o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId

Philosophical and Psychological Observation

 o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId
Philosophical and Psychological Observation

kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ

Rev. Nikapitiye Nandarathana
 msÿu
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId
Philosophical and Psychological Observation o¾Ykh iy ufkdaúoHd
úIh yodrk
© kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
úoHd¾:hskag
ISBN 978-624-5127-00-09

mß.Kl wl=relrKh ( kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu ( úfÊj¾Ok l%sfhaIkaia

msgljr ks¾udKh ( Ydka; úfÊj¾Ok

uqøKh ( ldxpk m%skag¾ia

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o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 7

ye`oskaùu

zzo¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId˜ hk uefhka

.%ka:hla t<s olajd Ydia;S%h fufyjrl kshe,Sug ,eîu
m%y¾Ykhg lreKls' fuu .%ka:h o¾Ykh iy ufkdaúoHd
úIh fCIa;%h w,<d ,shejqKq Ydia;%Sh f,aLk tl;=jls'
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha o¾Ykh iy ufkdaúoHd
úfYaIfõ§ Wmdêh yodrk wjêfha isg wOHhk wjYH;d
i`oyd;a m%ldY lsÍu i`oyd;a (For Publication) uúiska úúO
f;aud hgf;a iïmdokh lrk ,o Ydia;S%h f,aLk o¾Ykh
iy ufkdaúoHd úoHd¾:hskaf.a wOHhk wjYH;d imqrd,Su
wruqKq fldg .%ka:hla f,i Tn w;g m;a fõ'
udf.a fï Ydia;S%h ld¾hh id¾:l j lr .ekSu
i`oyd wjeis ksoyi fukau Okh ,nd foñka ksrka;r ud
Èßu;a l< ud .=refoafjda;a;u uydúydrjxYsl iHdfudamd,s
uydksldfha u,aj;= md¾Yjfha ;ukalvqj m<df;a ñkafkaß
fldÜGdYfha m%Odk ix>kdhl l,;a;Efõ m[a[dkkao
iajdóøhka jykafia iy Ydia;S%h ld¾hkays ud yg Wmfoia
,nd foñka fuu .%ka:fha ku ;SrKh lr.ekSfï mgka
ufydamldÍ jQ" .%ka:h i`oyd miqjokla ,nd ÿka YS%
chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxY
uydpd¾h" ud.ïuk m[a[dkkao iajdóJøhka jykafia .=re
f.!rjfhka isysm;a lrñ'
o¾Ykh iy ufkdaúoHd úIh fCIa;%hg w;a fmd;a
;enQ YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha o¾Ykh iy ufkdaúoHd
wOHhkdxYfha wxYdêm;s fcHIaG uydpd¾h {dkodi
fmf¾rd ue;sÿka" w.kd fmrjokla ,nd ÿka fcHIaG
8 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
lÓldpd¾h wreK Ydka; j,afmd, ue;sÿka iy fk,a,sj,
fu;a;dkkao yduqÿrejka jykafia o f.!rj mQ¾jlj i`oyka
lrñ' mß.Kl msgqieliqu l< l=udß úfÊj¾Ok uy;añhg
yd msgljrh ks¾udKh l< Ydka; úfÊj¾Ok uy;audg o
ia;+;sh mqo lrkafkñ'
ud yod jvd fmdaIKh l< udf.a Wodr foudmshka
msx §fuka isysm;a lrñ' l=vd l, mgka u wOHdmkhg ud
fhduq lrñka udf.a wkd.;h wdf,dalj;a lsÍug lghq;=
l< ish¨ fokd yg f.!rj lrñ' o¾Ykh iy ufkdaúoHd
fCIa;%fha wOHhk ld¾hkays kshef,k úoHd¾:hskayg uy;a
msgqn,hla fuu .%ka:fhka ie,fia hehs uu is;kafkñ'
mQcH kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
y;a,yf.dv YS% ffY,m¾j;drdufha § h'
ud.ïuk" fydaud.u'
16'04'2019
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 9
mgqk
1' wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl iy iudÔh idOl u;
m%;Hdj¾;s; o¾Ykjdoh 11
2' ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okh iy
ufkdaúoHd .=rel=, 25
3' wdpdr O¾uh yd fÉ;kdj 49
4' mqoa., p¾hdj úIfhys fm!reI idOlh 61
5' mrdfrdamKh ( úpdrmQ¾jl úuiqula 77
6' iudc úoHd;aul {dkfha iajNdjh 93
7' udkisl ixj¾Okh iy nqÿoyu 113
8' Buddhist and Freudian Analysis on Dreams 125
9' cd;l l;djkays wka;¾.; ufkdajHdê ms<sn`o
úuiqula 133
10' Âjk o¾Ykh ( ir, .S;h weiqßka úuiqula 144
10 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 11

wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl iy iudÔh idOl

u; m%;Hdj¾;s; o¾Ykjdoh

o¾Ykh f,dj ìys jQ uq,au úIh jYfhka mq¿,a

ms,s.ekSula we;' zielhZ ^Doubt& hk ufkdaNdjh Bg
moku jQ fyhska zielhZ o¾Ykfha ud;dj hs'1 zo¾YkhZ
hkakg bx.S%is NdIdfjka fhfok Philosophy hkafkys
ksrela;shd¾:h {dkhg wdorh lsÍu ^Love of Wisdom&
ke;fyd;a i;H Wfoid i;H fiùu hs' o¾Ykh hkafkka
zoelSuZ w¾:j;a fõ' ieneúka u o¾Ykfha È i;H olshs'
th ;¾ldkql+, úu¾YkYS,s ±lSuls' o¾Ykh w;S;fha hï
osfkl wdrïN jQfha o t;eka mgka ;;a iufha wjYH;d
fjkqfjka úúOdldr iajrEmfhka m%;Hdj¾;s; jQ m%jdyhla
fia mej; ths' o¾Yk úIhg iSud ±laùu iy fmdÿ
ks¾jpkhla bÈßm;a lsÍu ÿIalr tneúks'2 o¾Ykjdoh hk
jpkfha w¾:h mjd ld,dkqrEmj fjkia jQfha h' w;S;fha §
fN!;sl úoHdj" ;drld Ydia;%h jeks foa mjd o¾Ykh hgf;a
wOHhkh úh'3 o¾Ykh ish¨ úIhkag úkakUq ldka;djla
hehs i`oyka ùfï w¾:h th hs' f,dal b;sydih .eUqßka
wOHhkh lrkafkl=g iEu úIhla u ld,Sk wNsfhda. yd
wjYH;d wkqj fjkia jQ nj wjfndaO fõ' fuu Ydia;S%h
f,aLkh ;=<ska ta ta wjêfha mej;s wd¾Ól foaYmd,ksl
iudÔh ;;aFjhka u; jQ o¾Ykfha iajNdjh úuiSu
wruqK h'
12 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
ls%( j yh jk Y;j¾Yfha uq,a Nd.fha iq¿ wdishdfõ
wfhdakshdkq ¥m;aj, ñf,agia k.rh flaJølr.ksñka .S%l
o¾Ykh wdrïN jQfha h'4 úYajh ms<sn`o ffuf,aishdkq
o¾Ykfha m%uqLhd jQ f;a,aia tys wdrïNlhd h' tfia fyhska
Tyq o¾Ykfha mshd hk úreodj,sfhka f.!rj ,nhs' ngysr
o¾Ykh .S%l wjêh" uOHld,Sk wjêh" kQ;k wjêh iy
iuld,Sk wjêh hk wjê y;r hgf;a wOHhkh flf¾'
zzwjqf,ka hq;= m%m[ap f,dalh msgqmi osfjk
h:dN+;h l=ula o@ZZ5 hkqfjka f;a,aia od¾Yksl m%Yakhla
ke`.S h' zzf,dj ish,a, c,fhka ie§ we;ZZ6 hkqfjka Bg
ms<s;=re iemhQ Tyq úYajfha Wm; zc,hZ weiqfrka úia;r
lf<a h' f;a,aia m%Yak lsysmhla u bosßm;a lrhs'
I. wmg fmfkkakd jQ úúO;ajfhka jQ úYajfha
h:d¾:h kï l=ula o@
II. úúO;ajfhka hq;a úYajfha uQ, fya;=j kï l=ula o@
III. úYajh iïNjh jQfha l=ulska o@7
Tyq fmkajd fok wdldrhg úYajfha h:d¾:h c,h
hs' iuia; úYajh u c,h m%Odk fldgf.k mj;sk w;r
wjidk jYfhka kej; jrla c,h njg u m;a fõ' c,fhka
ks¾udK jk úYajh kej; jrla c,h njg yefrk nj
f;a,aiaf.a woyi hs' f;a,aia úYajfha uQ, Od;=j c,h f,i
bosßm;a lsÍu i`oyd Tyq Ôj;a jQ mßirh fya;= ù we;' f;a,aia
úiska bossßm;a l< o¾Ykh foi ;SËKj n,d .S%l o¾Yk
úpdrfhl= jk fcdaka n¾kÜ u;= woyi bÈßm;a lrhs'
zzwm okakd øjHhka w;frka jeä fldg fkdfhla
wdldr yevhka .kafka c,h hs' >k" øjHuh yd jdIamS
wdldrfhkaf.ka th wmg ±l.; yel' c,fhka ie§ c,hg
u yefrkakd jq f,daOd;= ls%hdj,sh weia bÈßmsg ÿgq f;a,aia
kshu f,daOd;= moaO;sh th nj úYajdi lf<a h'ZZ8
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 13
f;a,aia Ôj;a jQ wfhdakshdkq m%foaYh iïmQ¾Kfhka
u c,fhka jg ù ;sîu iy khs,a .`. msgdr .e,Su
iïnkaOfhka f;a,aia ,nd ;snq w;a±lSï o f;a,aiaf.a woyig
mdol jQ nj úpdrl u;h hs' f;a,aia Tyqf.a o¾Ykh ,sÅ;j
i`oyka fkd l< fyhska Tyqf.a woyia i`oyd n, mE fya;=
fï hehs oelaùu wiSre jqj;a weßiafgdag,a wkqudkh u;
woyia bosßm;a lrhs' tu woyia w;ßka m%Odk lreKq
folla fuys oS jeo.;a h' tkï Ôú; fmdaIKhg c,h b;d
m%fhdack nj f;a,aia wjfndaO lr .ekSu yd W!IaK;ajh
o Ôú;hg wjYH ùu'9 ^c,fhka W!IaK;ajh ,efnk Tyq
ikd: fldg we;'& f;a,aia by; woyia olajk wjêh
jk úg jy,a md,kh úh'10 f;a,aiag fmr úiQ fydau¾ iy
fyhsihsâ l=udrjrekaf.a jy,a md,kh id¾:l lr .ekSug
foaj l;d" ñ:Hd l;d rpkd lf<a h' fuu l%uh Rcqj
úfõpkh lf<a f;a,aia h' f;a,af.a woyi ù we;af;a n,h
wruqKq lr f.k l=udrjre l=udrjre w;r;a mej;au wruqKq
lr f.k l=udrjre jy¨ka w;r;a wr.,hla we;s nj hs'
f;a,aia fuu wr., j,g ;sridr úiÿï od¾Ykslj l,amkd
fldg we;'11 fuu foaYmd,k wr.,h f;a,aia ke`.= m%Yakh
;=< o wka;¾.;h' Tyq ;;a hq.fha jQ wr.,h zwjq,la Z f,i
oel we;' zwjqf,ka hqla; jQ f,dalhZ f,i Tyq f,dalh
olskqfha tksi hs' óg wu;rj Tyqf.a o¾Ykhg iudÔh
idOl o n, mE nj o mQ¾jfhka i`oyka l<" Tyq khs,a
.`. iómfha Ôj;a ùu" wfhdakshdkq m%foaYh iïmQ¾Kfhka
u c,fhka jg ù ;sîu wdosh ;=<ska meyeos,s h' ;j o wE;
w;S;fha isg u .S%lfhda mD:qúh ´lsfkdaia kï .f`.ka jg
jQ ¥m;la f,i ie,l+y' f;a,aia o mD:qúh c,h u; mdfjk
me;,s jghla ^Disk& nj úYajdi fldg we;'12
f;a,aia" wefkCIs uekav¾ yd wefkCIsóksia wfhdakshdkq
o¾Yk .=rel=,h ksfhdackh lrkafkda h' f;a,aia fN!;sl
mod¾:hla wdY%fhka m%:u j;djg úYajh ú.%y lf<ah' fuu
14 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
wdNdih wefkËsuekav¾g yd wefkËsóksiag ,enqKq njg
ielhla ke;' f;a,aiaf.a u;jdoh ;=<ska nqoaêh wdOHd;añl
wxYhg jvd ndysr f,dalh foig fhduq lrùug mdol úh'
wefkËsuekav¾ f;a,aiaf.a woyi oshqKq l< nj meyeÈ,s h'13
fudyq cSúkaf.a Wm; c,cuh Od;=fjka yg.;a nj mjihs'
Tyq úYajfha uQ, mod¾:h zzwfmhsfrdkaZZ jYfhka olajhs'
tys w¾:h zzwiSñ;hZZ ke;fyd;a —wm%udK;ajh˜ hkakhs'
Tyqf.a u;hg fya;= jQfha l=ula o hkak meyeÈ,s h' WKqiqu
- iS;," úh,s nj - f;;a nj wdÈ m%;súreoaO hq.,hkaf.
ka f,dalh iE§ we;s nj uekav¾ úYajdi lf<a h' f;a,aia
f;;a njg jeä jeo.;alula § we;ehs o Tyq meyeÈ,s lf<a
h' fuu m%;súreoaO hq.h,kaf.a tlg ;sfnk wjia:dj fï
wjldYfha iSud rys;j we;s nj Tyqf.a woyihs'14
ffuf,aishdkq .=re l=,fha wjidkhd jk wekËsóksia
úYajfha uQ, mod¾:h zzjdhqjZZ nj fmkajd oS we;' fudyq
uekav¾f.a wiSñ;h hk ú.%yhg k;= ù wiSñ;j úYajfha
mj;sk jd;h uQ,Od;=j f,i bÈßm;a lrhs' ;j o cSùka
jd;h wdYajdi m%Yajdi lsÍu ±lSu o Tyqf.a woyig fya;=
úh' 15fuu od¾Yksl woyia foi úuis,af,ka n,k úg
meyeos,s jkafka Tjqkaf.a woyia j,g idudcSh idOl n,
md we;s nj h' thg fya;=j f,i tl, iudcfha .fõYkh
úYajh ms<sn`oj ùu hs' thska ñ§ o¾Ykhla fudjqka bÈßm;a
fkd lr úYajiïNjjdohu bÈßhg f.k f.dia we;'
fiañhdkq cd;sfhl= jk ffm;.ria f,dj ìys jQ
fY%aIaG od¾Ykslfhls' Tyq fmd,slS%giaf.a md,khg wlue;s
jQ neúka b;d,shg f.dia tys oS wd.ñl yd úoHd;aul
uOHia:dkhla ìys fldg we;s w;r Tyqg Okj;=kaf.ka
yd ro<hskaf.ka úúO ndOd we;s úh'5 tfia fyhska Tyq
fugfmdkaàka m%foaYhg hhs' fudyq o úYajfha uQ, mod¾:h
l=ula o@ hkakg ms<s;=re ,nd fohs' Tyqf.a woyi jkafka
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 15
zzwxlZZ wdY%fhka fN!;sl jia;= we;=¿ úYajh ks¾udKh ù
we;s njhs'16 ffm;.riag fmr úYajh ú.%y l< f;a,aia"
wekeËsuekav¾" wekeËsóksia úYajh ú.%y lrk ,oafoa
fN!;sl mod¾: weiqfrks' tfy;a ffm;.ria ;u o¾Ykh
bossßm;a lrkqfõ bJøSh f.dapr njg uq,a ;ek fkdoS ùu
úfYaI;ajhls' ixLHd hkq nqoaê f.dapr ixl,amfhls' fuu
woyia iu`. o¾Ykh meñKs ir, f¾Çh .uka ud¾.fha
hï fjkila ffm;.riaf.ka úh'17 fuu wjêh ls%(mQ 6 jk
ishjifha wjika ld, mßÉfþoh hs' fï hq.fha ñksiqka
fmdÿfõ i;H .fõYkhl kshe,S we;' th ngysrg muKla
fkdj fmros.g o fmdÿh' tfiau ffm;.riag Okj;=kaf.ka
l=,j;=kaf.ka n,mEï úh' fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a Tyq
bosßm;a l< o¾Ykh nqoaê f.dapr úh tfukau ;d¾lssl úh'
fifkdafmakaia" md¾ukhsãia iy fiafkda hk ;sfokd
B,shdkq od¾Ykslfhda fj;s'18 fuu o¾Ykh fyrla,Sgiaf.a
o¾Ykhg m%;súreoaOj f.dv ke`.=kls' fyrla,Sgia w.aksh
yd tys fkd kj;sk úmßKduh h:dN+;h f,i ms<s.;af;a
h' fuu o¾Ykh m%;súreoaOj f.dv ke`.Su ;=<ska meyeos,s
jkqfha fuu o¾Ykh óg fmr jQ o¾Ykhkag idfmaËj
fjkia ù we;s njhs' idudkH ms<s.ekSug wkqj óg fmr
jQ z.S%l o¾YkhZ o< o¾Ykhls' fuu o< iajNdjh B,shdkq
o¾YkjdoSkaf.a oshqKq jQ nqoaêuh Ñka;kh ;=<ska th fjkia
lrk ,os' tu ksidu B,shdkq o¾Ykh m%:u zkshu o¾YkhZ
f,i o ms<s.kq ,efí'19 fifkdafmakaia hkq B,shdkq od¾Yksl
.=re l=,fha wdrïNlhd hs' fudyq .S%l foú foaj;djka ks¾oh
f,i úfõpkh fldg we;' f,dj we;af;a tlu foúfhl=
nj ;a tu foúhd zzúYajhZZ f,i ;a Tyq fmkajd oS we;'20
fuu od¾Yksl .=rel=,fha fojekshd md¾ukhsãia h' fudyq
wfhdakshdkq o¾Ykh úfõpkh lrhs' fudyq w;sYhska u
nqoaêu;a mqoa.,fhla jQ w;r maf,afgdaf.a mjd f.!jrjhg
m;a ù we;' f,dalfha wks;H;dj u; mokïj o¾Ykjdohla
16 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
Tyq bÈßm;a lf<a h' fudyqf.a o¾Ykhg m%n, f,i
mhs;f.driajdoh n, mEfõ h' ;;ald,Sk od¾Ykslhkag
fudyq w;=,a myrla jQ nj úpdrl woyihs'21 fiafkda —
o¾Ykjd§kag ms<s;=rla˜ lD;sh u`.ska ffm;f.dariajd§kaf.a
m%n, f,i úfõpkh lrhs' fudyqf.a o¾Ykfha m%Odk u wx.h
tl, mej;s o¾Ykhkaf.a wvq¨yqvqlï ;¾ldkqidrfhka
fmkajd §u h'
tïmsfvdal,Siag fmr jQ iEu od¾Ykslfhla u úYajh
tla uQ, mod¾:hla weiqfrka ú.%y l< o fudyq úYajh
øjH lsysmhlska úia;r lf<a h' zzf,dalfha lsishï øjH
jia;=jla we; o" th c,h fyda w.aksh fyda mD:qúh fyda jdhQ
Od;=j fyda fkd jk w;r" tu jia;=j fï isõ uQ, Od;=kaf.a
iïñY%Khla kï fõ'ZZ22 .S%l nyqøjHjdÈfhl= f,i ie,flk
fudyqf.a o¾Ykh óg fmr bosßm;a jQ o¾Ykhkaf.ka fjkia
j tu hq.fha wjYH;djkag .e<fmk whqßka bÈßm;a úh'
zisis,sZ rdcHfha fï wjêfha fi!Nd.H we;s ùu;a iu`.
ukqIHdf.a iodpdrh" .=KO¾u iS>%fhka fidod md¿ jkakg
úh' tlS ;;a;ajhg .e<fmk wdldrfhka fudyq o¾Ykh
fufyhjd we;' ;j o tl, foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh o fudyqf.a
o¾Ykh fjkia ùug n, mE nj fuys oS i`oyka l< hq;=u h'
tl, taldêm;sjdoh ;snQ w;r fudyq thg úreoaOj lghq;=
fldg we;' wekeËsf.daria o nyq øjHjdÈfhls' fudyq iq¿
wdishdfõ la,iñkd k.rfha bmoS we;s w;r o¾Ykhg ms%h
jQ neúka Tyq we;kaia kqjrg meñK ;sfí' Tyqf.a od¾Yksl
woyia oshqKq lsÍu tys wruqK ù we;' tfy;a fï wjêfha
we;ekaia kqjr o¾Ykhg iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla fkd ;snQ nj
o meyeos,s lr .; yels h' fudyq we;ekaiays oS br hkq .sks
.kakd jQ os<sfik mdIdKhla nj;a i`o hkq mD;=úhla nj ;a
m%ldY l< miq fudyq isr lsÍfuka ta nj meyeos,s fõ' fudyqg
fuu woyia bossßm;a lsÍug Tyqf.a fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSula
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 17
fya;= ù we;' tkï W,aldmd;hla fmd<jg jefgkjd oelSu
hs'23 tïmsfvdla,Sia w.aksh" c,h" mDÓúh yd jd;h hk uQ,
øjH w;rg zfm%auhZ iy zygkZ n,fõ. hk woyiska fkdj
øjHh hk w¾:fhka tla lrhs' tïmsfvdla,Sia m¾ukhsãiaf.a
o¾Ykfha zi;H meje;auZ ms<s.kS'
wekelaËsf.dariaf.a o¾Ykh úYajh iïnkaO
woyia yd wNsÑ;a;h ^Tyqf.a ú.%yhg wkqj Yla;shls'&
hk fldgia oajfhka úia;r fõ' fudyq úYajfha uQ, Od;=
jYfhka zziuwúhúlhka˜ fyj;a îc bÈßm;a lrhs' ^Seeds&
fuu îchka wkka; wm%udK nj Tyq i`oyka lrhs'24
wekelaisókSiaf.a zjd;hZ yd iudk woyilau kej;
bÈßm;a lrhs' fuu îc i;r uydN=; fkd fõ' wdydrfhka
iy c,fhka kyr" flia" uia we;s fjhs' Tyq wik m%Yakh
uia fkdjk" flia fkdjk" kyr fkd jk wydrfhka yd
c,fhka th yg.kafka flfia o hkak hs' tfia u wiSñ;j
fn§ we;s uQ,øjHhkaf.ka úYajh yg.kak nj Tyq bÈßm;a
lrhs' Tyq i`oyka lrk wdldrhg lsisÿ jia;=jla msßis`ÿ
tlu îchlska yg fkd.kakd w;r ñY% ù yg .kakd nj o
mejfia' Tyq olajk fuu îchka iodld,sl jk w;r tajd
lsisÿ foúfhl= úiska ujk ,oaola fkdjk nj o Tyq m%ldY
lrhs' tu`.ska Tyq wfoajjdoS woyia oerefjl= nj meyeos,s
fõ' we;eï úg Tyq bmoS yeÿKq jevqKq mßirh ;=< foajjdoS
woyia j,ska fjka jQ iajNdjhla ;sfnkakg we;' tu
idudcSh ;;a;ajh Tyqg n, mdkakg we;' tfuka u Tyq ,nd
;sfnk w;aoelSï o foajjdohg úreoaO;ajhla f.dv kef.k
w;aoelSï f,i is;sh yels h' foúhka weoyQ .S%lfhda foúhka
fkd weoyQ wekeCIsf.dariag kvq mjrd jrolre njg o m;a
lrhs'25 fudyqf.a o¾Ykhg md¾ukhsãiaf.a woyia fiau
wefklaisókSiaf.a woyia o fya;= jQ nj b;d meyeÈ,sh'
úYajiïNdjjdohg u wkkH jQ .S%l o¾Ykfha yevh
fid*siaÜjdoSka fyj;a .S%l ú;Kavjd§ka úiska iqúYd,
18 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
jYfhka fjkia flf¾' úYajfha wdrïNh" mej;au yd
kej;au ms<sn`oj .fõYkh od¾Ykslhdf.a ld¾hh f,i
i,ld fmr jQ od¾Ykslfhda bgq l<y' tfy;a fudjqka tjeks
úu¾Yk j,ska neyerj ñksid ms<sn`oj" iodprh ms<sn`oj
yd {dkh ms<sn`oj wjOdkh fhduq fldg o¾Yk úIhg
kj ux fm;a újr lf<ah' ú;KavjdoSka hehs mejfikafka
od¾Yksl .=re l=,hlg fkd fõ' f.da¾.shdia" fm%dälia"
wekaá*ka" ysmshdia" ls%áhdia wdÈka ú;KavjdoSka h' fudjqka
tla mokul isg iduqysl o¾Ykhla ìys l< msßila jYfhka
l,amkd lsÍu ÿIalrh'26 fudjqkaf.a o¾Ykh f;areï .ekSug
;;a ld,fha .S%isfha mej;s wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl" idudcSh
f;dr;=re ms<sn`oj wjOdkh fhduq ùu wjYH h'
.S%lfha fuu wjêfha ìys jQ Okj;a fjf<`o mka;sh
;u orejkag kj wOHdmkhla ,nd oSug jEhï lf<a h' fj<`o
mka;sh yd mej;s ro< mka;sh mej;s ;r`.ldÍ ;;a;ajh
j¾Okh ùu ;=< ro<hkag o .S%l idïm%ødhsl wOHdmk
l%uh w;yer kj wOHdmkhlg fhduq ùfï wjYH;dj
úh'27 wjYH;djfha ±ä nj ksidu kj wOHdmkhla ,nd
fokakkag Wiia f.ùï isÿ lsÍug o Tjqyq iqodkï jQy'
foaYmd,k jYfhka .S%isfha ful, jQfha Rcq
m%cd;ka;%jdoh hs' ldka;djkag" jy¨kag yd úfoaYslhkag
foaYmd,k jrm%ido fkd ùh' uqo,g wOHdmkh b,aÆ
kj fjf<`o mka;sfha yd ro, mka;sfha ;reKhkag
foaYmd,k lr,sfha m%OdkSka ùug wjYH oekqu ,nd ÿkafka
ú;KavjdoSka h' fidl%àia" maf,afgda jeks od¾Ykslhka fuu
wjêfha fkd isáhd fkdfõ' Tjqka ;u o¾Ykh bosßm;a
lf<a ;u o¾Ykjdoh m%p,s; lsÍug h' ú;KavjdoSyQ
yqÿ ,dNdfmaËdfjka kj ±kqula ,nd §fï ld¾hfha
fhÿfkda h'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 19
fm%dgf.daria jeo.;a ú;KavjdoS Ñka;lfhl= jk
w;r Tyq zzi;HhZZ ms<sn`o .eg¨j foi wjOdkh fhduq
fldg" f;a,aiaf.a mgka wekeËsf.daria olajd od¾Ykslfhda
úúO m%mxphka wdY%fhka f,dalh ú.%y lrñka bÈßm;a l<
woyia od¾Ykslhdg idfmaCIj ksjeros jqj;a ta ms<s;=rej,
we;s úixjdoS nj l,amkd lrhs' tkhska fm%dgf.daria iEu
wkqN+;shlau iEu ye`.Sula u iEu ixfõokhla u jdia;úl
^objective& fkd jk nj ks`.ukh lf<a h' zzi;Hh ug
tlls' Tng tllsZZ28 hkqfjka m%ldY lf<a h' ú;KavjdoSkag
wkqj wmg {dkh ,efnkqfha wkqN+;sh u`.ska h' tkï
bJøSh wkqidrfhka h' bJøSh úIh {dkh idfmaËh'
f.da¾.shdia hkq o ú;Kavjdosfhls' fudyq fm%dgf.dariaf.a
o¾Ykh bosßhg f.k .sh wfhl= jYfhka ie<lsh yels h'
fudyq mjikqfõ zzlsisjla i;Hh fkd jk ksid i;Hh lshd
lsisjla fkdue;sZZ nj hs' ta iïnkaOj TyQ jeo.;a m%ia;=;
lsysmhla bosßm;a lf<a h'
I. lsisjla mj;skafka ke;'
II. lsisjla mej;sh o th oek .; fkd yels h'
III. th ms<sn`o hula oek .; yels jqj o th wfkla
whg lshd osh fkd yels h'29
zzlsisjla mj;skafka ke;˜hkafkka jdia:úl
i;Hhla fkdue;s nj wjOdrKh lrhss' wjfndaOh w;aoelSï
u; jk neúka lsisjla mej;sh o th ±k .; fkd yels nj
lshhs' f;jekafkka oekqu idfmaËl nj meyeos,s lrhs'
ú;KavjdoS o¾Ykh fjkia u u.la f.k fmdaIKh
ùu ioyd wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl iy iudÔh idOl m%n, f,i
mdol jQfha h' ú;Kavjd§ o¾Ykh maf,afgda" weßiafgdag,a
wdÈkaf.ka úfõpkh jqjo ú;KavjdoSkaf.a ls%hdl,dmh
wm uOHia:j úuish hq;=h' Tjqka o¾Ykh uqo,a bmehSug
20 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
fhoùh' th ;;a hq.fha wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lsÍula f,dalfha
iEu wxYhlau wd¾Ól idOlh u; fjkia fõ' .S%isfha jQ
l=,jdohg o wNsfhda.hla fjñka kj fjf<o mka;sfha
ke`.Su fuhg Rcq f,i fya;= jQfha h'
.S%l o¾Ykfha iïNdjH .S%l o¾Ykh ms<sn`oj wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍfï oS tys wdrïNlhd f,i fidl%àia yeoskaúh
yels h' fidl%àia wdrïN l< o¾Ykh maf,afgda úiska
bosßhg f.k hk ,o w;r maf,afgdaf.a o¾Ykh úfõpkh
lrñka weßiafgdag,a o¾Ykhla ìys lf<a h' fidl%àiaf.a
o¾Ykh i`oyd ful, m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd taldêm;sjdoh
w;r .egqu;a iu`. rfgys wNHka;r iduh iodpdrh jeks
yr moaO;Ska l%ufhka úkdY úh' ish,af,ys idfmaCI nj
b.ekajQ ú;Kavjd§ b.ekaùï o óg fya;=jls' úYaj idOdrK
.=K moaO;shla fkdue;s neúka ;reK mrïmrdj fm!oa.,sl
wNs,dIhka lskï fyda ud¾.hlska bgq lr .ekSug fm<UqKs'
Tjqka fhdod .kakd iEu ls%hd ud¾.hlau ú;KavjdoSkaf.a
b`.ekaùï u`.ska idOdrKSh úh' ú;KavjdoSka úiska fuu
iudc l%uhg we;s l< ms,,h ke;s lsÍug ixYhjdoh yd
kdia;sjdoh mokulska f;dr nj ;yjqre lsÍu fidl%àiaf.a
mru wruqK úh'30 Tyq ;u woyi uqÿka muqKqjd .kakg
úúO ia:dkhkays oS foaYkd fukau jdo-újdo meje;aùh'
fidl%àia od¾Yksl moaO;shla f.dv k`.d ke;' tfy;a
od¾Yksl woyia olajd we;' Tyqf.a o¾Ykh m%Odk wxY
follska idlÉPd l< yels h'
I. {dkúNd.jdoh ^Epistemology&
II. wdpdr O¾u ^Ethics&
ú;Kavjd§kaf.a ú.%yg wkqj z{dkhZ bJøshka
wkqidrfhka f.dvke`.=K o fidl%àiaf.a o¾Ykhg wkqj
z{dkhZ bJøshka wkqidrfhka we;s fkd fjhs' ú;Kavjd§kag
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 21
wkqj z{dkhZ idfmaCIl h' fidl%àiag wkqj z{dkhZ
jdia:úl h' fi%dl%àia uq¿ Ôú; ld,h ;=< u W;aiy lf<a
ñksiqkaf.a w{dklu ÿre lssÍug h'
uOHld,Sk o¾Ykh m,a,sh iu`. ne`§ lf;da,sl
mQclhka ;=<ska mekke`.S fyhska lf;da,sl o¾Ykh hk
kñka o ye`Èkafõ' fuu wjêfha zfoúhka jykafiaZ mru
i;H f,i ms<sf.k we;' m,a,sixia:dfõ uqrfoaj;djka
f,i o¾Ykjd§yQ lghq;= l<y'31 wd.ñl n,mEu u;
foúhka jykafia ms<sn`oj wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu o¾Ykfha
ld¾hh njg m;a úh' foúhka ;¾lfhka yd nqoaêfhka
wjfndaO l< fkd yels ksid ;¾lh iy nqoaêh hgm;a jQfha
h' foúhka wjfndaOlr .ekSug Nla;su;a úh hq;= jQ neúka
úpdr nqoaêfha mrdch fuu hq.fhka iksgqyka úh'32
uOHh;k hq.fha o¾Ykfha iajNdjh m,a,sfha
ls%hdldÍ;ajh u; mokï úh' foaYmd,k wêldÍ;ajh o
m,a,sh hgf;a úh' fuu hq.fha rdcHfha ld¾hh ñksiqkaf.a
mõ lud fldg iaj¾.ia: lsÍu hs' o¾Ykh" wd.u fukau
foaYmd,kh wd.ñl mQclhka w; isÿ jQfha h'
kQ;k o¾Ykh m%xY cd;sl frfka fâldÜf.ka
wdrïN fõ'33 Rcq f,i u fudyqf.a o¾Ykh uOH;k
o¾Ykhg m%;smCI úh' zz;¾lh yd úpdr nqoaêh u`.ska
ish,a, oek .; yels h'ZZ34 hk woyi u; isg ish,a, oek
.ekSug kï ish,a, iel lrkak hkqfjka ielh úêl%uhla
fldg kj o¾Ykjdohla bÈßm;a fõ' úYajdih u; mokï
jQ uOHh;k hq.h o¾Ykfha w÷re hq.hls' tu o¾Ykhg
úreoaOj ielh u; mokï fldg inE o¾Ykjdohlg ux
fm;a újr jkafka fâldÜf.ka h'
iuld,Sk od¾Yksl iïm%Þhla jk ;d¾lsl
h:dkqN+;jdoSka o¾Ykfha tk m%Yak fndfydauhla NdIdfõ
22 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
jpk Ndú;fha we;s .eg¨ ksid we;s jk nj fmkajd fok
,È' idxoDIaáljdoS o¾YkjdoSyQ ñksia Ôú;hg w¾:hla
fiùu o¾Ykfha ld¾h úh hq;= njg ;¾l l<y'35 udlaiajdoS
o¾Ykh o iuld,Sk o¾Ykhls' fuu o¾Ykh wd¾Ól
idOlh wkqj ìys jQ nj ie,lSu hqla;s hqla; h' Okjdohg
tfrysj udlaiajdoSka woyia ±laùh' 1948 oS ld,a udlaia
yd fma%âßla tax.,aia zfldñhqksiaÜ m%ldYkZ .%ka:fhka
iudcjdoh ms,sn`o woyi b`osßm;a l<y' ñksidf.a Ôú;hg
wd¾Ól idOlh n,mdk nj tu`.ska lsh fõ' udlafiaf.a
ú.%yg wkqj jHqy folls'
I. Wmß jHqyh
II. wka;¾ jHqyh
fuhska jeo.;a wka;¾ jHqyh hs' wka;¾ jHqyh
hkq zksIamdokhZhs' fuu wka;¾ jHqyh wkqj Wmß jHqyh
f.dv kef.k nj udlaia wjOdrKh lrhs' udlaiaf.a fuu
o¾Ykhg Okm;s l%uh iqúYd, n,mEula isÿ fldg we;'
o¾Yk b;sydih úuiqfuka wOHhkh lrk úg
o¾Ykh ta ta wjêfha mej;s wd¾Ól foaYmd,ksl iudÔh
;;a;ajhkag wkqj fjkia fjñka ixj¾Okh jQ nj meyeÈ,s
fõ' tla wjia:djl tla idOlhla muKla o ;j;a wjia:djl
idOl lsysmhla o mdol fjñka o¾Ykh m%;Hdj¾;s; h'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 23
wdka;sl igyka
1 úl%uisxy,wkqr tka" .S%l o¾Ykh ye`oskaùula" l¾;D m%ldYk"
ms,su;,dj" 2010" ms'7'
2 O¾uisß .=Kmd," od¾Yksl m%Yak" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fld<U" 2007" ms'1'
3 .=Kr;ak"vhia" .S%l o¾Ykh" weï'ã'.=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U"
1963" ms'2'
4 úl%uisxy,wkqr tka" .S%l o¾Ykh ye`oskaùula" ms'3'
5 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" .S%l o¾Ykh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fld<U" 2007" ms'7'
6 .=Kr;ak"vhia" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'16'
7 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" o¾Ykh ye`oskaùula" wdßh m%ldYlfhda"
jrldfmd," 1987" ms'20'
8 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'8'
9 - tysu-"ms'08'
10 úl%uisxy,wkqr tka" .S%l o¾Ykh ye`oskaùula" ms'01'
11 - tysu-"ms'4'
12 .=Kr;ak"vhia" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'14'
13 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'".S%l o¾Ykh" ms'12'
14 .=Kr;ak"vhia" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'19'
15 - tysu-"ms'20'
16 úl%uisxy,wkqr tka" .S%l o¾Ykh ye`oskaùula" ms'12'
17 - tysu-"ms'13'
18 - tysu-"ms'24'
19 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'52'
20 úl%uisxy,wkqr tka" .S%l o¾Ykh ye`oskaùula" ms'24'
21 .=Kr;ak"vhia" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'39'
22 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'80'
24 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 25

23 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'79-80'

24 - tysu-" ms'84'
25 .=Kr;ak"vhia" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'48'
26 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" .S%l o¾Ykh" ms'92'
27 - tysu-""ms'91'
28 - tysu-"ms'95' ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okh iy
29 - tysu-"ms'101' ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,
30 - tysu-"ms'117'
31 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykh" wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j"2007"ms'1'
m%fõYh
32 O¾uisß .=Kmd," od¾Yksl m%Yak" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" .S%ish cd; N+ñh lr .ksñka ìys jQ ufkdaúoHdj
2007"ms'4' kQ;kfha iEu fCIa;%hl u me;sÍ we;s úIh m:hls' wmf.a
33 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS'" kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykh" ms'8' Ôú;h yd iïnkaO iEu wxYhla ms<sn`oj u wOHhkh
34 O¾uisß .=Kmd," od¾Yksl m%Yak" ms'4' ufkdaúoHdj u`.ska isÿ flf¾' osfkka osk ixlS¾K jk
35 - tysu-"ms'5' iudc l%uh ;=< udkj flakaøShj Woa.; jk .eg¨ úioSug
Wmfhda.S jk úIhhla jYfhka ufkdaúoHdjg iqúfYaIS
ia:dkhla ysñ fjñka mj;S' kQ;kfha ufkdaúoHdj úúO
úIh YdLdjka yryd ixj¾Okh ù we;s w;r ufkdaúoHdfõ
ld¾hNdrh o mq¿,a fjñka mj;S' úoHd;aul ufkdaúoHdj 19
jk Y; j¾Ifha wdrïN jqj o" th j¾;udkh jk úg iS>%
ixj¾Okhla lrd fhduq j we;' fuu ixj¾Okh ufkdaúoHd
.=rel=, weiqßka ú.%y lsÍu fuys § wfmaCIs; h'

ufkdaúoHdj
w;S;fha iEu wOHhkhla u o¾Ykh hgf;a úh'
ufkdaúoHdj o o¾Ykh hgf;a yodrd we;' iajNdúl
o¾Ykh hgf;a Ôj úoHdj" fN!;sl úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj
o iudc o¾Ykh hgf;a wd¾Ól úoHdj" iudc úoHdj"
foaYmd,k úoHdj wdÈ iudc úoHdjka o wOHhkh ù we;s
26 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
w;r ufkdaúoHdj wOHhkh uki ms<sn`o o¾Ykh hgf;a
úh'1 ufkdaúoHdfõ wdrïNh wd;auh ms<sn`o wOHhkhla¦
uki ms<sn`o wOHhkhla úh' kQ;kfhys ;;a ks¾jpk
mjd h,a mek f.dia h' tfy;a uki hk ixl,amh
ufkdaúoHdfjka uq,skqmqgd ±ñh fkd yels ù we;' ú,shï
fcaïia ks¾jpk l< wdldrhg zzufkdaúoHdj hkq udkisl
Ôú;h yd tys ixisoaëka yd ;;aFjhkaf.a úoHdjhs'ZZ 2 wmf.a
ye`.Sï" wNsreÑ" m%cdkkh" ;¾lkh" ;SrK hkdosh ixisoaëka
fõ' ßp¾â fïh¾ zzufkdaúoHdj hkq ñksia p¾hdj jgyd
.ekSu i`oyd ñksia udkisl ls%hdj,ska yd iaurK jHqyhka
úoHd;aulj úYaf,aIKh lsÍuhs'ZZ3 hkqfjka olajhs'
zzufkdaúoHdj hkq udkisl ls%hdoduhka yd yeisÍu ms<sn`o
úoHd;aul wOHhkhls'ZZ hk ks¾jpkh Psychology Today
hk .%ka:fha olajd we;'4 ;j o Introduction to Psychology
hk .%ka:h olajkafka zzufkdaúoHdj hkq ñksiqkaf.a iy
i;aFjhkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn`o úoHdjls' tfia u fuh udkj
m%Yak úioSug wdfoaY lr.; yels úoHdjlsZZ hkqfjks' ish¨
úoHdjkaf.a wfmaCIdj udkj iudchg hym;la isÿ lsÍu
h' ufkdaúoHdj o udkj ixy;sfha hym;g udkisl m%Yak
úi`od .ekSug úoHd;aul l%ufõohka fidhd hhs' ñksid
ufkda uQ,sl i;aFjfhls' ufkdaúoHdj uki flaJøSh lrf.k
m¾fhaIK isÿ lrk neúka kq;kfha ufkdaúoHdjg iïnkaO
fkdjk wxYhla ke;s ;rï h' kq;kfha oS b.ekaùfï ld¾h"
f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKh" mßir ks¾udKh wdÈ iEu wxYhl oS
u ufkdaúoHdj ;u ld¾hh bgq lrhs'
ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,
ufkdaúoHd .=rel=, wdrïNh iy ufkdaúoHdj
úoHd;aul úIhhla jYfhka ixj¾Okh 19 jk ishjifha
isÿ úh' 1879 oS c¾uka uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ ú,afy,aï jqkaâ
úiska ,smais.a iriúfha ufkdaúoHd m¾fhaIKd.drhla
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 27
wdrïN lsÍfuka úoHd;aul ufkdaúoHdj wdrïN jQ nj
ms<s.efka'5 ufkdaúoHdj wOHhkhg fuka u ufkdaúoHd;aul
.eg¨ úioSug úoHd.dr iy úoHd;aul l%uh fhdod .; hq;=
h ^úoHd;aul nj& hk ia:djr;ajh ufkdaúoHdj ;=< u;=
ùu o Bg iu.dó h' fuu keUqrej u; ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,
rdYshla ìys jQ w;r tu .=rel=, ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg
mdol úh'
.=rel=,hla hkafkka woyia lrkafka l=ula o@ hï
úIhl lreKq iïnkaOfhka iudk woyia ork Ydia;S%h
iuqyhla (Intellectual Circle) .=rel=,hla jYfhka yÿkd
.; yels h'6 oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia úysfok fyda tla hq.hlg
iSud jQ iuQyhla úh yels h' .=rel=,h hkafkka wod< u;fha
u t,aU.;a msßila .ek lsh fõ' tfy;a tu w¾:fhka u
ufkdaúoHd .=rel=, bÈßm;a fkdfõ' .=rel=,hlska Ñka;k
iïm%ødhla bosßm;a fõ' ufkdaúoHd .=rel=, .Kkdjls'
• jHqyjdoh
• ld¾hnoaOjdoh
• p¾hdjdoh
• ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh
• f.iafgda,aÜjdoh
• udkqI iy idxoDIaájdoh
• m%cdkk .=rel=,h
ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,hkays wdrïNh hq. ;=kl oS isÿ
ù we;' jHqyjdoh iy ld¾hnoaOjdoh 19 jk ishjifha
w.Nd.fha ìys jQ w;r p¾hdjdoh" ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh yd
f.iafgda,aÜjdoh ìys jQfha 20 jk ishjifha wdrïNfha oS
h' udkqI yd idxoDIaájdoh fuka u iudc bf.kqïjdoh
fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj ìys jQ .=rel=, fõ'
28 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
19 jk ishji jk úg ridhk úoHdj iy fN!;sl
úoHdj iS>% f,i ixj¾Okh ùfuys n,mEu jHqyjdoS
.=rel=,fha woyia fmdaIKhg fya;= úh' iajNdúl
úoHd{fhda uQ, øjH lsysmhl tl;=fjka iEÿKq ixfhda.
kej; tu uQ, øjHj,g fjkalsÍug fhduq jQy'7 TjqyQ ´kEu
jia;=jla úYaf,aIKh lrñka tys uQ,sl jHqyh f;areï.;
yels hehs hk u;hg meñKshy' fuu ffioaOdka;sl u;h
ufkdaúoHdjg jHjydr ùu jHqyjdoh u`.ska isÿ úh' jHqyjd§
ufkdaúoHd{fhda ixlS¾K udkisl w;aoelSï fldgia fldg
wOHhkh lsÍug fhduq jQy' fN!;sl úoHdfõ oS úúO
fN!;sl m%mxp wOHhkhg fhdod .;a l%uh" ta whqßka
jHqyjdoSka fhdod .ekSfuka woyia jkafka uki fN!;sl
m%mxphla fia Tjqka i,ld we;s nj hs' jHqyjdoSka úiska
uki iú{dk" wkqN+;Ska" ixfõok" iaurKh wdÈ jYfhka
fldgia fldg wOHhkh flfrhs' fuu m¾fhaIK l%uh
bosßm;a lsÍfï f.!rjh ufkdaúoHdfõ mqfrda.dñhd jYfhka
ie,flk ú,afy,aï jqkaâ ysñlr.kS' jHqyjdoS u;h oshqKq
lsÍug tâjâ î' áÉk¾ o odhl úh' Tyq flda¾fk,a
úYajúoHd,fhys fuu l%uh ixj¾Okh lf<a h' jHqyjdoSka
úiska uki úYaf,aIKh lsÍug wka;rdjf,dalkh úêl%uh
fhdod .ekqKs' fuh iajhx ksÍCIKh l%ufõohls' mqoa.,hd
;ukaf.a uki fj;g ;udu fhduq ù ;ukaf.a ixfõok
ú.%y lsÍu fuysÈ isÿ lrhs' ukfia jHqyh (Structure of
Mind) fuhska wjfndaO lr.; yels hehs jHqyjdoSyQ meyeÈ,s
lr;s'
jHqyjdohg úreoaOj woyila bosßm;a lrñka uq,ska
u ìys jQ .=rel=,h ld¾hnoaOjdoh hs' fuh wdrïN jkafka
u jHqyjdofha ÿ¾j,;d úfõpkh lrñka h' fuh ìys ùug
m%Odk jYfhka odhl jQfha ú,shï fÊïia h' jHqyjdoSka
ukfia jHqyh ke;fyd;a wdlD;sh wOHhkh lsÍu isÿ l<
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 29
w;r uki ls%hd;aul jk úg tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh wOHhkh
lsÍu wjOdrKh lrhs' fuu .=rel=,fhka ú{dkh fldgia
lr oelaùu m%Odk jYfhka wjYH fkd jk nj;a Wkkaÿ
úh hq;af;a ú{dkfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh flfrys nj;a fmkajd
fohs'8 fuu woyia ls%hdldÍ;ajh yd noaO ksid fuh
ld¾hnoaOjdoh kï fõ' ú,shï fcaïiag fuu u;h bossßm;a
lsÍug vd¾úkaf.a mßKdujdoh fuka u ffjoHúoHd;aul
woyia o m%n, f,i n,md ;sfí' uki fnod wOHhkh
lsÍfuka ta ms<sn`o ksjeros wjfndaOhlg meñKsh fkd
yels nj m%n, f,i fudjqyQ ;¾l lr;s'9 ld¾hnoaOjdoSyQ
o jHqyjdoSka fhdod .;a wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh Ndú;
l<y' jHqyjdoSka ukfia iuia; u;h wOHhkhg fuh
fhdod.;a w;r ld¾hnoaOjd§yQ ukfia tla fudfyd;l
ls%hdldÍ;ajfha iajNdjh wOHhkhg wka;rdjf,dalkh
fhdod.;ay'
p¾hdjdoh hkq ufkdaúoHd b;sydifha b;d fmr,sldr
.=rel=,hls' fÊ'î fjdÜika fuu .=rel=,fha wdrïNlhd jk
w;r fuu`.ska ufkdaúoHdfõ moku zzp¾hdjZZ hehs ú.%y
lrhs' ñksia p¾hdj úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKhg nÿka l< yels
h' fuu woyia bosßm;a ùug o pd,aia vd¾úka bosßm;a l<
mßKdujdoh bjy,a ù we;' mßKdujdohg wkqj ;sßika
i;=ka yd ñksid tlu Ôj mßKdóh ls%hdj,shl wjia:d
folls' fuu moku u; ñksia p¾hdj wOHhkhg i;=ka
fhdod .ekSug ufkdaúoHd{hka fm<ö we;'10 Tjqka w;r
fÊ'î fjdÜika m%Odk fõ' fjdÜikag wkqj iEu p¾hdjla
u bf.kqfuys m%;sM,hla fjhs' p¾hdjdoS .=rel=,hg wkqj
bf.kqu iy p¾hdj tlsfklg iumd; jk neúka iEu
p¾hdjla u bf.kquls' iEu bf.kqula u p¾hdjls' ;j
o fjdÜika m%ldY fldg we;af;a i;aFj p¾hdj o we;=<;a
fldg ufkdaúoHdj p¾hdj ms<sn`o úoHdj jYfhka ks¾jpkh
l< hq;= nj hs' Tyq fuu kj woyia wka;¾.; fldg
30 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
Psychology as the Behaviourist views it kñka .%ka:hla
t<s olajd we;'
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh hkq is.aukaâ fm%dhsâf.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka bosßm;a jQ ufkdaúoHd jHdmdrh hs' wú{dkh
ms<sn`o ú.%yh ufkdaúoHdj ;=< idlÉPd jQfha fuu .=rel=,h
yryd h' fuu u;fhka <ore yd l=vd wjêfha oS ;Dma; fkdjQ
wdYdjka ke;fyd;a m%;sfCIams; wdYdjka iú{dkfhka
bj;aj wú{dkfha ;ekam;a jk nj;a tajd mqoa., p¾hdjg
n,mdk nj;a meyeos,s lrhs' ksoyiaj woyia .,d hEug
ie,eiaùu u`.ska fuu wú{dksl wdYdjka wjfndaO lr.;
yels nj o fm%dhsâ i`oyka lrhs'11 fuhg wkqj ñksidf.a
udkisl ls%hdj,sfha jeä fldgila wú{dkh ;=< mj;S'
wú{dkh ;=< ñksidf.a hgm;a jQ wdYdjka" m%d¾:kdjka"
ye`.Sï wdÈh fõ'
jHqyjdoh yd ld¾hnoaOjdohg tfrysj ufkdaúoHd
fCIa;%fha we;s jQ Ñka;k jHdmdrh c¾uksh olajd me;sr
hdfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka f.iafgda,aÜjdoh wdrïN úh'
fuh p¾hdjdohg o mgyeks úh' fuys mqfrda.dóka jYfhka
uelaia j¾;hsu¾" l¾Ü fld*ald" jq,a*a.eka.a flda,¾ iy
l¾Ü f,úka hk msßi y`ÿkajd osh yels h' zzf.iagd,aÜZZ
hk c¾uka mofha ixúOdkh" iuia;h" wdlD;sh hk w¾:
we;'12 f.iafgda,aÜjdohg wkqj ukfia ls%hdldÍ;ajh
ixúOdkd;aulj isÿ fõ' fuu ixúOdkd;aul ls%hdj,sh fjk
fjk u fldgia lr f.k wOHhkh lsÍu jeros nj fudjqka
fmkajd oS we;' fudjqyQ iuia;h f.k wOHhkh lsÍu wkqu;
lr;s' iuia;h th ieoS we;s fldgiaj,g iudk fkdjk nj
Tjqka m%ldY lrhs' zz''''iuia;hla we;' tajdfha meje;au iy
wdldrh ksh; lrkq ,nkafka tajdfha fldgiaj, meje;au
úiska fkdfõ' we;a;jYfhkau th ta iuia;fha wdfõKsl
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 31
iajrEmh fidhd .ekSu f.iafgda,aÜjdofha wfmaCIdjhs'ZZ13
hkqfjka j¾;hsu¾ olajhs'
ufkdaúoHd b;sydifha od¾Yksl mokula ;=< ìys
jQ .=rel=,hla jYfhka udkqI iy idxoDIaájdoh y`ÿkd .;
yelsh' o¾Ykhg wkqj udkqIjdoh iy idxoDIaáljdoh
folla jqj o fuys we;s iïnkaO;dj fya;=fjka ufkdaúoHd
fCIa;%fha tlu .=rel=,hla jYfhka bÈßm;a fõ' fuu
o¾Ykjdo folu fojk f,dal hqoaOhg miqj f.dvke`.S
;sfí' idxoDIaájdoh yryd ñksia mej;aug m%Odk ia:dkhla
,eìKs' tfiau udkqIjdoh yryd ñksid i;= yelshdjka
yd jákdlïj,g m%Odk ia:dkhla ysñ úh' udkqIjdoS
ufkdaúoHd ix.ufha m%:u iNdm;s jQ t*a'î' nqf.ka;,a
udkqI ufkdaúoHdj my; wdldrhg ú.%y lrhs'
zzudkqIjdoS ufkdaúoHdj úiska ukqIHd ms<sn`o mQ¾K
ú.%yhla lrkq ,efí' ukqIHdf.a iajNdúl Yla;sh" Tyqf.a
Ñka;kh" ye`.Sï iy ls%hdldrlï" Tyqf.a mßKduh iy
ixj¾Okh úúO mßir idOl iu`. Tyq mj;ajk wka;¾
iïnkaO;d" Tyqf.a w;aoelSï mrdih iy wjidk jYfhka
úYajfha Tyqg ysñ ia:dkh hk iEu lreKlau fuu ú.%yg
we;=,;a úh hq;= hs'ZZ14
p¾hdjdoS ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,hg úreoaOj ìys jQ
.=rel=,hla jYfhka m%cdkk .=rel=,h y`ÿkd.; yels
fõ' p¾hdjdoSkaf.a meyeos,s lsÍug wkqj ñksia p¾hdj
W;af;ack m%;spdr iïnkaOfha m%;sM,hla fõ' tfy;a
p¾hdjg m%cdkkfha ke;fyd;a Ñka;kfha we;s jeo.;alu
fuu .=rel=,h yryd bosrm;a fldg we;' fuh m%cdkk
p¾hdjdoh hkqfjka o ye`oskafõ' .=rel=,hla jYfhka 1960-
1970 ld,fha bosßhg meñKsh o 19 jk Y;j¾Ifha uq,
isg u fuh ixj¾Okh ù we;' p¾hdjdoh m%Odk jYfhka
32 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 33

ms<s.kq ,enqfha W;af;ack yd m%;spdr ms<snoj h' tfy;a ufkdaúoHdj o¾Ykfhka fjkaj iajdëk úoHdjla jYfhka
m%cdkkjdoSka fmkajd ÿkafka W;af;ack m%;spdr iïnkaOh ixj¾Okh ùug fuu ú.%yh hï wdldrhl ndOdjla úh'
w;r ;=kafjks idOlhla we;s njhs' tu ;=kafjks idOlh ú{dkh fukau wd;auh hk ixl,am úêu;a ixl,am f,i
zzm%cdkkhZZ f,i TjqyQ olaj;s' fuu`.ska Tjqka fmkajd ufkdaúoHdj úoHd;aulj j¾Okh ùfï oS ie,lsh fkd
oSug fjr orkafka ñksidg l=uk W;af;aclhla ,enqK o yels h' 19 jk ishjih jk úg ish¨u úoHdjka j¾Okh
thg m%;spdr olajkafka m%cdkkh iïnkaO lrf.k nj hs' ùu iu`. ufkdaúoHdj o j¾Okh fjñka ish wkkH;dj
/lf.k we;' fuu hq.fha ú,shï fcaïia kï wefursldkq
ufkdaúoHd .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okh ufkdaúoHd{hd ufkdaúoHdj úêu;a whqßka ú.%y fldg ;sfí'
Tyq ks¾jpkh fldg we;af;a zzufkdaúoHdj hkq udkisl
ufkdaúoHdj kQ;kfha w;HjYH u úIhhla njg m;a
Ôú;h ms<sn`o wOHhkhlsZZ16 hkqfjks' fuu ks¾jpk lsÍu
ù we;' fuu`.ska udkisl Ôú;h ms<sn`oj úoHd;aulj" úYd,
jvd;a w¾: .ekajqfka jHqyjdoS .=rel=,h yryd h' jHqyjdoS
{dk iïNdrhla f.dv k`.d we;' uydpd¾h whsfikala
.=rel=,h wdrïN lrk ,oafoa ú,afy,aï jqkaâ úisks'
m%ldY lr we;s wdldrhg ld¾ñl úma,jh yryd f,dalfha
Tyq ufkdaúoHdfõ úYd, fmr,shla we;s lrñka ,hsmais.a
we;s jQ fjkialïj, n,mEug jvd ufkdaúoHdj ñksiqkag
úYajúoHd,fha ufkdaúoHd m¾fhaIK.drhla wdrïN lf<ah'
n,mdkq ,nhs' úoHd;aul ufkdaúoHdj wdrïNh 19 jk
fuh ufkdaúoHd fCIa;%fha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jYfhka
ishjifha jqj o woH;kh jk úg iS>% ixj¾Okhla isÿ
ie,lsh yels h' fuu .=rel=,h úiska uki wOHhkhg
j ;sfí' fuu wjêfha u ridhk úoHdj" fN!;sl úoHdj
fhdod .kq ,enqfha wka;rdjf,dalkh ^Introspective& kï
hkdosfha oshqKqj;a iu`. ufkdaúoHdj o úoHd;aul whqßka
jQ úêl%uh hs' ufkdaúoHdj wdrïNfha mgkau uki ms<sn`o
oshqKq jkakg úh' 19 jk ishjifha mgka ìys jQ ufkdaúoHd
wOHhkhla fia ú.%y jqj o uki wOHhkhg úêu;aj
.=rel=, ufkdaúoHd oshqKqjg u`. ie¥ nj fkd ryils'
úêl%uhla fhdod .kq ,enqfha fuu .=rel=,h u`.sks' f,dj
ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,hkays hï hï iudklï w;ßka m;r oel
ìys jQ m<uq ufkdaúoHd.drh flakaø lr .ksñka is;=ú,s"
.kakg ,enqK o iuia;hla jYfhka ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,
ye`.Sï" fÉ;kdj,s wdÈh wka;rdjf,dalkh yryd wOHhkh
tlsfklg úreoaO h' fuu úreoaO;ajhu ufkdaúoHdfõ
lrkakg úh' wka;rdjf,dalkh kï jQ ls%hdj úúO whqßka
ixj¾Okhg fya;=jla úh' tlu l%ufõohl .e,S isàfuka
wd.ï hgf;a fukau o¾Ykh hgf;a mej; ;snqK o fuys oS
f;drj ;r`.ldÍj tlsfkldf.a wvq mdvq fmkajñka we;s jQ
ufkdaúoHd úêl%uhla jYfhka Ndú;hg .ekSu m%ixYkSh
.=rel=, ufkdaúoHdj iS>% ixj¾Okhlg muqKqjd we;'
fõ'17 wka;rdjf,dalkh hkq ;udf.a we;=<dka;h ne,Su
ufkdaúoHdj uki ms<sn`o wOHhkhla jYfhka fyda ;udf.a l,amkd" ye`.Sï oekSï ms<sn`o iaj-mÍCIKh hs'
wdrïN úh' ufkdaúoHdj hkakg bx.S%iS NdIdfjka fhfok
wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh jqkaâ úiska wdrïN lrk
Psychology (Psyche + logos) hk jpkfhys ksrela;sh
,o ufkdaúoHd.drh ;=< oS fhdodf.k ;sfnk wdldrh ms<sn`o
úuiQ úg th meyeÈ,s fõ' Psyche ^ihslS& hkq wd;auh
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï oS meyeos,s jkqfha iïmÍCIK l%uh
ke;fyd;a uki (Soul or Mind) hkakhs'15 tfy;a
34 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
tys oS Ndú; fldg we;s njhs' wka;rdjf,dalkh hgf;a
iajhx mÍCIKh isÿ lrk wjia:dfõ oS úúO wdldrhg Yío"
wdf,dal iy j¾K wdÈh fhdod .ksñka mÍCIKh isÿ fldg
we;'18 ta wkqj ufkdaúoHdj úoHd;aul úIhla jYfhka
ixj¾Okh ùug wjYH mdou fuu jHqyjdoh yryd f.dv
ke.S we;' wka;rdjf,dalkh u`.ska isÿfjk ls%hdj,sh jqkaâ
ú.%y fldg we;' th my; whqßka oelaúh yels h'19
• iú{dk ls%hdj,sh b;d l=vd ldKavj,g úYaf,aIKh
lr tajd bf.kSu iy tajd tlsfklg iïnkaO jk
wdldrh fidhd ne,Su'
• tlS iïnkaO;dfõ kS;s Í;s ;SrKd;aulj fidhd
.ekSu'
jqkaâ m%uqL ù uki ms<sn`o l< ú.%yh ufkdaúoHdfõ
ixj¾Okhg fukau wkkH;dj /l .ekSug o fya;= ù we;s
nj meyeos,s fõ'
kj woyia oerE ufkdaúoHd{hka /ila
jHqyjdoS.=rel=,h wdY%fhka ìys ùu o jeo.;a h' jqkaâ
wka;rdjf,dalkh ;u m¾fhaIKd.drfha oS fhdod .kakd
úg ;u YsIHhkaf.a odhl;ajh o ta i`oyd ,ndf.k we;'
tfiau wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uh fhdod .ekSug ksis
mqyqKqjla wjYH nj jqkaâ i`oyka lrhs' Tyq ;u YsIHhka
ksis mqyqKqjg ,la jQ miq wka;rdjf,dalkh fhdod .kakg
wjia:dj ,nd oS we;' jHqyjdoS .=rel=,h yryd ìys jQ jeo.;a
ufkdaúoHd{fhla jkqfha B'î áÉk¾ h' jHqyjdoS .=rel=,h
yryd úoHd;aul ufkdaúoHdfõ úYd, ixj¾Okhla ù we;s
nj meyeos,s fõ' tu ixj¾Okh my; wdldrhg lreKq
jYfhka oelaúh yels h'
• ufkdaúoHd m¾fhaIKd.drhla ìys ùu'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 35
• ufkdaúoHdj uki ms<sn`o wOHhkhla nj ;yjqre
lsÍu'
• uki ms<sn`o wOHhk úêl%uhla jYfhka
wka;rdjf,dalkh fhdod .ekSu'
• iïmÍCIKh ufkdaúoHdj ;=< Ndú;hg .ekSu'
• m%Odk fmf<a ufkdaúoHd{hka /ila ìys lsÍu'
• iajNdúl úoHdjkaf.a oshqKqj iu`. iudkj
ufkdaúoHdj oshqKq ùu'
• p¾hdjdoS .=rel=,h ìys ùug uQ,sl moku ilia ùu'
19 jk ishjifha iajNdúl úoHdjka iS>%fhka oshqKq
fjñka mej;sKs' fuhskq;a fN!;sl úoHdfõ oshqKqj iqúfYaIS
fjhs' ´kEu fN!;ssl jia;=jla úYaf,aIKh fldg tys
jHqyh f;areï .; yels hehs hk fN!;sl úoHd isoaOdka;h
ufkdaúoHdj ;=< o fhdod .; yels nj fmkakqï lf<a
jHqyjdoh úisks' tfia kï ufkdaúoHdj o tl, oshqKq
fjñka wd iajNdúl úoHdjka yd iuj .uka lsÍug moku
jHqyjdoSka ;;a ld,hg WÑ; whqßka oud we;s nj újdo
rys; h'
jHqyjdoS .=rel=,hg tfrysj 19 jk ishjifha oS u
wdrïN jQ fofjks ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,h jQfha ld¾hnoaOjdoh
hs' fuys mqfrda.dñhd jQfha ú,shï fcaïia h' fudyq ydjâ
úYajúoHd,fha ufkdaúoHd m¾fhaIKd.drhla wdrïN lsÍu
ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg bjy,a úh' ú,shï fcaïia fukau
fcdaka vqù úiska ld¾hnoaOjdoh bosßhg f.k hk ,os' fï
hq.fha fudjqkaf.a woyia jvd m%.;sYS,s úh' ld¾hnoaOjdoh
ìys ùfï wruqK jqfha jHqyjdofha wvqmdvq fmkajd oSu h'
.=rel=, .eàu iy kj u; ;¾ldkql+,j bosßm;a lsÍu
ufkdaúoHdfõ j¾Okhg Rcqju fya;= úh'
36 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 37

ld¾hnoaOjdoh úiska wka;rdjf,dalk úêl%uhu Wod− ìh hkq ufkdaNdjhls' th p¾hdjdohg wkqj

fhdod .;a w;r Tjqka jHqyjdoSka th fhdod.;a wdldrfha th ukskq ,nkqfha reêr ixirKh iy yDoiaMkaokh wkqj
wvq mdvq fmkajd oS we;' jHqyjdoSka wka;rdjf,dalkh h'
fhdod .;af;a fldgia fldg ú.%y lsÍug h' tfy;a fudjqka
óg wu;rj fjk;a WodyrKhla i`oyka lrkafka
fmkajd ÿkafka uki fldgia lr wOHhkh lsÍu ;=<ska
kï Ñka;kh hkq ndysrg fmfkk fohla fkd fjhs' fudjqka
uki ms<sn`o ksjeros wjfndaOhlg meñKsh fkd yels nj
fuh ú.%y fldg we;af;a zyv fkd k`.d l;d lssÍula Z
hs' wka;rdjf,dalkh jHqyjdoSka ñksia ukfia iïmQ¾K
jYfhks' p¾hdjdoh mokï lrf.k iïNdjH wfrdamK
iajNdjh wOHhkhg fhdod .;a w;r ld¾hnoaOjdoSka tla
kHdh iy m%ldrl wfrdamK kHdh m%Odk jYfhka bÈßm;a
fudfyd;l iajNdjh ms<sn`o wOHhkhg th fhdodf.k
úh'
we;'20 ld¾hnoaOjdoh ienúkau jHqyjdohg jvd mshjrla
fyda bosßhg .sh nj i`oyka l< hq;= h' iïNdjH wdfrdamK kHdh reishka cd;sl i;a;aj
ldhsl úoHd{fhl= jQ bjdka meõf,dõ úiska l< fidhd
p¾hdjdoh hkq 20 jk ishjifha wdrïNfha ìys
.ekSuls' fuys oS oS¾> jYfhka iïNdjH wdfrdamK kHdh
jQ .=rel=,hls' fuu .=rel=,h yryd we;s l< u;jdo ;=<
meyeos,s lsÍug wjldY ke;' tfy;a ixCIsma;j i`oyka
zzufkdaúoHdj hkq p¾hdj ms<sn`o wOHhkhlsZZ hk kj;u
lrkafka kï m<uqj fjk;a W;af;ackhla úiska u;= lrk
ks¾jpkh úh' uki úoHd;aulj m¾fhaIKhg ,la lsÍug
,o m%;spdrhla" uOHia: W;af;aclhla i`oyd o m%;spdr
fkd yels ùu ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg úYd, ndOdjls'
oelaùug bf.kSu iïNdjH wdfrdamK kHdhhs' m%ldrl
tfy;a fjdÜika ufkdaúoHdfõ moku jYfhka zzñksia
wdfrdamK kHdh ialSk¾ úiska bosßm;a lrk ,os' fuu
p¾hdjZZ ie,lSu úYd, fmr<shla we;s lsÍug fya;= úh'
kHdfhka lshfjkqfha lsishï ys;lr m%;sM,hla fyj;a
uki úoHd;aulj wOHhkhg ,la lsÍug fkd yels jqj
;Dma;lr hula ,efnk l,ays cSúhd ;u m%;spdrh h<s h<s;a
o ñksia p¾hdj úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKhg ,la l< yels nj
lsÍug fm<fUk njh' tfiau uOHia: fyda ys;lr fkdjk
Tyq fmkajd ÿkafkah' fuu ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,h yryd
miq m%;sM, ,enqK l,ays Tjqka tu m%;spdr h<s fkd olajk
ufkdaúoHdj ixj¾OkSh uÜgulg taug ;snq úYd, ndOdjla
nj hs' ialSk¾ mrúhka iy óhka fhdod fuu m¾fhaIK isÿ
bj;a jQ nj meyeos,sh' fuu .=rel=,h yryd ufkdaúoHdfõ
fldg we;' bf.kqu ms<sn`o fuu .=rel=,h yryd kj;u
zzukiZZ hk ixl,amh neyer fldg we;s njla osia jqj
u; ;;a ld,hg ,eî we;'
o ieneúkau uki neyer lsÍula fkdj th wOHhkhg
m%fõYhla ,nd § we;' p¾hdjdoSka jeä wjOdkhla fhduq p¾hdjdohgu wh;a l< yels f;dakavhsla úiska ;e;a
lrkq ,enqfha ksÍCIKh l< yels hula ms<sn`ojhs' Tjqka jeros isoaOdka;h bosßm;a fldg we;' fuu isoaOdka;fhka
uki ms<sn`oj o p¾hdj Wmfhda.S lrf.k wOHhk fldg lshfjkqfha cSúhd tlu W;af;aclhg lsysmj;djla
we;' jeros m%;spdr oelaùfuka miqj ksjeros m%;spdrh bf.k
.kakd njhs' tfiau wNHdi isoaOdka;fhka ks;r wNHdi
38 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
lsÍfuka bf.kqu ;yjqre l< yels nj meyeos,s lrhs'
Ôú;fha iuyr bf.kqï b;d fõ.fhka isÿ fjk nj
WoH;d isoaOdka;fhka meyeos,s fldg we;' fuu meyeos,s
lsÍï ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg odhl ù we;' kQ;kfha
mjd fuu b.ekaùï ufkdaúoHd fCIa;%fha úYd, jYfhka
Ndú; fõ' fuu isoaOdka; jHjydßl ufkdaúoHdjg wh;a
wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdfõ b;d uekúka Ndú; fjkq oelsh
yels h'
ufkdaúoHdj iS>% ixj¾Okhla olajd f.k hdug
úYd, jYfhka odhl jQ ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,hla f,i
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh y`ÿkajd osh yelsh' fuu .=rel=,fha
mqfrda.dóhd jQfha is.aukaâ f*%dhsâ nj by; oS i`oyka
lf<ñ' fuu .=rel=,h ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg oelajQ
odhl;ajh fld;rï o hkak i`oyka lrkafka kï kQ;kfha
jqj o fndfyda msßia ufkdaúoHdfõ mshd jYfhka i,lkqfha
fudyq h' tfy;a th úpdrd;aul woyia ;=<ska
f.dvke`.=Kla o fkdfõ' ´kEu wfhla fndfyda úg
is;kqfha ufkdaúoHdfjka udkisl frda. ms<sn`o wOHhkh
lrk njhs' ufkdaúoHdfõ mshd is.auka f*%dhsâ hkqfjka
iudc.; ùug ;a ufkdaúoHdj ;=<ska udkisl frda. ms<sn`oju
wOHhkh lrk nj weoySug;a fya;=j ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh
fõ' ufkdaúYaf,aIKh yryd m%:u j;djg wú{dkh ms<sn`o
ú.%yhla bosßm;a lrhs' fuu bosßm;a lsÍu uy;a le<öula
we;s lf<a h' mD:qú flakaøjdoh ms<sf.k ;snQ hq.fha
iQ¾hflakaøjdoh bosßm;a l< úg we;s jQ fkd ikaiqka;dj
fia fkd ikaiqka;djla f*%dhsâf.a ú.%yh yryd isÿ úh'
ukfia jHqyh ms<sn`o ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdofha meyeos,s
lsÍug wkqj ú{dkh" Wmú{dkh iy wú{dkh hkqfjka
uki ú.%y lrhs' wú{dkh ú{dkhg jvd kj .=Khlska
úYd, nj o meyeos,s fldg we;'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 39
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg
mdou úh' kQ;kfha jqj o ufkdaúYaf,aIdKd;aul isoaOdka;
ufkdaúoHdj ;=< Ndú;hg .kq ,efí' ufkda ,sx.sl
j¾Okhka ms<sn`o meyeos,s lßSfï oS wjê ihla bosßm;a lrhs'
tu wjê ú.%yh o ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg fya;= ù we;'
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh iïmQ¾Kfhkau f*%dhsâf.au fidhd
.ekSï yryd f.dvke`.S ;sfí' Tyq úiskau uQ,O¾u yd kHdh
o meyeos,s fldg we;' Tyq ,o fm!oa.,sl woaoelSï yryd
fuu meyeos,s lsÍu isÿ fldg we;' ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdofha
wkq.dñlhka msßila isá w;r Tjqka w;ska isÿ ù we;af;a
f*%dhsâ meyeos,s l< isoaOdka;u hï ixj¾Okhla lsÍu
fukau hï wdldrhlska bosßhg f.k hduls'
ld,a hqx.a f*%dhsâ bosßm;a l< u;hg hï ;rulska
fjkia u;hla bosßm;a fldg we;' Tyq ;u u;h
úYaf,aIKd;aul ufkdaúoHdj hkqfjka kï fldg we;'
fudyqf.a u;hg wkqj mqoa., wú{dkh yd iuQy wú{dkh
hkqfjka ;, folla we;s nj meyeos,s lrhs' fuys mqoa.,
wú{dkh f*%dhsâf.a wú{dk ú.%yg iudkh' iuQy
wú{dkfha mrmqfrka mrmqrg wmg odho jk ie.jqKq .=ma;
oekqula we;s nj meyeos,s lrhs' we,a*%â weâ,¾ úiska o
ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh bosßhg f.k f.dia we;' fudyq
zzfYaIaG;ajhZZ ñksiqka bosßhg muqKqjk n,fõ.h jYfhka
i,ld we;'
fmdÿfõ ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoh ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍfï oS" fuu ufkdaúoHd.=rel=,h ufkdaúoHdj j¾Okhg
my; wdldrhg odhl ù we;'
• mqoa., p¾hdj flfrys wú{dk isf;ys n,mEu
bosßm;a lsÍu'
• jeäysá fm!reIh f.dvkexùug <udúfha w;aoelSï
fndfyda fihska n,mdk nj meyeos,s lsÍu'
40 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
• ñksiqka ;u wm%ikak Ñ;a;fõ.hka iukhg
ixrCIK m%fhda. fhdod .kakd ,o nj ú.%y lsÍu'
• ufkdaúoHdfõ jHjydßl wxYh flfrys keUqre ùu'
• ufkdaúoHdj fndfyda fokdf.a wjOdkhg f.k
hdu'
f.iafgda,aÜjdoS .=rel=,h b;du jeo.;a .=rel=,hla
jYfhka b;sydi.; ù we;' fuu`.ska p¾hdjdoh" jHqyjdoh
fukau ld¾hnoaOjdofha ÿ¾j,;d úfõpkh fldg we;'
flfia jqj o fuu .=rel=,h yryd ufkdaúoHdj ixj¾Okh
úh' ufkdaúoHdfõ Y=oaO ufkdaúoHd YdLdjla jk idudkH
ufkdaúoHdj j¾Okhg fiau <ud ufkdaúoHdj" wOHdmk
ufkdaúoHdj" Ñls;ail ufkdaúoHdj j¾Okhg o odhl ù
we;' fudjqka wjOdkh fhduq l< ixl,am w;r ixcdkk
ixl,amh" wNsfm%arK ixl,amh" bf.kqu hk ixl,am m%Odk
fõ' fuu b.ekaùï ms<sn`oj o fuysoS wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;=h'
f.iafgda,aÜjdoSkag wkqj ukqIH ixcdkk ls%hdj,sh
ixúOdkd;aulj isÿ fõ' tys oS wruqKq iuQy.; lsÍula
oelsh yels nj o Tjqka i`oyka lrhs' fuu ixúOdkd;aul
nj ksid wiïmQ¾K rEmhla jqj o iïmQ¾K rEmhla fia
fmkSfï yelshdj we;' fuh ixjD;sh kï uQ,O¾uh yryd
Tjqka ú.%y fldg we;' hï hï fldgia wvq iys; rEmhla
jqj;a wm iïmQ¾K rEmhla f,i ixcdkkh lrkq ,nk nj
fuhska lsh fõ'
Wod− lerlefjk úÿ,s mxldjla ke;fyd;a .=jka
hdkhl lerflk nUrh wm ixcdkkh lrkqfha jD;a;hla
jYfhks'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 41
óg wu;rj iurEm;dj kï uQ,O¾ufhka
b.ekafjkafka jia;+ka f.dkq fldg .ekSug ukqIH
ixúOdkh fm<fTk njhs' tkï wms ixcdkkh lrk
jia;+ka fldgia fldg .kakd njhs' fï wdldrhg fudjqka
ixcdkk ixl,amh ms<sn`o ú.%y fldg we;' fuu ú.%yh
idudkH ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg muKla fkdj
jHjydßl ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg o fya;= ù we;'
ixcdkkh ms<sn`o fuu woyia kQ;kfha mjd m%fhdackhg
.kS' wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj hgf;a b.ekaùfï ls%hdj,sh
id¾:l lr .ekSug o tfiau udOH ufkdaúoHdfõ oS
fm%aCIlhka fukau mdGlhkaf.a wjOdkh oskd .ekSug
fuu uQ,O¾uh fhdod .kq ,efí' mdßfNda.sl ufkdaúoHdfõ
oS o fuu ixl,amh Ndú; l< yels h'
f.iafgd,aÜjdoS ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,h p¾hdjdohg
fukau jHqyjdohg o úreoaO woyia bosßm;a fldg we;'
p¾hdjdoSkag wkqj W;af;ack yd m%;spdr" ;e;a jeros
isoaOdka;h wdÈh yryd b.ekaùu isÿ fjhs' tfy;a fuu
woyi fudjqka neyer lrkq oelsh yelsh' fudjqka m%ldYlr
;sfnkqfha m%;sfõoh u`.ska ñksidf.a bf.kqu isÿ jk
njhs' fï ms<sn`o flda,¾ úiska iïmÍCIK weiqrska lreKq
bosßm;a fldg we;' iq,a;dka keu;s isïmkaÑhd fuu
iïmÍCIKh i`oyd fhdod .kS' tysoS isïmkaÑhd l+vqj
;=<g flfi,a wejßhla <`.d lr .ekSug ,S len,s fhdod
.kS' fuysoS isïmkaÑhd ksjeros p¾hdj tlajru f;dard .kS'
fuys oS tu YlH;dj we;s jQfha isïmkaÑhdf.a m%;sfõoh
;=<sks' fuu ls%hdj úia;r lrkafka kï ixúOdkh jQ
mßirh m%;sixúOdkh lsÍula isïmkaÑhd w;ska isÿ ù we;'
fï wdldrhg Wiia i;aFjhkaf.a ^*S%udgdjka& bf.kqug
m%;sfõoh n,mdkq ,nk nj meyeos,sh'
42 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
f.iafgda,aÜjdoS ufkdaúoHd{fhl= jk l¾Ü f,úka
úiska fm!reI kHdhla úia;r lrhs' tys lshfjk wdldrhg
fm!reIh hkq mqoa.,hdf.a úúO udkisl iïnkaO;d iys;
iajdëk tallhls' fï iïnkaOfhka úúO wdldrfhka t,a,
jQ úfõpk ;snqK o fuh o hï kj woyila f,i ms<s.;
hq;=j we;'
fojk f,dal hqoaOhg miqj f.dv ke`.=Kq od¾Yksl
mokula we;s .=rel=,hla jYfhka udkqI iy idxoDIaájdoh
y`ÿkajd osh yelsh' od¾Ykslj udkqIjdoh iy idxoDIaájdoh
iajdëk o¾Yk folla jqj o ufkdaúoHdfõ tla ufkdaúoHd
.=rel=,hla jYfhka y`ÿkd.kS' fuu .=rel=,h p¾hdjdoS
yd ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoS .=rel=,hkag miqj ìys jQ m%n,
.=rel=,hls' fuys iqúfYaI;ajh jkafka od¾Yksl mokul
msysàuhs'
udkqIjdoh hqfrdamSh Ñka;lhska úiska f.dv ke`.=Kq
o¾Ykhls' fuu o¾Ykh ìys l< fukau oshqKq l< wh w;r
m%xY cd;sl ðka cela rEfida" msldfida jeks Ñ;% Ys,amSka"
n¾kdâ fIda wdÈka jeo.;a fõ' idxoDIaájdoS o¾Ykh o
hqfrdamfhau ìys jQ o¾Ykhls' fuu o¾Ykh wdrïN ùug
fojk f,dal hqoaOh fndfyda fihska fya;= ù we;' fidf¾ka
lshls.dâ" kSÜfIa" ðka fmda,a idf;%a" we,afnhd leuq wdÈka
fuu o¾Yk iïm%odfha oshqKqjg lghq;= l< lsysm fofkls'
udkqIjdoS ufkdaúoHdfõ fYa%IaG;u ufkdaúoHd{hd
f,i ms<s.kqfha taíy%ï udiaf,dah' Tyq udkqIjdoS
ufkdaúoHdfõ flakaøSh ixl,amh jYfhka zziaùh;aj
ixl,amhZZ y`ÿkajd oS we;' fuu ixl,amh yryd fudyq
zzwjYH;d kHdhZZ y`ÿkajd oS we;' fuh ufkdaúoHdfõ
kQ;kfha jqj o wNsfma%rK isoaOdka;hla jYfhka fhdod
.kq ,nhs' ukqIH wjYH;d lsishï OQrdj,shlg ke;fyd;a
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 43
hïlsis wkql%udêm;Hhlg ls%hd;aul jk nj udiaf,da
i`oyka lrhs' fuh Maslow's hierarchy of needs hkqfjka
oelafõ' fudyq bosßm;a lrk wjYH;djkaf.a ms<sfj< my;
wdldrhg oelaúh yelsh'
wd;audjfndaOh ms<sn| wjYH;dj
Need for self-actualiztions
wd;audNsudkSh wjYH;dj
Esteem needs
wdorh iy yeÕSï iïnkaO wjYH;dj
Belongingness needs love needs
wdrlaIdj ms<sn| wjYH;dj
Safety needs
úoHd;aul wjYH;dj
Physiological needs
fuu OQrdj,sfha ksIagdj ke;fyd;a wjidkhg
meñKSfï yelshdj ,efnkqfha b;du iq¿ msßilg nj o
udiaf,da mjid ;sfí' fuu u;h ufkdaúoHdfõ wOHdmk
ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okhg m%n, f,i fya;= úh' b.ekaùfï
ls%hdj,sfha oS bf.k.ekSfï ls%hdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSug
fuh fhdodf.k ;sfí' hï YsIHfhla l=i.skafka fyda
frda.Sj fyda hï wkdrCIs; ;;aFjhl isák úg lreKq
wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdj hgm;a fõ' th .=rejrhd
wjfndaOfhka ;Dma; lsÍug fyda u`. yrjd .ekSug
Woõ úh hq;=h' .=rejrhd YsIHhka wjudkhg md;% lrhs
kï wmlS¾;shg m;a lrhs kï YsIHd ;=< .=rejrhd
flfrys úfrdaO;djla yg .kS' th wOHdmkhg ndOdjls'
44 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 45

tksid isiqjdf.a wjYH;d ;Dma; lsÍu ms<sn`oj fuu`.ska wkqj W;af;ackj,g cSúhd m%;spdr oelaùfuka l%ufhka
wjfndaOlr.ekSfï yelshdj we;' p¾hdjka fukau yelshdjka j¾Okh fõ' mshdfÊ <ufhl=f.a
nqoaê j¾Okh ms<sn`o ú.%yh wjê jYfhka olajhs' th hï
udkqIjdoS ufkdaúoHdfõ úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq jQfha
wdldrhlg ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdofha ú.%yg iudk fõ' th
ukqIHdf.a iqÿiq p¾hdjka ms<sn`ojhs' tfy;a p¾hdoSkaf.a
my; oelafõ'21
fukau ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdoSkaf.a wjOdkh fhuq jQfha
widudkH p¾hdjka ms<sn`ojhs' flfia jqj;a udkqIjdoS nqoaê wjêh jhi m%Odk ,CIK
ufkdaúoHdfõ oS o widudkH p¾hdj ms<sn`o woyia olajhs'
Tjqkaf.a woyig wkqj iaùh;ajhg <`.d ùug úúO ndOl bkaoS%h pd,l 0-2 pd,l ls%hdldrlï fmkajhs
fouõmshka" iudch" i;=rka" mdi," fiajdia:dk m%OdkSka wkqlrKh nyq, fõ'
wdÈka yryd we;s jk úg úúO widudkH p¾hdjka we;s úh mQ¾j ls%hdldÍ 02-07 wd;audNsfmaCIl Ñka;kh
yels njhs' Ñka;kh
mQ¾j 02-04 f,dalh ixcdkkh .ek
m%cdkk ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,h 1960 miq ìys jQjls' fuh
ixl,amk ;¾l lrhs
p¾hdjdohg úreoaOj bosßm;a jqj o p¾hdjdofha ÿ¾j,;d
fmkajd ÿka iy th bosßhg meñKjQ .=rel=,hla jYfhka m%;sNd 04-07 ;¾lkhg jvd m%;sfõoh
is;Su widOdrK fkdfõ' m%cdkkjd§ ufkdaúoHd{hka Ñka;kh fhdod Ndú;d lrhs
oela jQ woyia kQ;kfha jqj o m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí' ls%hdldÍ 07-11$12 j¾.SlrKh"m%;sf,dau is;Su"
m%cdkk ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,fha oshqKqj i`oyd lghq;= Ñka;kh ixLHd f;areï .ekSu
l< ufkdaúoHd{hka w;ßka cska mshdfca" fldaya,¾" B'iS' úêu;a ls%hd 11$12 - mrudo¾YS ùu"idudkHlrK
fgda,auka" fcrï nDk¾" fjda,ag¾ia wdÈka jeo.;a fj;s' 14$15 yelshdj" WmkHdY
fuhska fjda,ag¾ia bf.kqu ms<sn`o wdkqYhsl ixl,amh u`.ska f.dvke`.Su"
meyeos,s lrhs' tu ixl,amSh ú.%yg wkqj i;aFjhkaf.a fjkialï fmdÿ ,CIK
bf.kqu i`oyd W;af;acl fukau Wmia:ïNk t;rï jeo.;a úêu;au oekSu
fkdjk nj meyeos,s fõ' tfia kï i;aFjhka bf.k .kafka
flfia o@ Tyq meyeos,s lrk wdldrhg i;aFjhka bf.k we;eï úpdrlhkag wkqj m%cdkk .=rel=,h
.kafka ukfia we;s m%cdkk ie,iqula wkqjhs' fuu woyi ufkdaúYf,aIKjdoh" udkqIjdoh iy idxoDIaáljdoh
flda,¾ úiska bosßm;a l< m%;sfõoh iudklula fmkakqï yer wks;a .=rel=,hkays ixl,khls' flfia jqj o
lrhs' fuu`.ska p¾hdjdoh yryd oshqKq jQ ufkdaúoHd jHdmdrh
bosrshg hdug ke;fyd;a ñksia bf.kqu ms<sn`o kjuq
m%cdkk ufkdaúoHd{fhl= jk mshdfca ñksidf.a oDIaáhla bosßm;a lsÍug yels jQ nj i`oyka l< hq;= h'
m%cdkk ixj¾Okh ms<sn`o woyia olajd we;' Tyqf.a u;h
46 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
iudf,dapkh
w;S;fha isg u ñksid uki yd tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh
ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq l< nj iEu YsIagdpdrhlska u
;yjqre fõ' fmrÈ. o¾Ykh fuka fkdj ngysr o¾Ykh
uki YÍrfhka mßndysrj f.k wOHhkh lsÍfï
m%ÓM,hla jYfhka ìys jQ ufkdaúoHd úIh 19 jk
ishjifha ú,afy,aï jqkaâf.a odhl;ajh hgf;a úoHd;aul
uqyqKqjßka ixj¾Okh ùu wdrïN úh' t;eka mgka fndfyda
úoHd{hka ufkdaúoHdj flfrys ish Ñka;kh fhoùfï
m%;sM,hla f,i úúO ufkdaúoHd .=rel=, wdrïN úh'
fuh ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okfha ir, f¾Çh .uka ud¾.h
fjkia lsÍfuys m%Odk idOlh hs' .=rel=,hka yryd iS>%
ixj¾Okhla ufkdaúoHdfõ isÿ ù ;sfí' tla .=rel=,hla
úiska bosßm;a lrk woyia úfõpkhg ,la lrñka kj
woyia ;j;a .=rel=,hla u`.ska bosßm;a lsÍu ufkdaúoHd
.=rel=,hkag fmdÿ ,CIKhls' ufkdaúoHdfõ ixj¾Okh
m%Odk wxY folla hgf;a isÿ ù we;' ufkdaúoHd{hka iy
od¾Ykslhka úiska oshqKq l< m¾fhaIKd;aul ufkdaúoHdj
m<uq wxYh jk w;r ffjoHjreka iy m%;sldrlhka úiska
oshqKq l< Ñls;ail ufkdaúoHdj fojekakhs' j¾;udkfha
fuu fowxYhu tlaj jHjydr fõ' wekagka fjiau¾ kï
ffjoHjrhd ysiaàßhd frda.h iqjlsÍug fudaykh fhdod
.ekSu ;=<ska ufkdaúoHdfõ ffioaOdka;sl {dkh yd
m%;sldrl {dkh tla ù we;' kQ;kfha iEu fCIa;%hla
iu`.u iïnkaO ù we;s ufkdaúoHdfõ moku .=rel=, yryd
we;s jQ nj fuys § iudf,dapkh fõ'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 47
wdka;sl igyka
1 tosßisxy" ohd" 2009" ufkdaúoHdj .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHd{fhda"
j;aud m%ldYlfhda" foysj," msgq 01-04'
2 w;=fldard," ohd frdayK" w;=fldard," fya<s ksu,d" 2009" wOHdmk
ufkdaúoHdj yd .=rejrhd" YsCId ukaosr m%ldYk" wxl35" fld<U08"
msgq 11'
3 -tysu- msgq 12'
4 zzThe scientific study of mental process and behaviour"
5 tosßisxy" ohd" 2009" ufkdaúoHdj .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHd{fhda" msgq
27-28'
6 -tysu- msgq 29'
7 w;=fldard," ohd frdayK" w;=fldard," fya<s ksu,d" 2009" wOHdmk
ufkdaúoHdj yd .=rejrhd" ms'18-19'
8 -tysu- ms'19'
9 tosßisy" ohd" fmf¾rd" {dkodi" 2005" ufkdaúoHdúu¾Yk" j;aud
m%ldYlfhda" foysj," ms'19'
10 B't,a' f;dkavhsla" bjdka meõf,dõ wdoSka i;=ka m¾fhaIK i`oyd
fhdodf.k we;'
11 w;=fldard," ohd frdayK" w;=fldard," fya<s ksu,d" 2009" wOHdmk
ufkdaúoHdj yd .=rejrhd" YsCId ukaosr m%ldYk" fld<U08" ms'23'
12 -tysu-ms'22'
13 yßiapkaø" ufkdacs" idudkH ufkdaúoHdjg ye`oskaùula" l¾;D
m%ldYk" wxl 57"foajd, mdr" lvj;" ms'67'
14 tosßisxy" ohd" 2009" ufkdaúoHdj .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHd{fhda"
ms'63'
15 tosßisy" ohd" fmf¾rd" {dkodi" 2005" ufkdaúoHdúu¾Yk" j;aud
m%ldYlfhda" foysj," msgq 01-02'
16 tosßisxy" ohd" 2009" ufkdaúoHdj .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHdfhda" ms'3'
17 nqÿ oyfï pq,a,mka:l l;dj fukau Noaoj.a.sh l=udrjreka ms<sn`o
m%jD;a;sfha oS nqÿ rÿka wik mekh ;=< fukau ls%ia;s%hdks wd.fï
mdfmdÉPdrKh ;=,ska wka;rdjf,dalkh ms<sn`o woyi bosßm;a fõ'
48 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 49

18 tosßisy" ohd" fmf¾rd" {dkodi" 2005" ufkdaúoHd úu¾Yk" ms'18'

19 tosßisxy" ohd" 2009" ufkdaúoHdj .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHdfhda" ms'33'
20 -tysu-ms'35'
21 -tysu-ms'60'

wdpdr O¾uh yd fÉ;kdj

ye`oskaùu
Wiia jQ nqoaêhla fukau Ñka;k YlH;djla i;=
ukiska Wiia jQ ñksid ;srÉÖk i;aFjhka wNsnjñka
YsIagiïmkak úh' YsIagiïmkak ùu hkafkka ñksid
wdpdr O¾udkQl+, ùu fuys § woyia flf¾' uq,a hq.fha
oS wdpdr O¾u m%n,j fkd mej;=Kq fyhska ñksid ;=<ska
jkpdÍ yeisÍï m%lg úh­­'1 wdpdr O¾u hkq mqoa., hym;
iy iudc hym; Wfoid wjYH lrk O¾u;d fõ' ck
iudch úiska fyda YsIag ckhd úiska wkqo;a wdpdr O¾u
moaO;sh iodpdrh f,i o thg mgyeks jQ mej;=u ÿrdpdr
hehs o iudch úiska ms<s.;a iïu;h hs' fn!oaO wdpdr" yskaÿ
wdpdr" lf;d,sl wdpdr" ffck wdpdr hkdos f,i f,dj
ish¨ ck iudchkays i;amqreIhka úiska wkqo;a wdjrK
moaO;s fõ' ñksid ufkda uQ,slj ls%hd;aul jk nj nqÿ
oyfï b.ekaùu hs'2 kQ;kfha fmrdZmr fnoSulska f;drj
th ms<s.kshs' zzfÉ;kdZZ hkq uki wdOdr fldg .ksñka
ìys fjk is;=ú,s iuqodhls' th mqoa.,hdf.a ls%hdjkag fya;+
jq l,ays th ifÉ;ksl ls%hdjla fõ' fÉ;kdfjka f;drj o
ls%hd isÿ jk w;r tys oS mqoa.,hdg tys j.lSu fkd mejf¾'
fÉ;kdj iy wdpdr O¾uh ms<sn`o wOHhkh fuu Ydia;S%h
f,aLkfha wruqK fõ'
50 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
wdpdr O¾u
wms ñksiqkaf.a ls%hdjka úia;r lsrSug ke;fyd;a
úksYaph lsÍug fm<fUuq' tys oS zzfyd`ohZZ zzkrlhZZ zzyßhZZ
zzjeroshZZ hk jpk fhdod .ksuq' wm tfia fhdokq ,nk
jpk l=uk mokula u; fhdokafka o hkak wdpdr O¾ufha
oS úpdrd;aulj mÍCId flfrhs' wdpdr O¾u hkakg bx.S%is
NdIdfjka Ethics hk jpkh jHjydr fõ' fuu jpkh
.S%l NdIdfõ Ethos ^Bf;daia& hk mofhka jHq;amkak h'
wdpdr O¾uh ms<sn`o mÍCIK ngysr wdrïN l< .S%ljre
zzpß;hZZhk w¾:fhka Ethos jHjydr l<y' wdpdr O¾uh
;=< úia;r jk ls%hd mqoa.,hd iajÉPkaoj lrk ls%hd h'
tu`.ska pß;h ms<sn`oj úksYaphla w;HjYHfhkau l< hq;=
ksid zzpß;hZZ hk woyi we;s Ethics hk moh wdpdr O¾u
hkakg jHjydr fõ'3 fuu mofhys Oxford YíofldaI ú.%yh
“The moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or
how an activity is conducted"4 hkakh' wdpdr O¾u hk
mofhys w¾:h hymej;au" iodpdrh 5 jYfhka o yeisrSu"
ls%hd lsrSu" hym;a yeisrSu" pdrs;%h" mqreoao6 jYfhka o fldaI
.%ka:hkays ú.%y fõ'
wdpdr O¾uh hk woyi u we;s zziodpdr o¾YkhZZ
Mores hk ,;ska jpkfhka Nskak úh' tys mqreÿ yd isrs;a
hk w¾: we;'7 mqoa., yeisÍfuys zzyß foaj,a yd hym;a
foaj,aZZ wOHhkh lsÍu wdpdr O¾ufhka isÿ jk w;r ñksia
l%shdjkaf.a ksjeros;dj fukau tu`.ska isÿjk hym; fyda
whym; o úuid n,hs' wdpdr O¾uh ñksiqkaf.a mqreÿ yd
isß;a tkï ñksiqkaf.a pß; o tfiau Tjqka ls%hd lrk uQ,
O¾uhkays wvx.= h:d¾:h o úu¾Ykh lrhs' wdpdr O¾ufha
oS ñksia ls%hd úIh fjhs' zzndysr W;af;aclj,g olajk
m%;spdr jYfhka ndysrj úia;r lrk úg p¾hdjdohg o
ukqIHdf.a YdÍßl ks¾udKh wkqj yev .eiS we; jYfhka
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 51
úia;r lrk úg Ôj úoHdjg o ls%hdjkag fya;+ jQ Ñ;a;
m%jD;a;s jYfhka i,lk úg ufkdaúoHdjg o ñksidf.a
iudc fyda cd;s f.da;% wkqj yev.eiSu wkqj i,lk úg
iudc úoHdjg fukau udkj úoHdjg o'''''''ZZ8 wdÈ jYfhka
úúO me;slvhkaf.ka ñksia l%shd úIh fõ' wdpdr O¾uh
mQ¾fjdala; úoHdjkaf.ka fjkia fõ' úia;rd¾: oelaùug
fyda úYaf,aIKhg muKla ,>q fkdù ñksiqkaf.a l%shd
we`.hSfuys ksr; ùu Bg fya;=j hs'
wdpdr O¾u ;=<ska mqoa.,hskaf.a ls%hd we`.hSfï È
fhdod .kakd úúO mo ;sfí' wdpdr O¾uh (Ethics)" iodpdrh
(Morals)" fyd`o (Good)" yß (Right) wdosh hs' Moral hk
jpkh Mores hk jpkfhka o Good hk jpkh Gut
hk jpkfhka o Right hk moh Rectus hk jpkfhka o
jHq;amkak h' Right hk moh kS;shlg wkqj ksjeros jQ úg
fhfoa' Good hk jpkh hï fohla tla wka;hla i`oyd
m%fhdack jk úg Ndú; h'8
wdpdr O¾u b;sydih
wdpdr O¾u iudchl ls%hd;aul jkafka oehs wkH
mqoa.,hd ms<sn`o olajk ie<ls,a, wjOdkh u; ks¾Kh
fõ' ñksid wks;a ñksiqka ms<sn`o wjOdkhla ie<ls,a,la
.re;ajhla fkd olajkafka kï tys wdpdr O¾uhla ke;'
ta wkqj wdpdr O¾uh udkj b;sydih ;rï merKs fkdjk
nj my; WOD;fhka lsh fõ'
zzfydíia fmkajd fok wdldrhg zYla;sh jQ l,S
hqla;sh fõZ hk weoySu mokï fldgf.k m%lD;s iudch
;=< ñksid .; l< Ôú;h l%Er" wOu" ld,lkaks" wjq,a
úhjq,aj,ska fyì flá tlla úh' fuu ;;aFjh we;s ùu
flfrys n, mE uQ,sl fya;=j f,i fydíia fmkajd fokafka
52 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 53

;u mej;au muKla wruqKq fldg f.k wd;aud¾:ldó wd;aólrKhka lsÍu iïnkaOfhka kï fodaI o¾Ykhg
ls%hd lrñka n,h i`oyd n,h msgqmi ÿjk jk uD.hka ,laúh hq;=hs'
ñksiqkaf.ka iukaú; m%lD;s iudch ;=< Tjqka md,kh
fidl%àiaf.a m%lg u iy jeo.;a u woyi kï
lrñka fmdÿ iudc wNsjDoaêh i`oyd bosßhg fufyùug
zzi;a .=Kh {dkh fõ' {dkh ioa.=Kh fõZZ14 hkakhs'
iu;a n,hla iys; md,k l%uhla fkd ;sîu hsZZ10
fidl%àia ngysr o¾Ykfha úma,jjdoSfhl= fiau iodpdrjdoS
ngysr f,dalfha wdpdr O¾u .S%l b;sydih;a iu`. wfhls' ú;KavjdoSka úiska uqo,g wOHdmkh ,nd ÿks'
idlÉPd fõ' fndfyda úIhkaf.a ;sôß f.h jYfhka ú;KavjdoSkaf.a b.ekaùï iodpdr úfrdaê hk woyi
ie,flk .%Sl hq.h u wdpdr O¾uh ms<sn`o .fõYkhg o fidl%àia oerE fyhska Tyqf.a o¾Ykh ú;KavjdoS úfrdaê
;sôß f.h fõ' o¾Ykh ìys ù fndfyda l,lg miqj wdpdr h' Tyq uqo,a wfmaCIdjla fkdue;sj i;a fÉ;kdfjka hï
O¾uh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq fõ' o¾Ykhla iudc.; lrkakg fjr oeÍh' ^zzfidl%àiaf.a
mru n,dfmdfrd;a;=j jQfha ú;KavjdoSkaf.a ixYhjdoh
wdÈ .%Sl od¾Ykslhkaf.a wjOdkh iDcqj fhduq
yd kdia;sjdoh mokulska f;dr nj;a ifodia nj;a
jQfha úYaj iïNjh flfrys h'11 mQ¾j fidl%ál o¾Ykfha
mrïmrdjg myod oSuhsZZ15& ú;KavjdoSka ;yjqre fldg ;snqKq
w.Nd.fha oS muK ìys jQ fyrla,Sgia yd äfudl%àia hk
wdpdrO¾ufha wd;aóh .;s ,CIK bj;a fldg jdia;úl
od¾Ykslfhda wdpdr O¾uh ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq l<y'
njla fidl%àia f.k wdfõ h' fidl%àiag wkqj ;udf.a
fyrla,Sgia zzTnf.a wd;au úh,sj ;nd .kakZZhkafkka
wdodhug iß,k noaola rchg f.ùu fyd`o ls%hdjls' tfy;a
wdpdr O¾uh w¾:j;a lrhs'12 tfukau äfudl%àia iodpdrfha
rcfha úhoï wêl hehs oek rch fjkqfjka uqo,a mß;Hd.
m%Odk uQ, O¾uh jYfhka zzfidïkiZZ i,lhs' wdpdr O¾u
lrkakg fm<fUkafka kï th Tyqf.a ioa.=Kh hs' fidl%àia
ms<sn`o úêu;a ú.%yhla fudjqyQ isÿ fkd l<y'
fyd`o ls%hdj yd ioa.=Kh w;r fjkilaa we;s nj meyeÈ,sh'
ngysr wdpdr O¾uh ú.%yh úêu;aj ú;KavjdoSyQ
maf,afgda ;u zzRepublicZZ .%ka:fha wjidk Nd.fha ;u
werUQy' fudjqyQ ngysr b;sydifha m%:u j;djg ;u
wdpdr O¾u ms<sn`oj woyia bosßm;a lrhs' maf,afgda hqla;sh"
wjOdkh iDcqj ñksidf.a ls%hdldrlï ms<sn`oju muKla
ixhuh" ks¾NS;lu yd m%{dj ioa.=Kh jYfhka i,ld we;s
fhduq fldg ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' zzish,af,ysu ñkqï
w;r hqla;sh ta w;ßkq;a m%Odk fldg i,lhs' ;ukaf.a
oKav ñksidhZZ^Man is the measure of all things& hk
wd;auh ;ukag kshu fldg we;s foh isÿ lsÍu zzioa.=KZZ
fm%dgf.dariaf.a woyi ;=<ska o ú;KavjdoSkaf.a ukdj
f,i olajhs' weßiafgdg,af.a iuia; wdpdr O¾uhu uOHu
flakaøSh nj m%lg fõ' zzfyd`o mqrjeishd fyd`o foaYmd,lfhlsZZ
m%;smodj u; rodmj;shs' ìh.=¨j ls%hd lrkq ,nk ñksiqka
hk woyi fuu`.ska we;s jQjls' fm%dgf.dariaf.a zzi;Hh ug
fukau lreKq fkd fidhd wúpdr;aul ks¾NS;lñka ls%hd
tlls Tng tllsZZ13 hk lshuk ;=<ska wdpdr O¾u m%;sm;a;s
lrk ñksiqka w;rg ks¾NS;lu ueÿïms<sfj; f,i Tyq
wd;aóhlrKh ùu úh' wdpdrjdoS ixl,am ñksid flakaøShj
y`ÿkajd fohs'16 fuu uOHu m%;smodj ì,d, j¾.fha if;l=
ú.%y lsÍu w;ska ú;KavjdoSka m%Yxid ,enqj o wdpdrjdoh
;u megjd ref.k hk úg megjdg fkd ßfok mßos;a
54 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
megjd fkd .s,sfyk mßos;a /f.k hdu hk ksoiqfkka
meyeÈ,s h'
od¾Yksl jYfhka w`ÿre hq.hla jYfhka ms<s.kakd
uOHld,Sk hq.h ;=< iEu wdpdrjdoS isoaOdka;hla u foaj
kshu ksid ms<smeoSu wksjd¾h úh' tys oS foúhka wK l<
ls%hdj zzfyd`oZZ f,i;a foúhka ;ykï l< ls%hdj zzkrlZZ
ls%hdj f,i o ie,lSh' foúhkaf.a wK fkd ms<smosk
mqo.,hkag wudkqIsl wdldrhg ovqjï oSug mjd fuu
hq.fha foaj ksfhdacs;fhda ls%hd l<y'
fÉ;kdj
fÉ;kdj ms<sn`o w¾: ú.%yh b;d ishqï h' fÉ;kdj
hkafkys mo.;d¾:h fldaI .%ka:hkays ls%hd isÿ lsÍfï uQ,sl
jQ Ñ;a; .;sh" ls%hdldÍ Ñ;a;h f,i úia;r fõ' iqux.,
Yío fldaIfha th wksla ffp;islhka ta ta lD;Hfhys
fhdok uQ,sl jQ Ñ;a; .;sh hkqfjka lsh fõ'17 wdpdr O¾u
w;afmdf;ys fÉ;kdj zzhïlsis wdldrhlg l%shd lsÍug wm
fmd<Ujk fyda fya;= jk foa fÉ;kdj hsZZ18 f,i ks¾jpkh
fõ' fÉ;kdj wm hï hï ls%hdjka i`oyd leu;s lrjk" fhduq
lrjk" udkisl n,mEu hs' wdpdr O¾u w;afmdf;a ú.%yg
wkqj fõokh fyda Ñ;a;fõ. wkqj ñksid ls%hd;aul fõ'
ukqIHhl=f.a fÉ;kdj" fldamh" B¾IHdj" Nh wkqlïmdj
wdosh fõokh kï fõ' Ñ;a;fõ. hkakg bx.S%is NdIdfjka
Emotion hk moh fhfoa' tys woyi le<öu" fm<öu
hkakhs' ukfia we;sfjk pxp,;ajh ;=<ska Ñ;a;fõ.
we;sfjhs' zzisf;ys we;s jkakd jQ fl%daOh" Nh" ÿl" fYdalh"
m%S;sh yd isf;ys we;sfjk wdfõ.ZZ19 jYfhka fldaId¾:
iemfha' Ñ;a;fõ. mqoa., is; wdY%h fldg mj;sk w;r
wNsfm%arK yd b;d iómfhka iïnkaO fõ'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 55
fõokh ^ukqIHhl=f.a fÉ;kdj" fldamh" B¾IHdj"
Nh wkqlïmdj wdosh& fÉ;kdj jYfhka yeoskafõ' tfy;a
fõokh muKlau fÉ;kdj fkdjk nj o meyeÈ,s lr.;
hq;= fõ' fõokhla iys; iy fõokhla rys; mqo.,hl=f.a
ls%hdjlska th meyeÈ,s fõ' hï wysxil if;l= wk;=rg ,la
ù isák nj olsk wkqlïmd iy.; mqoa.,fhl= ^fõokhla
iys;& jyd tu i;dg Woõ lsrSug fm<öu ie,ls,a,g .;a
úg Woõ lsÍug fm<öug fõokh hï Wmldrhla fõ' tfy;a
fõokh muKla tu i;dg Woõ lsÍug mqoa.,hd fm<öug
m%udKj;a fkdfõ' fõokhla muKla we;akï Tyq fndfyda
úg lïmdùula lÿ¿ ie,Sula muKla isÿ lrkq we;' tfia
kï fõokh Wmldr fldg.ksñka ls%hdjla lsÍug wkqn,hla
,efnkafka l=ulska o@ úm;g m;a wysxil i;d olsk Tyqg
fuu i;dj úm;ska .e,úh yels hehs Ñ;a;dNHka;rfhka
hï Ñ;a; n,mEula isÿ fõ' tfia jQ Ñ;a; n,hg fÉ;kdj
hehs lSu fndfyda fihska idOdrKh' fõokh fÉ;kdjg
msgqn,hla jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fÉ;kdj zzwka;hla ms<sn`o
my< jk l,amkdjhs'ZZ hg lS WodyrKhg wkqj wka;h
kï zug fï i;dj uqod .; yels hsZ hkak h' th fõokhla
fkdfõ' tu wka;hg fõokh wdOdrlh hs'
fÉkdj ms<sn`o fmros. ú.%yh
fuys oS nqÿ iufha wka;¾.; ú.%yh ms<sn`o muKla
úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq fõ' zzfÉ;kdyx NsCLfõ lïux
jodñ" fÉ;hs;ajd lïux lfrda;s ldfhak jdpdh ukidZZ20
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fÉ;kdj l¾uh nj fmkajd ÿkay'
fuys fÉ;kdj yd l¾uh iudkd¾:fhka fhoS we;s nj
meyeos,s h' ñksia is; i;= jQ ld¾hka wxY lsysmhla hgf;a
±lafõ'
56 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
• ixfõok
• ixcdkk
• ixfÉ;k
ye`.Sï mCIh ^úkaokd;aul& ixfõokh jYfhka
ye`oskafõ' ixcdkkh oekSï ish,a,hs' óg wu;rj isf;ys
W;aiyh we;s lrjk" fufyhjk wxYh ixfÉ;kh
fõ' ixfÉ;kh jYfhka i`oyka jkafka fÉ;kdjhs' nqÿ
iufha fÉ;kdj tu jpkfhkau fyda Bg iudk
w¾:fhka fyda fhfok wjia:d we;' i;r wdldr jQ wdydr
ú.%yh ;=< zzufkdaixfÉ;kdydrZZ jYfhka o máÉpiuqmamdo
ú.%yfha oS ixLdr kñka o ú.%y jkafka fÉ;kdj hs'
mqoa.,hd ms<sn`o bosßm;a lrk rEm" fõokd" i[a[d" ixLdr"
ú[a[dK hk ialkaO ú.%yfha oS tk ixLdr o fÉ;kdj
fõ' fÉ;kdj hk w¾:hu we;s ixLdr ixhq;a; ksldfha
ú.%y fõ'
zzuyfKks" ixiaLdr hkq ljrla o@ uyfKks"
fÉ;kd iuQy yfhls' rEm i[afÉ;kd" Yío i[afÉ;kd"
.kaO i[afÉ;kd" ri i[afÉ;kd" iam¾Y i[afÉ;kd yd
O¾u i[afÉ;kd hk i[afÉ;kdjka ixialdr ^ixLdr&
hehs lshkq ,efí'ZZ21
mxp bkaøshka u`.ska ,nd .kakd wruqKq wkqj jk
m%mxp u; fÉ;kdj fjhs'2 fÉ;kdj ls%hd;aul ùu ldhsl
ls%hdjla f,i" jpkfhka isÿfjk ls%hdjla f,i iy ukfiau
Ñ;a; ud;%hla f,i ±lsh yelsh' nqoaOf>daI ysñfhda úiqoaê
ud¾.fha fÉ;kdj zz''''ta ta lD;Hfhys fufyhjk O¾u
iajNdjhZZ f,i úia;r lr;s' fÉ;kdj ñksidf.a ls%hdjkag
uQ,sl jk ffp;islhls'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 57
wdpdr O¾uh iy fÉ;kdj
fÉ;kd uQ,sl jQ mqoa., ls%hdj wdpdr O¾ufha
È mÍCId flfrhs' wdpdr O¾uh iy fÉ;kdj fmrdZmr
fn§fuka úhqla;j fuys úu¾Yk flf¾' ñksia yeisÍu
ms<sn`oj .eUqre újrKhla nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd
lr;s' zzufkda mqínx.ud OïudZZ hkafkka iEu ls%hdjlg u
fÉ;kd mQ¾jdx. ùu wjOdrKh fõ' ú[a[dKfhka f;dr
ñksia lh ksIam%fhdack nj lsh fõ'22 nqÿ oyfï is; ms<sn`o
ú.%yfha oS újO jpk Ndú; fõ'
zzia;S%hl foi rd.fhka n,k ljfrla kuq;a tjf,au
wE iu`. is;ska ldu ñ:Hdpdrh lf<ah'ZZ23 hk Y=oaO uf;õ
woyiska o meyeos,s jkafka fÉ;kdfõ m%n, nj hs' ngysr
o¾Ykfha wdpdr O¾uh ms<sn`o jeä jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq
l< od¾Ykslfhl= jk fidl%àia úiska zzioa.=Kh {dkh fõ'
{dkh ioa.=Kh fõ'ZZ hk woyi bÈßm;a flf¾' ñksfil=g
{dkh ;sfí kï th ioa.=Khls' ñksidf.a fÉ;kdjka msßisÿ
ùug tu {dkh fya;= fõ' {dkdkaú; ñksfil= lrk l%shd
hym;a fjhs' weßiafgdg,ag wkqj hful= mqreoaola jYfhka
fyd`o ls%hdjla isÿ l< o th ioals%hdjla f,i ie,lsh
fkdyels h' WodyrKhla f,i ÿmam;=kag wdydr fnoSfï
rdcldßhl kshq;= jQ mqoa.,hdf.a ls%hdj ioals%hdjla jYfhka
ie<lsh fkd yels h' iEu ls%hdjlg nqoaêuh mokula ;sìh
hq;= nj Tyq woyhs' uOHu m%;smodj weßiafgdag,af.a m%Odk
b.ekaùuls' fÉ;kdfjys wjYH;dj tu`.ska o Tyq meyeos,s
lrhs'
nqÿ oyfï ú.%yg wkqj zzfÉ;kdyx NsCLfõ lïux
jodñZZ hkafkka ls%hdj fÉ;kdj nj .uH fõ' fÉ;kdj
ls%hdj;a iu`. w;Hka;fhka u iïnkaOh' mqoa.,hd
iajÉPkaofhka l< ls%hdfõ j.lSu Ndr.; hq;= h' kQ;k
58 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
kS;s l%ufha o th ie,ls,a,g f.k we;' yDoh idCIsfha
ksfhda. ;=<ska" yeisÍu úksYaph lrkakg ldkaÜ W;aiy
f.k we;' Tyq zzfyd`o fÉ;kdj yer wka lsisu fyd`ola
f,dalfha ke;ZZ24 hkqfjka i`oyka lrhs'
wdpdr O¾uh ñksidf.a iajÉPkao ls%hdj
iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrhs' hym;a udkj ls%hdjka wdpdr
O¾ufha oS we.hqug ,la fõ' wdpdr O¾ufha È ls%hdjka
úksYaph lsÍfuka hym;a ls%hd isÿ lsÍug fm<Uùu;a
whym;a ls%hdjkaf.ka ñksid wE;a lsÍu;a wfmaCId lrhs'
hym;a ls%hdjka i`oyd m%Yxid lrhs" ;E.s ,nd fohs' whym;a
ls%hdjkag .ryhs" ovqjï ,nd fohs' hym;a ls%hdjkag
ie,lSug;a whym;a ls%hdjka my;a lsÍug;a fmr wod,
mqoa.,hdg ;u ls%hdj iïnkaOfhka j.lSu mejßh yels
o hkak úuis,su;a úh hq;=h' Wkau;a;lfhl= wmrdOhla
l<fyd;a kS;sfhka Tyqg ovqjï ,nd fkd fohs' wm o Tyqf.a
ls%hdj fyd`o fyda krl jYfhka fkd olsuq' tfiaa kï wdpdr
O¾uh ;=< iajÉPkao;djfhka hqla; jQ fÉ;kdj b;du;a
jeo.;a fõ' fÉ;kdfjka f;dr jQ ls%hdj wdpdr O¾ufha oS
ksIam%fhdack jkafka h' th nqÿ oyfï o wfÉ;ksl ls%hdj
jYfhka ye`oskafjhs' fÉ;kdj iys; ls%hdj wdpdr O¾ufha
È we.hqug ,la fõ'
ks.ukh
udkjhd wdpdr O¾udkql+, ùu u; ;srÉÖk
i;aFjhdf.ka fjkia fõ' wdpdr O¾uh yd fÉ;kdj
w;r w;Hka; iïnkaOhla we;' ñksia l%shdjka ñksidf.a
u hym; i`oyd md,kh lrhs' kS;sh bka tla md,khls'
kS;sh ;=<ska ñksidf.a ndysr ls%hdjka muKla md,kh jk
kuq;a ls%hdjkag uQ,sl jk fÉ;;djka bka md,kh ùu wju
fõ' wdpdr O¾uh u`.ska mqoa., fÉ;kdjka md,kh fõ'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 59
ñksidf.a mßirh" wdrh" wd.u wdosh wkqj Tyqf.a yDoh
idCIsh ielfia' ñksid kS;shg úreoaO hula l<fyd;a th
Tyqg fõokdjla fkdjqK;a yDoh idCIshg úreoaOj hula
lf<d;a th Tyqg úYd, fõokdjla ùfï iïNdú;dj by<
h' jeros foa lsÍug ksjeros ud¾.hla ke;s nj tu`.ska lsh
fõ' wdpdr O¾uh ñksidf.a fÉ;kdjka iu`. iómfhka
iïnkaO fjñka ñksidg ls%hd l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn`oj
myohs'
wdka;sl igyka
01' fidhsid tï'´'ta'o" foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sl isoaOdka;" ixL
fmd;ay," lsßn;af.dv" le,Ksh" 2009" ms'96'
02' zzÑ;af;ak kSh;S f,dfla Ñ;af;ak mßliai;sZZ ix'ks1" foaj;d
ixhq;a;h" Ñ;a; iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" ms'72'
zzufkda mqínx.ud Oïud ufkda fiÜGd ufkduhdZZLq'ks II"
Oïumomd<s" nq'c';s%" 2006" ms'26'
03' úYaj fldaIh" 1988" zzwdpdr O¾uhZZ" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j"
1998" ms'422'
04' Pocket Oxford English Dictionary (Tenth Edition)" Catherine
Soanes, Sara Hawker and Julia Elliott (Edit)" p. 305'
05' .=Kfiak uyd isxy, YíofldaIh" yßiapkaø úch;=x.^iïmdol&"
iSudiys; weï'ã'.=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U11" ms'212'
06' YS% iqux., Yío fldaIh ^m%:u Nd.h&" ixia' je,súáfha fidar; ysñ"
weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 1999" ms'117'
07' uelkais fcdaka tia" wdpdr O¾u w;afmd; ^ih jeks ixialrKh&"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1996" ms'03'
08' úYaj fldaIh" zzwdpdr O¾uhZZ" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j"1988"
ms'422'
09'
fmf¾rd {dkodi" tosßisxy ohd" od¾Yksl úu¾Yk" j;aud
m%ldYlfhda" foysj," 2001" ms'153'
60 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
10' fidhsid tï'´'ta'o" foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sl isoaOdka;" ms'96'
11' l,kaiQßh"ta'ã'mS" .S%l o¾Ykh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
2007" ms'3-91'
12' -tysu-"ms'49'
13' -tysu-" ms'95'
14' - tysu-" ms'118'
15' -tysu-" ms'117'
16' -tysu-" ms'196'
17' YS% iqux., Yío fldaIh ^m%:u Nd.h&" ixia' je,súáfha fidar; ysñ"
weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 1999" ms'339'
18' uelkais fcdaka tia" wdpdr O¾u w;afmd; ^ih jeks ixialrKh&"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1996" ms'46'
19' Oïñl ysñ my,.u" Ñ;a;fõ. md,kh ^md,s iQ;%dka; úu¾Ykhla&"
l¾;D m%ldYk" 2009" ms'16'
20' wx'ks IV" Plal ksmd;h" ksífíêl iQ;%h" nq'c'uq" 2006" ms'208'
21' ix'ks III" LkaO ixhq;a;h" nq'c'uq" 2006" ms'113'
22' zzPqoafOda wfma; ú[a[dfKda ksr;a;xj L,sx.rxZZ
23' Y=oaO nhsn,h ^kj wkqjdoh"fojk ixialrKh&" kj .súiqu" YS%
,xld nhsn,a iud.u" wxl 293" .d¨mdr" fld<U 3" 1982" ms'6'
24' úYaj fldaIh" zzwdpdr O¾uhZZ" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1988"
ms'426'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 61
mqoa., p¾hdj úIfhys
fm!reI idOlh
m%fõYh
ñksid Wiia Ñka;k YlH;djlska hq;= ufkdauQ,slj
ixlS¾K p¾hdjka olajk i;aFjfhls' udkj p¾hdj
ixlS¾K ùfuys ,d n,mdk fya;=j l=ula o@ hk m%Yakhg
Rcq ms<s;=rla ,nd oSu ÿIalr fyhska th l%ñlj wjfndaO
lr.; hq;a;ls' ñksia p¾hdfõ jdia;úl njla y`ÿkd.; yels
o@ mqoa.,hdf.a fm!reIh udkj p¾hdj ;SrKh ùfuys ,d
l=uk wdldrfha ld¾hhla isÿ lrkafka o@ ndysrg úoHudk
p¾hdj ;=< wNHka;ßlj iy jHqyd;aulj wúoHudkj mqoa.,
fm!reI idOlh ;sfí o@ wdos .eg¨ .=refldg ;nd.ksñka
mqoa., p¾hdj úIfhys fm!reI idOlh ufkdaúoHd;aulj
fuu Ydia;S%h f,aLkfhka úu¾Ykh flf¾'
mqoa., p¾hdj
mqoa., p¾hdj mqoa., wkkH fõ' tys jdia;úl njla
±lsh fkd yels h' úúO mqoa., wkqN+;Ska" wdl,am" Ôjk
o¾Ykh" úYajdi yd wOHdmk ;;aFjh wdÈh u; p¾hdj
.;sl fõ'1 úoHdfõ oshqKqj;a iu`. ñksia p¾hdj úúO m%fõY
hgf;a wOHhkh flf¾' mqoa., p¾hdj Ôj yd ridhksl
m%fõYfhka wOHhkh" ÔjúoHdj yd ridhk úoHdj u`.ska
isÿ jk w;r udkisl idOl yd iudÔh idOl mqoa., p¾hdj
62 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
yev.eiaùfï ,d fya;=jk whqre ufkdaúoHdj yd iudc
ufkdaúoHdj u`.ska wOHhkh flf¾' ufkdaúoHdj wd;auh
(Soul) ms<sn`o wOHhkfhka wdrïN ù úoHd;aulj j¾Okh
jk úg p¾hdjdoS ufkdaúoHd .=rel=,h;a iu`. p¾hdj
ms<sn`o wOHhkh ufkdaúoHdfõ ld¾hh úh' p¾hd;aul
moku Yla;su;a fjñka kQ;kfha ufkdaúoHdj —p¾hdjka
yd udkisl ls%hdj,ska ms<sn`o úoHd;aul wOHhkhla˜
f,i ks¾jpkh fõ'2 mqoa., p¾hdj ms<sn`o wOHhkfha
oS" ñksiqka úúO iajrEmhkaf.ka ls%hd;aul jkafka wehs@
ñksiqkaf.a ye`.Sï" wdl,am fudkjd o@ ñksia yeisÍu flfrys
n,mdk idOl fudkjd o@ hk .eg¨ flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq fõ'
f,dalfha Ôj;ajk ñksiqka w;r rg wkqj m%foaY
wkqj úúO fjkialï úoHudk fõ'3 w;S; udkj p¾hdfõ
mgka fï olajd udkj p¾hdj idfmaCIlj úu¾Ykh l<
úg" iuyr ñksiqka uereKq i;=kaf.a uia wkqNj fldg we;'
wfhla ms<sfj;a jYfhka i;=rkaf.a udxY wkqNj l<y'
bkaoshdj ;=< i;s mqcdjg wkqj jekaoUq ia;S%h iajdñhdf.a
foayh oefjk or iEhg mek ishosú kidf.k .;af;ah' ;j;a
iuyre uQ;% mdkh l<y'4 we;eï wjia:dj, tla ldka;djla
yd mqreIhka lsysm fofkla w;r;a ;j;a wjia:djl tla
mqreIfhla iy ia;S%ka .Kkdjla w;r;a ,sx.sl yeisÍï isÿ
úh' ñksiqkaf.a újdy isß;a úß;a o úúO f,i mej; ;sfí'
iudc m%.ukh;a iu`. we;eï p¾hd fjkia jqj o we;eï
p¾hdjka wdOdk.%dySj mej; ths' mqoa., p¾hdj ;SrKh
ùfuys ,d fm!oa.,sl idOl (Personal factors) iy iudc
idOl (Social factors) fya;= ù we;s nj hg ú.%yfhka
lsh fõ' fm!oa.,sl idOl w;rg mqoa., bf.kqu" nqoaêh"
ixcdkkh" wNsfm%arKh" fm!reIh wdosh wh;a jk w;r
ixialD;sh" iudc ;;aFj" iudc m%;sudk" iaùh;ajh" we`.hqï
wdosh iudc idOl w;rg wh;a h'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 63
od¾Ykslhka" idys;Hlrejka" wd.ñl Ydia;Djreka
úiska úúO me;lv ;=< isg mqoa., p¾hdj ú.%y flfrhs'
.Ks;uh ixl,am wdY%fhka f,dalh yg.;a nj wjOdrKh
l< ffm;.ria p¾hdj u; ,dnh fydhk ñksiaiq" kïnqj
fydhk ñksiaiq iy {dkh fydhk ñksiaiq f,i ñksiqka
j¾. lrhs'5 fuu ;=ka j¾.hg u wh;a ñksiqka T,sïmsla
;r`.hla ;=< we;s nj jeä ÿrg meyeÈ,s lrhs' my;au
mka;sh fj<odï lrk yd NdKav ñ, oS .kakd msßihs' ;r`.
lrk msßi kïnqj fidhhs' krUkakka m%{djka;hska fõ'
—w`ÿre od¾Ykslhd˜ hk úreodj,sfhka y`ÿkajk
fyrla,Sgia m%{djka; ñksidf.a p¾hdj ms<sn`o woyia
olajhs' rka fidhkafkda fmd<j fndfyda fihska fldgd rka
iaj,amhla ,nk nj;a nQrefjda msÿrej,gu wdorh lrk nj
Tyq lshhs'6 mqoa., hym; i`oyd mqoa.,hd nf,ka fufyúh
hq;= nj thska lsh fõ' zziEu uD.fhl=u ;K ìug t,jkq
,nkafka myr oSfuks'ZZ7 hkqfjka tu woyi u olajhs'
.S%l o¾Ykfha ir, f¾Çh .uka ud¾.h fjkia
ùug fya;+ jQfha ú;KavjdoSyQ h' fudjqyQ mqoa., flakaøSh
o¾Ykhla ms<sn`oj woyia bÈßm;a lr;s' fm%dgf.dariaf.a
woyig wkqj iEu fohl u ñïu mqoa.,sl ukqIHhd h'
(Man is the measure of all things) Tyqg wkqj zzi;H Tng
tlls ug tllsZZ8 idfmaCIl njlska i;H" iodpdrh" p¾hdj
fukau wfkl=;a iEu fohla foi u ne,Sug tu.ska u`.
fmkajhs'
fidl%àia" maf,afgda iy weßiafgdag,a hk ;sfokd
iïNdjH .S%l od¾Ykslfhda fj;s' zz{dkh ioa.=Kh fõ'
ioa.=Kh {dkh fõZZ9 hkqfjka fidl%àia lshhs' Tyq {dkh
yd ioa.=Kh w;r wka;¾iïnkaOhla oel we;' mqoa.,hdf.a
p¾hdjg {dkh n,mdk nj bka .uH lrhs' maf,afgdag wkqj
64 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
hqla;sh ukqIH iajNdjh u; ;SrKh fjhs' weßiafgdag,a
ukqIH iajNdjh iïnkaOfhka bosßm;a l< woyia w;ßka
zzñksid foaYmd,k i;aFjfhls' foaYmd,kfhka f;drj
isáh yelafla foúhkag yd ;sßika i;=kag muKsZZ hk
woyi b;d m%lg h' fuhska .uH jkafka Rcqj fyda jl%j
foaYmdkh yd iïnkaO jk ñksidf.a p¾hdj hs'
tmslHqriaf.a ú.%yg wkqj iajNdúl yd wjYH
wdYdjka" iajNdúl yd wjYH fkd jk wdYdjka iy
iajNdúl fkdjk tfukau wjYH fkdjk wdYdjka f,i
wdYdjka j¾. fõ' iajNdúl wdYdjka .Khg l=i.skak
wh;a fõ' fuu wdYdjka ;Dma; l< hq;= nj Tyq olajhs'
we;eï wdYdjka iajNdúl jqj o ;Dma; lsÍu wjYHu fkd
fõ' tfiau f;fjks j¾.h jk iajNdúl fkdjk tfukau
wjYH fkdjk wdYdjka ;Dma; fkd l< hq;= wdYdjka h'
l¾Ü f,úka keu;s ufkda úoHd{hd mjid we;s
wdldrhg zzñksiqkaf.a p¾hdjka fm!reIfha yd mßirfha
ldrlhla fõ'ZZ10 Tyq th iQ;%hl wdldrfhka bÈßm;a lrhs'
B = Behaviour ukd fm!reIhla ;sfí hehss ufkdaúoHd{ woyihs'
F = Function of
P = Personality
E = Environment
B = F (P, E)
ukqIHhd ms<sn`o mQ¾K f,i úia;r lsÍug
kï mqoa.,fhl=f.a mßirfha iuia;h ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=
nj fuu`.ska lsh fõ' ì%;dkH wkqN+;sjd§ od¾Yksl fâúâ
yHqï mqoa., yeisÍug nqoaêh yd ye`.Sï fya;= jk nj bÈrsm;a
lrhs' tys§ o nqoaêhg jvd m%Odk;ajhla ye`.Sï .kS' mqoa.,hd
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 65
ye`.Sï uQ,sl;ajfhka .;a ;SrKh ls%hd;aul lsÍug nqoaêh
bjy,a lr.kakd nj Tyq ikd: lrhs'
kSÜfIa n,ldó;ajh ms<sn`o woyia olajñka fmkajd
fokafka rfcla hqoaO fldg fidhkafka ;a ;dmifhl=
jk.; ù njqka jvd fidhkafka ;a tl u fohla njhs'
th n,h hs' Tyqg wkqj —n,ldó;ajh˜ jeks i¾jfN!ñl
uQ,O¾u tlska tl ke;s lsÍu fkd l< hq;= h' fuu woyia
ls%ia;shdks b.ekaùï j,g úreoaOj isÿ lrk ,os' wm wmf.a
i¾jfN!ñl uQ,O¾u tlska tl ke;s l<fyd;a fm!reIh
ke;s fjk neúka l< hq;af;a i¾jfN!ñl uQ,O¾u
W;al¾IKh (Sublimation) lsÍu hs'11
ñksia p¾hdj ixlS¾K fukau jHdl+, nj hg
ú.%yfhka lsh fõ' fmdÿ mqoa., p¾hd ±lsh yels jqj;a
tu p¾hdjkaf.a wm%lg wxYh úúO h' mqoa., fm!reIh
p¾hdj ;SrKh ùfuys ,d m%Odk idOlhla fõ' flfkl=
hym;a f,i" oCI f,i p¾hd olajkafka kï iajhx
l<uKdlrKhla" iajhx yslaóula" ukd kdhl;aj p¾hd"
;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj wdosh m%lg lrhs kï Tyqg
mqoa., fm!reIh
fm!reIh ms<sn`o idlÉPdj ufkdaúoHdjg wkkH
fkd jQj;a fm!reIh ms<sn`oj ufkdaúoHd;aul ú.%yg
m%Odk;ajla fuys § fhduq flf¾' iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u
fm!reIhla fõ' uq,au hq.fha —mqoa., fmkqu˜ hk wxYfhka
mqoa.,hdf.a rEmh" lvy`v" w`Èk m<`Èk wdldrh" weúÈk
wdldrh wdÈh wkqj fm!reIh ;SrKh úh' f,dïfn%dfida
mqoa., fmkqu w;ska wmrdOldÍ mqoa.,hka y`ÿkd.;
yels nj o bÈßm;a lf<a h'12 bx.S%iS NdIdfõ Personality
hkafkka fm!reIh w¾:j;a fõ' tys ksrela;sh .S%l NdIdfõ
66 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
mqoa.,fhl=g ;j;a mqoa.,fhl= fmfkk wdldrh hk
w¾:h fok Persona hk moh hs' tfy;a Personality hk
moh Oxford YíofldaIfha olajkafka zzThe qualities that
form a person's characterZZ13 f,i h' oywg jk ishjfika
miq cS'ví' ´,afmda¾Ü" tÉ'fÊ' whsfikala wdÈyQ fm!reIh
m%cdkk ^wNHka;ßl& ls%hdldÍ;ajhl ixúOdkd;aul
jHqyhla f,i ú.%y l<y' zzmqoa.,hd ;u jgdmsgdjg
yd ;udg uqyqK §ug u;=jk wjia:dj,g wkqyqre ùug"
Tfrd;a;= §ug n,mdk is;sú,s" p¾hd yd Ndjuh m%;spdrj,
idfmaCI ia:djr njla olajk úfYaIs; .=Kdx.j, tl;=j
fm!reIh fõZZ14 hkqfjka iy zzmqoa., wkkH;dj ;SrKh
lrkakd jQ wdfõKsl .;s ,laIK yd iuia; ufkdaldhsl
rgdjka tla;eka jQ ixúOdkd;aul yeisÍï rgdj fm!reIh
hsZZ15 hkqfjka fm!reIh ks¾jpkh lf<a h'
ñksiqka w;r wfkHdakH jYfhka fjkialï we;s
ùug fya;= idOl fudkjd o@ mqoa.,hka ta ta mqoa.,hkaf.ka
fjkia ùfï n,mEu l=ula o@ hkqfjka fm!reIh ms<sn`o
wOHhkh lrk ufkdaúoHd{fhda m%Yak lr;s' ufkdaúoHdfõ
fm!reIh ms<sn`o my; kHdhka u`.ska wjOdrKh lrhs'
• ufkdaúYaf,aIK kHdh ^Psycho Analytic Theory&
• p¾hdjdoS bf.kqï kHdh ^Behavioural Learning
Theory&
• udkqIjdoS t<Uqu ^Humanistic Approach&
• m%cdkkjdoS t<Uqu ^Cognitive Approach&
• iudc bf.kqï kHdh ^Social Learning Theory&
ufkdaúYaf,aIK kHdh
mqoa., fm!reI ixj¾Okfha oS isf;a n,mEu
ms<sn`oj lreKq bosßm;a l< kHdh ufkdaúYaf,aIKjd§
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 67
kHdhhs' is.aukaâ fm%dhsâ úiska bosßm;a l< fuu kHdh
we,am%â weâ,¾ yd ld,a hqx.a ÈhqKq l<y' fm%dhsâ fmr
ú.%yfha oS is; ú{dkh" Wm ú{dkh iy wú{dkh f,i
fnod olajhs'16 ú{dkh fyj;a Wvq is; ta ta wjia:djkays
j¾;udkfha isÿfjk isÿùï ms<sn`oj jegySulska hq;=j ls%hd
lrhs' wm hula krUk úg tys j;auka hdkfha f;dr;=re
ms<sn`o ie,ls,su;a jkafka ú{dkh hs' fulS wjos njg
Tífnys msysgd we;s tfukau blaukska u;lhg k`.d .;
yels oekqfuka hqla; jQfha Wm ú{dkh hs' wú{dk isf;ys"
ke;fyd;a háisf;ys ;ekam;a ù we;s oE blaukska fufia
hehs isysm;a l< fkd yels jqj o mqoa., fm!reIhg buy;a
n,mEula we;s lrk nj fm%dhsâf.a woyihs'
is.aukaâ fm%dhsâf.a miq ú.%yhg wkqj bâ ixialdrh"
wyxNdjh iy Wmß wyxNdjh bÈßm;a fõ' bâ iqLfõokd
uQ,O¾uh wkqj ls%hd;aul fõ' tfukau bâ m%d:ñl
wdYhka u`.ska yiqrejk n,fõ.h hs' wyxNdjh h:d¾:h
ms<sn`o uQ,O¾uh u; msysgd ls%hd;aul jk fm!reIh i;=
;SrK .ekSfï idOlh hs'17 bâ úiska blaukska ;Dma;
lr .kakd f,i n,lrk wjYH;djka iudcfha m%ñ;Skag
wkqj .<md,Sug ueosy;a jkqfha fuu n,fõ.h hs' Wmß
wyxNdjh hkq mqoa., fm!reIfha iodpdrd;aul idOlh
hs' fuh iudcfha wkqu; lrkq ,nk fyd`o krl u;
msysgd ls%hd;aul fõ' iudc m%;sudk ;udf.a Ôú;hg
wNHka;ÍlrKh lr .ekSula fuys oS isÿ fõ' fm%dhsâf.a
fm!reI ú.%yh ;=< uqÇh wjêh" .=§h wjêh" ,sx.rEmsl
wjêh wdÈ jYfhka fm!reI ixj¾Ok wjê olajhs'
p¾hdjdoS bf.kqï kHdh
ksÍCIKh l< yels p¾hdjka mokï lrf.k
ufkdaúoHdj úoHd;aul kHdhka Tiafia ixj¾Okh l< hq;=
68 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
hehs woyi bosßm;a l< ufkdaúoHd u;jdoh p¾hdjdohhs'
fuu jdoh bÈßm;a lf<a fÊ' î' fjdÜika h' B't,a
f;dakavhsla iy bjdka meõf,dõ fjdÜikag fmr p¾hdjdoh
ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK l<y'18 fjdÜika isÿ lf<a tu p¾hdjdoS
u;h jvd;a ixúOdkd;aulj bosßm;a lsÍu hs' —ufkdaúoHdj
p¾hdj ms<sn`o wOHhkhls'˜ hkqfjka ufkdaúoHdj
ks¾jpkh jQfha p¾hdjdofha n,mEfuks' p¾hdjla hkq
W;af;aclhlg olajk m%;spdrhla nj fuu`.ska lsh fõ'
m%;spdrh Rcq f,i ksÍCIKh l< yels h' p¾hdjd§kag
wkqj zzfm!reIh hkq úúO W;af;ack wjia:djkag olajkq
,nk m%;spdr iuQyhl taldnoaO;djla fyj;a iuqÉÑ;hla
h'ZZ p¾hdjdoS u;hg wkqj fm!reI ixj¾Okh o bf.kqu
u; isÿ jk nj iïNdjH wdfrdamKh" m%ldrl wdfrdamKh
yd ksÍCIKh u`.ska ú.%y lrhs'
udkqIjdoS t<Uqu
ld,a frdc¾ia iy tan%yï udiaf,da úiska udkqIjd§
kHdh bÈßm;a lrk ,È' fm!reIh ms<sn`oj bosßm;a jQ
ufkdaúYaf,aIK kHdh yd p¾hdjdoS u;h úfõpkhg ,la
ùu ;=< kj m%fõYhla f,i fuh bosßm;a úh' mqoa.,hdf.a
iajÉPkao;dj iy mqoa., ixj¾Okhg we;s úNjH;dj
wdos udkjhd i;= iqúfYaIS .=Kdx. wjOdrKh lrñka
f.dvke.=Kq kHdhd;aul mokula fuys we;' wdorh"
fifkyi" wd;au ixl,amh" wdfõokh" ks¾udKd;aul nj
wdÈ ñksidf.a wjYH;d flfrys fudjqyQ wjOdkh fhduq
l<y' wd;au ixl,amh fï w;ßka m%Odk h' mqoa.,hd wd;au
lr.;a foh h:d¾:hla lr .ekSug fjr orhs' ta wkqj ld¾,a
frdc¾ia mqoa.,hd iuia; mqoa.,hd" wd;au ixl,amh iy
m%mxpuh fCIa;%h f,i fnod olajhs'19 iuia; mqoa.,hd hkq
úúO l=i,;djkaf.ka fukau iïm;aj,ska hqla; mqoa.,hd
jk w;r wd;au ixl,amh hkq mqoa.,hd ;=< we;s fjk
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 69
uf.ah udf.ah hk woyihs' mqoa.,hd Ôj;a ùu ;=<ska ,nk
w;aoelSï iïNdrh m%mxpuh lafCIa;%h hs'
tan%yï udiaf,da wjYH;d kHdh u`.ska ñksiqkaf.a
wjYH;d hïlsis OQrdj,shlg wkqj fm<.efik nj
fmkajhs' uQ,sl wjYH;d" ufkdaúoHd;aul wjYH;d iy
wd;au idlaId;alrK wjYH;d hk wjYH;d OQrdj,sfhka
fy<slrhs' iudch jvd iqkaor jkafka fyda hym;a jkafka
tfukau iqNjdoS jkafka yqfola fN!;sl mßir idOl wkqj
fkdj f,dalh ixcdkkh lrk wdldrh yd w¾:l:kh
lrk wdldrh wkqj nj udkqIjdoS ufkdaúoHd{fhda olaj;s'
m%cdkkjdoS t<Uqu
p¾hdjdofhau m%;sixj¾Okhla jQ m%cdkkjd§ t<Uqu
u`.ska ñksia p¾hdj udkisl ls%hdj,sh ^m%cdkkh& m%Odk
fldg w¾:l:kh lf<a h' fuu kHdh f.dv ke`.Su flfrys
f.iaÜfgda,aÜjdoS woyia o fya;= úh' mqoa., p¾hdj flfrys
mqoa.,hdf.a Ñka;kh" nqoaêh" u;lh" ie,iqï lsÍu" ufkda
RIaáh wdosh m%cdkk idOlhkays n,mEu fuu kHdfhka
wjOdrKh lrhs' m%cdkkjdoS t<Uqug wkqj mqoa.,hd hkq
f;dr;=re W;amdol hka;%hls'
iudc bf.kqï kHdh
p¾hdjdoSka m%cdkkfha we;s jeo.;alu wjOdrKh
lsÍfuka miq h<s m%cdkkh ms<sn`o wjOdrKh jQfha we,anÜ
nekavQrd úiska bosßm;a l< iudc bf.kqï kHdh yryd h'
ialSk¾ úiska bosßm;a l< u;hg jvd Tíng hdula iudc
bf.kqï kHdfhka isÿ fõ' p¾hdjdoSka bosßm;a l< mqoa.,
fm!reIh yev.eiSu i`oyd bf.kqu n,mdk nj nekavQrd
úiska o ms<s.kq ,efí' tfy;a tu u;fha u fldgila
jk wdfrdamKh ms<sn`o fjkia woyila bosßm;a lrhs'
p¾hdjdoSkag wkqj wdfrdamKh hdka;s%l;ajhla Wiq,hs' fuu
70 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
u;fhka lshfjk wdldrhg ñksiqka yqfola ksYalS%h iyNd.S
jkakka fkd fõ' mqoa.,hka bosßm;a ù wjg jd;djrKh
jgmsgdj ms<sn`o olajk udkisl ls%hdj,sh u`.ska f;dr;=re
f.dkq lr .kshs' nekavQrd ksÍCIKd;aul bf.kSu ms<sn`o
ixl,amh ;=<ska p¾hdj ksÍCIs; wkqN+;sh u`.ska isÿ jk
nj ú.%y lrhs' mqoa., p¾hdj flfrys ksÍCIKd;aulj
f.dvkef.k p¾hd wdlD;s fya;= fõ'
mqoa., fm!reIh iy mqoa., p¾hdj
mqoa., fm!reIh yd p¾hdj w;r w;Hka;
iïnkaOhla mj;S' tlu isÿùulg mqoa.,hka lsysm
fofkla tlu miqìula ;=< úúO p¾hd olajkafka tneúks'
ñksidf.a yeiSÍu ixlS¾K ùfï idOhl o fm!reIhu fõ'
ufkdaúoHdfõ mqoa., .;s,CIK wOHhkh Rcq f,i u
fm!reIh yd iïnkaO fldg isÿ lrhs'
.;s,CIK uq,skau j¾.SlrKh lf<a ld¾,a hqx.ah'
fudyq is.aukaâ fm%dhsâ bosßm;a l< ufkdaúYaf,aIK kHdhg
fjkia u;hla bosßm;a fldg ;sfí' tu u;h Tyq úiska u
y`ÿkajd oS we;af;a úYaf,aIdKd;aul ufkdaúoHdj ^Analytical
Psychology& f,i h' fudyq o fm%dhsâ bosßm;a l< wú{dkh
ms<sf.k we;' fudyq wú{dkh mqoa., wú{dkh iy iuQy
wú{dkh f,i j¾. lf<a h' mqoa., wú{dkh hkafkka
fm%dhsâ bosßm;a l< wú{dk isoaOdka;hu lsh fõ' fuys
mqoa.,hd úiska wjfrdaOkh l< fukau wu;l jQ isÿõï"
hgm;a lsÍï wdosh .eí ù we;' fuhg hg ;,hl msysgd
we;s iuQy wú{dkfhys wkdosu;a ld,hl isg mej;f.k
tk mrïmrdfjka mrdjg Wreu jk" iuia; ñksia j¾.hd;a
iu`. fnod.;a .=ma; {dkhla we;s nj hqx.a meyeos,s lrhs'
fïjd Tyq mqrdlD;s f,i y`ÿkajhs' fïjd mqoa.,hdf.a ienE
w;aoelSï f,i Tyq ú.%y fkd lrhs'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 71
´,afmdaÜf.a .;s,CIKjdoh mqoa., úúO;ajhg fya;=
idlÉPd lrhs' iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u wkkH .;s,CIK we;s
nj fuhska ms<s.kshs' wfhla idfmaCI jYfhka ñ;%YS,s njla
olajk fohla iïnkaOfhka ;j;a wfhla idfmaCI jYfhka
ñ;%YS,s fkdjk njla fmkakqï l< yels h' fï fofokd
w;r we;s ñ;%YS,s Ndjfha m%udKd;aul jYfhka fjkila
;snqK o fofokd <`.u ñ;%YS,s nj ;sfnk nj lsj yels h'
tfia fyhska fuhska .;s,CIK m%udK lsÍfï yelshdjla
we;s nj fmkajd fohs'
´,afmdaÜ fm!reI .;s,CIK m%Odk .;s,CIK"
uOHu .;s,CIK iy oaù;shsl .;s,CIK f,i fldgia
lrhs' m%Odk .;s,CIK fyj;a uQ,sl .;s,CIK hkq
mqoa.,fhl= ;u uq¿ Ôú;h u ixúOdkh lr.;a fnfyúka
u idudkHlrKh lr.;a m%Odk pß; iajNdjh hs' fuh
mqoa.,hdf.a ls%hdjka foig fhduq ù we;s ,CIK jYfhka
y`ÿkd.; yels h' w;sYh wd;aud¾:ldó fkdjk ldka;djla
udkj ys;jdoS;ajh fjkqfjka lemùu fukau wêl
CIqodfjka isák mqoa.,fhl= jeä jYfhka mdßfNdacl
wjYH;djka fjkqfjka lem ùu' wdosh ksoiqka fõ' fuh
n,h ,nd .ekSu fyda wka whf.a hym; fjkqfjka lrk
wd;au mß;Hd.h jqj o úh yels h' uOHu .;s,CIK hkq
m%Odk .;s,CIKj,g wu;rj mqoa.,hd j¾Okh lr.kakd
jQ wjxl nj iy iudcYS,S;ajh wdos .=Kdx.hka h' fïjd
m%n,;ajfhka wvq h' oaù;shsl .;s,CIK m%Odk yd uOHu
.;s,CIK j,g jvd wvqfjka p¾hdj flfrys n,mEï lrhs'
mqoa., .;s,CIK fm!reIh f.dvkexùug fiau wfkla
w;g mqoa.,hdf.a p¾hdj ;SrKh ùug o fya;= idOl fõ'
´,afmdaÜf.a ú.%yg wkqj mqoa., yeisÍug mßir idOlhg
jvd fm!reI idOlh fya;= fjhs' ndysr W;af;aclh iudk
jqj;a p¾hdj ±laùu ta ta fm!reIh u; mokï fõ' th tlu
.skaof¾ ng¾ osh fjk w;r ì;a;r >k njg m;a lrkakdla
jeksh'
72 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
fya;= úYaf,aIKh hkq úYd, úp,H m%udKhl
iïnkaO;d ie,ls,a,g f.k idudkH ;;aFjh fidhd
.ekSu hs' fuh f¾ukaâ leg,a úiska bÈßm;a flf¾'
hful=f.a fm!reIh ms<sn`o wOHhkh lsÍug m%Yakdj,shla
ilia fldg th mqrjd f.k wjidkfha th úYaf,aIKh
fldg ks.ukhg meñKSu yd iïnkaO fldg f;areï
.; yelsh' f¾ukaâ leg,ag wkqj fok,o hï ;;aFjhl
u;=msáka fmfkk .;s,CIK m%;HCIh u; fyda fm!reI
ksfhdackh u; mokï fõ' tfy;a fuu .;s,CIK u`.ska
mqoa., fm!reIh ms<sn`oj fkd fmfkk Odjl n,fõ.hka
ms<sn`oj meyeos,s ú.%yhla bosßm;a fkdjk nj o fmfka'
yEkaia whsfikalaf.a ú.%yg wkqj mqoa., fm!reI
.;s,CIK y`ÿkd .ekSug wka;¾j¾;S yd nys¾j¾;S idOl
iy kshqfrdaisl ia:dhs;d idOl muKla m%udKj;a fõ'
wka;¾j¾;S ,CIK we;s wh we;=<g keuqKq iajNdjhla
p¾hdj ;=<ska fmkakqï lrhs' Tjqka iudch ms%h fkd lrhs'
ksrka;rfhka ;ks ù isàug fukau ksYaYíoj isàug W;aiy
.kshs' ls%hdldÍ;ajfhka ÿmam;a h' ks;r fmd;a lshùu"
;ksfhka ldurhlg ù isàu" ;ksfhka .ukla fkd hEu"
iEu fudfyd;lu wkHkaf.a Woõ u; msysgd lghq;= lsÍu
wdÈ ,CIK fmkakqï lrhs' fudjqka ;ukaf.a ióm;uhka
muKla weiqre lrhs' nys¾j¾;S ,CIK fmkakqï lrk wh
wka;¾j¾;S ,CIKh fmkakqï lrk mqoa.,hkag m%;súreoaO
iajrEmhla fmkakqï lrhs' tjekakka ksrka;rfhka iudch
ms%h lrhs' fndfyda ñ;=rka msßjrdf.k lghq;= lrhs' msßila
iu`. tl;= ù ksjeros foa ls%hd;aul lsÍfï yelshdfjka
hqla; fõ' wkH u;hka .re lrñka ;u u;h bosßm;a
lrñka .egqï wju lr.ksñka lghq;= lrhs' fujeks wfhl=g
;ukaf.a jhfia wh muKla fkdj úúO jhia uÜgïj,
mqoa.,hka b;du ióm;hka fia weiqre l< yelsh' óg
wu;rj ixfõoS .;s,CIK we;s wh fkdikaiqka" blaukska
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 73
wukdmjk" ldxid iy.; nj iys; wdos ,CIKj,ska hq;=
wh o yÿkd.; yels h' fuu j¾.SlrKh weiqfrka ta ta
;;aFjhka ;=< mqoa., p¾hdj ms<sn`oj ksjeros mqfrdal:khka
l< yels nj whsfikalaf.a ú.%yh fõ'
f¾ukaâ leg,a" ´,afmdaÜ" yEkaia whsfikala wdos
.;s,CIKjdoSka olajk woyiaj, fmdÿ lreKq lsysmhla
y`ÿkd.; yels h'
• fm!reI ixúOdkfhys uQ,sl tallh jkqfha
.;s,CIK hs'
• .;s,CIK wkqudk lrkqfha p¾hduh m%ldYk
u`.ska h'
• fuu .;s,CIK u;= msg .;s ,CIK fyda uQ,dY% .;s
,CIK f,i fjka l< yels h'
.;s,CIK kHdfha jeo.;alu mj;skafka" fuh
pß; iajNdjhkays úp,H;d iy wjia:duh úp,H;d hk
folu ie,ls,a,g .ksñka p¾hd ms<sn`o ú.%y lsÍu u; h'
m%Odk jYfhka u ufkdaúoHd kHdhka u`.ska ñksia p¾hd
hkq úp,Hhka rdYshl wka;¾ ls%hdldÍ;ajfha m%;sM,hla
nj lshfõ' ljr fyda wdldrhl ls%hdjla ;SrKh ùfï oS
W;af;acl isoaê iu`. fm!reI .;s,CIK wka;¾ls%hdldÍj
n,mdk nj meyeos,s jkakls'
fm!reI .;s,CIK idOl myla hg;g f.dkql<
yels nj uE; ld,Sk iïmÍCIK ;=<ska fy<slrf.k we;'
tajd uyd fm!reI .;s ,CIK (Big Five Factors) f,i kï
fldg we;'
• ;ekam;a ke;fyd;a nys¾j¾;S iy idudcYS,S
.;s,CIK
74 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
• ye`.=ïnr fyda ia:djr .;s,CIK
• nqoaêuh .;s,CIK
• ms%h ukdm nj ms<sn`o .;s,CIK
• hqla;s iy.; nj fyj;a yDoidCIshg wkqj lghq;=
lsßu ms<sn`o .;s,CIK
nys¾j¾;S ,CIK we;s wh iudcYS,s jk w;r
wka;¾j¾;S ,CIK we;s wh yqol,d fukau iudc iïnkaO;d
wvq msßila f,i y`ÿkd.; yelsfõ' Ñ;a;fõ.sl ia:djr;ajh
hkq ú`oord .ekSfï yelshdj hs' l=uk wdldrfha Ñ;a;fõ.
we;s jqj o tu Ñ;a;fõ. l<uKdlrKh lr.; yels ùu
hs' ye`.=ïnr iajNdjh fuys m%;súreoaO;ajh hs' i;=fÜ §
fukau ÿfla § ye`.=ïnr ùu wia:djr ;;ajhls' nqoaêuh
.;s,CIK fmkakqï lrk wh ksoyia Ñka;khla" iEu
fohla foiu úpdrYS,Sj ne,Su yd l=;=y,fhka úuiSu wdos
,CIKj,ska fyì wh fj;s' tjekakkag Wiia Ñka;khla
we;s w;r ukd ks¾udKYS,s;ajhla o we;' nqoaêh W.;anj
hkafkka fjkia fõ' W.;a mqoa.,hd W.;a fohg wkqj
wkqiaurKuh kqjKska lghq;= lrhs' tfy;a nqoaêu;a
mqoa.,hd ia:dfkdaÑ;j l,amkd fldg ;Skaÿ ;SrK f.k
lghq;= lrhs' mqoa.,hd l;d lrk ú,dih" Woõ lrk
wdldrh" bjiSu wdÈ .=Kdx. ms<sn`oj ms%hukdm nj ;=<ska
lsh fõ' yDoh idCIshg t.`. mqoa.,hka ms<sn`oj úiajdi
;eìh yels h' Tjqka ksr;=re yDoh idCIshg tl`.u lghq;=
lrhs' Tjqka lshk foa yd lsÍug iqodkï jk foa w;r
iumd; njla we;'
ks.ukh
úúO úIh fCIa;%hkag úIh jk mqoa., p¾hdj
ufkdaúoHd fCIa;%fha ÈhqKqj;a iu`. úúO kHdhka ;=< ú.%y
úh' ufkdaúoHdj ;=< úúO kHdhka bÈßm;a jqj o th fndfyda
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 75
úg fm!reI idOlfhka úhqla; fkdfõ' ñksia p¾hdj tla
idOlhla u; mokï fkd jk w;r mqoa., fm!reIh tys
m%n, idOlhls' ñksia p¾hdj ms<sn`o ufkdaúoHd idlÉPdj
fm!reIh yd iïnkaOj bÈßm;a fõ' mqoa., p¾hdj hkq
mqoa., fm!reIfha u me;slvls'
wdka;sl igyka
1
kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ" idrO¾u wOHdmkh iy <uhd" tia
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10"ms'30'
2 “Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental
processes"
l=Uqlkaok f¾j; ysñ" jHjydßl ufkdaúoHdj"ol=Kq wdishdkq
m¾fhaIK yd mqyqKq uOHia:dkh"rkd," 2014"ms'20'
3 hdmdr;ak ùrfialr" ñksia yeisÍu" md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk
m%ldYk wdh;kh"ñßiaj;a;" 2015" ms'01'
4 ùrfialr" -thu-"ms'05'
5 -tysu-" ms'08'
6 ta'ã'mS' l,kaiQßh" .S%l o¾Ykh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
n;a;ruq,a," 2007" ms'38-39'
7 ùrfialr" - tysu- ms'08'
8 l,kaiQßh" - tysu- ms'95'
9 -tysu- ms'118'
10 ùrfialr" -tysu -" ms'04'
11 ta'ä'mS'l,kaiQßh" nzg%kaâ ri,a yd iuld,Sk o¾Ykh" ms'109-111'
12 kkaofiak r;akmd," wmrdO úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u 1" weia'f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda ^mqoa& iud.u" fld<U10" 2013" ms'75'
13 Pocket Oxford English Dictionary (Tenth Edition)" Catherine
Soanes, Sara Hawker and Julia Elliott(Edit)" p'670'
76 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
14 ohdfrdayK w;=fldard," y`ÿka ridß w;=fldard," mqoa., fm!reIh
ixj¾Ok yd ufkdaúoHd;aul WmfoaYk kHdhka" YsCId ukaosr
m%ldYk" fld<U08" 2008" ms'10'
15 fmf¾rd {dkodi" fm!reIh yd fm!reI ixj¾Okh" iyi%
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U10" 2005" ms'01'
16 {dkodi"fmf¾rd" fm!reIh yd fm!reI ixj¾Okh" ms'05'
17 ohdfrdayK w;=fldard," y`ÿka ridß w;=fldard," mqoa., fm!reIh
ixj¾Ok yd ufkdaúoHd;aul WmfoaYk kHdhka" ms'17'
18 ohd tÈßisxy" {dkodi fmf¾rd" ufkdaúoHd úu¾Yk" j;aud
m%ldYlfhda" .d¨mdr" foysj," 2005" ms'47'
19 ùrfialr"hdmdr;ak" ñksia yeisÍu" ms'28'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 77
mrdfrdamKh ( úpdrmQ¾jl úuiqula
m%fõYh
mrdfrdamKh hk jpkh o¾Ykh" úoHdj" foaYmd,k
úoHdj" iudc úoHdj" wd.u" fi!kao¾h" ufkdaúoHdj" kS;sh
wdos úúO fCIa;%hkays Ndú; flf¾' fuu tla tla fCIa;%hkays
fuu moh Ndú; jk ikao¾N wkqj úúO wre;a .kakd nj o
fmfka' mrdfrdamKh hk ixl,amh foi úúO wxYhkaf.ka
wjOdkh fhduq fldg mrdfrdamKh hk ixl,amh meyeos,s
lsÍu iy mrdfrdamKfha n,mEu ms<sn`o mQ¾K úu¾Ykhla
isÿ lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ'
mrdfrdamKh
mrdfrdamKh hk ixl,amh úu¾Ykfha §" tys
mo.;d¾: ú.%yh jeo.;a fõ' bx.S%iS NdIdfõ Alienation hk
moh mrdfrdamKh hkakg Ndú; jk w;r ,;ska NdIdfõ
Alienus hk mofhka fuh Nskak fõ'1 fuys w¾:h who
belongs to another ^wkai;=lrKh& hkak h' úúO fCIa;%hkays
isxy, NdIdfjka mrdfrdmKh" tal,kh" ú.,S;Ndjh"
wkai;=lrKh wdos mo Ndú; fõ' ;j o Estrangement2
^úiïnkaOh& hk moh o Ndú; fjkq fmfka' mrdfrdamK
ixl,amfhka wE;a ùu" úkdY ùu" wkai;= ùu" iajdëkFjh
ke;s ùu iy ;u ks¾udKhg jy,a ùu hk w¾: bosßm;a
fõ'3
78 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
mrdfrdamKh hkafkka wE;a ùu hk woyi m%n, f,i
bÈßm;a fõ' wE;a ùu hkq yqÿ mqoa.,hka fofofkl=
ke;fyd;a hïlsis jia;= folla wE;a ùu fkdj ñksidf.a
iS>% oshqKqj;a iu`. iuia; udkj m%cdfjys u we.hqï wE;a
ùuls' fuu wE;aùu ;=<ska ukqIH;ajh fidaodmd¿ fõ' ñksid
ukqIH;ajfhka wE;a ùu fuys oS ie,ls,su;a fõ'4
idudkH Ndú;fha oS mrdfrdamKh hk jpkh
ñ;=rkaf.ka fyda weiqrelrk whf.ka bj;g hEu fyj;a
bj;g yeÍu hk w¾:fhka o Ndú; fõ' kS;suh ú.%yhg
wkqj foam, iïnkaOfhka jQ whs;sh fjk;a wfhl=g mejÍu
woyia flf¾' fuu mejÍu úlsKSula jYfhka fyda ;E.s
lsÍula jYfhka isÿ úh yels h' (In law it usually refers to
the transfer of property from one person to another, either
by sale or as a gift) ufkda Ñls;aidj ;=< mrdfrdamKh
idudkH;ajh W,a,x>kh lsÍu (Deviation from normality)
jYfhka Ndú; fõ' ienúkau fuys idudkH;ajh W,a,x>kh
lsÍu hkq Wu;=j hs'(Insanity) iuld,Sk ufkdaúoHdjg wkqj
iy fndfyda iudc úoH{hskaf.a meyeos,s lsÍu wkqj uq,ska
;ud fj; mej;=Kq fohla miqj ;udf.ka wE;a ù tfia wE;a
jqKq foh ndysr Yla;shla njg m;a ù ;udj md,kh lsÍu
mrdfrdamKh hs'5
mrdfrdamKh ms<sn`o ì%;dkH úYajfldaIfha lreKq
06 la hgf;a ú.%y fõ' tu ú.%yfhka mrdfrdamK ixl,amh
iy ixlS¾KNdjh o úYo fõ'
ÿn,;dj - ÿn,;dj hkafkka n,fhka f;dr ùu lsh fõ'
tkï ;ukaf.a md,kfhka ñoSu hs' túg ;ukaf.a woyia
iy reÑl;ajhg wkqj lghq;= l< fkdyels fjhs' n,h
;ukaf.ka wE;a ùu" n,h ;udg ke;s ùu" n,h wkai;= ùu
hk w¾:fhka ÿn,;dj hk jpkh Ndú; h'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 79
Ôú;fha w¾: Y+kHNdjh - ;ud .ek wjfndaOhla fkdue;s
ùu fya;=fjka iaùh;ajh biau;= lr .; fkdyels ùu ;=<
w¾: Y+kH nj we;s fõ'
O¾u;d ì`o jeàu - idïm%odhslj wdrCId lr.ksñka .;a
idodpdrd;aul O¾u moaO;sh ì`o jeàu hs' mej;s p¾hd O¾u
ì`o jeàu bka lshfõ' kj p¾hdO¾u ìys fkdùu o fï
hg;g wh;ah' fuu O¾u;d ì`o jeàu yryd wúYajdih we;s
fõ' iudc úoHd{fhl= jk tñ,a vq¾lhsï fuh wfkdaóh
;;aFjhla f,i y`ÿkd.;af;a h'
ixialD;sl msgia;rNdjh - mrdfrdamKh hkafkys
msgia;rnj" úiïnkaOh lsh fõ' ixialD;sl msgia;rNdjh
iudc iïu;hkaf.ka neyer ùu ;=< mek k.S'
iudc yqfol,dNdjh - mqoa.,hd iudc iïnkaO;djkaf.ka
ÿriaùu ;=< iudc tal,kh we;s ù ;ud Ôj;a jk iudch
;=< u wd.ka;=l njla ks¾udKh fõ' mqoa.,hka fldmuK
msßila iu`. isáh o udkQISh iïnkaOhla fkdue;s ùfuka
fuu ;;aFjh we;s fõ'
wd;aóh msgia;rNdjh - ;udg ;udj;a ke; hk woyi
fuhska lsh fõ' fuhska mqoa.,hd ;=< mrdcs; udkisl;ajhla
j¾Okh fõ' fujeks ;;aFjhla ;=< kj n,dfmdfrd;a;=
we;sj oeä W;aiy iïmkakj Ôj;a ùug fukau ;u
wNsu;d¾:hka bIag lr .ekSug fjr fkd orhs'
ñksid tla;rd hdka;S%lrKhlg yiq ùu ksid
ukqIH;ajh CIh ù lsisÿ iekiqula fkdue;s ÿlska msreKq
fldgila njg Ôú;h mßj¾:kh ùu mrdfrdamKh hehs
ie,lSu jvd;au fhda.H fõ'
mrdfrdamK ixl,amh idxoDIaájdoS iy udlaiajdoS
iuld,Sk o¾Ykjdohkays Ndú; jqj o mrdfrdamK ixl,amh
80 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
fcdyeka bosßm;a l< w;r fmdndÉ" fy.,a wdÈka bosßhg
f.k .sfhah'6 fcdka f,dlag wkqj mrdfrdamKfha oS isÿ
jkafka ;uka i;= n,h fyda whs;sh foaYmd,k iudchg
whs;sùu h'7 fcdaka f,dla ^1632-1704& iudc iïuq;sjdoS
Ñka;lfhls' Tyqg wkqj m%lD;s iudch ;=< ñksiaiq w;sYh
iduldó fukau mS%;su;a Ôú;hla .; l<y' ñksiqkaf.a
iudc mej;au i`oyd Ôj;aùfï whs;sh" foam< whs;sh"
fm!oa.,sl ksoyi iajNdúl kS;sh u`.ska md,kh úh' fuu
iudcfha kS;s ls%hdjg kexùug iy kS;s úksYaphg fmdÿ
iïu;fhka m;a jQ lsisfjl= fkd ùh' fuu m%lD;s iudch
;=< iEu mqoa.,fhlau tla w;lska úksYaphlrefjla o ;j;a
w;lska úOdhlfhla o ùu ;=< miqld,Skj we;s jQ wkdrCIs;
Ndjfhka ñoSu i`oyd ck;dj w;r m%:ufhkau iïuq;shla
yd fojkqj ck;dj iy md,lhd w;r iïuq;shlska ck;dj
i;= jQ n,h fukau whs;sh foaYmd,k iudchg ^isú,a
iudchg& ysñ lr oS we;' fuu ú.%yfhaoS ck;dj i;= n,h
mrdfrdamKh ù we;'
fcdaka f,dla i`oyka lrk m%lD;s iudch ;=<
ñksiqka hym;a h' tfiau rEfida i`oyka lrk m%lD;s iudch
;=< o ñksid hym;a fõ' ;j o udlaiajdofha úia;r jk
m%d.a fldñhqksiaÜ wjêfha o ñksid iduqysl mej;aula ;sî
we;'8 fn!oaO uQ,dY%hkaf.a i`oyka jk wdldrhg iudcfha
wdrïNl wjêfha oS ñksid iajhx m%Ndjla iys; ÈhqKq
udkisl;ajhlska hq;= úh'9 tfy;a ñksia iudch ixlS¾K
jk úg ñksid i;= W;=ï .=Kdx. wysñ úh' f,dlaf.a
woyig wkqj ñksid ;u whs;sh iïnkaOfhka wkdrCIs;
;;aFjh we;s jQ úg ;u n,h mjrd fohs' rEfidaf.a woyig
wkqj iduldój Ôj;a jQ ñksid w;rg fm!oa.,sl foam,
hk ixl,amh wd.ka;=lj meñKSfuka ñksialu ;¾ckhg
,la jQ wjia:dfõ ;u n,;, wysñ ùula isÿ fõ' udlaiaf.a
ú.%yh ;=< oS o ñksiqkag ukqIH;ajh wysñ jkqfha fm!oa.,sl
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 81
foam, l%uh mokï lr f.k h' fn!oaO uQ,dY% ú.%yhg
wkqj mqoa.,hdf.a iajhx m%Ndjh ke;s fjkqfha mqoa.,hd ;=<
ri ;DIaKdj j¾Okh ùu fya;= fldg f.kh' ñksid fj;
mej;s ukqIH;ajh ñksidf.ka fufia wE;a úh' ñksid ;=<u
jQ foaj;ajh ñksidg wysñ úh' hym;a .=Kdx. jk lreKdj"
ffu;S%h" ohdj" mß;Hd.h wdosh ñksidf.ka Wÿrdf.k
tajd foaj Yla;shla úIfhys wdfrdamKh lsÍug isÿ jqKs'
ñksid úiska foúhka ks¾udKh l< nj fmdndÉ lshhs'10
fuu ks¾udKfha oS isÿ ù we;af;a ñksid <`. jQ foúhka
ñksidf.ka neyer fldg ñksid úiskau ,S" ueá" wdos wuqøjH
j,ska idok ,o ms<su j,g foúhka wka;¾.; lsÍu hs'
ñksid i;= jQ Yla;sh ñksidf.ka wE;a ù tu Yla;sh úiska
ñksid md,kh fõ' th mrdfrdamKh hs'
udlaia úiska mrdfrdamK ixl,amh iudc yd wd¾Ól
miqìulska bosßm;a lrhs' fy.,a úiska mrdfrdamK woyia
udlaiag fmr bosßm;a lr we;s w;r udlaia fy.,af.a woyia
m%;sfCIam lrñka woyia olajd we;' fy.,a meyeos,s fldg
we;s wdldrhg mrdfrdamKh isÿ jkafka mqoa., uÜgñka
kuq;a ld,a udlaiaf.a ú.%yhg wkqj mrdfrdamKh fN!;slj
isÿ fõ' udlaia bosßm;a lrk ,o rdcHfha ft;sydisl
úldYkhg wkqj foam, l%uh mokï lrf.k ksrka;r
wr.,hla mj;S' fuu wr.,h ksid úúO wjê we;s ìys
fõ' ld,a udlaia udlaiajdoh wfmdayl fN!;sljdohg wkqj
bÈßm;a lrhs' fy.,a bosßm;a l< wfmdaylh úêu;aj bÈßm;a
lsÍfï f.!rjh udlaiag ,efí' fy.,a úiska T¨fjka ysg
jQ wdfmdaylh ll=,a foflka ysgjk ,oafoa udlaia h hkq
úpdrl u;h hs' flfia fj;;a udlaiajdoh hkq OfkaIajr
l%uhg m%;smCIj bosßm;a jQ woyi hs' OfkaIajr iudcfha
mrdfrdamKh isÿ jk nj udlaia meyeos,s lrhs' OfkaIajr
wd¾Ólhl ksIamdok n,fõ. ^;dCIK yd Ys,am l%u&
jeo.;a fõ' ;j o uqo, flakaøSh idOlh fõ' uqo, flakaø
82 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
jQ úg ñksid uqo, miq mi yUd hhs' ñksid ;=< jQ ñksia
O¾u;d ì`o jeàu túg isÿ fõ' i;a.=Kh u; mokï jQ
iodpdrh ñksidf.ka wE;a fjhs' fufia OfkaIajr iudch
;=< widudkH njla j¾Okh fõ' udlaia OkjdoS l%uh ;=<
fN!;sl jYfhka mrdfrdamKh jk nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
mrdfrdamK ldrl
mrdfrdamK ldrl fyj;a mrdfrdamKhg n,mdk
fya;+ka o meyeos,s lr .ekSu wjYHh' ì%;dkH úYajfldaI
ú.%yhg wkqj mrdfrdamK ldrl f,i my; idOl ±la fõ'11
• wd¾Ól idOlh
• ;dCIKsl idOlh
• iudc úoHd;aul idOlh
• ufkdaúoHd;aul idOlh
• od¾Yksl idOlh
mrdfrdamKh i`oyd wd¾Ól idOlh mdol jk
wdldrh ld,a udlaia úiska bosßm;a l< udlaiajdoh ;=<ska
myeÈ,s fõ' udlaiajdoh Rcqj u OfkaIajr l%uhg úreoaOj
wd¾Ólh u; mokïj ú.%y fõ' iudcjdoh ñys u;
m%dfhda.sl jQ ksid th úoHd;aul udlaiajdoh fõ' OfkaIajr
iudcfha ñksidg Ôj;a ùug wd¾Ólh wjYH u fõ' OkjdoS
u;h ,snr,a Ñka;kh yryd we;s jQjls' rdcH o wd¾Ólh
u; m%cdmSvl WmlrKhla jk nj udlaia lshhs' j¾;udk
f,dalfha ls%hd;aul jkqfha OkjdoS wd¾Ólh hs' Okjd§
wd¾Ólh fya;=fjka ukqIH;ajh ñksiqkag wysñ fjhs'
ñksiqka ;j wfhla fjkqfjka lem ùu ke;s j hhs' ñksidg
wd;aóh msgia;rNdjh we;s fjhs'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 83
;dCIKh o mrdfrdamK ldrlhls' úoHd;aul {dkh
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ñksidf.a myiqj i`oyd ñksid úiskau
lrk ,o ÈhqKqj ;dCIKh hs' ;dCIKh yryd ñksidg
wjYH oE ks¾udKh jqj o l,a h;au ñksid tu ks¾udKfha
jyf,l= fõ' Trf,daiqj ld,h ms<sn`o wjfndaOfhka lghq;=
lsÍug fukau ld,h oek .ekSug ks¾udKh jqj o mqoa.,hd
Bg jy,a ù Trf,daiqjg wkqj lghq;= lsÍug fhduq ù
we;' ;dCIKh yryd ;j;a wdldrhlg mrdfrdamKh isÿ
fõ' tkï ;dCIKh yryd kQ;kfha f,dalfha fld;kl
isáh;a iïnkaO ù l;d lsÍu" o¾Ykh oelSfï yelshdj
we;' fuu ;dCIKfha oshqKqj yryd mqoa.,hka mrdfrdamKh
ù we;' fuh o WodyrKhlska meyeos,s lr .; yels h'
kq;kfha tlu ia:dkhl mqoa., lKavdhula isáh o
Tjqka w;r iïnkaOhla oelsh fkdyels h' Bg fya;=j
;dCIKh yryd Tjqka fjk;a mqoa.,hka yd iïnkaO ùu hs'
tu`.ska mqoa.,hka mrdfrdamKhg ;dCIKh fya;= jk
wdldrh meyeos,sh'
iudc úoHd;aul idOlh wjfndaO lr .ekSfï oS
wd;aóh msgia;r Ndjh jeo.;a h' mqoa.,hka iudchla ;=<
Ôj;a jqj o iudcfha iïnkaO;d ÿria ùu ksid mqoa.,hdg
wd;aóh jYfhka ;kslula we;s fõ' fuh iudc úoHd;aul
ldrKhls' iudcfhka udkQISh .=K O¾u wysñ ùu o fï
i`oyd n,mdkq ,efí' ;j o mqoa.,hdg iudchg wjYH
lrk pß;hla ùug fkd yels ùu tkï ÿn,;dj ksid o
mrdfrdamKh isÿ fõ'
mrdfrdamKh i`oyd n,mdkq ,nk ufkdaúoHd;aul
idOlh m%Odk jYfhka f;aud folla hgf;a bÈßm;a l<
yelsh'12
84 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 85

01' Bämia .egqu (Oedipal Conflict) mrdfrdamKfha iudc n,mEu

02' ne`oSula ke;slu (Uncommitted) mrdfrdamKh hk jpkh iqúYd, iudc m%Yakhla
úia;r lrk iqÿiqu yd ksjeros u jHjydßl fhÿu hehs
Bämia .egqu hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha msßñ orefjl=
fcaïia frâ ^James Reid& mjihs'14 mrdfrdamKh hkafkka
;u ujg we;s lr.kakd we,au iy ;u mshdg tfrysj we;s
O¾u;d ì`o jeàu w¾:j;a jk nj ì%gksld úYaj fldaIfha
lr.kq ,nkakd jQ ffjÍ iy.; udkisl;ajh hs' ne`oSula
i`oyka fõ' iudc we.hqï" iudc wdpdr O¾u ke;sj hdu
ke;slu ms<sn`o flka;a flksiagka woyia olajhs' Tyq
fukau kj we.hqï ìys fkd ùu O¾u;d ì`o jeàu hs'
udkisl jYfhka mqoa.,hka iïnkaO fkd ùu woyia lrhs'
mrdfrdamKfha n,mEu u; isÿ jk fulS ;;aFjh iudc
mrdfrdamKh ùug od¾Yksl idOlh n,mdk wys;lr h' tñ,a vq¾lhsï kï iudc úoHd{hd fuh
wdldrh meyeos,s lr .ekSug idxoDIaájdoS o¾Ykh flfrys wfkdaóh kHdh (Stain theory) yryd meyeos,s lrhs' wfkdaó
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' idxoDIaájdoS o¾Ykh ;=<ska kHdh 1'1 rEmfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
m%Odk jYfhka ksoyia ñksidf.a mej;au ms<sn`o lsh
fõ'13 ysÜ,¾f.a kdisjdoS m%;sm;a;sh;a iu`. úYd, ñksiqka Durkheim's Model of Anomie
.Kkla urd ouk úg ñksiqkag Ôú;fha w¾:h l=ula o@ sudden Breakdown Development State of
hk m%Yakh we;s úh' idxoDIaál o¾Ykh cska fmda,a idf;%a" change of normative of the state of normkessbess
we,afnhd leuq wdoskaf. odhl;ajfhka úYd, idys;Hhla (Becase of structure irrationality abd
yryd ìys jQjls' fuu o¾Ykhg wkqj mrdfrdamKh isÿ progress, (Slackening (Lack of de-regulation
regression, of collective knowledge (People use
jkafka udkisl uÜgñks' leuQf.a uydudßh kjl;dj technological order and of right and this state to
weiqfrka udkj Nla;sh iy wjxl wdorh weiqfrka udkj change) regulating wrong) satisfy their
we.hqï we;s fldg mrdfrdamKfhka ñfok whqre meyeos,s force) excessive
fjhs' impulses)

wd.u mrdfrdamK ldrlhla fia l%shd;aul ùu 1'1 rEm igyk

ngysr jQ foajjdoS wd.ï yd iïnkaO fldg wjfndaO l<
iS>% ixj¾Okhla we;s ùu ksid iudch ;=< mriamr;d
hq;= h' foúhka udkj ks¾ñ;hls' fmros. o¾Ykhg wkqj
u; ìys ù wfkHdakH ne`oSu wvq ùu ;=< O¾u;d ìo jefgk
ìh hk ufkdaNdjh fya;= lr .ksñka wd.u ìys jQfha h'
ieá tu`.ska lsh fõ' wfkdaóh ;;aFjfhka iudÔh neñ
foaj ixl,amh ks¾udKh ùfuka ñksiqka i;= jQ Yla;sh
nqre,a fõ'15
foúhkag mejÍu úh'
i;a.=Kh u; mokï jQ O¾u;d ì`o jeàu ;=< ñksidg
ñksid Ôj;a jk iudch wys;lr ;;aFjhg m;a fõ' fujeks
iudchla ;=< wkHkag .re lsÍu" ;j;a ñksfil= fjkqfjka
86 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 87

bosßm;a ùu" tluq;=lu wdos W;=ï .=Kdx. ñksid flfrka
ÿria fjhs' ;sßika i;=ka <`. mjd we;s tjeks .=Kdx. wm
flfrka ÿrej hdfuka iqúYd, iudc úfrdaë n,mEula fõ'
iudcfha O¾u;d ì`o jegqKq miq kj idudcslfhda o
tu iajNdjh .%yKh lr .ks;s' mqoa.,fhla ;;a iudcfha
iajNdjh wkqj iudcdkqfhdackh ùu isÿ fõ' io¾,kaâ
iudc bf.kqï kHdh yryd fuu ;;aFjh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
thg wkqj ´kEu mqoa.,fhl= ;u p¾hdjka ;ud Ôj;a jk
mßirh yryd wNHka;ÍlrKh lr .kshs'
mrdfrdamKh jQ iudchl wmrdO wkqmd;h by<
hhs' iudch j¾Okh iy mqoa., wNs,dIhka iumd; fõ'
mrdfrdamKh wju jYfhka mj;sk iudc l%uhkays wmrdO
wvq h' mrdfrdamKh by< hk ;rug wmrdO o by< hhs'
Ñldf.da .=re l=,h wdY%fhka fuh meyeÈ,s lr.ksuq' tys
i`oyka jk wdldrhg k.rno wmrdO jeä w;r wmrdO ìh
o jeä fjhs' tfy;a k.rfhka ÿria ùu wkqj l%ul%ufhka
wmrdO wvq jk nj meyeos,s lrhs'
1'2 rEm igykg wkqj A hkq kd.ßl m%foaYhhs'
th flakaø lr .ksñka k.rfhka l%ufhka ÿria ùu
fuu`.ska ksrEms; h' k.rfhys mrdfrdamKh by< uÜgul
mj;s' tfy;a k.rfhka ÿria jk úg mrdfrdamK uÜgu my<
w.hla .kshs' woH;kfha jqj o YS% ,xldfõ jeos ckhdf.a
úiïnkaOh ke;fyd;a mrdfrdamK ;;aFjh kd.ßl ckhdg
idfmaCIj wvq fõ' fuu Ñldf.da ú.%yg wkqj E hkqfjka
oelafjkqfha Ôj;a ùug iqÿiq jQ m%foaYhhs'(Green area)
YS% ,xldfõ 2010 j¾Ifha oS isÿ jQ wmrdO ms<sn`o
wjOdkh fhduq fldg fuh jvd meyeÈ,s;djlska olajñ'16
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yd th l%ufhka k.rfhka ÿria ùu iu`. wvq ù we;s nj
meyeÈ,sh'
mrdfrdamKh jQ iudc l%ufha ñksid ksrka;r Ôjk
wr.,hl kshef,hs' ñksi;a nj mfilg hdu oekqj;aj u
isÿ fõ' udlaia fuh hCIfhl=g iudk lr we;' kQ;kfha
iEu rgl u wmrdO ms<sn`o úYaf,aIKfha oS fidrlï lsÍu"
1'2 rEm igyk
88 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 89

fld,a,lEu wdosh by< w.hla f.k we;' YS% ,xldfõ jd¾;d udlaia m%;sIdjdoh mrdfrdams; mqoa.,hdg fya;=
ù we;s wmrdO j,ska by< w.hla f.k we;s wmrdO ljf¾o jk nj úia;r lrhs' fuys § ksiaidr foa idrj;a fia
hkak 1'2 j.= igykska lsh fõ' ie,lSfï udkisl nj wjOdrKh lrhs' iudch ;=< ñksia
jákdlï uekSug fN!;sl jia;+ka fhdod .ekSu ksid iEu
j¾Ih f.j,a frdnß úYajdih lv
mqoa.,fhl=u fN!;sl jia;= ovhï lrk nj udlaia fmkajd
ì`o foam, lsÍu 10000 g
fohs' nqÿoyu ysi ne`os cgdfjka fyda f.da;%fhka ñksiqka
fidrlu jeä
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;=< mqoa.,hd n%dyauKfhl= jk nj;a wjOdrKh lrhs'20
18
2011 17192 6304 6365 ñksiqkaf.a jákdlï ndysr iudch u`.ska wdfrdamKh fldg
we;s idOl u; uekSu ksr¾:l jqj;a mrdfrdams; iudcfha
1'2 j.= igyk ñksia jákdlï ndysr jia;=j u; uekSu isÿ fõ'
mrdfrdamKh jQ iudc l%ufha fidrlï lsÍu nyq,j mqoa., úiïnkaOfhka iudc yqfol,dNdjh we;s
isÿ jk nj o;a; úYaf,aIKh meyeÈ,s lrhs' f,dalfha iEu fõ' fuh wxY oajhlska bÈßm;a fõ'
rglu .%yK wmrdOj,ska by< w.hl mj;skafka fidrlï
lsÍu" fld,a,lEu hk wmrdOhkah' iudc .egqï we;s ùu • mqoa.,hd iudch ;=< u yqfol,d ùu
flfrys o fuu ;;aFjh fya;= fõ' • mqoa.,hd iudcfhka fjka ù yqfol,d ùu

mrdfrdamKfha mqoa., n,mEu ;ud Ôj;a jk iudcfha fld;rï idudcslhka jqj;a

mrdfrdamKh jQ mqoa.,hd oreKq udkisl frda. j,g
f.dÿre ùfï iïNdú;dj by< hhs' mqoa., ú.,S; Ndjh
fya;=fjka bÉPdNx.;ajhg m;aùfuka wiykhg m;a fõ'
ksrka;rfhka fldamhg m;aùu" iEu wjia:djl § u miq nisk
udkisl;ajh iy m%;sj¾;kSh p¾hdjka tjekakkaf.
ka bÈßm;a fõ'19 idxoDIaájdoS ú.%yhg wkqj ñksid fuu
ldxiduh ;;aFjfhka ñoSug úúO úfkdaoldó oE i`oyd
fhduq jqj o ta ;=<ska o mqoa.,hdg we;s jkafka wiykhls'
mrdfrdamKh jQ iudcfha mqoa.,hd uq¨ Ôú;ld,fhka jeä
fldgila fkd jeo.;a foa i`oyd fhdojhs' mrdfrdams; iudch
úiska ñksid fuu iajNdjhg ,la lrk nj idxoDIaájdoSyQ
fmkajd fo;s'
mqoa.,hd yqfol,d ùu iudch ;=<u yqfol,d ùuls' mqoa.,hd
iudcfhka ÿria ùu u; o yqfol,dnj we;s fõ' th fN!;sl
iy udkisl hk fowxYfhkau yqfol,d ùuls' wd;aóh
msgia;rNdjh tu`.ska we;s fõ' ;ukag ;ukaj;a ke;ehs
hk ye`.Su iu`. WodiSk.;sfhka hqla;j oeä l,lsreKq
iajNdjh we;s fõ' fuu l,lsreKq iajNdh;a iu`. mqoa.,hd
iudc iïu;hkag .re fkd lrhs' iudc we.hqï mfil ,d
lghq;= lrhs' ;u ixialD;shgu msgia;rfhl= ùu isÿ fõ'
mrdfrdams; mqoa.,hdf.a Ôú;h ;=< lK.dgqj"
fodïki" bÉPdNx.;ajh msÍmej;Su fya;=fjka wka;¾j¾;S
fm!reI ,CIK we;s fõ' ;ksj Ôj;a ùug ms%h lrhs'
iïnkaO;d ;j ÿrg;a ì`o oud .kshs' ;uka ms<sn`oju
;Dma;shla ke;s iajNdjh we;s fõ' fujeks jQ mqoa.,fhl=g
90 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
ldhsl jYfhka ysiroh" la,u:h" wêreêr mSvkh wdosh
we;s fõ' ;j o Ñka;k wxYfha RKd;aul woyia we;s ùu"
h:d¾:uh fkdjk is;=ú,s we;s ùu isÿ fõ' fujeks ;;aFjh
W.% jk ;rug Ôú;fhka iuq.ekSu .ek wdl,amh is;g
we;s fõ'
idxoDIaájdoSka mrdfrdamKfhka ñoSfï u. ishosú
kid .ekSu nj fmkaj ÿks' tfy;a we,afnhd leuQf.a miqj
bosrsm;a jQ isismiaf.a ñ:Hdl;d j,ska flfia fyda Ôj;a
úh hq;= nj wjOdrKh úh' mrdfrdams; iudc mqoa.,hd
oe;s frdaohla hehs udlaia i`oyka lrhs' mqoa.,hd taldldÍ
Ôú;hla .; lsÍu bka lsh fõ' ñksid Y%uh yryd
mrdfrdamKh jk fyhska fuu ;;aFjh fjkia lsÍug
ñksidg fkd yels h' ñksiqka iudc l%uh ;=< tla rduqjlg
fldgq ùu ñksia Ôú;fha ienE yrh ì`o jeàug fya;= ù
we;' ;reK udlaia mrdfrdamKfhka ñosh yels hehs i`oyka
l< o udlaia miqld,Skj oela jQ woyia ;=< i`oyka jkqfha
zzmqoa.,hd Ôj;a ùug /lshdjla l< hq;=uhZZ21 hkqfjks'
fu`.ska mrdfrdamKfhka ñosh fkd yels nj lsh fõ'
iudf,dapkh
mrdfrdamKh hk ixl,amhg úúO ú.%yhka ;snqK
o tys od¾Yksl ú.%yh m%Yia; h' udlaiajdoh fukau
idxoDIaájdoh ;=< fuu ixl,amh úYaf,aISj úu¾Ykh lrhs'
mrdfrdamK ixl,amh u`.ska iqúYd, iudÔh iy mqoa.,
.eg¨jla idlÉPd fõ' kQ;k f,dalfha f.da,ShlrKh ùu
;=< we;s jk .eg¨ldÍ njg úi`ÿï fiùfï m%fõYhla
mrdfrdamK ixl,amfhka iemfha' ñksid mrfrdamKh
jk wdldrh" mrdfrdamKh ùug n,mdkq ,nk fya;=
idOl" mrdfrdamKfha n,mEu mqo., yd iudÔh jYfhka
ú.%y ùu iy mrdfrdamKfhka ñfok wdldrhka o fuu
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 91
ixl,amh u.ska od¾Ykslj úu¾Ykh fõ' w;S;fha isg
ñksia iudcfha m%.ukh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< úg
l%ul%ufhka mrdfrdamKh isÿ ù ;sfí' f,dalfha we;eï
rgj, mrdfrdamKh by< f.dia .eg¨ mek ke`.S ;sfí'
mrdfrdamKh foi kQ;k f,dalfha wjOdkh kej;;a fhduq
úh hq;=h'
wdka;sl igyka
1 http://www.the-philosophy.com/alienation-philosophical-
definition
2 ld,audlaia fuu moh fhdodf.k we;'
3 l,kaiQßh ta'ã'mS" o¾Ykh ye`oskaùula" iSudiys; weï'ã'.=Kfiak
iy iud.u" fld<U11" 1978" ms'76'
4 fikúr;ak" chka;s" zzmrdfrdamK ixl,amfha ft;sydisl j¾Okh
ms<sn`o udlaiajdoS oDIaáhZZod¾Yksl ,sms" le,Ks úYajúoHd,fha
o¾Yk wOHhk wxYfha m%ldYk" 1992" ms'31'
5 http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3446800052/
alienation.html
6 l,kaiQßh"ta'ã'mS" n¾g%kaâ ri,a yd iuld,Sk o¾Ykh" wdßh
m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd," ms'123'
7 ùrfialr"hdmdr;ak" zzmrdfrdamKh( úúO fhÿï yd w¾: ms<sn`o
úuiSulsZZ" prK Ydia;S%h ix.%yh" ixia'ueä,af,a m[a[df,dal
ysñ" udjkdfka fÄñkao ysñ" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,hSh NsCIq
ix.uh m%ldYk" 2009"ms'307'
8 fidhsid"tï'´'ta'o" foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sl isoaOdka;" ixL
fmd;ay," lsßn;af.dv" 2009"ms'96-147'
9 oS'ks III" w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" nq'c';s%'uq" ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,"
2006" ms'146'
zzw: fLd f;ix jdfiÜGd i;a;dkx ihxmNd wka;rOdhSZZ
10 l,kaiQßh"ta'ã'mS"n¾g%kaâ ri,a yd iuld,Sk o¾Ykh" ms'129'
92 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 93

11 ùrfialr" hdmdr;ak" zzmrdfrdamKh( úúO fhÿï yd w¾: ms<sn`o

úuiSulsZZ" ms'309'
12 -tysu- ms'308'
13 l,kaiQßh" ta'ã'mS"n¾g%kaâ ri,a yd iuld,Sk o¾Ykh" ms'101'
O¾uisß" .=Kmd," od¾Yksl m%Yak" wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2007" ms'186'
14 zzAlienation is the precise and correctly applied word for describing iudc úoHd;aul {dkfha iajNdjh
the major social problem…'' Reid"James, Univercity of Glasgow
Publications,Scotland, 1972, p.5.
15 r;akmd," kkaofiak" wmrdO úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u 1" weia'f.dvf.a iy m%fõYh
ifydaorfhda m%ldYk" fld<U10" 2013" ms'98'
udkjhd {dkdkaú; ùu ;=< Tyq ;udf.a nqoaê
16 http://www.police.lk/images/others/crime_trends/2010/ uyssufhka ;ud ms<sn`oj yd ;ud Ôj;a jk f,dalh" úYajh
distribution_of_grave_crime_abstract_for- year2010.pdf
ms<sn`oj o .fõYkh lrkakg fm<UqKs' woHh;kh jk
17 http://www.police.lk/images/others/crime_trends/2010/
úg ñksid iqúYd, {dk iïNdrhla iïmdokh lr f.dkq
distribution_of_grave_crime_abstract_for-year2010. pdf
lr we;' úúO úIhka" úúO fCIa;% hgf;a úúO fnoSï wkqj
18 http://www.police.lk/images/others/crime_trends/2011/
th bÈßm;a fõ' w;S;fha isá ñksid iïmdokh lr.;a
distribution_of_grave_crime_abstract_for-year2011. pdf
{dk iïNdrfha úfYaI wxYhla f,i zzúoHd;aul {dkhZZ
19 fikúr;ak" chka;s"zzmrdfrdamK ixl,amfha ft;sydisl j¾Okh
y`ÿkd.; yels h' fuys§ úoHd;aul {dkfha m%fyaohla jk
ms<sn`o udlaiajdoS oDIaáhZZ od¾Yksl ,sms" le,Ks úYajúoHd,fha
o¾Yk wOHhk wxYfha m%ldYk" 1992" ms'32' iudc úoHd;aul {dkfha iajNdjh ms<sn`o úpdrd;aulj
20 zzk cgdys k f.d;af;k k cÉpd fyd;s n%dyaufKd
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
hïys iÉp[ap Oïfud p fid iqÇ fid p n%dyaufKdZZ
Oïumoh"393 .d:dj úoHdj hkq l=ula o@
21 l,kaiQßh" ta'ã'mS" n¾g%kaâ ri,a yd iuld,Sk o¾Ykh" jrldfmd,"
bx.S%is Science hk moh fjkqjg isxy, NdIdfjka
ms'134'
úoHdj hk moh fhfoa' Science hk moh Scientia hk ,;ska
mofhka jHq;amkak h'1 Scientia hk moh Scire ^iAlSf¾&
hk mofhka Nskak ù we;' fidhd.ekSu" oek .ekSu iy
.fõYkh hk w¾:hka ialSf¾ hkafkka ±la fõ'2 Science
hk moh Oxford Yío fldaIfha zzThe systematic study of the
structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world
through observation and experimentZZ3 hkqfjka w¾:l:kh
fõ' kj oekqu f.dvke`.Su úoHdj fõ' iEu kj oekqula
94 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
fidhd.ekSula u úoHdj fkd fõ' wd.u" idys;H" l,dj"
fi!kao¾h jeks fCIa;% Tiafia f.dvkef`.k kj oekqu
úoHdj hgf;a fkd ie,fla'
úoHdj hkq ixúOdkh l< idudkH nqoaêh hs'
ixúOdkuh jQ;a wjg f,dalh ms<sn`oj l%udkQl+,j md,kh
lrkq ,enqjd jQ;a oekqï iïNdrh úoHdjhs'4 wm wjg
f,dalfha ieleiau" jHqyh yd mej;au ms<sn`o mj;akd úfYaI
oekqï iïNdrh úoHd;aul {dkh fõ' ;j ÿrg;a meyeos,s
lrkafka kï wjg f,dalfha ixisoaëka fN!;sl jYfhka
ridhksl jYfhka fukau Ôj úoHd;aul jYfhka yeoEÍu
;=<ska ,nd .kakd oekqï iïNdrh úoHdj fõ' úoHd;aul
oekqu úúO úIhhka hgf;a ixj¾Okh úh' úúO øjHd;aul"
Ôjuh" iudc .eg¨ mokï lr.ksñka úoHd;aul {dkh
f.dv kef`.a' øjHd;aul .eg¨ mokï lr .ksñka fN!;sl
úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj jeks úIhka o Ôjuh .eg¨ u;
Ôj úoHdj" i;aFj úoHdj jeks úIhka o iudc .eg¨ u;
mokïj foaYmd,k úoHdj" iudc úoHdj" wmrdO úoHdj
jeks úIhka o j¾Okh úh'
úoHdj iïnkaOfhka m%dudKsl ±kque;a;ka úiska
bÈßm;a l< ks¾jpk flfrys wjOdkh /|ùu ksrjq,a
meyeÈ,s;djlg fya;= fõ' ks¾jpkhla hkq ta ta fCIa;%h
iïnkaOfhka úfYaI{ oekqula we;s mqo.,hka úiska
isÿ lrk ,o m%ldYhka h' zzwdkqN+;sl mÍCIK mj;ajd
i;Hdi;H;djh úuid ne,sh yels m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka
wi;H l< yels oekqï iïNdrh úoHdj hs'ZZ5 hkqfjka ld,a
fmdm¾ kï úêl%ujdoshd úoHdj ks¾jpkh lrhs' wdkQN+;sl
mÍCIK mj;ajd Rcqj i;Hnj fyda wi;Hnj úuid ne,sh
yels ùu úoHdfõ uq,sl u ,CIKhls' iageka,s fnla ish
zzThe simplicity of scienceZZ hk lD;sfha zzWoa.uk l%u
u`.ska fidhdf.k m%;sm;a;s jYfhka f.dkqlr .kakd ,o
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 95
jdia:úl oekqï iïNdrh úoHdjZZ6 f,i ks¾jpk lrhs'
zzúoHd;aul l%uhg wkql+,j f.dvk.d we;s ´kEu oekqula
úoHdjls'ZZ úoHd;aul {dkh úoHd;aul úOl%uhg f.dv
ke`.sh hq;=h' úoHd;aul l%ufhka mßndysrj úoHd;aul
{dkh f.dv ke`.sh fkd yelsh' zzúoHdjla hkq lsishï
ms<s.;a;d jQ Ys,aml%u wkqidrfhka iajNdj O¾uh" ñksia
iudch ms<sn`oj lrkq ,nk .fõYkhla h'ZZ7
fÊ'wd¾ fn%dfkdõials mjid we;s wdldrhg zzi;H
Wfoid lem ù we;s tlu ñksia m%h;akh úoHdj fõ'ZZ kQ;k
f,dalfha wm w;a ú¢k iEu myiqlula u wms w;aú¢kafka
úoHdj fya;= fldg f.kh' kQ;kh jk úg ñksid i`o u;
md ;nd wjika h' wNHjldYfha pkaøsldjka ia:dms; lrñka
uq¿uy;a úYajh ksrka;r mÍCIKhg yiq fldg yudrh'
f.dvìu" c,h yd wNHjldYh ch.ekSug ñksidg yels
jQfha úoHdj ksidfjks' ñksiqkag tl;= ù fyda l< fkd
yels foa hka;%dkQidrfhka lr .ekSug ñksidg yels ù we;'
w;S;fha m%foaYhlg fldgq ù isá ñksid kQ;kfha f,dj
mqrd weúosñka úúO m¾fhaIK isÿ lrhs' tfukau we;fula
úfkdaodYajdoh i`oyd f,dj mqrd ießir;s' kqÿre wkd.;fha
oS ñksidg w;sYh jeo.;a yqiau .ekSugo úoHdj wjYH jk
;;aFjh Wod fjkq we;' fuu`.ska ñksid flfrys úoHdfjys
Wmfhda.S;dj lshfjhs' ñksidf.a oefjk m%Yak i`oyd
úúO úiÿï fidhd .kq ,nhs' ñksiqkaf.a iEu p¾hdjla
iïnkaOfhkau úoHdjka ìys ù yudrh' ñksid wmrdO
lrkqfha wehs@ tajd md,kh lrk wdldrh fukau ñksidf.a
foaYmd,k yeisÍu wOHhkh lrñka úúO foaYmd,k
kHdhka f.dv k`.ñka ñksidf.a hym; Wfoid úoHdj
fufyjrl fh§ we;'
96 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
úoHd m%fNaolrKh
úoHd hk moh kQ;kfha fndfyda úIhka iu`.
fhfoa' Science hk moh l%udkql+,j j¾Okh jQ ´kEu
úIhla i`oyd fhosh yels nj Yío fldaI ú.%yfha oS “An
organized body of knowledge on any subject"8 hkqfjka lsh
fõ' úoHd;aul mokula we;s fndfyda úoHdjka kQ;kfha
we;' hï hï úIhkays úoHd;aul moku iïnkaOfhka o
.eg¨ we;' tfia jqjo kQ;kfha úúO mokï hgf;a úoHdjka
m%fNao fõ' tu m%fNaolrKfha o úúO mriamr;d o fmfka'
wdkqNúl úoHd yd k-wdkqNúl úoHd
ndysr f,dalh ms<sn`o mÍCIK mj;ajd i;H
wi;H;dj úuid ne,sh yels úoHdjka wdkqNúl h'
wdkqNúl úoHd úoHd;aul jYfhka jeo.;a fõ' úoHdfõ
wdkqN+;sl {dkh m¾fhaIdKd;aulj f.dv kef`.hs' fuu
úoHdjka ksÍCIKh" mßCIKh jeks wkqN+;Ska u`.ska oekqu
,nd .kakd nj fmfka'9 wdkqN+;sl oekqu ,nd fok úIhka
w;r Ôj úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj m%Odk fõ' tfy;a wd¾Ól
úoHdj" foaYmd,k úoHdj jeks úIhka o fï hg;g wh;a
h' hïlsis m%ldYhla isoaêjdpl lreKq wdY%fhka i;H fyda
wi;H l< yels kï tjeks úIhka wdkqNúl h'10 oykh
isÿjkafka Tlaiscka fya;=fldgf.k h' hk WodyrKh
wkqj wdkqNúl úoHdjkaf.a ,CIK meyeÈ,s fõ' wjHdc
WmkHdi ;sîu" m¾fhaIK u`.ska Tmamql< yels ùu" ñkqï
WmlrK wdY%fhka mÍCId lssÍug yelss ùu hk ,CIK tys
we;'
k-wdkqNúl ke;fyd;a wdkqNúl fkdjk úoHd hkq
ndysr f,dalh ms<sn`o mÍCIK meje;aùulska f;drj wjhj
;=<ska ;d¾;sslj ks.uk ,nd fokakd jQ úoHdjka h' úoHdfõ
nqoaêuh {dkh fï hg;g we;=<;a fõ' .Ks;h" cHdñ;sl
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 97
Ydia;%h jekss úIhka WodyrK f,i i`oyka l< yels h'
fuu úoHdjkaf.A oekqu m%ldY lrkqfha úYaf,aIS m%Ya;=;
u`.sks' tajd m%d.dkqN+; jdlHhkah' wdkqN+;sl m¾fhaIK
u`.ska tys i;H;dj fyda wi;H;dj úuid fkd nef,a'
iajNdúl úoHd yd iudÔh úoHd
zziajNdúl m%mxphka yodrk úoHdjka iajNdúl
úoHdjka jk w;r iudÔh ixisoaëka yodrk úoHd iudÔh
úoHdjka h'ZZ11 iajNdj O¾uh wdYs%; .eg¨ úioSu i`oyd
f.dvk`.d .;a oekqu iajNdúl úoHd jk w;r iudc
p¾hdjka wdYs%; .eg¨ úi`oSug f.dv ke`.=Kq úoHd iudÔh
úoHd fõ' iajNdúl úoHdjka i`oyd iajNdjO¾uh o iudc
úoHdjka i`oyd ñksia yeisÍu o úIh fõ' iajNdj hk
mohg zzblZZ hk ;oaê;h tla jQ úg ziajNdjhg wh;a Z hk
woyi o iudc hk mohg zzBhZZ hk ;oaê; moh tla jQ úg
ziudchg wh;a Z hk woyi o ,efí'
úoHd.dr" úoHd;aul WmlrK" ksYaÑ; l%ufõohka
Wmfhda.S fldg f.k m¾fhaIK mj;ajñka ks.uk lrd
t<öfï yelshdj iajNdúl úoHdjka i;=j we;' fN!;sl
f,dalfha m%mxphka yeoEÍu iajNdúl úoHdfõ uq,sl ld¾h
fõ' iajNdúl úoHdjka fN!;sl úoHd iy Ôj úoHd jYfhka
fldgia fõ' fN!;sl úoHd .Khg ridhk úoHdj" Y=oaO
.Ks;h" ;drld úoHdj wdosh wh;a jk w;r i;aFj úoHdj"
ldhsl úoHdj" mßir úoHdj wdosh Ôj úoHd .Khg wh;a fõ'
idudcSh úoHd ñksidf.a p¾hdjka ms<sn`oj wOHhkh lrhs'
ñksid flakaø lr .ksñka we;s fjk iudÔh .eg¨ i`oyd
úi`ÿï fiùu fuu úoHdjkaf.a m%Odk ld¾h fõ' iudÔh
úoHd ;=< úoHd.dr mÍCIK oelsh fkd yels h' foaYmd,k
úoHdj" wmrdO úoHdj" iudc úoHdj" udkj úoHdj wdosh fï
hg;g wh;a fõ'
98 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
Y=oaO úoHd yd jHjydßl úoHd
f,dlfha mj;akd .eg¨jla iïnkaOfhka kj
oekqu ,nd .ekSfï wruqKska m¾fhaIK lrk úIhka Y=oaO
úoHdjka fõ' úfYaIfhka ridhkd.dr m¾fhaIK wdY%fhka
oekqu f.dv k.d .ekSula Y=oaO úoHdjkays isÿ fjhs' fN!;sl
f,dalfha mj;sk .eg¨ ms<sn`oj kHdhd;aul oekqula
f.dvke.Su Y=oaO úoHdkaf.a iajNdjh hs' Ôj úoHdj" i;aFj
úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj wdosh WodyrK hs'
Y=oaO úoHdjka u`.ska ,nd .kakd oekqu Wmfhda.S
lr.ksñka ñksidf.a m%fhdackh i`oyd f.dv ke.S we;s
úoHdjka jHjydßl úoHdjka h' fuu úoHdjka ñksidf.a
Ôú;h iu`. Rcq f,i iïnkaO fõ' bxcsfkare úoHdj"
ffjoH úoHdj" ;dCIKh wdosh fï .Kfha ,d ie,fla' Y=oaO
úoHdjka jHjydr úoHdjkaf.a j¾Okhg o jHjydr úoHdjka
Y=oaO úoHdjkaf.a j¾Okhg o fya;= jk nj fmfka'
úia;rd;aul úoHd iy we`.hqïYS,s úoHd
fuu úoHd j¾.SlrKfha uQ,sl wruqK wdpdr O¾uh"
fi!kao¾h jeks úIhhkaf.ka fjk;a úoHdjka fjka fldg
oelaùu h' úia;rd;aul úoHdjla hkq i;H fyda wi;H
l< yels lreKq ms<sn`oj yodrK úoHdjla h'12 jdia;úl
meje;aula we;s foa .ek meyeos,s lrk iajNdúl yd iudÔh
úoHdjka yd rEmsl jYfhka meje;aula ke;s wêfN!;sl
úoHdjka úia;rd;aul úoHdjka fõ'13 o;a; wdY%fhka
jdia;úl ks.uk ,nd .ekSug úia;rd;aul úoHd W;aiy
orhs' iajNdúl m%mxp yodrk Ydia;% fï hg;g wh;a fõ'
fyd`o-krl" ,iaik-wj,iaik" yß-jeros jYfhka
we`.hqï iajNdjhla Wiq,k úoHd we.hqïYS,s úoHd fõ' fuu
úoHdjka zm%dudKsl úoHdZ hkqfjka o ye`oskafõ' úia;rd;aul
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 99
úoHdjkaf.a fï wdldr jQ we`.hqula oelsh fkd yels h'
we`.hqïYS,s úoHdj, fndfyda fihska wd;aóh ,CIKhkays
n,mEu oelsh yels h' wdpr O¾uh yd fi!kao¾h jeks
úoHdjka WodyrK h'
rEmsl úoHd
rEmsl úoHd rEmsl ixl,am yodrhs' isoaê jdpl j,g
iïnkaO ke;s rEmsl mokula u; rEmsl úoHd ks.uk
,nd .kshs' fuu úoHdjka ìys jQfha iajNdúl yd iudÔh
úoHd yeoEÍfï myiqjg h' rEmsl úoHdjka ienE fkdjk
isoaOdka; f.dvk`.d .ekSu m%Odk ,CIKhls' ñksia nqoaêh
wkqidrfhka ;kd.;a isoaOdka; fuys we;' .Ks;h" ;¾l
Ydia;%h" cHdñ;sh hk Ydia;% fï hg;g wh;a l< yelsh'
fuh ;¾l Ydia;%fha WodyrK ;=<ska meyeos,s lr .; yelsh'
zzish¨ mCISSyq b`.sf,;sZZ
meianrd mCIsfhls
\meianrd b`.sf,hs
fuys § ;¾lh im%udK o ksIam%udK o hkak muKla
úuid n,hs' th ndysr f,dalfha i;H o ke;fyd;a wi;H
o hkak úuiSu ld¾hla fkd fõ' uq,a m%ia;=;h u; ;d¾;sl
ks.ukhlg meñK meianrd b`.sf,k nj mjihs' fuh
;¾ldkQl+,j ksjeroshs' rEmsl úoHd u`.ska fN!;sl f,dalh
ms<sn`o ks`.uk bosßm;a lsÍug m%h;ak fkd lrhs'14
iudÔh úoHd iajNdjh
iudÔh úoHd iy iajNdúl úoHd tlu l=,lfha
^úoHd& ,d ie,l=j o fuu úoHdjka j¾. fol w;frys
iudklï fukau fjkialï o ;sfí'
100 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
iudk;d
• fï úIh fCIa;% foflysu jdia;úl mej;aula we;'
• iajNdúl úoHdj, fukau iudÔh úoHdfõ o
wdkqNúl mÍCIK l%u fhdod .ekSu'
• fuu úIhka foflysu úoHd{hdf.a ld¾h jkafka
úoHd;aul kshu ks¾udKh lsÍu fkdfõ' tajd ñksid
úiska wkdjrKh lr.;a tajd ùu'
• fuu úoHd foj¾.hg u fmdm¾f.a wi;HlrK
Í;sh fhosh yels h'15
wiudk;d
• iajNdúl úoHdjkaf.a úIh fCIa;%fha ñksid isáh;a
ke;;a úYajh tl f,i ls%hd;aul fõ'
• iajNdúl úoHdj, iïmÍCIKh;a ksÍCIKh;a
hk úêl%u folu fhdod .;a; o iudÔh úoHdj,
ksÍCIK l%uh muKla Ndú; fõ'
• iajNdúl úoHdjkaf.a fndfyda fihska zkshuZ ±lsh
yels w;r iudc úoHdjkaf.a olakg ,efnkqfha
zjdoZ h'
• iajNdj O¾ufha yeisÍïj, tAl rEm;djhla
olakg we;s w;r tys yeisÍï rgdjla we;s w;r
iudÔh úoHdjkag úIh jk iudc yeisÍfï tjeks
talrEm;djhla oelaúh fkd yels h'
• iajNdúl úoHdjkaf.a WmlrK Ndú;h myiqh'
WmlrK Ndú;fhka jvd ksjeros jq ks.uk lrd
t<ôh yels h' kuq;a iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a WmlrK
wdosh Ndú; lrñka ñksia p¾hdjka uksñka ks.uk
lrd meñKsh fkd yels h'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 101
kQ;kfha úoHdúêl%uh u; mokïj iudÔh úoHd
úIhka úúO whqßka ixj¾jOkh ù we;' we;eï iudÔh
úoHdjka úoHdjka fkdjk njg ;¾l bosßm;a ù ;snqK o
kQ;kfha fndfyda iudÔh úoHdjka m%Yia; uÜgulg meñK
we;'
ish¨u iudÔh úoHdjka ñksiqkaf.a p¾hdjka mokï
lr.kS'16 iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a flakaøh udkj p¾hdj
weiqfrka f.dv kef`.k .eg¨ fjhs' ñksid yd Tyqf.a
foaYmd,k p¾hdj wOHhkh lrkakg foaYmd,k úoHdj
o ñksid yd Tyqf.a wd¾Ólh wOHhkhg wd¾Ól úoHdj o
ñksid yd Tyqf.a iudc p¾hdj wOHhkhg iudc úoHdj o
wdos jYfhka iudÔh úoHdjka ìys ù we;'
ñksid iudc cSúfhl= f,i i<lñka ñksia p¾hdj
weiqre lr.ksñka we;sfjk .eg¨ iudÔh úoHdjka u`.ska
wOHhkh flf¾' udkj p¾hdj wOHhkh jvd ixlS¾K
fõ' iajNdúl úoHdjkaf.a fuka iudÔh úoHdjka ;=< oS
m¾fhaIlhdg ;ukg wNsu; mßos m¾fhaIK fCIa;%h
yiqrejd .; fkd yels h' iajNdúl úoHdjkayS oS idOl
md,kh lrñka wOHkh l< yels h' iudÔh úoHdjka u`.ska
idOl md,kh fldg wOHhkhka isÿ l< fkd yels h'
úoHd.dr fkd mej;Su yd ksYaÑ; wOHkhla l< fkd yels
ùu hk ;¾lh iudÔh úoHdjka" úoHdjka jYfhka fkd
ms<s.kakd msßia bÈßm;a lrhs' iudÔh úoHdjkays oS ziudchZ
hk m¾fhaIKd.drh Ndú; lrk nj iudÔh úoHd{fhda
mji;s' ñksid NskakreÑl neúka iudÔh úoHdjka úúO
ÿIalr;d j,g ,la fõ'
iudÔh úoHdjka ksÍCIs; o;a; u; mokï fõ'
iudÔh úoHdjkays oS iajdNdúl úoHdjkaf.a fuka meyeos,s
f,i iïmÍCIK meje;aúh fkd yels h' iïmÍCIKhla
102 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
hkq wod, mÍCIKhg wod, idOl md,kh lrñka isÿ lrkq
,nk mÍCIKhls​' tys oS tla idOlhla muKla tla jrlg
fjkia lrñka mÍCIKh isÿ l< hq;= h' tu ksid iudÔh
úoHd{hdg idOl md,kh lrñka iïmÍCIK l< fkd
yels h' ta wkqj WmkHdi i;H lsÍu fyda wi;H lsÍu
i`oyd ksÍCIKh fhdod .kq ,efí'
iajNdúl úoHdjkag wkqj kï tlu idOl mj;S kï
l=uk m%foaYhl jqj;a l==uk rgl jqj;a tlu isÿ ùu isÿ fjhs'
iudÔh úoHdjka ;=< tjeks ia:Sr jq ks.uk ìys lr .ekSu
wmyiq h' tla iudc l%uhlg f.dv ke`.+ WmkHdihla i;H
lr .ksñka meñKs ks.uk ;j;a iudchlg ta wdldrfhkau
fh§fuka wfmaCIs; m%;sM,h fkd ,eîfï iïNdú;dj b;d
by< h' iudÔh úoHdjka iudcfha m%fhdackh i`oyd fhdod
.kq ,nk úg th jHjydßl iudc úoHdjla njg m;a fõ'
wOHdmk úoHdj jHjydßl iudc úoHdjla f,i ie,lsh
yelsh' tu`.ska iudchg wjYH úoHd{hka" .=rejreka" úúO
jD;a;slhka ìys lrhs'
iudÔh úoHd úêl%u
iudÔh úoHd úêl%u hgf;a iudÔh úoHd {dkh
,nd .kakd l%ufõoh fj; wjOdkh fhduq fõ' jhs,aâ kï
f,aLlhdf.a woyi wkqj zziudÔh úoHd ñksid ms<sn`oj;a
Tyqf.a ñksia mßirh;a w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj .ek
wOHhkh lrhs'ZZ úoHdfõ WmkHdY i;H fyda wi;Hnj
wdkqN+;sl mÍCIK u`.ska úuihs' mÍCIKh" ksÍCIKh
iy iïmÍCIKh f,i m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follska
hqla;h'17
iudÔh úoHdfõ iajNdjh iïnkaO idlÉPdfõ oS
iïmÍCIKh ms<sn`o úuiqfjñ' iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a mÍCIK
l%uh f,i ksÍCIK l%uh Ndú; fjhs' wod< m%mxpfha
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 103
idOl md,kh fkd lrñka m%mxph we;s ieáfhka yeoEÍu
ksÍCIKh hs' iudÔh úoHdjkays oS .fõYlhdf.a wd;aóh
,CIKhkays n,mEu wêl fõ' tla wjia:djl mÍCIKhg
n`ÿka lr .;a p¾hdj kej; mÍCIKhg yiq lr .; fkd
yels ;;aFjhka we;' idudcSh úoHdjkaf.a Ndú; jk
m¾fhaIK úê rdYshls'
• m%Yak ud,d l%uh
• iïuqL mÍCIK l%uh
• ksÍCIK l%uh
• f,aLk yeoErSu
• wka;rdjf,dalkh
• Ôjk woaoelSï l%uh
m%Yak ud,d l%uh - iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a Ndú;hg .efkk
b;d m%p,s; m¾fhaIK l%uhls' wOHhkfha wruqKq
fmroeßlrf.k ;kd.;a m%Yak ud,djla ilia fldg Bg
ms<s;=re ,nd .ksñka lsishï WmkHdYhla mÍCId lsÍu
i`oyd fhduq ùu fuu`.ska isÿ fjhs' f;dard.;a ksheoshlg
wod< m%Yak ud,dj bosßm;a fldg ms<s;=re ,sì;j ,nd
.efka' m¾fhaIlhd m%Yak ud,dj ilia lr .ekSfï § wod<
m¾fhaIKhg wod< jk whqrska m%Yak ud,dj ilia lr
.ekSug j.n,d.; hq;= h' jxpksl ms<s;=re ,nd oSug fkd
yels jk whqßka iy jxpksl ms<s;=re y`ÿkd.ekSug wod<j
;j;a m%Yak bÈßm;a lrñka m%Yakdj,sh ielish hq;=u fõ'
;j o bosßm;a lrkq ,nk m%Yak meyeos,s yd ms<s;=re ,nd osh
yels whqßka bÈßm;a ùu jeo.;a fõ'
m%Yak ud,d l%ufha m%Yak bosßm;a lrkq ,nk wdldrh
wkqj m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folls'
104 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
o újD; ms<s;=re iys; m%Yakdj,s l%uh
o ixjD; ms<s;=re iys; m%Yakdj,s l%uh
újD; ms<s;=re iys; mss<s;=re iys; m%Yakdj,s l%ufha
oS jHqy.; fkdjk m%Yak bosßm;a lrk w;r ixjD; ms<s;=re
iys; m%Yak l%ufha oS jHqy.; m%Yak bosrsm;a fldg ms<s;=re
,nd .efka' id¾:l m%Yakdj,shl olakg yels ,CIK my;
mßos h'
• m%Yakdj,shg ms<s;=re oSug fmr mÍCIlhdf.a
wfmaCIdjka meyeos,sj oelaùu'
• m%Yakdj,shg ms<s;=re ,nd fokakdf.a NdId yelshdj
u; m%Yakdj,sh ilia fldg ;sîu'^jdÑlj lreKq
meyeos,s lr oSu fuys oS m%fhdackhg .; yels h'&
• mÍCIs;hd wmyiqjg ,la jk whqßka m%Yak bosßm;a
fkdl< hq;= w;r b;d flá m%Yak bosßm;a lsÍu o
jeo.;a h'
• mÍCIKhg wod< o;a; wdjrKh jk wdldrfhka
m%Yak bosßm;a lsÍu
tljr úYd, ixnHdjlg fhduq l< yels ùu" wvq
ld,hla ;=< oS m¾fhaIlhdf.a wNsu;h iïmQ¾K lr .;
yels ùu" wd;aóh ,CIKhkaf.a n,mEu wvq ùu" wìuqjg
fkdhd f;dr;=re úúO ;dCIK l%ufõohka Tiafia ,nd
.; yels ùu wdosh m%Yakdj,s l%ufha jdis fõ' mÍCIs;hd
ms<sn`oj f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu iSudiys; ùu" wi;H lreKq
ms<s;=re jYfhka ,eîfï iïNdú;dj jeä ùu" idCIr;dj
wvq msßilg bosßm;a lsÍfï wmyiqj" mqoa.,hdf.a ie`.jqKq
,CIK fuu l%ufha oS bosßm;a fkd ùu" ieug .e<fmk
whqßka ilia lsÍfï wmyiqj hkdosh wjdis iy.; ;;aFjhka
h'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 105
iïuqL mÍCIKh - iïuqL mÍCIKh iudÔh úoHdfõ
Ndú; jk ksÍCIK l%uhls' fuh m%Yakdj,s l%uhg imqrd
fjkia h' jdÑlj m%Yak bosßm;a fldg jdÑlju ms<s;=re
,nd .ekSu isÿ fõ' mÍCIs;hd yd mÍCIlhd uqyqKg
uqyqK ,d isg isÿ fjhs' iudc mÍCIlfhda fndfyda fihska
fuu l%uh fhdod .ks;s' fuu l%uh Ndú; lsÍfï oS wjYH
o;a; fudkjdo" weiSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%Yak rgdj"
wd;aóh ,CIK fkd n,mdk whqßka mÍCIKh fufyh ùu
flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu wjYH h' fuu mÍCIK l%ufha
oS mÍCIKh id¾:l lr .ekSug mÍCIlhd mÍCIs;hdg
f,ka.;=j iqyoYS,sj idlÉPdjg iïnkaO lr .ekSu" wjYH
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu b,lal lr .ekSu iy mÍCIs;hdg
WÑ; whqßka mÍCIKh fufyh ùu fya;= fõ' ;j o l,a
;shd ie,iqï fldg.;a l%udkQl+, m%Yak ud,djla weiqrska
mj;ajk idlÉPd úêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd fõ' úfYaIfhka
fuu l%uh rdcH fiajhg mqo.,hka n`ojd .ekSfï oS Ndú;
lrkq oelsh yels h' mqoa., .;s,CIK wkqj wjia:djg WÑ;
jk whqrska m%Yak bosßm;a lrñka isÿ lrkq ,nk mÍCIKh
wúêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd l%uh fõ'
iïuqL mÍCIK l%ufhys jdis
• mÍCIl yd mÍCIs;hd uqyqKg uqyqK yuq jk neúka
tlsfkld kuHYS,sj oek y`ÿkdf.k mÍCIKh
id¾:l lr.ekSug yels ùu'
• wik m%Yakhg ,efnk ms<s;=r jvd meyeos,s lr .;
yels ùu'
• mÍCIs;hdf.a woyia" wdl,am yd yelshdjka ms<sn`oj
o jegySula ,nd .; yels ùu'
• wi;H f;dr;=re ,nd oSfï iïNdú;dj my< uÜgul
mej;Su'
106 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
iïuqL mÍCIK l%ufhys wjdis
• wd;aóh ,CIK m¾fhaIKhg n, mE yels ùu'
• jeä ld,hla fukau Okhla o úhoï lsÍug isÿ ùu'
• m¾fhaIlhka ukd mqyqKqjlska hqla; úh hq;= ùu'
• úYd, msßilf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu wmyiq ùu
ksÍCIKh - idOl md,khlska f;drj lrkqq ,nkakd jQ
mÍCIKh ksÍCIKh f,i ye`oskafõ' fuh m%Odk f,i
Rcq ksÍCIKh yd jl% ksÍCIKh hk fldgia fol hgf;a
bÈßm;a fõ' wei" lk" kdih" osj" YÍrh hk mxp bkaøhka
muKla Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka Rcq ksÍCIKh isÿ lrhs' jl%
ksÍCIKh hkq mxp bkaøshkag f.dapr fkdjk hï hï
foa mxp bkaøshkag f.dÿre lr.ekSu i`oyd úúO WmlrK
fhdod .ksñka isÿ lrkq ,nk ksÍCIK l%uh hs' Rcq
ksÍCIKh i`oyd WodyrKhla jYfhka zzl=vd orejkaf.a
p¾hd ksÍCIKh lsÍuZZ oelaúh yels h' tfukau jl%
ksÍCIKh i`oyd WodyrKhla jYfhka kQ;kfha fndfyda
fihska Ndú; jk CCTV leurd Ndú; lrñka isÿ lrk
mÍCIK fmkajd osh yels h'
f,ALk yeoErSu - fuu l%uh o iudÔh úoHdjkays Ndú; jk
jeo.;a l%uhls' úfYaIfhka ft;sydisl mÍCIK j,oS fuu
l%uh nyq,j Ndú; fõ' fuys oS ,sms" f,aLk" jd¾;d wdosh
yeoEÍu isÿ fõ' fuu l%ufha oS Ndú; lrk f,aLk mqoa.,
f,aLk" ks, f,aLk iy Ys,d f,aLk f,i úúO h' mqqoa.,
f,aLk hkq ta ta mqoa.,hka ta ta ld,hkays iemhQ jd¾;d fõ'
mdyshx jd¾;d" yHq;aiex jd¾;d fukau uydjxYh" oSmjxYh"
ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh wdosh fï hg;g .; yelsh' ks, f,aLk
hk j¾.hg kvq jd¾;d" fmd,sia jd¾;d" yekaidâ jd¾;d
wdosh wh;a fõ' ft;sydisl jeo.;a lula ;sfnk w;S;fha
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 107
f;dr;=re igyka l< geï ,sms" .sß ,sms" mqjre ,sms" f,ka ,sms
wdÈh Ys,d f,aLk .Khg wh;a fõ'
wka;rdf,dalkh - wka;rSCIKh f,i o fuh ye`Èkafõ'
wka;rdjf,dalk l%uh nyq,j Ndú; ufkda úoHd úIh
fCIa;%fha ;=< Ndú; h' jHqyjdoS .=rel=,h ufkdaúoHd
m¾fhaIKh i`oyd fuu l%uh y`ÿkajd ÿks' ;u ukfiys
we;=<dka;h ;ud úiskau mÍCId lr ne,Su fuu`.ska isÿ
fõ' fuys oS mÍCIs;hd yd mÍCIlhd tlu mqoa.,fhl= fõ'
fuys oS mqoa.,hdf.a wdNHka;ßlj we;s jk i;=g" fõokdj"
ffjrh" fldamh" fl%daOh wdos Ñ;a;fõ.hka ms<sn`o uek
ne,Sula isÿ fõ'
Ôjk woaoelSï l%uh - fuu l%uh iyNd.S ksÍCIK l%uh
iu`. iómj iïnkaO jqj o fuu l%uh Bg jvd fjkia
fõ' mÍCIlhd Rcqj wdod, mÍCIKhg iïnkaO ùu m%Odk
,CIKhls' fuu l%ufha § hïlsis .eg¨jla f;dardf.k
;u Ôjk woaoelSï wdY%fhka tu .eg¨j wOHhkh lrhs'
fuu l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï mqfrda.dñhd uydpd¾h kkaofiak
r;akmd, uy;d h' t;=uka úiska zzYS% ,xldfõ ys`.kakdZZ
hk m¾fhaIK .%ka:hla rpkd lrk ,oafoa fuu l%uh
u`.ska h' fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍfï oS úúO wmyiq;d
j,g uqyqK oSug isÿ fõ' fuu l%ufha oS fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h
úYd, jYfhka lem lsÍug isÿ fõ'
iudcúoHd {dkfha jdia;úl;ajh
iudcúoHd {dkfha jdia;úl nj hkqfjka woyia
lrkqfha iudc úoHd;aul wOHhkhka ;=<ska f.dv ke.=
tfukau i;H l< WmkHdYhka fldf;la ÿrg úYajikSh
o hkak h' iudÔh úoHdjka ;=< iudÔh úoHd úêl%u
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka f.dv k.d we;s ks.uk yd u;jdohka
iajNdúl úoHdjkag idfmaCIj jdia;úl;ajfhka wvq h'
jdia;úl Ndjh wvq ùug my; lreKq fya;= fõ'
108 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
o;a;hkaf.a wúksYaÑ; nj - iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK
u`.ska ,efnk o;a; wúksYaÑ; h' iudc úoHd;aul o;a;
iudc l%ufhka iudc l%uhg fjkia ùu Bg tla fya;=jls'
fndfyda úg tla iudc fldgilska ,nd .kakd o;a; fjk;a
iudc fldgilg wod< lsÍu wmyiq h' ksoiqkla jYfhka
YS% ,xldfõ újdyh ie<ls,a,g .;fyd;a thg wod, isß;a-
úß;a" kS;s iudc l%ufhka iudc l%uhg úúO h' Wvrg
m%foaYj, yd my; rg m%foaYj, újdyh iïnkaOj ie,lSfï
§ fuh meyeos,s h' tfukau uqia,sï ckhdf.a yd ls%ia;=
Nla;slhkaf.a újdyh iïnkaO isß;a-úß;a yd;amiskau
fjkia h'
iudc úoHd;aul o;a; b;d blaukska fjkia ùu fojeks
fya;=j hs' iudc l%uh m%jdyhls' th ksrka;r fjkia ùug
,lafjhs' tu fjkiaùu iu`. iudÔh úoHd o;a; o h,a mek
hhs' o;a; ia:djr fkdùug fuh m%n, n,mEuls' iajNdúl
úoHd o;a; fuka jdia;úl Ndjh iudÔh úoHd ;=< ke;'
o;a; iS>%fhka fjkia ùu fya;=j ksid l,amek .sh o;a;
;=<ska i;H lr .kakd WmkHdY h:d¾:fhka ÿriah' óg
oYl follg muK fmr ;snQ úYajúoHd, WmixialD;sh
ms<sn`o YsIH wdl,amh fjkia ùu ksoiqkls'
iudc úoHd;aul WmkHdi yd mÍCIK flfrys wd;aóh
,CIKhkaf.a n,mEu - iudÔh úoHd;aul {dkfha jdia;úl
nj wvq ùug m%Odk fya;=jls' hï iudc úoHd{fhla YS%
,xldfõ újdy .eg¨ ms<sn`o m¾fhaIKhla lrkafka hehs
Wml,amkh lruq' Tyqf.a mjq,a miqìfï .eg¨ wêl kï
ta i`oyd Tyq is;k wdldrhg wkqj ìß`of.a jeros fndfyda
fihska n,mdkafka kï tu wd;aóh iajNdjh m¾fhaIKhg
wêl n,mEula isÿ lrhs' fndfyda úg ;u m¾fhaIKfha
ks.ukh o ta yd iu ùfï yelshdjla we;'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 109
jia;= úIfha iajNdjh - iudÔh úoHdkaf.a jia;= úIh ñksia
yeisÍï h' ñksid úúO fya;= idOl u; úúO wdldrfhka
p¾hdjka olajhs' ñksia p¾hdjkaf.a talrEm;djla oelsh
fkd yels h' iudch hk ixl,amh o fjkia jk m%mxphls'
fï wkqj jia;= úIfha fuu iajNdjh o iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a
jdia;úl Ndjhg fya;= fõ'
iudÔh úoHdjkays oS iudch tallhla jYfhka
.; hq;= o ke;fyd;a iuQyhla jYfhka hq;= o hk .eg¨j
we;' iuqyhla jYfhka f.k wOHhkh lsÍfï oS tla
tla mqoa.,hdf.a ,CIK u`. yefrhs' tallhla jYfhka
.;fyd;a fmdÿ ,CIK u`. yefrhs' ;jo tall jYfhka
f.k meñfKk ks.uk iuQyhlg wdfoaY lsÍfï oS
iuqydNdIh o iuQy jYfhka f.k meñfKk ks.uk
tla tla mqoa.,hdg wdfoaY lsÍfï .eg¨ o we;' iudÔh
úoHdjkays iïmÍCIK l%u Ndú; lsÍfï wmyiqj o idudcSh
úoHd {dkfha jdia;úl nj wvq ùug fya;= ù we;'
iudÔh úoHdjka uqyqK fok ;j;a .eg¨jla f,i
/ia lr.kakd jQ o;a; yd WmkHdY w;r oeä iïnkaOhla
f.dv ke`.Sfï wmyiqj y`ÿkd.; yels h' iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a
WmkHdY mq¿,aùu ksid fuu ;;aFjh we;s fõ' zlsishï
NdKavhl ñ, jeäjk úg b,a¨u wvq fõZ hkq wd¾Ól
úoHdfõ i;H l< uQ,sl WmkHdYhls' tfy;a fuh úfgl
fjkia fõ' iEu mqo.,fhlau ñ, jeä NdKav wvqfjka .kS
Wml,amkh l< fkd yels h'
c¾uka cd;sl iudc úoHd{fhl= jk uelaia fõN¾
zziudcfha isoaëka ms<sn`oj ta isoaëka ;=< isáñka jgyd .ekSu
ñi iajNdúl úoHdj, fuka thska ndysrj idudkHlrK
f.dv ke`.Su fkd l< hq;= hs'ZZ hehs olajhs'
110 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a m%fhdack
ñksidg úoHdj úYd, jYfhka ióm ù we;'
úoHdjka j¾. jYfhka f.k úuiqjfyd;a kï tla tla
úoHd j¾.hkaf.a Wmfhda.S;dj wvq jeä jYfhka we;s nj
meyeos,s ùug wjldY we;' tfy;a fmdÿfõ ish¨ úoHdjka
ñksidg Wmfhda.S jk nj wújdos; h' tla úoHdjl mej;au
i`oyd fjk;a úoHdjkaf.a {dkh wjYHùu úoHdjkaf.a
m%jK;djls' fuh iudÔh úoHjka ;=< úfYaIfhka oelsh
yelsh' Y=oaO úoHdjkaf.a Wmldrh iudÔh úoHd i`oyd
nyq, jYfhka fhdod .kakd nj o fmfka' fuys oS iudÔh
úoHjkaf.a m%fhdack lsysmhla lreKq jYfhka olaùu
m%udKj;a h'
♦ idudcSh ixisoaëka ms<sn`o mQ¾K wjfndaOhla we;s
lr .ekSug yels ùu' iudcfha wd¾Ól jYfhka
foaYmd,ksl jYfhka iudcuh jYfhka N+f.da,Sh
jYfhka isÿ jk isoaëka ms<sn`o mq¿,a wjfndaOhla
iudÔh úoHdjka yeoÍu ;=<ska ,nd .; yels ùu
bka lsh fõ'
♦ iudcfha h:d¾:h ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla we;s lr
.ksñka th yeoEßh yels ùu' tkï iudÔh
ú[a[dKhla we;s lr .; yels ùu' ljqo jeros
fkdj l=ula o jeros hk ;;aFjhg úuiSfï úpdr
Yla;sh j¾Okh lr .; yels h'
♦ iudc úoH;aul kHdhka iudcfha wdpdr O¾u
u; mokï jk neúka tu wdpdr O¾u ms<sn`o
oekqula ,nd .; yels ùu' WodyrKhla jYfhka
foaYmd,k kHdhka f.dv ke`.S we;af;a rgl wdpdr
O¾udkql+,j hs'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 111
♦ iudÔh úoHdjka yeoEÍfuka jHjydßl úoHd;aul
oekqula ,nd .; yels h' rgl rdcH ;ka;%hla f.dv
ke`.Sfï oS tfukau rgl wd¾Ól l%uhla ie,iqï
lsÍfï oS tfukau úfoaY m%;sm;a;s wdosh ilia
lsÍfï oS úúO iudÔh úoHd kHdhka fhdod .kS'
tys oS jHjydßl {dkh wka;¾.; jk neúka tu
wjfndaOh ,nd .; yels h'
♦ iudÔh úoHd ñksid yd Tyqf.a ish¨ yeisÍï
me;slvhka ms<sn`o úoHd;aul wdldrfhka yodrK
neúka mqoa.,hdg iudch ms<sn`o me;sreKq oekqula
,nd .; yels h'
♦ iudÔh úoHd yeoEÍfuka Y=oO a úoHd;aul oekqula ,nd
.; yels hs' tkï foaYmd,k úoHdfõ kHdhd;aul
me;slv tu úIfha Y=oO a úoHd;aul oekqu fõ'
tfukau wd¾Ól úoHdfõ wdos wfkl=;a úIhhka j,
o ta wdldr jQ Y=oO
a úoHd;aul oekqula we;'
ks.ukh
ñksid /ia lr.;a {dkfha m%Odk wxYhla jk
iudÔh úoHd {dkh idudcSh úoHdjkag Wmhqla; l%u u`.ska
/ia fõ' iudÔh úoHd {dkh kQ;kfha Y=oaO úoHd {dkh
fia u ñksidg iómj mj;S' iudÔh úoHd {dkfha ÿ¾j,;d
olajd we;eïyq úfõpkh lr;s' tfy;a iudÔh úoHd {dkh
ms<sn`o iudÔh úoHd;aul iajNdjfhka úpdrh lrkafka kï
tys ÿ¾j,;d wju h' iudÔh úoHd {dkh iajNdúl úoHd
{dkh iu`. iioñka iajNdúl úoHd {dkfha iajrEmh
iudÔh úoHd ;=<ska wfmaCId lrk úg úfõpk u;= fõ'
iudÔh úoHdjka úIh lr.kakd iudch iy udkj p¾hdj
ms<sn`o ±lafuka iy iudÔh úoHd w¾:fhka i,lk úg
iudcúoHd {dkh m%Yia:h'
112 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 113

wdka;sl igyka
1 tosßisxy" ohd" l=,fiak úodk.uf.a" {dkodi fmf¾rd" úoHd;aul
l%u ú.%yh" l¾;D m%ldYk" 1996" ms'10'
2 m,a,shwdrÉÑ" uyskao" úoHd;aul l%uh^m<uq jk flgi&" l¾;D
m%ldYk" 1991"ms'01'
3 Pocket Oxford English Dictionary(Tenth Edition)" Catherine
Soanes, Sara Hawker and Julia Elliott(Ed)" p.811'
udkisl ixj¾Okh iy nqÿoyu
4 tosßisxy" ohd" l=,fiak úodk.uf.a" {dkodi fmf¾rd" úoHd;aul
l%u ú.%yh" ms'09' m%fõYh
5 m,a,shwdrÉÑ" uyskao" úoHd;aul l%uh ^m<uq jk flgi&" ms'02'
úYajfha ish¨ u i;a;ajhska w;ßka Wiia Ñka;k
6 tosßisxy" ohd" l=,fiak úodk.uf.a" {dkodi fmf¾rd" úoHd;aul
YlH;djla we;s W;a;Í;r i;a;ajhd ñksid h' f,dalfha
l%u ú.%yh" ms'10'
hym; - whym; ;SrKh ùfuys ,d fya;= jk fulS Ñka;k
7 m,a,shwdrÉÑ"uyskao" úoHd;aul l%uh ^m<uq jk flgi&" ms'01'
YlH;dj ixj¾Okh lsÍug yels ùu iqúfYaI;ajhls' ñksia
8 Pocket Oxford English Dictionary" p.811. uki ms<sn`o .fõYkh fmrdZmr foos.g u wh;a h' fmros.
9 tosßisxy" ohd" l=,fiak úodk.uf.a" {dkodi fmf¾rd" úoHd;aul o¾Ykfha th" ffjosl hq.hg;a fmr hq.h ksfhdackh
l%u ú.%yh" ms'47' lrhs' fmros. o¾Ykfhys nqÿ oyu zukiZ m%uqL;ajfha ,d
10 m,syjvk"lekSIshia" úoHd;aul l%uh" l¾;D m%ldYk" 1997" ms'61' i,ld ;sfnk w;r we;uqka lh m%uql;ajfha ,d i,ld we;'
11 -tysu-" ms'55' j¾;udkfha uki ms<sn`o yd tys ixj¾Okh ms<sn`o úh;ayQ
12 m,a,shwdrÉÑ" uyskao" úoHd;aul l%uh^m<uq jk flgi&" ms'15' fmros. wmros. fnoSulska f;drj wOHhkh lr;s' uki
wfN!;sl neúka ta ms<sn`o wOHkh ixlS¾K neõ ms<s.;
13 m,syjvk" lekSIshia" úoHd;aul l%uh" l¾;D m%ldYk" 1997" ms'59'
hq;= lrefKls' uki ms<sn`o wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu" uki
14 tosrsisxy" ohd" úoHd;aul {dkh" j;aud m%ldYlfhda" foysj," 2007" ixj¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeos,s lsÍu yd ta i`oyd
ms'11'
nqÿoyfuys foaYs; ms<sfj; flfrys wjOdkh fhduq-lsÍu
15 m,syjvk" lekSIshia" úoHd;aul l%uh" l¾;D m%ldYk" 1997" ms'55'
fuys È wfmaËs; h'
16 tosßisxy" ohd" 2001" úoHd;aul {dkh" ms'19'
17 m,syjvk" lekSIshia" úoHd;aul l%uh" l¾;D m%ldYk" 1997" ms'90' uki hkq l=ula o@
zukiZ" zufkdaZ hkafkys" wre;a úuik
1
fldaIdpd¾hjre is;" Ñ;a;h" uki hk w¾: tys we;ehs
mji;s' isxy, fldaI .%ka:hkays uki" uka" uk# hk mo
olajd we;'2 iqux., Yío fldaIfhys zukaZ is; f,i o
114 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
zukia Z Ñ;a;h f,i o i`oyka lrhs' zukZ hk moh mQ¾jdx.
lr .ksñka W;amdo jk jHjydr lsysmhla o tys ±lafõ'
uklr ^fufkys lsÍu&" ukl=uqÿ ^is; keu;s l=uqÿ&" uk
fod,a ^uki keu;s fod,&" uk ko ^is; mskjk& hkdosh
ksoiqka lsysmhla h'3
nqÿ iuh zukiZ hkakg m%Odk; u ia:dkhla ,nd
fohs' úYajfha fuf;la my< jQ wd.ï yd o¾Yk w;ßka
nqÿ oyug iqúfYaI;ajhla ysñjkafka o tneúks' nqÿ oyfï
b.ekafjk mru i;HdjfndaOh ^ks¾jdKh& udkisl
ixj¾Okfha WÉp; u wjia:dj ùu thg fya;=j hs' tfyhska
nqÿ iufhys ixj¾OkSh iEu wjia:djl u ukig m%Odk
;ekla ysñ ù ;sfí' tfia u nqÿ iuhg wkqj i;a;ajhd
ixidrfhys ießirkqfha ukig wh;a jQ wúoHdj" ;Kaydj
wdÈ O¾u;d ksid h'4
uki hkakg md,s NdIdfõ fhfok iudkd¾:
fok jpk lsysmhls' tkï Ñ;a;" ufkda" ú[a[dK" yoh
wdÈ mohka h' óg wu;r j udki" mKavr" ukdh;k"
ukSJøsh hk jpk o fhfoa'5 mis`ÿrkag f.d`ÿre jk wruqKq
uekSfuka y`ÿkd-.efkk foh ufkda hkafkka oelafjk
w;r is; u yoh kñka olajd we;' tfy;a zÑ;a;x jd f;
Åmsiaidñ" yohx jd Mdf,iaidñZ6 hk ;ek zzis;ZZ yd zzyohZZ
iudkd¾:fhka fhoS ke;'zyohd yohx u[af[a w[a[dh
;ÉP;sZ7 hkqfjka zyohZ hkak zÑ;a;Z hkakg iudk j
fhdod we;' wruqKq oek .ekSfï w¾:fhka ú[a[dK hkak
fhfoa' uq,a nqÿ iufha os Ñ;a;" ufkda" ú[a[dK hk mohka
iudkd¾:fhka fhoS we;s nj ÿ;sh wiaiq;jka;= iq;%fhka
meyeos,s fõ'
zzuyfKks" fï hula is; hhs ÿ" uki hhs ÿ" ú{dk
hhs ÿ lshkq ,efí o" tys kQ.;a mqyqÿka f;fï" l,lsfrkakg
fkd iu;a h' fkd wef,kakg wiu;a h'ZZ8
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 115
tfy;a we;eï ;efklays úfYaI w¾:hkaf.ka o fhoS we;'
nqÿ oyfï m[apialkaO úNd.fha È ufkda yd ú[a[dK w¾:
follska fhoS ;sfí' tys plaLq ú[a[dK" fida; ú[a[dK"
>dK ú[a[dK" csõyd ú[a[dK" ldh ú[a[dK hkqfjka
fhfoa'9 fuys Ñ;a; hkqfjka Ndú; ù fkdue;' tys Ñ;a; yd
ú[a[dK tl u wre;ska fhoS ke;s nj meyeos,s h'
Ñ;a;h yd tys iajNdjh
nqÿoyug wkqj ukig ;rï wka lsisjlg m%uqL;ajhla
fkd ,efí' ffp;isl O¾ufhda is; fmrgq fldg we;s
nj;a is; fY%aIaG fldg we;s nj;a is;ska u Wmokd nj;a
ú.%y fõ'10 foaj;d ixhq;a;fha i`oyka jk zzf,dj l=ulska
muqKjk ,efí o" l=ulska wokd ,efí o@ ish,af,da u lskï
tla oyulays jhig .shdyq o@ ZZ11 hkqfjka foúhka ke`.+
mekhg nqÿrcdKka jykfiaf.a ms<s;=re jQfha zzis;ska f,dj
muqKqjkq ,efí' is;ska wokd ,efí' ish,af,da u is; keue;s
fï tl u oyïyqf.a jhig .shdyq h'ZZ12 f,dj mj;akd ish¨
u O¾uhkag jvd is; keue;s m%mxph O¾ufhys m%uqL;ajfha
,d i,lhs'
Ñ;a; ffp;isl w;r ióm iïnkaOhla
we;'zfp;kdyx NslaLfj lïux jodñZ1 hk l¾u ú.%y
jdlHhg wkqj nqÿ oyu l¾uh f,i ú.%y lrkqfha fÉ;kdj
hs' is; ffp;islhkaf.ka jglr.;a ffp;islhka ksid u
mj;sk ffp;islhkaf.a .;s,laIK orkakd jq tallhls'
Ñ;a; yd ffp;isl hk O¾uoajhg u fmdÿ jq ,ËK;%hls'
tkï tlg bmoSu" tlg ke;s ù hdu" tlu wruqKla .ekSu
hk ,ËK;%h hs'
nqÿ oyfï b.ekafjk wks;H ,ËKhg wkqj
cSù-wcSù iEu ixialdrhla u wks;H ,ËKhg hg;a h'13
tkï iEu ixialdrhla u ksrka;rfhka fjkig Ndckh
116 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
fõ'zukiZ o ixialdrhls' fuhska meyeos,s jkafka uki hkq
we;s fjñka yd ksreoaO fjñka we;s m%mxphla nj h' nqÿ
rcdKka jykafia is; ;rï fõ.fhka fjkia jk wka hula
ke;s neõ foaYkd lr;s' th fld;rï fõ.fhka fjkia
jkafka o oelaùug WodyrKhla mjd oelaùu wmyiq fõ'14
isf;ys iajNdjh hï ;rulska fyda oek .ekSug Oïumo
md<sfhys Ñ;a; j¾.h Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' —uÜgq
lr .kakg fkdyels jyd bmso jyd ìf`ok iq¨ jq leu;s
wruqKla .kakd iq¨ jQ is; oukh hym;a h' tfia oukh
lrk is; iem f.k fokafka h'˜15 fuu`.ska wmg meñKsh
yels ks.ukh jkqfha is; bJøshhka u`.ska .%yKh l< fkd
yels tys iajNdjh yev ;, wkqj m%ldY l< fkd yels
nj h'
udkisl ixj¾Okfhys Wmfhda.S;dj
is; fyj;a uki iajNdjfhka u m%NdIajrh' to
jkdys wd.ka;=l j Wmokd rd.dÈ Wmlaf,aYhkaf.ka ls<sá
fjhs'16 fuys m%NdIajr hkafkka zmú;%;djZ lshe fõ' laf,aY
hkq is; wmú;% lrk ufkda O¾u iuqodhls' wmú;% is;
mqoa.,hd wl=i,a flfrys ne`o ;nhs' is;g wd.ka;=l j
meñfKk laf,aY zWmlaf,aYZ jk w;r mqoa., iajNdjfhka
u is; ;=< mj;sk laf,aY zwkqihZ kñka ye`Èkafõ'
uki ls,sá lrk mxp kSjrK" Ñ;af;damlaf,aY" oY
udr fiakd" oY ixfhdack wdÈ tallhka O¾ufha ú.%y ù
we;' tu ufkda O¾u ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu fuys oS
jeo.;a h'
kSjrK hkqfjka ye`oskafjk O¾u myla O¾ufha
m[apkSjrK jYfhka ye`oskafõ' kSjrKh hk mofha
jeiSu" wdjrKh hk w¾:hka we;' fuu O¾uhkaf.ka
l=i,a is; wdjrKh ùu lduÉPkao" jHdmdo" ÒkñoaOh"
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 117
WoaOÉp l=lal=Ép" úÑlsÉpd hk m[apkSjrKhkaf.ka
isÿ fõ' kSjrK n,mj;ajk mqoa.,hdf.a is; l=i,a oyïys
fkd we,Su iajNdjh hs' th WodyrKhlska meyeos,s lrk
nqÿrÿka fmfkarhla ^Colander& n`ÿ hehs foaYkd fldg we;'
fmfkarhlska c,h rojd .kakg fkd yels fia kSjrK
O¾u j,ska jevqKq is;ska o l=i, O¾u .s,syS hhs' kSjrK
iQ;% ú.%yhg wkqj" fuu m[apkSjrKhka is; wjqrdf.k
is; Tndf.k úo¾Ykd m%{dj ÿ¾j, lrk O¾uhka h'17
kSjrK hgm;a fkd fldg f,!lsl OHdkhl==ÿ ,nd .ekSug
fkd yels h' fuu`.ska meyeos,s jkqfha" flf,iqka w;ßka
kSjrK úfYaI jk njls' mxp kSjrK ms<sn`o wx.=;a;r
ksldfha kSjrKm%ydK j¾.fha i`oyka fõ' lduÉpkaoh
hkq mis`ÿrka mskùug we;s oeä wdYdj jk w;r oafõYh
ksid is; fldam ùu jHdmdo kï fõ' isf;a yd lfha we;s
jk w,i nj l=iS; nj ÒkñoaO kñka yeoskafõ' WoaOÉp
l=lal=Ép hkq isf;ys we;s fkdikaiqka;djh hs' isf;a
mj;akd ielh úÑlsÉPd kï fõ' m[apkSjrKhkaf.ka
ñÿKq NslaIqjf.a is; Khlska ñÿKq wfhl= fia mS%;shg
meñfKk nj idu[a[M, iQ;%fha i`oyka fõ'18
is; ls,sá lrk O¾u tallhla f,i Ñ;af;damlaf,aY
y`ÿkd .; yels h' isf;ys iajNdjh jkafka ksrka;rfhka
u ndysr wruqKq j,g fhduq ùu hs' tys iajNdjh rEm"
Yío" .JO" ri" iam¾Y hk mxp lduhkays we,Su hs' is;
ndysr wruqKq iu`. .efgk wdldrh uÊCêu ksldfha
uOqmsKaäl iQ;%fha i`oyka fõ'19 zzpCLq[ap máÉp rEfm
p WmamÊc;s pCLqú[a[dKxZZ wdOHd;aul wdh;kh jk
wei ndysr wdh;kh ^weig wod,& jk rEm iu`. .efÜ'
tu`.ska rEmh ms<sn`o oekqula ^ú[a[dKh& we;s fõ' zz;sKaKx
ix.;s MiafidZZ wei" rEm yd ú[a[dK hk ;=k ksid is;
wruqKq iu`. ls%hd lrhs' zzMiai mÉphd fjokdZZ mxpbkaøsh
mxpdrïuK iaM¾Yh fya;= fldg f.k iqL yd ÿCL jYfhka
118 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
úkaokh lrhs' zzhx fõfo;s ;x ixcdkd;sZZ ;uka úos úkaokh
mdol lrf.k ixl,aam f.dv k`.d .kS' zzhx ixcdkd;s
;x ú;lafl;sZZ tu ye`oskSu ksid ú;¾lh my< fõ' zzhx
ú;lafl;s ;x ixcdkd;sZZ ú;¾l u`.ska ;¾l my< fõ'
fufia w;S;dkd.; j¾;udk ish¨ plaIqrNs[a[dK rEm
O¾uhka ms<sn`oj is;=ú,s f.dvk`.d .kshs' fï wdldrhg
úIh f,dalh ms<sn`o bJøsh [dKh ;=<ska ukfia m%mxp
f.dvk`.d .kS' m%mxphkaf.ka jeiqKq is; úIh f,dalfha
jia;+kaf.a h:diajNdjh fkd olshs' fuu m%mxphka f.dv
ke`.Su hkq is; ls,sá ùu hs' ndyssr wruqKqj, we,Su fyj;a
Wmdodkh ksid is; fl,fihs' tfia is; fl,ik jeros
is;=ú,s Ñ;af;damlaf,aY kï fõ'
Ñ;af;damlaf,aY ms<sn`o jF:Qmu iQ;% ú.%yfha
È" nqÿrcdKka jykafia jia;%hla Wmud lr-.ksñka
Ñ;af;damlaf,aY meyeos,s lrhs' wmsßÿ jia;%h ls,sá jQ is;g
o msßisÿ jia;%h msßisÿ is;g o Wmud lrñka ls,sá jQ is;
ÿ.;shg fya;= jk nj olajk w;r msßisÿ is; iq.;shg
fya;= jk nj olajhs' Ñ;af;damlaf,aY ljf¾ o hkak jF:Qu
iQ;%h ;=< meyeos,s lrkqfõ u;= wdldrhg h'
zzl;fu p NsCLfj Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,id
wNsÊCOdúiu f,dfNd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid' jHdmdfÞ
Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid' fldfOd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid'
Wmkdfyd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalfs ,fid'ufCLd Ñ;a;iai
Wmlalfs ,fid'm<dfid Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid'biaid Ñ;a;iai
Wmlalfs ,fid' uÉPßh Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid' idfGhHx
Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid' :ïfNd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid'
idrïfNd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf
s ,fid'udfkd Ñ;a;iai
Wmlalfs ,fid' w;sudfkd Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid' ufÞ
Ñ;a;iai Wmlalf s ,fid' mudfÞ Ñ;a;iai Wmlalsf,fid'ZZ20
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 119
Ñ;af;daamlaf,aY hkq is; flf,ik jeros is;=ú,s h'
wNsOHd ^;u jia;=jg we;s wdYdj&" úIu f,daNh ^wkqkaf.a
jia;=jg we;s wdYdj&" fl%daOh ^lsmSu&" Wmkdyh ^noaO
ffjrh& ulaLh ^.=Kul= nj&" m<dih ^hq..%dyh& B¾IHdj"
uiqre nj" udhdj" lmá nj" :ïNh^;o nj&" idrïNh ^tlg
tl lsÍu& udkh" w;sudkh" uoh" m%udoh is; fl,ik
O¾u f,i olajd we;'
udkisl ixj¾Okh
ñksia is; iajNdjfhka msßisÿ jqj o wd.ka;=l
j meñfKk laf,aYhkaf.ka is; wmsßisÿ fõ' udkisl
ixj¾Okh hkq Ñ;a; mdßY=oO;ajh hs' nqÿ oyfï laf,aY
ke;fyd;a wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu i`oyd l%u lsysmhla uÊCêu
ksldfha iíndij iQ;%fha oelafõ'
zzuyfKks" fidajdka u`. kqjKska my l< hq;= wdi%j
we;' iauD;sixLHd; ixjrfhka my l< hq;= wdi%j we;'
{dk ixjrixLHd; m%;HfõCIdm%;sfiajkdfhka my l< hq;=
wdi%j we;' CIdka;s ixjr ixLHd; wêjdikdfhka my l<
hq;= wdi%j we;' YS,ixjrixLHd; mßj¾ckfhka my l<
hq;= wdi%j we;' ùhH_ ixLHd; úfkdokfhka my l< hq;=
wdY%j we;' Wmßud¾.;%h yd iïm%hqla; fndOHx.hkaf.a
Ndjkdfjka my l< hq;= wdi%j we;'ZZ21
WoaOD; mdG ú.%yg wkqj wdY%jhka ÿre l< hq;= l%u
lsysmhla wkdjrKh lr-.; yels h'
• fidajdka u`.ska wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu'
• iauD;s ixLHd; ixjrh u`.ska wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu'
• m%;HfõCIdj u`.ska wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu'
• isf;ys ;nd fkd .ekSfuka wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu'
120 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
• neyer lsÍfuka wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu'
• úfkdaokfhka fyj;a fodaI ie,lSu iys; ù¾hfhka
wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu'
• Ndjkdfjka wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu'
fuys fidajdka u`. kqjKska wdY%jhka ÿre l< hq;=
nj i`oyka fõ' nqÿ rcdKkajykafia iíndij iq;%h ;=<
oS th W.kaj;s' wY%e;j;a m%:.ackhd fufkys fkd l<
hq;= oE fufkys lrk w;r fufkys l< hq;= oE fufkys
fkd lrhs' hula fufkys lsÍfuka ldudY%j WmoS o jefâ
o NjdY%h WmoS o jefâ o wúoHdj WmoS o jefâ o" tjeks
oE fufkys fkdl< hq;= nj nqÿ rcdKkajykafia fmkajd
§ we;' tfia lsÍfuka wdY%jhka Wmos hs' tfuka u oDIaá.;
fjhs' túg oDIaá ixfhdack mD:.ackhd iir ÿlska fkd
ñfohs'22
Y%e;j;a m%;.ackhd fufkys l< hq;= foa fufkys
lrk w;r fufkys fkdl< hq;= foa fufkys fkd lrhs'
tfyhska Tyqf.a kQmka ldudY%j" NjdY%j" wúoHdj kqmosk
w;r Wmka ldudY%j" NjdY%j" wúoHdj m%ySk fjhs' Tyq
kqjKska p;=rd¾h i;H kqjKska fufkys lrhs' fufia
kqjKska fufkys lrk Tyqf.a ilaldh ÈÜÀ" úÑlsÉPd"
iS,ín;mrdudi hk ixfhdack m%ySk fjhs' fuh fidajdka
u`.ska wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu f,i nqÿrcdKkajykafia foaYkd
lrhs'23
iauD;s ixLHd; ixjrh u`.ska wdY%hka ÿre lsrSu
hkq wei" lk" kdih" osj" YÍrh hk mxp bJøshka ixjr
lr .ekSfuka wdY%jhka bmoSu kj;d,Su hs' tfiau
fuys os uki o bJøshla jYfhka i,ld th o ixjr lr
.; hq;= nj i`oyka fjhs' úfkdaokfhka fyj;a fodaI
ie,lSï iys; ù¾fhka lduú;¾lh" jHdmdoú;¾lh"
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 121
úysxidú;¾lh ÿre l< hq;= h' tfia ÿre fkd lrkakdg
laf,aYhka Wmoshs' Ndjkdfjka wdY%jhka ÿre lsÍu
hgf;a kqjKska i,ld i;siïfndÊCOx.h" Oïuúph
iïfndÊCOx.h" úßh iïfndÊCOx.h" mS;s iïfndÊCOx.h"
miaioaê iïfndÊCOx.h" iudê iïfndÊCOx.h" WfmCLd
iïfndÊCOx.h jvhs' fuu iïfndÊCOx. jvkakdg
laf,aYhka kQmosk nj i`oyka fõ'24
ldudY%h" NjdY%h" wúoHdj ÿre lsÍug l%ufõohla
ixhq;a; ksldfha wdij iQ;%h ;=< olakg ,efí' tys i`oyka
lrkqfha zz;sKaKx wdijdkx mydkdh p;a;dfrd i;smÜGdkd
Ndfj;índZZ25 hkqfjks' tkï ldudY%j NjdY%j wúoHdj
ÿrelsÍu i`oyd i;r i;smÜGdkh jeäh hq;= njhs' i;r
i;smÜGdkh hkq ldhdkqmiaikd ^lh wkqj isys lsÍu&"
fõokdkqmiaikd ^fõokdj wkqj isys lsÍu&" Ñ;a;dkqmiaikd
^is; wkqj isys lsÍu&" Oïudkqmiaikd ^O¾uh wkqj isys
lsÍu& hk O¾u lreKq y;rhs'
ukfiys yg .kakd jQ rd." oafõY" udk" m,s.ekSu
wdos laf,aYhka is;ska bj;a lr .; hq;= h' rd.d È laf,aYhka
is;ska ÿre lsÍu msKsi Wmldr jkafka úfYaIfhka u
Ndjkdj h' nqÿ oyfï W.kajk Ndjkd l%u folla we;'
I. iu: Ndjkd
II. úo¾Ykd Ndjkd
iu: Ndjkdj nqÿ iuh my< ùug fmr isg mej;
we;' ld, foaj," wd,drld,du jekakjqka iu: Ndjkdfjka
wNs{d ,enqfjda fj;s' iu: Ndjkdj m%.=K lsÍfuka rEmdjpr
wrEmdjpr Njhkag wh;a udkisl ;;aFjhkag is; meñKsh
yels h' m%:u OHdkh" ÿ;sh OHdkh" ;;sh OHdkh" p;=F:
OHdkh hk OHdk i;r rEmdjpr Njhg wh;a h' wrEmdjpr
Njhg wdldidk[apdh;kh" ú[a[dKp[apdh;kh"
122 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
wdls[ap[a[dh;kh" fkaji[a[dkdi[a[dh;kh wh;a
h' fuu iudm;a;s m%.=K jQ is; mxp wNs{djka flfrys
fhduq fjhs' mxp wNs{d hkq boaêúO" osínfida;" osínpCLq
mrÑ;a;úcdkk" mqífíksjdidkqiai;s hk wNs{d fõ' iu:
Ndjkdfjka hd yels ÿr o tmuK nj i`oyka fõ' fuu
iu: Ndjkdj ;=<ska isÿ jkafka mxp kSjrK hgm;a lsÍu
hs'
úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj ke;fyd;a m%{d Ndjkdj nqÿ
iuhg wdfõksl jQ Ndjkd l%uhls' fuu Ndjkd l%ufhka
mxp WmdodkialJOhka wks;H" ÿCL" wkd;au jYfhka oelSu
isÿ lrkq ,nhs' úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj ;=<ska i[a[dfõohs;
ksfrdaOhg iujeoSfï ilH;dj ysñ jk w;r wdijCLh kï
jQ wNs{djg iujeoSfï yelshdj o ,efí' i[a[dfõohs;
ksfrdaOh wIaG iudm;a;sfhka wk;=re j ,nk iudm;a;sh
f,i o wdijCLh wNs{dj mxp wNs{djkaf.ka wk;=re j
,nk M,h f,i o y`ÿkd.; yelsh'26
iudf,dapkh
f,dj Ôj;a jk i;aFjhka w;ßka W;a;Í;r i;aFjhd
ñksid h' ñksidg oshqKq l< yels Ñka;k yelshdjla we;'
nqÿ oyfï b.ekaùug wkqj iajNdjfhka msßisÿ jQ ñksia is;
laf,aYhkaf.ka ls,sá ù we;' is; ls,sá ùu uQ,sl ñksia
iajNdjh hs' ls,sá jQ is; msßisÿ lr .; hq;=h' is; msßisÿ
lsÍu ke;fyd;a m%NdIajr lr .ekSu hkq udkisl jYfhka
,nk ixj¾Okhls' ukqIHdf.a is; mxpdrïuK iu`.
ksrka;r .eàu fya;= fldg f.k laf,aYhkaf.ka wmsßisÿ
fõ' wmsßisÿ is; wk¾:h msKsi fya;= fõ' tksid mqoa.,hdf.a
fuf,dj mrf,dj oshqKqjg udkisl ixj¾Okh w;HjYH
fõ' nqÿ oyug wkqj udkisl ixj¾Okh l%udKql+,j l<
hq;a;ls' tys oS bJøsh ixjrh w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' nqÿ oyfï
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 123
b.ekafjk úuqla;sh ke;fyd;a zksjkZ udkisl ixj¾Okfha
WÉp;u wjia:dj fõ' úuqla;s.dó ud¾.h jQ l,S m%Odk
jYfhka u is; ls,sá lr mqoa.,hd iodld,sl wiykhg m;a
lrjk wl=i, ixfõokhkaf.ka uqojd udkisl ixj¾Okfha
l+gm%dma;sh jQ ksjk olajd wkqms<sfj<ska fufyh-ùu hs'
nqÿ oyfï úuqla;s.dó ud¾.h udkisl ixj¾Okfha ms<sfj;
fõ'
wdka;sl igyka
1 fn!oaO YíofldaIh II" ,shkf.a" isß" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'
2 uyd isxy, YíofldaIh" 2008"ixia' yßiapkaø úfÊ;=x." tï'ã"
.=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U-11"1313 ms'
3 Ys% iqux., YíofldaIh ^m%:u Nd.h&" ixia' ysñje,súáfha fidar;
ysñ" 694-695 ms'
4 ix'ks II" wNsiuh ixhq;A;h" nqoaO j¾.h" máÉpiuqmamdo iQ;%h"
nq'c';s%" 2006" 02 ms'
5 zzhx ;iañx iufh Ñ;a;x ufkd udkix yohx mKavrx ufkd
ukdh;kx ukSJøshx ú[a[dKx''''''''''ZZ wNsO¾u msglh"
Ñ;a;=mamdoldKavh" nq'c';s%" 2006" 28 ms'
6 Lq'ks' iq;a; ksmd;h" Wrj.a.h" wd<jl iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 56 ms'
7 u'ks I" uQ,mßhdj.af.da" wkx.K iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 72 ms'
8 zzhx p fLd t;x NslaLfj jqÉp;s Ñ;a;x b;sms ufkd b;sms ú[a[dKx
b;sms ;;%diaiq;jd mq:qÊcfkd kd,x ksíìkaos;=x kd,x úrÊcs;=x
kd,x úuqÉÑ;=xZZ ix'ks' II" ksodk j.a.h" wNsiuh ixhq;a;" nq'c';s%"
2006" 150 ms'
9 ix'ks' III" w;a;oSm j¾.h" LJO iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 84-87 ms'
10 zzufkda mqínx.ud Oïud-ufkda fiÜGd ufkdauhdZZ Lq'ks" Oïumo
md<s" hul j.a." nq'c';s%" 2006" 26 ms'
11 ix'ks'1" foaj;d ixhq;a;h" wkajj.af.d" Ñ;a; iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006"
72 ms'
124 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 125

12 zzÑ;af;k kSh;s f,dfld Ñ;af;k mßliai;s - Ñ;a;iai tlOïuiai

iífíj jiukaj.+;sZZ tu'
13 zziífí ixLdrd wksÉpd;sZZ
14 zz'''''''''''hdp[aÑox NsCLfj Wmudms k iQlrd hdj ,yqmßj;a;x
Ñ;a;ka;sZZ wx'ksI"tll ksmd;h"iQl j¾.h" nq'c';s%"2006"18 ms'
15 zzÿkaks.a.yiai ,yqfkd h;a:lduksmd;sfkd - Ñ;a;iai ouf:d Buddhist and Freudian Analysis
idOq Ñ;a;x oka;x iqLdjyxZZ Lq'ks" Oïumo md<s"Ñ;a; j.a." nq'c';s%"
2006" 34 ms' on Dreams
16 zzmNiairñox NslaLfõ Ñ;a;x ;[ap fLd wd.ka;=flys
Wmlalsf,fiys Wmlals,sÜGxZZ wx'ks" tall ksmd;h" mNiair
j.a.h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 20 ms'
Introduction
17 wx'ks" mxpl ksmd;h" kSjrK j¾.h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 100 ms' The sleep is need for all human beings and most
18 oS'ks 1" idu[a[M, iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006"100 ms' of other animals, because sleep is seclusion. On average,
19 u'ks" uQ,mKaKdilh" iSykdo j¾.h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 280 ms'
we spend about 30% of our lives asleep. It is common for
human beings, beast and also trees. Some of the sleeping
20 u'ks" uQ,mßhdh j¾.h" jF:Qmu iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 84-82 ms'
trees in environment can be seen. Even lifeless machine
21 zzwFÓ NsCLfj wdijd oiaikd my;índ' wFÓ wdijd ixjrd my;índ' need seclusion. When there is no enough sleeping that
wFÓ wdijd máfijkd my;índ' wFÓ wdijd wêjdikd my;índ'
wFÓ wdijd mßjÊckd my;índ' wFÓ wdijd úfkdokd my;índ'
brought by internal procedure in automatically. Seeing
wFÓ wdijd Ndjkd my;índ'ZZ u'ks" uQ,mßhdh j¾.h" iíndij dreams in sleep is common to both human beings and
iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 20 ms' animals. Attention on "What are the dreams?", "Why does
22 tu'" 21-22 ms' human dream?" and "Is there a connection between dreams
23 tu'" 24 ms' and events in phenomenon world" has been paid by both
Western and Eastern perspectives since a long period of
24 u'ks" uQ,mßhdh j¾.h" iíndij iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 26-28 msg'
time. The aim of this article is to convince the need for a
25 ix'ks' V" wu; j¾.h" wdij iQ;%h" nq'c';s%" 2006" 338 ms'
newer study on the Western and the Eastern analysis on
26 wßhúu, ysñ fldiaj;af;a" nqoaO O¾uh" iuhj¾Ok m%ldYk" Dreams. Conclusion was taken through descriptive and
ud,s`.dlkao mdr" fld<U-10" 1996" 363-365 msgq'
analytical method.

Buddhist perspective of the dream

Although attained Nibbana is a main objective
of the Buddhism, there has been mentioned about the
126 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
dreams. According to current social background should
have understood why Buddha has been preached about the
dreams. Could be thought the effect of dilution there was
a fall people to misconduct by ancestors. When figure out
Buddhist perspective on dreams, attention should be paid
on Buddhist canonical suttas, The Questions of Milinda,
Saddharmaratnakara and Jataka Stories.
According to the, Vammikasutta of the Majjhima
Nikāya, a god questions from the Buddha about an anthill
which burn on day and smoke in night. In this question like
a puzzle, the explanation of the Buddha is that anthill is our
human body, formed of matter, biological created, supported
by food, and subject to change, pain and death.1 When we
are overwhelmed by ignorance and uncertainly and carry
out our plans notions in the day of our lives in our daily
activities involving others. Here, the "Night" also represent
our latent tendencies (anusaya) and the "Day"our volitional
actions. According to this explanation, the performance of
the mind is clear.
Mahāsupinasutta has mentioned, about dreams saw
by Buddha.2 Buddha preached person who do not attained
four sublimes they dreamed according to that mentioned. In
order to it conclude that Buddha do not dreaming. Buddha
mentioned in Mahāsupinasuttaṃ his 5 dreamed and relation
between real world incidents. Such as,
I. The Himalaya was his pillow. His left hand
rested in the eastern sea, his right hand in the
western sea and both feet in the southern sea.
This first great dream appeared to let him know
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 127
that he would awaken to the unexcelled right self-
awakening.
II. A woody vine growing of his navel stood reaching
to the sky. This second great dream appeared to
let him know that he would awakened to the noble
eightfold path, he would proclaim it well as far as
there are human & celestial beings
III. White worms with black heads crawling up
from his feet covered him as far as his knees.
This third great dream appeared to let him know
that many white clothed householders would go for
lifelong refuge to the Tathagata.
IV. Four different colored birds coming up from the
four directions fell at his feet and turned entirely
white. This fourth great dream appeared to let him
know that people from the four casts Brahmans,
noble –warriors, merchants, and laborers having
gone forth from the home life into homelessness
in the Dhamma & vinaya taught by the Tathagata,
would realize unexcelled release.
V. Walking is not taking shit on a rock crap. This
fifth great dream appeared to let him know that
the Tathagata would receive gifts of robes, alms
food, lodgings, & medicinal requisites to cure the
sick, but he would use them unattached to them,
infatuated, guiltless, seeing the drew backs And
discerning the escape from them.
128 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
That statement clearly mentioned happening in the
future through dreams. But Buddhist perspective does not
emphasized dreams. It can be realize under extract.
“Yathā vā paneke bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā
saddhādeyyāni bhojanāni bhuñjitvā te
evarūpāya tiracchānavijjāya micchājīvena
jīvitaṃ kappenti, seyyathidaṃ – aṅgaṃ
nimittaṃ uppātaṃ supinaṃ lakkhaṇaṃ
mūsikacchinnaṃ aggihomaṃ dabbihomaṃ
thusahomaṃ kaṇahomaṃ taṇḍulahomaṃ
sappihomaṃ telahomaṃ mukhahomaṃ
lohitahomaṃ aṅgavijjā vatthuvijjā
khattavijjā sivavijjā bhūtavijjā bhūrivijjā
ahivijjā visavijjā vicchikavijjā mūsikavijjā
sakuṇavijjā vāyasavijjā pakkajjhānaṃ
saraparittāṇaṃ migacakkaṃ iti vā iti evarūpāya
tiracchānavijjāya micchājīvā paṭivirato samaṇo
gotamo'ti"3
"Whereas some ascetic and Brahmins, feeding on
the food of the faithful, make their living by such base
arts, such wrong means of livelihood as palmistry, diving
by signs, portents, dreams, body-marks, mouse-gnawing,
fire oblation, oblation from a ladle of husks, ice powder
…….the ascetic Gotama refrain from such conversation"
As one of the defects of the person to sleep well
without right conscious sin dreams are dreaming, it
analyzed Buddhism. As well as person who has empathy
sin dreams are invisible. But this means that the dreamer
has. In another words, Going to bed unmindfully affects to
see nightmares whereas going to sleep mindfully triggers
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 129
pleasant dreams.4 Everyone experiences dreams except for
someone who has eradicated all the defilements
According to Maha Swapna question in Milinda
question the motive is something that dream heart. Dreaming
are so many reasons.5
Saddharmarathnakaraya also had mentioned
dreams. First, the opportunity to analyze dreams is Person
who deep sleep he does not dreamer. As well as awaked
person who dreams do not see. Dreams appear in a nap.
Such dreams are fourfold as; Dhātuks̟ obha,
Anubhūtapūrva, Devatā Upasam̟hāra and Pūrvanimitta.
Dreams seen by the queen Mahamāya, Bodhisatva and
the sixteen dreams of king Kosala are considered to
be omens. Flying through tempered air, fire through
tempered anger, playing in the water through tempered
phlegm are Dhātuks̟ obha Dreams. Dreams seen through
actions done are Anubhūtapūrva Dreams. Dreams seen
through divine recapitulation are considered to be dreams
made by gods.
Dream is a volition that come in between level
of sleep. Bodhisatva has seen dreams too, and there is a
connection with the ultimate reality of the dreams seen
by Bodhisatva . Going to bed unmindfully affects to see
nightmares whereas going to sleep mindfully triggers
pleasant dreams. Everyone experiences dreams except for
someone who has eradicated all the defilements. However
Buddhism rejects the study on dreams as it is useless.
Dreams are experienced during one's monkey sleep time
period, which is experienced in between sleeping and not
sleeping
130 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
Freudian dream analysis
Sigmund Freud has studied dreams was considering
patients and his private experiences and published a book
Interpretation of Dreams in 1900. Although patients talked
their dreams, he hadn't attention that. Later mostly regarding
about analyze the dreams concerning the symbolic meanings
of there.6 In order to Freud still thought people why dreamer
falls, fly, fire, and death of lovers them. One day they went
on a trip and their small daughter called Anna had screamed
as strawberry. Even though she asks the strawberry didn't
take. So he thought this desire she had dream. His daughter
Matilda was an about 11 years old, also she had described
dream. That is she's favorite young boy. She uncomfortable
unseen however she couldn't saw. She was dreaming them
together.
Frauds point of view, "Dreams are the fulfill wishes".
Further Freud had mentioned children are not teaching from
society that cause wishes that they see the same dream that.
Freud's point of view dreams are related to things
in consequences. Its reveal contemporary our imaginations,
thoughts, emotions; memories are involve with dreams
variously. As Freud's explanation dreams also connecting
to preconscious
From Freudian point of view preconscious is a part in
neither memory nor memorizing. As well as cant memorize.
Its include experience, sexual instincts, emotions, most
probably unapproved, unachievable goals contained in
this. Unconsciousness gather in formations by repression
dreams are consequence of that.
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 131
Freud's point of view that the symptoms include of
dreams. Dreams are the royal road to the Unconscious7.
Accordingly, the subconscious mind is that we see the
dream. No other way to arrive at the subconscious mind
collectibles. There are two part of meaning of dreams.
They are Visible Meaning and Invisible Meaning. It is
said that as Manifest contest and latent content by Freud
In briefly, according to the Freudian analysis,
dreams are the fulfill wishes/ aspirations. So dreams are
directly the results of the desires which are long-cherished
in the preconscious and the unconscious. Children's dreams
and wishes are the similar nature since they have not
socially disciplined (super ego) whereas the adults' dreams
and wishes have symbolic nature due to the fact that they
are socially disciplined. The symbols of dreams have been
elaborated in the Freudian analysis.
Conclusion
The Buddhist idea on dreams seen as omens has
a connection with the Freudian idea of dreams which
says dreams are the results of desires. This is found in
Ummagga Jãtaka story and also it connects with the idea
of Anubhutapurva dreams, which suggest that dreams
are coming from the preconscious and the unconscious.
According to the Freudian explanation, what is in the
consciousness comes as dreams. This means that past
happenings are described in dreams. According to the
Buddhist concept, future incidents are foreseen through
dreams.
132 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 133

End Notes
1 ‘‘‘Vammiko'ti kho, bhikkhu, imassetaṃ cātumahābhūtikassa kāyassa
adhivacanaṃ, mātāpettikasambhavassa odanakummāsūpacayassa
aniccucchādana-parimaddanabhedana-viddhaṃsana-dhammassa.
‘‘Yaṃ kho, bhikkhu, divā kammante ārabbha rattiṃ anuvitakketi
anuvicāreti – ayaṃ rattiṃ dhūmāyanā. Yaṃ kho, bhikkhu, rattiṃ
anuvitakketvā anuvicāretvā divā kammante payojeti kāyena vācāya cd;l l;djkays wka;¾.; ufkdajHdê
‘manasā' ayaṃ divā pajjalanā.
ms<sn`o úuiqula
Majjhima Nikāya I, Vammikasuttaṃ,Buddha jayanthi tripitaka series,
Buddhist cultural centre,Andreson road,Dehiwala,2006,p.357.
2 ‘‘Tathāgatassa, bhikkhave, arahato sammāsambuddhassa pubbeva ye`Èkaùu
sambodhā anabhisambuddhassa bodhisattasseva sato pañca
mahāsupinā pāturahesuṃ. nqÿoyu fukau ufkdaúoHdj o ufkdauQ,sl mqoa.,
Aṅguttara Nikāya I, Mahāsupinasuttaṃ,Buddha jayanthi tripitaka p¾hdj u; mokï jQ úYaf,aIS újrKhls' ish¨ O¾uhkag
series, Buddhist cultural centre, Andreson road,Dehiwala, uki mQ¾jdx. ùu wjOdrKh lrk nqÿoyu f,dalh
2006.p.386. muqKqjkafka ukiska hehs ks.ukh lrhs'1 ufkdaúoHdj u`.ska
3 Dīgha Nikāya I, Brahmajālasuttaṃ,Buddha jayanthi tripitaka series, ufkdafrda. úYaf,aIKh fukau ufkdafrda. ksjdrKh o isÿ
Buddhist cultural centre,Andreson road,Dehiwala,2006,p.16.
flf¾' fn!oaO ufkdaúoHdj o úYaf,aIKh iy Ñls;aikh
4 Pañcime, bhikkhave, ādīnavā muṭṭhassatissa asampajānassa hk fo wxYfhka u iukaú;h' cd;lmd<sh weiqßka
niddaṃ okkamayato. Katame pañca? Dukkhaṃ supati, dukkhaṃ
,shejqKq l=reKE., idys;H hq.hg wh;a cd;l fmd;ska
paṭibujjhati, pāpakaṃ supinaṃ passati, devatā na rakkhanti,
asuci muccati. Ime kho, bhikkhave, pañca ādīnavā muṭṭhassatissa mqoa., ixlS¾K ufkdaNdjhka b;d ixhufhka úuiqug ,la
asampajānassa niddaṃ okkamayato fõ' cd;l l;d ;=<ska bÈßm;a lefrk ufkdajHdê" wm.dó
Aṅguttara Nikāya I, Muṭṭhassatisuttaṃ,Buddha jayanthi tripitaka p¾hd fukau widudkH p¾hd ms<sn`o úuiSu fuu ixCIsma;
series, Buddhist cultural centre, Andreson road,Dehiwala, f,aLkh ;=<ska wfmaCIs; wruqK h'
2006.p.404.
5 Sinhala Milinda Prashnaya,Swapna question,Buddhist Book fi!LHh ks¾jpkh
Publisher,Kandy,2012"p.104.
nqÿoyu ;=< ñksidg je<f`ok ldhsl frda. fukau
6 Baker, Rachel, Sigmund Freud For Everybody, Nandalal Malagoda
(Tranlator), Sadeepa Bookshop, 1060, Maradana Road, Colombo udkisl frda. ms<sn`oj o ú.%y ù we;' ucaCêu ksldfha
8, p.138. i,af,aL iQ;%h2" frda. iQ;%h3" .sßudkkao iQ;%h4" iíndij
7 Yaparathna,W.M,Bhawa vishodanaya,Godage and brothers,661, iQ;%h" uydliaimf:ar iQ;%h" jF:Qmu iQ;%h5 wdÈ iQ;% ;=<
S.Kularathna road,Colombo 10, 2015,p.101. mqoa.,hdg je<fokakd jQ ldhsl yd udkisl frda. iy
134 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
frda. Ñls;aidjka o bÈßm;a ù we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a f,dal
fi!LH ixúOdkh (WHO) "Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity".6 f,i fi!LH ks¾jpkh
lrhs' fi!LH yqfola ldhsl fi!LH muKla fkdjk nj;a
thg udkisl fi!LH fukau iudÔh fi!LHh iy wkalsisÿ
wdndOhla fkdùu f,i ;;a ks¾jpkfhka lsh fõ'
fi!LH ke;fyd;a ksfrda.slu ms<sn`o fn!oaO
ks¾jpkh Oïumomd<sfhka imhd.; yels h' ksfrda.slu
W;=ï ,dNhhs' i;=g mru Okh hs' úYajdih mru [d;shd
h' ksjk mru iemh hs' hk w¾:h ,nd fok my; .d:d
O¾ufhka fi!LH ks¾jpk fõ'
wdfrd.Hmrud ,dNd ^ldhsl fi!LHh - Physical Health&
ika;=ÜÀmrux Okx ^udkisl fi!LHh - Mental Health&
úiaidimrud [d;S ^iudchSh fi!LHh - Social Health&
ksíndKmrux iqLx7 ^wdOHd;añl fi!LHh - Spiritual
Health&
mqoa.,hd ksrka;r frda.hlska fmf<k nj nqÿoyu
ú.%y lrhs' ry;a W;=uka yer fiiq mqoa.,hka ffp;isl
frda.fhka f;drj isàg ÿ¾,N ldrKdjls'8 laf,aY ji`.hg
,la fjk is; ksrka;r frda.s ;;aFjhg f.dÿre fõ' nqÿoyfï
mru ksIaGmam%dma;sh iu`. mqoa., ksfrda.slu o mßmQ¾K fõ'
ffp;isl jHdê
kQ;kfha wm y`ÿkd.kakd ufkdafrda. cd;l
l;djkays ufkdajHdê" ffp;isl jHdê" ufkda ÿCL jHdê
wdÈ kduhkaf.ka bÈßm;a ù we;' cd;Hka;r ufkdafrda.
j¾.SlrK jd¾;djkays wka;¾.; ufkdajHdëka cd;l
l;d ;=< o bÈßm;a fõ' oßuL cd;lfha ufkdajHdëkaf.a
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 135
j¾.SlrKhla ±lafõ' th kQ;k ufkdaúoHdkduhka iu`.
ii`od bÈßm;a l< yels h'
—fudayfhka Wmokd jQ ldu Wkaudoh' wksIag úkdi
Wmokdjq fl%dO Wkaudoh' ix{dlrjk o¾Yk Wkaudoh"
w{dk Ndjhg muqKqjk fuday Wkaudoh" hCIhka ji`.
hg muqKqjk hCI Wkaudo" Ñ;a; wêl njg muqKqjk
ms;af;dakaudoh" mdk ji`. lrjk iqrd Wkaudoh" fidal
wêl ùfuka jk jHik Wkaudo h hs lshk ,o Wkaudo
wglska''''˜9
1' ldu Wkaudoh (Nymphomania)
2' fl%daO Wkaudoh (Mania)
3' o¾Yk Wkaudoh (Hallucinosis)
4' fuday Wkaudoh (Mental Retardation)
5' hCI Wkaudoh (Possession Disorder)
6' ms;a; Wkaudoh (Melancholia)
7' iqrd Wkaudoh (Alcohol Dependence)
8' jHik Wkaudoh (Depression)
ldu Wkaudoh ngysr ufkdaúoHdfõ Excessive
sexual drive10 hkqfjka ICD -10 jd¾;dfõ o DSM-5
jd¾;dfõ Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder f,i o
bÈßm;a fõ' wêl f,i lduql woyia we;s ùu fuu frda.fha
uQ,sl ,CIKhls'11 th idudkH iajNdjh blaujk neúka
frda.s ;;aFjhls' Wïuoka;s cd;lfhka ldu Wkaudofhys
iajNdjh uekúka ú.%y fõ' tys Wïudoka;sf.a YÍr ,CIK
mÍCId lsÍug .sh nuqfKda ldufhka Wu;=j yeiqreKq whqre
fufia f.kyer olajhs'
136 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
—ta n%dyauKfhda wE ±l isys t,jd .; fkd yelsj
laf,aY uofhka u;aj ;uka n;a wkqNj fldg fkd ksñ
nj fkdo;a;dyq' iuyr flfkla n;a msv f.k wkqNj
flfrñhs is;d ysfiys ;enqjdyq h' iuyfrla lsis,s w;=frys
Æjdyqh' iuyfrla n;a ms`vq ì;a;sfha .eiqjdh'˜
;j o Wïuoka;sh ÿgq isú rcq ksosj¾ð;j isáfha
h' Wïuoka;sh ms<sn`o is;ñka úm%ldr ú,dm fovùh'
lkiai,af,ka l,a f.ùh'12 fuu iajNdjh ldu is;=ú,s"
úlD;s n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s ùuls' ^ldfudkaudoh& ;j;a
wxYhlska fuh úYdo (Depression) ;;aFjhlg fukau wksød
(Insomnia Disorder)13 frda.s ;;ajhlg f.dÿre ùuls'14
rcq Èk .Kkla fkdksod .; l< nj cd;l l;dfjys
i`oyka fõ' oika;l cd;lfha o ldu Wkaudoh ms<sn`o l;d
mqj;la i`oyka fõ'15 fuu cd;lh ia;s%hhla flfrys we¿Kq
ffp;isl frda.fhka hq;a NsCIqjla wrUhd foaYkd lrhs'
w;S; l;djg wkqj fndaêi;ajhka fiakl kñka n%yauo;a;
rcq iómfhys fiajh lrk l,ays mqfrdays; nuqKqf.a mq;a
rdcH fiajhg meñK rcqf.a w. fufyish ±l we;s jQ ldu
Wkaudofhka ksrdydrj isá hs' tu`.ska ICD-10 jd¾;dfõ
olajk Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder ^wdydr
.ekSfuka je<lSu& iajNdjh o bÈßm;a fõ'16 ;j o l=i
cd;lfha j¾;udk m%jD;sfha § i¾jdNrKfhka úN+is; jQ
ldka;djla ±l laf,aYji`.j NsCIqjla Ydik n%yaupßhdfõ
fkd we,S ksh fkd lmd" flia fkd lmd" bmq¿kq kyr
we;sj ls,sá isjqre j,ska hq;=j iqÿue,s YÍr we;sj isá nj
lsh fõ' tu cd;lfha u w;S; l;dj ;=< l=i rcq m%Ndj;S
ke;s fidúka fm<Su o úYdo ;;aFjhla f,i y`ÿkd.;
yels h'17
fuday Wkaudoh hkqfjka cd;l l;djkays ú.%y
lrkqfha kqjK uo njhs' th Wkaudoh f,i ±laùfuka"
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 137
tlS ;;aFjh frda.s iajNdjhla nj meyeÈ,sh' fuh ICD-
10 jd¾;d ú.%hg wkqj wixj¾ê; iajNdjh fya;=fjka
Ñka;kfha YlH;djfha" NdIdfõ" pd,l ls%hdjkays iy
iudÔh yelsjkaf.a fkd yelshdZls'18 k.=,si cd;lfha
Èidmdfudla iómfha Ys,am yeoEre olsk iEu fohgu Wmud
úuiQ l, k.=,si Wmudj muKla ±lajQ YsIHhd fujeks
frda.sfhl= f,i ks¾kh l< yels h' DSM-5 jd¾;dfõ
Neurodevelopmental Disorders hgf;a tk Learning
disorder f,i fuh úia;r flf¾'19
hCI Wkaudohg ksoiqkla f,i Wïu.a. cd;lfha
i`oyka jk mKaä;hka y;r fokd w;ßka ldúkao m`äjrhd
udifha tla;rd ÈklÈ msiaiq n,af,l= fia yeisÍu ±laúh
yels h' fuh wdfõY ùu (Posession), wmiaudrh (Epilepsy)
jeks udkisl frda.S ;;aFjhla nj uydpd¾h {dkodi
fmf¾rd uy;d fmkajd fohs'20
DSM-5 jd¾;dfõ Substance-Related and Addictive
Disorders hgf;a Alcohol Intoxication hkqfjka iqrdj
wêl f,i .ekSu úia;r fõ'21 l=U cd;lfha úYdLdjf.a
fhfy<shka mkaishhla iqrdmdkh l< nj j¾;udk l;dfõ
úia;r fõ' ;j o iqrdmdkh l< úg yeisfrk iajNdjh o
tla wfhla .S; .ehQ nj;a ;j;a wfhla kegQ nj;a ;j;a
wfhla rKavq l< nj;a ±laùfuka meyeÈ,s fõ'
iïnq,d cd;l úia;rhg wkqj fidFÓfiak rcq
nrm;, frda.dndOhkaf.ka iqj ù rdcH úpdÍug mgka .;a
miq ;udg ufydamldÍ jQ iïnq,djka ms<sn`o fkd ie,lSu
fya;=fjka weh lDI ù iqÿ ue,s ù .sfha h' fuu`.ska wjfndaO
jkafka wehg úYdo ;;aFjhla fukau ,sx.sl ud;ai¾hla
we;s jQ nj hs' ^Depression and Sex Jealousy& tfia u th
wi;=fgka isàuls' ^Mood Disorders&22
138 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
—Èkla rcf.g okaje<§ug meñKs ;dmifhda wE
±l ÿ¾j, jQ ldrKd úpdrkakd jQ rdc l=udßldfjks f;dm
jkfha jdih fldg wd wjêfhys rEmYS%fhka b;d hym;
±ka fï rdcHhg meñK ljr fyhska iqÿue,s YÍr we;s j
ÿ¾j, .shd o@˜
úYdo ;;aFjhlska l,la .; jk úg YÍrh iqÿue,s
ùu" iEu fohlu jákdlula fyda wjYH;djla ke;s ùu jeks
frda.S ,CIK w.%fufyish ;=<ska Èia fõ' weh rcjdi,l
w.fufyishl f,i isáh o tys w.hla wehg ke;s jkafka
fuu udkisl frda.S nj fyhsks'
Poaoka; cd;lfhka ,sx.sl ud;ai¾h (Sex Jealousy)
ms<sn`o ukd ú.%yhla bÈßm;a lrhs' ,sx.sl ud;ai¾h
,sx.sl B¾IHdj hkqfjka o y`ÿkajhs' fuh ñksiqkag muKla
wkkH jQjla o fkdfõ' tla wfhl=g iSud jQ ,sx.sl wêldrh
fjk;a idudcslhka olajd .uka lsÍfï § mqoa.,hd ;=<
we;sjk wY=Njd§ wdl,amh fyda ksfIaOkd;aul is;=ú,s
,sx.sl ud;ai¾h hs'23 ,sx.sl ud;ai¾h fya;=fjka úúO wmrdO"
m<s.ekSï" m%pKav ls%hd" wdl%uKYS,s ls%hd isÿ fõ' Poaoka;
l=f,a we;skaklj bmso we;s jQ ,sx.sl ud;ai¾h fya;=fjka
f.dÿre fkdld isg ld,ls%hd fldg ñksia w;anjla ,nd
uOqrcqf.a ìß`o ^iqNød& ù rcqg fndre f,vla fmkajd fmr
w;anjfhys we;a rcq ueÍug ls%hd lsÍu úia;r fõ'24 ;j
o fuys iqNødjg udkisl fya;= ksid yg.;a ldhsl frda.S
njla we;s úh' th Psycho Somatic Disorder f,i yÿkd
.; yelsh' uKsl=Kav, cd;l l;dfõ§ o tjeks ufkda foay
frda.S ;;aFjhka bÈrsm;a fõ' rcacqrejkaf.a wka;#mqrhg
we;=¿ jQ jroska kqjßka msájy,a l< wud;Hjrfhl=f.a
Wmfoiska fldai, rcq úiska fndai;=ka widOdrK f,i
isr.; lrhs' tysÈ tu rcqg il, YÍrhu ie;alï lrkakd
fia uydfõokdjla yg.;a nj i`oyka fõ' tfia u flaij
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 139
cd;lfha È flaij ;dmihd yd lmam ;dmihd uy;a
fm%aufhka miqúKs' fofokdg fjka ùug isÿ jQ úg flaij
;dmihd rla; w;Sidrhg f.dÿre ù fldf;la m%;sl¾u l<;a
iqj fkd jQj o kej; lmam ;dmihd iómhg hEfuka iqj
ùu o ufkda ldhsl frda. nj meyeÈ,s h' ldukSh cd;lh
o ufkda foay frda.hkag ksoiqka f,i i`oyka l< yels h'25
;j o oika;l cd;lfha rcq foaúh fkd±l ufkdajHdêhlg
f.d`ÿre jQ nj lsh fõ'26 ldukSh cd;lfha o rcqg isÿ jQ
w,dNhl fYdalfhka jHdê we;s úh'27
ixlmam cd;lfhys ldufl,sfhys wdYdj fkdue;sj
isg miqj wdYdj we;s jQ wik> l=ure ùÈ nei ish¨ msßñka
lvq.Eug mgka .kqfha ia;S%h;a iu`. ú`Èk ldu iqj ud
muKla ú`Èh hq;=h hk fÉ;kdfjks' fuu l;d mqj;ska
ldu Wkaudoh bÈßm;a fjk w;r ,sx.sl ud;ai¾h;a .uH
fõ' wik> l=ure l=vd ld,fha mgka ia;S%kag ìh úh' fuh
ldxidndOhls' (Anxiety Disorder) fud<h ;=< lsisÿ fN!;sl
widudkH;djla fyda fjk;a udkisl jHdêhla fkdue;sj
yDo iaMkaokh jeä ùu" ìh ùu fuys frda. ,CIK hs'
fuu ;;aFjh ÿre lsÍug mshjfrka mshjr ls%hd lsÍu o
ufkdaÑls;aikhls' id,sl cd;lfha w;S; l;d mqjf;a
rcqf.a mqfrdays; uqLrs nyqNdKslh' Tyq l;d lrkakg wdrïN
jQ úg ;j;a wfhl=g l;d lsÍug wjirhla ke;af;a h'
th fm!reI wdndOhla (Personality Disorder) nj uydpd¾h
{dkodi fmf¾rd olajhs'28
wm.dó ,sx.sl p¾hdjka ^Deviant Sexual Behaviour&
oaú;Sl lÉPm cd;lfhka bÈßm;a fõ'29 fndaêi;ajhka
WfmaCId mdrñ;dj mQ¾Kh lrhs' tla jdkrfhla fndai;=kaf.a
Wrh msg isg l¾Khg ÿYapß; ls%hd (Aural Sex) lrkafkah'
;j o ta iómfhys u bÈnqfjla lg werf.k wõj ;msk úg
fuu jdkrhd tu bÈnqjdf.a uqLhg ÿYapß; ls%hd (Oral Sex)
140 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
lrkafka h' kIaglduh (Impotence) hkqfjka ufkdaúoHdfõ
y`ÿkajkq ,nkqfha msßñkaf.a ,sx.sl fn,ySk;djhs' th
ldka;djka iïnkaOfhka y`ÿkajkafka ks¾uo;dj (Frigidity)
f,ih' WohNoao rcq iy WohhNoao foaú ldufhka f;drj
lghq;= lrhs' WohNoao foaùh isysfkkaj;a lduÑ;a;hla
my< fkdfõ' tfia u fl<sji`. is;=ú,a,l=ÿ my< fkd
fõ' th flf,ia m%ySk fkd l< wfhl= iïnkaOfhka frda.s
;;aFjhls'30
wid; uka; cd;lhg wkqj .kaOdr rg ;CI,d
kqjr Èidmdfudla wdpd¾hjrhdf.a uj wjqreÿ 120 la jhia
.; ujls' t;=ukaf.a Wmfoiska tu ujg YsIHhd w;amd
fufyjr lrhs' .=K lshhs' j¾Kkd lrhs' w;mfhys ,iaik
j¾Kkd lrhs' fuu uy¨ ldka;dj fuu YsIHdhd;a iu`.
wNsruKhg leu;s ù Bg ndOdj jQ mq;= ueÍug fjõ,k oE;ska
fmdrj /f.k .sfhah'31 mrka;m l=vd fld,a,d foaúh;a
iu`. r`ojd M,dM, leãug .sh miq f,daldiajdo r;sfhys
fhÿKq nj mrka;m cd;lfha i`oyka fõ'32 ;dmidrduhg
meñK m%Odk ;dmi;=ud fkdue;s wjia:djl ldka;djla
<dnd, l=udrfhl= iu`. ldulS%vd fldg m%Odk ;dmi;=ud
meñKSug fmr kslafuk mqj;la pq,a,kdro cd;lfha lsh
fõ'33 l=vd orejka iu`. ,sx.slj tla ùu yd thg jvd reÑ
ùu l=udr lduql;ajh hs'
CIdka;sjd§ cd;lh u`.ska mrmSvd lduql;ajh (Sadism
and Masochism) bÈßm;a fjhs' wkqkag mSvd lsßfuka lduql
;Dma;shla wfmaCId lsÍu fuys uQ,sl iajNdjh hs' fuu
cd;lfha mßjdr ia;S%kag O¾uh foaYkd lrk ;dmihdf.a
nK wid ;u ia;S%kaf.ka ,sx.sl ;Dma;sh ;udg wysñ fõ
hehs ìfhka ;dmihdf.a w;mh lmñka ;u ffjrh yd
mrmSvd lduql;ajh tljr msßuid .kS'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 141
ndyH cd;lh w;S; l;dfõ" ckmojdis ia:Q,
jQ ldka;djla rdcdx.kh iómfha u<uQ;% fldg ^ndyH&
ke.sfgk nj iS ue`ÿre ljq¿fjka olshs' miqj tu ldka;dj
rcacqrejka úiska w.fufyis ;k;=f¾ ;nd .kshs' fuu`.ska
my; wm.dó ,sx.sl p¾hdjka bÈßm;a fõ'34
1' u<my lsÍu ±l we;sfjk ,sx.sl wdYdj
(Coprophilia)
2' uQ;% msg lsÍu ±l we;sfjk ,sx.sl wdYdj
(Urophilia)
3' uy; .Ekq iïnkaOfhka we;s jk ,sx.sl wdYdjj
(Partol-Fetishism)35
l=Kd, cd;lfhys ls%iaKf;du l=udrjreka
miafokl= újdy lrf.k flf,ia r;sfhka ojia .;
lrhs' th iuQy ,sx.sl (Group Sex) yeisÍuls'36 ;j o
weh u m%ido fodrlfvys jQ úiq¿ uqyqKq we;af;l= iu`. o
,sx.slj tla fõ' mKaKsl cd;lfhka ÿj iy mshd w;r
,sx.sl ls%hdj,shl jerÈ iy.; nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'37 fuh
kQ;k ufkdaúoHdfõ ,sx.sl jHNspdr (Sexual Incect)
ke;fyd;a {d;Ska w;r ^ifydaorhd iyd ifydaorhd" mshd
iy ÿj" uj iy mq;d& ,sx.sl iïnkaO;d f,i úia;r fõ'38
fi.a.= cd;l l;dfjys o mshd úiska jHNspdr isÿ lsÍug
W;aiy .;a nj lshe fõ'39
iudf,dapkh
woH;kfha ldhsl frda.dndOhkag jvd
ufkdajHdndOhkag mqoa.,hd f.dÿre ù we;' ldhsl frda.hkag
fuka ufkdafrda.hkag mqoa.,hd m%;sl¾u lsÍug o
fhduqùu wju fõ' ñksia isf;a laf,aYhka fya;=fjka úúO
ñksia wm.dó p¾hdjka we;s jk whqre cd;l l;djkays
142 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 143

ixhufhka bÈßm;a fjhs' ñksia b;sydih f;lau Èjhk 10 The ICD-10, World Health Organization,p.152.
ufkdafrda. ms<sn`o úúO w¾:l:k iu`. úúO ufkdajHdëka 11 Persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual/erotic
wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk u`.ska y`ÿkd.ksñka mj;S' cd;l thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity. DSM-5,
American Psychology Association, p.440.
l;d u`.ska úúO ufkdafrda.hka ms<sn`o újrKh ù we;' th
ufkdafrda. úYaf,aIKhla fukau w¾: .ekaùuls' we;eï 12 mkaish mKia cd;l fmd;" Wïudoka;s cd;lh ^539&" ms'970'
cd;l l;d ;=<ska tu widudkH iajNdjhkag m%;sl¾u l< 13 The ICD-10, World Health Organization, p.362.
whqre o bÈßm;a fõ' ldka;djkag ìfhka fm¿Kq (Phobia) 14 fn!oaO''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
wik> l=ureg m%;sldr isÿ l< wdldrh tla ksoiqkls' th
ufkdaÑls;aikhls' tfia u frda.S iajNdjh y`ÿkd .ekSu
i`oyd wjeis ±kqu o tu`.skau bÈßm;a ù ;sfí' th frda.
úksYaph hs' fukhska úuik úg ufkdafrda. j¾.SlrKh"
frda. úYaf,aIKh" frda. úksYaph iy ufkdafrda. Ñls;ail
m%fõY cd;l l;d u`.ska f,dalhg újrKh ù we;'

wdka;sl igyka
1 —Ñ;af;k kSh;s f,dfld - Ñ;af;k mßliai;s˜ ixhq;a; ksldh I"
foaj;d ixhq;a;h" Ñ;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq'" ms'72'
2 ucaCêu ksldh I" uQ,mßhdhj.a." i,af,aL iq;a;" nq'c'uq'"ms'96'
3 wx.=;a;r ksldh II" p;=;a; mKaKdilh" bkaøShj.a." frda. iq;a;"277
4 wx.=;a;r ksldh vi" ÿ;shmKaKdil" .sßudkkao iq;a;" nq'c'uq'"
ms'194'
5 uÊaCêu ksldh I" jF:Qmu iq;a;" nq'c'uq'"ms'84'
6 www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/
7 LqoaOl ksldh" Oïumomd<s" nq'c'uq'"ms'75'
8 —f; NsCLfj i;a;d ÿ,a,Nd f,dliañx fh fp;isflk frdf.k
uqyq;a;ïms wdfrd.Hx mácdkka;s" w[a[;% ÇKdifjys˜ wx.=;a;r
ksldh II" p;=;a; mKaKdilh" bkaøShj.a." frda. iq;a;" nq'c'uq'"
ms'278'
9 mkaish mKia cd;l fmd;" oßuqL cd;lh ^367&" ms'508'
144 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
Âjk o¾Ykh ( ir, .S;h weiqßka
úuiqula
m%fõYh
ñksiaiq Ôj;a ùug fkdfhla f,i W;aiy or;s'
ta w;ßka wfhla id¾:l fj;s' ;j;a wfhla wid¾:l
fj;s' Ôú;h jpkfhka ú.%y l< fkdyels Ôj;a ùfuka
u wjfndaO l< hq;= fohls' Ôú;h ms<n`oj lshd oSu o
myiqhehs fkd fmfka' tfy;a Ôú;h hym;a lr .ekSug hï
u`. fmkaùula wjYHu h' .S;h tlS ld¾fhys ,d iqúYd,
fufyhla bgq lrk nj fmfka' fuu f,aLkfhka ir<
.S;fhka fy<sjk Ôjk o¾Ykh ms<sn`o wjOdkh m%Odk
jYfhka fhduq flfrhs' m%Ya;=;fha wjYH;dj u; .S;h hkq
l=ula o@ iy Ôjk o¾Ykh hkq l=ula o@ hkak o úu¾Yk
fõ'
.S;h
l,dj ñksid hï wdldrhl idudêhlg muqKqjk
wmQ¾j nyqúO udOHhls' od¾Yksl is;ska ú`os fi!kao¾hfha
wdYajdod;aul wkqN+;sh wkHkag o ú`oskakg mdr ;kkqfha
l,dj h' ,sfhda f;da,aiaf;dahs l,dj y`ÿkajd we;af;a ñksid
úiska w;am;a lr.kq ,enq W;a;Í;r yd úYsIag;u ye`.Sï
wkHka fj; iïfma%IKh lsÍu wruqKq fldg .;a udkj
ls%hdj,shla f,ih' zzyeu ukqIH j¾.hlu idys;H foi
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 145
n,f;d;a ye`.Sï yd is;=ï me;=ï ldjoskq fia mejiSug .oHhg
jvd moH fhdod ;sfnk nj fmfka'ZZ1 .oH idys;Hhg jvd
moH idys;H ckms%h ùu ´kEu ck iudchl oelsh yels
m%Odk ,CIKhls'
ñksia ukfia we;s fjk ye`.Sï b;d ixlS¾K h'
udkjhdf.a NdIdj u`.ska tu ye`.Sï iïmQ¾Kfhka u
iïfm%IKh l< fkd yels neúka ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍug fukau
ye`.Sï oekùug úúO Wml%u Ndú; fõ' l,dx.hla f,i
.S;h ie,ls,, a g .;a úg th iqúfYaIS fjhs' fuu l,dx.hg o
woaoelSu jia;= úIh fjhs' .S;h kQ;kfha cksmh% u l,dx.hls'
.S;hlg we;s b;d flá jmißh ;=< m%n, f,i ye`.Sï
;Sj% wdldrfhka m%ldY lrk nj lsj yelsh' .S; m%nkaOh"
;kq ks¾udKh iy .dhkh hk wxY ;s%;ajfhka u ukd
f,i .S;h ieriS isàu Bg fya;=j hs' fuu wxY ;s%;ajfha
iqixfhda.fhka id¾:l .Shla ks¾udKh fõ'
zzrxcl# iajr iJo¾fNd .S;u;HNsëhf;aZZ is; i;=gq
lrjkakg fmdfydi;a jQ iajr rpkh .S;h jYfhka Ydrx.
foajf.a ix.S; r;akdlrh ;=< .S;h úia;r fõ' .S;hla
rpkd jkafka u .dhkd lsÍug h' tksid tys NdIdj
fnfyúka .S;j;a fukau iq.dhkSh úh hq;=h' .S;h ir,
úh hq;=h' tys ÿrjfndaO rys; ùu bka lsh fõ' .S;h úkdä
;=kla jeks flá ld,hla ;=< .dhkd fõ' tfy;a tu`.ska
iqúYd, iudc m%Yak" úrydj" od¾Yksl .eg¨ wdosh .dhkd
fõ' ienúkau .S;h hkq lsishï Ndjd;aul w¾:hla we;s
jpk ud,djls' tys Ndjd;aul Ndjh ;j ÿrg;a ;Sj% jk
wdldrfhka ;kqjla fhdoñka .dhkd lsÍu .S;fha È isÿ fõ'
Ôjk o¾Ykh
w;S;fha ish¨ u úIhhka o¾Ykh hgf;a yeoEre
neúka ish¨ úIhhkaf.a uj o¾Ykh hs' o¾Ykfhys
146 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
jHqyd;aul wxYhla fukau jHjydßl wxYhla o y`ÿkd.;
yels h' jHjydßl o¾Ykfha oS od¾Yksl ixl,am ñksid
Ôj;a lrùug jHjydr lrhs' Ôjk o¾Ykh" l,dfõ o¾Ykh
wdosh jHjydßl o¾Ykh ksfhdackh lrhs' Ôj;a jkafka
wehs@ hkqfjka Tn Tfnka u weiqjfyd;a Tng Bg iDcq
ms,s;=rla oSu ÿIalr fjkq we;' Ôú;hla w¾: iïmkak ùug
kï tu Ôú;hg ksis ud¾.hla fukau ukd mokula ;sìh
hq;= h' túg Ôj;a jkafka wehs hk m%Yakhg hï ;rulska
fyda i;=gq úh yels ms,s;=rla ,nd .; yels h' tu ms,s;=r
jpkd¾:fhka meyeos,s l< fkd yels ixl,amSh iajrEmhla
.;a tlla úh yels h'
ñksidf.a Ôú;h hkq l=ula o@ th l=uk wdldrhlska
f.úh hq;= o@ wdÈ .eg¨ i`oyd od¾Yksl ú.%yhka u`.ska
wdf,dalhla f.k Ôú;a ùug fmkajd oSu Ôjk o¾Ykfha
ld¾hhs' tu w¾:fhka f.k úuik úg Ôj;a ùfï u. lshd
fokafka hulska o tys Ôjk o¾Ykhla we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
wd.ï ;=< meyeos,s Ôjk o¾Ykhla we;' Ôjk o¾Ykfha oS
fn!oaO Ôjk o¾Ykh" ls%ia;shdks Ôjk o¾Ykh" yskaÿ Ôjk
o¾Ykh wdos jYfhka idlÉPd jkafka tfyhsks' Ôú;hg
u. fmkaùu Ôjk o¾Ykfhka isÿ flf¾'
Ôú;h foi Y=NjdoSj fyda wY=NjdoSj ne,sh yelsh'
iudld,Sk idxoDIaál od¾Ykslfhda Ôú;h wY+NjdoSj ú.%y
l<y' flfia fj;;a Ôú;fha ÿl" l,lsÍu" ika;dmh"
wkfmaCIs;j isÿjk urKh iu`. n,k úg wY=NjdoSj
oelsh yels h' tfy;a Ôj;a ùug wjYH jkafka Ôú;h foi
Y=NjdoSj ne,Suhs' Ôú;h foi Y=NjdoSj n,k mqoa.,hdg
ndOl idOl lr .; yels h' m%Yak ms<s;=re lr.; yels
h' tjeks mqoa.,fhl=g Ôú;h ch .ekSu wmyiq fkdjkq
we;' Ôjk o¾Ykfha oS isÿ jkafka Ôú;h w¾:iïmkak"
is;a weo.kakd iq¨ fukau úfkdaod;aul f,i oelSug ±lau
,nd §uhs'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 147
ir, .S;fhka fy<sfjk Ôjk o¾Ykh
ñksiqkaf.a l,d ks¾udK ;=<ska iudchg odhdo
jkafka ks¾udK lrejdf.a wd;aóh woyia h' l,d lrejdg
l,d ks¾udK lsÍug woyia we;s jkafka flfia o@ hkak
m%Yak l< yelsh' mqoa.,hdf.a isf;ys we;s fjk fõokdj
woyia ks¾udKh lrk nj lsh fõ' uq;= weghla hkq
fn,af,laf.a ysr jQ msKs ì`ÿjl fõokdj hs' Ôú;hla ksjeros
udj;l f.k hdug wejeis oelau ke;fyd;a o¾Ykh isxy,
ir, .S; weiqßka iudc.; fldg we;' fuys oS tjeks .S;
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ,nd os we;s Ôjk o¾Ykh
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'' Ôú;h foi Okd;aulj
ne,Sug yqre lrk .S; m%Odk f,i ie,ls,a,g f.k we;'
zzfmreï mqrdf.k wd ixidf¾
me;=uo iqKqúiqKqj jegqfKa
ldgo ßÿfka ljqreo yevqfõ
ÿïßh fudfyd;la k;r WfKa ZZ
zzÔú;h hkq m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re fiùula hZZ
hkqfjka ljqfoda lshd we;' ljqre lsõj o th losu lshukla
h' Ôj;a ùu hkq m%Yak úioSuh' Ôj;a ùfïoS mqoa.,hdg úúO
.eg¨jj, uqyqK fokakg isÿ fõ' fuu .eg¨ j,g we;fula
id¾:lj uqyqK fooaos ;jflla wid¾:l fjhs' tjekakka
ishosú kid.ekSu ;=<ska Ôú;fhka m<d hEu úi`ÿu lr
.kS' ishosú kid .ekSfuka YS% ,xldjg m%uqLia:dkhla
ysñ ù we;' 1987 j¾Ifha 9133 la ishosú kid f.k we;'
mqoa.,fhl=g iajNdjfhkau Ôjk wdYh ke;fyd;a Ôj;a
ùfï wdYdj ,eî we;' tlS iajNdúl;ajh hgm;a jkafka
mqoa.,hd b;d l<lsÍ Ôú;h foi wY=NjdoS woyia f.dv
k.d.;a úgh'
148 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
zzfmreïmqrdf.k wd ixidrfha ZZ hk .S;fhka
Ôú;fha jákdlu yd Ôú;h iqkaor nj ukdj ixhufhka
hq;=j iyDohd fj; w;aoelSfuka yd oekqfuka iqfmdaIs;
jeäysáfhl= orefjl=g hula lshd fokakd fuka m%ldY
lrhs' fuu .S;h fma%u iïnkaOhl úfhdajla ksid hqj,la
ÿïßhg mek ishosú kid .ekSfï isoaêhla mdol jQjls'
fuu .S;fhka Okd;aulj Ôú;h olskakg u`. fmkajhs'
m;mq me;=ï ljodj;a bgq fkdjk f,i ì`oS .sh ksid
ÿïßhg mek ish osú kid .;a; o m%Yakh úi`oS ke;' isÿ
ù we;af;a tla iq¨ fudfyd;la ÿïßh kej;Su ú;rh' th
.S;fha zÿïßh fudfyd;la k;r jqfKaZ hkqfjka i`oyka
fõ' lsisfjl=g;a ßÿfKa ke;' lsisfjl= yevqfõ ke;' fuu
.S;fha uq,a fldgiska isÿùu ú.%y fjhs' bka miqj .S;fha
wka;rd fldgia jk
zzu,la jf.a frdka iqj`o jf.a
Ôú;fha iqj wmuK fõ
fod,la jf.a osh foda; jf.a
Ôú;fha wu isis, oefka
jrla fk;`. l`ÿ<e,s msrekdfoda
ys;g ord.kq neß ÿla ùfoda
osúh fudk;rï iqkaorfoda
ÿlu fudk;rï i;=glafoda ZZ
hk fldgia ;=<ska Ôú;fha jákdlu m%ldY lrhs' Ôú;h
hkq ieuod iem mj;sk fyda ieuod ÿl we;s fohla fkdfõ'
th .S;j;a ù we;af;a zzieuod ÿl ieuod iem fkdue;s
f,dalfha isky kef`.a l`ÿ< kef`.a thhs cSúf;aZZ f,i h'
Ôú;h hkq u,la jf.a iqj`oj;a" fod<la jf.a isis< fok
iqkaor fohla f,i olskakg fuu .S;fhka iyDohd fhduq
lrjhs' tla j;djla Ôú;fha l`ÿ¿ ke`.=Kdg ys;g ord
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 149
.kakg neß ÿlla oekqkdg Ôú;h yer oud hd hq;= o@ zzosúh
fudk;rï iqkaorfoda ZZ hkqfjka Bg .S;fhkau ms<s;=re
,nd fohs'
zzfmdä ÿjf.a iskd je,hs
fmdä mq;=f.a l;d fm<hs
ms%h ìß`of.a fifka ú,hs
uf.a ksjk uf.a me,am;hs
lgq ueá .E ì;a;s mqrd
m<s`.= ueKsla t<sh osf,a
f.du ueá .E f.ìu uf.a
mshú,s nquq;=re jf.a
,nk kuq;a ÿla mSvd
l+vq jqfkd;a mqxÑ mef,a
wUqorejka w;r;=f¾
ug ksïke;s iqjh oefka ZZ
hkqfjka fidauisß chuy kï .dhlhd úiska .hkq ,nk
.S;fhka o Okd;aul wdld,amhla iudc.; lrk neõ
ishqïj úuid ne,Sfï oS meyeos,s fõ' kQ;kfha OkdjdoS
w¾: l%uhl uqo, flakaøSh ù we;s ksid ñksiqka uqo,a ;=<ska
ish,a, ,nd .ekSug W;aiy orhs' tjeks ñksiqkag uqo,a
j,ska weola ,nd .; yels jqj;a kskao ,nd .; fkdyels
nj;a uqo,a j,ska f.orla ;eksh yels jqj;a ksjila ;eksh
fkdyels nj wu;l ù we;' .S;fha l:lhd Ôj;a jkafka
lgq ueá .dk ,o me,am;l h' tfy;a Tyq .S;fha i`oyka
lrkafka zzuf.a ksjk uf.a me,am;hsZZ hkqfjks' Tyq ;u
orejka yd ìß`o iu`. iafkayfhka Ôj;a fjhs' tneúka
Tyq Ôj;a jkafka ksjykl h' ksji yd f.or hk jpk
fol .;a úg tu jpk fol w;r fjkila fõ' f.or hkq
150 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
fN!;slj f.dvk`.k ,oaog jHjydr jk kduh hs' f.orla
ksjykla ùug kï fN!;sl idOlhkag wu;rj iafkayh"
wdorh" i;=g ;sìh hq;= h' iafkayh" wdorh msreKq me,am;
jqj o ksjils' tlS idOlhkaf.ka úks¾uqla; uy ue`ÿr jqj
o ksjila fkdfõ' tksid fuu .S;fhka mqoa.,hd l=uk
;rd;srul isáh o ;u wUqorejka iu`. i;=áka Ôj;a ùug
u`. fmkajhs'
zz,nk kuq;a ÿla mSvdZZ hkqfjka lshfjk wdldrhg
ÿla mSvd ;snqK;a w.ys`.lï ;snqK;a ;u wUqorejka iu`.
;=áka l,a f.jk l< f.du ueá .E f.ìu u; Wjo mshú,s
nquq;=re fia iqjh oefkhs' tfia kï Ôú;h ;=< fldmuK
.eg¨ ;snqK;a ta ish,a, mfil,d i;=áka Ôj;a ùug fuu
.S;fhka mdGlhdg o¾Ykh ,nd fohs'
zzierháfhka wms hfkk ;=rdZZ hk .S;fhka o by;
.S;fhka lshfjk woyiu ,nd fohs' fuu .S;hg wkqj oEia
fkdfmk ;u iajdñhd;a iu`. ìß`o b;d i;=áka ld,h .;
lrhs' ish,a, ,nd .;a ;ek i;=g we;s nj we;eïyq is;;s'
tfy;a tu hqj, ,eî we;s foa ;=< i;=gq ùfï yelshdj
úoydmdhs' Tjqka Ôjk jD;a;Sh f,i fmd,a leãu isÿ lrhs'
;u ms%h ìß`of.a w; w,a,df.k fmd,a .i <`.g hk Tyq
fmd,a .ig ke`. ìß`og lE .id lshkafka wE;g fjk
f,ihs' Tjqka tfia Ôj;a fjhs' zzÔjk uxfm; u,ska ieoS .sh
hq.hl fkdj wm yuq jQfha ZZ hkqfjka Tjqkaf.a Ôú;fha
lgql;ajh ishqïj olajhs' ;jo tfia idOdrKSh lsÍfuka .Sfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= ù we;af;a
zzmsÿre fiú l< me,amf;a we;s
idfï ke; uy ukaosf¾
álsß yi/,s fnd<`o is;sú,s
fuys ;sfí fyd`o wdof¾ZZ
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 151
hkqfjka isisr fiakdr;ak úiska .dhkd lrk ,o .S;fhka
o by; woyig iudk woyila bosßm;a lrhs'
zzwdorfha WKqiqu <`. ÿl oefkkafka kE
ÿlalror ke;s ojig ÿr fmfkkafka kE
Ôú;fha yeuodu;a iem /fokafka kE
isky fjù isky fjù l,a f.jkak nE zZ
ñksikq g
a tl os.gu Ôú;fha i;=g;a tl os.gu ÿl;a
ysñ fkdjk nj fuu .S;fhka lshfjhs' th idudkHh fohls'
we;euqka Ôú;fha i;=g oekqkq úg tys iSudjka w;s%l%uKh
lrñka tu i;=fÜ .e,Sug fjr orhs' túg h:d¾:fhka
ÿria fõ' ñksiqka Ôj;a fjoaoS úúO isysk olskjd kuq;a fï
f,dalfha wms ys;k úosygu ish,a, isÿ fkdfõ' zzÑka;s;ïms
úkiai;s wÑka;s;ïms Nj;sZZ hkqfjka nqÿiuh olajhs' olsk
isysk we;eï úg .suka iys; Ôú;hg kj cjhla fokjd úh
yels h' we;eï úg isysk f,dju .rd jeà yoj;a ÿlska msf¾'
;j;a úfgl f;d,a w.g iskyjla f.k;a foñka m%d¾:kd
u,a msfmhs' tfy;a lsisod fkd is;+ fkd me;+ whqrlska ta
m%d¾:kd ì`o jefghs' fuu iajNdjh f;areï.; fkd yels
jQ mqoa.,hka Ôú;h foi wY+NjdoS oelaula we;s lr .kshs'
fuu .S;fha iEu fldgilu .S;fha m%Odk f;audj zzisky
kef`.hs l`ÿ¿ kef`.hs thhs cSúf;aZZ hkqfjka .efhhs' fuys
oS cSúf;a lshkafka iskyj we;s ùu l`ÿ¿ ke`.Su hs hkqfjka
.hñka Ôú;fha ÿl hï wdldrhlska idOdrKSh lr we;'
.eg¨" m%Yak" ÿla meñKs úg th cSúf;a yeá hkqfjka
l,amkd lrñka Ôú;hg id¾:lj uqyqK oSfï YlH;dj
mqoa.,hd ;=< j¾Okh lsÍu hs'
ukqIH Ôú;h hkq yeuodu i;=fgka msreKq fohla
fkdfõ' ÿl hkq tysu fldgils' fuh wjfndaO fkd lr.;a
úg i;=fÜ oS th ordfkdf.k ÿr hkak o fõokdfõ oS
152 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
Ôú;h tmd fjk ;rug wY=NjdoSj is;d weo jefgkak;a
isÿ fõ' Ôú;fha i;=g we;s úfgl th idr fohla f,i;a
ÿl we;s úg widr fohla f,i;a pxp, mqoa.,hdg fmfkhs'
wurisß mSßia uy;aud .hk
zzl,d jej msfrkjd
wdfhu;a ysf`okjd
uf.a ys; ìf`okjd
wdfhau;a yefokjdZZ
hk .S;fhka f,dal iajNdjh fmkajhs' jejla .;a úg
th msÍ ;sfnkjd fiau úfgl c,h wvq ù mj;shs' ysÿK
jeõ m;=f,a lgq fldfyd¨ fmfkkjd' tfukau ys; ì`ÿKq
úg fida iqiqï we;s fjkjd' ta jdf.au jej msreKq úg th
iqkaorhs' tys ,iaik u,a kej; msfmhs' lgq fldfyd¨
jefihs' tfiau Ôú;fh;a ÿla ÿre jQ úg is;g i;=gq oekqKq
úg ÿl ;snqK;a tajd jeiS hhs' jej msreKq úg lgq fldfyd¨
jeiS hkakd fia'
zzmsreKq jeõ c,fha iqÿ fk¿ï irkjd
yeÿK ys;a uvf,a fmï iqj`o oefkkjdZZ
wms Ôj;a jk úg úúO ;;aFjhkag uqyqK fokafkuq'
fma%u jka;hska ms<sn`oj o fuys oS wjOdkh fhduq l<
úg meyeos,s jkafka úfgl iskd ú,l msyskk fmïj;=ka
;j;a úfgl l`ÿ¿ .x`.djl .sf,hs' fm%aufha u,a jreidjg
f;fuk Tjqkau úm%fhda.fha fõokdfjka ñßflhs' fm%auh
kï fuhhs' kQ;kfha fndfyda fmïj;=ka yoj;skau fmï
l< weh fyda Tyq yer .sh miq Tyqg fyda wehg ÿla ù`oSug
ie,eiaùfuka ;j úryj ú`o .kS' zzfk;g Wf,<la úh tod
TnZZ hk .S;fha fuh lshfõ'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 153
zzTfí rej ri`ÿkla jQjg
lula keye ug ;j;a weilg
kuq;a ta rej ;j;a flfkl=g
whs;s fjka nE ord .kakgZZ
;udf.ka fjka jqj o ;j;a flfkl=f.a fjkq
olskq neß nj fuhska y`.jhs' ÆIka nq,;aisxy, kï
woaù;Sh .S; rplhkka úiska rÑ; —uq;= l=v by<k u,a
jreidfõ˜ .S;fhys tk ;reKhd ;udg wysñ jQ fm%auh foi
WfmaCIdfjka n,hs' fma%ufha fid`ÿre nj kï th fkdfõ
o@ mqoa.,hd Wiia nqoaêhla we;af;l= fia lghq;= l< hq;=
wdldrh th fkd fõ o@
zzuq;= l=v by<k u,a jreidfõ
Wv b`.sf<k úg jeysf,akS
tî n,d ßh ljq¿ fodßka
hg .sh ojfia oEi .shd b`.s,SZZ
wo;a jyskafka tod u,a jeiaiuhs' jyjreidjg fmr
jeys ,sysKsfhda wyfiys mshdU;s' ;reKhdg fï ux udj;a
yqre mqreÿh' fï jeiafia Tyq ;u fmïj;sh iu`. weúo we;'
Tyq wo ;ksfhka jeiai mdhk ;=re fyda fõjd tla ;ekl
isà' wo jk úg Tyq fma%uh ì`o jegqKq ta úm%fhda.fha wl=Kq
j,g ueos ù isáhs' ta nj zzf;ó f;ó wdor uOq jeiafia - .sh
fofokd wo hkjd fouxif,a ZZhkafkka meyeos,s h' fufia
isák fudyq wi,ska wefok fudag¾ r:hl ljq¿j my;a
úh''' Tyq fyd`oskau y`ÿkk rejla fmfkhs' ta fjkflla
fkdj Tyq fmï l< fmïj;sh hs' ;ju;a wehg wdofrhs' fï
uxudj;a osf.a tod weh iu`. jeiaig WKqyqug ;=re¿ fjù
.sh yeá u;lhs' zzukaodrï w`ÿr ueoskaZZ .S;fha i`oyka jk
wdldrhg
154 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 155

zz;kshuj;a hkakg uos l,dj jQ l,S i;H yd l,ams;h w;r foda,kh

l=fâ háka kqfò <`.ska jkakls' fï l,ams;h ;=< os<s`ÿ ujlf.a is;=ú,s yd p¾hd wm
fkdf;ó f;ñ f;ñ i;=áka ZZ bosßhg .S;h yryd f.k ths' ;ukaf.a ,iaik ;uka fkd
olshs' tfukau u,o ;ukaf.a ,iaik fkd okS' u,la fia
Tjqka .sh yeá Tyqg u;lh' Tjqka uejQ wkd.;h"
msfmk oshKshf.a rE fYdaNdj uj olS' ÿj levm; <`. ks;r
oelmq isysk ish,a, wo fnd`o ù we;' tkï bÉPdNx.;ajhg
ks;r /`oS rej n,k úg ujg fõokdjla bmoS we;' ÿjf.a
m;aj we;' oeka ;reKhdg u;lhla muKla b;sß ù we;'
fuu p¾hdj —fof;d, fkdlS foa fofkf;a ,shfjkjd˜
Tyq ish,a, ú`o ord .kakd whqr fufia .S;j;a fõ'
.S;fha fuh lshfjkafka levm; fjfyiSula f,ih' fuu
zzßh we;=f<a'''WKqiqu Tng os oS uj yd oshKsh oßø;dfõ m;=f<u isá;s' uj ksjfia ;snQ
kyjhs ud ßhil uv j;=f¾ ùÿre levm; ì`o ouhs' thg fya;=j fufia ,sh ù we;'
kE ys; ßÿfKa wo;a tod isys ù
zzmd¿ lkg kqfò w; fkd .efgkakhs
wfma in`olï ßh il kE okafka''ZZ
ùÿre levm; ìu oeïfïZZ
fuu .S;fha ixfõokd;aulu mo fm< kï fuu mo
oshKshf.a lkg lrdnq f.,g ud, oud irijkakg
fm<hs' wehj wysñ ùfuka Tyq m;aj we;s wirK nj yd th
fï ujg yelshdjla ke;' kQ;k iudch mdßfNda.sl
Tyq ú`o .kakd wdldrh hk folu by; mo fm<ska lsh fõ'
iudchls' jevjiï iudcfha fuka ks,a jr< u,a j,ska
fuu ;reKhd ;udf.a ÿl ú`o .kafka zzwfma in`olï ßh
irid fk¿ï o`vq ud, f., m<ojkakg kQ;kfha fkd yels
il kE okafka ZZ hkqfjka ys; yod.ksñks' fma%u in`o;djla
h' lv idmamq msÍ mj;skafka fkal j¾K i¿ms<s yd m,`okd
ì`o jeàu ys;g fõokdjla f.k tkakls' thg fya;=j
j,sks' fhdjqka úhg m;a wksla l=ußhka liSrg i¿ j,ska
fm%auh ye`.Sï iu`. m%n, f,i iïnkaO jk ksidfjks'
.dkaOdrfha ú<jqka j,ska isõieg nrKska ierfioaoS th
tu fõokdj ord .kakd wdldrh fmkajñka iyDohdg o
wysñ hqj;shl ;=< fõokdjla we;s ùu idudkHhs' tfiau tu
Okd;aul wdl,amhla fï yryd ,nd oS ;sfí'
oshKshg yevg w`oskakg m<oskakg oSug wfmdfydai;a jk
ÆIka nq,;aisxy, úiskau rpkd l< zzmsmqKq uf,a ujlf.a fõokdj Bg;a jvd m%n,h' fldmuK úhjq,a ;snqK
rej tu, okSfodaZZ .S;h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< úg o wka; ÿla úka`o o wïud ÿjg ,nd fok n,dfmdfrd;a;=j
mka;s fnoSu iys; iudchl iudc mSvkh jia;= lr .;a b;d jeo.;ah' kqU ukd,shla jk oskhg ish¨ foa ilia
.S;hla njhs' fõù hkqfjka uj lshhs' wkd.;fha Wodlr .kakd Ôú;h
;=<ska wo ú`osk ÿl wu;l lr lghq;= lrkakg fuu
zzmsmqKq uf,a rej tu, okSfoda .S;fhka l%ufhka Ôjk o¾Ykh fohs'
u,ls ÿfõ kqU yevrej n,kafkmd
ke;s neßlu uq;= ud, y;la ù
lvq,a, mek ths kqU w; lr,k odZZ
156 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 157

zzid.rh n`ÿ fõokdfjda fndai;=ka meuKs ÿla meKs rila fia is;d lghq;= lf<a
iqkafj,d hkfjda h' tksid wms;a bjiuq lshk fhdckdj fuu`.ska bosßm;a
Ôú;h f.k jkaokdjl fldg we;' fuys ñksidj osßu;a lrk m%Odku i`oyk f,i
hkak wms hkfjda''' zzñksia f,djlg ,nkakg neß chla fld;eklfodaZZ ±laúh
yels h' fuh Ôú;hg ukd WfoHda.hla ,nd fokq ,nk
fmreï mqrkd fndai;=kag;a WmfoaYhls'
udr fika isáfhda
b;ska tfykï wmg ke;sjfjo zzw`ÿre l=áh ;=< fodr.=¿ ,df.k
reÿre ndOdfjda .hk .S;sld hosk hd;sld
meñKs ÿla l`o meKsrila f,i foúhka yg kEfia
fndai;=ka is;=fjda fmdf<dj fldgk ;ek mdr ;kk ;ek
b;ska tfykï wms;a bjiuq .skshï wõfõ uyjreidfõ
ÿlaL .x`.dfjda foúfhda jev bkafka
n,ka lv ;=rd yer oEfia
tod l`ÿ<e,a fuod yi/,a
isks`ÿ iqje;s i¿ isriska yerod
me;=ï bgq fjkfjda
¥ú,s uv jels ms<s.; m<|d
me;=ï fyd`o kï hfkk .ufkos
foúhka rej olakg yelafla
isysk t<sfjkfjda
l=iqï i`ÿka ÿï iqj`oska je<lS
ñksia f,djlg ,nkakg neß
.; ke`.s oyosh iqj`oska ieriS
chla fld;eklfoda
foúhka yd tlaúh yelafla ZZ
ñksialï u; osú f.jhs kï
Tjqka ch ,enqfjda ZZ ye;a;Ej oYlfha u;= jQ ir, .S;fha wdlD;sfhka
Ydka; foaYnkaÿ uy;d úiska ,shjqKq fuu .S;h Tíng hñka ìys jQ wurKSh .S;hla f,i —w`ÿre l=áh
fiakdkdhl fõr,shoao .dhlhd úiska .efha' fuh b;d ;=<˜ .S;h y`ÿkd.; yelsh' ukqIHhd ;=< foúhka we;s nj
ir, NdIdfjka ,sh ù we;' ñksia Ôú;fha ÿl msÍ we;' th .S;fhka wjOdrKh lrhs'
zzid.rh n`ÿ fõokdfjdaZZ hkqfjka lsh fõ' th idudkH —w`ÿre l=áh ;=< fodr.=¿ ,df.k
fohla f,i olshs' th id.rhla n`ÿ hehs o lshhs' fuys oS ÿl .hk .S;sld hosk hd;sld
wu;l lrkakg ;¾lhla bosßm;a lrhs' tkï fndai;dKka foúhka yg kEfia ˜
jykafiag o úúO ndOd ;snqKd' Wkajykafiag oYudr
fiakdj isá nj isys lrñka tfia ù kï wmsg ndOdjka lïlrejdg wk,am jQ jákdlula fuu`.ska ,nd foa'
fkd meñfKkafka o hkak is;ñka ÿl wu;l lrhs' tfiau ;srfha bosßmi r`.k ñksiqkag wm%udK fmaCIlfhda fj;s'
158 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ
;srh msgqmi isákafkda ;srfha msgqmiu ie`.ù h;s' th rcSõ
jika; fj,a.u fufia .S;j;a lrhs'
zzfï ;rï ishque,so l¿.,a
ys;kakgj;a neß ksid
uu .shd wjqlk nqÿkag;a
oEia ÿka ñksid fidhdZZ
ta wdldrfhkau ;srfhka msgqmig jQ ñksiqka ms<sn`o
rUqlk isoaOd¾: ysñhka fufia .S;h ,shhs'
zzwõjg jeiaig yqre ñksiqkafka
oEf;a úßfhks rgj,a yeÿfKa
ta ñksiqkaf.a u<.u fjkqfjka
fudk rc ueÿfro iqÿ fldä ke`.=fKa ZZ
lïlrejd hkq wyssxilfhls' Tyq ñksfil= nj
wm wu;l fkd l< hq;=h' Tyqj OkjdoS l=yl iudchla
;=< ieuod mSvkhg ,la fjhs' Wla; .S;fha rplhd
tlS l=yl;ajh ch .ekSug zzn,ka lv;=rd yer oEfiaZZ
hkafkka wdrdOkd lrhs' lv;=rdj újr l< úg h:d¾:h
oelsh yelsh' fuys lshfjk foúfhda wm olsk foúhkag
jvd fjkia h' fudjqka osjH i¿ ms<s NrK ord fkdue;'
Tjqkaf.a i¿ ms<s ¥ú,s h' TjqyQ wkd.;hg mdr ;kk
foúhfhda h'
zzisks`ÿ iqje;s i¿ isriska yerod
¥ú,s uv jels ms<s.; m<`od
foúhka rej olakg yelaflaZZ
Y%ñlhd foi ohdÆ weiela fhduq fldg Tjqkg
osßhla ÿka .S;hla f,i fuh ie,lsh yels h' Tjqkaf.a ÿl
wu;l lrjd Tn uy`.= fiajhla lrk ienE foújre f,i
fuu`.ska b`.s lrhs'
o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 159
YS% ,xldj nqÿ oyu flakaøSh jQ ixialD;shla Wreu
rgls' fuu ;;aFjh wdishd;sl rgj,g fmdÿ jQjls' fujeks
miqìul ldka;djkag iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' flfia
fj;;a ngysr ldka;djg ysñ ksoyi wdishd;sl ldka;djg
ysñ ú fkdue;' ;ju;a l=ula isÿ fldg meñKsh o fld,af,da
kdjd f.g .ks;s' l=vd jrol oS hqj;shlg orkq neß wjuka
úoSug isÿ fõ' —úiqreKq u,a fm;s oE;g .;a hqj;S ˜ .S;h o
tjeks miqìul kss¾ñ; jQjls' fuu hqj;sh ¥IKhg ,la ù
kS;sfha ms<sirK m;d ths'
zzúiqreKq u,a fm;s foda;g .;a l=uÍ
ta fm;s tla lr u,la fidhk fnd<`oS
iroï fkdlrñ wdorfhka lshñ
úiqreKq fm;s h,s u,la fkdfjhs ke`.Ks ZZ
wdrïNl fldgiska uq¨uy;a isoaêoduhu bosßm;a
lrhs' nkaÿ, kdkdhlaldrjiï úiska fuh rpkd fõ'
.S;fha tk ldka;dj ldka;djl f,i ú`osh yels wñysßu
foa ú`o we;' weh wehg wysñ jQ mú;%;ajh fidhñka weúoshs'
weh w`vñka weúoshs' weh fydhkafka wef.a mú;%;ajh o@
hqla;sh o@ fl<sfo,ska ieye,a¨fjka ld,h .; l< l=vd
weh wo .eyeKshl ù lsisod mh fkd;nd ;snQ Widú ìug
f.dia Ôú;h b,a,d y`vhs' wehg Ôú;h oSug fï iudch
n,d isà o@ wef.a Ôú;fha mú;%;ajh yd wehg ke;s jQ
ish,a, fuu Widúfhka ,nd foaú o@ kej; j;djla fï
Widúfha m%isoaêfha weh ¥IKh fõ' fï wysxildù lrkakg
hk ls%hdj WodyrKhlska meyeos,s lrhs' úisreKq u,l u,a
fm;s foda;g f.k tl;= fldg u,la ;kkakg fkdyels fia
wef.a Ôú;fha jerÿKq ;ek yod.kakg neß nj ixhufhka
mjihs' iroï fkdlr b;d wdorfhka lshk nj o .S; rplhd
i`oyka lrhs' l:lhd úys¿jla lrkjd fkdfõ iudcfh
iajNdjh ms<sn`o mdvu W.kajkjd' oshKshla iudcfha Ôj;a
160 kslmsáfha kkaor;k ysñ o¾Yk iy ufkdaúoHd ióCId 161

jk úg W.; hq;= ;j;a lreKq .S;fha bosßfhaoS Wmud rEml ir, l%ufõohlska .S;fhka bÈßm;a ù ;sfí' úúO m%Yak
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wu;l fkdlr th ú`o ordf.k Ôj;a úh hq;= nj Ôjk
zzfjr< fidhd r< fm< osj wdj;a
o¾Ykfhka myohs' tfiau Ôú;h Ôj;a lrúh hq;= whqre
fjr<g lsisod oshU olskq yelsfoda
ms<sn`o ukd u`. fmkaùula Ôjk o¾Ykfhka isÿ fõ'
n`og mshm;a hqj,la ,enqK;a
wyfia fofl,jr kqUg oskkq yels foda ZZ igykla (- fuu ,smsh u`.ska ir, .S;fhka fy<sjk
Ôjk o¾Ykh Ydia;S%h l%ufõohla u`.ska fkdj jHjydßl
fuys § fjr<g Wmud fldg we;af;a fï
w¾:fhka u úu¾Ykh lrk ,È' fuu ,smsh .S; úpdrh;a
hqj;shf.a fhdjqka Ôú;hhs' r< fm< hkq lsisÿ wruqKla
Ydia;S%h f,aLkh;a w;r mj;skakls'
fyda iaÒr;ajhla fkdue;sj bnd.df;a hk fujeks Ôú;
ì,s.ekSug udk n,k mqoa.,hka h' fjr<g ihqr olskak
neß nj o lsß,a,lg b`.s,af,kak fidndoyfuka mshdm;a
wdka;sl igyka
hqj,la ,enqK;a lsisosk wEg f,dalfha fl<jrg mshdôh
fkd yels nj o lsh fõ' .S;fha wjidkfha ukd Ôjk 1 ;s,lisß" fÊ'" ffjosl idys;Hh" fld<U" 1967" ms'06'
o¾Ykhla ,nd fohs'
zznUreka miqmi u,a osj fkd .sh;a
wjuka úkafoa u,a l=,hu fkd fõfoda
fï oyï kqjKska kqU fkdÿgqfjda;ska
kqfò iqiqï .sks fnd,a wyiu fkd fõfoda ZZ
f,dfõ oi; nUre mshdU;s' úúO u,a Whkaj,
kjd;eka .ks;s' u,a fkd;,d frdka wrka h;s' iuyr úg
u,a ;,d fmdälr úkdY lr frdka ,nd .ks;s' tfy;a
tfia lrk Uurekag ljqre;a fudl=;a fkdlSjo wysxil u,a
f.duqjg kï t,a,jk wmydi fukau wjuka ksï ysï ke;'
fuu .S;fhka o wmQ¾j;ajfhka hqla;j ukd f,i Ôjk
o¾Ykhla iudc .; fldg we;s nj lsj hq;= fkdfõ'
iudchla ;=< ñksid f.dvk`.k ±kqu jHjydr úh
hq;=h' o¾Ykfha jHjydßl wxYhg wh;a Ôjk o¾Ykh u`.ska
od¾Yksl ±kqu jHjydr lrhs' .eUqre od¾Yksl ldrKdjka