekSug
wfmdfydi;a l=vd foaYmd,k lKavdhï f,i moaO;shg úreoaOj
lghq;= lsÍu i|yd iïnkaO lr .ekSug iu;a fõ' fndfyda
¥mam;a rgj, foaYmd,k b;sydih" úfYaIfhkau ol=Kq
wdishd;sl rgj, Y%S ,xldj o we;=<;aj by; oelajQ m%jK;d
olakg mq¨jk' YS% ,xldfõ 1971 oS iy 1989-90 ld,h ;=< rdcH
úfrdaë ;reK keÕsàï fya;= fldgf.k oyia .Kka ;reK
cSú; rgg ke;s úh' ckdêm;s ;reK fldñiï jd¾;dj ^1990&
fmkajd oS we;af;a fudjqka úiska bosrsm;a l< m%Odk;u
úfrdaO;d mdGhla jQfha zfld<Ug lsrs wmg lelsß— hkak u.ska
n, ¥IKh iudc wiudk;djh j¾Okh lsrSu flfrys n,mdk
wdldrh ms<sn| woyila njhs' fuu ke.sàï rfÜ ixj¾Okh
flfrys úYd, RKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrk ,oS'
iEu iudchlau mdfya ¥IK yeisÍï yd ¥IK Ndú;

jeros yeisÍula f,i ixcdkkh lrkqq ,nhs' ;jo Yla;su;a
iudc iy kS;suh ovqjï o ia:dms;j mj;S' fndfyda ixialD;Ska
ys lmamï oSu my;a .Kfha l%shdjla f,i y÷kajhs' th w¾:
oelaùu Wfoid my;a nj yeÕfjk jpk Ndú; flfrys' YS%
,xldfõ lmamï oSu fkdfyd;a hula lrjd .ekSu msKsi whq;=
f,i uqo,a fyda fjk;a hula oSu ye|skaùu i|yd Ndú;
lrKqqfha crdj hk jpk hhs' tfia uqo,a oSu crdj oSu f,i
ye|skafjhs' Th jefâ lr .;af;a crdj oS,' Th jefâ lr .kak
mq¨jka crdj ¥kafkd;a' yeu ;eku crdj' fuu Ndú;hka
ixialD;sl ks¾udKhla jk fyhska ¥IKh iy ¥IK Ndú;hka
iudcfha idudkH fohla njg m;aj;au th ck;dj ixcdkkh
lrk wdldrh wkqj th m%ldY lsÍu i|yd NdIdj ks¾udKh fõ'
fuu crdj hk isxy, jpkhg iDKd;aul w.hla oS we;af;a th
idrO¾u moaO;shg mgyeks ms<s.; fkdyels ls%shdjla jk
fyhsks' crdj u<my yeÕùu Wfoid Ndú; jk jpkhla jk
fyhska ÿIs; yeisÍu Wfoid iudch oS we;s jákdlu wmg jgyd
.; yel'
139
Y%S ,xlddfõ
iuyre —iï;sx˜ (something) hk jpkh o m.dj oSu
weÕùug Ndú; lr;s' iï;sx oSu uÕska hula lrjd .; yelsh
hk woyi iudch ;=< mj;S' fuh tla;rd wdldrhlg l=vd
mßudKfha ld¾hla lrjd .ekSug fyda hula blaukska lrjd
.ekSu jeks lghq;= w¾: oelaùu msKsi Ndú; lrk nj fmfka'
udOH jd¾;d j,g wkqj crdj .ekSu fyda oSu hk ¥IK
Ndú;hka YS% ,xldfõ fndfyda wdh;khka ys oelsh yel'
WodyrK f,i th .=jka f;dgqm," fudg¾ r: fomd¾;fïka;=j
wdY%s;j" fmd,Sish" wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" m<d;amd,k
wdh;k" foaYmd,k moaO;sh ;=<" úúO jHdmD;s ;=< iy udOH
wdh;k ;=< oelsh yels njg udOH jd¾;d ;yjqre lrhs' crdfõ
m%udKh" crdj .kakd wdldrh iy crdj b,a,k wdldrh
ia:dkhlska ia:dkhlg fjkia úh yel' flfia fj;;a fujka
¥IK Ndú;hka wjidkfha oS oeä f,i ÿ.shd flfrys n,mEula
we;s lrkqq ,nhs' úYd, uÜgfï ¥IK Ndú;hka ie,ls,a,g .;a
l, idudkHfhka crdj hk jpkh Ndú; fkdfõ'
,smsfha wruqKq
fuu ,smsfha m%Odk;u wruqK jkafka fu rg iudc

wd¾:sl ixj¾Okhg iy hymd,khg uy;a n,mEula we;s lrkqq
,nk ¥IK Ndú;hka Ydia;%Sh idlÉPd uÜgug f.k tauhs'
j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK Ndú;hka ms<sn| m%Yakh uyck;dj
idlÉPd lrk m%Odk;u lreKls' ;j o th ixj¾Okh flfrys
oeä n,mEula t,a, l< o" fuu ud;Dldj iudcSh úoHd{hskaf.a
iy úoaj;=kaf.a m%udKj;a wjOdkhg ,laj fkdue;s nj fmfka'
tfyhska fuu ,smsh ;=<ska ¥IK Ndú;hka isÿjk wdldrh
ms<sn| idlÉPdj lsÍug W;aidy flfrys' ;jÿrg;a fujka
;;a;ajhla ;=< wefkdaóh fkdfyd;a idrO¾u úrys; ;;a;ajhla
(anomic) iy kS;sfha wrdcsl;ajhla we;sùu flfrys n,mdkq
,nk w;r tu`.ska ÿ.shka wdrCId lsÍu Wfoid mj;sk wdrCIK
oe< (safety net) iy iudc úhuk (social fabric) úkdY jk
wdldrh ms<sn| úia;r flfrys' fuu ,smsh wOHdmk moaO;sh
;=< isÿjk ¥IK Ndú;hka" úfYaIfhka u <uqka fyd| fyda
ckm%sh hehs iudch ms<s.;a mdie,aj,g we;=<;a lsÍfï oS isÿjk
oE idlÉPd flf¾' mdie,a moaO;sh ;=< isÿjk ¥IK Ndú;hka
140
fuu ,smsh ,sùfï oS ie,ls,a,g .kq ,enQfha mdie, rgl

orejka iudcdkqfhdackh lrkqq ,nk m%Odk ;u wdh;kh jk
fyhsks' ;j o fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=< mj;sk ¥IK
Ndú;hka o fuu ,smsfha oS ie,ls,a,g .kq ,enQfha fmd,Sish
kS;sh iy iduh wdrCId lsrSu wrNhd;a" fmdÿ iy fm!oa.,sl
foam< wdrCId lsÍu Wfoid;a ia:dms; fldg we;s m%Odk;u
wdh;kh jk fyhsks'
¥IK Ndú;hka rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy mqoa.,sl

wdh;k j,o mj;S' kuq;a fndfydaúg tjka wdh;khkays ¥IK
Ndú;hka u;=msg g fkdmeñfKa' tneúka fuu ,smsh u`.ska rdcH
moaO;sh muKla ie,ls,A,lg f.k idlÉPd flf¾'
fuu ,smsh ,sùfï oS l¾;D úiska ixo¾N úYaf,aIKhla

lrkakg fhÿKs' uE;ld,Skj mqj;am;aj, olakg ,enqKq
f;dard.;a ld¾gQka lsysmhla Ndú; fldg ixo¾N úYaf,aIKhla
bosrsm;a lsrSug W;aidy .eKsk' ld¾gQka Ys,amshd hkq ck;djf.a
yDo iamkaokh iy kdä wjfndaO lr.; yels mqoa.,fhl= jk
fyhska fyf;u tu ck;d u;h iy iudc h:d¾;h
Wml%uYS,Sj iudc.; lsÍug W;aidy lrhs' fuu ld¾gQka
ne¨úg fmkS hkafka fndfyda wxYhkays" wêldÍkays iy
wdh;khka ys ¥IK Ndú;hka mj;sk njhs'
YS% ,xldfõ ¥IK Ndú;hka
Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IK fldñiu 1994 foieïn¾ udifha oS

ia:dms; l< o 1999 wf.daia;= udih olajd wjqreÿ ;=k yudrl
muK ld,h ;=< th l=vd m%udKfha meñKs,s myla muKla
mrSCIKhg ,lafldg ;snqKq njg jd¾;d fõ' fldñiug ish
l%shdldrlï id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wêldÍ n,h iy iïm;a
imhd fkd;snqKs' m%Yakh kï ckdêm;s úiska fuu fldñiu
m;a lf,a l=uk wjYH;djhla mokï lrf.k o hkakh' miqj
wdKavqj úiska wud;HdxYj, ¥IK Ndú;hka ms<sn| f;dr;=re
iDcqju ckdêm;s iu. ikaksfõokh lsrSu ms<sn| ;SrKh lrk
,oS' kuq;a fu u.ska ¥IKh wju lsÍu flfrys lsisÿ n,mEula
isÿjQfha ke;' thg tla m%Odk fya;=jla f,i oelaúh yelafla
141
Y%S ,xlddfõ
¥IK foaYmd,k iy mßmd,k moaO;Ska ckdêm;sf.a úOdhl
n,;, mjd wNsNjd hdug ;rï Yla;su;a ùuhs' ckdêm;s
fjkiaùu ¥IK Ndú;hka wvq lsrSu wrNhd n,mEula isÿ
fkdflrekq w;r ;jÿrg;a ¥IKh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd ;j
;j;a fodrj,a újD; flßK' hqoaOh u.ska wú u.ska mrdch
l<o" n,h wêl f,i Ndú; lsrSu lrkfldg f.k ¥IK
Ndú;hka ;j ;j;a j¾Okh jkakg úh' fuhg fyd|u
WodyrKhla kï tla;rd ckdêm;sjrfhl= úiska ish n,h
hgf;a mj;sk leìkÜ uKav,h yryd wêlrKh ;ukag wjYH
wdldrhg Ndú; lsrSug fm<öuhs'
miq.sh oYl fol ;=< ¥IK o¾Ylh jeäùfï

m%jk;djhla meje;s w;r 2002 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOj tu
o¾Ylfha w.h 4'2 la jQ w;r 2015 oS th 3'7 olajd fjkia úh'
fuh ¥IKh j¾Okh ùfï m%jk;djhla fmkakqï flfrys4'
ukao tu w.h wvqj;au ¥IK uÜgu j¾Okh ùula fmkakqï
lrk fyhsks' tu w.h 6'0 g jvd jeä kï ¥IK uÜgu my,
;;a;ajhl mj;S' fuhska meyeos,sj fmkS hkafka Y%S ,xldfõ
¥IK uÜgu l%ñlj j¾Okh ùuls'
wOHdmk fCI;%fha mj;sk ¥IK Ndú;hka
Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh i|yd úfYaIfhkau orejka fyd|

mdie,lg we;=<;a lr .ekSu Wfoid oreKq ;rÕhla mj;S' fï
ksid fndfyda mdie,aj, úÿy,am;sjre orejka we;=<;a lr
.ekSfï ld¾hfha oS m.dj .kakjdh hkak m%p,s; u;hls' fï
iïnkaOj isoaê úYd, jYfhka mqj;am;aj, jd¾;d jk w;r
tjka mqoa.,hskag úreoaOj kS;suh mshjr .;a wjia:d o
fndfydah'
wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j furg mdie,a mßmd,kuh

jYfhka iy iïm;a fnodoSu hkdoS lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k
4
www.transperancy.org.country
www.thegardian.com/world/curruption-index
142
j¾. lsysmhlg olajhs5' fyd| mdie,aj,g kjl isiqka n|jd

.ekSug we;s bv wvq neúka tajd i|yd orejka n|jd .ekSu iSud
iys; fõ' ;jo fuu fndfyduhla mdie,a k.r uOHfha msysgd
we;s fyhska tajdfha fN!;sl iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍfï yelshdj
by< h' úúO fya;= mokï fldgf.k fuu ckm%sh mdie,aj,
wfkl=;a mdie,aj,g idfmaCIj fndfyda myiqlï iy iïm;a
we;' fuu mdie,aj, úNd. iu;ajk m%;sY;h" úYajúoHd,hg
we;=<;a jk isiqkaf.a ixLHdj by< h' fujka mdie,aj, isiqka
we;=<;a lr.ekSfï oS" tu mdie,aj, wOHdmkh ,enq whg
úfYaI jeo.;alula ysñ fõ' Tjqka yryd mdie,g wu;r
jákdlula ,ndfok fyhska /lshd ,nd.ekSfï oS th uy;a fia
n,mdkq ,nk lreKls' mqoa.,fhl=f.a hym;a wkd.;h fujka
mdie,la u.ska ;SrKh lrkqq ,nhs' tfyhska fujka mdie,lg
orejka we;=<;a lsÍfï oS úYd, b,aüla mej;sh o" wjia:d
we;af;a lsysmfofkl= we;=<;a lr.ekSu i|yd muKs' mfya
YsIH;ajfhka iu;a jQ b;d iSñ; isiqka .Kklg tajdfha bv
,enqK o" úYd, orejka msßilg fuu mdie,aj,g we;=<;a ùfï
bv lv fkdue;6'
fujka fyd| fyda ckm%sh mdie,lg orejka we;=<;a lr

.ekSu i|yd ie,ls,a,g ,lalrK m%Odk;u lreKq w;r oekg
orejd mosxÑ ksjfia isg mdie,g we;s ÿr jeo.;a ks¾Kdhlh ls'
fï i|yd foudmshkag ish mosxÑh ;yjqre lsÍu Wfoid úYd,
,sÅ; f;dr;=re m%udKhla iemhsh hq;=j we;' tkï bvfï
Tmamqj" c, ì,am;a" úÿ,s ì,am;a" jßmkï nÿ l=ú;dkais"
.%dufiajlf.a jd¾;d" hkdosh fïjdg we;=<;a h' wfkla jeo.;a
5
' furg ishü orejkg úêu;a wOHdmkh fkdñ,fha ,efnk w;r mqoa.,sl
iy cd;Jka;r mdie,a w;f,diaila u.ska uqo,g wOHdmkh ,nd foa'
6
. iuyr jD;slhkaf.a <uqkag m<jk jir i|yd ish orejka we;=,;a lr
.ekSu msKsi jrm%ido ,nd oS we;' WodyrK f,i olajf;d;a wdrCIl wxYfha
jD;slhkag" ffjoHjrekag hkdoS whg tjka jrm%ido we;' fuho tla;rd
wdldrhl jD;sfha flAfj,alsÍfï n,h whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSula f,i
w¾:l:kh lsrSu ksjeroshe hs ;¾llsrSu idOdrK h' rfÜ ish,qu orejkag
wOHdmkh i|yd iudk wjia:d i,id ;sfí kï tjka jrm%ido,;a whg
m%uqL;djh ie,iSu o ¥Is; Ndúhla f,i ie,lSu ksjerosh' ukao fujka
jrm%idohla lKavdhï ksid n, rys; ÿmam;a mjq,a ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk
orejkag wOHdmkhg we;s iudk wjia:d je,lS hdula tu.ska isÿ fõ'
143
Y%S ,xlddfõ
lreK kï orejdf.a foudmshkag mdie,a ixj¾Ok wruqo,g
fld;rï uqo,a m%udKhla mrs;Hd. l<yels o hkak o
;SrKd;aul idOlh ls' furg wOHdmkh fkdñf,a imhk nj
m%ldY jqjo" fujka kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk wruqo,aj,g l<yels
iïudou jeo.;a ;SrKd;aul idOlhla njg m;aj we;'
iïudofï wju m%udKh mdie, úiska ;SrKh lrkqq ,nk w;r
by, mß;Hd.hla l< yels foudmshkag ish orejka we;=<;a lr
.ekSfï wjldYh by< h' fuu wruqo,g Rcqj uqo,a fyda
fjk;a NdKav ,ndoSfuka iïudoï úh yel' ck;dj úYajdi
lrKqqfha th lmamula f,ig h' iuyr úÿy,am;sjre úiska
fuu mß;Hd.h mrs.Kl ,ndoSfuka fyda fjk;a tjeks NdKav
,ndoSfuka l<yels nj foudmshkag okajkq ,n;a' fndfydAúg
fuu mKsúvh úÿy,am;sg;a jvd orejka we;=<;a lr.ekSug
W;aidy lrk foudmshka ksjerosj jgydf.k ;sfí'
úfYaIfhkau tjka NdKavhl j¾.h iy ;dCIKsl lreKq
fkdokakd iy tajdg fõ,djla fkdue;s foudmsfhda tjka
WmlrK .ekSu msKsi uqo,a ,nd foa' Tjqka lsisu wjia:djl ta
i|yd ì,am;a mdief,ka b,a,d fkdisákafka tu lmamu leue;s
wdldrhg fhdod .ekSug leue;af;kau bvlv ,ndoSu wrNhdh'
j¾;udkfha orejka mdie,aj,g we;=<;a lsÍu Wfoid

wod, meie,a i|yd foudmshka úiska whÿï l< hq;=h' iEu
foudmsfhl=u tjka fyd| mdie,a .Kkdjlgu whÿïm;a hj;s'
bka wk;=rej foudmshka úiska wjYH ,shlshú,s bosßm;a l<
hq;=h' whÿïm; ms<s.;fyd;a foudmshka le|jkq ,efí' iuyr
foudmshka foaYmd,k{hskaf.ka ,nd.;a ,sms o /f.k tk
wjia:d we;' iuyr wjia:dj, foaYmd,k{hskaf.a ^úfYaIfhka
úIhNdr weue;sf.a& ,sms fuu f;dark uKav,hg ;uka úiska
lsishï kS;s úfrdaë wdldrhg orejka n|jd .kafka kï
úÿy,am;sjre ish wdrCIdj i|yd fujka ks¾foaY ,sms fhdod
.kakg bv we;' wod, ishü ,smsf.dkq bosrsm;a lr ;sfí kï"
f;dark uKav,hg fyda lsysmfofkl=g ,ndÿka lmamu
m%udKj;akï iy f;dard .ekSfï oS ;ukag .eg¨jla fkdfõ
hhs ;yjqre fõ kï tjka orejka we;=<;a lr .efka'
144
orejka we;=<;a lr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk

foudmshka iu. l, idlÉPdj, oS meyeos,s jQfha Tjqka fuu
lmamï fyda m.d oSfï l%uh mss<sn| wjfndaOhla we;s nj h' ;jo
orejka we;=<;a l< iuyr foudmshka ;uka ksjeros wdldrhg
th lr.kakg W;aidy lf<a kï orejdg tu mdie, ,nd
.ekSug fkdyels jk njg lreKq bosßm;a l<y' fujka tla
orefjl= ms<sn|j fuu ,smsfha m%f;Hl wOHhkhla u`.ska lreKq
bosßm;a lr we;'
fuu m%f;Hl wOHhkh f;dard .ekSu úfYaI iudcSh

jYfhka we;s jeo.;alu ie,ls,a,g f.k isÿ lrkq ,oS' tkï
ish orejd fyd| mdie,lg heùu i|yd bosrsm;a jQ mshd
kS;S{fh ls' fudjqyq k.rfhka wE; m%foaYhl mosxÑj isá w;r
k.rfha lsisÿ ckm%sh mdie,lg orejd heùug fkdyels
;;a;ajhl isáhy' ukao ish mosxÑh ikd: lr.ekSu msKsi
ish¨ ,shlshú,s ks¾udKh lr.; hq;=j ;snqKs' fuu l+g ,shú,s
ilia lr .ekSu i|yd Tjqkag Wmldr lrK ,oafoa fuu
kS;s|hdf.a ñ;=frl= jQ fmd,Sisfha Wiia ks<Odßfhl= h' ish
orejd we;=<;a lr .ekSug W;aidy oerE mdief,a tjlg
úÿy,am;s f,i lghq;= lrk ,oafoa fuu kS;s|hdf.a ;j;a
ys;jf;ls' tu úÿy,am;s iy fuu kS;s{hd mYapd;a Wmdê
wOHhk lghq;= lrk ,oafoa tlg h' fuys oS jeo.;a lreK kï
.=rejrhd Y%S ,dxlsl ixialD;sfha iudch fufyhùfï ld¾hg
Wrfok jeo.;a iudc ixfla;hla ùuhs (ideal model or symbol).
orejd iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu" hym;a mqrjeisfhl= f.dv keÕSu"
orejd jevodhS f,i ilia lsÍu" ksjeros u.fmkaùu" hkdos
lghq;= lrkqq ,nkafka .=rejrhd hs' fmd,Sish jkdyS jeros
yeisÍu je<elaùu Wfoid isú,a ck;dj fjkqfjka fiajh lsÍu
msKsi ia:dms; fldg we;s wdh;kh hs' kS;s{hd hkq
widOdrKhla isÿ jQ úg isú,a ck;dj fjkqfjka fmkS isák
wdh;kh hs' fï ksid fuu ixfla; ;=k Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha
jeo.;a iudc ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrkqq ,nk nj fmkajdosh hq;=h'
fuu mrudo¾Y ixfla;u;a lrkqq ,nk mqoa.,hka

;sfokd tlaj Tjqka w;ßka tla wfhl=f.a orefjl= ckm%sh
mdi,lg heùu Wfoid ¥IK Ndú;hl fh¥Ks' Tjqka ksjeros
145
Y%S ,xlddfõ
ud¾.fha tu lghq;a; lrkakg .sfha kï orejdg k.rfha fyd|
mdie,la ,nd.; fkdyelsjkq ksh; h' flfia jqjo" fudjqka
;sfokdu fuu ¥IK ixialD;sh úiska ks¾udKh fldg we;s
wysxilhka f,i (innocent victims) ye|skaùu idOdrK h' fujka
mrudo¾Y mqoa.,hka ¥IK Ndú; flfrys fhduqjkafka kï wka
whf.a tjka ¥IK Ndú; .ek lreKq f;areï .; yel'
fyd| fyda ckm%sh mdie,a wdikakfhau mosxÑj isák

iuyr orejkag tu mdie,aj,g hdug fkdyels jQ wjia:d
tugh' bka tla m%Odk fya;=jla kï fuu fyd| mdie,a
wdikakfha mosxÑj isák iuyr kd.ßl wvq wdodhï,dNS
mqoa.,hskag ish mosxÑh ;yjqre lsrSu Wfoid ,shlshú,s fkdue;s
w;r tajd uqo,a oS ilialr .ekSug o j;alula o Tjqkag
fkdue;' fï ksid wdikak;djh hk m%Odk;u lreK i;H
jYfhkau ;yjqre flfrk kd.ßl wvq wdodhï,dNS ksjdij,
mosxÑ orejkag fuu mdie,aj,g we;=<;a úh fkdyel' ;jo
wudrefjka fyda tu ,shlshú,s uqo,a oS ilialr .;a; o" mdie,a
ixj¾Ok wruqo,g úYd, uqo,la mrs;Hd. lsÍfï yelshdj fuu
ÿmam;=kag fkdue;' fuhska meyeos,s jkafka lmamï oSfï by<
yelshdjla iy ¥IK Ndú;hg b,a¨ï l< yels uOHu fyda by<
wdodhï ,nk tla;rd mx;shlg fujka fyd| mdie,aj,g ish
orejka we;=<;a lr.ekSfï by, bvlvla mj;sk w;r i;H
jYfhka u mdie, wdikakfhau cSj;ajk ÿmam;a orejkag fujka
mdie,aj,g we;=<;a ùfï fkdyelshdjhs' fuh orejkaf.a uQ,sl
whs;sjdislula W,a,x>Kh lsrSula muKla fkdj" ;jÿrg;a
iudcfha ¥IK ixialD;sh mj;ajd f.khdug uy;a rel=,la
ùuhs' k.rfha jqjo wvq myiqlï iys; f,an,alrKhg ,la l<
mdie,a we;' tjka mdie,a j,g orejka we;=<;a lsÍug
foudmshka lsisfia;a Wkkaÿ fkdjk w;r tu mdie,aj,g
we;=<;a jkqfha ÿ.S iy fkdyelshdfjka fmf,k" iudc-wd¾:sl-
foaYmd,k n,fhka f;dr foudmshkaf.a orejkah' fï ksid
k.rfha ckm%sh mdie,a Okm;shkaf.a orejkag újD; jk w;r
ta i|yd ¥IK Ndú;hka osfkka osk j¾Okh jk nj fmkS hhs'
miq.sh oYl ;=kl muK ld,h ;=< b;d fõ.fhka

¥IKh iEu fCI;%hlu j¾Okh jQ w;r úúO jd¾;d yqjd
146
olajñka udOH jd¾;d lrk wdldrhg rgg wysñ jQ cd;sl Okh

b;d úYd,h' WodyrKhla f,i fï jk úg ckdêm;s
fldñiula u.ska úu¾Ykh fjñka mj;sk uynexl= ne÷ïlr
jxpdj muKla ie,ls,a,g .;a l, rgg wysñj we;s cd;sl
Okh w;s úYd, jk w;r tu.ska rfÜ ixj¾Okhg iy iqN
idOkhg lr we;s n,mEu w;s úYd,h' th fjku u wOHkhla
fldg lreKq wkdjrKh l<hq;= ld¾hhls' flfia fj;;a
iqNidOkh iy ixj¾Okh wvd,j;au tu.ska ÿ.Snj j¾Okh
ùu flfrys iDcq nmEula tla lrhs' fï ksid oekg mj;sk
ÿ.Snj wOHkh lsrSu msKsi Ndú; jk kHdhka iy ixl,am
m%udKj;a o hkak i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKls' ÿ.Snj ms<sn|
wd¾:sl m%fõYhka úYd, jYfhka úfõpkhg ,lajQ w;r Tiald
,qúia (Oscar Lewis 1959) úiska bosßm;a l< ÿ.Snfõ ixialD;sh
u.ska ÿ.shka úiska ÿ.shka ks¾udKh lsÍula isÿjk njg ;¾l
lrhs' fuu kHdh fndfydaÿrg Y=ø uÜugfuka ÿ.Snj f;areï
lsÍu i|yd m%fhdackhla jqj o" cd;sl uÜgfï oS isÿjk uqo,a
wjNdú;hka lrKfldgf.k ÿ.Snj uev,Sug m%d.aOkh
fkdue;slu hk id¾j ixo¾Nh wjfndaO lr .; yelso hkak
m%YaK l< hq;= fõ' fï wdldrfhka n,k l, fuf;la Y%S
,xldfõ ÿ.Snj ms<sn| flÍ we;s id¾j wOHhkhka (Oyen 1996;
SARRC 1992) uÕska wjfndaOlr .; yels o hkak .eg¨
iy.;h' b;d iq¿ ld,hla ;=< ÿ.Snj ;=rka lsrSu i|yd iDcqj
jeh l< yels fyda iqNidOkh yryd ÿ.sshka .,jd .ekSu fyda
ixj¾Ok m%fõYh yryd ÿ.Snj ;=rka lsrSu msKsi jeh l< yels
m%d.aOkh ¥IKh uÕska j<ld we;s fyhska" ¥IK ixialD;sh
ÿ.Snj flfrys lr ;sfnk n,mEu wOHhkh lsÍu b;du
jeo.;a nj fuysoS fmkajd osh hq;h
= '
m<uqjk m%f;Hl wOHhkh
uykqjr k.rfhka lsf,da óg¾ 7 l muK ÿrska msysá

ksjil kS;s{ r;akdhl" ffjoHjßhl jQ ish Nd¾hdj iy
orejka ;sfofkl= iu. cSj;a jQy' újdyfhka miqj Tjqka oekg
cSj;ajk ksji f.dvkÕd .kakd ,oS' fofokdu ms<s.;a
jD;a;Skays kshqla; jQ fyhska Tjqkag by< iudc ;;ajhla
,enqKs' orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla ,ndoSu Wfoid k.rfha
147
Y%S ,xlddfõ
msysá ckm%sh iy fyd|he hs iïu; rcfha mdie,lg ish
orefjl= we;=<;a lr .ekSug fyf;u is;=fõh' ;uka is;+
mdie, i|yd tu mdie, wdikakfha mosxÑ oyia .Kka <uqka
isák nj uekúka f;areï .;a fyf;u ÿr hk idOlh u; ;u
orejd tu mdie,g we;=<;a lr .ekSug fkdyels nj mila lr
.;s' fï ksid tu mdie,g orejd we;=<;a lr .ekSu i|yd
Tjqkaf.a mosxÑh ;yjqre lsÍfï ishü f,aLk7 idjoH f,i
ilia lr .; hq;= úh' Tyq fï ms<sn|j ish ñ;=frl= jQ
fmd,sisfha Wiia ks<Odrsfhl=g mejeiQ w;r tu ks<Odßhd ta
i|yd Wmldr lsÍug mqoa.,fhl= iïnkaOlr ÿks'
r;akdhl ish ñ;=rd y÷kajdÿka mqoa.,hd yuqù idlÉPd

l< úg tu mqoa.,hd m%ldY lr isáfha ;ud tjka lghq;= lsÍug
lsisfia;au leu;s ke;s nj;a" r;akdhlf.a b,a,Su m%;sfCIam l<
fkdyels fyhska fuu ld¾h Tyq i|yd muKla lr fok nj;a
h' moaO;sfha ks<OdÍkag hï hï f.ùïfldg fuu ld¾h l<
hq;= fyhska fyf;u ta i|yd jehjk uqo, m%ldY fldg
w;a;sldrï uqo,la muKla tu ld¾h wdrïN lsÍu msKsi b,a,d
we;' i;shla ;=< ;udg wjYH ishü idjoH ,smsf.dkq
r;akdhlg fuu mqoa.,hdf.ka ,nd .; yels úh'
r;akdhl idjoH f,i ilia lrk ,o ,smsf.dkqj o

/f.k wod< mdief,a úÿy,am;s yuq úh' úÿ,am;s ñ;=rd lshd
isáfha fujr whÿï m;a oyia .Kkla ,eî ;snqK o" r;akdhlg
jeä ie<ls,a,la olajd fuu ld¾h lroSug W;aiy lrk nj h'
kuq;a ;udg iy;sl úh fkdyels nj úÿy,am;s m%ldY lf<ah'
fï ksid r;akdhl kej; j;djla úÿy,am;s yuqùug .sfhah'
túg úÿy,am;s mdie,a ixj¾Ok wruqo,g lsishï mrs;Hd.hla
l< yels o hkak wid isáfhah' ;jÿrg;a úÿy,am;s m%ldY
fldg isáfha jHdmdßlhka úYd, uqo,la fuu wruqo,g mß;Hd.
lsÍug iQodkïj isák njh' flfia jqj o" ;ud jD;slhskaf.a
orejka yg wjia:djla ,ndoSug leue;s nj o m%ldY lrk ,oS'
7
. kssjfia Tmamqj" c, ì,am;a" úÿ,s ì,am;a" ÿrl:k ì,an;" .%du ks<OdÍ
iy;slh hkdosh mosxÑh ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi bosßm;a l, hq;=h'
148
r;akdhl ish orejkayg fyd| wOHdmkhla ,ndoSu

wruqK lrf.k ;snqKq fyhska tfia uqo,la f.ùug leue;s nj
m%ldY lrk ,oS' úÿy,am;s ta i|yd remsh,a ,laI tlyudrl
uqo,la f.jk f,i fhdackd lf<ah' r;akdhl Bg tl`. úh'
fuu uqo, tjlg úYd, uqo,la jqj o" fyf;u uqo, ,nd ÿka úg
ta i|yd ì,a m;la wjYHoehs úÿy,am;s wik ,oS' úÿy,am;s
wmyiq;djhlg m;alsÍug wlue;s jQ r;akdhl orejd we;=<;a
lr .kafka kï ì,am;aj, lsisÿ wjYH;djhla fkdue;s nj
okajd isák ,oS' flfia jqj o r;akdhlf.a orejd we;=<;alr
.ekSug úreoaOj hfula fm;aiï .eiSug bv we;s fyhska
úÿy,am;s ;ukaf.a wdrCIdj msKsi wod, úIhNdr weue;sf.ka
fyda fomd¾;fïka;=fõ by< ks<Odßfhl=f.ka r;akdhlf.a
orejd fuu mdie,g we;=<;a lr .ekSu ms<sn|j i,ld n,k
f,i b,a,d ,smshla f.k fok f,i b,a,d isáfhah' furg
weu;sjrekaf.ka ,smshla ,nd.ekSu t;rï wmyiq lreKla
fkdjQ fyhska weu;sf.a foaYmd,k ys;jf;l= ud¾.fhka tjka
,smshla ,nd .ekSug r;akdhlg yels úh' wjidkfha oS ish
orejd fuu mdie,g we;=<;a lr .ekSug r;akdhlg yels úh'
fuu m%f;Hl wOHhkh u.ska meyeos,s jkafka fuu

¥IK Ndú;h i|yd iïnkaO jQfha úÿy,am;s muKla fkdjk
nj;a ta i|yd ¥IK moaO;shla ks¾udKh ù we;s nj;a h' tu
tla tla mqoa., iy ldKav w;r m%ldYs; iy wm%ldYs;
f;areï.ekSï mj;S' iuyr wjia:dj, fuu lmamï uqo, orejka
f;dard .ekSu i|yd ;SrKh lrkqq ,nk lKavdhu w;r fnoS
hhs' fuu ;;a;ajh ksid thg úreoaOj ke.S isàug lsisfjl=g;a
yelshdjla fkdue;' lmamu f.jQ miq orejd f;dard.kakd
fyhska thska lsisÿ foudmsfhla ish f;dr;=re l=uk fya;=jla
u; fyda wkdjrKh lsÍug W;aidy fkdlrhs' tfukau mdie,a
jdrh wdrïN ù i;s lsysmhla .;jk ;=re iEu foudmsfhl=u
ish wfmaCIdj iu. isák fyhska wod< ld,h ;=< lsisÿ
wdldrhlska tu l%uhg úreoaOj kS;suh mshjr .ekSulg
bosrsm;a fkdfõ' f;dard .ekSfï uKav,h tla;rd wdldrhlg
tjka foudmshkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= iïmQ¾Kfhkau iqkajk
wdldrhg l;d lrkafka ke;' hï orefjl= fkdmeñKshfyd;a
149
Y%S ,xlddfõ
;j;a orejkg wjldY mj;Sh hk úYajdYh u; isák fudjqyq
lsisÿ kS;suh l%shdud¾.hla .ekSug W;aidy orkafka ke;'
;jo lsishï úu¾Ykhla isÿjqjfyd;a th iïmQ¾Kfhkau

orejkaf.a ,smsf.dkqj mokï fldgf.k isÿjk w;r
,smsf.dkqjl ksjerosNdjh úu¾Ykh lsÍu f;dard.ekSfï
lKavdhu i;= j.lSula fkdfõ' foudmshkaf.a wjYH;djh
¥IK moaO;shg úreoaOj lghq;= lsÍu fkdjk fyhska iy rdcH
moaO;sh tlaj fuu lghq;a; flfrk fyhska orejdg mdi,la
fidhk foudmshka moaO;sh msßisÿ lsÍu msKsi kvq yn i|yd
ish uqo,a kdia;s fkdfldg ish orejd i|yd fojk fyda f;jk
úl,am úÿy,lg we;=<;a lr .ekSu msKsi W;aiql fõ' ;jo"
lsishï fyhlska ,smsf.dkq úu¾Ykh fldg tajd idjoH njg
Tmamq jqjfyd;a ta i|yd j.lsj hq;= jkafka tajd ,ndÿka
foudmshka ñi tajd ilia l< fyda Ndr.;a wh fkdfõ' fï ksid
iuia: moaO;sh u hï hï wdldrhlg wjNdú;hjkays fyda
¥IK Ndú;hkays kshqla; jk fyhska ^foudmshkao we;=<;aj&
fuu ¥IK ixialD;sh fjkia lsÍu fyda úreoaOj lghq;= lsÍu
t;rï myiq lghq;a;la fkdfõ'
fuu ;;a;ajh fldf;laÿrlg iudc.;j ;sfío h;a

ld¾gQka Ys,amsfhl= mdie, yryd w,a,i hk úYd, jDlaIh
j¾Okh ù we;s whqre ukdj fmkajhs' mdief,a W.kajk m<uq
wl=re jk zwz wlaIrh m%:u jpkh f,i <uqkAg W.kajkafka
w,a,i nj ld¾gQka Ys,amshd w¾: olajhs' tu uyd jDlaIh
lsisfia;au bj;a l< fkdyels wdldrhg j¾Okh ù we;s nj o
tu.ska fmkakqï flf¾' b;sß ld¾gQka Ñ;% folska tlla u.ska
orejd lr;shdf.k úYd, uqo,la w;e;sj b;du wmyiqfjka
mdie,g hk wdldrh;a fojeks Ñ;%fhka úÿy,am;sjrfhl==
orejka uqjdfjka uqo,aj,g fl, y,ñka isák wldrh;a fmkajd
fohs'
150
151
Y%S ,xlddfõ
fmd,Sish iy ¥IK Ndú;
fmd,Sish úiska n,h wjNdú; lsÍu fyda wêNdú; lsÍu

iïnkaOj ck;dj úfõpkh lr;s' ;jo fï nj ffoksl udOH
jd¾;d u.ska idOl imhhs' rdjh mqj;am; jfrl bosßm;a l<
ld¾gQkhla u.ska fmd,Sish úiska foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a
wdYS¾jdo ueo ¥IK Ndú;hkays fhok nj w¾:j;a flßK' tys
by<u we;af;a rdcH ,dxPkh hs' bka n,fha wkqms<sfj,g wkqj
foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a PdhdrEm t,a,d we;' Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH
wdh;kj, wdfõksl ,CIKhla kï n, OQrdj,shg wkqj
foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a PdhdrEm by< isg my,g t,a,d
;sîuhs8' úfYaIfhkau ish,qu Wiia ks<OdÍkaf.a ld¾hd,
ldurj, mjd fuh oelsh yelsh' fndydaúg wm olsk qfha
ckdêm;s" w.ue;s iy wod, úIhNdr wue;sf.a PdhdrEm t,a,d
;sîuh' fuu ld¾gQkfhka w¾:j;a lrkqqfha tu by< foaYmd,k
n,hg uqjd ù fyda wdYS¾jdoh uOHfha fmd,Sish ¥IK
Ndú;hkays fhfok njls'
Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,Sish md,kh lrKqq ,nkafka

foaYmd,k{hska nj lSu t;rï w;sYfhdla;shla fkdfõ' ¥IK
foaYmd,k{hska wdrCId lsrSu msKsi fmd,Sisfha iuyr fldgia
Wkkaÿ jk w;r fmd,Sishg tu.ska hï hï jrm%ido iy jrodk
ysñ fõ' fï ksid fmd,Sish wdrCId lsÍu Wfoid ¥IK
foaYmd,k{hska o fmr,d Wkkaÿ fõ' fu u`.ska fuu
fomd¾Yjh wkfkdkH jYfhka jrm%ido iy ,dN m%fhdack
,nd .kS'
8
rdcH ks<OdÍkaf.a PdhdrEm fuf,i t,a,d ke;'
152
r:jdyk wxYfha fmd,sia ks<OdÍka m.dj .kakd nj

iudc.; lreKls' iEu n,Odßfhlau thg iïnkaO fkdjQj o
lsishï msßila tjka lghq;=j, kshqla;j isák fyhska fuu
woyi ks¾udKh ù we;s njg wkqudk l< yel' r:jdyk iy
ud¾. kS;sÍ;s iïnkaOj fmd,Sishg ßhÿrka fyda jdyk
iïnkaOj ´kEu jrola fidhd .ekSug iu;a wdldrhg
r:jdyk iïnkaO jeros ks¾jpkh fldg we;s fyhska o"
wêlrKh fmd,Sish bosßm;a lrkqq ,nk jd¾;d u; uQ,slj
msysgd isg ;Skaÿ m%ldY lrk fyhska o" tu jd¾;dj,g wNsfhda.
lrkakg lsisfjla bosrsm;a fkdjk fyhska o" kS;suh lghq;=
ksid isÿjk ysßyerh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;s ßhÿrka m.djla oS
lghq;a; wjika lr .ekSug WkkAÿ fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ wêlrK
l%shdoduh ck;djf.a ld,h kdia;slrK lghq;; a la jk fyhska"
wE; m%foaYhlska meñKs ßhÿfrl=g wdmiq meñKSu wmyiq
ksid;a" ta i|yd úYd, uqo,la iy ld,hla kdia;s l<hq;= ksid;a"
Widúhg úYd, ov uqo,la f.úh hq;= ksid;a" Widúhg bosßm;a
ùfï oS kS;s{hskag uqo,la jeh l, hq;= ksid;a" ßhÿrd
fmd,Sisfha fyda Widúfha ov uqo, fjkqjg tu wjia:dfõoSu
fmd,Sishg m.djla oS .eg,qj blaukska úi|d .ekSug W;aidy
orhs' r:jdyk iïnkaOj fmd,Sishg ia:dkSh ovhla kshu l<
yels jroj,a iy Widúhg bosßm;a l<hq;= jroj,a we;'
fmd,Sishg ov uqo, f.ùfï oS jqj o ish r:h fmd,Sish úiska
w,a,d .;a ia:dkfha isg wod< fmd,Sishg f.dia ov fld,hla
153
Y%S ,xlddfõ
fmd,Sisfhka ,nd.; hq;=h' miqj wdikak ;eme,a ia:dkhlg
f.dia tu ov uqo, f.jd l=ú;dkaishla ,nd.; hq;=h' miqj tu
l=ú;dkaish wod< fmd,sia ia:dkhg bosßm;a fldg wemhg
;nd.;a ;ukaf.a rshÿre n,m;%h wdmiq fmd,Sisfhka ,nd .;
hq;=h' fuh ld,h iy uqo,a jeh l< hq;= ld¾hls' hï fyhlska
ld¾hd, fõ,dfjka miqj fmd,Sish úiska ovh ßhÿrdg ÿkfyd;a
kej; oskhl ;eme,a ld¾hd,hg meñK ov uqo, f.úh hq;=h'
fï ksid ;ud w; we;s uqo, fmd,Sishg oS ish ld,h kdia;s
fkdfldg iy idfmaCIj wvq uqo,la ^,dN msrsjeh úYaf,aIKhla
fldg& f.jd ish .uk hdug ßhÿfrda W;aiql fj;s' Widúhg
bosßm;a l< hq;= jrola l<úg wvq ov .dia;=jla iys; ia:dkSh
ovhla f.jd fyda lsisu ovhla fkdf.jd m.djla oS .e,ù hk
ßhÿrka m%udKh b;d úYd, nj fndfyda ßhÿrka l<
m%ldYj,ska fmfka' kS;sh wl=rg ms,smosk iy m.dj oSu
m%;sfCIam lrk jD;a;slhka ia:dkSh ov uqo, rchg lrkqq ,nk
f.ùula jk fyhska m.dj fkdoS ld,h iy Okh kdia;sfldg
kS;s.relj ish ovh f.ùu fyda WidúfhA fmkS isàug W;aidy
lrK wjia:d we;'
fuu m.dj ,nd .ekSu msKsi lsishï wdldrhl

hdka;%Khla o fmd,Sish úiska ilia lr f.k we;' ;j o fuu
uqo, wod, ks<Odßhd fyda fofokd muKla ,nd .kakjdg jvd
thg iïnkaO ks<OdÍka lKavdhula w;r fnoS hk nj fndfyda
fofkl=f.a u;h hs'
fï fya;=j ksid ov uqo,ska úYd, m%udKhla rchg

fkd,efnk w;r lmamu wvq jegqma ,nk fmd,sia ks<OdÍkag
jl%j ,efnk fndakia uqo,la f,i fmkajdosh yel' fï ksid
ßhÿfrda o kS;s.rel ùu flfrys Wkkaÿ fkdfj;s' ukao kS;sh
l%shd;aul jkafka ¥IK wdldrhg jk fyhsks' fï ksid h;=re
meoshka wdrCIl ysiajeiau (helmet) Ndú; lrkqqfha ysi
wdrCIdlr .ekSu msKsi fkdj fmd,Sisfhka wdrCIdùu Wfoid
h' ;j o ßhÿrka kS;sh /lSug Wkkaÿjkjd fjkqjg ßhÿrka
w;r ikaksfõokh yryd fmd,Sish ud¾.fha bosßfhka isák
njg f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ks;s' fndfyda nia ßhÿrka
^fjfiiskau kS;sh lv lrKakka& cx.u ÿrl:k yryd
154
fmd,Sish isák ia:dkhka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ish ñ;=re ßhÿrka

iu. yqjudre lr .ks;s' ;j;a iuyre ;uka <Õ uqo,la
;ndf.k ish ld¾Hfha fhfokqfha hï fyhlska fmd,Sish úiska
r:h w,a,d .;fyd;a tu uqo, f.jd blaukska hdu msKsi h'
fï wdldrhg lreKq i,ld n,k úg fmd,sia r:jdyk

wxYh wdY%s;j flf;la ÿrlg ¥IK Ndú;hka mj;skafka o
hkak wjfndaO lr .; yel'9 r:jdyk wxYfha isÿjk ¥IK
Ndú;hkag wu;rj fjk;a fCI;%hka ;=< o n,h wksis f,i
fhdod .ekSï wm%udKj jd¾;d fõ'
fojk m%f;Hl wOHhkh
fuu.ska bÈßm;a flfrkqfha m%cd uÜgfï oS n,h

wjNdú; lsÍu yryd isÿjk l%shdoduhls' fmd,Sish"
foaYmd,k{hska iy m%cdfõ uer lKavdhï tl;=j ueKsla
l¾udka;h isÿjk r;akmqr m%foaYfha .ul isÿ jQ n,
wjNdú;hls'
fuu .fï Y%u yuqodfjka úYd, m%;sY;hla ueKsla

l¾udka;fha kshqla; fj;s' miq.sh oYl ;=kl muK ld,h ;= <
.eñhka m%Odk foaYmd,k mCI folllg O%eùlrKh ù we;'
fuu .fï tla ksjil jfhdajDO ujla ^wjqreÿ 70 l muK& iy
wehf.a wújdyl oshKsh ^jhi 50 la muK& ish bvfuys
f.dvk.d we;s mrK ksjil oYl .Kkdjla ;siafia mosxÑj
isáhy' fuu mjqf,a wfkl=;a orejka by< wOHdmkh ,nd wE;
k.rj, /lshdjla i|yd ixl%uKh ù we;' Wla; uj iy
oshKsh tjlg md,s; mCIfha m%n, idudcslfhda jQy' tjlg
n,fha meje;s mCIfha foaYmd,k{hskag iyfhda.h oelajQ uer
lKavdhula fuu .fï mosxÑj isáhy' úfYaIfhkau fuu ld,h
9
. fuu ,smsh ,shk ld,h ;=< fmd,Sisfha by< ks<Odßfhl= udOH yryd ish
W;aijhla wdjrKh lrñka isáh oS lsishï by< foaYmd,k{fhl=f.a
Wmfoia mrsos lsishï mqoa.,fhl= iïnkaOj lghq;= l<hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|
wkdjrKh úh' fuu isoaêh md¾,sfïka;=fõ oS idlÉPdjg Ndckh jQ w;r
ckdêm;sjrhd mjd ta iïnkaOj m%ldYkhla lrk ,oS' fuu l:dj lrñka
ckdêm;sjrhd m%ldY lr isáfha iuia: mßmd,k iy iudc moaO;shu
úúOdldrfha ¥Is; Ndú;hkag f.dÿrej we;s njhs'
155
Y%S ,xlddfõ
;=< m%foaYfha ue;sjrK lghq;=j, oS mCI folu uer
lKavdhïj, iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu olakg yels úh' fï ksid
ue;sjrKh ch.%yKh lr .ekSu Wfoid;a" mrdch jqjfyd;a
wdrCId ùu Wfoid;a uer lKavdhï foaYmd,k{hskag fiajdjla
imhk ,oS'
tu lKavdhfï ishü idudcslhka wvq wdodhï,dNSka jQ

w;r" Tjqyq ia:sr /lshdjkays kshqla; fkdjQy' fndfyda fofkl=
ueKsla m;,aj, fiajh l<y' ;jo Tjqka rcfha bvï iy j;=
wxYhg wh;a f;a iy rn¾ j;=j, fydfrka ueKsla .eÍfï o
kshqla; jQy' fufia kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk wdldrhg ueKsla .eÍu
ms<sn|j úúO mqoa.,hska fmd,Sishg meñKs,s fldg ;snqK o" ta
iïnkaOj fmd,Sish Tjqka w;awvx.=jg f.k ;snqfka ke;' fï
ksid Tjqka by;ska i|yka l< wirK ldka;djka f.a bvïj,
n,y;aldrfhka ueKsla .eÍu wdrïN lrk ,oS' m<uqj Tjqyq
rd;%s ld,fha fuu lghq;af;a fhÿk w;r l%u l%ufhka uq¨
bvuu úkdY lrñka tu ld¾Hhfha kshqla; jkakg jQy' fuh
bjid.; fkdyels jQ wirK ldka;djka fofokd ta ms<sn|j
fmd,Sishg meñKs,s lrk ,oS' tfia n,y;aldrfhka ueKsla
.rkakkaf.a kï wjYH nj fmd,sish úiska Tjqkag m%ldY fldg
we;' fuu lKavdhu úiska fuu ldka;djka fofokd urK
njg ;¾ckh fldg ;snqK fyhska Tjqka ljqrekaoehs kï lsÍug
Tjqyq ìh jQy' flfia jqjo fuu lKavdhu tu ld¾Hhfha os.gu
kshqla; jQy' ldka;djka wjia:d .KkdjloSu fmd,Sishg
meñKs,s lrkakg fhÿks' miqj kï o iys;j meñKs,s lrk ,oS'
kuq;a fmd,Sish fuu ldka;djkag m%ldY lr issáfha tu kï
iys; mqoa.,hska wehg fyda wef.a ksjig ydks fkdlrk njh'
fmd,Sish lsisÿ wdldrhlska wirK ldka;djkag idOdrKh bgq
lsÍug wiu;a jQ w;r" uer lKavdhu l%u l%ufhka osjd ld,fha
oS mjd meñK n,y;aldrfhka bvu úkdY lrñka ueKsla
.eÍfï kshqla; jQy' .eñhka lsisfjl= fyda fuu wirK
ldka;djkag Wmldr lsÍug bosßm;a fkdjQy' fmd,Sishg
fldf;la meñKs,s l< o bka lsisÿ iykhla fkd,enqKs'
miqj wod, m%foaYfha tjlg md,s; foaYmd,k mCIfha

weue;sjrfhl= fuu lKavdhug iydh ,nd fok nj
156
ldka;djka fofokdg lreKq ie, úh' Tjqka fofokd tu

foaYmd,k mCIfha idudcslhka jQ fyhska weue;sjrhd yuq ù
Wla; odußlhka ;ukag ysßyer lrk nj;a" ;jÿrg;a Tjqkag
ysßyer fkdfldg cSj;a ùug wjldY ,nd fok f,i;a b,a,d
isáhy' weue;sjrhd jydu ta iïnkaOj lghq;= lrk nj mjid
Tjqka bosßfhau ÿrl:kfhka wod, fmd,Sishg l;dfldg tu
lKavdhug úreoaOj kS;suh mshjr .kakd f,i b,a,d isák
,oS' flfia jqj o fuhska miqj jqj o fjkila isÿ jQfha ke;'
;jÿrg;a n,d isáh fkdyels jQ ;ek ldka;djka kej; j;djla
fmd,Sishg meñKs,s lsÍug .shy' tys oS fmd,Sish wehg mjid
we;af;a ñka bosßfha oS weue;sjrhd <Õg f.dia meñKs,s lrk
f,igh'
flfia jqj o isoaêfhka miqj tla;rd oskhl uy rd;%sfha

fmd,Sish fuu ksji jg fldg fodrj,a wrjd ksji we;=<;
mrSCId lrkakg fhÿks' fmd,Sish wehf.a ksjfia ;snqKq Wo¨
iy l+vd foi n,d Tjqka fydfrka ueKsla .eÍfï lghq;=j,
fhfok nj;a" ta iïnkaOj fjk;a whf.a kï fmd,Sishg okajd
fndre meñKs,s lrkq nj;a mjid wirK ldka;djka ìh .kajk
,oS'
fuu isoaêfhka miqj uer lKavdhu lsisÿ ìhlska

f;drj osjd iy rd;%s ld,fha oS n,y;aldrfhka ueKsla .eÍfï
fhÿkd muKla fkdj fmd,Sishg .shdg lula ke;s nj;a" Tjqka
wfma wf;a nj;a" mjiñka Tjqkag m%isoaêfha ;¾ckh fldg w;'
tmuKla o fkdj" ish lKavduhg weue;sjrhdg Wmldr l<
fyhska Tyq o Tjqkag úreoaOj lsisÿ fohla fkdlrkq nj;a
mjik ,oS' tla oskhl oS fuu lKavdhu ldka;djka fofokdg
myr oS ksjig .,a .id ydks fldg ;snqKs' fï nj oek.;a
wehf.a mq;d ish uj iy ifydaoßh n,kakg meñKsfha h' ta nj
wdrxÑ ù tys meñKs uer l,a,sh Tyq meñKs jdykh jgfldg
Tyqg ;¾ckh lrk ,oS' fyf;u bka .e,ù fmd,Sishg f.dia
meñKs,s lrk ,oS' fudyq by< /lshdjla fydnjkafkl= nj
oek.;a ia:dkNdr ks<OdÍ ;ek fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajre
fofofkl= o iu. Tyq meñKss jdykfha ksjig meñK wjYH
lghq;= lrk f,i okajk ,oS' Tjqka tk úg l¨jr jeà ;snqKq
157
Y%S ,xlddfõ
w;r fuu uer l,a,sh fmd,Sishg jydu hk f,i okajd
;¾ckh lrk ,oS' Tjqka fmfkkag fkdisá fyhska fmd,sia
ks<OdÍka wdmiq f.khk ,oS' ta iu.u fyf;u ish uj iy
ifydaoßh jdykhg kxjdf.k ksji w;yer .fï mkai,g hk
,oS' kdhl ysñhka o fuu uer l,a,shg ìhla oelajQ fyhska
lsisjla lrkakg bosrsm;a jQfha ke;' tfyhska fudjqka ;sfokd
.ñka msgj f.dia ish {d;sfhl=f.a ksjfia rd;%sh .; lrk ,oS'
miq osk WoEik m%foaYfha by<u fmd,sia ia:dkhg

meñKs mq;d" tu ks<Odßhd yuq ù ish ujg iy ifydaorshg isÿù
we;s widOdrKh meyeos,s lrk ,oS' b;du idjOdkj l:dj wid
isá Wiia ks<Odßhd wod, fmd,Sisfha ia:dkdêm;sg
ÿrl:kfhka l;dfldg tu uer lKavdhu jydu w;awvx.=jg
.;hq;= nj;a" ñka u;=jg tjka fohla isÿjqjfyd;a tu
ks<Odßhdg úreoaOj lghq;= lrk njg;a" ;¾ckh lrk ,oS'
fuu isoaêfhka miq n,y;aldrlu ;djld,slj k;r úh'
udihla muK ld,hla ;=< wod< ia:dkNdr ks<Odßhdg ia:dk
udrejla ,enqKs' tfy;a tu ia:dk udrej iq¿ ld,hla ;=<
fjkia lr .ekSug fyf;u iu;aj ;snqKs' tu ia:dk udrej
j,ld w;af;a wod, weue;sjrhd nj miqj wdrxÑ úh' fï
wjêfhau uy ue;sjrKhla meje;s w;r" tjlg isá md,l
mCIh tu ue;sjKfhka mrdchg m;a úh' kj mCIh n,hg m;a
jQ jydu Wla; uer l,a,sh ch .;a mCIfha uer lKavdhïj,
myrlEï j,g ,lajQy' ue;sjrKh wjika ù i;s folla hdug;a
fmr Wla; fmd,Sisfha ia:dkNdr ks<OdÍ we;=¨ lKavdhug
ia:dk udre ,enqKs' bka wk;=rej uer l,a,sfha n,h wjika
úh' kuq;a ta jk úg wehf.a foam, iïmQ¾Kfhkau úkdY ù
yudr h'
fuys oS lreKq wkdjrKh jQfha weue;sjrhdf.a

Woõlrejkag iy uer l,a,sj,g fujka kS;sHdkql+, fkdjk
ld¾hhkays kshqla;ùfï oS foaYmd,k wdrCIdj ,efnk w;r
fmd,Sish n,y;aldrfhka flfrk ueKsla cdjdrfï l%shdldÍ
yjq,alrefjl= ùuh' ueKslaj,ska ,efnk ,dNfhka fldgila
fmd,Sishg ,efnk w;r" fmd,Sish uer lKavdhu wdrCId
lrkqqfha ish ,dNh ;ldh' ;jo uer lKavdhu foaYmd,k
158
jYfhka n,j;a fyhska Tjqkag úreoaOj kS;suh mshjrf.k

weue;sjrhd wukdm lr .ekSug fmd,Sishg wjYH ke;' fuu
lKavdhug iydh m,lsÍu fya;=fldgf.k fmd,Sishg
weue;sjrhdf.a wdrCIdj o ,efí' isú,a ck;djf.a cSú; iy
foam, wdrCIdj Wfoid ia:dms;fldg we;s fmd,Sish" foaYmd,k
uer l,a,s iu. tl;=j n,h wjNdú; lrñka n, rys; ck;dj
wdrCId lrkjd fjkqjg foaYmd,k /ljrK hgf;a fm!oa.,sl
foam, fld,a,lEu Wfoid iydh fok nj fu u.ska ukdj
Tmamq fõ'
¥IKh ms<sn| ixcdkkh
idudkH ck;dj ¥IKh ixcdkkh lrk wdldrh

ms<sn|j we;s ld¾gQka w;ßka tlla fuys bosßm;a flfrys'
Okj;a iy n,j;a mqoa.,hska" úfYaIfhkau foaYmdk{hska
lsishï by, uÜgfï ¥IKhlg ielfldg w;awvx.=jg .;a l,
udOH yryd Tjqka ùrhka njg iudc.; flfrys' j¾;udkfha oS
¥IK fpdaokd u; w;awvx.=jg .;a fndfyda m%isoaO
foaYmd,k{hska ùrhka f,i rÕmd;s' Tjqyq moaO;sh m%isoaêfha
úfõpkh lr;s' ;uka je/oaola lr fkdue;s nj;a" ;ukaf.ka
foaYmd,ksl jYfhka m,s.kakd njg;a Tjqyq jyis nia fodv;s'
thska fkdkej;s udOHg m%ldYkhka o lr;s' Tjqkaf.a oE;aj,g
udxpq oud we;s wjia:dj, ìhla" lK.dgqjla fyda ,ecacdjla
fmkakqï fkdfldg udxpq oeuQ oE;a tlafldg ck;djg wpdr
lr;s' foaYmd,kSlrKh jQ udOH cd,hka o tajdg úYd,
m%pdrhla ,nd foa' fufia n,j;=ka fld;rï ¥IK Ndú;hka ys
fhÿk o Tjqka ùrhka njg m;a flfrys' furg úYd,
mrsudKfha ¥IK lghq;=j,g j.lsjhq;= ñ,shka .Kkska uqo,a
jxpdl,jqka fuf,i ùrhka njg m;alr we;s w;r jegqm
cSj;aùug ;rï m%udKj;a fkdjk fiajlhska lrkq ,nk iq¿
m%udKfha jxpd yiqlr .ekSug wod, n<OdÍ wdh;k l%shd;aul
jk njg ld¾gQka Ys,amshd lreKq meyeos,s lrhs' fudjqka
,nd.kakd foh iqÿ ikaf;daiula jk w;r Tjqka foaYfødaySka
f,i yxjvq .ik nj fuu ld¾gQka j,ska ikd: lrkakg
W;aidy ord we;' n,j;=ka msgqmi hdu iy Tjqka w;awvx.=jg
.ekSu wmyiq iy wk;=reodhl lghq;a;la jk fyhska l=vd
159
Y%S ,xlddfõ
m%udKfha uq,H jxpd yiqlr f.k Tjqka wrdOlrejka f,i
bosßm;a lsÍu fuu.ska isÿfõ'
idlÉPdj
fmdÿ fiajdjka mj;ajdf.k hdu msKsi úldYkh jQ iy

miqj rdcH wdh;k f,i ia:dms; jQ fndfyduhla wdh;k iy
m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska jk foaYmd,k{hska Tjqkaf.a ish uQ,sl
fmdÿ mrud¾:fhkaf.ka neyerj fyda ÿria:j ish mqoa.,
iqNisoaêh i|yd ;uka fj; uyck;djg fiajd iemhSu msKsi
kS;Hdkql+,j ,nd oS we;s n,h whq;= f,i fhdod .kakd
wdldrh wo m%lg lreKls'
fuh wvq jeä jYfhka fndfyda wdh;k iïnkaOj oelsh

yels ;;a;ajhls' ta nj WodyrK lsysmhla weiqre lr .ksñka
fuu ,smsh ikd: lr we;' fufia n, wjNdú;h fndfyda
wdh;kj, isÿùu fya;= fldgf.k Y%S ,dxlsl iudch ;=<
¥IKh ixialD;sl wx.hla njg m;aj we;' ¥IK Ndú;hka
jeros l%shdjla nj oek oek;a ck;djg ish fiajdjka ,nd
.ekSu fyda mj;ajdf.k hdu msKsi fyda ld¾hCIuj iy M,odhS
f,i fiajdjka ,nd .ekSu Wfoid nyq;rhla uyck;dj
leue;af;ka fyda wlue;af;ka tjka Ndú;hkag yqreùu wo
furg ;=< oelsh yels iudc h:d¾;hls' fï nj ukdj m<uqjk
m%f;Hl wOHhkh u.ska meyeos,s lrk ,oS' tfukau ¥IKh n,
160
wjNdú;h iy m%pKav;ajh iy tu.ska n,rys; wirK fldgia

uqyqKmdk .eg¨ fojk m%f;Hl wOHhkh u.ska fmkajd fok
,oS'
fuu ,smsh u.ska meyeos,s lrkakg W;aidy ork ,oafoa

j¾;udk YS% ,dldfõ ¥IK ixlD;shla (culture of corruption)
ks¾udKh ù we;s njhs' fujka ixialD;shla ;=< oeä mSvkhlg
,lajk isú,a ck;dj kS;sh w;g .ekSu fuys ;j;a w;=re
m%;sM,hls' tjka ;;a;ajhla we;sùu lrk fldgf.k rgl
foaYmd,k iy wd¾:sl wia:djrNdjhla iy m%pKav;ajh
ks¾udKh ùu iajNdúlh' fuu ;;a;ajh rgl iïm;a
ld¾hCIuj iy M,odhl f,i rfÜ ixj¾Okhg fhdod .ekSu
wmyiq jkq we;'
Bg wu;rj úYd, m%udKfha uqo,a wjNdú;hka ksid

cd;sl m%d.aOkh furg ixj¾Okhg fyda iqNidOkhg fyda
ÿ.Snj ;=rka lsrSu msKsi fhdod.; fkdyelsùu fya;= fldgf.k
ÿ.Snj hkak ¥IK ixiaalD;sh ;=< keje; idlÉPdjg Ndckh
l< hq;= nj fuu ,smsh u.ska fmkajd fohs'
fuu ;;a;ajh wod, wdh;jj, ksfhdacs;hka ;=<ska

ksjeros lrKq we;ehs lsisfia;au n,dmdfrd;a;= ;eìh fkdyel'
isú,a ixúOdk iy isú,a iudch Yla;su;aùu ;=<ska muKla
fuu ;;a;ajh u¾okh lr.; yels jkq we;'
wdY%s; .%ka:
Azizur R. Khan and Eddy, Lee (eds).

1984 Poverty in Rural Asia. International Labour
Organization, Asian Employment Programme
(ARTEP), Bangkok: ARTEP Publication.
161
Y%S ,xlddfõ
Duddley, Seers
1974 Seva Viyukthi Ida Prastha Saha Balaporottu Sama
Kirima. Colombo: by Marga Institute.
Else, Oyen et.al (eds)

1996 The Poverty: A Global Review. Oslo: Scandinavian
University Press.
Government of Sri Lanka

1990 Report of the Presidential Commission on Youth.
Colombo: Government Press.
Lewis, Oscar
1959 Five Families: Maxican Case Studies in the Culture
of Poverty. New York: Basic Books.
SAARC
1992 Meeting the Challenge: Report on the Independent
South Asian Commission on Poverty Alleviation.
Kathmandu: SAARC Secretariat.
World Bank
1992 World Development Report 1992. New York Oxford
University Press.
wka;¾cd, mßYS,k
www.wikipedia.org
www.worldbank.org
www.transperancy.org.country
www.thegardian.com/world/curruption-index
162
n,y;aldr ixl%uK : wNHka;ßl udkj wj;ekaùu yd kej; iudc úuiqu
mÈxÑh wdY%s; ixl,amSh ú.%yhla 2017 l,dmh
n,y;aldr ixl%uK: wNHka;ßl udkj wj;ekaùu yd

kej; mÈxÑh wdY%s; ixl,amSh ú.%yhla
Ydka; jkakskdhl
yeÈkaùu
wj;ekaùu (displacement) yd kej; mÈxÑh
(resettlement) wdYs%; ixl%uK w;S;fha isg isÿ jQ yd isÿfjñka
mj;sk wkjr; udkj l%shdjla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' iuld,Sk
f.da,Sh ikao¾Nh ;=< fuh iqúfYaI wjOdkhg ,lajk"
fndfyda lÓldjkag yd újdohkag fukau wOHhkhkag uq,ajk"
m%n, m%ia;=;hls' fuf;la fï úIh wrNhd úúO úoaj;=ka úúO
oDIaàka Tiafia bosrsm;a fldg we;s ú.%yhka yd úYaf,aIKhka
fukau ixl,amSh t<Uqï yd kHdhka fya;=fjkaa udkj ixl%uK
mq¿,aj ú.%y jk b;d ixlS¾K ixl,amla nj fmkajdÈh yelsh'
ixl%uK wkdÈu;a ld,hl isg isÿjk l%shdoduhla jk
w;r jirlg ñ,shk .Kklf.a ñksia p¾hdjka yd Tjqkaf.a
l%shd yd ne§ ;sîu fï flfrys fndfyda úoaj;=kaf.a" f,dal
n,j;=kaf.a fukau m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkaf.a iqúfYaI
wjOdkhg yiqùug uQ,sl fya;=j ù we;' fuf;la isÿlrk ,o
mq¿,a wOHhka ys m%;sM,hla f,iska ixl%uK úúO j¾.SlrKhka
hgf;a y÷kd.; yels ù we;s w;r tajd wNHka;r yd ndysr
ixl%uK înternal and external migration&" iafõPdkq.; yd
iafõPdkq.; fkdjk ixl%uK (voluntry and involuntary
migration)" fláld,Sk yd È.=ld,Sk ixl%uK (short-term and
long-term migration) wdos jYfhka úúO wjia:d yd isoaê
iïnkaO ixl%uK iajNdjhka jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsfõ' fï
w;ßka iuld,Sk f.da,Sh ikao¾Nh ;=< jvd újdod;aul yd
úúO ú.%yhkag ,laù we;s fCIa;%hla jkafka iafõPdkq.;
fkdjk ixl%uK jk w;r th kQ;k úoaj;=kaf.a kj;u
ixl,amShlrKhka ;=< n,y;aldr ixl%uK ^forced migration&
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí (Gibson 1993)'
163
iudc úuiqu n,y;aldr ixl%uK : wNHka;ßl udkj wj;ekaùu yd kej; mÈxÑh
2017 l,dmh wdY%s; ixl,amSh ú.%yhla
fuu ,smsfhka uQ,sl jYfhka n,y;aldr ixl%uK fiiq

ixl%uK fËa;%h ;=< ld,Sk jYfhka jeo.;a ù we;s wldrh
u;= lrñka fiiq ixl%uK j¾.SlrKhkaf.ka fuh fjkiajk
wdldrh;a" n,y;aldr ixl%uK ms<sn| m¾fhaIK idys;H ;=<
fï olajd fhduq fldg we;s wjOdkh fln÷ o" th kQ;k
n,y;aldr ixl%uK y÷kd.ekSug m%udKj;a o hkak flfrys;a
wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí' úfYaIfhkau fuf;la n,y;aldr
ixl%uK ;=< irKd.;hskag ^refugees& jvd wNHka;ßl wj;eka
jQjka ÎDPs& flfrys wvq wjOdkhla fhduqùug n,mE fya;=
fukau n,y;aldr wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùu yd kej; mosxÑh
kQ;kfhaoS jeo.;a jk wdldrh ms<sn|j;a fuysoS wjOdkh fhduq
flf¾' tfukau mj;sk wOHhk t<Uqï fj;ska kQ;k m%jdyh
;=< mj;sk wj;ekaùu iy kej; mosxÑh ms<sn| flf;la
wjOdkh fhduq fldg ;sfí o hkak ú.%y flfrk w;r wjidk
jYfhka kQ;k n,y;aldr ixl%uK ms<sn| wOHhkhka ys
m%jK;d ms<sn|j;a ta i|yd we;s ndOl yd wNsfhda. ms<sn|j;a
fuys oS wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí'
,smsfhaa yeòskaùu ;=< n,y;aldr ixl%uK y`ÿqkajdfok
w;r tys úúO j¾.SlrKhka hgf;a wdrïNh yd jeo.;alu
ms<sno wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí' fojkqj, n,y;aldr
ixl%uK ;=< wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
jk w;r tys j¾.SKhka yd jHdma;sh ms<snò úuiSug Ndckh
flf¾' wk;=rej ,smsfhka wjOdkhg fhduq jkafka n,y;aldr
ixl%uK úIfhys wjOdkhg .efKk iafõPdkq.; fkdjk
kej; mosxÑh hs învoluntry resettlement&' wj;ekajQjka kej;
mosxÑh ms<snò fuf;la isÿ ù we;s wOHhkhka ms<snò
yeoskaùula isÿ lrk w;r iqúfYaI jYfhka ixj¾Ok fm%aß;
wj;ekaùu (develpoment induced displacement) yd kej;
mosxÑh jeo.;a ùug n,mdk lreKq flfrys wjOdkh
fhduqlrkq ,efí' wjidk jYfhka fuf;la ìys fldg we;s
uE;ld,Sk wOHhk t<Uqï lsysmhla ms<snò yeoskaùula o imhk
w;r t ;=<ska fldf;la ÿrg kQ;k n,y;aldr wj;ekaùu yd
kej; mosxÑh wOHhkh lsßug m%udKj;a wjOdkhla
fhduqfldg ;sfí o hkak mÍlaId lrkq ,efí'
164
n,y;aldr ixl%uK
udkj ixl%uK m%Odk jYfhka m%fNao ;=kla hgf;a
úYaf,aIKh l< yels w;r tajd tfia fjka jkafka tys we;s
ixl,amSh ikao¾Nh ksidu fkdj tys wdrïNh, wruqKq yd ta
i|yd n,mE fya;= wd§ lreKq o we;=<;aj nj fmfka'
x idïm%odhsl iafõPdkq.; ixl%uK ^traditional voluntory
migration&
x iafõPdkq.; fkdjk udkj ixl%uK $ udkj wj;ekaùï
învoluntary human migration/human displacement&
x iafõPdkq.; fkdjk wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùï învoluntory
internal displacement& (Black and Sessary 1997).
idïm%odhsl iafõPdkq.; ixl%uK
fuf;la ìys ù we;s iEu ixl%uK ms<sn| kHdhka
wjOdkhg .ekSfï oS ixl%uK hkak úúO w¾:l:k imhd
we;s ixl,amhla nj fmfkhs' ixl%uK ms<sn| wOHhk uQ,sl
jYfhka ckúldY úoHd;aul oDIaáhlska ú.%ylrkq ,enQ w;r
th wd¾Ól yd iudÔh ixisoaëkaj, m%;sM,hla f,i o y÷kajd oS
;sfí' uq,a ld,Sk ú.%yhka ;=< fïjd idïm%odhsl ixl%uK
^traditional voluntory migration& f,i y÷kajd fok ,È
(Lansing and Morgan 1967)'
udkj wjldYsh p,H;djh (human spatial mobility)
ms<sn| bmerKs;u úYaf,aIK l%uh f,i idïm%odhslj
y÷kdf.k ;snqfka ixl%uK ms<sn| wOHhk l%uh hs' th
úoHd;aul wOHhk l%uhla jYfhka 19 ishjfia w.Nd.h ;=<
wd¾Ól" N+f.da,Sh yd ft;sydisl fukau ckúldY úoHd;aul
wOHhk mokï u; ìysjQjls' ixl%uK ms<sn| wOHhkhkays
l%ñl mßKduh i|yd bmerKs wêrdcHhkays ì|jeàu ms<sn|
.fõIK isÿlsÍu" N+f.da,Sh ksh;sjdos woyiaj, n,mEu"
foaY.fõIK jHdmdrhkays ke`.Su wdÈh iDcq f,iu n,mEï
lrk ,È' flfia fj;;a miqld,Sk hq.fha§ ixl%uK ms<sn|
wOHhkh fndfyda ÿrg j¾Okh jQfha uQ,sl jYfhka wd¾Ól
165
lreKq mokï lr.;a ixúOdk yd udkj l%shdldrlï fya;=

fldg f.k nj ms<s.efKk lreKls' ixl%uK ms<sn| wOHhkh
uq,ajrg fidhd .ekSfï f.!rjh ysñjkafka B. ð. rfjkaiaàka
Ê.G.Ravenstein& kï c¾udkq-bx.%Sis N+f.da, úoHd{hl= fj;hs'
ixl%uK ms<sn| kS;hs (The Laws of Migration) kñka fj¿ï
follska iukaú; lD;shla 1985 yd 1989 § Tyq úiska m<lrk
,È' wd¾Ól lreKq j,g m%uqL;djh ;yjqre lrñka 20 ishjfia
§ ixl%uK ms<sn| isÿlrk ,o fiiq wOHhkj,g o Tyqf.a
kHdhka n,mE w;r fCIa;%h ;=< wo olajd u tl fia
jeo.;alula fuu wOHhkhka Wiq,kq ,nhs'
ixl%uK ms<sn| uq,ald,Skj ìys ù we;s iEu kHdhlau

úfYaIfhka kj iïNdjH kHdhka ^neo-classical theories& yd
;,a¨ lsÍfï yd weo.ekSfï t<Uqï ^push-pull approches& wdY%s;
kHdhka wdÈh wd¾Ól lreKq uq,afldg f.k ìysjQ tajdhs' kj
iïNdjH kHdhka ;=<ska wjOdkhg .kq ,enqfõ ixl%uK hkak
hjk (sending) yd ,nd.kakd (receiving) rgj, wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhg Wmfhda.sjkakd jQ m%Yia; idOlhla njhs
(Todaro1969)' ;,a¨ lsÍfï yd weo .ekSfï idOl ms<sn|
oDIaáh fnfyúka Y%u ixl%uKfha § jeo.;a jQfha udkj
úoHd{hska tajd uq,a hq.fha oS ;,a,q lsßfï yd weo.ekSfï idOl
u; isÿjk iafõPdkq.; ixl%uKhka f,i y`ÿkd.kq ,eîu
fya;=fjks¡ ;,a,q lsßfï idOlh ñksiqka ;ukaf.a idïm%Þhsl
ia:dkj,ska ixl%uKh ùug n,mdk fya;= fmkajd ÿka w;r
weo.ekSfï idOlfhka mqoa.,hka kj ia:dk fj; weo.ekSug
n,mdk lreKq fmkajd fok ,os (Boyd 1989)'
iafõPdkq.; fkdjk udkj ixl%uK$udkj wj;ekaùï
udkj ixl%uK ms<sn| woyi mQ¾j wOHhkj, wd¾Ól

ks¾kdhl j,g muKla isud ù ueksh fkdyels iudÔh lreKq
rdYshla yd N+f.da,Sh" mdßißl yd foaY.=Ksl ks¾Kdhlhka ta
;=< fkdi,ld yeÍu 20 ishjfia ixl%uK kHdhka
wdka;SlrKhg ,laùug n,mE m%Odk fya;=jla úh' we;eï
166
úoaj;=kaf.a u;hkag wkqj fufia mdßißl ks¾Kdhl j,ska
ixl%uK kHdhka fjkaùug m%Odk fya;=j f,i olajkafka
m%cd;ka;%jd§ yd fldñhqksiaÜjd§ rgj, iudÔh úoHdjkag
n,mE udlaiajd§kaf.a oajkaod;aul fN!;sljd§ woyia h' tys §
úfYaIfhka ixl%uK hkak Y%u ixl%uK u; wd¾Ólhg n,mEï
lrk" ck.yk j¾Okhg n,mEï lrk idOl u; mokï jQ
tajd f,i ie,lsK' kuq;a fï woyi úúO t<Uqï hgf;A
ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s meñKSu;a iu`. uq¿ukskau mdfya fjkig
,la jQ w;r úúO oDIaàka fï flfrys fhduq ùfï m%;sM,hla
jYfhka tajd n,y;aldr ixl%uK ^forced migration& jYfhka
fjkaj y`ÿkd .kakd ,È' flfia fj;;a n,y;aldr ixl%uK
wdY%s; wOHhkhka meñKSu;a iu`. wd¾Ól ks¾Kdhlhkag
tf;la § ;snQ jeo.;alu iSudjqKs. tfyhska uE;ld,Sk
wOHhkhkaj, n,y;aldr ixl%uK iuia; ixl%uK ms<sn|
wOHhkhkaf.ka iajdëkj f.dvke.=K wOHhk fËa;%hla
jYfhka bosßhg meñfKk nj fmfka'
fï fya;=fjka n,y;aldr ixl%uK ms<sn| wOHhkhka

fiiq ixl%uK wOHhk ;=<ska ;rula jHqySh fjkialï iys;j
yd iajhx f,i j¾Okh jQ fjku wOHhk fËa;%hla jYfhka
ye|skaùug úoaj;=ka W;aidy .;a nj fmfka' ta i|yd f.da,Sh
jYfhka mek ke.=K wd¾Ól lreKqj,ska Tíng .sh iudc
foaYmd,ksl yd mdßißl lreKq m%n, úh' ta wkqj n,y;aldr
ixl%uK ms<sn| cd;Hka;r ixúOdkh Înternational Association
for the Study of Forced Migration ÎASFM&& úiska n,y;aldr
ixl%uK y÷kajd we;af;a fufiah'
Forced migration as a term that refes to the movements

of refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) those
displaced by conflict as well as people displaced by
natural or environmental disaster, chemical or nucler
disaster, famine or development projects (Bala
2006:116).
167
n,y;aldr ixl%uK hk jpkfhka woyia jkafka .egqï

wdY%s;j iajNdúl wmod fyda mdßißl jHjikhka fya;=fjka
fyda ridhksl fyda kHIaál wdmÞ fyda ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
fya;=fjka wj;eka jk irKd.;hska fyda wNHka;ßl wj;eka
jk mqoa.,hkah¡
fuysÈ W;aidy f.k we;af;a tlsfklska fjkiaj mej;s

wxY .Kkdjla tlu wxYhla hg;g f.k tajd n,y;aldr
ixl%uK f,i ye¢kaùug hs' tfyhska fuh flá b;sydihla
iys; ixl,amhla f,i ye¢kaúh yelshs' tfy;a th uE;ld,Skj
wj;ekaùu ms<sn| wOHhkhka ;=< b;d by< uÜgulska
j¾Okh úh¡ tfuka u iq,Nj Ndú; lrkq ,nk ixl,amhla nj
o fmkajdÈh yelshs¡
n,y;aldr ixl%uK ;=< wj;ekaùu hkq mqoa.,hl=

;ukaf.a iqmqreÿ mosxÑ ia:dkfhka fyda rfgka hqO .egqï
fya;=fjka" iajdNdúl wdmÞ fya;=fjka fyda ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
fya;=fjka bj;aj hdug flfrk n,lsÍu f,i yeòskaúh yelsh¡
udkj úoHd{hska fuh uq,a hq.fha oS ;,a¨ lsßfï yd
weo.ekSfï idOl u; isÿjk iafõPdkq.; ixl%uKhla f,i
y`ÿkd.kq ,eîh¡ iafõPdkq.; yd iafõPdkq.; fkdjk ck
ixl%uK w;r fjki y`ÿkd.kq ,enqfõ iafõPdkq.; fkdjk
wj;ekaùï iòyd ;,a¨ lsÍfï idOlh muKla n,mdk nj
fmkaùfuks¡ ta wkqj iafõPdkq.; fkdjk wj;ekaùïj, .eg¨
iy.; nj yd wkdrlIs; Ndjfha m%udKh b;d by< w.hla
.kakd nj o tu ú.%yhka f.ka fmkajd fok ,os ^Guggenheim
and Cernea 1993&¡
iaafõPdkq.; yd iafõPdkq.; fkdjk wj;ekaùïj,

wfkla fjki jkafka wj;eka ck.ykfha ixhq;sh ;=< we;s
iajdNdjh hs¡ iafõPdkq.; wj;ekaùu iòyd fhduq jkq ,enqfõ
;reK ck.ykhla Tjqkaf.a Ôú;fha uq,a hq.h ;=< jQ w;r tu
ixl%uKhka l%ñlj úldYkh jQ ixl%uKhka f,i ye|skaúh
yelsh¡ tfukau Tjqka ;ukaf.a iudc wd¾:sl iïnkaO;d uq,a
168
mosxÑ iudch iuÕ mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r hï fyhlska lsishï
wdmÞjlg fyda wk;=rlg ,lajqjfyd;a ;ukaf.a uq,a mosxÑ
m%foaYfha {d;ska fyda ys;j;=kaf.ka Woõ Wmldr ,nd .ekSug
yelshdj tys mej;sK¡ tfia jqjo iafõÉPdkq.; fkdjk
wj;ekaùï meyeos,sju n,y;aldrh fya;=fjka isÿjk
wj;ekaùula jk w;r th j. úNd.hla fkdue;s ;,a¨ lsÍfï
idOlh u; isÿjkakla f,i y÷kd.; yelsh¡ fuysoS wÞ,
m%foaYfha ishü ck fldgia wj;eka jk w;r th n,h fhdÞ
lrkq ,nk ixl%uKhls ^Guggenheim and Cernea 1993&¡
n,y;aldr ixl%uK ms<sn| wOHhkhka jvd l%uj;aj

j¾Okh jkafka 20 jk ishjfia ueoNd.fha§ foaYmd,ksl yd
kS;suh ikao¾Nhka ;=< f.dvke.=K irKd.;hska ^refugees&
ms<sn| wOHhkhka fj; fhduq ùu;a iu`. h' irKd.;hska
ms<sn| lÓldj tf;la mej;=k ckúldY úoHd;aul fyda wd¾Ól
lreKq u; mokï jQ ixl%uK jHqyhlg jvd cd;Hka;r kS;suh
rduqjla ;=< f.dvke.=K udkj whs;ska iq/lSï fjkqfjka ìys jQ
m%;sm;a;s ;=< ia:dms; jQjls¡ tfukau irKd.;hska ms<sn|
wOHhkh fnfyúka mokï jQfha tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r
m%{ma;shg wkqj jk w;r tajd fndfyda úg iuld,Sk kS;shg
muKla iSud jQjla fkdj wod, iudc yd foaYmd,k mokï u;
f.dvke.+ tajd úh¡
uq,skau irKd.;hska ms<sn| .eg¨fõ§ uQ,sl jYfhkau

isÿ lf<a iq/l=ï miqìul uOHia:dk msysgùu înstitution of
asylum& ;=<ska Ôú; wdrËdj iq/lSuhs¡ I jk f,dal hqoaOh
iufha uq,skau irKd.;hskaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd lghq;= lsÍu
wdrïN jQ w;r 1950 .Kka jk;=re u th cd;Hka;r fyda cd;sl
.eg¨jla f,i ms<s.ekSug ,laù fkd;snqKs' kuq;a Bg fmr 1930
.Kkaj,§ we;sjQ foaYmd,k úm¾hdihkaj, wksis M,hla
f,iska ;ukaf.a rgj,a w;ayer úfoaY.; jQ msßia ms<sn| úúO
woyia o fï ;=<g miqj tla jQ nj fmfka' flfia fj;;a
irKd.;hska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r m%;sm;a;sh ^1933& yd c¾udkq
169
irKd.;hska ms<sn| m%{ma;sh ^1938& 1 jYfhka m%{ma;s folla

fuysoSs yÿkajdfok ,È' tfy;a irKd.;hska ms<sn| f,dal
m%{ma;sh cd;Hka;r jYfhka jeo.;a jkafka 1951 msysgqjkq ,enQ
ðkSjd m%{ma;sfhka miqjh ^Geneva Convention in 1951)
tfukau 1950 § msysgjkqq ,enQ irKd.;hska ms<sn| tlai;a
cd;skaf.a uyd fldñiu (United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees – UNHCR 1950) iy 1967 w;aika lsÍug fhÿk
ksõfhda¾la uq,a .súiqï flgqïm; (New York Protocol in 1967)
msysgùfuka wk;=rejhs¡ tfy;a cd;Hka;r kS;suh rduqj iy
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj jd§ l%shdldrlï Înternational legal
instrument & UN system of humanitarian practice& hk foflys
u m%;sM,hla jYfhka fuys § irKd.;hska ms<sn| j¾.SlrKh
lsishï iSudjka ;=< wjOdkhg .ekqKs¡ ta i|yd foaYmd,k
fya;+ka u; úfYaIfhka wdhqO ikakoaO wr.," foaYmd,k
wkdrlaIs; Ndjh" ixúOdkd;aul ysxikhka wdÈh fya;=fjka
;ukaf.a foaYN+ñh fyda uq,a mÈxÑh w;yer fjk;a rglg
ixl%uKh jkakka jYfhka irKd.;hska y÷kajdfokq ,eî h’
tfukau cd;Hka;r kS;s mQ¾K jYfhka wdjrKh lrkq ,enqfõ
cd;Hka;r kS;sj,g yiqjk m%lg .eg¨ jQ rdcHhla wysñ msßia
(stateless/asylum seekers) fyda irKd.;hska muKs¡ óg wu;rj
wdrlaIl lreKq u; bÉPdkq.; ixl%uKslhka ^voluntary
migration& yd iuia; ixl%uKslhkaf.a iqrlaIs;Ndjh i|yd o
cd;Hka;r kS;suh rduqjla (public interntionl law) f.dvk.d
;snqK o i;H jYfhka u Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudðlhka we;=<;a
lrñka tu ks;Ska 1990 muK ixfYdaOkh jQQ w;r l%shd;aul
lrkq oelsh yelafla 2003 miq h (Chimni 2000)¡ fï whqßka
ngysr rgj,ska fï fËa;%h ms<sno fhduq l< wvq wjOdkh
miqld,Skj o fï fËa;%h ;=< .eg¨ rdYshla mek ke.Sug fya;=
úh¡
1
Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees 1933 and
convention concerning the Status of Refugees coming from Germany 1938.
170
wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùï
;=kajk wÈhr f,i n,mEï iys; ixl%uK ms<sn|

ú.%yfha jeo.;a jkafka wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùu hs (internal
displacement). —wNHka;ßl wj;eka jQjka˜ (Internally
Displaced Persons-IDPs) ms<sn| jpkh uq,skau jHjydr lsÍu
wdrïN lf<a reishdkq-weußldkq iudc úoHd{ bhqðka tï.
l=,siap¾ (Eugene M. Kulischer), Tyqf.a lD;shla jQ The
Displacement of Population in Europe ys wj;eka jQjka ms<sn|
ye|skaùu ;=<hs ^Montreal 1943&. l=,siap¾ hqOld,h ;=<
hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ ish¨ u n,y;aldr wj;ekaùï i|yd fï
jpkh Ndú;d lrkq ,eîh' tfy;a cd;Hka;r ixl%uK úIfhys
wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùug uQ,sl wjOdkhla fhduq fkdúK¡ thg
fya;= jQfha iuld,Sk hq.h ;=< isÿ jQ wj;ekaùï fnfyúka
;djld,sl ùu;a ta i|yd kS;suh mokula fkdùu;a ksid h
(Deng 1998)¡
tfy;a fojk f,dal hqoaOfha miq wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùï

ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= wjOdkhla fndfyda j.lsj hq;= md¾Yjhka
f.ka t,a,jkq fmfka. úfYaIfhka fï hq.fha mej;s
foaYmd,ksl mßirh yd ta ;=< we;sjQ fjkiaùï fukau tys
m%;sM, fya;=fjka n,y;aldrfhka isÿ flfrk wj;ekaùï ;=<
we;s jQ kj m%jK;d wNHka;r wj;ekaùï flfrys wjOdkh
jeä lsrSug fya;= úh ^Duffield 1998; Boutron Guli 1995;
Loescher 1996; Holsti 1996; UNHCR 2000&¡ wêrdcHjd§ md,k
;ka;%hka ìojeà ksoyia cd;sl rdcHhka ìysùu ;=< wNHka;r
wj;ekaùu ms<sn| ixl,amh ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh jQ w;r miqj
fï fËa;%h ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu w;sYhska ;SrKd;aul
lreKla njg m;a úh.
wNHka;r wj;ekaùu úIfhys iudÔh m%;sM, ms<sn|

uq,au wOHhkhka fhduqù mej;sfha ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï
^Development Induced Displacement& i|yd jQ w;r m%dfhda.sl
171
iudc udkj úoHd{hska jQ fld,aIka Êlizabeth Colson), ialv¾

^Theyer Scudder) iy m¾kshd ^Robert Fernea) ta w;r m%Odk
jQy¡ 1950 iy 60 .Kkaj, ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wOHhkhka flfrys
fhduqùu werô w;r uyd mßudK c,dY wdY%s; fõ,S bÈlsÍfï
jHdmD;s 2 wdÈh tysoS jeo.;a úh¡ tfukau f,dalfha fiiq
l,dmj, j¾Okh jqK udkj úoHd wOHhkhka flfrys o
ful, wjOdkh fhduq úh (Tobin 1986).
óg wu;rj we;eï rgj, úfYaIfhka ixj¾ê; rgj,

kd.ßl ixj¾Okh mokï fldg.;a jHdmD;s fya;=fjka wj;eka
ùu werUqkq w;r weußldkq iudcúoHd{ yshqn¾Ü .ekaia
^Hubert Gans) fmkajd fokafka weußldfõ Boston j, 1960
.Kkaj, funª jHdmD;ska uq,skau wdrïN jQ nj;a, ta u;
wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùï isÿ jQ nj;a h¡ wk;=rej 1970 .Kkaj,
n,y;aldr wj;ekaùï jd¾;d jkafka È.=ld,Sk mdßißl .eg,q
yd jHjikhka fya;= fldgf.k hs. ck.yk mSvkhka j¾Okh
ùu fya;=fjka mßir ydks yd iajNdúl iïm;a úkdY ùu yd
iïm;a ysÕhkag uqyqK§u fya;= fjka we;s úhyels m%;sM,
wj;ekaùï i|yd n,mEï lsÍu fï fËa;%h ;=< lemS fmkqK
uQ,sl idOlhka úh¡
ful, f.da,Sh jYfhka È.=ld,Sk iajNdúl wdmÞ o

(long – term natural disasters) wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùu úIfhys
jeo.;a úh¡ WodyrKhla f,i nx.a,dfoaYfha Cyclones iy
Sahel l,dmfha we;sjk ksh`. wdÈh m%n, f,i wj;ekaùï
i|yd fya;=jk lreKq w;r jeo.;a úh. we;eï iajNdúl úm;a
ñksid úiska we;slrk ,o tajd f,i o .Kka .efKk w;r
wjidk m%;sM,h jkafka ck;dj ;u mÈxÑ ia:dkj,ska bj;a
lsÍug tajd fya;=ùu hs' úfYaIfhka wdishd;sl iudcj, funÿ
jHik i|yd mokï ieliqKq w;r wêl ck.yk j¾Okh
uQ,sl iïm;a ys`.;djg m%Odk fya;=j jQ w;r th wdydr
2
Great Dam of Aswan, The Kariba Dam on the Zambezi and the Akosombo
dam on take Voltain in Ghana.
172
ys`.;dj, ukaofmdaIKh wdY%s; .eg,q ta iudcj,g le|ùug uq,a
úh¡ we;eï úoaj;=ka fmkajd fokafka oi ,laI ixLHd; ñksiqka
wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùu i|yd fï ck wêl rgj, we;sjQ
iajNdúl úm;a iy mdßißl fjkialï fya;= jQ njhs (Brown
1970)¡
1970 .Kkajk úg mdßißl .eg,q fya;=fjka isÿjk

wj;ekaùï ms<sn| uQ,sl ixl,amSh ú.%yhla f,iag¾ n%jqka
(Lester Brown) kï weußldkq mßirfõ§hd úiska bÈßm;a lrkq
,eîh (Brown 1970). tfukau 70 oYlh úfYaIfhka ixj¾Ok
fm%aß; iafõPdkq.; fkdjk kej; mÈxÑ lsÍï (Development
Induced Involuntary Resettlements) flfrys jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq l< ld, mßÉfþohls’ f,dal nexl=j bka wk;=rej fuu
fCIa;%h ms<sn| uQ,sl wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka m%:u jrg
iafõPdkq.; fkdjk kej; mÈxÑ lsÍï i|yd uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s
ie,iqï iòyd WmfoaYk ud,djla ^guiding principles& ilia
lrk ,È. fï ld,h ;=<§ u UNHCR úiska wNHka;ßl
wj;ekajQjka i|yd m%dfhda.sl jYfhka jeo.;a jQ iyk yd
rËK jevms<sfj,la o wdrïN lrk ,os¡ tfy;a tajd úêu;a j
l%shd;aul lsÍug bvlv fkdue;s jQ w;r wNHka;ßl wj;eka
jQjkag /ljrKh oSug muKla fhdod .kq ,eîh’
flfia fj;;a 1970 .Kkaj, wNHka;ßl wj;eka jQjka

ms<sn| by< úoHd;aul mokula hgf;a wOHhk isÿfjñka uQ,sl
ixl,amShlrKhlg m%fõY jkq olakg ,efí¡ —mdßißl
irKd.;hka˜ (environmental refugees) jYfhka UNEP
jd¾;djla uydpd¾h weiEï yskdjhs (Assam EI-Hinnawi) úiska
1985 bÈßm;a lrk ,ÿj tys mq¿,a ks¾jpkhla imhñka
mdßißl irKd.;hka ms<sno wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,os
^Terminski 2011)¡ flfia fj;;a fuu ixl,amh y÷kajd§fï §
úúO jQ iSudlï mej;sh;a fï ms<sn| úoHd;aul wOHhk rduqjla
uQ,slj f.dvke.Sug th m%n, odhl;ajhla oelajQ nj fmfka¡
173
f,dal nexl=j úiska 1980 oS ixúOdk.; fkdjQ kej;

mÈxÑlrejka ms<sn|j f.dvke.+ WmfoaYk ud,dj jeo.;a jQ
w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,iska 1980 .Kkaj, ueoNd.fha § —
ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï iy kej; mÈxÑh˜ (Development
Induced Displacement and Resettlement – DIDR) ms<sn|
wOHhkhka j¾Okh úh¡
uhsl,a tï. i¾kshd (Michael M. Cernea) úiska

ixialrKh lr f,dal nexl=j úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o
Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural
Development kï lD;sfha m<uq mrsfþoh ;=<ska b;d jeo.;a"
.eUqre úoHd;aul wOHhkhla fuu fCIa;%h ms<sn| uq,a jrg
isÿjqKs. fuh 1980 w.Nd.fha ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùu yd
kej; mÈxÑh i|yd ìys jQ m%:u úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK lD;sh
f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh.
tfukau 1980 .Kkaj, w.Nd.fha § wka; follg

O%eùlrKh ù mej;s f.da,Sh foaYmd,k n,h ì|jeàu;a iu`.
cd;sl;ajh iy jd¾.SlrKh u; rgj,a iajdëk ùu werfò' ta
iuÕ we;s jQ n, wr.,fha m%;sM,hka u; .egqï we;sùï
wj;ekaùfï úIfhys kj mßÉfþohla wdrïN lrhs. th .egqï
fm%aß; wj;ekaùï (conflict-induced displacement) jYfhka
y÷kajk ,os¡ wk;=rej ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska fï ms<sn|
úYaf,aIKd;aul ú.%yhka wdrïN ù wNHka;r wj;eka ùu fuu
fCIa;%fhys m%uqL ia:dkhla ysñlr .ekSug iu;a fõ¡ tfukau
fuu ixl,amh 1990 .Kka jk úg flfuka j¾Okh ù f.da,Sh
ikao¾Nh ;=< o b;d iqúfYaI m%ia;=;hla njg m;a fõ (Turton
2003)'
tfy;a tf;la irKd.;hska (refugees) ms<sn|j

f.dvk.d ;snQ kS;suh /ljrKh yd iqrlaIs;;dj wNHka;ßl
jYfhka wj;eka jQjkag fkd;snqKq w;r Tjqka ;jÿrg;a f.da,Sh
jYfhka mj;sk .eg¨jla f,i úfYaI wjOdkhg md;% fkdùh¡
174
ta iòyd n,mE fya;= fidhd ne,Su iòyd uq,skau wNHka;r
wj;ekajQjka f,i yÿkajkafka ljqreka o? Tjqka
irKd.;hkaf.ka fjkia jkafka flfia o hkak fidhd ne,Su
jvd jeo.;a fõ¡
wNHka;ßl wj;ekajQjka f,i tlai;a cd;Skf.a ixúOdkh

y÷kajdfok ,oafoa(
Internally displaced persons are persons or groups of
persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or
leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in
particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects
of armed conflict, situations of human rights or natural
or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an
internationally recognized state border (UN OCHA
1999: 6).
ñka woyia jkafka wNHka;ßl wj;eka jQjka f,i

y÷kajkafka “ikakoaO wr., fya;=fjka udkj ysñlï
W,a,x>kh jQ fyda iajNdúl fyda ñksid úiska we;s l< wdmod
fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a ksjdi fyda mosxÑ ia:dkj,ska, cd;Hka;r
iSudjka fkdblaujd mosxÑh yerhdug isÿjk mqoa.,hka fyda
mqoa., lKavdhï˜ f,ihs. tfyhska Tjqka y÷kajkq ,enqfõ
“exodus within border or who have not crossed and international
border” fyda “iSudjka ;=< wj;eka jQfjda” jYfhks (Korn
1999). úfYaIfhkau fï wOHhkhkaj, wdrïNl hq.fhaoS
wNHka;ßl wj;ekaùu ;djld,sl wjêhla f,i ie,l+ w;r
l%ñlj kej; h:d ;;ajhg meñfKk nj úYajdi l<y' ta ta
rgj, wÞ, ikao¾Nhka ;=< th úiòd,sh hq;= wxYhla f,i;a" ta
iòyd foaYsh kS;s rduqj Ndú; l< hq;= nj;a fmkajdfok
úoaj;=ka fmdÿ kS;suh rduqjla thg ilia lsÍug wmyiq nj
fmkajd ÿKs' wfkla w;ska 1982 jk úg irKd.;hka (refugees)
tkï wj;ekaùfuka cd;Hka;r foaYiSud blaujd .sh msßi
wNHka;ßl jYfhka wj;eka jQjka wNsNjd isá fyhska f.da,Sh
jYfhka uQ,sl wjOdkh irKd.;hska fj; /£ ;snqKs. wfkla
175
lreK jkafka irKd.;hska ms<sn| tf;la mej;=K cd;Hka;r

kS;s rduqj" wdh;k yd ixúOdk úiska fmkajd fokq ,enQ woyia
o wNHka;ßl wj;ekajQjka we;=<;aj we;s l< tajd fkdùh¡
wj;ekajQjka iòyd fnfyúka cd;Hka;r kS;s moaO;sh ;=< o
;SrK yd úi÷ï ,ndo’u fjkqjg ta ta wod, rdcHhkag ta ms<sn|
lghq;= lsÍfï j.lSu uQ,sl jYfhka mejßh hq;= nj o
wjOdrKhg .eKqks¡ funÿ fya;= yd lreKq irK.d;hska
flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq ùug;a wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka
flfrys wjOdkh wvq ùug;a uQ,slj n,mE lreKq w;r jeo.;a
tajd úh.
flfia kuq;a miqld,Skj wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka

m%udKd;aulj iS>% j¾Okhla fmkakqï lsÍu yd fkdlvjd
fndfyda iudcj, wj;ekaùï fCIa;%h ;=< isÿjk l%shdoduhla
ùu úoaj;=kaf.a yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj, wjOdkh fï
flfrys fhduqùug fya;= úh' 21 ishjfia uq,aNd.h jk úg
f,dal irKd.;hska (refugees) m%udKh ñ,shk 10 lg jvd wvq
jQ w;r wNHka;r wj;ekajQjka rgj,a 40 ñ,shk 25 ;rï by<
j¾Okhla fmkakqï flßKs ^Weiss and Korn 2006& úfYaIfhka
ñ,shk 12 isg 13 olajd wm%sldfjka o" ñ,shk 5-6 olajd
wdishdfjka o ñ,shk 3 hqfrdamfhka o" ñ,shk 2-3 olajd
weußld uyoaùmfhka o hqO .egqï fya;=fjka wj;eka jQ w;r
óg iudk yd jeä m%udKhla iajNdúl úm;a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
fya;=fjka o j¾Okh ùu wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka flfrys
úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug fya;= jQ ;j;a lreKls.
fï fya;=fjka 1990 .Kka j, w.Nd.h jk úg

cd;Hka;r m%cdjf.a wjOdkh fï fËa;%h flfrys fhduqùu;a
iu`. wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka flfrys cd;Hka;r udkqISh
iyk jevms<sfj, (international humanitarian system)
l%shd;aul ùu werUqKs¡ ta iu`.u jvd l%uj;a jHqyd;au; rduqjla
Tjqkaf.a iqnisoaêh fjkqfjka wkq.ukh l< hq;h = hk lÓldj
lr<shg meñfKa' 1998 § uq,ajrg wNHka;r wj;ekajQjka ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r m%;sm;a;s ud,djla (guiding principle of internal
176
displacement) ilia jQ w;r foaYSh jYfhka jeo.;a jk
Tjqkaf.a iqrCIs;;dj /ljrKh yd iyh fukau wm%sldkq
l,dmh ;=< ia:djr;dj ms<sn| ixl,amh (IDP – protection and
assistance regional stability in Africa) we;=<;a kS;s m%ldr
fr.=,dis ud,djla we;slrk ,os.
fuys m%;sM,hka f,iska wNHka;r wj;ekajQjka ms<sn|

l:sldj miq.sh oYl ;=k ;=< b;d iS>% j¾Okhlg ,lajQ w;ru
uq,ajrg úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK idys;Hh ;=< jeo.;a m%ia;=;hla
njg m;afõ. tfukau cd;Hka;r wdh;k ;=< uq,a jrg
újdod;aul idlÉPdjkag n÷ka ùug ;rï m%n, idOlhla úh'
úfYaIfhkau irKd.;hska ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd
fldñiu ÛNHCR& iy cd;Hka;r r;= l=rei ixúOdkh
Înternational Committee of the Red Cross – ICRC& .egqï
fm%aß; wNHka;ßlj wj;eka jQjka ms<sn| lghq;= iòyd iqúfYaI
jQ ixjdohkaj,g o m%fõY jkq fmfka'
óg iu.dój ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekajQjka yd Tjqkaf.a kej;

mÈxÑfha iudc m%;sM, ms<sn| újdod;aul lÓldjla uyd mßudK
ixúOdk yd jHdmD;s Tiafia wdrïN fõ. úfYaIfhka Ökfha
Three Gorges Dam bkaÈhdfõ Sardar Sarovar Complex on the
Narmada River jHdmD;s fï i|yd fya;= úh. fï fCIa;%h iòyd
jeä wjOdkhla f,dal nexl=j ^World Bank& fj;ska o fhduqjk
w;r 2001 jif¾§ fï i|yd iafõPdkq.; fkdjk kej; mÈxÑ
s ;a;s ud,djla ilia lsÍug fhduqfõ 3.
lsÍu ms<sn| fjku m%;m
ful, isÿjQ ;j;a ixisoaêhla jQfha tf;la mdßißl

fya;+ka hgf;a wj;ekajQjka (environmentally-induced displaced
persons) fyj;a n,y;aldr mdßißl ixl%uKhka ^forced
environmental migrants& ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka úêu;a
3
Operational Directive 4.30 (OD 4.30) in 1990 and Operational Policy 4.12.
(OP 4.12) on involuntary resettlement in December 2001.
177
Ndú;hka hgf;a mdßißl fm%aß; wj;eka jQjka wjodkug ,lajQ

msßig wh;ajQjka jYfhka ie,lsh hq;= nj wjOdrKh flßK’¡
fï ms<sn|j wjOdkh oelajQ úoaj;=ka w;r wiaá% iqyq¾fla Âstri
Suhrke), f;dauia fyduf¾ älaIka (Thomas Homare-Dixon)
iy ´;¾ tÉ' fjiaáka (Arthur H.Westing) fï fËa;%h jeä
ÈhqKq l< mqfrda.dóka jQy' iqyq¾fla fï ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq
lrñka 1993 “Pressure Points: Environmental Degradation,
Migration and Conflict” kñka ,smshla ,shñka fï fËa;%hg
ukd wOHhk m%fõYhla imhkq ,eîh' tfukau fjiaáka
“Environmental Refugees: A Growing Category of Displaced
Persons” kñka 1992 ,shk ,o ,smshlska w;sYhska mdßißlj
wj;ekajQjkaf.a ixrCIKh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,eîh'
flfia kuq;a 1990 ueo yd w.Nd.h ;=< fï wOHhkh i|yd
kj m%fõYhla f,i —wdmod fm%aß; wj;ekaùï˜ ^disaster-induced
displacement& hk m%ia;=;h úoHd;aul wOHhkj,g fhdod
.ekSfï wjia:dj ysñfõ. kj iyi%h wdrïN jQ uq,a jirj, isÿjQ
oejeka; iajNdúl úm;a fya;=fjka fuu wOHkhka wdrïN jQ
nj fmfka. úfYaIfhkau ol=Kq wdishdjg 2004 jif¾ n,mE
iqkdñ fÄojdplh fï i|yd fya;= jQ uQ,slu ixisoaêh úh'
tfukau 2005 jif¾ weußldfõ l;arskd ^hurricane katrina)
iq<sl=Kdgqj iy cmdkhg 2011 jif¾ n,mdk iqkdñ ;;a;ajh o
fya;= jQ nj ie,lsh yelsh'
n,y;aldr ixl%uKj, iajNdúl úm;a yd wdmod f.da,Sh

jYfhka wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùug
mq¿,a mokula ieliSh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 2010 jkúg
wNHka;ßl wj;eka jQjkaf.a fufyhqï uOHia:dkh Întenal
Displacement Monitoring Center - IDMC& msysg jQ w;r tys
jd¾;dj,g wkqj f,dalfha iajNdúl úm;a fya;=fjka isÿ jQ
wj;ekaùï u; 2010 j¾Ih jk úg ñ,shk 42" 2011 jif¾
ñ,shk 14'9" 2012 jif¾ ñ,shk 32 jYfhka wj;ekaùï isÿù
we;s nj fmfka ÎDMC 2012&' IDMC yd NRC ^Norwegion
178
Refugees Council& jd¾;dj,g wkqj ixj¾ê; rgj,a jQj o
iajNdúl úm;a fya;=fjka isÿjk wj;ekaùu j¾Okh ùu
je<elaúh fkdyels ixisoaêhla njg m;aj ;sîu fï flfrys
wjOdkh ;jÿrg;a jeä ùug fya;= jqKs' tfukau uE;l§ lrk
,o ióCIKj,g wkqj tu wdh;k fmkajd fokafka yÈis wmod
u; isÿjk wj;ekaùï È.=ld,Sk mdßißl lreKq u; isÿjk
wj;ekaùïj,g jvd fnfyúka j¾Okh jk njhs ÎDMC 2012;
NRC 2013&'
fï ish¨ ixisoaê ;=<ska n,y;aldr wNHka;r wj;ekaùï

úIh fËa;%h mq¿,a yd úúO me;s Tiafia úys§ hk ixl,amhla
njg m;a jQ w;r f,dalfha isÿjk n,y;aldr wNHka;r
wj;ekaùï j¾.SlrKhg ,la l< yels m%ia;=; .Kkdjla ta
wkqj u;= úh' ta w;r c, fõ,s fyda c,úÿ,s n,d.dr fm%aß;
wj;ekaùï (dam-induced displacement or hydropower-induced
displacement), m;,a leKSï fm%aß; wj;ekaùï (mining-induced
displacement) iy rCIs; fm%aß; wj;ekaùï (conservation-
induced displacement) wd§ jYfhka fCI;% .Kkdjla úoHd;aul
wOHhk fCIa;%h ;=< lemS fmfka'
tfy;a úoHd;aul idys;Hh ;=< j¾;udkh jkúg wNHka;r

wj;ekajQjka ms<sn| Ndú; jk m%Odk uQ, idOl 4 la u;
mokï jQ j¾.SlrKhka fufia y÷kd.; yelsh'
1. .egqï fm%aß; wj;ekaùï (conflict-induced displacement)

2. mßir fm%aß; wj;ekaùï (environment-induced
displacement)
3. wdmod fm%aß; wj;ekaùï (disaster-induced displacement)
4. ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï (development-induced
displacement)
flfia fj;;a wNHka;r wj;ekaùï ms<sn| mq¿,a

kHdhd;aul rduqjl wjYH;dj mj;soa§ jqj o fï ms<sn| ú.%yhka
179
;ju;a uo jYfhka úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK idys;H ;=< mej;su

;jÿrg;a W.;=kaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq úh hq;a;ls' 1998 oS
wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s ud,dj ^guiding
principle of internal displacement&" 2006 m< l< Great Lakes
Pact yd 2009 ksl=;a l< lïmd,d m%{ma;sh yereKfldg
uE;ld,Skj m< l< lsisÿ úêu;a cd;Hka;r ,shú,a,la
wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka ms<sn| oelsh yels fkdùu fï flfrys
fuf;la f.k we;s wjOdkh wvq njg fyd|u idCIshls'
n,y;aldr wj;ekaùï wdY%s; kej; mÈxÑh
wj;ekaùu ms<sno l:sldj ;=< u’<`.g idlÉcd jk

jeo.;a ixl,amh jkafka kej; mosxÑhhs ^resettlement&'
wj;ekaùu yd kej; mosxÑh tlsfklg jeo.;a ixl,am folls'
wj;ekaùu yd kej; mosxÑh iïnkaO jk uQ,sl wdldr 2 la
y`ÿkd.; yelsh' bka tlla jkafka wfkHdakH jYfhka
iïnkaê; ñksiqka ;ukaf.a iqmqreÿ mosxÑ ia:dk j,ska
m%udKj;a jkaos fyda w,dNhka fyda rlaIs;hka fyda idudÔh
/ljrKh ioyd hdka;%Khla fkdos bj;a lsßu fyj;a wj;eka
lsßfï l%shdj,shhs' fï ksid wj;ekaùu mqoa.,hkaf.a udkj
whs;Ska W,a,x>Kh lrk" ysxikhg muqKqjk l%shdj,shla jk
w;r th kej; mosxÑfha uQ,sl woshr f,i o ie,lsh yelshs'
wfkla lreK jkafka wj;ekaùu;a iu`. —kej;

mosxÑh˜ (resettlement) hk moh fN!;sluh jYfhka mQ¾j
ie,iqï iys;" iqÿiq l%shdud¾. yd iyfhda.hka iys;j" kj
mosxÑhla i|yd mqoa.,hka le|jdf.k hk ixl,amhla njhs'
frdnÜ fÉïn¾ia (Robert Chambers) g wkqj kej;

mosxÑh m%Odk ,laIK 2lska hqla; fõ' tkï ck.ykfha
ixp,khla yd lsishï ie,iqula, md,khla iys; uQ,sldx.j,ska
hqla; jQ l%shdj,shla njhs ^Chambers 1969&' fï wkqj kej;
mosxÑh hkq iajhxj fyda iajleue;af;ka mqoa.,hska fyda iudc
180
ldKav ;ukaf.a uq,a mosxÑfhka bj;aj kj ia:dkhl mosxÑh
iòyd Tjqka úiskau fN!;sl, Ôj, iudc yd mßmd,kuh
jYfhka wkqj¾;kh ùfï l%shdj,sh f,i yeoskaúh yelshs'
f.da,Sh mdßißl b;sydi úYaj fldaIhg (Encyclopedia

of World Environmental History) wkqj
The process through which populations displaced from
their habitat and /or economic actitities relocated to
another site and re establish their productive activities,
services and community Life (Krech, McNeill and
Merchant (eds.) 2004:1046).
tkï ck;dj ;ukaf.a iqmqreÿ mosxÑ ia:dk j,ska

wj;ekaj iy tfia;a ke;akï ck;djf.a wd¾:sl l%shdldrlï
fjk;a ia:dkhl msysgqjd .ksñka m%cdjf.a Ôjk l%u" fiajd iy
ksIamdok l%shdldrlï kej; ia:dms; lsßfï l%shdj,sh kej;
mosxÑhhs'
fuysoS úfYaIfhka wjOdrKh lrk lreK jkafka

fN!;sluh jYfhka mosxÑ ia:dk j,ska wj;eka jQ m%cdjf.a
Ôjk ;;ajh kej; ia:dms; lsßu iòyd .kq ,nk W;aiyhla
jYfhka kej; mosxÑfha we;s jeo.;a luhs' fuh w;sYhska
wjOdkhg .; hq;= lreKla jk w;r wj;eka jQjka yd kej;
mosxÑ jQjka iòyd ;jÿrg;a iyh yd wdOdr Wmldr ,nd oSu
ms<snò m%ñ;Ska yd wÞ, hdka;%Khka ms<snò úfYaI wjOdkhla
fhduq lsßu kej; mosxÑfhaoS jeo.;a lreKla nj biau;= flf¾¡
bÉPdkq.; fkdjk wj;ekaùï ish,af,ysu jdf.a

fndfyda úg uQ,sl ,CIKh jkafka wd¾:sl lreKqj,g uq,a;ek
oSu ;=<ska kej; mosxÑh y`ÿkd .ekSug W;aiy .ekSuhs' tfy;a
olakg we;s uQ,sl .eg,qjla jkafka ,nd fokq ,nk iyk yd
wOdr w;r úúO jQ fjkialï yd m%ñ;Ska ta ;=< wvx.= ùuhs'
thg n,md we;s wfkla lreK jkafka kej; mosxÑùï ;=< o
olakg we;s úúO;dj hhs ^Woube 2005&' úfYaIfhka fï
;;a;ajhka ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï yd kej; mosxÑh DIDR
181
^Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement& ;=<

iq,nj oel.; yels lreKls ^Woube 2005&'
ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï wdY%s; kej; mosxÑh
fndfyda m%cd;ka;%jdos ixj¾ê; rgj, ck;djf.a udkj

whs;Ska W,a,x>Kh fkdjk" ck;dj il%sh f,i foaYmd,ksl
lghq;=j,g Þhljk" wd¾:sl yd iudÔh jYfhka jeä msßjehla
oeßug isÿ fkdjk rgj, ixj¾Ok jHdmD;ska wdY%s; kej;
mosxÑh ms<snò .eg¨ t;rï m%n, jQjla fkdfõ' tfy;a
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ixj¾Ok jHdmD;ska wdY%s;
kej; mosxÑh b;d m%n, iudc w¾nqo we;s lrk l%shdldrlula
f,i y`ÿkdf.k ;sfí'
uyd mßudK ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s wdY%s; wj;ekaúï yd

kej; mosxÑh uQ,slj wdrïN fldg we;af;a úfYaIfhka Ökh
yd bkaoshdj jeks rgj,hs' Ökfha cd;sl m¾fhaIK uOHia:dk
^Chinees National Research Center& f;dr;=rej,g wkqj Ökfha
1950-2000 ld,fha bosl< ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s fya;=fjka wj;eka
jQ yd kej; mosxÑ l< ck;dj ñ,shk 45 blaujhs ^Stanley
2002&' fuhska 52]lau kd.ßl ixj¾Ok jHdmD;Ska jk w;r
fuu ixLHdj 2008 jk úg ñ,shk 70 olajd j¾Okh jk nj o
tu jd¾;dfõ ;jÿrg;a iòyka fõ ^Stanley 2002&' fuu
;;a;ajh óg iudk whqßkau bkaoshdfõ isÿ l< ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;s wdY%s; w;aoelSï ;=<ska o ;yjqre úh' k,ska isx fka.s
iy iqcd;d .x.=,s (Nalin Singh Negi and Sujata Ganguly)
ñ,shk 50 wêl ck;djla miq.sh jir 50 wdikak ld,h ;=<
wj;eka ù we;s nj iòyka lrhs ^Negi and Ganguly 2011&' óg
wu;rj fiiq wdishd;sl rgj, iy wm%sldkq ,;ska wefußldkq
rgj, o fï fya;=j u; úYd, ck ixLHdjla wj;ekaùug ,laj
we;s nj;a" ,lafjñka mj;sk nj;a oelsh yels nj Tjqyq
;jÿrg;a olaj;s'
182
Ökh yd bkaoshdjg wu;rj nx.a,dfoaYh fuysos iòyka l< hq;=
;j;a rgla jk w;r úhÜkduh" ;=¾lsh yd fkamd,h jeks
rgj, o úYd, jYfhka ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s udkj wj;ekaùï
iòyd fya;= ù we;' wm%sldkq rgj,a .;a; o b;sfhdamshdj" .sfí 3
fõ,a, (Gibe ¸¸¸ Dam)" iqvdkfha ñfrdafj fõ,a, (Merowe
Dam) jeks jHdmD;ska fï w;r jeo.;a úh'
flfia fj;;a fï wkqj ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï yd

kej; mosxÑh n,y;aldr ixl%uK idys;Hh ;=< m%n,
m%ia;=;hla njg m;afõ' tys wOHhkh idys;H mßYS,kh
lsÍfuka ta ;=< wvx.= m%Odk fCIa;% kjhla j¾;udkh jk úg
fufia fm< .eiaúh yelshs'
1' uyd mßudK c, fõ,s f.dvke.Su ^construction of

dams&.
2. c,úÿ,s n,d.dr boslsßu ^hydropower plants&.
3. jdßud¾. jHdmD;s îrrigation projects&" lD;%su c,dY yd
we< ud¾. boslsÍï ârtificial reservoirs and canal& wdosh
fya;= ùu'
4' .ukd.uk ixj¾Okh ^development of transportation&"
uxudj;a boslsÍu ^construction of road&" wêfõ.s ud¾."
ÿïßh ud¾. ^highways and rail transportation&'
5' kd.ÍlrKh" mqk¾kd.ÍlrKh yd kd.ßl mßY%hka
jHdma;slrKh (urbanization, reurbanization and
transformation of urban space).
6' m;,a leKSu yd iïm;a m%jdykh (mining and
transportation of resources).
7' jkdka;r úkdYh yd lDIs ìï jHdma;sh
(Deforestation and expansion of agricultural areas).
8' cd;sl WoHdk boslsßu yd rËs;hka we;s lsÍu (creation
of national parks and reserves).
183
9' ck jHdma;slrK jHdmD;s (population redistribution

schemes)4.
óg wu;rj fjk;a fya;=ka o wj;ekaùï i|yd fya;=jk

nj y÷kdf.k ;sfí' ta hgf;a iqúfYaI wjYH;d u; iqúfYaI
ia:dkj, kj jHdmD;ska boslsßu wdosh oelaúh yelsh'
WÞyrKhla f,i .=jka f;dgqfmd<" jrdhka yd f.dv l< bvï
wdY%s; bos lsßï .; yelshs' Y%S ,xldfõ miq.sh iuh ;=< bosl<
u;a;, .=jka f;dgqfmd< yd yïnkaf;dg jrdh wdikak hq.h
;=< oelsh yels WÞyrKhkah¡ tfukau .hkdfõ we;eï ck
lKavdhï f.dv l< bvïj, kej; mosxÑ lsÍu wdY%s; jHdmD;s
;j;a WÞyrKhla f,i .; yelshs' tfukau wmøjH msg lsÍu
ms<sn| oeä kS;s werfUk úg úfYaIfhka ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk rgj, kj wj;ekaùï iy kej; mosxÑ lsÍï isÿ flf¾'
fï iòyd Y%S ,xldfõ o miqìu ielfiñka mj;sk w;r
óf;dguq,a, l=Kq lkao kdh hdu yryd we;s jQ jHikhka iu`.
kj kS;s we;sùu yd wmøjH msglrk ish,q m%foaYj, ck;dj
kj ia:dkj, mosxÑ lsÍu ms<n s | wjOdkh fhduqùu oelaúh
yelshs' funª l%shdldrlï wvq ixj¾ê; rgj, isÿùu Tjqkaf.a
wj;ekaùug muKla fya;= jkakla fkdj mdßißl lreKq wdY%s;
.eg,q tl;= lsÍug o fya;= fõ'
4
ck jHdma;slrK jHdmD;s fnfyúka kd.ßl ck >k;ajh jeäjk úg
Tjqka .%dóh fË;% j, mosxÑ lsßu wdY%s; jHdmD;s ;=<ska iukaú; fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i 1985 oS úhÜkdufha iudcjdos ch.%yKfhka miq W;=r iy
ol=K kej; tlai;a lsßfï lghq;af;a oS —kj wd¾:sl l,dm˜ boslsßu hgf;a
—.u fj; m%;sixl%uKh˜ ^New Economic Zones ^NEZS& under the —Return
to Village˜& kï ie,iqu hgf;a fun`ÿ l%shdj,shla isÿ úh' tfukau fndfyda
wm%sldkq rgj, o úfYaIfhka gekaidkshdj" b;sfhdamshdj jeks rgj,
.%dóhlrK jHdmD;s ^programmes of villagization& hgf;a funÿ ixj¾Ok
fm%aß; wj;ekaùï yd kej; mosxÑ lsßu isÿ fldg ;sfí' we;eï úg fun`ÿ
jHdmD;s foaYmd,ksl Wjukdjka u; we;sùu iq,N lreKla nj o fmfka' Y%s
,xldfõ 1980 .Kkaj, uyje,s jHdmD;sh hgf;a o funÿ wruqKq mej;s nj
fndfyda iq¿ ck fldgiaj,ska fpdaokd t,a, ù ;sfí' WÞyrKhla f,i
uyje,s —L˜ l,dmh hgf;a je,sTh wdY%s; isxy, ck jHdma;slrKhla isÿ jQ
nj øúv iq¿ ck fldgia j, woyihs ^Wanninayake 2017&'
184
by; oelajQ whqßka ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï úúO
j¾.SlrKhka hgf;a y`ÿkd.; yels w;r tajd iEu tllau
iafõPdkq.; fkdjk wj;ekaùï yd kej; mosxÑh fyj;a
n,y;aldr wj;ekaùï yd kej; mosxÑh iòyd fm<Uùï
we;slrk >Dcq uQ, idOl u; isÿjk nj fmfka' tfukau
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;Ska úiska we;s lrk ,o wj;ekaùu yd kej;
mosxÑh wdY%s; iudc m%;sM, rdYshla o wmg y`ÿkd.; yelsh'
úfYaIfhkau kej; mosxÑh iòyd ie,iqï.; fkdjQ
l%shdldrlï" iudc /ljrKh iòyd úkdY jQ iïm;a fjkqfjka
ksishdldr jkaos f.ùï yd ;lafiareùï fkdùu" úYd, m%cd
lKavdhïj, iïnkaO;d os.=ld,Sk jYfhka wksjd¾h ì|
oeóulg fhduq lsÍu wdosh fuys m%;sM,hka f,i y`ÿkd.;
yelsh' kej; mosxÑh ms<sn| ie,iqï yd tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu
ms<sn| j.lSï fukau kej; mosxÑ m%cdj ;jÿrg;a weo.ekSu
ms<sn| lreKq yqfola fï ksid m%cdjf.a fm!oa.,sl;aj neoSï u;
.kakd ;SrK njg m;aj ;sfí'
we;eï udkjjdos ú.%yhka ;=< meyeos,sju ioyka jk

mßos ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï ;jÿrg;a wdka;slrKhg ,la
jQ yd udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Kh ms<sno wvq wjOdkhla fhduq
lrk" udkjjdos iqrËs;;dj yd m%cd iyh wju uÜgul mj;sk
fËa;%hls' UNHCR ys lghq;= fnfyúka fhduq ù we;af;a
wNHka;ßl jYfhka ysxikh yd iajNdúl wdmÞ ksid ;ukaf.a
mosxÑ ia:dkj,ska n,y;aldrfhka bj;a lrk m%cdjka fj; jk
w;r tfyhska Tjqkaf.a iyh iy wdOdr fhduq ù we;af;a ta
fj;hss' fï ;=<ska ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï >Dcqj u
wjOdkhg fkd.efKk w;r fndfyda ÿrg Tjqka wju udkj
ysñlï W,a,x>Kh jk m%cdjla" wju ysxikhka isÿjk m%cdjla"
wjÞku jvd wvqfjka we;s msßila f,i i,ld n,d Yla;su;a
fkdjk oshdre m%;sm;a;s ud,djla ;=< wvq wjOdkhg yiqjk
msßila njg m;aj ;sfí' tfy;a ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùu yd
kej; mosxÑh jQ l,S f.da,Sh ikao¾Nh ;=< n,y;aldr
wj;ekaùu yd kej; mosxÑh úIfhys iqúfYaIs jQ" fjkaj
y÷kd.; yels lKavdhula jk w;r Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl
185
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Kh fkdjk mßos cd;Hka;r kS;u s h rduqj

;=< /ljrKh ,eìh hq;= iqúfYaIs m%cd lKavdhula f,i
yÿkd.; hq;h = ' úfYaIfhka Tjqka o iudc-wd¾Ól .eg,q
rdYshlg uqyqKfok" fN!;sl mßirfhka mQ¾K fyda w¾O
jYfhka fjkaj isák" fN!;sl iïm;a jk bvï" ;DK ìï"
jkdka;r yd msßisÿ c,h jeks iïm;a iy iudc wd¾:sl
neoSïj,ska bj;a jk msßils' tfukau Tjqka fuf;la uqyqKfok
.eg¨j, úúO;dj fya;=fjka ie,lsh hq;= wkaoñka ta flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr we;s njo fmkS hhs'
wj;ekaùu yd kej; mosxÑh wdY%s; m%Odk t<Uqï
fï ms<sno idys;H .fõIKh lsÍfuka fmkS hkafka

wj;ekaùu iòyd we;s lrk n,mEï ms<snòj úu¾Ykd;aul
lreKq fidhd ne,Su;a th kej; ia:dms; lsßu iòyd wjYH
;lafiare ñkqïj, wjYH;djla mj;sk njhs¡ ta iòyd m<uq
kHdhd;aul meyeos,s lsßu fokq ,enqfõ udkj úoHd{hka úisk¡s
úfYaIfhkau kej; mosxÑh iòyd w;HjYHfhka n,mdkq ,enQ
os<`ÿ Ndjhg m;a lsßfï fya;= ms<snò úia;rd;aul woyia m%ldY
lrkq ,enQ udkj úoHd{hka w;r jeo.;a lsym s fofkla f,i
fn%dal¾ia iy ialv¾ ^Brokers and Scudder 1968)" fÉïn¾ia
^Chambers 1970)" fld,aika ^Colson 1971)" frdaõ,aia ^Rawls
1971) iy ialv¾ ^Scudder 1985) oelaúh yelsh¡
flfia fj;;a fï ms<snò fndfyda wOHhkhka iudÔh

úoHd{hka úiska iy ixj¾Ok úYaf,aIlhka úiska miqld,Skj
isÿ lrk ,os ^Dreze et. al. 1997; Fisher 1995&¡ fï ms<snò
jeo.;a m%fõYhla 1950 .Kkaj,ska miqj iudc yd iudc udkj
úoHd{hka úiska .kq ,efí¡ fï wdY%s; kHdhd;aul wdlD;Ska
lsysmhla Bg miqld,sk ìysùu ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;eka yd
kej; mosxÑh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrùug fya;= jQ nj
fmfka¡
186
uq,skau, fÉïn¾ia ^1970& wm%sldfõ kej; mosxÑ lsßï
jHdmD;Ska ms<snòj woshr ;=kl wdlD;shla f.dvk.k w;r th
1¡ nòjd.ekSfï wjêh ^kej; mosxÑh& ^Recruitment&
2¡ ixl%dka;s wjêh ^Transition&
3¡ ixj¾Ok wjêh ^Development& jYfhka y`ÿkajd fok ,oS
Chambers ^1970&¡
wk;=rej fk,aika ^Nelson 1973& Tyqf.a wOHhkhka

mokï lr .ksñka ,;ska wefußldfõ fndfyda w;aoelSï wdY%s;j
ixl,kh lrk ,o woyia ;=<ska ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï
iòyd fÉïn¾iaf.a wdlD;sfhys we;s wÞ<;dj mßËd lrk ,os¡
wk;=rej fÉïn¾I iy fk,aika úiska wdlD;s jeäoshqKq lrk
,o w;r kej; mosxÑ lsÍfï jHdmD;sj,oS iafõPdkq.;
mosxÑlrejka ms<sn| tu wdlD;Ska ;yjqre lrñka tajd ixl,amSh
yd wdh;k.; lrk ,os¡
wk;=rej fcdaka frdaõ,aia ^John Rawls& Tyqf.a hqla;h s

ms<sno fmdÿ ixl,amlrKh ;=< ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùu ;=<
mj;sk wdpdr O¾u ms<snoj meyeos,s lrk ,o¡s ta wkqj ksoyi
yd bvm%ia;d wdÞhu yd Okh yd wd;au .re;ajh wdosh iudkj
ysñjk whqßka kej; mosxÑh ;=< mqoa.,hka mosxÑ l< hq;= nj
Tyq wjOdrKh lrk ,os ^Rawls 1971&¡ Tyqf.a wOHhkfhka
fmkajd fokafka we;eï .eg,qldß ;;a;ajhka kej; mosxÑh ;=<
mek ke`.Su;a iu`.u whqla;s iy.; l%shdldrlï ta ;=< isÿ úh
yels njhs¡ wid¾:l kej; mosxÑ jHdmD;shla fya;=fjka isÿ úh
yelafla m%cdjf.a yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g wd¾:sl jdis .s,sys hdu
muKla fkdj Tjqka fn,ySk;ajhlg$ os<s`ÿNdjhlg
împoverish& m;a lsÍuhs¡ Tyq th olajkafka kj wiudk;djhka
^new inequalities& cks; úh yels w;r u th wdÞhu fyda Okh
;=<ska muKla fkdj iudc foam< tkï ksoyi yd bvm%ia;d
fukau iudc .re;ajh jeks foa ta w;r wysñ jk njhs¡ flfia
fj;;a fï ixl,amh ;=<ska frdaõ,aia fmkajd fokafka
wj;ekaùu m%cdj fn,ySk;ajhg$os<s`ÿNdjhg împoverishing&
187
m;alsÍula muKla fkdj widOdrKhg o ,la lrk njhs¡

tfyhska kej; mosxÑfha oS iudkd;au;dj j¾Okh l< hq;= w;r
idOdrK;ajh fmdÿ jQjla úh hq;h = ¡ fm!oa.,sl foam, l%uhlg
bv yeÍu Tjqkaf.a ksoyig uq,a ;ek fok tla l%uhla nj o
frdaõ,aia ;u ú.%yh ;=<ska fmkajd foa¡
ialv¾ iy fld,aika f.a issõ wjê wdlD;sh
ialv¾ iy fld,aika úiska 1980 oYlfha uq,a Nd.h ;=<

n,y;aldr kej; mosxÑ lsßï ms<snò .=Kd;aul wOHhkhla isÿ
lrk ,os¡ Tjqka fuysoS kej; mosxÑ mqoa.,hka iudc- ixialD;sl
moaO;shg olajk m%;spdr ms<snòj jvd yrj;a ú.%yhla isÿ lrkq
jia isõ wjê wdlD;sh f.dvk.hs¡ fï kHdhg wkqj
iafõÉPdkq.; fyda wksjd¾h kej; mosxÑh hk ´kEu
wjia:djl jqjo kej; mosxÑh mqoa., wd;;sldß (stressness)
;;ajhla f,i i,lk nj;a ta Tiafia iudc mßirhg uqyqK oSu
wiSre yd wju uÜgul mj;sk nj;a h¡ ta wjëka y;r fufiah¡
1¡ mosxÑ lrùu$ nòjd .ekSu ^Recruitment&

2¡ ixl%dka;s wjêh ^Transition&
3¡ úNj;d ixj¾Okh ^Potential development&
4¡ kej; tlaùu $ ia:dms; ùu Încorporation$ handing over&
^Scudder and Colson 1982&'
mosxÑ lrùu$ nòjd .ekSu wjêfhaoS olakg yels uQ,sl

lreKla jkafka m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka fyda kej; mosxÑh
ms<sn| ie,iqï ilia lrkakka kej; mosxÑ jkakkag ta nj
fkdokajd l%shd lrkq ,nk ixisoaêj,ska iukaú; úh yels
wjêhhs¡ ixl%dka;s wjêfhaoS mqoa.,hka ;ukaf.a wj;ekaùfï
wkd.;h yd ta ;=< ;ukag uqyqK oSug isÿ jk udkisl wd;;sh
ms<snòj bf.kqula ,nhs¡ úNj;d ixj¾Ok wjêfhaoS fN!;sluh
jYfhka kej; mosxÑh w¨;a ia:dkhl msysgqjhs¡ fuysoS kj
mosxÑlrejka ;ukaf.a kj wd¾:sl yd iudc cd, iïnkaO;d
kej; f.dvk.hs¡ kej; tlaùu fyda ia:dms; ùu wjêfhaos
188
m%cdjla f,i Tjqka foaYsh wd¾Ól jHQyhg yd m%cd kdhl;ajh
;=< úfYaIfhka fojk mrïmrdfõ idudðlhska ;ukaf.a mosxÑ
ia:dk ;ukaf.a mosxÑ ksjdi f,i ms<s.kakd wjêh f,i .;
yelsh¡ Tjqkag wkqj fï wjêfhaoS kej; mosxÑfha id¾:l wjêh
f,i ms<s`.efka¡
ialv¾ iy fld,aikaf.a fuu wdlD;sh ms<snò miqld,Sk

úoaj;=ka úúO woyia yd úfõpkhka bosßm;a lrk ,oS¡ uQ,sl
jYfhka fuu wdlD;sh iajhx mosxÑh ^voluntary resettlement&
ms<snò wOHhkhla iòyd f.dvke`.=jla jQ w;r miqld,skj
ksrkqu;sl kej; mosxÑ lsÍïj, we;eï id¾:l jHdmD;Ska ú.%y
lsÍu iòyd fhdÞ .;a;ls¡ flfia kuq;a 1980 .Kkaj, iy 1990
.Kkaj, l%shd;aul jQ fndfyda ksrkqu;sl kej; mosxÑ lsÍï
wid¾:l jQ wjia:d tug h¡ tn`ÿ jHdmD;Ska wOHhkhg fuu
wdlD;sh m%udKj;a fkdjk njg fndfyda úfõpk t,a, ù
;sfí¡ bka .uH jQfha ksrkqu;sl kj mosxÑ lsÍu wOHhk iòyd
kj t<Uqula fyda wdlD;shl wjYH;djla mj;sk njhs¡
úfYaIfhka kj m%jK;djka ;=< kej; mosxÑfhys olakg
,efnk uQ,sl ,laIKh jQfha os<s`ÿ njg m;a lsßfï wjodku
b;d m%n, idOlhla f,i ksrkqu;sl$ n,y;aldr mosxÑh ;=<
olakg ,eîuhs¡
äfj,aÜ (Dewet 1993& jeks úfõplhka ialv¾f.a

wdlD;sh ;=< kej; mosxÑh ms<snò wdlD;sfhka ú.%y jkafka
m%cdj ;=< mj;sk iudk;d woyia ñi Tjqka n,y;aldr kej;
mosxÑhg olajk fjkia jQ m%;spdr ms<snò t;rï wjOdkhg
f.k fkdue;¡
;krdÊ ^Thanaraj 1996& fmkajd fokafka ialv¾ f.a

wdlD;sh fnfyúka fÉïn¾iaf.a wjê ;=fka wdlD;shg wkqj
f.dvke`.+jla njhs¡ ta wkqj th hï hï iSudlï hg;g m;aj
we;s nj;a ta fjkqjg jHdmD;s flakaøSh wdlD;shla ^Project
189
Centered Model& ielish hq;= nj miqld,Sk úoaj;=kaf.a woyi

úh¡
flfia fj;;a mq¿,a jQ iudc-wd¾:sl wdlD;shla jYfhka

ialv¾ iy fld,aikaf.a wdlD;sh ñksia ukfia wd;;sh (stress)
udkhla f,iska f.k ú.%yhg iïudoï ù we;s w;r th
wj;ekaùu yd m%;sixOdkfha yrh b;d .eUqßka ixl,amSlrKh
fldg we;s nj o fmfkk lreKls¡ flfia fj;;a i¾kshd
(Cernea) g wkqj wj;ekajQjkaf.a nyqúO jQ yeisßï rgd wd¾:sl"
iudc yd ixialD;sl os<s`ÿNdjhka hgf;a f;areï .; yels yd
meyeos,s l< yels wdldrfha wdlD;shla wjYH nj fmkajd fok
,os¡ th IRR Model fyj;a os<s`ÿnfõ wjodku yd kej;
f.dvke.Sfï wdlD;sh (Impoverishment Risks and
Reconstruction Model) kñka Tyq y`ÿkajd fok ,os¡
os<s`ÿnfõ wjodku yd kej; f.dvke.Sfï wdlD;sh (IRR

Model)
1990 oS uhsl,a i¾kshd (Michael Cernea) úiska bosßm;a

lrk ,o IRR wdlD;sh wj;ekaùu yd kej; mosxÑh ms<snoj
;snQ wd;;sh flakaÞSh jQ t<Uqfï isg ÿ.Snjg m;a lsßfï iy
kej; f.dvke.Sfï t<Uqï olajd l%ufõÞ;aul whqßka mßKduh
jQ wjia:djla f,i y`ÿkd.; yelsh¡ fï iòyd uQ,sl moku
oukq ,enqfõ f.da,sh ikao¾Nh ;=< ixj¾Ok fm%aß; wj;ekaùï
yd kej; mosxÑh YS>% f,i j¾Okh ùu;a" fï ms<snòj
W.;=kaf.a wjOdkh iuld,Sk iudch ;=< by< w.hla .ekSu;a
iu`.hs¡ flfia fj;;a mej;s l%uhka ;=< m%cdj wj;ekaùu yd
kej; mosxÑh wdY%s; w¾nqo rdYshla mej;Su;a" tfy;a ksis
ms<s;=re fkdùu;a ld,Sk wjYH;djhla f,i os.=ld,Sk yd
úi`ÿï l%shdj,shla fï iòyd wjYH ùu;a jeks lreKq
w;HjYHfhkau funÿ kHdhla t<s oelaùug fya;= jQ nj fmfka¡
190
i¾kshd 1990 bosßm;a l< fuu wdlD;sh wOHhk ud,d
.Kkdjlska 1990" 1995" 1996" 1998" 1999 yd 2002 jYfhka úúO
rgj, fËa;% wOHhk wdY%s;j t<solajd we;¡ i¾kshdg wkqj
lsisfjla lsisfjl=f.a n,lsÍu u; ;u bvfuka yd mosxÑ ksjdi
j,ska wj;eka ùu" c,dY bos lsßu" rËs; fyda wêfõ.S ud¾. bos
lsßu úiska irKd.;hska .Khg m;a lsßu yosis wdmÞjloS
isÿjk l%shdj,shla fkdj os.=ld,sk ie,iqï iy.; l%shdj,shl
jk w;r tys m%;sM,hka úiska os.=ld,sk jYfhka Tjqka
wjÞkug yd fmr mej;s ;;a;ajhg jvd os<s`ÿ njlg m;aùug;a
iudÔh jYfhka ú.%y l< jQ ;;a;ajhlg;a wd¾:sluh jYfhka
wjOdkulg uqyqKosh yels nj;a fmkajd ÿks¡ tfyhska Tjqka
kej; f.dvke.sh hq;= wdldrh o y`ÿkd .ksñka fuu wdlD;sh
bosßm;a lrk ,os¡
uQ,sl jYfhka fuu wdlD;sh ;=<ska kej; mosxÑ

lrkakka ms<snò uQ,sl wxY 3 la wjOdkhg .ks¡
i& wjOdku ^risks&
ii& ÿ.S Ndjhg m;aùu ^fn,ySk;ajhg& (impoverishment)
iii& kej; f.dvke.Su ^reconstruction&
fï tla tla wxYhka tlsfklg iïnkaê; w;r

wj;ekajQjka wjOdkug ,lalrk úNj;djka .Kkdjla m;sk
nj i¾kshd fmkajd foa¡ tajd uQ,sl jYfhka wjodkï 8 hgf;a
weh ú.%y lrhs¡
i& bvï wysñùu -landlessness
ii& rËK wysñùu - joblessness
iii& ksjdi wysñùu - homelessness
iv& wdka;slrKh ùu - marginalisation
v& wdydr wkdrlIs; nj- food insecurity
vi& frda.d;=r ùu yd u¾;H;dj j¾Okh - increased
morbidty and mortality
vii& fmdÿ foam< iòyd m%fõYh wysñùu - loss of access to
common property
191
viii& iudc úixOdkh - social disarticulation (Cernea 2002).
bvï wysñùu
m%cdjf.a osúfmj; .; lsßug wjYH ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

jeks l%shdldrlï mosxÑ jk bvu meyer .ekSu Tjqkaf.a
osúfmj;g buy;a wNsfhda.hls¡ bvï iÞld,sl wysñùu we;eï
úg fldgia jYfhka wysñ ùu fyda iïmQ¾Kfhka wysñ ùu
Tjqka os<s`ÿ Ndjhg m;a lsßfï uQ,sl ixisoaêhhs¡
/lshd wysñùu
wj;ekajQjka ;j;a wjOdkug m;a lrk idOlhla

jkafka /lshd wysñùuhs¡ jegqma ,nk /lshdjka wysñùu .%dñh
kd.ßl ieu fË;%hlu Ôj;a jQjkag m%n, .eg¨jls¡ bia" md
wysñ lïlrejka" jHdmdrj, kshq;= fiajlhka" Ys,amSka" l=vd
jHdmdßlhka wdos iuia;hg ;u /lshdjka wj;ekaùfuka wysñ
fõ¡ th Tjqka ;jÿrg os<s`ÿ Ndjhg yd wjOdkug m;a lsßug
fya;= fõ¡
ksjdi wysñùu
ksjdi wysñ ùu wj;ekaùfï ixl%dka;s ld,h ;=<

;djld,sl tlla jqj;a fndfyda úg th m%cdfõ ksoka.;
.eg¨jla njg m;a úh yelalls¡ mq¿,a ixialD;sl w¾:fhka .;a
l< ksjdi wysñùu Wkaysá ;eka wysñùuls¡ tfyhska iuQyfha
fmdoq ixialD;sl jgmsgdj" wjldYh yd wkkH;dj wdos ish,a,
ta ;=<ska wysñ fõ¡ fuh fN!;sl yd wOHdmksl jYfhka wj;eka
jQ os<s`ÿ Ndjhg yd wjOdkug ,la lrk m%n, idOlhls¡
wdka;SlrKhùu
mjqf,a wd¾:sl Yla;sh wysñ ùu" hál=re p,H;dj" uOHu

f.dú mjq,a fj; bvï wysñùu yd Tjqka iSñ; l=vd bvï
192
ysñhkaùu wdos wdka;slrKhla isÿùu iòyd n,mdkq ,efí¡ l=vd
Ys,amSka yd fj<o mx;sh oss<sÿ nfõ t,sm;a;g meñfKa¡ wd¾:sl
wdka;slrKh jQl,s iudc yd ufkdaúoHd;aul wdka;slrKh
iu`. tlg .uka lrk ixl,amhla jk w;r th iudc
;;a;ajh ìò oukakla jk w;r iudcfha fuys ;ukaf.a
Ôj;aùï iòyd wjYH Yla;sh úYajdih ìò oeóu jeks foa thska
WoaoSmkh lrkakls¡ fuho ÿ.SNdjhg yd wjOdkug ,la
flfrk m%Odk idOlhls¡
wdydr wkdrËss;Ndjh
m%cdj ;djld,sl fyda ksoka.; W!K fmdaIKhlg

f.dÿre jkafk kï th wj;ekaùu ;jÿrg;a wjOdkulg ,la
lrkakls¡ ffoksl le,ß yd fm%daàka m%udKhka ksis f,i
fkd,eîu W!k fmdaIKhg fya;= fjk w;r wj;ekaùu tf;la
mej;s ia:djr fnda. j.dj ìò ouk w;r kej; wdydr
ksIamdokhka we;s lsßu iòyd os.= ld,hla kej; mosxÑh ;=<
.; fõ¡ th m%cdj wjOdkug ,la lrk m%n, fya;=jls¡
f,dalfha fjk;a rgj, ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s wdY%s;j fï .eg¨j
mek ke.S we;s w;r Y%S ,xldfõ úlafgdaßhd c,dYh wdY%s;j isÿ
l< kej; mosxÑfhaoS 55] kej; mosxÑ l< mjq,a w;r os.=
ld,hla W!k fmdaIKh mej;s nj ikd: úh ^Cernea 2002&¡
úúO frda.dndOj,g f.dÿreùï yd u¾;H;dj j¾Okh ùu
wj;ekaùu fya;=fjka we;s jk udkisl wd;;sh"

wkdrËs;Ndjh" kej; mosxÑh wdY%s; me;sfrk frda. iy
udkisl lïmkhka we;s lsßug iu;a fõ¡ lDñ i;=kaf.ka
fndajk frda." wkdrlIs; c, iemhqï" ÿ¾j, ikSmdrËs; l%u"
jix.; frda. wdoshg f.dÿreùfï wjldY i,ihs¡ <orejka
<uqka yd jhia.; jQjka fï fya;=fjka úúO frda.j,g
f.dÿreùu;a Ôú; wjOdkug m;a lsßu;a isÿ úh yelsh¡
193
fmdÿ foam<j,g m%fõYh wysñùu
bvï wysñ foam< wysñ ck;djg ;ukag tf;la mej;s

fmdÿ foam, jk jkdka;r" ;DK N+ñ" fidfydka ìï" c, uQ,dY%"
we;eï fmdÿ foam< o wj;ekaùu fya;=fjka wysñ fõ¡ Ôjk
;;ajh mj;ajd .ekSfïoS fmdÿ foam< N=la;sh o jeo.;a
iïudoula isÿ fldg we;;a kej; mosxÑh ;=< mej;s iïm;a
wysñ ùu Tjqka ;jÿrg;a ÿ.sNdjhg yd wjOdkug ,la lsßug
fya;=jk lreKls¡
iudc úixOdkh ùu
n,y;aldr wj;eka lsßï fndfyd aúg mej;s iudc

m¾hdh ìò oeóug úiqrejd yeßug lghq;= lrk w;r m%cdj ;=<
fnoSï" {d;s;aj iïnkaO;d ìò oeóï" mjq,a iïnkaO;d wjq,a
lsßï" wúêu;a cd, iïnkaO;d ìò oeóu fukau foaYsh Y%u
iemhqu b,aü ìò oeóu yd m%cdjf.a ixialD;sl wkkH;dj
wNsfhda.hg ,la lsßu jeks úúO w¾nqo;d ìys lrhs¡
i¾kshdf.a fuu ÿ.Snjg m;a lsßfï wjÞkï 8 g

miqld,skj fuda;¾ (Mathur) úiska ;j;a lreKla tla lrkq
,efí¡ th uQ,sl fmdÿ fiajd iòyd mej;s m%fõYh wysñ lsßuhs
^loss of access to basic public services&' úfYaIfhka mdie,a"
idhk" ùoS ,hsÜ" m%jdyk myiqlï" ;eme,a fiajd wdosh kej;
mosxÑh;a iu`. wysñjk nj Tyq fmkajdfok w;r th ;jÿrg;a
Tjqka ÿ.SNdjhg yd wjÞkug ,la flfrk lreKla jk nj
olajhs ^Mathur 1998&'
i¾kshd olajk wdldrhg fuu ÿ.Snjg m;a lsßfï

wjodku wj;ekajQjkag muKla fkdj i;aldrl m%cdj ^hosts
community& fj; o m%n, n,mEula t,a, l< yelalla f,i
y`ÿkd.kS ^Cernea 1995&' fï ;=<ska isÿjk n,mEfï m%udKh
fjkiaúh yels w;r th m%foaYh" jHdmD;sh" ld,h yd fiiq
wNHka;ßl lreKq hgf;a fjkiaúh yelsh¡ fuys we;s
194
úfYaI;ajh jkqfha th tla wxYhla muKla fkdj wxY
.Kkdjla Tiafia wj;eka jQjkag isÿjk wjodku .%yKh
lsßug W;aidy f.k ;sîuhs¡ ta wkqj iudc" wd¾:sl" ixialD;sl
yd ufkdaúoHd;aul wdos iEu fËa;%hlau mq¿,a f,i wjÞkhg
f.k wdlD;sh ks¾udKh lsßug W;aidy f.k we;s nj fmfka¡
;jÿrg;a i¾kshdf.a IRR wdlD;sh ;=<ska ie,iqï iy.;

fkdjk kej; mosxÑlsßïj, wjÞku ms<sno wk;=re weÕùula
isÿ jk w;ru th kej; f.dvk`.k ñkqï l%uhla o fhdackd
lrhs¡ Tyq fmkajd fokafka wj;eka jQ m%cdj kej; f.dvke`.Su
kej; mosxÑfha w;HjYHh u ld¾hhla njhs¡ wj;ekaùu
wjodkug ,lajk uQ,sl lreKla jqj;a iudc-wd¾:sl yd
udkisl jYfhka Tjqka f.dvke`.Su iòyd l%shdud¾. .; hq;=
nj Tyq fmkajd foa¡ ta iòyd my; fhdackd iudc úoHd{hka
úiska imhkq ,nhs¡
i& bvï wysñùfï isg bvï moku lr.;a kej; mosxÑh -

from landlessness to land-based resettlement
ii& /lshd wysñùfï isg kej; /lshd kshqla;sh -
from joblessness to re- employment
iii& ksjdi wysñùfï isg ksjdi f.dvke.Su -
from homelessness to house reconstruction
iv& wdka;slrKfha isg iudc wka;¾.%yKh-
from marginalization to social inclusion
v& wdydr wkdrlIs; nfõ isg m%udKj;a fmdaIKh -
from food insecurity to safe nutrition
vi& úúO f,v frda. yd p¾hdj isg fi!LH wdrËKfha
j¾Okh-from increased morbidity to better health care
vii& fmdÿ foam< m%fõYh wysñùfï isg fmdÿ foam< yd fiajd
m%;sixia:dmkh -from loss of common property rights to
access to public utilities.
195
viii& iudc úixúOdkh ùfï isg m%cdj kej; f.dvke.Su iy

cd, iïnkaO;d f.dvke.SSu - from social disarticulation to
social reconstruction
IRR wdlD;sh tla;rd whqßka wOHhkhg iSud jQ

wdlD;shla fkdj th m%dfhda.slj w;ayÞ ne,sh yelalls¡
ie,iqïlrejkag yd tajd l%shd;aul lrkakkag jeo.;a woyia
,nd fok fuj,ula f,i th Ndú; l< yelsh¡ tfy;a
bkaoshdj we;=¿ we;eï rgj,a fuys we;s wÞ,;dj ms<snò t;rï
ie<ls,a,la fkdolajk w;r ;u ie<iqï iòyd fhdÞ .ekSug
ue,slula o olajhs ^Mahapatra 1999&¡
ks.ukh
flfia fj;;a n,y;aldr ixl%uK wOHhk fCIa;%fha

wNHka;ßl wj;eka jQjka úIfhys fuf;la isÿ l< wOHhkhka
my; i|yka wOHhk fCIa;%hka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka
isÿ flfrk nj fmkajdosh yelshs'
1. wj;ekaùug n,mdk fya;= iy m%;sM, ms<sn| flreKq
úYaf,aIKhka
2. wj;ekaúï iïnkaO j we;s .eg¨ yd wdrCIdj ms<sn|
úIfhys udkj ysñlï" wdrlaIdj yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn|
úYaf,aIKhka we;=<;a wOHhk
3. wNHka;r wj;ekaùï yd iïnkaO jd¾.sl yd ia;%S
mqreI Ndjh ms<sn| wOHhk
4. wNHka;r wj;eka jQjka i|yd mj;sk udkqISh wdOdr
yd iyk ;=< we;súh yels whym;a m%;sM, wju lsÍu
yd iïnkaO wOHhk
5. wNHka;r wj;ekajQjka i;aldr iudc iu`. wkql,kh
ùu yd wj;eka lojqrej, jdihg weíneys ùu yd
iïnkaO wOHhk
196
6. wNHka;r wj;ekajQjka kej; mÈxÑh yd iïnkaO
ia:djr;d yd .egqï fukau .egqñka miq iduh
f.dvke`.su ms<sn| m%h;akhka we;=<;a wOHhk
7. wNHka;r wj;ekajQjka ms<sn| f.dvke.S we;s úúO
j¾.SlrKhka wdY%s; wOHhk'
;jÿrg;a kQ;kfha oelsh yels j¾.SlrKhla jYfhka

wNHka;r wj;ekajQjka mqoa.,sl;aj .eg¨jg uqyqK§fï§ Tjqka
;=< we;súh yels udkisl jHdëka ms<sn|j o jeä wjodkhla
fhduq lrñka wOHhk isÿlrk nj fmfka'
tfukau óg miqld,Skj o úúO úoaj;=ka úiska

n,y;aldr wj;ekaùu yd kej; mosxÑh wdY%s; úúO m¾fhaIK
isÿlrk nj y`ÿkd .; yelsh¡ fuhska fmkS hkafka ;jÿrg;a
fuu fËa;%h ms<snò .eUqre kHdhka yd ixl,amhkaj,
W!K;djla mj;sk nj;a" úúO úfõpk yd woyia m%ldY ùu
;=<ska kj wOHhkhka iòyd m%fõYhka tl;= flfrk njhs¡
flfia fj;;a ;ju;a j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk kj úIh
fËa;%hla f,i n,y;aldr ixl%uK y`ÿkajdosh yels w;r
wkd.;fhaos óg jvd .eUqre tfukau jvd M,odhl kHdhka yd
ixl,am fï fËa;%h ;=<g m%fõY ùfï iqúYd, m%jK;djla
;sfnk nj o fmkajd osh yelsh¡
wdY%s; .%ka:
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2006 Forced Migration and Coal Mining. In Shobhita
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1997 Forced Migration, Environmental Change and
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202
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh
*Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh iy mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok
kHdh
iqika; riakdhl
ye|skaùu
od¾Yksl lÓldfõ § m%xY cd;sl od¾Ykslfhl= fuka u

b;syd{fhl= jk ñfI,a *Qflda (Michel Foucault) y÷kd
.efkkqfha mYapd;a jHqyjd§ Ñka;lfhl= jYfhks' tfuka u
mYapd;a kQ;k Ñka;kfha mqfrda.dñfhl= jYfhka o *Qflda
y÷kd.efka' úpdrlhskag wkqj *Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh iudÔh
úoHdjkag ;SrKd;aul j n,md we;af;a Tyq Ôj;aj isá hq.hg
jvd Tyqf.a urKfhka miqj h' úfYaIfhka u 1990 oYlfha isg
*Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh" b;sydih" ufkdaúoHdj" wmrdOúoHdj"
foaYmd,k úoHdj" iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk iy m%;sm;a;s
úYaf,aIKh wd§ iudÔh úoHdjkag iEfyk n,mEula lr we;
(Fimyar 2008). tksid u mYapd;a kQ;k iudÔh úoHd
m¾fhaIlfhda ksr;=rej ish úYaf,aIK kHdhd;aul ú.%yhg
Ndckh lsÍfï § *Qfldaf.a od¾Yksl ú.%yhka mßYS,kh lr;s'
ta w;r *Qflda úiska n,h (power)" lÓldj (discourse)"
md,k;ajh (governmentality), isrer iy ,sx.sl;ajh (body and
sexuality) iïnkaOfhka l< od¾Yksl meyeÈ,s lsÍï nyq,j
fhdodf.k .kS' *Qflda fCI;% .Kkdjl u m¾fhaIK lrñka
kHdh yd ixl,am iudc úYaf,aIKh i|yd bÈßm;a l< o
Tyqf.a ú.%yhka m%isoaOj we;af;a n,h yd oekqu ms<sn| kHdh
(power and knowledge) f,iska h' ta wkqj úfYaIfhka u n,h yd
oekqu ms<sn| *Qfldf.a kHdh m¾fhaIK o;a; úYaf,aIK
l%ufõohla (analytical method) jYfhka Ndú; lsÍfï iïm%odhla
iudÔh úoHd yd udkj Ydia;% m¾fhaIK l%ufõohg wdfoaY ù
we;'
ixj¾Okh iy W!k ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iudcúoHd

lÓldj ;=< mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh ckm%sh fjñka
203
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh
mj;sk kHdhls' .;dkq.;sl ixj¾Okh {dkúNd.d;aul j
úixfhdackh lsÍfï (deconstruction) iudcúoHd yd udkjúoHd
iïm%odhla 1980 oYlfha isg j¾Okhùula y÷kd.; yels w;r
tu .=rel=,h ksfhdackh lrk iudc yd udkj úoHd{fhda
ixj¾Okhg iïnkaO úúO fCI;% úYaf,aIKh i|yd mYapd;a
kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh Ndú; lsÍug jeä reÑl;ajhla olaj;s'
flfia jqj o fujeks idys;H mßYs,kfhka meyeos,s jk
lreKla jkafka jeäfokdf.a wjOdkh fhduqj we;af;a mYapd;a
kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh o;a; úYaf,aIK l%ufõohla jYfhka
fhdod.ekSug;a tu.ska .;dkq.;sl ixj¾Okhg oDV
úfõpkhla iemhSug;a h' ta yerek úg mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok
kHdh f.dvke.Su i|yd n,md we;s od¾Yksl miqìu
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd .kq ,enQ W;aidyhka (Escobar 1984)
oelsh yelafla b;d iSud iys;j h' fï ksid fuu ,smsfha m%Odk
wruqK jkafka mYaapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh f.dvke`.Su
i|yd mqfrda.dó od¾Yksl iïudoula l< ñfI,a *Qfldaf.a uQ,sl
ixl,am kHdh f.dvke.Su i|yd n,md we;s wdldrh ú.%y lsÍu
hs' ta wkqj fuu ,smsh fldgia follska iukaú; h' ,smsfha
m<uq fldgiska mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh ms<sn| flá
ye|skaùula lrk w;r fojk fldgiska *Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh
mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh yev.eiSug n,md we;s wdldrh
ú.%ylr we;'
kQ;k;ajh yd mYapd;a kQ;k;ajh ms<sn| lÓldj
mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh ms<sn| idlÉPdj weröug

u;af;ka mYapd;a kQ;k;ajh hkq l=ulao? iy mYapd;a kQ;k
iudc kHdh hkq l=ulaoehs? ms<sn| flá i|ykla lsÍu fuu
,smsfha iuia; w¾:h jgyd .ekSfï mQ¾j wjYH;djka jYfhka
yef`.k ksid ta ms<sn| flá i|ykla lsÍu jà' kQ;k;ajh
(modernity) ms<sn| lÓldj iudcúoHdfõ wdrïNh f;la u
merKs jQjls' ngysr oekqï moaO;shg wkqj iudch kQ;k;ajhg
m;ajQjd hehs ie,flk wdrïNl ,CIh jkafka 15 jk iy
16jk ishjfia werô nqoaê úma,jh;a iu. f.dvke.=K fya;=jd§
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iudc m¾hdfha wdrïNh hs' wk;=rej 18 jk ishjfia ld¾ñl
úma,j;a iu. fya;=jd§ úoHd;aul iudc m¾hdh ;jÿrg;a
;yjqre úh' fmdÿfõ nqoaê úma,jfhka wdrïN ù ld¾ñl
úma,jfhka jDoaêhg m;a jQ hqfrdamd iudcj, we;s jQ iudc-
foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl mßj¾;k l%shdj,sh
ye¢kaùu i|yd iudcúoHd{hska Ndú; l< ixl,amh jQfha
kQ;k;ajh hs' wd.u yd wd.ñl Ndú;hka m%;sfCIamùu" rdcdKavq
l%uh yd jevjiï l%uh wNdjhg hEu" fiajd kshqla;sh kd.ßl
yd ld¾ñl fCI;%h flakaøSh ùu iudch kQ;k;ajhg m;aùfï
,CIK jYfhka we;eï iudcúoHd{hska y÷kdf.k we;
(Giddens 1990)' fï wkqj kQ;k;ajh iDcqj u ld¾ólrKh yd
Okjdoh iu. wkqhd;jk ixrplhls' fodaIs ^Doshi 2003&
kQ;k;ajh yd ne÷k m%mxp oyhla olajhs' tkï"
1' ld¾ólrKh yd kd.ÍlrKh

2' ixj¾Okh
3' m%cd;ka;%jdoh
4' Okjdoh
5' n,fha iqmsßnj
6' ksoyia fjf<|fmd<
7' Y=Njdoh
8' úoHdj" ;dCIKh" iudch yd foaYmd,kfha i;H oekqu
fidhd hdu
9' wfkl=;a ish¨ oekqï i|yd moku imhk- i;H jYfhka u
;uka (self) ms<sn| oekqu ,nd.ekS u hk woyi
10' ;d¾lsl;ajh
ta wkqj fuu ,CIK iys; iudc l%uhla wdrïN jkafka

mqkreoh" m%nqoaOjdoh yd ld¾ñl úma,jh Tiafia hqfrdamh ;=<
h' tjeks mßj¾;khla isÿ fkdjq iudc kQ;k;ajhg úreoaOd¾:
iys; idïm%odhsl" fkdÈhqKq fyda wjj¾ê; ;;a;ajfha miqjk
iudc jYfhka y÷kd .eKqks' kQ;k;ajhg m;aùu fyda fkdùu
ms<sn| woaoelSu" kQ;k-idïm%odhsl" ÈhqKq-fkdÈhqKq jYfhka
m%;smCI hq., Tiafia ú.%y lsÍu tu iudc m%j¾.hkaf.a ienE
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h:d¾:h ms<sìTqùula hehs is;sh fkdyels h' tys we;af;a
idudkHlrKh jQ jHqyhls' flfia jqj o iudcúoHdfõ wdrïNl
hq.fha § Ndú; jQ ish¨ kHdhka fujeks idudkHlrKh jQ
kHdhka jYfhka y÷kd.efka' tys § m%uqL jQ iudcúoHd;aul
kHdhka jkafka mßKdujdoh" lD;Hjdoh" iy >ÜGkjdoh jeks
kHdhka h' fuhska o lD;Hjdoh iy >ÜGkjdoh m%uqL fõ'
mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka fuu kHdhka y÷kajkafka zuyd wLHdkZ
(mega narratives/meta narratives) (Lyotard 1984) jYfhks'
iudc jHqyh il,Hjd§j (wholistic) iy i¾jjHdmS j

(universal) ú.%y lsÍu uyd wLHdkj, we;s m%Odk ,CIKh'
wfkla w;g úúO;ajh (diversity) fyda idfmaCI;dj (relativity)
meyeÈ,s lsÍula fujeks uyd wdLHdkj,ska isÿ fkdfõ'
WodyrK jYfhka Okjdoh" iudcjdoh" Okm;s mx;sh" lïlre
mx;sh" iudc mßKduh" ld¾ólrKh fyda kùlrKh hkq
i¾jjHdmS j idudkHlrKh lrk ,o uyd wLHdkh' tajd ;=<
úúO;ajhka" .;sl;ajhka fyda úúO uÜgï we;ehs fkdms<s.kS
(Lyotard 1984).
kQ;k;ajh nqoaê úma,jh" m%nqoaO;ajh yd ld¾ñl úma,jh

úiska cks; l< o mYapd;a kQ;k;ajh cks; jkafka Bg jvd
fjkia iudc miqìula ;=< h' mYapd;a kQ;k lÓldj fmdaIKh
l< fndfyda fofkla kQ;k;ajfha wjidkh iksgqykaùu;a iu.
we;s jQ wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl iudc ;;a;ajh (condition) mYapd;a
kQ;k;ajh jYfhka y÷kd .ekSug W;aidy l< o iudch
mYapd;a kQ;k;ajhg m;ajk ld, jljdkqj i|yka lsÍu ms<sn|
.eg¨j ;ju;a fkdúi÷k tlls' we;ï wh fojk f,dal hqoaOh
ksudùu;a iu. wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k idudðh yd ixialD;sl
mßirfha we;s jQ fjkialï ie,ls,a,g Ndckh lrñka
olajkafka fojk f,dal hqoaOfha wjidkh;a iu. kQ;k;ajh
wfydais ù iudch mYapd;a kQ;k;ajhg m;a jQ njhs' Bg n,mE
m%Odk idOlhla jkafka kQ;k;ajfha w;HjYH ,CIKhka jQ
iudc m%.;sh yd ia:djr;ajh ms<sn| úYajdYh fojk f,dal
hqoaOh;a iu. foord hEu hs'
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fï w;r ;j;a wfhla olajkafka 20jk ishjfia

wjidkfha tkï 1980 yd 1990 oYlh ;=< we;s jQ ixialD;sl yd
wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKfha jHdma;sh;a iu. iudch mYapd;a
kQ;k;ajhg m;a jQ nj hs' úfYaIfhka u ikaksfõok fCI;%fha
we;s jQ úma,ùh fjki ta i|yd iDcqj u n,mEfõ h' mYapd;a
kQ;kjd§kag wkqj 1980 oYlfhka miq f.dvkef.k fuu
iudc l%uh ú.%y lsÍug úma,jldÍ udlaiajdoh fyda lD;Hjdoh
jeks uyd wLHdk wfmdfydi;aú h' Bg fya;= lsysmhls' uyd
wLHdk meyeÈ,s l< wdldrfha ksIamdok n,fõ. u.ska
f.dvkef.k iudc mx;sl%uh fjkqjg mYapd;a kQ;k iudcfha
ia:rdhkh ks¾udKh jkafka mßfNdackh Tiafia h' ta wkqj
mßfNdackjd§ iudcfha mqoa.,hd ;udg ysñ iudc ;,h
f.dvk.d.kq ,nkafka úúO wkkH;d m%ldYkh u; h' Ôka
fndaøshahd olajk wdldrhg mYapd;a kQ;k iudcfha iudc
ia:rdhkh f.dvkef.kafka mqoa.,hd mßfNdackh lrk NdKav
wkqj h' ta wkqj NdKav mßfNdackh hkq ixfla;
mßfNdackhls' ixfla; u.ska lshdmdkafka mqoa.,hdf.a iudc
uÜguhs (Doshi 2003)' mYapd;a kQ;k iudcfha foaYmd,kh yd
n,h l%shd;aulaùu yd yeisÍu o uyd wLHdk meyeÈ,s l<
wdldrhg isÿ fkdfõ' foaYmd,kh yd n,h l%shd;aul ùfï §
jeo.;a jkafka md,s;-md,l ke;fyd;a mx;s iïnkaO;djhg
jvd úúO uÜgïj,ska f.dvkef.k iudc jHdmdr h' WodyrK
jYfhka mßirfõ§ka" ldka;dfõ§ka" iu,sx.slhska" isú,a
whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka y`vk.kakka wd§ jYfhka úúO iudc
jHdmdr Tiafia mYapd;a kQ;k iudcfha úúO lKavdhïj,
whs;sjdislï yd wkkH;djka ms<s.ekSug n,lrkq ,nk iudc
jHdmdrj, j¾Okhla f.da,Sh jYfhka oelsh yels h (Fraser
1993:01).
uyd wdLHdkj,g wkqj iudc iïnkaO;d yeisrùfï

;Srl n,fõ. jkafka rdcHh yd wd¾Ólh hs' tys § CIqø
wjldYh ;=< f.dvkef.k n, iïnkaO;d jeo.;a fldg
fkdi,lhs' kuq;a f.da,ShlrK iudcfha iïnkaO;d yeisrùfï
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§ rdcH fyda wd¾Ólhg jvd jeo.;a jkafka mqoa.,hdf.a oekqu
yd n,h nj mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka olajhs' ta ksid ,sfhda;doa
(Lyotard 1984) olajkafka n,h ksIamdokh jkafka Okh" mx;sh
fyda Pkaoh u.ska fkdj mqoa.,hdf.a oekqu u; h' ta ksid Tyqg
wkqj n,h oekqfï ksIamdokhla fõ (power comes from
1
knowledge) ' fï fya;= ksid we;eï mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka mYapd;a
kQ;k iudcfha mx;s flakaøSh foaYmd,kh ñh hñka mj;skakla
jYfhka olS' Tjqkag wkqj mYapd;a kQ;k iudcfha ish¨ oE
foaYmd,kslh' th idmamq ijdß hdula" fj<| oekaùula keröu"
fiajdia:dkfha jevlsÍu fyda wdKavqlrKh hkd § l=uk
l%shdjla jqj úhyels h' tkhska n,k l, mYapd;a kQ;k
f,dalfha" Ôú;fha ish¨ oE foaYmd,kslh' n,h fï ljr
l%shdldrlul § jQj o mSvdldÍh (Doshi 2003; Fraser 1993).
iuia;hla jYfhka .;aúg f.da,ShlrK iudch

i¾jjHdmS fyda idl,H;dj fkdj úúO;ajh" idfmaCIl;ajh
w.hlrhs' lD;Hjd§ uyd wdLHdkfõ§kaa iqrCIs; l< iïm%odh"
ixialD;sh" iudc taldnoaO;dj mYapd;a kQ;kjdoSkaf.a oDV
úfõpkhg ,laúh' uyd wLHdk wjOdrKh l< kùlrKh
u.ska ixj¾Okh fyda m%.;sh w;aùug jvd fndfyda iudchkag
Wreuj we;af;a È<s÷lu" mdßißl ì|jeàï" jHik"
Kh.e;sNdjh" hqo .egqï jeks fÄojdplhka h' fïjdg úi÷ï
bÈßm;a lsÍug o uyd wdLHdk oeäf,i wfmdfydi;aù we;' ta
wkqj kQ;k;ajh yd th meyeÈ<s l< uyd wdLHdkj,g úreoaOj
f.dvke.=K úl,am {dk ùuxidj jYfhka mYapd;a kQ;k
iudc kHdh y÷kd.; yels h' flfia fj;;a mYapd;a kQ;k
kHdh 1980" 90 oYlj, isg b;d ckm%shfjñka mej;sh o tys
wdrïNh 1960 oYlfha w. iy 1970 oYlfha uq, f.dvke.=K
mYapd;a jHqyjdofha wdrïNh olajd Èjh hs'
1
kuq;a *Qflda olajkafka oekqu n,fha ksmehqula jk njhs' ta ms<sn| fï
,smsfha bÈß fldgiaj,ska §¾> j idlÉPdlr we;'
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mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh
mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh ìys jkafka 1980

.Kkaj, ta jk úg mej;s ixj¾Ok kHdhkag yd ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;sj,g úfõpkhla iy úl,am {dk óuxidjla jYfhks'
ixj¾Okh iy W!kixj¾Okh ms<sn| iudcúoHd;aul kHdh
lÓldfõ wdrïNfha isg u úúO wjia:dj, zixj¾OkhZ meyeÈ,s
lsÍu i|yd úl,am kHdhka ìysù we;' ta wkqj mßKdujd§ka 17"
18 ishjiaj, hqfrdamd ld¾ñl úma,jh úiska we;s l< iudc
mßj¾;kh ke;fyd;a m%.;sh iudc ixj¾Okh jYfhka
y÷kd.;a w;r tjeks mßj¾;khla isÿ fkdjQ rgj,a fkdÈhqKq
rgj,a jYfhka y÷kd.eksKs' kùlrKjd§ka o fï yd iudkj
18 jk ishjfia ld¾ñl úma,jh úiska we;s l< iudc fjki
kQ;k;ajh jYfhka y÷kd.;a w;r ixj¾Okh hkq kQ;k;ajhg
m;aùu fyda fkdùu jYfhka ú.%y lrkq ,eî h' wk;=rej
f.dvkef.k ixj¾Ok lÓldj jk mrdëk kHdh u.ska
ixj¾Okh ú.%ylsÍug W;aidy lf<a wka;¾cd;sl fj<\u
flkaø lr .ksñka ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾ê; rgj,a u;
mrdëk jkafka flfiaoehs ú.%ylsÍug h' ke;fyd;a flakaøh
iy mßêh w;r f.dvkef.k m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj
ú.%ylsÍug h' mrdëk kHdh ixfYdaOkh lrñka budkqfj,a
fjd,iaàkaf.a (Immanuel Wallerstein) kdhl;ajfhka
f.dvkef.k f,dal moaO;s kHdhfhka flakaø-mßÈ wka;¾
iïnkaO;dj wka;¾ mrdëk jYfhka isÿjk nj olajhs' óg
wu;rj flakaøh iy mßêh w;r f.dvkef.k w¾O mßêh
fya;=fjka idïm%odhsl flakaø-mßê wka;¾ iïnkaO;djg wu;r
j l,dmSh jYfhka f.dvkef.k flakaø-mßê wka;¾
iïnkaO;djla o wjOdrKh lrhs (So 1990; y|rd.u iy
riakdhl 2011)'
mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka g wkqj 1980 .Kka olajd

ixj¾Okh meyeÈ,s l< mßKdujd§" kùlrK" mrdêk iy
f,dalmoaO;s hk fï ish¨ kHdh uyd wLHdkh' fuu kHdhka
ld¾ólrKh" kd.ÍlrKh" W!kixj¾Okh" flakaøh" mßêh
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jeks uyd wLHdk u.ska ixj¾Okh idl,Hjd§ m%fõYhlska
f;areïlsÍug W;aidy l< o ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,
W!kixj¾Okfha ienE h;d¾:hka meyeÈ,s lsÍug fyda úi÷ï
bÈßm;a lsÍug fuu uyd wLHdk wfmdfydi;a úh' ta fjkqjg
Bkshd idl,Hjd§ ixj¾Okfha kdufhka isÿ jQfha ngysr rgj,
wdêm;H ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,g jHdma; ùu iy
ixj¾Okh jYfhka y÷kd.;a jHdmD;s u.ska udkj iudchg
iq.;shlg jvd w.;shla isÿ ùuh hkak mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok
kHdhfõ§kaf.a uQ,sl ;¾lhls (Escobar 1995; Sachs 1992;
Rahnema and Bawtree 1997)' ta Tiafia ixj¾Okh ms<sn| uyd
wdLHdk {dkúNd.d;aul j m%;sfCIam lrñka f.dvke.=K
úl,am ixj¾Ok lÓldjka mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh
jYfhka y÷kd.efka' kuq;a mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh iy
uyd wdLHdk w;r lsisÿ iïnkaO;djhla ke;ehs ñka woyia
fkdfõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh
fuka u mrdëk kHdh u.ska o ixj¾Okfha uqjdfjka ngysr
rgj, wdêm;H ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj, jHdma; ùu wjOdrKh
lrhs (Pieterse 2000). flfia jqj o ixj¾Okh ms<sn|
{dkúNd.d;aul j /äl,a m%fõYhla wkq.ukh lsÍu u.ska
.;dkq.;sl ixj¾Okh úixfhdackh lsÍfï W;aidyh mYapd;a
kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdfha lemSfmfkk fjkihs'
mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ m%fõYhg wkqj uyd mßudK k.r

ks¾udKh" c, úÿ,s jHdmD;s" jdß jHdmD;s" l¾udka; ixj¾Okh
iy há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh wd§ jQ wfkalúO Bkshd
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sj, m%;sM,h ù we;af;a oyia .Kka ñksiqka
wj;eka ùu" Ôú; úkdYh" ckjd¾.sl .egqï" mßirh yd udkj
fi!LH ì|jeàu" iudc wiudk;djh j¾Okh ùu jeks ms<shï
l< fkdyels (beyond repair) úkdYldÍ m%;sM, udkj iudchg
Wreu ùu h' fïjd ixj¾Okfha w;=re m%;sM, fkdj ixj¾Okh
hkq fujeks fÄojdplhkaf.ka hq;a l%shj,shls' ngysr ixj¾Ok
fudv,h úiska we;slrkq ,nk fujeks fÄojdpl ks¾oh
úfõpkhg ,la lsÍu;a ta Tiafia mYapd;a fojk f,dal hqo
iudcj, ia:dms;j we;s ixj¾Ok oDIaájdoh {dkúNd.d;aulj
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m%;sfCIm lsÍu;a mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ ixj¾Ok kHdfha moku
jYfhka oelaúh yels h' mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka oeäj úYajdi lrk
lreKla jkafka Okh" n,h ysñ rgj,a úiska yiqrejk
ixj¾Ok oDIaÀjdoh fjkia lsÍulska f;drj f,dal
ck.ykfhka w;súYd, fldgilg fi;la w;alr.; fkdyels
nj h'
ixj¾Okh jYfhka wm y÷kd.kq ,nk oDIaájdoh

hg;aúð;lrKfha uq,a wjia:dfõ mej;s ngysr rgj,a Wiia"
ÈhqKq" YsIagdpdrlrKh jQ iy hg;aúð;lrKhg ,la jQ rgj,a
fkdÈhqKq" Wiia fkdjk" kùlrKhg ,la fkdjQ cd;Ska
jYfhka mej;s hg;aúð; oekqï ksIamdokh Tiafia
mekke.=Kls' fihsoa (Said 1979) Wmqgd olajñka tiafldnd¾
(Escobar 1995) i|yka lrkafka ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj,
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| lÓldj zfmrÈ.jdohZ (Orientalism) iu. iDcq
iïnkaO;djla iys;j f.dvke.=Kla jk njhs' fmrÈ.jdoh
iïmsKavkh l<fyd;a lshefjkafka mYapd;a mqkreo iuh ;=<
ngysr iudch ú{dkuh" iudÔh" úoHd;aul" ;dCIKsl iy
foaYmd,ksl jYfhka úYsIag;ajhg m;a iudchka jYfhka
ngysr b;sydi{hska" f,aLlhska" l,dlrejka w¾:l:kh lsÍu
ksid ngysr ixialD;sl wdêm;H ngysr fkdjk l,dmj,
fõ.fhka ixia:dmkh jQ nj hs' ta wkqj ;=kajk f,dalfha
uq,aneif.k we;s ixj¾Ok lÓldfjka o isÿjkafka ngysr
úYsIag;ajh u;=lsÍ u iy ixj¾Okfha kdufhka ngysr
fycuksh (Western hegemony) ;=kajk f,dalh u; megùu hs
(Escobar 1995)'
;=kajk f,dalfha ixialD;Ska hg;aúð;lrKfhka

ksoyia jqj o ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g ngysr ixj¾Ok
wdlD;sfhka fyda oDIájdofhka ñÈh fkdyels úh' tla w;lska
ixj¾ê; rgj, Kh" wdOdr yd ;dCIKsl W.=,aj, ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk rgj,a ysr jQ w;r wfkla w;g ngysr rgj,a
zBkshd ixj¾OkhZ w;alr .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l<
;dlaIKsl" ld¾ñl yd úoHd;aul l%ufõo ta wldrfhka u
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wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a ngysr
ixj¾Ok oDIájdofha o meg`tKs' flfia fj;;a ngysr ixj¾Ok
fudv,h wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid hï fN!;sl ixj¾Okhla fuu
iudcj, isÿ jQ nj i|yka lsÍu jà' kuq;a ixj¾Okfha
kdufhka isÿ jQ ngysr rgj, n, jHdmD;sfha lsisÿ fjkila
tu`.ska isÿ fkdù h'
úfYaIfhka u f.da,ShlrKfha jHdma;sh;a iu. ngysr

ixj¾Ok fudv,h b;d fõ.fhka f.da,Sh iudch
iucd;ShlrKh lrd ;,a¨ lrñka isà' ta ;=< f,dalfha úúO
iudcj, we;s iudc ixialD;sl úúO;ajh fkdjeo.;a ;ekg
;,a¨ ù ngysr wdlD;sl ixj¾Okhg wkqhd;jk wdh;ksl
jHqyh úYaùhlrKh fjñka mj;S' tkï f.da,ShlrKh u.ska
ngysr ixj¾Ok wdlD;sh mrudo¾Yh lr.ekSug ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk rgj,g n, lrñka isà' 1980 miq kj,snr,ajd§
f,dal n,j;=ka foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól iy iudÔh jYfhka
jHqyd;aul .e,mSï i|yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,g
lrkq ,nk f;rmSu fï ;;a;ajh j¾Okhùug fya;=ù we;' ta
wkqj f,dal nexl=j iy cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, ;=kajk
f,dalfha rgj,g isÿlrkq ,nk ueÈy;aùu f;areï.; hq;af;a
fï w¾:fhks' wd¾Ól" wOHdmk" fi!LH wd§ iEu wxYhla u
hqfrdamdkq fudv,hg wkqj ieliSug f;jk f,dj rgj,g
n,lrkafka fï ksidh' hqfrdamdkq fudv,h ixj¾Okfha udj;
jYfhka f;jk f,djg f;dard.ekSug isÿùfï$n,lsÍfï
m%;sM,h ù we;af;a ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, ÿmam;a-
fmdfydi;a mr;rh rg wNHka;rfha;a ndysr;a fõ.fhka
j¾Okh ùu h' fï ksid wOH;k ixj¾Okh ielaia (Sachs
1992) Wmqgd olajk Ishdhs (Ziai 2007) olskafka ngysrg ,dN
Wmhdfok f;jk f,dj úiska jrojd jgyd.;a jHdmdrhla
(misconceived enterprise) jYfhks'
fï ksid wOH;kfha Ndú; jk ixj¾Okh hkq yqÿ

fkdjeo.;a h,a mek.sh lÓldjla h hkak mYapd;a kQ;k
ixj¾Ok kHdhfõ§kaf.a m%Odk ;¾lhls' ielaia (Sachs 1992) g
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wkqj zixj¾OkhZ Ydia;%sh lÓldj ;=< kgUqka fjñka mj;sk (a
ruin in the intellectual landscape) ixl,amhls' tksid u ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| oekg ia:dms;j we;s ufkdaNdjhka ukiska bj;a l< hq;=
ld,h t<U we;s nj ue;sõia olaj hs (it is time to dismantle this
mental structure- Matthews 2007). ielaia (1992) g jvd ;shqKq f,i
.;dkq.;sl ixj¾Okh (conventional development)
úixfhdackhl (deconstruction) fhfok tiafldnd¾g (1995)
wkqj ixj¾Okh hkq ms<sKq jQ ngysrlrKfha oDIaájdohla
jkjd fia u th ixialD;sl wêrdcHjdofha (cultural imperialism)
m%ldYkhla o fõ' ixj¾Okh meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd frdiafgdaõ
(Rostow 1971) jekakjqka Ndú; l< w;sYh ;dCIKsl fhÿï2
u.ska tla w;lska ngysr rgj, iodpdruh iy ixialD;sl
fY%aIG;ajh (moral and cultural superiority) yqjdoelaug iy fiiq
rgj,a th wdo¾Yh lr.ekSfï jeo.;alu yqjdoelaùug
W;aidyf.k we;s w;r wfkla w;g ';=kajk f,dalh' (Third
World) jeks fhÿï u.ska hg;aúð;lrKhg ,la jQ rgj,a
wd¾Ól jYfhka miq.dó fuka u iodpdruh iy ixialD;sl
w;ska o miq.dó iudc hehs yqjd oelaùug W;aidyf.k we;' ta
wkqj ;=kajk f,dalh hkq ÿmam;alu" W!k ixj¾ê; nj"
ke;fyd;a wvqu ixj¾Okhla fmkakqï lrk hk fhÿïj,g
iudk mohla jYfhka y÷kdf.k we;' fï ksid mYapd;a fojk
f,dal hqo iudcj, ixj¾Okh ms<sn| {dkúNd.d;aul
f.dvke.Su (epistemological construction) iy ixj¾Okfha
uqjdfjka isÿ jQ foaYmd,ksl l%shdj,sh uq`tukska u m%;sfCIm
lsÍug mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh W;aidy.kS'
2
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wjê kHdh u.ska frdiafgdõ ´kEu rgla jDoaê
wjia:djka myla miqlr hk nj olajhs' tkï idïm%odhsl iudch" mQ¾j
WâVhk wjia:dj" WâVhk wjia:dj" mßK;Ndjhlrd .uka .kakd wjia:dj
iy wênyq mßfNdack wjia:dj jYfhks' fï tla tla wjia:djl we;s ,CIK
u.ska lsishï iudchl iudc-ixialD;sl yd wd¾Ól kùlrKfha uÜgu
fmkakqï lrhs' úfYaIfhka u lsishï iudchla y;rjk jDoaê wjia:djg m;a
jQ úg wdOHd;añl w;ska fmdfydi;a iudchla jk nj frdiafgdaõ olajhs'
Tyqg wkqj ngysr ld¾ñl rgj,a tjeks ;;a;ajhlg <.d jQ iudc fõ
(Rostow 1971).
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ta wkqj mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdhfõ§ka fmdÿfõ
ms<s.kafka ixj¾Okh hkq ixj¾Okfha kdufhka ixj¾ê;
rgj,g yd tys ñksiqkag w;afjk fÄokSh ;;a;ajh jid
.ekSug we;s wiu;a m%mxphla jk njhs (Thomas 2000). ta ksid
ixj¾Okh jYfhka oekg f.dvke.S we;s îxfhdackhù we;s"
f.dvke.S we;s- constructed& oekqu îxj¾Okh y÷kd.kakd
wdldrh" uekSug .kakd o¾Yl wdÈh& úixfhdackh
(deconstructed) lsÍu wjYH fõ'
úl,am ixj¾Okh iy ixj¾Okhg úl,amhla ms<sn| lÓldj
Ydia;%sh jYfhka mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh f;areï

.ekSfï § ixj¾Okh ms<sn| úpdr m¾hdjf,dalhka (critical
approaches to development) iy mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh
w;r mj;sk fjki f;areï .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' .;dkq.;sl
ixj¾Ok t<Uqug úfõpk jYfhka 1970 oYlfhka miq úúO
úl,am ixj¾Ok t<Uqï bÈßm;a ùu isÿ fõ' WodyrK jYfhka
udkj ixj¾Ok lÓldj (human development discourse)" uQ,sl
wjYH;d m%fõYh (basic need approach)" iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Okh
(participatory development)" ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh (women in
development)" ;srir ixj¾Okh (sustainable development) wd§
lÓldjka bka lsym s hls' mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdhfõ§ka
mYapd;a fojk f,dal hqo iudcj, l,ska l,g u;=jk fujeks
úl,am t<Uqï olskafka Bkshd ixj¾Okh úiska we;slrkq ,nk
úkdYldÍ m%;sM, yd fÄojdpl jid .ekSu i|yd fhdok
me,eia;r jYfhks (Matthews 2007).
rkSud iy nõ;S% (Rahnema and Bawtree 1997) g wkqj

kQ;k ixj¾Okh úkdYldÍ m%;sM, udkj iudchg w;alr §
we;af;aa ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul l< rchka" wdh;k fyda
mqoa.,hka tajd l%shd;aul l< wdldrfha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d ksid
fkdfõ' mYapd;a fojk f,dal hqo iudcj, 1950 .Kkaj, isg
u ixj¾Okh jYfhka y÷kdf.k we;af;a;a l%shd;aul lr
we;af;a;a jerÈ fohls' ixj¾Okh jYfhka y÷kd.;a úúO
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jHdmD;s yd l%shdldrlï u.ska tajdhska b,lal l< ck;djf.aa
ienE Wjukdjka fyda wfmaCIdjka bgq ù fkdue;' iEu
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla u wjika ù we;af;a ÿmam;=kaf.a
idïm%odhsl Ôjk l%u" is;=ï me;=ï iy ixialD;sh úkdY ù
Tjqka ixj¾Okfhka neglkakka njg m;alrñks' ixj¾Okh
uqjdfjka isÿj we;af;a W;=f¾ rgj, wd¾:sl yd N+ foaYmd,ksl
(economic and geopolitical) Yla;sh jHdma;ùu h (Rahnema and
Bawtree 1997).
by;ska i|yka l< úl,am u.ska isÿjkafka Bkshd

ixj¾Okfha wfkalúO iudc n,mEïj,g me,eia;r fh§uhs'
tfia ke;sj ixj¾Okhg úl,amhla (alternative to developments)
bÈßm;a lsÍu fkdfõ' ta ksid mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdfha
moku jkafka ixj¾Okhg úl,amhla {dk úNd.d;aul j
bÈßm;a lsÍu hs' mYd;a kQ;kjd§ka bÈßm;a lrk úl,amh l=ula
o? hkak wog;a újdodmkakh' kHdh fmdaIKh l< úúO
nqoaêu;=ka woH;k ixj¾Okhg úl,amh l=ulaoehs fmdÿfõ
úi÷ula fhdackd fkdl<;a kHdfha mqfrda.dñfhl= jk
tiafldnd¾ fhdackd lrkafka wduQ,sl (grassroots) m%fõYhls
(Escobar 1992)' tkï wd¾Ól j¾Okh fyda jDoaêh b,lal
fldg.;a ngysr ixj¾Ok fudv,h fkdj ixialD;sluh
jYfhka mj;sk .;sl;ajh wkqj ixj¾Okh foaYSh {dkh"
foaYSh iïm;a iy m%cdj uq,afldg.;a tlla úh hq;= nj hs' ta
wdldrhg ixj¾Okhg úl,amh fiúh hq;af;a udkjjxY
úoHd;aul yd ixialD;sl wOHhkh u.ska ksIamdokh lrkq
,nk oekqu mokï lr.ksñka ilikq ,nk fudv,hla
Tiafiah (Escobar 1995)' fï Tiafia iucd;Sh3 jQ ngysr ixj¾Ok
wdlD;sh m%;sfCIam lrhs' ;jÿrg;a tiafldnd¾ wjOdrKh
lrkafka tjeks t<Uqula wkq.ukh lsÍu u.ska ngysr
ixj¾Okh" m%d.aOkh iy úoHdj w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh
úhqla;l< yels njhs' tkï ixj¾Okh jYfhka y÷kdf.k
we;s ngysr {dk wdlD;sh" Tjqkaf.a m%d.aOkh iy úoHd;aul
3
iucd;Sh jYfhka fuys § y÷kd .kafka ish¨ rgj,a ngysr kùlrKh"
kQ;k;ajh w;alr .ekSu ixj¾Okh jYfhka y÷kd .ekSu hs'
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ueÈy;aùu LKavkh l< yelafla foaYsh W!rejla wkq.ukh
lsÍu u.sks (Escobar 1992). kuq;a fuys § úfYaIfhka i|yka l<
hq;= lreKla jkafka tiafldnd¾ i|yka lrk úl,amh frdn¾Ü
fÉïn¾ia (Robert Chambers) jekakka ú.%y lrk my< isg
by<g Èjhk ixj¾Ok t<Uqu (bottom-up approach) fkdjk
njhs' tiafldnd¾g wkqj fÉïn¾iaf.a t<Uqu o úl,am ixj¾Ok
m%fõYhla úkd ixj¾Okhg úl,amhla fkdfõ' Bg fya;=j my<
isg by<g Èjhk ixj¾Ok t<Uqu u.ska o ngysr wdlD;sh
wjOdrKh lrk" ixj¾Okh" m%d.aOkh iy úoHd;aul
ueÈy;aúu hk m%mxp LKavkh fkdjk ksidh'
fï wdldrhg ;;ald,Sk ixj¾Ok kHdh yd l%shdj,sh

úfõpkh lrñka woyia bÈßm;a l< úoaj;=kaf.ka mYapd;a
kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh fmdaIKh ù we;' Tjqka w;r ta'
tiafldnd¾ (A. Escobar), Ô'tiafgjd (G. Esteva) tï' rkSud (M.
Rahnema), ví' idÉia (W. Sachs), fÊ' *¾.shqIka (J. Ferguson),
tia' ,fgdaÑ (S. Latouche), Ô' ßiaÜ (G. Rist) iy t*a' ifn,a,s (F.
Sabelli) m%uqL fõ. fudjqkaf.ka jeäfokd ;=kajk f,dalfha
rgj, nqoaêu;=ka ùu o úfYaI;ajhls' fmdÿfõ fudjqka
f.dvk.k ;¾lh jkafka Bkshd ngysr ixj¾Okh wdlD;sh
yryd isÿ ù we;af;a hym;a foa fkdj wk¾:hkah' ;=kajk
f,dalfha rgj, ixj¾Okh uQjdfjka ngysr rgj,a ;u n,h
mj;ajdf.k hk jHdmD;s (power operation projects) jYfhka
fudjqka ixj¾Okh ú.%y lrhs' ta ksid mYapd;a fojk f,dal hqo
iudcj, ixj¾Okh jYfhka uq,aneif.k we;s ixj¾Ok
iqiudo¾Y (development paradigm) iy ixj¾Ok l%shdlrlï
(development projects) m%;sfCIam lrñka úl,am ú.%yhla fkdj
ixj¾Okhg úl,am wjYH nj wjOdrKh lrhs (alternatives to
development rather than alternative development). fudjqka ;u
ú.%yhka i|yd nyq, jYfhka kHdhd;aul moku ilidf.k
we;af;a *Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh u.sks' ta wkqj fuu ,smsfha ó<`.
fldgiska *Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh
f.dvke.Sug n,md we;s wdldrh idlÉPdlr we;'
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ixj¾Okh: lÓldj" n,h iy md,k;ajh
mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh f.dvke.Sfï § ñfI,a

*Qfldaf.a od¾Yksl ú.%yhka m%n, n,mEula isÿlr we;s nj
,smsh wdrïNfha § u i|ykalr we;' ta wkqj fuu fldgi u.ska
l:sldj" n,h iy md,k;ajh iïnkaOfhka *Qfldaf.a
kHdhd;aul ú.%yh mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh ;=< Ndú;
jk wdldrh iïmsKavkh lr idlÉPdlr we;' fuu fldgig
m%úYagùug m%:u úfYaI lreKla i|yka lsÍu wjYH h' tkï
*Qflda bÈßm;alrk by; ixl,am tlsfkl f¾Ldjlska fjkalr
fmkaúh fkdyels tlsfkl iyiïnkaê; ixl,am ;=kla jk
njhs'
n,h iy md,k;ajh iïnkaOfhka *Qflda oS¾> jYfhka

ú.%y lrkq ,enQfha The Subject and Power (2000), Discipline and
Punish: the Birth of the Prison (1977) iy The order of Things (1966)
hk lD;sj,sks' *Qfldag wkqj jia;= úIh (subject) iy n,h
(power) w;r we;af;a fjka l< fkdyels in|;djls' jia;=
úIhka f;areï.; hq;f a ;a jia;= úIh yd n,h w;r we;s
iïnkaO;djh weiqßks' ta wkqj zlÓldjZ f;areï .ekSfuka
jia;= úIh yd n,h w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj f;areï .;yels h'
fï ,smsfha bÈß fldgilska lÓldj ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍu §¾>
jYfhka isÿjk ksid;a n,h ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍu f;areï
.ekSug md,k;ajh f;areï .ekSu mQ¾j wjYH;djla hehs ye`.S
hk ksid;a m%:ufhka md,k;ajh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍug fuys §
W;aidy flf¾'
jpkd¾:h wkqj md,k;ajh (govern + mentality) hkq

mqoa., udkisl iajNdjh" Ñ;a; iajNdjh ke;fyd;a mqoa.,
.;siajNdjh lsishï n, uQ,hlska (source of power) md,kh ùu
fyda md,kh lsÍuhs' fláfhka olajf;d;a mqoa., yeisÍu
md,kh lsÍuhs (conduct of conduct). n, uQ, jYfhka *Qflda
ú.%y lf<a rdcHh yd tys n, jHqyfha úúO frðfïka;= h'
WodyrK jYfhka fmd,Sish" mdi," úYajúoHd," nkaOkd.dr"
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Widú" ld¾hd," udOH wd§ frðfïka;= h' kQ;k rdcH úiska
mqoa., ufkda.;slhka md,kh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk úúO
l%ufõo yd mqoa.,hd ;ud úiska u rdcHfha tjeks l%ufõo
ms<s.ekSu yd Bg wkql+,;dj oelaùu u.ska úkhdkql+,
ke;fyd;a kQ;k rdcH l%uhla ks¾udKh (modern state) jkafka
flfia oehs ú.%y lsÍug md,k;ajh ixl,amh fhdodf.k we;'
fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï kQ;k rdcH yd mqrjeishd
w;r jk iïnkaO;djh meyeÈ,s lsÍug W;aidyf.k we;'
kQ;k nkaOkd.drj, wdrïNh yd mrud¾: ms<sn| l<

ú.%j,ska *Qflda fmkajd fokafka mqoa.,hd iajhx md,khg
,lajk udkisl fm<öu nkaOkd.dr jHqyh u.ska f.dvkef.k
njhs' fcrñ fnka;ï (Jeremy Bentham) úiska ks¾udKh lrk
,o isrl|jqrl jHqyh ksÍCIKh lrñka *Qflda fuu kHdh
f.dvk.hs' nkaOkd.dr jHqyh .;aúg th jl%dldr (panoptic
style) jk w;r uOHfha msysá l=¨Kl msysgd we;s ksÍCIK
l=áfha isák nkaOkd.dr ks,Odßhdg isrlrejkag fkdfmfkk
fia ish¨ l=á ksÍCIKh l< yelsh' kuq;a isrlrejka
tlsfkldg fkdfmfkk fia isrueÈß fldkal%SÜ ì;a;sj,ska
fjkalr we;' wfkla w;g ksÍCIK ueÈßh we;s l=`tfkka
úysfok §ma;su;a wdf,dalh iEu isr ueÈßhlg u m;s;fjhs' ta
ksid isrlrejd is;kqfha ks,Odßhd ieuúg u ;udj ksÍCIKh
lrk njhs' ienúka u fuu.ska isÿjkafka isrlrejka /jàuls'
ks,Odßhd ksÍCIK ueÈßfha ke;s jqj o isrlrejka is;kqfha
;udj ksÍCIKh lrk njhs' ta wkqj isrlrejd iajhx
md,khlg ,lafõ' ta ksid wfkla isrlrejka iu. tla ù fyda
;ksj u fyda isrf.or ì|oeóu" m,dhdu ta i|yd ixúOdkhùu
fyda wr., lsÍu jeks úkh úfrdaë p¾hdjkaj,g fhduqùug
we;s udkisl;ajfhka bj;aj isrlrejd iajhx YslaIKhlg
,lafõ'
idïm%odhsl jevjiï oKavk l%u fjkqjg mqoa.,

mqkre;a;dmkh i|yd Ndú; jk nkaOkd.dr.; lsÍfï
kQ;kjd§ m%fõYh ;=< we;af;a rdcHfha n,h Tiafia mqoa.,
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yeisÍu iy uki md,kh lsÍfï l%shdj,shls' nkaOkd.r.;
lsÍu yryd mqoa.,hd iudc iqpß;jdÈfhla lsÍug ke;fyd;a
iudcfha fmdÿ iïu;hg wkqj yeisÍug yqrelsÍug W;aidy
.kS' ta i|yd kS;sÍ;s" l%ufõo ks,OdÍka iy taldlD;sl
f.dvke.s,s" ks, we÷ï" wdydrmdk rgdjka wdÈh fhdod .kS'
úfYaIfhka u ks,OdÍkaf.a iqmÍCIKh hgf;a ld, igyklg
wkqj isrlrejka yeisßh hq;=h' ta u.ska fok ,o wdlD;shlg
wkqj is;u S g" l%shd lsÍug mqoa.,hd fmd<Ujhs' túg
mqoa.,hdf.ka m%o¾Ykh jkafka md,khg k;= l< úkhdkql+,
yeisÍuls' fjk;a wdldrhlg olajkafka kï rdcH n,dêldrh
úiska mqreÿ mqyqKq l< yeisÍï iy is;=ï me;=ï rgdjls' *Qflda
olajkafka nkaOkd.drj,ska werô mqoa.,hd úkhdkql+, lsÍfï
l%shdj,sh l%ufhka mdi,a" frday,a" fmd,Sish" yuqodj" l¾udka;
iy fiajd ia:dk jYfhka iuia; iudch mqrd jHdma; ù we;s
njhs' kQ;k rdcHhkays iqNidOk jevigyka iy wOHdmk
l%uh kQ;k nkaOkd.dr mßmd,kh wkqidrfhka ks¾udKh jQ
mqrjeishd úkhdkql+, lsÍfï rdcH fuj,ïh' fï iEu wxYhl§
u isÿ jkafka mqoa.,hd is;k m;k wdldrh yeisfrk wdldrh
kS;sÍ;s o`vqjï yd ks¾foaYs; yeisÍï u.ska md,kh lsÍuhs'
md,k;ajfha wjika wruqK jYfhka èjks; jkafka

mqoa., yd iudc iqNidOkh yd hymeje;au we;slsÍu hs'
WodyrK jYfhka oelajqjfyd;a isrlrejd mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍu
iudc hymeje;aug w;HjYHh' kuq;a *Qfldag wkqj fuys
h:d¾:h jkafka isr.; lsÍfuka rdcH n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka
rdcHhg wjYH wdldrfhka is;k m;k yeisfrk mqoa.,fhl=
ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' túg mqoa.,hd mj;sk iudc l%uhg fyda
rdcHhg tfrysj l%shd fkdlrhs' úma,j fkdlrhs' rdcHfha
kS;sÍ;sj,g wkql+,j iudc iïu;hg wkqj yeisf¾' ta wkqj
iïu; ke;fyd;a wkqu; yeisÍu rdcH yd tys fldgialrejka
úiska mqreÿ mqyqKq lrkq ,nk yeisÍuls' iïu;h lvlsÍu hkq
oKavkhg ,laùuhs' wjidkfha iuia; iudch u rdcHfha
leue;a;g wkqj md,kh l< yels wdldrfha ksIal%sh ;;a;ajhg
(docile bodies) m;afõ (Foucault 1991)'
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*Qfldag wkqj md,k;ajh ft;sydislj fjkiaù we;'
ft;sydisl jYfhka .;aúg iudch kQ;k;ajhg m;aùug fmr
^18 jk ishjig mQ¾j& mej;s iudcj, tlsfkl w;a;¾ mrdëk
m%Odk md,k l%u ;=kla mej; we;' tkï iajhx md,kh (self-
government)" mjq, u.ska md,kh ùu (governing the family) iy
rdcH u.ska isÿjk md,kh (ruling the state) hs' iajhx YsCIKh
u.ska mqoa.,hd wksjd¾hfhka u md,khg ,lafõ' wfkla w;g
idïm%odhsl iudcj, mqoa.,hd md,kh lsÍfï § mjqf,a N+ñldj
;SrKd;aul úh' rdcH u.ska o kS;sÍ;s yd o`vqjï Tiafia
mqoa.,hd md,kh lrkq ,eîh' kuq;a kQ;k iudchkays md,kh
ks¾udKh ùfï § jvd jeo.;a jkafka rdcHfha ;d¾lsl
N+ñldjhs' udkj iudch kQ;k;ajhg m;aùu;a iu. jvd
;d¾lsl f,i rdcH l%shdj,sh u.ska iudch md,kh i|yd
ueÈy;aú h' tys§ úêu;a kS;sÍ;s" nkaOkd.dr" Widú" ks,OdÍka"
ld¾hd," jHjia:djka wd§ l%fudamdhka u.ska rdcHfha md,k;aj
ueÈy;aùu úêu;alrKhg ke;fyd;a ;d¾lsl lsÍug ,lalr
we;' ta wkqj jvd ;d¾lsl" úkhdkql+, mqrjeishd yd rdcH
ks¾udKh jkafka fujeks md,khla u.sks' iuia;hla jYfhka
.;aúg md,k;ajfha wjika mrud¾:h jYfhka m%ldY jkafka
iudc iqNidOkh by< oeóu hs' tkï iudc" wd¾Ól" fi!LH"
mdßißl wd§ jYfhka jvd ys;lr mßirhla we;s lsÍuhs' kuq;a
h;d¾:h jkafka rdcHg wjYH wdldrfha mqrjeisfhl= ks¾udKh
lsÍuhs (Foucault 1991). fuys§ iEu mqoa.,fhla u ;ks ;ksj
md,kh l< fkdyels h' ta ksid rdcH úiska ks¾foaYs; wOHdmk
l%u Tiafia úkhdkql+, mqrjeisfhl= ks¾udKhg lghq;= lrhs'
ta w¾:fhka .;aúg md,k;ajh hkq yqÿ rdcHfha kS;sÍ;s"

l%shdldrlï fyda wdh;ksl ueÈy;aùula muKla fkdfõ' ,S (Li
2007) iy bkavd (Inda 2005) i|yka lrkakfka ish¨ wdldrfhka
mqoa.,hd is;k m;k wldrh" yeisfrk wdldrh" mqoa., Wjukd
tmdlï" wdYdjka" wjia:djka iDcqj fyda jl%j md,kh lrkq
,nk ´kEu ;d¾lsl l%shdjla md,k;ajh ksfhdackh lrk
njhs' th l¾udka;hl jevlrk fiajlhska" nkaOkd.dr
/|úhka" udkisl frday,l" jdÜgqjl isg frda.Ska" m%foaYhl
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Ôj;ajk m%cdj fyda iuia; ck.ykh u b,lal lrkjd úh
yelsh4' fuhska tla kso¾Ykhla jYfhka l¾udka;hl jevlrk
fiajlhska ie,l=jfyd;a ish¨fokd úêu;a kS;sÍ;s rduqjla
Tiafia jev l< hq;=h' jevg meñKsu" ks,we÷ï we§u" msgùu"
wdydr .ekSu" iqmÍCIKh" ksjdvq .ekSu" fiajl wka;¾
iïnkaO;d" jegqma f.ùï wd§ ish,a, úêu;alrKhlg ,lalr
we;s w;r ish¨ fokdf.ka u wfmaCId lrkafka iïu;
wdldrhg ta ish,a, isÿ lsÍu hs' túg fiajlhdf.a yeisÍu
úêu;alrKh l< md,khg k;= l< tlls' bka msg meksh
fkdyels h' hï fyhlska iïu;h W,a,x>kh l<fyd;a o`vqjï
meñKùu u.ska o wfmaCId lrkafka fmdÿ meje;au yd hym;
fjkqfjka mqoa.,hd md,kh lsÍu hs'
foaYmd,ksl w¾:fhka .;a úg md,k;ajh

hg;aúð;lrKh yd iDcqju iïnkaO fõ' ta wkqj
hg;aúð;lrejka wkq.ukh l< YsIagdpdrlrK jHdmD;sh ;=<
wka;¾.; jkafka hg;aúð; jeishd md,khg ,la lsÍu hs'
hg;aúð; ;=< YsIag iïmkak rdcH ks¾udKh lsßu yd hg;a
jeishd YsIag iïmkak rdcHfha mqrjeisfhl= lsÍu i|yd wjYH
kS;sÍ;s wKmk;a" wdh;k" ks,OdÍka" yuqod" fmd,Sis" wOHdmk"
Wm;a-urK-újdy ,shdmÈxÑh" fi!LHh" nÿ l%u" j;=j.dj"
fj<|fmd<" Pkao l%u" md¾,sfïka;= l%u hg;aúð;lrKhg k;=
jQ rgj, we;slrkafka tneúks' ta wkqj hg;aúð; w¾:fhka
.;al, tu iudcj, jeishd ;=< hqfrdamdkqjka hkq YsIag" kQ;k
fyda ;d¾lsl;ajhg m;a msßila h' ta ksid wm o tu ;;a;ajhg
m;aúh hq;=h hk ufkdaNdjh f.dvkef.a' ta Tiafia
hg;aúð;lrKhg tfrysj ke.S isàug fyda úma,j lsÍug
hg;ajeishd Wkkaÿ fkdfõ' tksid hg;aúð jHdmD;sh
iqcd;lrKhg ,lafõ' ke;fyd;a hg;a jeishd md,khg
k;=fõ' kuq;a h:d¾:h jkafka YsIag;ajfha" kQ;k;ajfha fyda
4
…"government" generally refers to the conduct of conduct-that is, to all
those more or less calculated any systematic ways of thinking and acting that
aim to shape, regulate, or manage the comportment of others, whether these
be workers in a factory, inmates in a prison, ward in a mental hospital, the
inhabitant of a territory, or the members of a population (Inda 2005: 01).
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;d¾lsl;ajfha kdufhka Bkshd YsIag iïmkak hQfrdamSh n,h
úð;lrKhg ,la jQ iudc u; uqodyeÍu h (Escobar 1995).
úoaj;=kag wkqj md,k;ajfha jeo.;a ,CIK folla

mj;S' bka m<uqjekak jkafka {dkúNd.d;aul jYfhka
md,k;ajfha mj;k foaYmd,ksl njhs (the epistemological nature
of political reasons). tkï rdcHhg fyda rdcHfha frðfïka;=j,g
mqoa.,hd md,kh lsÍu i|yd wjYH {dkhu ueÈy;aùu ;==<
mj;sk foaYmd,kh hs' ta w¾:fhka .;aúg ufkdaúoHdj"
iudcúoHdj" ffjoH úoHdj" rdcH m%;sm;a;s" wmrdO úoHdj jeks
iEu {dk ksIamdok udOHhla u.ska u isÿ lrkafka md,kh
i|yd wjYH WmlrK fyj;a oekqu yd l%fudamdhka iïmdokh
lsÍuhs'
oekqu ksIamdokfha we;s foaYmd,kh meyeÈ,s lsÍug

*Qflda Ndú; l< ixl,amh jQfha zlÓldjZ (discourse) hs'
*Qfldaf.a iuia; kHdh u f.dvke.S we;af;a lÓldj ms<sn|
meyeÈ,s lsÍu Tiafia h' lÓldj ms<sn| §¾. f,i woyiaa
olajkafka The Archeology of Knowledge (1969) lD;sfhks' iudc
ikao¾Nh ;=< hï hï m%mxp ms<sn| i;H" wi;H fyda h:d¾;h
jYfhka oekqu ksIamdokh lrk yd bÈßm;a lrk wdldrh
ir,j lÓldj jYfhka *Qflda y÷kdf.k we;' ke;fyd;a
lsishï jia;= úIhla$.eg¨jla ms<sn| ñksiqka is;k wdldrfha
iels,a,ls' fuys § hula ms<ns | is;k wdldrfha iels,a, uki
;=< iajhx j W;amdokh jkakla fkdfõ' th lsishï n,
uQ,dY%hlska ksIamdokh lrkakls (Foucault 1969). *Qflda Wmqgd
olajk fodaIsg (2003: 346) wkqj "mq`t,a w¾:fhka .;a l,ays
lÓldj hkq" ixfla; Ndú; lrñka lshk" ,shk" fyda
ikaksfõokh lrk fohhs' idudkHfhka th úia;r lrkq
,nkafka l%udkql+,j ms<sfj,lg ieliQ l:djla u.skah'
m%ldYk oduhla" wdh;k.; lrk ,o Ndú; yd ft;sydisl
ixl,am ta ;=< wka;¾.; fõ"' ta wkqj lÓldj ;j;a ir,lr
oelajqjfyd;a wêm;s oDIaájdo ksIamdokh jk yd iudc.; jk
wdldrh jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsh' ke;fyd;a md,kh i|yd
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wjYHjk WmlrKh' *Qfldag wkqj ta wdldrhg oDIaájdo
ks¾udKh lsÍu yd iudc.; lsÍu isÿjk úúO l%u w;r NdIdj"
ixfla;" wdh;k" .Dy ks¾udK wdlD;Ska" kS;sÍ;s" mßmd,k
úêl%u" úoHd;aul ueÈy;aùï yd m%ldY" od¾Yksl ú.%yhka wd§
fkdfhla l%ufõo wka;¾.;h (Foucault 1969). fï ish¨
úêl%u u.ska m%ldY jkafka oekqï ksIamdokfha we;s n,
iïnkaO;dj hs'
*Qfldaf.a WodyrKhla Tiafia lÓldj f;areï .ekSug

W;aidy lruq' udkisl frda.Sk$a Wu;= jQjka ms<sn| lÓldj
.;fyd;a udkisl frda.Ska y÷kd.ekSu" ks¾jpkh lsÍu"
Tjqkaf.a ,CIK ú.%y lsÍu" j¾.SlrKh lsÍu" fiiaikaf.ka
fjka lsÍu" m%;sldr lsÍu" md,kh lsÍu wd§ l%shdj,sh
wka;¾.; jkafka ufkdaúoHd{hska" ffjoHjre jeks
úfYaI{hskaf.a wdkqNúl mÍCIK Tiafiah (Foucault 1964)' th
fiiaikag l< fkdyels tjeks úfYaI{hskag muKla l<yels
úoHd;aul oekqï ksIamdok l%uhls' ta wkqj Wu;= nj ms<sn|
ufkdaúoHd;aul lÓldj f.dvkef.kafka úfYaI{ oekqu
Tiafia h' ke;fyd;a Wu;= nj f;areï .ekSfï rduqj ks¾udKh
jkafka úfYaI{hskaf.a wêldÍ n,fhks' ta wkqj Wu;= nfjka
fmf<kakka md,kh lsÍu i|yd rdcHh yd Bg wkqnoaO
frðfïka;= ueÈy;ajkafka fuu rduqj ;=< b¢ñka h' Wu;= nj
ms<sn| oekqï ksIamdokfha ke;fyd;a h;d¾:hka ks¾udKh
lsÍfï we;s wêldÍ nj ksid Wu;= nj ú.%y lsÍug lrkq ,nk
fjk;a ú.%yhka j,x.= jkafka ke;' *Qfldag wkqj isÿ jkafka
tjeks úl,am ú.%yhkaf.ka isÿ jkafka o Wu;=nj ms<sn|
úfYAI{hskaf.a rduqj ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre ùu h' Bg fya;=j tjeks
úl,am oekqï ksIamdokj,g iqcd;Ndjhla ysñ fkdùu hs' ta
úl,am oekqï ksIamdokh lrkakkaa ta ms<sn| úfYAI{hska
fkdjk ksid h' kuq;a fufia Wu;= nj ms<sn| f.dvkef.k
oekqu$i;H iïnkaOfhka m%Yak lsysmhla weish yels h'
f,dalfha Wu;= núka fmf<k ish¨ fokd fuu j¾.SlrKhkag
wod< o? hqfrdamfha Wu;= Ndjfha ,CIK iEu iudchl u Wu;=
nj f;areï .ekSug fhdod.; yels o? ke;fyd;a ld¾ñl
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iudcj, Wu;=nj ovhï iudchl fyda lDIsld¾ñl iudchl
Wu;= njg iudk o? úfYaIfhka u Wu;=jQjka udkisl
frday,aj,g$jdÜgqj,g hjd m%;sldr lsÍfï úfYaI{ l%ufõoh
wkq.ukh l< hq;u = o? hkq tu m%Yak lsysmh hs'
ta wkqj lÓldj ksIamdokh jkafka úúO oekqï

frðfïka;= (knowledge regiments) u.sks' ke;fyd;a oekqu hkq
n,fha m%ldYkhls' *Qfldag wkqj lÓldfõ we;s m%Odk
,CIKhla jkafka tys we;s lrKSh w.h hs (instrumental value)'
ke;fyd;a WmlrKuh w.h hs' tkï lÓldj md,khg
iïnkaO jkafka flfia o? hkak hs' Wu;= jQjka udkisl
frday,aj,g$jdÜgqj,g oud m%;sldr lrkafka wehs@ hk mekh
úuiSfuka lÓldfõ lrKSh w.h jgyd.; yels h' ta wkqj
Wu;=jQjka olskafka fiiq whg lrorhla jYfhks' Tjqka
iudcfha ms<s.;a iïu;hka W,a,x>Kh lrhs' ta wkqj m%;l s dr
i|yd fhduq lrhs' tu.ska wfmaCId lrkafka iuia;fha
hymeje;auhs' ke;fyd;a mq`t,a w¾:fhka .;aúg iudc
iqNidOkh hs' ta wkqj Wu;= mqoa.,hd udkisl frday,a .; lr
md,kh lsÍfï" úkhdkql+, lsÍfï rdcHfha yd tys úúO
frðfïka;=j, ueÈy;aùug iqcd;nj lÓldj úiska imhhs' ta
wkqj iuia; iudch fyda bka fldgila md,kh lsÍug
wjYHjk fuj,ula lÓldj úiska imhhs'
ixj¾Ok lÓldj
ixj¾Okh jYfhka y÷kd.kafka o fï wdldrhg

f.dvke.=K lÓldjls (development as a discourse)' ke;fyd;a
wêm;s oDIaájdohls' iuia; iudch u fyda bka fldgila
md,kh lsÍu iy úkhdkql+, lsÍu i|yd rdcH yd Bg wkqnoaO
frðfïka;= úiska lrkq ,nk oDIaájd§uh ueÈy;aula jYfhka
ixj¾Okh y÷kd.; hq;h = ' tiafldnd¾ (1995) olajk wdldrhg
z;=kjk f,dalhZ (Third World)" zÿmam;aluZ (poverty) ziudc
iqNidOkhZ (social well being) wd§ ish,a, úúO ixj¾Ok
lÓldjkah' WodyrKhla jYfhka ;=kajk f,dalh ms<sn|
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lÓldj f.dvk.kafka f,dal nexl=j" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,
jeks frðfïka;= u.sks' ;=kajk f,dalh hkq l=ula o? ;=kajk
f,dalfha ,CIK fudkjd o? ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj,a m<uq
f,dalfha rgj,a njg m;al< yelafla flfia o? jYfhka jk
;=kajk f,dalh ms<sn| h;d¾:h f.dvk.d we;af;a ixj¾ê;
rgj, m¾fhaIlhska" .fõYlhska" f,dal nexl=j jeks wdh;k
u.sks' ta Tiafia ;=kajk f,dalh ms<sn| wêm;s lÓldj
ksIamdokh jkjd fuka u ;=kajk f,dalh l<ukdlrKh
lsÍug yd md,kh lsÍug wjYH ueÈy;aùu o lÓldj úiska u
ksIamdokh lrhs' th Wu;= nj ms<sn| l:sldj f.dvke.Su yd
Wu;= nj md,kh lsÍug jk ueÈy;aùu yd iudkh'
ixj¾Ok lÓldj (development discourse) ;jÿrg;a

f;areï .ekSu i|yd ÿmam;alu ms<sn| lÓldj ke;fyd;a ta
ms<sn| jk h:d¾;h" oekqu ksIamdokh jk wdldrh úuid n,uq'
ÿmam;alu ms<sn| lÓldj ks¾udKh jkafka úúO wxYj,
ixl,kfhks' ÿmam;alu hkq l=ula o? ÿmam;alug n,mdk fya;=
fudkjd o? ÿmam;=kaf.a ,CIK fudkjd o? ÿmam;alu ke;s l<
yelafla flfiao? jYfhka jk tu m%mxph ms<sn| oekqu
ksIamdokh lrkafka úoaj;=ka" W.;=ka" m¾fhaIlhska" iy tu
fCIa;%fha m%ùKhkah' tiafldnd¾ (2007) g wkqj ixj¾Ok
lÓldj mokï jk m%Odk uQ,O¾u folla we;' bka tlla
jkafka ixj¾Ok .eg¨ jD;a;Shfõ§ ùu h (the professionalization
of development problems)' ñka woyia jkafka by; ÿmam;alu
ms<sn| m%mxph fuka ish¨ ixj¾Ok .eg¨ ms<sn| iudc
h:d¾:hka úfYaI{hska úiska f.dvke.Su h' fï i|yd Tjqka
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK l%u Ndú;lr oekqu f.dvk.k w;r th
;d¾lsl oekqula jYfhka úúO l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka iudc.;
lrhs' fojk uQ,O¾uh jkafka ixj¾Ok lÓldj wdh;kSlrKh
ùuhs (the institutionalization of development). bka woyia lrkafka
úfYaI{hska f.dvk.k oekqu Ndú;lr wdKavq" foaYmd,k mCI"
fomd¾;fïka;=" wruqo,a imhkakka wd§ wxY tjeks .eg¨ úi£u
i|yd m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ieliSuh' ta wkqj ÿmam;alu
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ms<sn| iudc h:d¾;h ks¾udKh jkafka CIqø yd id¾j uÜgñka
l%shd;aul jk n, uQ,dY% weiqßKs'
hdmd (Yapa 1997) i|yka lrk wdldrhg Y%s ,xldfõ

ÿmam;alu ks¾jpkh lr we;af;a f,dal nexl=fõ È<s÷lu
iïnkaO ks¾jpkhg wkqjh' ta wkqj Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j iy
ixLHd fomd¾;fïka;=j jeks wdh;k ÿmam;alu y÷kdf.k
we;af;a wd¾Ól fyda øjHd;aul úySK;djla jYfhks' Tjqka
ÿmam;alu .Kkh lsÍu i|yd nyq,j Ndú; lrkafka ióCIK
l%uhhs' ta Tiafia ,nd.kakd o;a;" j.=" m%ia:dr" is;shï wdÈh
u.ska ;d¾lslj m%ldYhg m;alrhs' ke;fyd;a tjeks l%ufõo
u.ska èjks; jkafka Tjqka È<s÷lu ms<sn| i;H$h:d¾:h
ksIamdokh lrk njhss' kuq;a hdmdg (1997) wkqj fujeks
ixLHd;aul yd wd¾Ól úoHd;aul meyeÈ,s lsÍï Y%S ,xldfõ
È<s÷lu h:d¾:jd§ j f;areï .ekSug m%udKj;a fkdfõ' fï
fya;=j ksid Y%S ,xldfõ È<s÷lu ms<sn| wêm;s lÓldfõ
fmdÿfõ oelsh yels ,CIK lsysmhla Tyq fmkajd fohs'
1' È<s÷lu msgqoelSfï jHdmD;s rdcH flakaøSh ùu

2' È<s÷lu msgqoelSfï yd ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s rdcHfha n, jHdmD;s
njg m;aj ;sîu
3' È<s÷lu y÷kd.ekSu yd msgqoelSu i|yd we;s úl,am l%ufõo
ms<sn| Wkkaÿ fkdùu
ta wkqj mYapd;a hg;aúð; Y%S ,xldfõ È<s÷lu ms<sn|

wêm;s lÓldj úiska m%Yak lsysmhla W;amdokh lrhs' tkï
,xldfõ iEu m%foaYhlu oßø;dj taldlD;shlska (stereotype)
f;areï.; yelso? ke;fyd;a oßø;djh ,xldj mqrd iucd;Sh
m%mxphla o? È<s÷ hehs y÷kk ñksiqka È<s÷lu f;areï .kafka
flfiao? wfkla w;g È<s÷lu msgoq elSfï fmdÿ jHdmD;shla iEu
m%foaYhlg u tlfia .e,fma o? È<s÷lug n,mdk fya;=
øjHd;aul úySK;djla jYfhka ie,lSu m%udKj;a o? iy tajd
iudcuh ksIamdok fkdjkafka o? hkq tu m%Yakhs'
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ta wkqj È<s÷lu ms<sn| ixj¾Ok lÓldj ksIamdokh
ùfï § jeo.;a lreKq folla we;' m<uqjekak kï oekqu
ksIamdokfha mj;sk n, iïnkaO;djhs' ÿmam;alu ms<sn| oekqu
ksIamdokh lrkafka iudcfha úúO n, jHqy u.sks' Tjqka
iudcfha úoaj;=ka" ta ta fCI;%j, úfYaI{hska jYfhka
iïNdjkdjg md;% jkakka h' ke;fyd;a foaYmd,ksl fyda
rdcHfha fldgialrefjda fyda jrm%ido ,nkafkda h' ta l=uk
w¾:fhka ne¨j o oekqu ksIamdokh jkafka iudcfha tla
frðuhla ;=<sks' ta w¾:fhka .;aúg oekqu hkq n,fha
ksIamdokhlss' *Qflda oekqu n,fha m%ldYkhla jYfhka
ks¾jpkh lf<a fï ksidh (Foucault 1980)' flfia fj;;a
ÿmam;alu l<ukdlrKh lsÍug wjYH {dk úNd.d;aul
ueÈy;aùu lrkqfha fuu frðfïka;=j úisks' f,dal nexl=fõ
ks¾foaY u; mokï j Bg wkqhd; foaYsh frðfïka;= jk uy
nexl=j" ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" È<s÷lu msgqoelSu
wh;ajk wud;HxY yd ks,OdÍka isÿlrkafka fuu N+ñldjhs'
ÿmam;alu ke;slsÍu i|yd muKla fkdj wdarÓlh" isú,a
iudch" fi!LHh" wOHdmk wd§ ish¨ fCIa;% fufyhùu"
l<ukdlrKh iy ix¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jk ueÈy;aùu
isÿjkafka fujeks frðfïka;= u.ska ta ta fCIa;% iïnkaOfhka
lrkq ,nk {dk úNd;aul ueÈy;aùu u.sks'
fojk ,CIKh jkafka by; lS frðfïka;=j úiska

ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk oekqu Ndú; lrñka ÿmam;alu ke;slsÍu
i|yd jk n, jHqyj, ueÈy;aùu ;=< we;s foaYmd,kh hs' Y%S
,xldj jeks wvq wd¾Ól jDoaêhla fmkajk rgj,g f,dal nexl=
Kh yd wdOdr ysñjkafka f,dal nexl= ks¾Kdhl wkqj È<s÷lu
msgqoelSfï jevigyka iïmdokh jkafka kï muKs' tu.ska Y%S
,xldfõ È<s÷lu msgqoelSfï m%;m s ;a;s yeisrùug yd tajdg
n,mEï lsÍug f,dal nexl=jg yd Bg wkqhd; frðfïka;=j,g
wjia:dj ysñfõ' wjika jYfhka È<s÷lu ms<sn| f,dal nexl=
h:d¾;h úiska Y%s ,xldfõ ÿmam;alu iy ÿmam;=ka muKla
fkdj Y%S ,xldj md,kh lsÍu i|yd jk úúO uÜgfï
frðfïka;=uh ueÈy;aùï ks¾udKh lrhs' tiafldnd¾g wkqj
227
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh
kï fujeks ueÈy;aùï ;=kajk f,dalfha rgj,a md,kh lsÍfï
mYapd;a hg;aúð; l%ufõohhs (Escobar 1995)'
wfkla w;g foaYshj .;aúg ÿmam;alu ke;slsÍu i|yd

jk rdcH ueÈy;aùï jk ÿmam;alu ke;slsÍfï m%;sm;a;s"
jevigyka iy l%shdldrlï u.ska isÿlrkafka o ÿmam;=ka
rdcHfha n, jHdmD;sh u.ska md,kh lsÍuhs' ÿmam;=ka
fn,ySkhska" ÿ¾j,hska" miq.dóka" fmdaIK W!K;djkaf.ka
fmf<kakka" b;sß lsÍï mqreoaola ke;s msßila jYfhka
y÷kd.kq ,nk ÿmam;alfï ,CIK ú.%y lsÍfï {dk ksIamdok
ls%hdj,sh u.ska ÿmam;alu wvqlsÍu fyda ÿmam;=kaf.a iqNidOkh
i|yd jk rdcH ueÈy;aùu isÿ lrhs' ta Tiafia rdcHhg ÿmam;=ka
u; ish n,h l%shd;aul l< yelsh' wfkla w;g nqoaêu;=ka
úiska y÷kd.kq ,nk ÿmam;alu ke;slsÍu i|yd jk m%;sm;a;s
yd jevigyka iudÔh ms<s.ekSug ,lajk fyhska ÿmam;alu
md,kh lsÍfï ksjrÈ l%uh th njg ;yjqrejla ,efí'
kso¾Ykhla Tiafia fuh ú.%ylr n,uq' ÿmam;alu ke;slsÍu
i|yd Y%S ,xld rch l%shd;aul lrk iuDoaê jevigyk i,ld
ne¨jfyd;a ÿmam;alu ke;s lsÍu jevigyfka uQ,sl b,lalh
nj yqjd oelajqj o tu jevigyk md,l mx;sh ish n,h
mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd f.dvk.d.;a jHdmD;shla jYfhka
*Qfldaähdkq ú.%yh Tiafia oelsh yels h' m%;, s dNSkag uQ,Huh
yd øjHuh jYfhka hï hï m%;s,dN ysñlr § md,l mx;sfha
foaYmd,k oDIAÀfha fldgialrejka" th wkqu; lrkakka
jYfhka fyda lsisÿ wdldrhlg md,l mx;shg úreoaOj l%shd
fkdlrk msßila njg m%;s,dNSka m;alr.kS'
md,k;aj ixl,amhg wkqj fuys§ lreKq folla

jeo.;afõ' bka m<uqjekak jkafka fuys § úúO m%;s,dN ,eîu
Tiafia oDIaájd§uh iy ufkdauh jYfhka rdcHfha ueÈy;aùu
m%;s,dNska wkqu; lsÍuhs' ta Tiafia rdcHfha ueÈy;aùu wkqu;
lsÍug yd ms<s.ekSug ,lafõ' fojekak kï udfkdauh jYfhka
tjeks jHdmD;s wkqu; lsÍu hkq rdcHfha meje;au ia:djr
228
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh
lsÍuls' rdchhg wjYH wldrhg yeisfrk mqrjeisfhla fï
wkqj ks¾udKh lr.; yelsh'
*Qfldag wkqj (1975) lÓldj iudc.; jQ miq Bg úreoaOj

fyda úl,am jYfhka f.dvkef.k lÓldjka j,x.= lÓldjka
njg m;ajkafka ke;' thg fya;=j wêm;sjd§ lÓldj úiska u
tjeks úfrdaO;d yd úl,am ksfYaokh lsÍuhs' ixj¾Ok lÓldj
Tiafia n,kúg fuh f;areï.; hq;= jkafka md,l mx;sh úiska
y÷kd.kq ,nk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s iudcfha fmdÿ hym; Wfoid
hehs iudc.; jQ miq tu.ska we;sjk whym;a m%;sM, úl,am
lÓldjka u.ska fmkajd§ug úúO W;aidyhka mej;sh o tajd
j,x.= jkafka ke;' Bg fya;=j jkafka t;rï u wêm;sjd§
lÓldj iudc foayhg ldje§ ;sîuhs' ;j;a whqrlska olajkafka
kï wêm;s lÓldj úiska úl,am lÓldjkaf.a meje;au
úkdYlr ouhs' *Qfldag wkqj kï rdcH úiska tjeks úl,am
ksfYaOkh lrhs' tjeks úl,am woyia fndfydaúg m%;s.dó
ke;fyd;a iudcfha fmdÿ wjYH;djkag yd tl`.;djkag
mgyeks woyia yd n,fõ. jYfhka y÷kdf.k tjeks úl,am
oDIaàka hgm;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fï ms<sn| ,smsfha bÈß fldgiska
kso¾Yk iys;j ú.%ylr we;'
úl,am lÓldjka ksfYaOkh lsÍu
fuu ,smsfha l;Djrhd úiska fld<U k.rfha

w,xlrKh yd uqvqlal= yd me,am;ajdiSka uy,a ksjdij, kej;
mÈxÑ lsÍu iïnkaOfhka 2014 j¾Ifha isÿ l< m¾fhaIKhlska
WodyrK .ksñka ;jÿrg;a wêm;s lÓldj ksIamdokh jkafka
flfiao? iy wêm;s lÓldj úiska úl,am l;sldjka
f.dvke.Su ksfYaOkh lrk whqre fmkajdÈh yelsh'
(Rasnayake 2016) mYapd;a hqo iuh ;=< Y%S ,xld rch f.k.sh
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s w;r fld<U k.rh f,dal-k.rhla (world-
class city) lsÍfï kj ,sn¾,ajd§ wd¾Ól isyskh ienElr .ekSu
i|yd jQ kd.ßl mqkreo jHdmD;sh (urban regeneration project)
iudcfha jeä wjOdkhg ,la jQjls' k.r w,xlrKh i|yd
229
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh
jHdmD;sfha m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq jQ w;r bka wfmaCId lf<a
ixpdrlhskag wdl¾IKsh ia:dkhla njg fld<U k.rh
m;alsÍu hs'
fuu jHdmD;sfha § kd.ßl uqvqlla = yd me,am;ajdiSka kj

uy,a ksjdij, mÈxÑ lsÍu m%Odk Wm-jHdmD;shla úh' ta wkqj
rcfha m%Odk lÓldjla jQfha 2020 § uqvqlal= ke;s fld<Ula
(slum free Colombo-2020) ìyslsÍu hs' ta wkqj f,dal-k.rh
ms<sn| oeä wêm;sjd§ lÓldjla rch úiska ks¾udKh lf<a h'
ta i|yd úúO lÓld fCI;% (discoursive fields) Ndú; lrkq oelsh
yelsh' jHdmD;s kdhlhska fld<U uqvqlal= yd me,am;a y÷kd
.;af;a f,dalfha m%uqL k.rh ms<sn| ieuf.a isyskhg ndOd
f.kfok" uqod fkd.;a;= m%foaY" wmdh" ihsîßhdj fyda
fldßhdj jYfhks' fujeks ckdjdi mej;Su fld<U k.rfha
iqkaor;ajhg ydks muqKqjkjd muKla fkdj k.rfha ish¨
ÿrdpdrj, ;sôßf.h jYfhkq;a l%shdlrhs' úfYaIfhka u fudjqka
k.rfha ixj¾Okhg ndOdjla jYfhka y÷kd.;af;a fudjqka
wkjir mÈxÑlrejka ùu ksid h' fujeks ñksiqka jvd YsIag
iïmkak lsÍug kï fudjqka uqvqll a = yd me,am;aj,ska bj;alr
kj uy,a ksjdij, mÈxÑ l< hq;= h hk wêm;s lÓldj oeä
f,i iudc.; lf<a h' fuu lÓldj iudc.; lsÍu i|yd
rdcH udOH" jHdmD;sh yd iïnkaO by< uÜgfï rdcH
ks,OdÍka" m¾fhaIlhska" foaYmd,{hska" udOHfõ§ka" ùäfhda
o¾Yk" mqj;am;a wd§ nyqúO lÓld fCIa;% fhdod.;af;a h' ta
w;r u bÈfjñka mej;s uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾K uqvqlal= jdiSkag
,efnk Èj ud<s.d jYfhka ye¢kaùh' ish¨ uqvqlal= yd me,am;a
jdiSkag YsIag iïmkak ksjila ,nd§u u.ska Tjqkag YsIag
iïmkak Ôú;hla ,nd§ u jHdmD;sfha wruqK jYfhka yqjd
oelaù h' rdcHfha we;ï ks,OdÍkag wkqj fuu uy,a ksjdi
isx.mamQrefõ uOHu mdx;sl ksjdij,g jvd ;;ajfhka
fnfyúka by< h' tjlg ysgmq ckdêm;sjrhdg wkqj
uy,aksjdi jHdmD;sh hkq uqvqlal= orejka ffjoHjre"
bxðfkarejre lrk jHdmD;shls'
230
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh
fï whqßka uqvqlal= yd me,am;ajdiSka uy,a ksjdij,
mÈxÑlsÍu f,dj by< fmf<a k.rhla njg fld<U k.rh
m;alsÍfï ish¨ fokdf.a isyskh ienElr .ekSug w;HjYH jk
nj;a th rfÜ iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh f.kfokakla muKla
fkdj uqvqlal= yd me,am;ajdiSkag iqNodhS wkd.;hla ysñjk
jHdmD;shla ùu ksid;a fld<U k.rfha ish¨ jeishdf.a;a rfÜ
ish¨ fokdf.a;a wdYs¾jdoh yd iyfhda.h fï i|yd wjYH
lrk nj;a wêm;s lÓldj úiska lshdmEfõ h' fuys § u;la l<
hq;= úfYaI lreKla jkafka ta jk úg mej;s wdKavqj hqo
ch.%yKh;a iu. ,nd ;snQ lS¾;sh by; l;sldj iudc.;
lsÍug fnfyúka ys;lr mßirhla jQ njhs'
oeka wm *Qfldag wkqj m%;slÓld ke;fyd;a wêm;s

lÓldjg m%;súreoaO u;jdo ksfYaOkh jkafka flfiaoehs n,uq'
by; lS kej; mÈxÑlsÍfï jHdmD;sh lrf.k hdfï § úúO
md¾Yj úfõpk yd úfrdaO;d t,a,lrkq ,eîh' kej;
mÈxÑlsÍfï mk;g wkqj ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ksid bj;aùug
isÿjk ish¨ fokdg m%udKj;a jkaÈ m%odkhla l< hq;=h'
i¾kshd iy lkan¾ (Cernea & Kanbur 2002) g wkqj fujeks
jkaÈ uqo,la f.ùu w;HjYH jkafka tu.ska mSvdjg m;ajQjkag
kej; Tjqkaf.a Ôú; h:d;;ajhg m;alr .ekSug Woõjla jk
ksidu fkdfõ' tu.ska n,mEug ,la jQjkag ie,lsh hq;=
idOdrK;ajhla bgq jQjd h hk udkisl iykh f.dvkef.k
ksid h' flfia jqj;a n,mEug ,lajQjka jir 25" 30 jHdmD;sh
hgf;a bj;a lsÍug y÷kd.;a m%foaYj, mÈxÑj isáh o by;
jHdmD;sfha § lsisÿ f.ùula fkdl< w;r fmd,sia yd yuqo d
n,h fhdod uqvqlal= yd me,am;ajdiSka bj;a lsÍug lghq;= lrk
,È' wfkla w;g kd.ßl uqvqlal= yd me,am;a m%foaYj, oelsh
yels úfYaI;ajhla jkafka Tjqkaf.a Ôjfkdamdh l%shdldrlï
mÈxÑ wjldYh iu. noaOj mej;Su hs' Ôjfkdamdh iqrCIs;
lsÍug ie,iqïlrejka wjOdkh fhduq fkdl< ksid
jeäfofkl=f.a Ôjfkdamdh oreKq f,i lvd jeàug ,laú h'
wfkla w;g uq,a mÈxÑfha § mjq,a lsysmhla tl ksjil jdih
l< o ta iEu mjq,lgu uy,a ksjdij,ska ksjila ysñ fkdjqKs'
231
iudc úuiqu
2017 l,dmh
kuq;a wêm;s lÓldjg wkqj uqvqlal= yd me,am;a jdiSkaf.a Ôjk
uÜgu by< oEóu m%Odk wfmaCIdj nj rch ks;r ks;r
wjOdrKh lrkq ,eîh' th tfia kï iEu mjq,lg u ksjila
,ndÈh hq;=j ;snqKs' ,nd ÿka ksjdi o b;du wvq bv m%udKhla
iys; jQ tajd fõ' ta ksid u fndfyda fokd uy,a ksjig mÈxÑh
i|yd .sfha fmr ksjfia mej;s fndfyda .Dy NdKav úl=Kd fyda
w;yer oud h'
wfkla w;g ie,iqïlrejka ck;dj mÈxÑlsÍfï §

iudc wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ms<sn| lsisfia;a ie,ls,a,la olajd
fkdue;' fmr mÈxÑ ia:dkfha isá wi,a jeishka" {d;Ska uy,a
ksjdi jHdmD;s lsysmhlg úiqreKs' ke;fyd;a tlu ksjdi
ixlS¾Kfha jqj o iïnkaO;d fkdue;sjk wdldrhg ñY%lr
mÈxÑlr we;' ie,iqïlrejka f,d;/hs l%uhg wkqj
ksjdi,dNSka f;dard.ekS u ksid wka;¾ iïnkaO;d cd,h oreKq
f,i ì|jegqKs' fujeks idOl rdYshla ksid uqvqlal= yd
me,am;ajdiSka jHdmD;shg úreoaOj Woaf>daIK l< y' Widú .sh
y' wfkla w;g udkj whs;sjdislï ixúOdk" kS;s{ ixúOdk
fuu l%shdj,shg úreoaO úh' úreoaO foaYmd,k mCI yd wd.ñl
kdhlhska úreoaO úh' kuq;a ta lsisjla m%udKj;a n,mEula
lsÍug iu;a fkdù h' fujeks úfrdaO;d yd m%;súreoaO woyia
rch f.khk cd;sl ixj¾Okhg ke;fyd;a hqoafoka miq kej;
Y%S ,xldj f.dvk.k uyd jHdhduhg úreoaO jQjka jYfhka
f,an,a l< y' iuyr wjia:dj, fmd,sia yd yuqod n,h fhdod
tjeks úfrdaO;d u¾okh lf<a h'
i;H jYfhka u rchg wjYH jQfha kd.ßl wvq

wdodhï,dNSkaf.a Ôjk uÜgu by< oeóug fkdj Tjqka mÈxÑ
bvï w;am;a lr.ekSu iy tajd uOHu mdx;sl ksjdi ixlS¾K
iy idmamq ixlS¾K i|yd fhdod.ekSu h'
by;ska y÷kd.;a wêm;s lÓldjg m%;smCIj

f.dvkef.k lÓldjka ksfYaOkh ùu *Qfldaähdkq meyeÈ,s
lsÍug wkqj me;s follska oelsh yelsh' bka m<uqjekak jkafka
232
iudc úuiqu
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wêm;s lÓldj oeäj iudc.;j ;sîuhs' by; jHdmD;sh ms<sn|
oDIaájdoh iudc.; jQfha" iudc ys;ldó" ixj¾Ok ys;ldó"
wdishdfõ wdYap¾h lrd hk .ukg rel=,la jk" cd;sh
f.dvke.Sfï w;HdjYH jHdmD;shla jYfhks' ta ksid wêm;s
lÓldfõ oDIaájdoh iudch ;=< oeäj iqcd;lrKh jQ miq
fjk;a úl,am lÓldjka j,x.= jkafka ;e;' fojekak kï
úl,am oDIaájdo md,k ;ka;%fha ueÈy;aùfuka ksfYaOkh
lsÍuhs' by;ska wm y÷kd.;a mßÈ uqvqlal= yd me,am;a jdiSka
rdcHfha oDIaÀjdohg wkqj wkjir mÈxÑlrejkah' k.rfha
iqkaor;ajhg yd ixj¾Okhg ndOd muqKqjkakkah' fndfyda
ÿrdpdr we;slrkakkah' fï ksid Tjqka rdcHfha n,h fhdod
úkhdkql+, lsÍu w;HdjYH;djla jYfhka y÷kd .kS' tfuka u
m%uqL lÓldjg wkqj jHdmD;shg úreoaO wfkla md¾Yj o rfÜ
ixj¾Okhg wl=,afy,kakka" úreoaOjd§ka ksid Tjqka o rdcHfha
ueÈy;aùfuka md,kh l<hq;= hehs y÷kd .efka' wjidkfha
isÿjkafka rdcHfha ixj¾Ok fycuksh ke;fyd;a wêm;s
lÓldfõ meje;au ;yjqreùu h'
ks.ukh
fuu ,smsfhka W;aidy .kq ,enqfõ mYapd;a kQ;k

ixj¾Ok kHdh ms<sn|j;a kHdh fmdaIKhùfï,d *Qfldaähdkq
o¾Ykfha n,mEu ms<sn|j;a fláfhka idlÉPd lsÍuh' ta wkqj
mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ka W;aidy lrkafka .;dkq.;l ixj¾Okh
{dk úNd.d;aulj m%;f s CIm lsÍug;a úl,am ixj¾Okhla
fjkqjg ixj¾Okhg úl,amhla fhdackd lsÍug;ah' fhdackd
lrkq ,nk úl,amh ms<sn| ksYaÑ; tl`.;djla yd m%udKj;a
meyeÈ,s lsÍula kHdh ;=< wka;¾.; fkdjqK o ixj¾Okfha
ngysr iqiudo¾Yh m%;sfCIm lsÍu yd ta ta ixialD;sh wkqj
ixj¾Ok fudv,hka ks¾udKh úh hq;= hehs wjOdrKh lsÍu
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| úYaf,aIK kj udkhlg f.khdug iu;aj
we;' úfYaIfhka ngysr ixj¾Okhg úl,amh l=ulaoehs ksYaÑ;
fkdjqj o th kHdhd;aul j mYapd;a kQ;kjdofha j,x.=Ndjh
mÍCId lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a fkdjk m%ia;=;hls'
233
iudc úuiqu
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flfia fj;;a úpdrd;aul j n,kúg mYapd;a kQ;k

ixj¾Ok kHdh woH;k ixj¾Okh ms<sn| f.dvk.k
úfõpkh fld;rï idOdrK o hk m%Yakh u;=fõ' Tjqka
fmdÿfõ olajkafka ixj¾Ok ksid Wreuj we;af;a È<s÷lu"
mdßißl ì|jeàï" jHik" Kh.e;sNdjh" hqo .egqï jeks
fÄojdplhka h' ke;fyd;a ixj¾Okh hkq wiu;a wk¾:ldÍ
l%shdj,shls' kuq;a fuu ks.ukh wêidudkHlrKh jQjla fia
fmfka' Bg fya;= lsysmhla we;' bka tlla jkafka ixj¾Okfha
kdufhka f,dj ish¨ rgj,a tl yd iudk wdldrhg
fÄodka;hka ks¾udKh fkdlsÍuhs' wfkl kï iEu rglg u
tl yd iudk fÄojdplj,g uqyqK§ug o isÿj ke;s ùuhss'
WodyrKhla jYfhka ialekaäfõkshdkq rgj,a .;aúg udkj yd
mdßißl iqNidOkh ;yjqre lrñka ixj¾Okh w;alrf.k
;sfí' ixj¾Okfha tla;rd wjêhl § tjeks .eg¨ldÍ
;;a;ajhkag tu rgj,a uqyqK ÿkak o tu rgj, j¾;udk
ixj¾Ok uÜÜu fyda wkd.; ÈYdk;sh ms<sn| ;lafiare lsÍug
mYapd;a kQ;kjd§ úfõpkh fl;rï idOdrK o hk .eg`tj
mekk.S' ;j;a w;lska fuu lreK ne¨jfyd;a weußldj
ixj¾Okfha kdufhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk fÄojdpl
m%udKh ,laiïn¾.a" iaùvkh jeks udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylj,
by<u isák rgj,aa yd iei÷jfyd;a úYd, fkd.e,mSula mj;S'
;j o os<s÷lu iy iudc wiudk;dj úYd, jYfhka wju
lsÍug tjeks rgj,a iu;aùu u.ska o meyeÈ,s jkafka ngysr
ixj¾Ok wdlD;sh iyuq,ska u wid¾:l fkdjk njhs'
rkSud iy nõ;S% (Rahnema and Bawtree 1997) ks.ukh

lrkafka kQ;k ixj¾Okh jHdmD;s yd jevigyka u.ska
úkdYldÍ m%;sM, udkj iudchg Wreuj we;af;aa tajd l%shd;aul
l< rchka" wdh;k fyda mqoa.,hka tajd l%shd;aul l<
wdldrfha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d ksid fkdfõ' ixj¾Okh jYfhka
jgydf.k we;s m%mxph jerÈ ksid h' kuq;a m%dfhda.sl j .;aúg
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, jHdma;j we;s ¥IK yd
wl%ñl;d ixialD;sh tu rgj, ixj¾Okh wvd, lsÍug yd
234
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mx;s úIu;djh j¾Okh ùug fya;= ù we;' wm%sldkq rgj,a
iïnkaOfhka we;s ckm%sh úfõpkhla jkafka f,dal nexl=
wdOdrj,ska jeä fldgila ks,Odß mx;sfha iqL úyrKh i|yd
fhdod .kakd njhs' fuu fpdaokdj ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd
fndfyda rgj,g wvqjeä jYfhka wod< lr.; yels h' ta wkqj
rkSud iy nõ;S% lrk ks.ukh u.ska ixj¾Okh wvd, lrk
tjeks ¥IK yd wjNdú;djka idOdrKSlrKhg ,lafõ'
wfkla w;g mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh iEu úg u

ixj¾Okh n,fha m%ldYkhla jYfhka y÷kd .ekSu o .eg`t
iy.; h' Tjqka olskafka ixj¾Okfha kdufhka isÿ jkafka
W;=f¾ rgj, fycuksh fiiq f,dalhg jHdma; ùuhs' kuq;a
kQ;k f,dalfha N+-foaYmd,ksl yeisÍu ksÍCIKh lsÍfuka
meyeÈ,s jkafka W;=f¾ rgj, fycuksh muKla fkdj l,dmSh
yd uyoaùmsl uÜgñka o fuh isÿjk njhs' WodyrKhla
jYfhka .;fyd;a Ökh iy bkaÈhdj kef.kysr yd ol=Kq
wdishd;sl l,dmfha ixj¾Okfha kdufhka N+-foaYmd,ksl
yevrej iïnkaOfhka jeä n,mEula yd ueÈy;aula lrk nj
fmfka' fï ;;a;ajh jvd idOdrKj ú.%y l< yelafla f,dal
moaO;s kHdh olajk flakaøh yd mßêh w;r f.dvkef.k w¾O
mßêj, ke.Su hk ixl,amh Tiafia h'
úl,am ixj¾Ok lÓldjka iïnkaOfhka mYapd;a

kQ;kjd§ka olajk oDV úfõpkh o .eg¨ iy.;h' tkï udkj
ixj¾Ok lÓldj" uQ,sl wjYH;d m%fõYh" iyNd.S;aj
ixj¾Okh" ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh" iy ;srir ixj¾Okh
jeks úl,am ixj¾Ok lÓldjka olskafka ixj¾Okfha
fÄojdpl jid .ekSug bÈßm;ajk me,eia;r jYfhks' fuu
úfõpkfha we;s .eg¿j jkafka fujeks úl,am m%fõY u.ska
ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ieliSfï § l< iodpdrd;aul
ueÈy;aùu iyuq,ska u wu;lfldg oeóuhs' WodyrKhla
jYfhka tiafldnd¾ jeks mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdfha
kshuqjka fhdackd lrkafka ngysr ixj¾Ok fudv,h fkdj
ixialD;sluh jYfhka mj;sk .;sl;ajh wkqj ixj¾Okh
235
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foaYSh {dkh" foaYSh iïm;a iy c%cdj uq,afldg wdlD;shlss'
iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Okfha uQ, O¾u tiafldnd¾ fhdackd lrk
wdlD;shg fnfyúka iudkh' kuq;a tajd fkdi,ldyer
iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Ok wdlD;sh me,eia;rhla jYfhka oelSu
.eg¿ iy.;h' Bg fya;=j iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Ok t<Uqu
ixj¾Okfha fÄojdpl wjulsÍfï t<Uqula jYfhka ms<s.ekSug
,laj we;s ksidh'
fuu ,smsfha fojk fldgiska W;aidy.kq ,enQfha

*Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh f.dvke.Su
i|yd n,md we;s wdldrh idlÉPd lsÍu h' ta wkqj *Qflda
bÈßm;a lrk m%Odk ixl,am ;=kla jk n,h" md,k;ajh iy
lÓldj mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdfha mdou njg m;aj we;s
nj fmfka' ta Tiafia kQ;k rdcHfha ish¨ ixj¾Ok t<Uqï"
jHdmD;Ska iy iqNidOk fiajdjka oelsh hq;fa ;a rdcH úiska
uyckhd u; n,h l%shd;aul lsÍfï yd uyck wkql+,;dj
rdcHhg ,nd .ekSfï Wml%u jYfhks' fjk;a wdldrhlg
olajkafka kï ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s hkq rdcHfha fyda md,l
mx;sfha n, jHdmD;sh' fuys § n,h" md,k;ajh iy lÓldj
Tiafia woH;k ixj¾Okh úpdrd;aul j f;areï .ekSug
kHd;aul rduqjla imhk nj fmfka' úfYaIfhka u ixj¾Okfha
úúO N+ñld ksfhdackh lrk wka;¾ cd;sl m%cdj" rdcH yd
uyckhd w;r iïnkaO;dj f;areï .ekSfï § *Qfldaf.a ixl,am
m%n, kHdhd;aul wdf,dalhla ,ndfok nj fmfka' tfy;a
ixj¾Okh hkq n, jHdmD;shla jYfhka muKla f;areï
.ekSfï iSudlï mj;sk njfmfka' ixj¾Ok mßmd,kh i|yd
jk f,dal nexl=j iy cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, jeks wdh;khka
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,g lrkq ,nk ueÈy;aùu yd
n,mEu f;areï .ekSu i|yd zixj¾Okh n, jHdmD;shlahZ hk
iQ;%.; lsÍu fjfiiska wod< lr.; yels jqj o tjeks
ueÈy;aùulska f;drj cd;sl rdcHhla úiska l%shdjg k.kq
,nk ish¨ ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s iy jevigyka ta w¾:fhka u
f;areï .ekSfï iSudlï mj;S' Bg fya;=j tjeks fndfyda
jevigyka u.ska udkj iqNidOkh isÿj we;s ksidh' WodyrK
236
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2017 l,dmh
jYfhka Y%S ,xldfõ È<s÷lu msgq oelSu i|ydjk iuDoaê
jevigyk ;=< rdcHfha n, jHdmD;sh wka;¾.; jqj o È<s÷
m%cdjg th Yla;su;a iudc wdrCIK cd,hla imhhs' ta wkqj
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s n, jHdmD;s muKla jYfhka w¾: .ekaùu
;=< tys we;s udkj iqNidOk wxYh .s,syS hk nj fmfka'
wdY%s; .%ka:
y|rd.u" tia iy riakdhl" tia'

2011 ixj¾Ok iudcúoHdj' n;a;ruq,a,: iñr
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242
iudc úuiqu
ckjd¾.sl .eg¨fjys iudc úoHd;aul ksÍCIKh
2017 l,dmh
.%ka; úpdr ( ckjd¾.sl .eg¨fjys iudc úoHd;aul
ksÍCIKh
l¾;D ( ñ,skao udhdÿkak
m%ldYkh ( iSudiys;" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'
ohd wurfialr
yeÈkaùu
wka;¾ úIhdkqnoaO ixl,amhla jYfhka y÷kd.; yels
ck jd¾.sl;ajh m%dfhda.sl ixl,amhla jYfhka ú.%y lsÍu uE;
ld,Skj úfYaIfhka Ydia;%Sh ikao¾Nh ;=< y÷kd.; yels fõ'
udkj úoHd;aulj iy ixialD;sl jYfhka mqoa.,hd Wreu lr
.kakd úúO ,CIK taldnoaOj ks¾udKh jk ckjd¾.sl;ajh
kQ;kfhys hqo ;;a;ajhka W;amdokfha uQ, îchla njg m;aj
;sîu thg fya;=jhs' thg wkqrEmj ckjd¾.sl .egqï m%n, f,i
úoHudk jQ rdcHhka w;r Y%S ,xldj o fjfiiska u lem
fmfkk nj lsj hq;=h' oYl ;%hlg jeäjQ Y%S ,dxflah ck
jd¾.sl wr.,fhys iudc ixialD;sl foaYmd,k miqìu ms<sn|
iudc úoHd;aul úu¾Ykhka ;;a fCIa;%h ksrjq,aj f;areï
.ekSug ta ksidu jeo.;a h'
ñ,skao udhdÿkak úiska rÑ; ckjd¾.sl .eg¨fjys

iudcúoHd;aul ksÍCIKh kï lD;sh tys,d Wkkaÿ ckl u.
fmkaùula lrkakls'
ckjd¾.sl wr., yqÿ hqo .egqï njg m;aùfuys,d

hg;aúð; md,k m%;sm;a;Ska yd miqld,Skj .kq ,enQ foaYmd,k
;SrKhka fya;= jQ nj;a" mQ¾j hg;a úð; iuh ;=< cd;Ska
jYfhka tlsfkld .efgk jHdl+, hqo mßirhla ks¾udKh
fkdjQ nj;a" flaJøSh ixrplhlafia fuu lD;sh ms<sf.k we;'
ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j tu mßirh ;=< j¾Okh jQfha flfia o@
243
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thg Ôjh ÿka n,fõ. Wm; ,enQfha fld;klska o@ hkak
ms<sn| id¾j idlÉPdjlg fuuÕska uq, mqrd we;'
ixl,amSh jYfhka ckjd¾.sl;ajh y÷kd .ekSu fuys

m<uq mßÉfþofhka isÿ flf¾' tys § ckjd¾.sl;ajh ;SrKh
ùfuys,d n,mdk Ôj úoHd;aul yd ixialD;sl idOl" ta yd
ne÷Kq úúO ixl,am fukau iudcúoHd úIh m:h ;=<
ckjd¾.sl;ajh bÈßm;a ù we;s wdldrh o ú.%yd;aulj idlÉPd
lsÍug Wkkaÿ ù we;' fuu ú.%yfha we;s jeo.;alu kï
ckjd¾.sl;ajh ú.%ylsÍfï ÔjúoHd;aul ixialD;sl yd
foaYmd,ksl ks¾jpkj,g wu;rj wdÈ l,ams;jd§ka"
Wmfhda.s;djd§ka yd ks¾udKjd§kaf.a l;dka;r o ;shqKq f,i
úuiqug ,la lsÍuh' fuu ixl,am ;=ku bÈßm;a lf<a iudc
udkjúoHdj nj i;Hhls' l;=jrhd th jeo.;a fldg i,ld
ixikaokd;aulj idlÉPd lsÍu w¾:j;a h'
fojkmßÉfþoh ckjd¾.sl in|;d ms<sn| Y%S ,dxflah

w;aoelSï úu¾Ykhg fhduqlr we;' tys § l;=jrhd ,dxflah
ckiudcfha úúO;ajfha wdrïNh ms<sn|j rij;a udkj
úoHd;aul idlÉPdjla lrhs' tfuka u ,dxflah ckixialD;sh
fjkia lsÍfuys,d n,mE idOl o ta iuÕu y÷kd .kS'
;=kajk mßÉfþoh ksoyiska miq .kq ,enQ foaYmd,k

;SrKhka yd hï hï foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;Ska fld;rï ÿrg
ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j ks¾udKfha,d n,mEfõ o hkak úuiqug ,la
lsÍug fjka ù we;' isxy, NdIdj rdcHùu" nKavdrkdhl-
fj,ajkdh.ï .súiqu Y%S ,xld ksoyia mCIh ia:dms; ùu fuys §
m%Odk ixrpl ;=kla f,i y÷kd .kS'
tfy;a fuys oelafjk we;eï isÿùï flaj, ixisoaëka

f,iu Wla; .eg¨jg n,mEï lf<a hhs ms<s.; fkdyels h'
1972 ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj isxy, kdhlhka
m%uqLia:dkhlg Tijd ;nk ldrKd ;=kla iu`. iïnkaO
jknj l;=jrhd woyia lrhs' tkï YS% ,xldj talSh rdcHhla
244
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f,i ia:dms; ùu isxy, cd;sfha ks, NdIdjùu" nqÿoyu iq/lSu
rdcH hq;=lula f,i jHjia:dkql+,j ms<s.ekSu hs' fuu u;jdo
fjku øúv rcHhlalrd uxfy<s l< nj l;=jrhd ;¾l lr
fmkaj hs' flfia jQj o 1977 jHjia:dj fuu ;;a;ajhg m%;spdr
oelajQ wdldrh fuhska úuiqug ,la lr ke;' tfy;a fjku
rdcHhla iòyd fou< ck;djf.a ke.S isàu;a" t,a'à'à'B'
ixúOdkfha ke.Sisàu;a wjfhdackShj ne`ÿKq ixisoaëka folla
njg m;ajQfha flfia o hkak fuu`.ska fmkajd § ;sîu jeo.;a
h'
fmdÿ jYfhka ckjd¾.sl .eg¨fjys iudcúoHd;au

lksÍCIKh kï fuu lD;sh Wla; .eg¨j ms<snòj lrkq ,enQ
Wkkaÿ ckl iudcúoHd;aul yeoEÍuls' iudc úoHdj muKla
fkdj iudc udkj úoHd;aul oDIaáh o ta ydne`ÿKq ixl,amhka
o fuys úoHudkh' woH;k YS% ,xld iudcfha m%n, iudc
ixrplhla jQ ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j" uqükska u úi`§ ke;s
;;a;ajhla wms w;aolsuq' tu ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j ìysiqKq iudc
w¾nqohlaj úkdY jQ YS% ,xld iudch mq¿,a iudc
m%;sixialrKhla b,a,d isà' tys § ienúka u tu .eg¨j
.eUqßka úia;rd;aulj f;areï .; hq;=h' tys ,d orkq ,enQ
w¾:j;a W;aiyhla f,i fuu lD;sh ye`Èkaúh yelsh'
245

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wxl 17

© ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs' fuu m%ldYkh fyda fuys fldgila

fuys m<jk ,sms f,aLkhkays wka;¾.; woyia ta ta

uqøKh( fk;aúka m%skag¾ia ^mqoa& iud.u

Ydia;%Sh úIh fCIa;%hl oekqfï ksïj<¨ mq¿,a lsÍu

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha iudc úoHd

iudc úoHd úIh uq,alr .ksñka isxyf,ka m<jk

úúO fya;= ksid miq.sh jir ;=< i`.rdj m< lsÍug

iudc úoHdj fjkia jk iudc m%mxphka y`÷kd .ksñka

jir lsysmhlg miqj fuu i`.rdj m< lsßu i`oyd ,sms

iudc jev - woaú;Sh udkj fiajd jD;a;shl wdrïNh iy iajNdjh

.f,a nKavdr foafjda;am;a;sh ms<sn| mqrdjD;a;j,ska fy<sjk iudc

orejka yd iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK( l%ufõoSh yd wdpdr

Y%S ,xlddõ ¥IK ixialD;sh ms<sn| m%f;Hl wOHhkla iy ld¾gQka

n,y;aldr ixl%uK( wNHka;rsl udkj wj;ekaùu yd kej; mÈxÑh

*Qfldaähdkq o¾Ykh iy mYapd;a kQ;k ixj¾Ok kHdh

a úpdr( ckjd¾.sl .eg¨fjys iudc úoHd;aul ksÍËKh

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ kHdhd;aul m%fõY

ví,sõ' tï' isßfiak

ldka;djdohg úúO iudc kHdh" foaYmd,k jHdmdr iy

ldka;djdÈka ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfï§

ldka;djd§ u;jdoh f.dvke.=k uq,a wjia:dfõ ldka;djd§ ìï

ldka;djd§ l%shdldrlï ixúOdkd;aul jHdmdrhla

ldka;djd§ fofjks /,a, 1960 oYlfha§ werïN ù 1980

ixúOdk l%shd;aul ùu oelsh yel' l¿ cd;sl ldka;djdÈka"

ldka;djd§ jHdmdrfha ;=kajk /,a, 1990 oYlfha

ldka;djdoh ms<sn| fuu fojk yd ;=kajk u;jdo

fï w;r f,dalfha wmkhk ksIamdok l,dmhkays

mqyqKq iy ;djld,sl moku hgf;a wvq fõ;khlg ;reK

ixj¾Okh;a iu`. ldka;djka uqyqKmdk fuu ;;ajfha

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| újdoh ;=< ldka;djg ysñ ;ek l=ula

ixj¾Ok kHdh ms<sn| ldka;djd§ úfõpk

iudcjd§ iy /äl,a ldka;djd§ Ñka;kh j¾Okh;a

wka;¾.;j mj;S ^Scott 1995&' tfiau kùlrK kHdh .;a úg

iafldÜ mrdëk kHdh o úfõpkhg Ndckh lrhs' tu

ldka;dj" ixj¾Okh iy kHdhd;aul t,Uqï

ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j we;s kHdh yd ixl,am fndfyduhla

mqreI iudcNdjh uq,a fldgf.k ixj¾Ok l;sldj wÆ;a

ixj¾Okh ldka;djkg n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn|j

ldka;d jHdmdr ke.Sisàug fmr isgu ldka;djkaf.a

ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj

1960 oYlfha ueo muK jk úg ixj¾Okh ;=<

ksIamdokh jeälsÍug Wkkaÿjk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrk ,§'

m%udKj;a wdodhula ,nd.ekSug wjldY ie,iSu isÿfõ' ta wkqj

fuu ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu uÕska we;sjqk

fuu ;;ajh ksid tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh fukau

ngysr ldka;djd§ka úiska fok ,o kdhl;ajh fjkqjg ;=kajk

ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk ldka;djd§ t<Uqu uÕska

1970 iy 1980 oYlhkays ixj¾Okh ;=< ldka;dj hk t<Uqu

iudcfha fojk ;ekg m;ajk njg mj;sk u;h ixj¾Okh

;=kajk f,dalfha ldka;djka fkdÈhqKq" miq.dó"

kùlrK kHdh mokï fldg.;a ixj¾Okh ;=<

ldka;dj iy ixj¾Okh hk t<Uqu ;=< iudcjd§

fmkajd § we;af;a ldka;djf.a meje;au i|yd n,mdk

iudcjd§ ldka;djdÈka ldka;djka bgqlrk ld¾hkays

iudcjd§ ldka;djd§kaf.a ;¾lh jqfha wdydr ksjdi

wd¾:slh" m%ckkh iy mqreIdêm;H w;r we;s

fuu woyia mokï fldgf.k f.dvke.S we;s tl

mej;Su h ^Etienne and Leacock 1980&' ta wkqj Tjqka iudc

ta wkqj ovhu" wdydr /ialrk iy uq,a lDIsld¾ñl

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iudcjd§ ldka;djd§ kHdh ksIamdokh

ldka;djd§ka fmkajd fok mßÈ udkj b;sydih mqrdu

iy wiudk;d krl ;;ajhl mj;S' fuu wiudk;d ;=<ska