úhrK újrK

^wlaIr" ikaê yd jdlH Í;s&

I
 l¾;Df.a fjk;a lD;s
ks¾udK
 ksrdYd ^flál:d& 2003
 .sks.;a fh!jkh ^flál:d& 2004
 wdorfha ^fkd& ksñ iqj| ^kdgH& 2006
 Èú wreKe,a ^kdgH& 2009
 iS.sß u,ajeys rie;a;shl fia ^moH& 2009

Ydia;%Sh
 w,xldr úfkdaokS 2006
 .oH ldjHfha yxi .S;h ^fldaÜfÜ hq.fha .oH idys;Hh ms<sn|
úuiqula& 2007
 ixialD; kdgH iïm%odhfha w.% M,h ^wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h
ms<sn| ú.%yhla& 2008
 uykqjr hq.fha ix.S;h yd is;=jï l,dj 2008
 .eñ kdglfha iudc ksrEmKh 2008
 ri isoaOdka;hg m%fõYhla 2008
 úhrK újrK 2009
 ie<,sysKsh w¾: §mkS 2009
 yo ne¢ meÈ 2009
 flda,ï kdglh ^,dxflah flda,ï kdgH l,dj ms<sn|
úu¾Ykhla& 2010
 ukfï ys fy< ,l=K 2010
 Yíod,lrKh 2011
 fm%au-úry f.ah ldjH rplhka ÿgq iudc h:d¾:h 2011
 úpdr ,sms ^m<uq fj¿u" fojk fj¿u yd f;jk fj¿u& 2011
 .S ldjH fiajkh 2012

II
 úhrK újrK
^wlaIr" ikaê yd jdlH úNd.h&

le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha
isxy,dxYfha lÓldpd¾h

fy' j' ìfyaIa bkaÈl iïm;a

f.!rj Ydia;%fõ§" o¾Ykm;s

III
IV
 Tjqkag

wysñ f,dj

wmg

;kd ÿka

ujg yd mshdg

V
VI
 ms<si|r

jHdlrK kï NdIdj yiqrejkakd jQ

O¾u;d hs' hï NdIdjla ksjerÈ j yeisrùug kï
tys úhrK úê ukdj ±k isáh hq;= h' jHdlrK
fkd ±kSu fihskq;a ta ms<sn| we;s wkjOdkh
fihskq;a jerÈ mQ¾jdo¾Y fihskq;a isxy, NdIdj
b;d idjoH f,i Ndú; lrkq wmuK ±l .; yels
fõ' Wiia fm< yd úYajúoHd,hSh m%Yakm;%j, o
úYajúoHd,hSh m¾fhaIK ksnkaOj, o ;;a;ajh
thska fjkia fkd fõ'

jHdlrKh ÿyqkkag myiqfjka f;areï

fíreï fldg .; fkdyels .eUqre" wdhdildÍ úIh
lafIa;%hla jYfhka YsIHfhda fndfyda úg yÕs;s'
mdGud,d .%ka: ixialdrljreka fuka u .=rejrekqÿ
fuu ;;a;ajhg j.lsj hq;= h'

jHdlrKh iïnkaO fuu wOHhkhka

i|yd wm fhojQfha úYajúoHd,hfha m<uq Wmdêhg
wod< ish,a wOHhk l¾;jHhka iudma; fldg" tys
m%;sM, m%ldYhg m;a lrk ;=re ksjiakg ù
ksIam%fhdack f,i f.jd ±óug isÿ jQ
ld,mßÉfþofhka fldgils' ta jQ l,s fkdwvq jQ
udkisl-YdÍßl-iudðl-wd¾Ól mSvd uOHfha
jpkfha mßiudma;d¾:fhka u wOHdmkfha udyeÕs
M, m%fhdack ú¢ñka w,afmaÉP;d iqjfhka .;
l<d jQ ld, jljdkqjla ue úh' fuu wOHhkfhys
wfmalaIdj jQfha fuu lreKq fï wdldrhg .%ka:
iajrEmfhka mdGlhd w;g m;a lsÍug;a jvd
úYajúoHd,fha § l%udkql+, j fkd,enqKd hehs wm
úYajdji lrk jHdlrK [dKh iajhx j <Õd lr
.ekSu h' ^uydpd¾h úu,a úfÊr;ak uy;d NdId

VII
m%fõYh mdGud,d tallhg wod< j meje;ajQ foaYk
meh 08 yereKq l, wmf.a iriú iuh ;=<
jHdlrKh ms<sn| l%udkql+, wOHdmkhla ,enqfKa
ke;'& tfy;a Wmdê yd mYapd;a Wmdê YsIHhkag
jHdlrKh W.ekaùug wjia:dj ,enqKq miq j wmg
yeÕS .sfha ta ms<sn| uQ,sldjfndaOhla ,nd §u i|yd
wmf.a fuu wOHhk uqøKoajdrfhka bÈßm;a lsÍu
jeo.;a úh yels nj hs'

Wiia fm< jHdlrK m;%hg fyda

úYajúoHd,hj, meje;afjk jHdlrKh ms<sn|
we;eï ,sÅ; mÍlaIKj,g ,l=Kq ye;a;E myla
,eîug kï fï lsisjla wOHhkh l< hq;=
fkd fõ' úNd.hg fmr Èk miq .sh úNd.
m%Yakm;% fol ;=kla tajdfha ms<s;=re o iuÕ
wOHhkh lsÍfuka wg" kjh mxla;shl isiqfjl=g
jqj o tu ld¾hh l< yels h' ta ;rï w|nd,
m%Yakm;% h" wo wm isiqkg ,efnkqfha'

fuys wdfY%ah .%ka: kdudj,sfha i|yka

f,aLl msßig;a tod-fuod wmg wl=re l< ish¨
weÿrkag;a fidhqre-fidhqßhkag" udmshd§kag yd m%sh
ìß|g;a lD;{;dj m< lrkq leue;af;uq' ;;air
isÕs;s mq;= o fifkyiska isyslruq'

wmf.a fuu úhrK újrK .%ka:j, tk

jHdlrK Í;s imqrd u i;Hh jkafka hehs wmg
Èjqrd lsj fkdyelafla jHdlrKh iïnkaOfhka
fþlhka w;frys o mriamr;d mj;akd fihsks'
t fia o jqj;a iuld,Sk NdId jHjydrh
yodrkakjqkag ta ms<sn| ukd msájy,la fu uÕska
ie,fikq we;ehs wms Wola u úYajdi lruq'

úhrK újrK m<uq .%ka:hg wlaIr

ud,dj" ikaê yd jdlH Í;s ms<sn| lreKq;a fo jk
VIII
.%ka:hg kdu mo^kdu-úNla;s-i¾jkdu-iudi-
m%;Hhd¾: kdu-wjhh mo&" úrdu ,laIK" mo
fn§u we;=¿ ;j;a jHdlrK ud;Dld lsysmhla
ms<sn| lreKq;a we;=<;a fjhs' fuu .%ka: m<
lsÍfï lghq;a; Ndr .;a iqri m%ldYlhkag o
wmf.a lD;{;dj m< lrkq leue;af;uq'

fy' j' ìfyaIa bkaÈl iïm;a

2013' 05' 06
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha
isxy,dxYfha § h'

IX
X
 fm<.eiau

1' NdIdj yd jHdlrKh 1

2' wlaIr ud,dj 16

3' ikaê 52

4' Wla;dLHd; iïnkaO;d 90

XI
 1' NdIdj yd jHdlrKh

NdIdj hkq ukqIHhd úiska fu;=jla l,a

ks¾udKh lrk ,o iqkaor;u ks¾udKh hs' lsisÿ
;dlaIKsl fuj,ulg mjd th wNsNjd hdfï
yelshdjla fkdue;' mß.Klh we;=¿ ish¨
;dlaIKsl yd ikaksfõok WmlrKj,g o NdIdjg
wkq.; ùug isÿ jkafka h'

NdIdfõ m%Njh yd mßKduh ms<sn| j

NdIdfõ§ka úúOdldr u; m< fldg ;sfí' NdIdfõ
m%Njh ms<sn| m%Odk kHdh i;rla fuf,isks'

1' nõ nõ kHdh (Bow Wow Theory)

ñksid i;a;aj y`vj,a wkqlrKh lsÍug
W;aidy±Ífï § Yífoda;amdok bkaøshj,
jeãu we;s ù NdIdfõ m%Njh o isÿ úh'

2' äx fvdx kHdh (Ding Dong Theory)

wl=Kq" j¾Id" øjH .eàï wE f,dalfha we;s
jk iajNdúl Yío wkqlrKh lsÍfï
m%;sM,hla jYfhka NdIdj ìys j we;'

3' mqya mqya kHdh (Pooh – Pooh Theory)

Nh" ;%dih" fYdalh" uykaish" úiauh" m%S;sh
jeks wjia:dj, uqúka msg jQ w#" wd#" yd!"
W#!" W!#!" wdhs!" W!hs!" wfka!" wfyda!"
whsfhda!" ´!" Ö!" Ö#!" jeks Yío weiqre j
NdIdj m%Njh ù we;'

4' fhda fya fyda kHdh ^Yo-He-Ho Theory&

iduQysl j fjfyi ù lghq;= l<
wjia:dj, uqj.ska msg jQ Yío weiqre j
úhrK újrK

NdIdj ks¾udKh ù we;' ^;=,kd;aul jd.a

úoHdj" wdkkao chfialr" Ñ;%d chfialr"
fld<U" 1970" 45 msgqj'&

fï jk úg f,dalfha NdId mka oyila

muK we;ehs lshe fõ' ^O¾uodi" fla' tka' ´"
oaúNdIl;ajh" ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j"
1996" 03 msgqj'& ta w;=ßka we;eï NdId yqÿ l:d
jHjydrfha muKla mj;skakd jQ ,sÅ; ixfla;
moaO;shlska fyj;a f,aLk wlaIr rEmj,ska f;dr
NdId hs' ;j;a NdId iuQyhl ,sÅ; ixfla; o
we;;a tu NdIdjkaf.ka idys;Hhla ìys ù
fkdue;' kso¾Yk jYfhka ødúv NdId mjq,g wh;a
;=¿" f;davd" f.dxä jeks NdId oelaùug ms<sjk'
ødúv NdId mjqf,a NdId 11la w;=ßka idys;Hhsl
NdId jkafka fou<" f;<sÕ=" lKaKv" u,hd,ï
hk i;r mufKls' md<s NdIdj idys;Hhsl
NdIdjla jqj o thg wkkH jQ wlaIr rEm
moaO;shla fkdue;' tu NdIdj jHydr lrkakka
isxy," kd.r" frdau^bx.%Sis& jeks NdIdj, wl=re
wkqj md<s NdIdfõ f,aLkh isÿ lrk neõ oel .;
yels h'
f,dj mj;akd NdId tajdfha Ndú;h i,ld
fldgia ;=klg fnod oelaùug ms<sjk'

1' Ôj NdId (Living lanuages)

t kï oeks÷ jHjydrfha mj;akd jQ NdId hs'
ld,Sk jYfhka úúO úm¾hdihkag n÷ka
fjñka j¾Okh ùu Ôj NdIdj, iajNdjh
hs'
2' u< NdId (Death lanuages)
w;S;fha f,dj mej;=Kd jQ fï jk úg
Ndú;fhka bj;a j f.dia we;s NdId hs'
2
úhrK újrK

3' iïNdjH NdId (Clasical lanuages)

w;S;fha b;d W;al¾Ij;a wkaoñka Ndú;
jqj o wo jk úg j¾Okh fkd jkakd jQ"
tfy;a wd.ñl" idys;Hhsl wE mrud¾:
fihska Ndú;fha mj;akd jQ md<s" ixialD;
jeks NdId hs'

NdIdfõ§yq NdIdfõ ks¾ñ;sh weóndjl=g

iudk fldg olaj;s' weóndjd fldgia
wkqfldgiaj,g fn§ hdfuka ;j ;j;a weóndjka
ìys jkakd fia NdIdj o fldgia wkqfldgia ùfuka
;j ;j;a kùk NdId ìys fõ' ud,Èjhska NdIdj
isxy, NdIdj weiqßka t f,i ìys j we;s
NdIdfjls'

f,dj mj;akd NdIdjkays {d;s in|;d

i,ld jd.a úoHd{fhda tajd úúO NdId mjq,aj,g
wh;a fldg olaj;s' tu mjq,aj,g wh;a ish¨ NdId
tl u uQ, NdIdjla weiqre j jeã wd neõ ie,fla'
ta wkqj isxy, NdIdj bkaÿ wd¾h NdId mjq,g wh;a
NdIdjla jYfhka y÷kd f.k ;sfí' yskaÈ" jx."
md<s" ixialD;" urdá" .=crdá" Èfjys^ud,Èjhska
ni& wdÈ NdIdfjda tys {d;sfhda hs'

3
úhrK újrK

NdIdj ms<sn| ks¾jpk yd

tys ,laIK
NdIdj ñksidf.a m%n,;u ikaksfõok
udOHh hs' tys iqúfYaIS ,laIK i,ld
jd.aúoHd{hka úúOdldr jQ ks¾jpk bÈßm;a fldg
;sfí'

—NdIdj hkq iafjÉPdfjka ksmojkq ,enQ ixfla;

uÕska woyia" yeÕSï yd wNs,dIhka ikaksfõokh
lrkakd jQ ksiaiycdYhsl (Noninstinctive)
ikaksfõok l%uhls'˜ - tâjâ iemsfh¾'

—NdIdj hkq tlsfklg iqúfYaI jQ

uQ,sldx.hkaf.ka hq;a tfy;a wiSñ; j ksIamdokh
l< yels jdlH iuQyhls˜ - fkdaï fldïials'

—NdIdj hkq ñksiqka iudÔh iuQyhl idudðlhka

o ixialD;shl fldgialrejka o jYfhka
wfkHdkH l%shdldß;d yd ikaksfõokh i|yd
fhdod .kakd iïuq;l s ixfla; moaO;shls˜ -
ì%gksld úYajfldaIh

—NdIdjla kï jdlH iuqodhhls' wfma woyia

mejfikafka jdlHj,sks" tla iïmQ¾K woyila
olajkafka jdlHfhks'˜ - l=udr;=x. uqksodi

—ish is;ays my< jk woyia m< lrkq msKsi ñksid

NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'˜ - fÊ' î' Èidkdhl

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úhrK újrK

—NdIdj iudchl jik ckhd Wkqka yd in|lï

meje;aùu msKsi fhdod .kq ,nk jd.d,dm
iuQyhlska ieÿKls'˜ - iq.;md, o is,ajd

—NdIdj hkq NdIl iudchl iudðlhka úiska

Tjqfkdjqka w;f¾ woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd
fhdod .kq ,nk rEÎlD; jd.a ixfla; moaO;shls'˜
- ví' tia' lreKd;s,l

—A system of communication by sound, through

the organs of speech and hearing among human
beings of a certain group or community, using
vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional
meanings.˜ - A Dictionary of linguistics

—A lanuage is a system of arbitrary vocal

symbols by means of which a social group
cooperates.˜ - Outline of Linguistic Analysis

óg wu;r j zbkaøsh iuQyhla l%udkql+, j

p,kh lsÍfuka we;s jk Yío iuQyhlaZ" zñksid
w;r mj;akd iudc neïuZ" zwoyia m%ldY lsÍfï
m%n,;u udOHhZ" zis;=ú,s Wiq,kakd fyj;A
m%jdykh lrkakdZ" zNdIl iudchl iudðlhka
ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk jdla ixfla;
moaO;shlaZ wdÈ jYfhka jd.a úoHd{hka ;j;a
ks¾jpk rdYshla bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí'

NdIdj ksiaiycdYhsl jQjla fia i,lkq

,nkafka th iycfhka ,efnkakla fkd ù NdIl
iudch úiska tys idudðlhkag yqre lrjkq
,nkakla jk ksid h' tfy;a thskslaì;s j
5
úhrK újrK

ñksidf.a Ñka;kh my< jkafka o NdIdj uq,a

fldg .ksñks' ixialD;sl wkkH;djka bÈßhg
f.k hdfuys ,d ufydamldÍ jkafka o NdIdj hs'
f;dr;=re iïmdokh" WmfoaYkh" fm<Uùu"
úfkdaodiajdoh" ridiajdoh" m%dfhda.sl ld¾hhka bgq
lr .ekSu" Y%uh yiqrejd .ekSu" wfkldg ;u
wruqK oekaùu" oekqj;a ùu" fyd| ys; /lSu wdÈh
NdId ikaksfõokfha iqúfYaI wruqKq w;r fjhs'

tl u NdIdjl o m%Odk NdIdfjka wkH jQ

jHjydr /ila mej;Su iajNdjh hs' iudðl yd
m%dfoaYSh WmNdIdjka o mßñ; NdId" m%dia;úl
jHjydr wdÈh o ta w;r fjhs' iudðl WmNdId kï
mxla;s" wd.ï" l=," /lshd" ia;%S-mqreI Ndjh"
jeäysá-uy¨ nj jeks fya;= fihska NdId
jHjydrh úúO ùu hs' N+f.da,Sh ÿria; Ndjh
fihska isÿ jk NdId úúO;ajh m%dfoaYSh jHjydr
kñ' woH;k isxy, jHjydrfha fu lS ,laIKoajh
u oel .; yels h' mßñ; NdId kï lu;a ni"
ëjr ni wdÈ lsis hï mßñ;shlg iSud jQ NdId hs'
iqúfYaI iudðl wjia:djkays § Ndú; jkakd jQ
NdId jHjydrh m%dia;úl jyr hs' isßmd lreKd
lsÍu jeks wd.ñl úYajdi wE fmrgq fldg .;a
wjia:djkays Ndú; lrkakd jQ NdId jHjydr ta
i|yd kso¾Yk hs' fï yereKq l, fkdirema jyr"
wúh;a jyr wdÈh o NdIdfõ mej;sh yels h'

fu f,i úúOdldr jQ WmjHjydr mej;sh o

NdIl iudcfha ish¨ idudðlhkag fmdÿfõ
wjfndaO fldg .; yels jkakd jQ NdId jHjydrh
iïu; NdId(Standed lanuage) kñka ye¢ka fõ'
w.kqjr flakaø fldg .;a NdId jHjydrh jkafka
o" ckudOH wdÈfhys;a mßmd,k lghq;=j,§;a
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úhrK újrK

wOHhk ld¾hhkays §;a Ndú; jkafka o iïu;

NdIdj hs' wm jHdlrKh wOHhkh lrkqfha o
iïu; NdIdfõ f,aLkh wdY%fhks'

isxy,h jeks we;eï NdIdj, oaúrEm;djla

o mj;S' NdId oaúrEm;dj kï l:kfha yd
f,aLkfha Ndú; jk Yío yd jpk moaO;sh"
jHdlrK Í;s" jdlH rgd" jpk ud,dj wdÈh
wfkHdakH jYfhka úúO ùu hs' tfy;a t jeks
NdIdj, l:kfhys mjd lsis hï iïu; jHdlrK
Í;shla mj;Akd nj fmfka' m%dKjdÖ-wm%dKjdÖ
fNaoh tla kso¾Ykfhls' —ñksfyla bkakjd˜
hkqfjka mjik kuqÿ —fmd;la ;sfhkjd˜
hkqfjka mjikqfha ta wkqj hs' úNla;s wkqj
jrkeÕSu ;j;a ,laIKfhls' —uu isxy, okakjd˜
f,i mejish yels jqj o jdlH rgdj wkqj —ug
isxy, f;afrkjd˜ f,i úNla;sh fjkia l< hq;=
fõ' l%shdfõ ld, fNaoh o l:djHjydrfha §
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= Í;sfhls' uym%dK wlaIr
w,amm%dK jYfhka WÉpdrKh ùu o l:d
jHjydrfha mj;akd iqúfYaI ,laIKfhls'

isxy,fha NdId oaúrEm;djla meje;s njg

m<uq fldg u bÕshla ,efnkqfha oUfoKs hq.fha
,sheú ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh jka .%ka:hkaf.ks'
thskslaì;s j uykqjr hq.fha ,sheú rdcdj,sh"
w,flaYajr hqoaOh wdÈfhka fu lS fjki jvd,d;a
meyeÈ,s fjhs' isxy, NdIdfõ uq,a hq.fhys fu n÷
fjkila fkd ;sfnkakg we;' Ys,d f,aLkj, tk
NdId m%fhda. yd Oïmsh wgqjd .egmoh jka uq,a u
hq.hg wh;a isxy, .%ka:hla wOHhkfhka yeÕS
hkafka t l, NdIKh yd f,aLkh wfkHdkH
jYfhka iudk jkakg we;s nj hs' tfy;a l:d
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úhrK újrK

jHjydrh f,aLkhg jvd blaukska mßKduh jk

fihska tu fjkialï ,sÅ; NdIdjg m%úIag ùug
ld,hla .; jkakg we;' tfia u fldaÜfÜ
hq.fhka miq j ngysr wdl%uK fihska k;r j
;=nqKq idys;H jHdmdrh uykqjr hq.fha irKxlr
ysñ oji" t kï jir fo iShlg muK miq h<s;a
k;r j ;=nqKq ;ekska wdrïN lrk úg
l:djHjydrh fndfyda ÿrg mßKduhg m;a j
;sfnkakg we;' fï fya;= fihsks" isxy,fha m%n,
NdId oaúrEm;djla mj;skqfha'

jHdlrKh
NdIdj fydnjkakd jQ O¾u;dfjda jHdlrK
kï fj;s' √lD hk Od;+jg úZ yd wdZ hk Wmi¾.
mQ¾j ùfuka —jHdlrK˜ hk jpkh ieliS ;sfí'
hï NdIdjla ksjerÈ j yeisrùug W.kajkqfha
jHdlrK Ydia;%fhks' f,aLkfha fuka u NdIKfha
o jHdlrKhla mj;sk kuqÿ NdIK jHdlrKh tu
NdIdj jHjydr lrk idudðlhkag iycfhka u
yqre jkakls' t fyhska jHdlrKh f,i
ffioaOdka;sl j wOHhkh lrkqfha f,aLk
jHdlrKh hs' NdIdj úêu;a j Ndú; lsÍu i|yd
bjy,a jkakd jQ Í;s moaO;shla jYfhka o —
jHdlrK˜ hkak ;j;a f,ilg w¾: oelaúh yels
h' md<s" ixialD; hk ud;D NdIdjkays jHdlrK
Ydia;%h i|yd b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla ,nd § ;sfnkq
fmfka' mdKskS jHdlrKh" idriaj; jHdlrKh"
lÉpdhk jHdlrKh" pdkaø jHdlrKh" uydNdIH
jHdlrKh" ffjhdlrK i¾jiaj" rEmisoaê"
nd,dj;dr wdÈh kso¾Yk hs'

8
úhrK újrK

isxy, jHdlrKh uq,a u hq.fha ieliqfKa

md<s NdIdj wdY%fhks' thskslaì;s j ixialD;
NdIdj weiqßkq;a wk;=re j fou< NdIdj weiqßkq;a
th yev .eiS ;sfí' zj,aZ hk wm%dKjdÖ nyq jpk
m%;Hh ^f.j,a" fodrj,a& isxy,hg msúisfha o jla
lrkjd ^<jd¾la lsf¾ka&" l=,mamq lrkjd ^<l=,mamq
lsf¾ka& fifrmamq oukjd ^<firemaffmma
fmdaÜgdka& jeks l%shd rEm yd jdlH rgd msúisfha o
fou<fhks' hg;a úð;jd§ md,k iufha § ngysr
NdIdj, n,mEï fihska msúishd jQ jHdlrK Í;s o
/ila o jk neõ oel .; yels h' zwdydr .kakjdZ"
znia tl w,a, .kakjdZ" zkd .kakjdZ" jeks jdlH
rgd bx.%Sisfhka isxy,hg msúis tajd h' fu f,i
tla NdIdjla ;j;a NdIdjla yd ixfhda. fjñka isÿ
lrkakd jQ fjki NdId ixiam¾Yh kñka ye¢ka
fõ'

fu lS ,laIK wkqj Ôj NdIdjl

jHdlrKh ld,fhka ld,hg fjkia jk neõ
fmfka' iS.sß .S" ldjH fYaLrh" rdcdj,sh jka
lD;Skays úoHudk jk" ia;%S ,sx. wkqla; úNla;s
nyq jpkfha wdLHd;h m%:u mqreI nyq jpkfhka
;eîfï Í;sh woH;kfha Ndú; fkd jkakls' ia;%S
,sx. tal jpk Wla;h i|yd w;S; ld,fha §
wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka ;eîfï Í;sh o wo
Ndú;fhka bj;a fjñka mj;skakls'

Tyq" weh hk i¾j kdu w;S;fha wkqla;

rEmfha fhÿKq kuqÿ j¾;udkfha Wla; f,iska o
jHjydr fõ' w;S; isxy,fha mej;s kdu
jrkeÕSfï l%uh ixialD;fha jeks jHdlrK ,sx.h
mokï jQ kdu jrkeÕSula jqj o j¾;udkfha
9
úhrK újrK

mj;skqfha thska fjkia jQ l%ufõofhls' fï wkqj

jHdlrKh ld,hdf.a wejEfuka úúO
úm¾hdihkg n÷ka jk nj fmfka' —úhrKh Od;=
lr`vqjla fkd j wm tlsfkldf.a jqjukdjla wkq
j keñh hq;=" ;e,sh hq;=" ì¢h hq;=
WmlrKfhle˜hs ud¾áka úl%uisxy ^idys;H l,dj"
1950" ms'36& olajkakd jQ woyi fuys § isysm;a lrkq
jà' tfy;a iuia;hla j .;a l, iuld,Sk
jHjydrh iïnkaO j úoaj;=ka w;r fmdÿ tlÕ;d
mj;akd neõ meyeÈ,s h'

NdIdfõ§ka iïNdjH Í;sh" iuld,Sk Í;sh"

iu;sl%uK Í;sh hkqfjka NdIdÍ;s ;=kla y÷kajd
§ ;sfí' fïjdfha wlaIr úkHdih" mo fn§u" úrdu
,laIK" jpk fldaIh" wlaIr rEm wdÈfha
wfkHdakH fjkialï /fils' iïNdjH Í;sh hkq
Ñrka;k idys;Hfha fhÈ" woH;kfhys o Ydia;%Sh
f,aLkfhys ,d we;eï úg Ndú; jkakd jQ Í;sh hs'
kQ;k m%nkaOl:d wdÈfha o" mqj;am;a f,aLkfha o
fndfyda úg Ndú; jkakd jQ woH;kfha iq,n
jYfhka jHjydr jk NdId Í;sh iuld,Sk NdId
Í;sh hs'

NdIdj l%udkql+, j mßKduhg m;a

jkakls' tfy;a iu;sl%uK Í;sfha ,laIKh NdIdj
mßKduh ùug fmrd;= j iuld,Sk Í;sh blaujd
hdu hs' isß.=kisxy jeks úoaj;=ka K" k" ," < jeks
fNao fkd ;elSu;a wð;a ;s,lfiak jeks
f,aLlhka isxy,fha biams,s yd mdms,s —.qrq;qud˜"
—;qkqrqjka˜" —lja¨j˜ hkdÈ jYfhka tla f,ilska
Ndú; lsÍu;a ta i|yd kso¾Yk jYfhka oelaùug
ms<sjk'

10
úhrK újrK

fuys ,d jHdlrKh jYfhka wm wOHhkh

lrKqfha iuld,Sk f,aLk jHdlrKfha tk
iïuq;sl Í;s ud,dj hs'

isxy, NdIdj
isxy, cd;sfha yd NdIdfõ b;sydih
ms<sn|j;a zisxy,Z hk kdufha ksrela;sh ms<sn|j;a
úoaj;=ka w;r tlsfklg mriamr jQ u;jdo
lsysmhla u mj;S' l%sia;= mQ¾j oyia .Kkl mgka
,xld N+ñfha wdÈ jdiSka Ôj;a jQ njg idOl we;;a
Tjqkaf.a NdIdj ms<sn| ksYaÑ; woyila m< lsÍug
;rï idOl fkdue;' uydjxYh" §mjxYh jeks
jxYl:dj,;a Oïmsh wgqjd .egmoh" O¾u m%§msldj
jeks idys;H lD;sj,;a i|yka jk f,iska
isxy,hg ta ku jegqfKa wdÈ mqreIhd isxyhl= ùu
fya;=fjks' iqmamd foaúh isxyhl= yd újdy ùfuka
isxyndyq - isxyiSj,S ore fo fok ,enqjd h' miq j
isxyndyq" mshd urd fidhqßh újdy lr .;af;a h'
Tjqkaf.a mq;l= jQ úchf.a m%pKav yeisÍï fihska
Ndr;fhka msgqjy,a lrk ,ÿ j ,laÈjg f.dv
nei ckdjdi msysgqjd .;af;a h'
—'''''fy¿ niska hkq lsf|dg ,efnhs h;a" §m
jdiSka fy¿ neúka ,efí' zfy<yZ hkq lsfiks h;a"
iSyndyq rc isyl= urd —iSy<˜ kï ù" iSyx ¨kjd
b;s iSyf<da' úoE l=ur tA Tyq ore neúka —iSy<˜
kï ù' fiiqfjd tõyq msßjr neúka ziSy<Z kï
jQyq'''''˜^Oïmsh wgqjd .egmoh&
l%sia;= mQ¾j i jk ishjfia isÿ jQ neõ
lshefjk fuu ft;sydisl m%nkaOfha lsis hï
i;a;djla .eí ù meje;sh hq;= h' úch we;=¿ msßi
11
úhrK újrK

yqka ,dg foaYh W;a;r Ndr;fha l=uk ia:dkhl ù

o" Tjqka f.dv ng ;ïnmKaKsh ,laÈj l=uk
;efkl ù o hkq u;fNaod;aul jqj o isxy, NdIdj
úch we;=¿ msßi úiska jHjydr lrk ,o
NdIdfjys mßKduhla jkafka kï Tjqkaf.a NdIdj
jhU$ngysr bkaÿ wd¾h m%dlD;hla fyda kef.kysr
bkaÿ wd¾h m%dlD;hla jkakg we;ehs NdId
iudk;aj wOHhkfhka ks.ukh lrkq yels fjhs'

úch we;=¿ msßi jHjydr l< NdIdj fu

rg yqka hlaI" kd. wE f.da;%slhkaf.a NdId yd
ixfhda. ùfuka isxy,h fjku u NdIdjla
jYfhka jeã tkakg we;' oekg yuq jk
merKs;u Ys,d f,aLk l%sia;= mQ¾j ;=ka jk
ishjig" t kï uyskaod.ukh isÿ jQ ld,
jljdkqjg wh;a jk fihska uyskaod.ukh;a iuÕ
wfYdal m%dlD;h weiqre j isxy,fha f,aLkh
wdrïN jkakg we;s neõ we;eul=f.a u;slD;ajh
hs' tfia o jqj;a l%sia;= mQ¾j i jk ishjig muK
wh;a wlaIr fldgia iys; j,x len,s wdÈh yuq j
;sîu" úch rdc iufha mgka fu rg rc mjq,a w;r
,sms yqjudre ùï isÿ jQ neõ i|yka ùu ^l%s'mQ' i jk
ishjfia" úch rc Ndr;fha uOqrmqr m`vq rcg;a"
isxy mqrfha yqka ;u fidhqre iqñ;a;g;a hejQ ,sms"
l%s'mQ' mia jk ishjfia" mKavqldNh l=uref.a uj
mKavq, nuqKdg hejQ ,smsh" wNh rc mKavqldNh
l=ureg tjQ ,smsh wdÈh ms<sn| uyd jxYfha i|yka
f;dr;=re&" rc mjqf,a l=udrjrekag nuqKka ,jd
wOHdmkh ,nd ÿka neõ i|yka ùu jka lreKq
fihska isxy, f,aLkfha wdrïNh thska wE;
hq.hlg Èj hk neõ fmfka'

12
úhrK újrK

m%dlD; hq.fha isxy,dlaIr wfYdaldlaIr

iuÕ iei£fï § wlaIr rEm w;r úúO;ajhla
úoHudk jk neõ o fuys § wjOdkhg .ekSu
jeo.;a h' ta wkqj isxy, f,aLkh uyskaod.ukhg
mQ¾jfha mgka fu rg meje;s neõ;a" uyskaod.ukh
fihska Ydiksl wjYH;d Wfoid ta nyq, jYfhka
Ndú; jkakg jQ neõ;a ks.ukh lrkq yels fjhs'
thskslaì;s j m,a,j .%ka:dlaIr wdÈfha n,mEï
fihskq;a f,aLk øjHhkaf.a fjkiaùï wdÈh
fihskq;a wlaIr rEm YS>%fhka fjkia j we;s neõ
fmfka' wdÈ jYfhka fi,a,smsj, ,sheú
wlaIr ;Um;a" mqiafld< wdÈfha ,sùfï
§ wdÈ jYfhka jD;a;dldr iajrEmhlg
m;a ùfuka j;auka wlaIr ìys j ;sfí' mQ¾j n%dyaó
wlaIr isys.kajkakd jQ mßKduhla l,dmfha wkH
NdIdjkays o oel .; yels fõ'

isxy, - l r ; w
fou< - k r w a
ixialD; - k r t A

isxy, NdIdfõ mßKduh

isxy, NdIdfõ yd wlaIr rEmhkaf.a
mßKduh i,ld .hs.¾ hq. myla y÷kajd § ;sfí'

1' isxy, m%dlD; hq.h

^l%s'mQ' 3 ishji - l%s'j' 4 ishji&
2' mqrd;k$m%dla isxy, hq.h
^l%s'j' 4 ishji - l%s'j' 8 ishji&
3' uOH;k$uOH isxy, hq.h
13
úhrK újrK

^l%s'j' 8 ishji - l%s'j' 13 ishji&

4' iïNdjH isxy, hq.h
^l%s'j' 13 ishji - l%s'j' 17 ishji&
5' kQ;k isxy, hq.h ^l%s'j' 17 ishji - wo jk;=re&

m%dlD; yd mqrd;k hq.j,g wh;a wlaIr

rEm tu hq.j, ,sheú Ys,d f,aLk wdÈh
wOHhkfhka y÷kd .; yels h' fuu hq.fha
isxy, NdIdjg jeä n,mEula isÿ j mj;afka md<s
NdIdfjks' uym%dKdlaIr" i[a[ldlaIr" §¾>iajr"
ne¢ wl=re wdÈh fu l, Ndú; fkd jk ;rï h'
fuu hq.fha Ndú; jQ wlaIr .Kk 26lg muK
iSud fjhs'

w" b" W" t" T

iajr - 5
l" ." p" c$CO
g" v" K" ;" o" k
m" n" u
h" r" ," j" Y$i" y
jH[ack - 21
26

l%s'j' 8-13 ishjiays t kï uOH isxy,

hq.fha" f,aLk øjHhkaf.a fjkiaùu yd bka§h
NdIdjkaf.a úúO n,mEï fihska isxy, NdIdj yd
wlaIr rEm oeä fjkilg n÷ka fõ' fï hq.fha
Ndú; wlaIr ie,lSfuka wlaIr ud,dfõ iajrEm
folla y÷kd .; yels h"

1' moH isxy, j¾Kud,dj

2' .oH isxy, j¾K ud,dj

14
úhrK újrK

iS.sß .S" uqjfoõ od j;" ii od j;" lõ

is¿ñK" ishnia,lr" t¿ i|ia ,l=K" iso;a iÕrdj
wd§ moH .%ka:j,ska fy<s jk moH isxy, j¾K
ud,dfõ wlaIr 37ls"

w wd we wE b B
W W! t ta T ´

iajr - 12
l . Õ c `c
g v K ~
; o k |
m n u U
h r , j
i y < ^w&x

jH[ack - 25
37

fuu hq.fha ,sheú Oïmsh wgqjd .egmoh"

cd;l wgqjd .egmoh" fji;=re od ikakh"
wudj;=re" O¾u m%§msldj" nq;airK wd§ .oH
.%ka:j, úoHudk jkqfha md<s" ixialD; ´kE u
jpkhla ,súh yels wlaIr 59lska hq;a ixj¾ê;
wlaIr ud,djls'

w wd we wE b B
W W! R RD Ì Ï
t ta ft T ´ T!

iajr - 18

l L . > X Õ
15
úhrK újrK

p P c CO [ `c
g G v V K ~
; : o O k |
m M n N u U
h r , j
Y I i y < ^w&x ^w&#
jH[ack - 41
59

l%sia;= j¾I oy;=ka jk ishjfiys iso;a

iÕrdj rpkd ùu lõ ,elsfha ^moH NdIdfõ&
jHdlrK" Pkaoia" w,xldrd§ ,laIK Ndú;h
ms<sn| WfoHd.hla we;s lrùug fya;= úh' oekg
úoHudk jk mßÈ isxy, j¾K ud,dj ms<sn|
merKs;u ffioaOdka;sl ú.%yh jkqfha o iso;a
iÕrdfjys h' iso;a iÕrdfõ mgka isxy, wlaIr
ud,dfõ úldikh ms<sn| bÈß W,a,difha § úuid
nef,kq we;'

2' wlaIr ud,dj

l:kfha § Yíoh fhdod .kakd fia
f,aLkfha § oDYH f.dapr jQ ,sÅ; ixfla; fhdod
.efka' tu ixfla; wl=re kñ' k + l=re > wl=re
hkqfjka zl=reZ hkakg kZ wjHh mQ¾j ùfuka
wl=re hk jok ieliS ;sfí' ta wkqj l=re fkd
jkqfha fyj;a laIh fkd jkqfha wl=re kñ' NdIdj
fl ;rï Ndú; l< o tys wl=rej, laIh ù hdula
isÿ fkd jkqfha h' iSñ; wlaIr lsysmhla weiqßka
wiSñ; j woyia m< l< yels jkqfha h'

16
úhrK újrK

wl=re tl;= ù wlaIr ud,dj ielfia'

wlaIr ud,dj" wl=re je," j¾K ud,dj" fydaäh wE
kduhkaf.ka ye¢ka fõ' zfidaäZ kduh m<uq fldg
u úoHudk jkqfha fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ,sheú ldjH
fYaLrfha h' isxy,fha ffioaOdka;sl jYfhka
ú.%y fldg we;s" oekg úoHudk merKs;u fydaäh
l%sia;= j¾I oy;=ka jk ishjfiys ^oUfoKs hq.fha&
úiQ m;srdc msrefjkam;s fõfoay wkjuo¾YS ysñhka
úiska ,shk ,o iso;a iÕrdfjys tk wlaIr ud,dj
hs' Bg fmrd;= j rÑ; —iSy< ioao ,laLK˜ jeks
isxy, jHdlrK .%ka: ms<sn| kdu ud;%sl j i|yka
fj;;a oekg tajd wNdjm%dma; j we;'

ziso;a iÕrdjZ hkafkys kdud¾:h

—isoaOdka; ix.%y fldg we;s .%ka:h˜ hkq hs'

—uyo .|ls<s le/

ijqfka f.jd o;ayg
ÿyqkka oekqï i|yd
lrfkï iso;a iÕrd˜

hk wx. iQ;%fhka l;=jrhd ;u bIag

foaj;d kuialdrh;a" ÿyqkka oekqï i|yd
^wdOqkslhkaf.a wjfndaOh& hk mrud¾:h;a" .%ka:
kduh;a olajd isà' jHdlrK" Pkaoia" w,xldr jeks
isoaOdka; ;u .%ka:fhys i|yka lrk iso;a
l;=jrhd ;ud tu ,laIK olajkqfha lõ,elsfha
^ldjHuh NdIdfõ& m%fhdackh i|yd neõ lsysm
úfgl § u mjid isà' ta wkqj iso;alre bÈßm;a
lrkakd jQ wlaIr ud,dj o tu hq.fha fmdÿfõ
Ndú; jQjla fkd j moH i|yd iSñ; jkakla neõ
meyeÈ,s fjhs'

17
úhrK újrK

iso;a iÕrd j¾K ud,dj

iso;a iÕrdj wlaIr ud,dj y÷kajd fokqfha"

—mKl=re mfila t o
¨yq.=re fnhska oi fõ
.;l=re o fõ úiafila
jyrg hqyQ ishnie˜

—w wd b B W W! t ta T ´ fu oi
mKl=re kï'˜

—l . c g v K ; o k
m n u h r , j i y < ^w&x fu úis
.;l=re kï'˜

hkqfjks' fuys m<uq j mKl=re mfila nj

mjid wk;=re j th oyhla jk neõ oelaùu
jHdl+, jQ ú.%yfhls' i;Hh kï mKl=re oyhla
we;s nj yd th ¨yq-.=re my ne.ska jk nj hs'
flfia kuqÿ fuys § mKl=rej, mj;akd
fNaooajhla y÷kajd §ug l;=jrhd iu;a j ;sfí'
WÉpdrK ld,h ud;%d tlla jkqfha ¨yq wl=re hs'
.=re wl=rl ud;%d foll WÉpdrK ld,hla
mj;S' —ud;%dj˜ kï ksfïIhl fyj;a weismsfhl
ld,h hs'

iso;a iÕrd fydaäfhys oelafjkqfha fuu

wlaIr 30 muKla jqj;a `cZ yer wfkl=;a
i[a[ldlaIr i;r;a ^Õ ~ | U&" we" wE
wlaIroajh;a isof;ys fh§ ;sfnkq fmfka' iso;alre

18
úhrK újrK

we" wE wlaIroajh w" wd hk wlaIrj, ud;%d

jDoaêhla f,iska woyia l< neõ fmfka'

joka lú fmdf;a tk fydaäh

iso;a iÕrdfjka miq j yuq jk isxy,
fydaäh uykqjr hq.fha úiQ je,súáfha irKxlr
ysñhkaf.a YsIHfhl= jQ w;a;r.u rdc.=re nKavdr
úiska rpkd lrk ,o joka lú fmdf;ys tk
isxy, fydaäh hs'

úis jk ishji jk ;=re u fn!oaO

wOHdmk wdh;kj, Ndú; jQfha th hs' tys wl=re
.Kk 50ls'

w wd b B W W!
R RD Ì Ï
t ft T T! ^w&x ^w&#

iajr - 16

l L . > X
p P c CO [
g G v V K
; : o O k
m M n N u
h r , j
Y I i y <

jH[ack - 34

50
19
úhrK újrK

mdGYd,hSh wlaIrud,d
jokalú fydaäfhka blaì;s j úoHudk
jkqfha mdGYd,hSh YsIHhka Wfoid oy kj jk
ishji w. Nd.fha yd úis jk ishji uq,a Nd.fha
,sheú fõr.u mqxÑ nKavdrf.a mo kS;sh^1888&"
ihsfudka o is,ajdf.a YíodkqYdikh^1929&"
;shfvda¾ Ô fmf¾rdf.a isxy, NdIdj^1932& jeks
.%ka:j, tk wlaIrud,d h' fu lS .%ka:j,
wlaIrud,d fol ne.ska olajd ;sfí'

1' Y=oaO isxy, j¾Kud,dj - t kï iso;a iÕrd

j¾K ud,djg we" wE fol o tla lsÍfuka
wlaIr 32la f,i oela jQ wlaIr ud,dj hs'
fuh kquqiq fy< ni i|yd;a fndfyda úg
moHlrKh i|yd;a wkkH jQ wlaIr ud,dj
jk fihska fjku u olajd ;sfí'

2' ñY% isxy, j¾K ud,dj - uE;la jk ;=re u

—isxy, fydaäh˜ jYfhka Ndú; jQfha fuu
wlaIr ud,dj hs' fuys wl=re .Kk 54ls'

idïm%odhsl ñY% isxy, j¾Kud,dj

w wd we wE b B
W W! R RD Ì Ï
t ta ft T ´ T!

iajr - 18

20
úhrK újrK

l L . > X
p P c CO [
g G v V K
; : o O k
m M n N u
h r , j
Y I i y <
^w&x ^w&#

jH[ack - 36
54

fy< yjq, o wlaIr ud,dj jYfhka ú.%y

fldg ;sfnkqfha fuu fydaäh u nj l=udr;=x.
uqksodif.a jHdlrK újrKh^1937&" wl=re
ieye,a,^1935& jeks .%ka:j,ska fmfka' tfy;a ," <
yd ^w&x" ^w&# ms<sfj< fjkia lsÍu jeks [h" r" <"
," j" Y" I" i" y" ^w&x" ^w&#] jka u| fjkialï o
oel .; yels h'

fu lS ñY% isxy, fydäh md<s" ixialD;

RKs; joka o ,súh yels fia ixj¾Okh lrk ,o
fydaähls' fuys tk wl=re w;=ßka R" RD" Ì" Ï"
ft" T!" Y" I" ^w&# hk wl=re kjh md<sfha ke;s
ixialD; NdIdjg muKla wh;a jQ wlaIr hs' <Z
ldrh wdrïNl hq.fha § u ixialD; NdIdfjka
bj;a j .sh" tfy;a md<s NdIdfõ meje;s
wlaIrfhls'
md<s fydäh
iajr - w wd b B W
W! t T
21
úhrK újrK

jH[ack - l L . > X
p P c CO [
g G v V K
; : o O k
m M n N u
h r , j
i y < ^w&x

ixialD; fydäh
iajr wA wd Aa b # B$ W % W! ^
R\ RD § Ì ¤ Ï¥
t@ ft @e T Aae T!AaE

jH[ack lk L o .g >" X'

pc P D cj CO H [|
gq G Q vf VF K[
;t : w od Ox kn
mp M ) nb N- um
hy j v rr ,l
Yz I ; is yh
^w&x A< ^w&# A>

uE; hq.fha isxy, jHdlrK{hka úiska

mQ¾fjdala; isxy, fydaäj,g wu;r j lÓ; isxy,
fydaäh" cd;Hka;r mß.Kl isxy, fydaäh"
iuld,Sk isxy, fydäh" iïu; isxy, fydaäh
jYfhka ;j;a isxy, wlaIr ud,d lsysmhla u
y÷kajd ;sfí' fydaäfha we;s ish¨ u wlaIr l:d
jHjydrfha fkd fhfoa' l:d jHjydrfha we;s
YíÈu muKla we;=<;a fldg ieliQ isxy, fydaäh
—lÓ;˜ fyj;a —NdIK isxy, fydaäh˜ hs' fuu
22
úhrK újrK

fydaäfha uym%dKdlaIr lsisjla ke;' uQ¾OkH <" I

wlaIr o" R" RD" Ì" Ï" ft" T! iajr o Bg wh;a
fkd fõ' tfy;a l:d jHjydrfha fhfok
ixjD;a; wŸ ldrfha ¨yq-.=re wlaIroajh;a ^ wŸ " ŸwŸ&
Z, F hk bx.%Sis YíÈu;a thg we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
fydaäfha ksrEmKh fkd jk fuu wlaIr
NdIKfha mj;akd neúks' Zoo tl" Fan tl
hkdÈh kso¾Yk hs' wZ ldrh o NdIKfha §
ixjD;a;" újD;a; hk fohdldrfhka u WÉpdrKh
flfrk nj fmfka'
ixjD;a; - w;^↓&" újD;a; - ;^↑&rej

újD; wZldrfha §¾>h wd jkakd fia

ixjD;a; wŸ ldrfha o §¾>hla mj;S' Girl ^.¾,a&"
Curl ^l¾,a& wdÈh ksoiqks' ixjD;a; wZ ldrfha
§¾>h ŸwŸ ixfla;h uÕska oelaùug ms<sjk' ^.
Ÿ Ÿ,a"
l
Ÿ Ÿ,a&

cd;Hka;r mß.Kl isxy, fydaäh kï

mß.Kl h;=re mqjrej fjkqfjka cd;Hka;r
jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug fld<U úYajúoHd,hSh
mß.Kl wdh;kh ilia fldg we;s fydaäh hs'
tys {Z ldrh o we;=<;a j ;sfí' fÊ' î Èidkdhl
iuld,Sk isxy, fydaäh f,i olajkafka `c bj;a
fldg {Z wka;¾.; l<d jQ wl=re 60lska hq;a
fydaäh hs' iïu; isxy, j¾K ud,dj u;=jg
idlÉPd lefrkq we;'

23
úhrK újrK

iïu; isxy, j¾K ud,dj

isxy, wlaIr ud,dj iïnkaO .eg¨
ksrdlrKh i|yd uyr.u cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kh úiska úúO .=rel=,j, úoaj;=ka iïnkaO
fldg .kakd ,ÿ j ta ish¨ fokdf.a fmdÿ
iïuq;sfhka bÈßm;a lrk ,o fydaäh iïu;
isxy, fydaäh kï fõ' wlaIr 60lska hq;a tu
fydaäh 1989 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska m<
lrk ,o zisxy, f,aLk Í;shZ lD;sfha oelafõ'

1 2 3 4 5 6
w wd we wE b B
7 8 9 10 11 12
W W! R RD Ì Ï
13 14 15 16 17 18
t ta ft T ´ T!
19 20
^w&x ^w&#
21 22 23 24 25 26
l L . > X Õ
27 28 29 30 31 32
p P c CO [ `c
33 34 35 36 37 38
g G v V K ~
39 40 41 42 43 44
; : o O k |
45 46 47 48 49 50
m M n N u U
51 52 53 54
h r , j
55 56 57 58 59 60
Y I i y < *

24
úhrK újrK

i). joka lúfmd; jeks .%ka:hkays o we;=<;a Ì"

Ï wlaIr kQ;k fydaäfhka bj;a l<fyd;a miq
lf,l úoHd¾Òkag t lS Ñrka;k lD;s lsheùug
fkd yels jk neúka tu wlaIroajh fydaäfhka
bj;a fkd lsÍug o

ii). ^w&x" ^w&# hk wlaIr iajrj,g my<ska yd

jH[ackj,g by<ska ^iajr;a jH[ack;a w;r&
fh§ug o

iii). i[a[ldlaIr my iajdëk wlaIr jYfhka

i,ld ;oaj¾.dlaIrhkays fl<jrg tla lsÍug o

iv). 1891 § uekaÈia .=Kfialr úiska ,shk ,o A

Comprehensive Grammar of Sinhalese Language
lD;sfha y÷kajd fok ,o F › * " Z › ^ia&x hk
ixfla; w;=ßka fï hq.h jk úg Ndú; fjñka
meje;s *Z ixfla;h ^fgd*s" *s,ag¾& fydaähg joao
.ekSug o

iïu; j¾K ud,dj iïnkaOfhka m;a l<

lñgqfõ ks¾foaYh ,eìK' Z^iax&" ixjD; y%iaj-§¾>
wZ ldr^wŸ " Ÿw Ÿ& jeks wlaIr oeksÿ fydaähg joao
.ekSfï m%n, jqjukdjla ke;s nj;a miq j
msysgjkq ,efnk lñgqjl § y,a lsÍï" biams,s"
mdms,s wdÈfha iurEm;dj ms<sn| ;SrK .; hq;=
nj;a Tjqkaf.a woyi úh'

25
úhrK újrK

isxy, wlaIr ud,dj ms<sn|

úúO j¾.SlrK
iajr - 18ls'
m%jD;a;s Yla;s yd m%j¾;l Yla;s hk
,laIK mj;akd jQ wlaIr iajr kñ' m%jD;a;s Yla;s
kï fjk;a wlaIrhl wdOdrfhka f;dr j
meje;afï ^WÉpdrKh ùfï& yelshdj hs' m%j¾;l
Yla;s hkq tu yelshdj ke;s wlaIrhlg ta ,nd
§fï yelshdj hs' iajrj, mj;akd fuu YlH;dj
jH[ackj, fkd mj;skakls' ;j;a úoaj;l=f.a
ú.%yhg wkqj fmKye,af,a isg tk jdhqOdrdjg
md¾YaùlrKhla jeks ndOdjla isÿ fkd fldg
WÉpdrKh lefrk fihska fuu wl=re iajr kñka
ye¢ka fõ'

w wd we wE b B
W W! R RD Ì Ï
t ta ft T ´ T!

y%iaj - §¾> hkqfjka iajr fo fldgilg

fnfoa'

y%iaj^¨yq$ ,>q$ flá& iajr - 8ls'

WÉpdrK ld,h ud;%d tlla jkqfha y%iaj
kñ' —ksfuia l,a u;a˜ hkqfjka ksfïIhl ld,h
ud;%djla jkafka heZhs iso;a iÕrdj mji hs'
ksfïIh hkq wiqrla .eiSug fyda weismshla ie,Sug
fyda .; jkakd jQ ld,h hs'

26
úhrK újrK

w we b W
R Ì t T
§¾> iajr^.=re& - 8ls'

WÉpdrK ld,h ud;%d folla jQ iajr §¾>

kï fõ'
wd wE B W!
RD Ï ta ´
fï yereKq l, WÉpdrK ld,h ud;%d fol
blaujkakd jQ iajrdlaIr folla o fydaäfha we;'
ft" T! hk t lS wlaIroajh ma¨; iajr hkakg
wh;a fjhs' §¾> iajr o u;a fol blaujk fia
WÉpdrKh l< yels jqj;a ft" T! hk iajr
iycfhka u fhfokqfha u;a fol blaujkakd jQ
wlaIr jYfhks' ^ixialD; ldjHldrfhda §¾>
iajrhlg mr j fhÈ y,a wl=re o ma¨; kduhg
wh;a lr;s' —Ndialr˜" —NSIau˜ fïjdfha o
WÉpdrK ld,h ma¨; iajrj, fuka u ud;%d 2½
ls'&
we;eï jHdlrK{fhda ft" T! hk iajr
fol o we;=<;a fldg §¾>iajr oyhla olaj;s'

ikaOHdlaIr - 4ls'
iajrdlaIr folla ixfhda. ù ielfikqfha
fï kñ' idïm%odhsl jHdlrK{hkag wkqj ikaê
iajr 4ls'
w +b → t
w +W → T

27
úhrK újrK

w + t → ft
w + T → T!
isxy, NdIdfjys úoHudk jk t" T hk
wlaIrj, y%ija -§¾> Ndjh ie,ls,a,g .;a l, t"
ta" ft" T" ´" T! hk wl=re ih u ikaê iajr
hg;g wh;a l< yels h'

fÊ' î Èidkdhl jDoaê m%dKdlaIr

kdufhka y÷kajkafka o ikaê iajrj,g hï
iudk;ajhla olajkakd jQ wlaIr m%fNaohls' Tyq"
;ks iajrhlska ieÿKq w" b" W hk iajr flaj,
m%dKdlaIr f,i;a tajdg wZ ldrh tla ùfuka
ieÿKq wd" ft" T! hk iajr;%h jDoaê m%dKdlaIr
f,i;a y÷kajhs'
flaj, m%dKdlaIr jDoaê m%dKdlaIr
w w+w → wd
b w+b → ft
W w+W → T!
;j o Tyq ú.%y lrk ixhqla; m%dKdlaIr o
t lS wlaIr m%j¾. yd [d;s;ajhla m< lrkakd fia
fmfka' Tyqf.a tu ú.%yhg wkqj ;ks iajrhla
muKla wka;¾.; j we;s bZ jeks m%dKdlaIr" ir,
m%dKdlaIr jYfhkq;a" iajr Yío folla ^w + b →
ft& fyda iajrhla yd ixfhda. jQ jH[ackhla ^b +
¾ → R& fyda ksrEmKh lrkakd jQ m%dKdlaIr"
ixhqla; m%dKdlaIr kñkq;a ye¢kafõ'

kuH iajr yd wkuH iajr - 3 ne.sks'

iqÿiq ;kays § fjk;a iajrhla fj;
kefukqfha kuH iajr kï fõ' t fia fkd jkqfha
wkuH iajr hs' we;eï jHdlrK{fhl= mQ¾j

28
úhrK újrK

m%dKdlaIr yd wmr m%dKdlaIr kdufhka y÷kajd §

;sfnkqfha o fu lS iajr m%fNaooajh uehs'
kuH w W T
↓ ↓ ↓
wkuH we b t
kuH iajr" wkuH iajr fj; kuH ùfï
fuu l%shdj,sh wkuHlrKh" wkuHdfoaYh" iajr
mQ¾ùlrKh hkdÈ kïj,ska ye¢ka fõ'
wkuHlrKh isÿ jk wjia:d lsysmhls'

 ia;%S ,sx. mo iE§fï §

^w → we& uy¨ → ueye,s
^W → b& l=yqUq → lsysô
^T → t& fidr → fir
 we;eï úNla;s m%;H tla ùfï §

^w → we& oyñka → oeyeñka

^W → b& uqfjka → ñfhka
^T → t& f,dj → f,ú$f,õys

 we;eï ;oaê; m%;H fh§fï §

^w → we& rg + b → /á
^W → b& ÿj + wKs → ÈhKs
^T → t& fudf<dla + wá → fuf<leá

 we;eï lDoka; m%;H fh§fï §

^w → we& n, + Wï → ne¨ï
^W → b& Wÿr + b,s → bÈß,s
^T → t& fld÷r + b,s → fl¢ß,s
29
úhrK újrK

 l¾u ldrl l%shd rEm ieliSfï §

^w → we& n, + t → nef,
^W → b& mqr + t → msfr
^T → t& fodj + t → fofj

 w;S; l%shd rEm ieliSfï §

^w → we& mji + B → mejeiS

^W → b& nqr + B → ìÍ
^T → t& fodv + B → foã

 we;eï i¾jkdu úúO iajrEm .ekSfï §

^w → we& wma → wema

^W → b& l=ula → lsfula
^T → t& f;dms → f;ms

 wd;aufka l%shdrEm ielfik úg §

ixialD;fha fuka wd;aufka m§" mriaffu

m§ hkqfjka l%shdrEm folla we;eï
jHdlrK{fhda isxy,fha o ols;s' wd;aufkam§ kï
l%shdfõ M,h ;ud lrd ^l%shdj lrkakd fj; u&
meñfKk l%shd hs' mriaffum§ kï tys M,h mrd
lrd hkakd jQ l%shd hs'
^w → we& nn<hs → nenf<hs
^W → b& uqohs → ñfohs
^T → t& fydnhs → fyfí
30
úhrK újrK

W;am;a;s ia:dk wkqj iajr fn§u

lKaGc - w wd we wE
´IaGc - W W!
;d¨c -b B
kdislH - ke;'
uQ¾Oc - R RD
lKaG;d¨c - t ta ft
oka;c -Ì Ï
lKafG!IaGc - T ´ T!
fï yereKq l, Wodka;" wkqodka;" iajß;
hkdÈ jYfhka o mQ¾j" uOH" wmr wdÈ jYfhka o
ixjD;" újD; wdÈ jYfhka o iajrj, úúOdldr jQ
fNao y÷kajd § ;sfnkq oel .; yels fjhs'

jH[ackdlaIr
m%dKfhka f;dr neúka ;ks j WÉpdrKh
l< fkdyels wlaIr jH[ackdlaIr kï fõ'
fïjdfha WÉpdrK ld,h ud;%djlska w¾Ohls' —tal
ud;%# y%iafjda Nfõ;a - jH[ackdka;= w¾O ud;%l#˜
hkq ixialD; mdG hs' y,a iajrEmfhka fhfok
fuu wlaIr WÉpdrKfha myiqj ;ld wZldr .kajd
bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' y,a wl=re" .d;%dlaIr" .;l=re"
u<l=re hk kïj,ska o fï ye¢ka fõ' fïjd y,a
wl=re jYfhka ye¢kafjkqfha y,a lsÍï iys; j
fhfok neúka muKla fkd j mdKskS jHdlrKhg
31
úhrK újrK

wkqj y-, hk m%;Hydrfhka tu fydaäfha jQ

.d;%dlaIr ye¢kaùfï mQ¾jdo¾Yh o fya;=fjks'
tfy;a zw,aZ f,iska y÷kajk l, bka iuia;
fydaäh u ye¢kafjk neúka we;euqka
jH[ackdlaIr zw,a wl=reZ f,iska ye¢kaùu idjoH
h'

iïu; isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ .;l=re 42ls'

j¾.dlaIr - 25ls'
l p g ; m hk j¾.j,g wh;a wlaIr
j¾.dlaIr hs' —l=pqgq;=mq j¾.d#˜ hkq iQ;% hs' we;eï
kQ;k jHdlrK{hka úiska i[a[ldlaIr o
iuÕska j¾.dlaIr 30la olajkq ,efn;;a
idïm%odhsl jYfhka ú.%y ù ;sfnkqfha j¾.dlaIr
25ls' fuu j¾.dlaIr fydaäfhys fm<.iajd we;af;a
w;sYh jd.a úoHdkql+, jQ mokul msysàfuks'

wf>daI f>daI
W;am;a;s
w,am uy w,am uy kdislH
ia:dkh
m%dK m%dK m%dK m%dK
lKaGc l L . > X
;d¨c p P c CO [
uQ¾Oc g G v V K
oka;c ; : o O k
´IaGc m M n N u

32
úhrK újrK

i[a[ldlaIr óg we;=<;a l< fyd;a `cZ

ldrh wf>daIhl=;a fiiq i;r f>daI;a jk neúka
fuu mámdáh fjkia fjhs' tfia u i[a[ldlaIr"
ixhqla;dlaIr yd ixjD;dlaIr ùu fihska o
fïjdfhka wkH fõ' tfy;a j¾.dlaIrhkays
úldikh olajk fÊ' î' Èidkdhl i[a[ldlaIr
mßÈ u y" Y" I" i" * hk W!IaudlaIr my o
ms<sfj<ska l p g ; m hk j¾.hkag we;=<;a
fldg j¾.dlaIr 35la fmkajd § ;sfí'

i[a[ldlaIr - 5ls'
j¾.dlaIrhkays f; jk mia jk wlaIr tla
ùfuka ielfikakd jQ wlaIr fï kñ' fïjd
ixfhda.dlaIr hs' ixjD; iajrEmfhka u WÉpdrKh
ùu o fïjdfha mj;akd ,laIKfhls'

X$2 + . → ^X.& → Õ
[$2 + c → ^[c& → `c
K$2 + v → ^Kv& → ~
k$2 + o → ^Jo& → |
u$2 + n → ^un& → U

fuu wlaIrhkays x ka wvla w;ehs mjik

iso;a iÕrdj W!k ud;%d ìkaÿj f,i fï y÷kajhs'
—w¾OdkqkdislHdlaIr˜ kduh óg jHjydr lrkqfha
o j¾.dka;dkqkdislHhkaf.ka w¾Ohla wka;¾.;
jk neúks' uOH isxy, hq.fha mgka fuu
i[a[ldlaIr nyq, jYfhka Ndú; j we;;a `c
wlaIrh kQ;k jHjydrfha b;d ÿ,n jYfhka
fhfokakd jQ wlaIrfhls' b`c" b`cq# jeks jokla

33
úhrK újrK

úkd fjk;a kso¾Ykhla fkdue;s ;rï h' tfy;a

Ñrka;k jHjydrfha z[acZ hkafkys úl,am
rEmhla ^mKaä; m%fhda.hla @& f,iska r[að; >
r`ð;" i[ach > i`ch wdÈ jYfhka th nyq, j
fh§ ;sfnkq fmfka'

iuld,Sk isxy, fydaäh olajk fÊ' î'

Èidkdhl `cZ bj;a fldg {Z fydaähg we;=<;a
fldg ;sfí' ^nil uysu 1" isxy, fydaäh" ms' 16&
th iïu; isxy, fydaähg we;=<;a fkd jkakd jQ
wlaIrhla jqj o i[a[ldlaIr iuÕska o lsis hï
[d;s;ajhla olajkakls' Ê + [ → { f,i th
ieliS ;sfí' Ys,d f,aLkj, m%Ê[dmqria;r"
wÊ[dK" i¾jÊ[ wdÈ jYfhka ta fh§ ;sfnkq
fmfka' we;euqka [Z fjkqjg úl,am m%fhda.fhka
{Z wlaIrh Ndú; lrñka o" [ wlaIrhg miq j
KZ fhfok fia { wlaIrhg miq j kZ fhÈh hq;=
heZhs Í;shla o mkjd f.k we; o ^[dKh" {dkh&
ta ms<sn| úoAj;=ka w;r u;fNao mj;S'

{ wlaIrh ixialD; NdIdfõ o

úl,amdlaIrhla jYfhka Ndú; fõ' ,shd
olajkafka } ixfla;h uÕsks'

wka;#ia:dlaIr - 4ls'
iajr - jH[ack Ndjhg w;r msysáhd jQ o
we;eï úg iajr jYfhka yd ;j;a úfgl
.d;%dlaIr jYfhka fhfokakd jQ o wl=re fï kñ'
fuu wlaIr" j¾K ud,dfõ iam¾YdlaIr yd
W!IaudlaIr w;rg fhfok neúka fï kï ,o njg
o u;fhls' ieleiS we;af;a my; mßoafoks"

34
úhrK újrK

b$B + w → h ^;d¨c&
R$RD + w → r ^uQ¾Oc&
Ì$Ï + w → , ^oka;c&
W$W! + w → j
^okaf;!IaGc&

wlaIr ud,dfõ tk wfkl=;a jH[ack

iajrdrEV fkd fldg WÉpdrKh lsÍug fkd yels
jqj o fuu wlaIr i;r ha" õ" ¾" ,a wdÈ jYfhka
jqj o WÉpdrKh lsÍfï hï n÷ yelshdjla we;s
nj fmfka' bx.%Sisfha w¾O iajr^Semi Vowel&
f,iska ye¢kafjkakd jQ Y wl=r o fu nka|ls'
Cry, Dry, Try, By jka ;kays iajrdlaIr fkd jk
uqÿ tu joka wdhdihlska f;dr j WÉpdrKh l<
yels nj fmfka'

Ê' î' wka;#ia:dlaIr jYfhka y÷kajd

fokqfha h" j wlaIroajh mufKls'

wkqiajdrh ^x&
iajrhlg wkqj WÉpdrKh lefrk neúka
xZ wkqiajdr kï fõ' merKs isxy,fha fuh
ixialD;fha fuka wlaIrhg by<ska is¿ñKla
fia fhÈK'
;d,sh" legh jeks rEm fm!rdKsl ia:dkhkays
oeks÷ úoHudk jkqfha t fyhsks' j¾.dka;dlaIr
i|yd úl,am rEmhla jYfhka o fï fhfoa'

,Xldj → ,xldj mska → msx

r[ackh → rxckh fldïnq → fldxnq
35
úhrK újrK

rKavqj → rxvqj

md<s jHdlrK{fhda fuu wlaIrh

—ks.a.yS;˜ kdufhka y÷kaj;s'

úi¾.h ^#&
ixialD;fhka msúishls' —úi¾ckS˜
kdufhka o fï ye¢ka fõ' tys kdud¾:h zyqiau
msg lsÍuZ hkq hs' il= joka t f,ig u ,sùfï §
úi¾.h jeo.;s'

—ksod> ld,# iuqm.;# m%sfha˜

—jika; fhdaO# iuqm.;# m%sfha˜

wE ixialD; mdG isxy, wlaIr wkqj

,shk úg;a" ÿ#L" wka;#ia:dlaIr jeks ;;aiu joka
,shk úg;a Ndú; fõ'
we;eïyq úi¾.h yd wkqiajdrh —w¾O
jH[ack˜ f,i o y÷kaj;s'

*Z ldrh ^moau mdoh&

iïu; isxy, j¾K ud,dfõ tk fuu
wlaIrh bx.%Sis F Yíoh yÕjhs' fuu ixfla;h
1891 § uekaÈia .=Kfialr úiska y÷kajd fok
,oaols' tfy;a fuh isxy,fha wlaIr rEm rgdjg
mgyeks j .sh wfOdauqL jQ wlaIrhla neõ we;eï
úoajf;la mji;s' Tjqka mjik f,i ol=Kg fyda
jug fyda by<g fyda by<-my< hk fo mig u
fyda uqyqK ,d ,shefj;;a wfkl=;a isxy,dlaIr

36
úhrK újrK

wfOdauqL j u ,shefjkqfha ke;' r→" ←g" ↑h"

↑.↓ wdÈh kso¾Yk hs'

t fia kuqÿ fuu wlaIrh ixialD; NdIdfõ

mj;akd WmèudkSh iuÕska o iduH;ajhla m%lg
lrk nj fmfka' ixialD; jHdlrK{hka
WmèudkSh kñka ye¢kajQfha m" M folg fmrgq jQ
w¾O úi¾.h hs' th i¾mdYajdihlg ^khdf.a
msöug& iudk y`vlska hq;a neõ;a .cl=ïNdldr j
^З& ,súh hq;= neõ;a lshefõ'
isxy,fha *Z wlaIrh m%p,s; jQfha mkia
jk oYlfhys muK isg ,sheú úoHd f,aLk"
jHdmdßl ,sheú,s^NdKavj, kdu& wdÈh fihsks'

W;am;a;sh wkqj wlaIr fn§u

W;am;a;s ia:dkhlg lrKhla meñKSfuka
wlaIr ìys fõ' W.=r" ;,a," ;,af,a uqÿk" o;ajeáh"
f;d,a hk ;eka wlaIrj, m%Odk W;am;a;s ia:dk
hs' Èj m%Odk lrKh jk w;r we;eï úg há
f;d, wdÈh o lrKh jYfhka WmldÍ fõ'
kso¾Yk jYfhka o;ajeáh fj; Èfõ ;=v
meñKùfuka" fmKye,af,a isg tk jdhq Odrdjkays
y`v ksl=;a fldg ,Zldrh WmÈk wdldrh;a" Wvq
f;d, fj; há f;d, meñKùfuka y`v ksl=;a
fldg mZldrh WmÈk wdldrh;a oelaùug ms<sjk'
fu f,i W;am;a;s ia:dk wkqj m%Odk jYfhka
wlaIr j¾. myls'

37
úhrK újrK

W;am;a;s
lrKh wlaIr j¾.h wh;a wlaIr
ia:dkh
lKaGh Èj uq, lKaGc lZj¾.fha
^W.=r& ^lKaGHdlaIr$ wl=re my
ldl=oHdlaIr& l L .
> X"
i[a[l Õ"
^w&# y
w wd
we wE
;d¨j Èj ueo ;d¨c pZj¾.fha
^;,a,& ^;d,jHdlaIr& wl=re my
p P c
CO ["
i[a[l `c"
h Y
b B
uQ¾Oh Èfjys uQ¾Oc gZj¾.fha
^uqÿk& ;=v ^uQ¾OkHdlaIr& wl=re my
g G v
V K"
i[a[l ~"
r" <" I
R RD

38
úhrK újrK

oka; Èfjys oka;c ;Zj¾.fha

^o;a ;=v ^odka;HdlaIr& wl=re my
jeáh& ; : o
O k"
i[a[l |"
, i
Ì Ï
´IaG há ´IaGc mZj¾.fha
^f;d,a& f;d, ^´IaGHdlaIr& wl=re my
m M n
N u"
i[a[l U
W W!

fï yereKq l, W;am;a;s ia:dk folla

iïnkaO ù ìys jk wl=re o fydaäfha fjhs' iajr
iïnkaOfhka y÷kajd ÿka lKaG;d¨c yd
lKafG!IaGc wlaIr;a jH[ackj, tk
okaf;!IaGc wlaIr;a fu n÷ wlaIr hs'

lKaG;d¨c^lKaG;d,jHdlaIr& - W.=r yd ;,a,

tla ùfuka iqieÈ wlaIr
t ta ft

lKafG!IaGc^lKafG!IaGHdlaIr& - W.=r yd f;d,a

iïnkaO ù WmÈk wl=re
T ´ T!
39
úhrK újrK

okaf;!IaGc^okaf;!IaGHdlaIr& - o;a yd
f;d,a tla ùfuka ìys jk wl=re
j *

ixialD; jHdlrKfha § tla ia:dkfhlska

WmÈk wl=re ztalcZ kñka o fo ;efklska WmÈk
wl=re oaúc kñka o ye¢ka fõ'

we;eï ixialD; jHdlrK{fhda keyeh"

yDoh hk ;eka o wlaIrhkaf.a W;am;a;s ia:dk
jYfhka oelajQy' X [ K k u" h r , j hk
wl=re yd ixhqla; jQ yZldrh yDofhka WmÈk neõ
mjik Tjqyq ta zT!riHZ kdufhka y÷kaj;s' jyaks"
wdya,do" y%iaj" iyDo hkdÈh kso¾Yk hs'

ixjD;a; wZ ldrh o yDohcdlaIrhla neõ

l=udr;=x. uqksodi mjihs'

kdislHdlaIr - 5ls'
kdih o weiqre fldg .ksñka fuu wlaIr
Wm§' WÉpdrKfha § kdih lïmkh lrjñka y~
ksl=;a jkq oel .; yels h' j¾.hkays mia jk
isria fma<sh óg wh;a h' j¾.hkaf.a wka;fha msyá
s
fihska zj¾.dka;Z kdufhka o" kdisldj weiqre j
WÉpdrKh lefrk neúka zwkqkdislZ kñka o" tu
,laIK fol u ie,lSfuka zj¾.dka;dkqkdislZ
kdufhka o fuu wl=re ye¢ka fõ'

X [ K k u
we;eïyq x o óg wh;a lr;s'

40
úhrK újrK

uym%dK^Oks;dlaIr& - 10ls'
uyd iajdifhka yqiu a msg lrñka
WÉpdrKh jkakd jQ wlaIr hs' j¾.hkays fo jk
isõ jk isria fma<s óg wh;a h'

L P G : M
> CO V O N
^Okj;a" iÊCOdhkh" .+V" >gh" >Kagd" Pkaoh&

w,amm%dKdlaIr^YsÓ,dlaIr& - 10ls'
w,am jQ m%dKfhka WÉpdrKh jkakd jQ
wlaIr hs' j¾.hkaf.a m<uq" f; jk isria fma<s
wh;a fõ'

l p g ; m
. c v o n

wf>daIdlaIr
lKaGfha f>daI ;ka;= kskdo lrùulska
f;dr j WÉpdrKh jkakd jQ wlaIr hs' j¾.hkaf.a
m<uq isria fo fm<;a" Y I i hk wlaIr;%h;a"
WmèudkSh^*Z ldrh&;a" úi¾.h;a óg wh;a h'

l p g ; m
L P G : M
Y I i * ^w&#

Y" I" i" *" ^w&# hk wlaIr my W!IaudlaIr

hg;g o wh;a fõ' ta WÉpdrKfha § WKqiqï jdhq
Odrdjla ksl=;a jk neúks' fuu ,laIK fol u
41
úhrK újrK

ie,lSfuka jHdlrK{fhda tu wl=re —wf>daI

W!IaudlaIr˜ f,iska kï lr;a'

f>daIdlaIr
fmkye,af,a isg tk jdhq Odrd lKaGfha
iajr ;ka;= iamkaOkh lsÍu fya;=fjka kskdohla
we;s lrjkakd jQ wlaIr fï kñ' iajrdlaIr
ish,a,;a j¾.hkays f; jk" isõ jk" mia
jk^kdisldlaIr& isria fma<s;=k;a `c yer wfkla
i[a[ldlaIr i;r;a wka;#ia:dlaIr i;r;a y" <
hk wlaIroajh;a óg wh;a fõ' yZ ldrh f>daI
W!IaudlaIrfhls'

w wd we wE b B
W W! R RD Ì Ï
t ta ft T ´ T!

. c v o n
> CO V O N
X [ K k u
Õ `v | U
h r , j y <

we;eïyq wkqiajdrh ^x& o úi¾.h ^#& o

f>daI nj mji;s' úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a úi¾.h
wf>daIhla f,i;a i[a[l `cZ f>daIhla f,i;a
y÷kajd § ;sfí'

zwf>daIdlaIr yereKq l, fiiq ish,a,

f>daIdlaIr kï fõ heZhs o we;eï ú.%yhl oela
fõ'
42
úhrK újrK

W!IaudlaIr
WÉpdrKfha § WKqiqï jQ jdhq Odrdjla msg
flfrkqfha W!IaudlaIr kñ' ;d¨c" uQ¾Oc yd
oka;c iZ ldrhka ;=k;a *" ^w&#" y hk wlaIr
;=k;a óg wh;a fõ' ñka yZ ldrh f>daI W!Iauhls'
Y" I" i" *" ^w&# hk my wf>daI W!IaudlaIr hs'

F › * wlaIrh mßÈ u bx.%Sis ;;aiu joka

WÉpdrKh lsÍfï § Ndú; jk Z › ^ia&x wlaIrh o
W!Iauhls' tfy;a th f>daI W!Iauhla neõ o; hq;'=

fï yereKq l, wiam¾YdlaIr" iam¾YdlaIr"

>¾IdlaIr hkdÈ jYfhka o jd.a úoHd{hka wlaIr
fnod olajd ;sfnkq oel .; yels h' Tjqkg wkqj
fmkye,af,a isg tk jdhq Odrd md¾YaùlrKhla"
wmj¾;khla jeks ndOdjlg ,lalsÍulska f;dr j
WÉpdrKh jk wlaIr wiam¾YdlaIr kï fõ' ish¨
iajrdlaIr;a" wkqiajdrh;a Bg wh;a fõ' j¾.dlaIr
úis my;a i[a[ldlaIr my;a lKaGh wd§
ia:dkhka yd iam¾Y ùfuka WmÈk neúka
iam¾YdlaIr kï fõ' >¾IKhla we;s lrjkakd jQ
W!IaudlaIr ih;a [Y I i y * ^w&#]
wka;#ia:dlaIr i;r;a [h r , j] uQ¾OkH
<Zldrh;a >¾IdlaIr hg;g wh;a fõ' uqL l=yrh
yryd .,d tkakd jQ jdhq Odrdjg ndOd muqKqjd
Èfõ tla mfilska fyda fomiska u msgùug
i,iajkakd jQ ," < hk wlaIroajh md¾Yaùh wlaIr
f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí'

43
úhrK újrK

isxy,fha ms,s mxla;sh

WÉpdrKfha myiqj ;ld wZldr .kajd
.d;%dlaIr bÈßm;a lrk kuqÿ tajd WmÈkqfha y,a
wl=re f,isks' tu y,a wl=re wZldrh iuÕ tla
ùfuka y,a nj ke;s j hhs' ^la + w → l& fiiq
iajr iuÕ tla ùfuka úúOdldr jQ ms,a,ï fhfoa'
tu ms,a,ï yd tajd y÷kajk idïm%odhsl kdu my;
mßoafoks'

ms,s kduh kso¾Yk

y,a lsÍu ^/yekla jeks y,a lsÍu —Wvq ms,a,˜
kñka o fldähla jeks y,a lsÍu —Wia ms,a,˜ õ" la
kñka o ye¢ka fõ'&
we,ms,a, ^ + wd& ld
weoh$weoms,a,$welau$weldrdxYh$weiams,a,
le" /
^ + we&
Èla weoh$Èla weiams,a,$§¾> weldrdxYh ^
lE" ?
+ wE&
ls" ú" ß"
flá biams,a, ^ + b&
ð
lS" ù" Í"
Èla biams,a,$ .egh iys; biams,a, ^ + B&
Ô
mdms,a, ^ + W& ™— =˜ ixfla;h flá jla
l=" kq" re"
mdms,a, kïka o — q˜ ixfla;h flá fldka
^¿&
mdms,a, kñka o ye¢kafõ'š

44
úhrK újrK

Èla mdms,a, ^ + W!& ™—+=˜ ixfla;h Èla jla

l+" kQ" rE"
mdms,a, kïka o — Q˜ ixfla;h Èla fldka
^¿E&
mdms,a, kñka o ye¢kafõ'š
fldïnqj ^ + t& fl
fldïnqj yd y,a lsÍu$ §¾> fldïnqj^ + ta& fla" fõ
fldïnq fol$ oaú;aj fldïnqj ^ + ft& ffl
fldïnqj yd we,ms,a, ^ + T& fld
fldïnqj yd y,a we,ms,a,$Èla we,ms,a,$
flda
^ +´&
fldïnqj yd .hkqls;a; ^ + T!& fl!
we,ms,s .egh$ .eg we,ms,a,$ RZldrdxYh
lD
^ + R&
.egh iys; we,ms,s fol$ §¾> RZldrdxYh
lDD
^ + RD&

.d;%dlaIr Ì" Ï hk iajroajh tla ùfuka

fhfokakd jQ ms,a,ï" la + Ì → l!^la¨&" la +
Ï → l!!^laÆ& hkdÈ jYfhka fõ' tfy;a tajd
kQ;k jHjydrfha fkd fhfoa'

ft" T! hk iajr .d;%dlaIrhlg tla ùfï

§ úfYaI;ajhla oel .; yels h' tajdfha § la +
ft → ffl" la + T! → fl! hkdÈ jYfhka
;j;a fldïnqjla fhfoa' tfy;a iajrdlaIrfha § tu
rEm fkd fhfok neúka fftlH" fT!IO hkdÈ
jYfhka ,sùu idjoH fõ'

45
úhrK újrK

uQ,dlaIrhlg fhfokakd jQ ms,a,ï yd

fjk;a úl,am rEm wlaIrdKq kdufhka y÷ka jk
fÊ' î' Èidkdhl iajr ms,s yd jH[ack ms,s f,i
tys fldgia folla fmkajd fohs' iajr yeÕùug
fhfokakd jQ biams,s" mdms,s wdÈh iajr ms,s kñ'
jH[ack yÕjkakd jQ hxYh" rZldrdxYh" f¾Mh"
oZldrdxYh jeks ixfla; jH[ack ms,s hkakg
wh;a fjhs'

wlaIr yÕjk fjk;a ixfla;

^jH[ack ms,a,ï&

I.f¾Mh ^ _ &
il= joka tu iajrEmfhka u ,sùfï § fuh
WmldÍ fõ' .;l=rlg mQ¾jfhka fhÈ ¾Z wlaIrh
f¾Mh uÕska oelaúh yels h'

l¾u › lu_ p¾u › pu_

j¾. › j._ i¾m › im_
wdoY_ › wdo¾Y wu¾I › wuI_
úo¾N › úoN_ l¾K › l“
j¾Okh › jO_kh u¾okh › uo_kh

46
úhrK újrK

II.rZ ldrdxYh ^ % &

rZldrfhka wxYhla ^fldgila& hkq fuys
jpkd¾:h hs' jH[ackhlska mr j fhfokakd jQ
rZ ldrh fjkqjg fuu ixfla;h Ndú; fõ'

la + r → l%" ma + r → m%"
oa + r → ø ;a + r → ;%
.a + r → .%" Ya + r → Y%"
õ + r → j% í + r → n%
Na + r → N%

f¾Mh Ndú;fhka bj;a fjñka mj;sk

kuqÿ rZldrdxYh i|yd fjk;a úl,amdlaIrhla
fkdue;' we;eïyq f¾Mh" W!¾Of¾Mh kñka yd
rZldrdxYh wfOdaf¾Mh kñka y÷kaj;s'

III.hxYh ^H&
t kï hZldrfhka fldgila hkak hs'
.d;%dlaIrhlska mr j fhfok hZldrh fjkqjg
Ndú; fõ'

ldjH kdgH ruH

wdrKH úoHq;a ikaOHdj
fcHIaG wfkHdkH

rZldrhg miq hxYh fhfokafka rZ ldrh o

f¾Mh ùfuka miq j muKs' tys § f¾Mh iuÕ
fhfokakd jQ hxYh hZldrfhka o mr j fhfoa'

47
úhrK újrK

ld¾hh › ldH_h › ldhH_

m¾fhaIK › mfhH_IK

fuu joka —ldrHh˜ wdÈ jYfhka ,sùu

idjoH h' tfia u hZldrdxYh ;H" kHd" oHq" fcH"
fkHd" wd§ jYfhka Ndú; j;=ÿ kHe" kHE" kHs wE
jHjydr tys oel .ekaug fkd ,efí' hZldrdxYh o
kQ;k f,aLkfhka fndfyda ÿrg bj;a fjñka
mj;akd wlaIrfhls' úoahq;a" ld¾hd,h" ld¾h"
m¾fhaIK jka ;kays hxYh fjkqjg hZldrh u
Ndú; lsÍug kQ;k f,aLlfhda mqreÿ ù isá;s'

IV.oZ ldrdxYh ^` &

oa fjkqjg Ndú; jkakd jQ ixfla;h hs'
woH;k jHjydrfha Ndú; fkd jk ;rï h'

`úFj" `ú;Sh" uy`úmh" nq`O" is`Odf,am

óg wu;r j fuu ixfla;h

j¾.dka;dkqkdislh yÕjk ixfla;hla jYfhka o
Ndú; j ;sfí'

uKavm › u`vm m[ap › m`p

iÙ>d; › iÕd; r[að; › r`ð;
ixikaok › ixi|k

tfia u OZldrhg mßÈ u w,amm%dKh

yeÕùu i|yd o tu j¾.fha uym%dKhg
48
úhrK újrK

W`Gdk^WÜGdk&" W`Gdmk" W`Gdms;" ixi`G^ixiÜG&

wdÈ jYfhka fuu ixfla;h fhÈ wjia:d o oel
.; yels fõ'

V.uq¾OkH ¿Z wlaIrh
.d;%dlaIrhlg WZiajrh tla jQ l, l=" kq"
re wdÈ jYfhka Bg mdms,a,la fhfokq oel .;
yels fj;;a uQO_c <aZ wlaIrhg W" W! hk iajrhka
ixfhda. jk l, ks¾udKh jkqfha wlaIr ud,djg
wka;¾.; fkd jkakd jQ fjku u rEmoajhls'

<a + W → ¿ <a + W! → ¿E

t¿jd" úys¿j" ú¿U" T¿j" hd¿jd wdÈ

jYfhka fï Ndú; fõ' <Zldrdka; Od;+ka
úfYaIK;ajhg m;a ùfï§;a tajdfha w;S; l%shdrEm
ieliSfï§;a ¿$¿E hk wlaIr Ndú; jkq oel .;
yels h'

nn< › nen¿$nen¿E
fk< › fk¿$fk¿E
;< › ;e¿$;e¿E
fm< › fm¿$fm¿E

VI.ne¢ wl=re
ud;D NdIdj,ska meñK we;s fuu wlaIr
ud;DNdId.; joka joka t f,ig u ,sùfï §
Ndú; l< yels h' fïjd o kQ;k jHjydrfhka
bj;a fjñka mj;skakd jQ wlaIr iuQyhls'

49
úhrK újrK

ll lL l; lu lj l, CI li .. .u >k X.
X> Xu pp pP cc cj [p [c gg gG gj v. vv
KK l; ;; ;k o. o> oo oO on oN ou oj
Ok Oj kk m; mk mm m, nk nn uk uN uu
,, Yp Yk Yj Y, Ig IG IK Iu i; ik yK
yu yj lH uH ._ m_
wdÈ jQ oaú;aj ixfhda. o

l;% l;j lIK lIj XlI pP e cC O k;% Igj lIu

k;H Igj
wd§ jQ ;%s;aj ixfhda. o

lIu H ^fi!CIu H & lIK H ^ f f ; lIK H &

wd§ jQ p;=¾ ixfhda. o
;_ik H ^ l d ;_ik H & wd§ jQ mxp ixfhda. o
Ñrka;k jHjydr fha meje;s nkaOkdlaIr w;r
oel .; yels fõ'

3' ikaê
f,dam" wdfoaY" wd.u wd§ ikaê ld¾h
wdY%fhka" iómfha msysá jpkoajhla tlg .e<mSu
ikaê kï fõ' ikaê hk jpkfhys w¾:h tlg
.e<mSu" tla lsÍu" iïnkaO lsÍu wdÈ jYfhka
fjhs' iudi ld¾hfha § o jpk tla ùfï ,laIKh
oel .; yels jqj o fuys § wlaIr m%Odk fldg
.ksñka joka ixfhdackh ùu úfYaI;ajhls' wka
f,ilg mjikafka kï iudihkays § fndfyda úg
50
úhrK újrK

tla jkafka jpk hs' fuys § tla jkafka jpkj,

we;s wlaIr hs' tfy;a we;eï mo ikaê iudi hk
jHdlrK úê folg u wh;a fõ' ks¨mq,a" u,iqk
wdÈh kso¾Yk hs' tu mo úfYaIK mQ¾j mo
iudihg iy iajr ikaêhg wh;a h' iso;a iÕrdj"

—fmrZmr jKka ksisúÈks .<mkq i| kï˜

^fmr mofha w. wl=r yd mr mofha uq,a wl=r ksis
whqßka .e<emSu iJê kï fõ'& hkqfjka ikaê
y÷kajd fohs' l=udr;=x. uqksodi ta y÷kajkqfha"
—tla;eka jQ Yío w;r bvla we;s fkd jk fia
Yío ixúOdk lsÍu ikaê kï fõ˜ hkqfjks'

NdIdfõ jHla;Ndjh" mo ixfCImh"

ldjHd;aul Yío udOqhH_h" l%udkql+,;ajh"
iqfLdaÉpdrKh wdÈ iJê ldhH_fha m%fhdack w;r
fjhs' ixialD; wd,xldßlfhda ldjHlrKfhys ,d
ikaêfhka ;eìh hq;= mo úikaê iajrEmfhka
;eîfuka zúikaêlZ kï fodaIh isÿ jk neõ
mejiQy'

f,aLkfhys fuka u l:d jHjydrfhys o

ikaê ld¾h oel .; yels h' tfy;a tajd
wfkHdkH jYfhka Yíouh úm¾hdihkaf.kqÿ hq;=
fjhs' Yíomam%fhda." w¾:mam%lD;s" rimam%;S;sh
isß,a,hsh" okakE" nÜálla jeks we;eï WÉpdrK
ikaê úê ,sÅ; NdIdfõ fkd fhfoa' fuys §
wOHhkh flfrkqfha f,aLkfha mj;akd ikaê
úëka h'

uQ,sl jYfhka iJê ks;H ikaê yd wks;H

ikaê f,i fo fldgilg fnod oelaùug ms<sjk'

51
úhrK újrK

1' ks;H iJê ^wNHka;r iJê&

- iJê ldhH_h wksjdhH_ jk iJê'
m%lD;sh + m%;Hh = wNHka;r iJêh
^n¨ + wd = n,a,d&

ks;H ikaêj, o modKq yd idê; mo ikaê

hkqfjka fldgia folls' modKq ikaê kï modKq
folla w;r isÿ jk ikaêh hs' j÷re ¬ tla -
j÷frla hkq kso¾Yk hs' idê; mo ikaê kï
mohla yd modKqjla tla ù ielfik ikaêh hs'
rÕk ¬ ´ - rÕkafkda hkafkys fuks' fuys zrÕZ
hkq Od;=jls' Bg kZ hk lDoka; m%;Hh fh§
ielis" zrÕkZ hkakg h<sÿ ´Z m%;Hh tla ùfuks"
—rÕkafkda˜ hkak ieliS we;af;a'

2' wks;H iJê ^ndysr iJê$mo ikaê&

- iJê ldhH_h wksjdhH_ fkd jk iJê'
m<uq moh^mQ¾j moh&+fo jk moh^mr moh& =
ndysr iJêh
^iqr + wÕk = iqrÕk&
ks;H ikaê mo úikaêfhka ;eîug
wjldYhla fkdue;' ni jyrkakka w;ska tajd
wfÉ;ksl j u ikaê njg m;a fjhs' tfy;a
wks;H ikaëkays úfYaI;ajhla mj;S' wjeis kï
idudkH NdId jHjydrfhys § tajd úikaêfhka jqj
o Ndú; l< yels h'
ks;H ikaê" wks;H ikaê hk fol u tl
yd iudk jQ ikaê ldrl wdY%fhka isÿ jk kuqÿ
NdId jHdlrKfha § jeä jeo.;alulska wOHhkh
flfrkqfha wks;H ikaê hs'

52
úhrK újrK

l=udr;=x. uqksodi ikaê ;j;a wdldr wkqj

fnod olajd ;sfí'

¸'tall%sh ikaê yd wfkall%sh ikaê

tl u ld¾hhlska iudma; jkqfha tall%sh
ikaê kñ' ^mq;a ¬ wd - mq;d& iajr ikaêh
fu nka|ls' tfia tl ld¾hhlska iudma;
fkd jk f,dam" oaú;ajrEm wdÈh wfkall%sh
hs'

n, ¬ wd > n,a ¬ w ¬ wd - n,d

hkq ¬ B > hka ¬ W ¬ ka ¬ B > hkakS
hkdÈfhys fuks'

¸¸'wñY% l%shd yd ñY% l%shd ikaê

wñY% l%shd kï ikaê ld¾h isÿ lr wjika
jk úg u ilia jk ikaê h' mq;a ¬ wd >
mq;d" .kq ¬ B > .ka ¬ W ¬ ka ¬ B > .kakS
wdÈfhys f,isks' thskslaì;s j o j¾Ok"
iólrKdÈh isÿ l< hq;= jkqfha ñY% l%shd
ikaê kñ'
uy ¬ biqre > uya ¬ w ¬ biqre > ufyiqre
> fufyiqre hkq kso¾Ykfhls'

¸¸¸'tall%u yd oaúl%u ikaê

tl u l%uhlska isÿ jk f.dka ¬ wd -
f.dkd wdÈh tall%u ikaê kñ' l%u
follska isÿ jk kr ¬ wd - krd$krhd"
fld¨ ¬ wd - fld¨jd$fld,a,d wdÈh oaúl%u
ikaê hs'

53
úhrK újrK

fmrZmr jKkays ksishdldr jQ .e<mSfï §

jeo.;a jk iJêldrl fyj;a iJê ldhH_
oyfhls'

ikaê ldrl
1'f,damh

f,dma lsÍu fyj;a WÉpdrKh fkd fldg

;eîu hs' iso;a iÕrdj" —jKka wkqiqreùï f,dma
kï˜ hkqfjka fï y÷kajhs'

i;=g-;=g" mdo-md" wnrK-nrK" we;=<-;=<

fuys iajr f,dam yd jH[ack f,dam f,i

wdldr folls' iajr f,damfha" wdÈiajrf,dam^W;=ud-
;=ud" uOHiajrf,dam^ne¨u > ne,au&" wka;
iajrf,dam^ujq > uõ&" mQ¾jiajrf,dam^weÿre ¬ wd >
weÿ¾ ¬ W ¬ wd > weÿrd&" mriajrf,dam^w. ¬ weu;s
> w.ue;s& f,i wdldr myls' jH[ack f,damfha"
wdÈjH[ackf,dam ^yrgq-wrgq&" wka;jH[ackf,dam
^uÕ > ux.a > ux&" uOHjH[ackf,dam ^myk >
mdk& f,i wdldr ;=kls'

2'wdfoaYh
j¾Khla f,dma fldg ta fjkqjg fjk;a
wCIrhla meñKùu hs' —jKlayq f,dmd jKlayq
lsÍï wfoia kï˜ hkqfjka iso; fï y÷kajhs'

y| - i|" ydjd - idjd" yjy - iji

54
úhrK újrK

fuys iajrdfoaY jH[ackdfoaY f,i wdldr

folls' iajrdfoaY kï fjk;a iajrhla wdfoaY lsÍu
hs'

kuH iajr wkuH iajr jk wdldrh ú.%y

l< ;kays iajrdfoaYfha ir,;u ,laIKhla jQ tla
iajrhla fjkqjg ;j;a iajrhla wdfoaY lsÍu
fmkajd § ;sfí' w > we^w÷re > we¢ß&" W >
b^Wf.k > bf.k&" T > t^f,dú > f,ú& hk
;ekqÿ kso¾Yk hs' fu mßÈ u W > w njg m;a
fjkq o^heÿu-heou" ;Uqre-;Ur& oel.; yels fõ'
ta yereKq l, w$wd ¬ b$B fjkqjg t$ta^l¾K ¬
bkaøsh > l¾fKakaøsh&" w$wd ¬ W$W! fjkqjg
T$´^pkaø ¬ Woh > pkafødaoh&" t ¬ w$we
fjkqjg wE^fo ¬ w, > oE,& hkqfjka iajr folla
fjkqjg tla iajrhla wdfoaY jk wjia:d o wks;H
ikaêj, § oel .; yels fõ' l=udr;=x. uqksodi
fu lS" iajr folla fjkqjg tla iajrhla wdfoaY
ùfï ,laIKh y÷kajkqfha —ñY%Kh˜ kdufhks'

jH[ackdfoaYfha o wdldr /fils' lZ

fjkqjg h" j" y wdfoaYh^is;slï-is;shï" o`vqlï-
o`vqjï" kjlï-kjyï&" ." o" n hk wf>daIhkag
l" ;" m hk f>daI wdfoaYh^È.a-Èla" roa.u-r;a.u"
leiqí-leiqma&" jZ fjkqjg uZ wdfoaYh^kju-kuh&"
iZ fjkqjg y" ka wdfoaYh^iji-yjy" miaish-
mkaish& wdÈh ta w;r fjhs'

3'wd.uh
wd.u hkq ke;s Yíohla meñKùu hs'
—jKlayq ksid Tyq fkd f,dmd jkqfha w.ï kï˜

55
úhrK újrK

^j¾Khla wdY%fhka ta f,dma fkd fldg isÿ jkqfha

wd.u kñ'& hkqfjka iso;a iÕrdj fï y÷kajhs'
ldka;d + w = ldka;dj"
<ud + wd = <uhd
fuys iajrd.u yd jH[ackd.u f,i
wdldr folls' iajrd.uhg wkqj w" wd" b" W jeks
iajrhkaf.a meñKSu oel .; yels h'
n,kq ¬ yq > n,kq ¬ w ¬ yq > n,kakyq
n,kq ¬ yq > n,kq ¬ wd ¬ yq > n,kakdyq
bka ¬ ÿ > bka ¬ b ¬ ÿ > bksÿ
bka ¬ ÿ > bka ¬ W ¬ ÿ > bkqÿ
kï ¬ ÿ > kï ¬ W ¬ ÿ > kuqÿ
jH[ackd.ufha § h" j" r hk
wka;#ia:dlaIrhla meñKSu;a^<ud ¬ wd - <uhd" fo
¬ Wr - fojqr" mqk ¬ W;a - mqkre;a& kaZ
ldrd.uh;a^ysñ ¬ wUq - ysñkUq&" f>daId.uh;a
^lskqre-ls÷re" ;uqre-;Uqre" nur-nUr& oel .;
yels fjhs'

4'y%iajh
§>_ iajr flá iajr njg m;a lsÍu hs'
l=udr;=x. uqksodi fï zixyrKZ kdufhka
y÷kajhs' ^odj,a - oj,a" .sfhda;a - .sfhd;a& wd.u jQ
h" j wlaIrhkaf.ka mQ¾j jQ §¾>h;a ^W!hsÿ-Whsÿ"
udhsÿ-uhsÿ& iudma;s hsZ ksmd;fhka mQ¾j jQ §¾>h;a
^n,d hs-n,hs" fnda hs-fndhs& y%iaj Ndjhg m;a jkq
oel .; yels h'

56
úhrK újrK

5'§>_h
fláiajr" §¾>iajr njg m;a lsÍu hs'
l=udr;=x. uqksodi fuh zwdhukZ kñka y÷kajd
;sfí'
fuys o wdldr folls' lsis hï y%iaj
iajrhla §¾> lsÍu m<uq jekak hs'
l,a ¬ w;=r > l,;=r > l,d;=r
iq ¬ wiq > iqjiq > iqjdiQ

iudk iajr folla tla ;ks §¾>hla ùu fo

jekak hs'

w$wd ¬ w$wd > wd ùu;a ^ys; ¬ wys; - ys;dys;&

b$B ¬ b$B > B ùu;a ^lú ¬ BYajr - lùYajr&
W$W! ¬ W$W! > W! ùu;a
^.=re ¬ WmfoaY - .=rEmfoaY&

tys § oel .; yels fjhs'

6'jDoaêh

ud;%djla jeä lsÍu hs' iso; zjeäZ ^jeä kï

u;a jeä& hkqfjka y÷kajkakd jQ ,laIKh fuhska
wkH jQjls' iso;a l;=jrhd zjeäZ i|yd
kso¾Yk;ajfhka olajkakd jQ weia" we,a" wema wdÈh
iajrdfoaYhg;a WjdrK" kjdï" isysf,ays wdÈh iajr
§¾>hg;a wh;a l< hq;= nj fmfka'
l=udr;=x. uqksodi jDoaêh y÷kajkafka
zj¾OkZ kdufhks' fuu ikaê ld¾hfha § isÿ
jkafka w¾Odkqkdisl mQ¾KkdislH Ndjhg

57
úhrK újrK

meñKùu hs' uÕ › uÙ. › ux" <s| › <skao › <sx"

uqÕ= › uqÙ.= › uqx wdÈfha fuks' i[a[ldlaIr
ieliS we;af;a . ¬ X$2 > Õ" v ¬ K$2 > `v" o ¬
k$2 > |" n ¬ u$2 > U wdÈ jYfhks' tajdfha X" K"
k" u hk wkqkdisl wlaIrd¾Oh mQ¾KdlaIr
Ndjhg m;a ùu fuys isÿ j ;sfí' wkqiajdrh hkq
Ù" Ka" ka" ï hk wlaIr i|yd úl,am;ajfhka
fhfok mQ¾K kdislHdlaIrhls'

7'ydks

ud;%djla wvq lsÍu hs' iso; zwvqZ ^wvq kï

u;a wvq& hkqfjka y÷kajkakd jQ mo idOk
,laIKh fia u ta i|yd kso¾Yk;ajfhka olajk
oÕ" ie`v" l|" nUq wdÈh o fuhg idoDYHhla
olajk kuqÿ tys Bg ksoiqka j olajd we;s —kqjk
ksihqrd˜^kS ihqrd › ksihqrd" k§kag ihqrla jQ& hkq
y%iajhg wh;a l< hq;= jkakls'

l=udr;=x. uqksodi zlaIhKZ kdufhka olajd

we;af;a o ydks ,laIKh uehs' iïmQ¾K
kdislHhla laIK fldg wkqkdisl Ndjhg neiaùu
laIK kï he˜hs Tyq mjihs'

ox. › oÙ.a ¬ w › oÕ
mKqre › mKaâ + Wre › m`vqre
lskqre › lskaoa + Wre › ls÷re
nur › nïí + wr › nUr
wdÈh kso¾Yk hs'

58
úhrK újrK

8'mQj_rEmh

mQj_ mofha w. wCIrfha rEmh mr mohg o

meñKùu hs' iso; fï —mr jK yg fmr rE lrkq
fmr rE kï˜ hkqfjka y÷kajhs' l=udr;=x. uqksodi
—iólrK˜ kdufhka olajkqfha o lsis hï Yíohla
iómfha msysá wkH Yíohla yd iu njg meñKùu
hs' fuys iajr iólrK" jH[ack iólrK f,i
iajrEm folls'

mQ¾j rEmh o iajr mQ¾j rEmh^mQ¾jiajr

iólrKh& yd jH[ack mQ¾j rEmh^mQ¾j jH[ack
iólrKh& f,i fo jeoEreï fõ' wey › weye"
msßiqÿ › msßisÿ wdÈh iajr mQ¾j rEmhg;a w;alï ›
w;a;ï" úialï › úiaiï" mkalï › mkakï" lïy,
› lïu," l;ayq › l;a;=" ñksiayq › ñksiaiq wdÈh
jH[ack mQ¾j rEmhg;a kso¾Yk hs'

9'mrrEmh

mr mofha uq,a wCIrfha rEmh mQj_ mofha

w.g o meñKùu hs' fuu ,laIKh iso;a iÕrdfõ
fkdoelafjkakls' fuh o iajr mrrEmh^mriajr
iólrKh&" jH[ack mrrEmh^mr jH[ack
iólrKh& f,i fohdldr fõ' kuq;a › kquq;a"
ufyiqre › fufyiqre wdÈh iajr mrrEmhg;a"
w;aik › wiaik" ,sma., › ,s.a.," ÿlam;a › ÿmam;a"
w;a, › w,a," relamd › remamd" mysh › mhsh wdÈh
jH[ack mr rEmhg;a kso¾Yk fjhs'

59
úhrK újrK

10'oaú;ajrEmh

mQj_ mofha w. wCIrh oaú;aj lsÍu hs'

l=udr;=x. uqksodi oaú;aj rEmh ye¢kaùug
zwNHikZ kduh fhdohs' iso; fï y÷kajkqfha mo
oaú;ajh o wdY%h fldg .ksñks' —jK yg o mo
yg o forE oekejqï forE kï˜

f,dm,a ¬ wd - f,dm,a ¬ ,a ¬ wd - f,dm,a,d

<f;;a ¬ wd - <f;;a ¬ ;a ¬ wd - <f;;a;d
fld;a ¬ wd - fld;a ¬ ;a ¬ wd - fld;a;d
fk;a ¬ wd - fk;a ¬ ;a ¬ wd - fk;a;d

wdÈh wlaIr oaú;ajhg;a È §" ú| ú|" m<e

m<e wdÈh mo oaú;ajhg;a iso;alre kso¾Yk lrhs'
ikaê ldrlhla jYfhka jeo.;a jkqfha wlaIr
oaú;ajh hs' ;j;a ksoiqka h" fï'

lgqiq ¬ wd - lgqia ¬ W ¬ ia ¬ wd - lgqiaid

n¨ ¬ wd - n,a ¬ W ¬ ,a ¬ wd - n,a,d
,e.s ¬ ta - ,e.a ¬ b ¬ .a ¬ ta - ,e.af.a
flls ¬ w - flla ¬ b ¬ la ¬ w - fllal

fï yereKq l, l=udr;=x. uqksodi

jHdlrK újrKfha ú.%y fldg we;s wdfrdayKh"
ixlafIamKh" ffkrela;sl úê hk Yío ixúOdk
l%u o ikaê ld¾h wOHhkfha § jeo.;a fjhs'

wdfrdayKh
iajr Yíohla jH[ack Yíohlg wdrEV
lsÍfuka tu wlaIroajh tla wlaIrhla njg m;a
lsÍu hs'
mska ¬ wg > mskg" is;a ¬ we;s > is;e;s
60
 úhrK újrK

ixlafIamKh

tla;eka jQ Yío;%hla tla Yíohla njg

meñK ùu hs' ta wkqj"
¸'wh^w + ha + w& hkak —ta˜ fjhs [.=Kh - .=fKa"
l=vh - l=fâ]
¸¸'wj^w + õ + w& hkak —´˜ fjhs' [bvjr-bfvdar"
uj-fuda]

ffkrela;sl úê
kS;Hkql+, j meyeÈ<s l< fkdyels jQ
tfy;a jHdlrK{hka úiska wkq.ukh flfrkakd
jQ Yío ixfhda. hs' ;=ka + rejka - ;=kqrejka"
ojy,a - oyj,a" m`vq + weUq,a - m`vqmq,a wdÈh Tyq Bg
kso¾Yk lrhs'

isxy, jHdlrK{hka olajk mßÈ ikaê

oifhls'

1' mQj_ijrf,damiJêh ^fmrirf,dmai|&

Èk + biqre  Èka + w + biqre 

Èka + biqre = Èksiqre

2' mrijrf,damiJêh ^mrirf,dmai|&

m`ä + W;=ud  m`ä + W;=ud = m`ä;=ud

3' ijriJêh ^iri|&

ks,a + Wmq,a  ks¨mq,a

61
úhrK újrK

4' .d;%dfoaYiJêh$.d;%dCIrdfoaYiJêh
^.;foiai|&
.sks + lï  .sks + la + wï 
.sks + ha + wï = .skshï
,nq + kdrx  ,í + W + kdrx 
,ma + kdrx  ,makdrx

5' ijrdfoaYiJêh ^irfoiai|&

ùr + Wodr  ù¾ + w + Wodr 
ù¾ + ´ + odr = ùfrdaodr
6' .d;%dCIrf,damiJêh ^.;l=ref,dmai|&
.Õ + j;=r  . + X$2 + . + j;=r 
.` + j;=r = .xj;=r
7' mQj_rEmiJêh ^fmrrEi|&
w;a + lï  w;a + la + wï 
w;a + ;a + wï  w;a;ï
8' mrrEmiJêh ^mrrEi|&
ÿla + m;a  ÿla + m;a  ÿma + m;a =
ÿmam;a
9' wd.uiJêh ^w.ïi|&
fo + wdldr  fo + ha + wdldr =
fohdldr

10' oaú;ajrEmiJêh ^forEi|&

fmd,a + w;a;  fmd,a + ,a + w;a; = fmd,a,;a;
je,s + wjqre  je,a + b  wjqre 
je,a + ,a + wjqre  je,a,jqre

62
úhrK újrK

fï w;=ßka mrrEmiJêh mYapd;a ld,Sk

isxy, jHdlrK{hka úiska y÷kajd fok ,oaols'
iso;a iÕrdfõ i|yka jkqfha fiiq kjh mufKls'
óg wu;r j ixialD; iJê lsysmhla o isxy,fha
Ndú; jkq oel .; yels h'

1' mQj_ijrf,dam iJêh

fmr mofha w. wCIrh f,dma fldg tys
.d;%dlaIrh miq mofha uq,a ijrh yd .e<mSfï
iJêh hs'

 fmr mofha w. ijrh f,dma lsÍu'

 miq mofha uq, ijrhla ;sîu'
 fmr mofha w. ijrh;a miq mofha uq,a
ijrh;a wiudk ùu
fuys úfYaI;d hs'

Èk + biqre
Èka + w + biqre
Èka + w + biqre
Èka + biqre
Èksiqre

ksoY_k
iqr;^iqre¬w;&" ol=K;^ol=Kq¬w;&"
keKei^keK¬wei&" hfkk^hk¬tk&"
ueoe.s,a,^ueo¬weÕs,a,&" keKe;s^keK¬we;s&"
ßheÿre^ßh¬weÿre&" iqß÷^iqr¬b÷&"
È.eis^È.=¬weis&"
iq<eÕs,a,^iq¿ ¬weÕs,a,&" uyeÿre^uy¬weÿre&"
63
úhrK újrK

È.d^È.= ¬wd&" Èfhdo^Èh¬To&"

ysÕ=r,^ysÕ=re¬w,&"
kqjKe;af;da^kqjK¬we;af;da&

—úÿrúfha^úÿre¬wúfha" jc%dhqO-Yl%hd&" È.d

È.=¬wd&" Èksiqre ^Èk¬biqre&" lkS,a ^lkd¬B,a"
rkafoda,dj - rka WxÑ,a,dj fyda rka jrmg&"
nureÿ< ^nure ¬ Wÿ<" mqIamh hs'&" fkdurE,a
^fkdur¬W!,a" je,s ke;s W,am;&" if`oõ ^i`o¬tõ&"
hf<ays ^h<¬tys" kej; tys&" myfrd; ^myr¬T;&"
yf`vdakd^y`v¬´kd&" wE fmrir f,dmd mrir .;g
meñK jQ neúka fmrirf,dmai| kï' ^mQj_ijrh
f,dma fldg mrijrh .d;%dCIrhg meñK jQ neúka
mQj_ijrf,damiJê kï fõ'& - iso;ai`.rdj

2' mrijrf,dam iJêh

mr mofha uq, we;s ijrh f,dma lsÍfï
iJêh hs'

 fmr mofha w.;a miq mofha uq,;a

wksjd¾hfhka u iajrdlaIr ;sîu'
 fmr mofha w. iajrh yd miq mofha uq,a
iajrh iudk fyda wiudk ùu'
fuys § ikaê jk moj, ,laIK hs'

m`ä + W;=ud
m`ä + W;=ud
m`ä + ;=ud
m`ä;=ud

64
úhrK újrK

.=re;=ud^.=re¬W;=ud&' uqks÷^uqks¬b÷&"
Èj.^Èj¬w.&" iqrÕk^iqr¬wÕk& jeks fmrZmr
jKka iu jk joka mQ¾jiajr f,damfhka o ikaê
l< yels neõ flfkl=g yeÕS hd yels h' tfy;a
t jka ;kays § jvd;a myiqfjka wkq.ukh l<
yels ikaê l%uh fuh jk neúka tajd mriajr
f,dam ikaêhg wh;a fia i,lkq ,efí'
mriajrf,dam ikaêh i|yd ;j;a kso¾Yk lsysmhls
fï'

uqks;u= d^uqks¬W;=ud&" .k÷r^.k¬w÷r&"

ms<s;=re^ms<s¬W;=re&" h;s;=ud^h;s¬W;=ud&

W!f,aiqï ^W!f,a ¬ Wiqï" W,amf;a WKqiqu&"

iqiafuka ^iq ¬ W!iafuka&" ;shqKq ^;s ¬ whqKq"
;=ka.=K&" jegqism; ^jegq ¬ wism;&" wE
mrirf,dmai| kï - iso;aiÕrdj

w;a;kdhl tï' fyar;a" ridiajdo

^ri¬wdiajdo&" j¾IdrïN^j¾I¬wdrïN&"
iykdOdr^iyk¬wdOdr& jeks ixialD; Yío
mQ¾jiajrf,dam ikaêhg;a NdIdkqrd.
^NdId¬wkqrd.&" l%shdêldr ^l%shd¬wêldr&"
úoHdf,dal ^úoHd¬wdf,dal& wdÈh mriajrf,dam
ikaêhg;a wh;a jk neõ olajk kuqÿ ^jHdlrK
óudxid" ms'37"40& th idjoH ú.%yhls' isxy,fha
fu lS ikaê l%uhkg iudk j jqj o mo idOkh
isÿ jk neõ fmfk;;a tajd §¾> ikaêfhka ielis
ixialD; jpk jk fihsks" ta' fu jka w¥ro¾YS
ks.uk ÿyqkka fkduÕ hjkiq¨ fihska úoaj;=ka
;j ÿrg;a úu¾YkYS,S ùu uekeú'

65
úhrK újrK

3' ijr iJêh

mQj_ mofha w. we;s ijrdrEV fkd jQ
.d;%dCIrh mr mofha uq, we;s ijrh yd tla ùfï
iJêh hs'

 miq mofha uq,a wl=r ijrhla ùu'

 fmr mofha w. wl=r ijrdrEV fkd jQ
jH[ckhla ùu'
 f,dam" wdfoaY" wd.u wdÈ iJêldhH_
Ndú; fkd fldg .;l=rg ijrh muKla
wdrEV lsÍu'
fuys úfYaI;d hs'

ks,a + Wmq,a
ks¨mq,a

;j;a kso¾Yk lsysmhla fu f,isks"

tlsfkl^tlska¬tl&" u,iqk^u,a¬wiqk&"
mske;s^mska¬we;s&" Wfrkqr^Wfrka¬Wr&"
tÈfkod^tÈka¬tod&"
mshquqmq,a^mshqï¬Wmq,a&" tleia^tla¬weia&"
ju;^jï¬w;&" rejkdr^rejka¬wdr&"
hleÿre^hla¬weÿre&"
fk;.ska^fk;a¬w.ska&"
r;au,dk^r;au,a¬wdk&"
rfkdaú,s^rka¬´ú,s" rka WxÑ,a,dj&"
rkS,a^rka¬B,a" rka WxÑ,a,dj&"
isysÆ,a^isys,a¬W!,a" isys,a W,am;&"
uf,da,Uq^u,a¬´,Uq" u,a t,ajk ,o&

66
 úhrK újrK

mieia wE irf,dma ke; o ir .;g meñK

jQ neúka iri| kï' ^ijr f,damh ke;;a
ijrdCIrh .d;%dCIrhg meñK jQ neúka
mrijrf,dam iJê kï fõ'& - iso;aiÕrdj

4' .d;%dfoaY iJêh

mQj_ mofha w. fyda mr mofha uq, we;s
.d;%dCIrh f,dam fldg fjk;a .d;%dCIrhla
wdfoaY lsÍfï iJêh hs'
 uq,a mofha w.g .d;%dCIrdfoaYh isÿ jk úg
mQj_fha mej;s wl=r ijrh o iuÕ bj;a fõ'
 mr mofha uq,g .d;%dCIrdfoaYh isÿ jk úg
ijrh b;sß j;a § .;l=r muKla bj;a fõ'

1 wji:dj - 2 wji:dj -

,nq + kdrx ov + lï
,nq^í + W& + kdrx ov + la + wï
, + ma + kdrx ov + ha + wï
,makdrx ovhï

;j;a ksoY_k lsysmhla

o~qjï^o`vq¬lï&" iqrejï^iqre¬lï&"
ms<shï^ms<s¬lï&" ì,shï^ì,s¬lï&"
ue,shï^ue,s¬lï&" iqKqjï^iqKq¬lï&"
is;=jï^is;= ¬lï&" is;shï^is;s¬lï&

w;ajre" is;ajre" uyKqjï" o~qjï" .skshï

wE mrllrkg jhka yd lmams,a" leiqmafmd;="
,makdrÕ" fymaf;dg" iq;an;a" nq;airK" wE noka
67
úhrK újrK

ir f,dmd m;ka yd wfoia l< neúka .;foiai|

kï - iso;aiÕrdj

^w;alre  w;ajre" is;alre  is;ajre"

uyKlï  uyKqjï" .skslï  .skshï hkdÈ
joka ys mrmofha uq, we;s lZldr i|yd jZldr yd
hZldr o lnms,a  lmams,a" leiqnqfmd;= 
leiqmafmd;=" ,nqkdrÕ  ,makdrÕ" fynf;dg 
fymaf;dg" iqÿn;a  iq;an;a" nqÿirK  nq;airK
hkdÈ ;kays nZldr" oZldr iy tajdfha ijr f,dma
fldg mZldr" ;Zldr o wdfoaY l< neúka .d;%dfoaY
iJê kñ'&

5' ijrdfoaY iJêh

mQj_ mofha w. wl=f¾ ijrh;a miq mofha
uq,a ijrh;a fjkqjg fjk;a ijrhla wdfoaY
lsÍfï iJêh hs' fuh ixialD;fha .=K ikaêhg
iudk;d olajkakls'

 miq mofha uq,a wl=r;a fmr mofha w. wl=r;a

ijr ùu'
 miq mofha uq,a wl=f¾ iajrh;a fmr mofha w.
wl=f¾ iajrh;a wiudk ùu'
 t lS ijr fol u f,dma fldg ta fjkqjg
fjku u ijrhla wdfoaY ùu'
fuys úfYaI;d hs'

uy + Wor
uya + w + Wor
uya + ´ + or
ufydaor
68
úhrK újrK

iajrdfoaYh isÿ jkqfha my; mßoafoks"

w$wd ¬ W$W! → T$´

w$wd ¬ b$B → t$ta
t ¬ w$we → wE

iajrdfoaY ikaêfhys § fuf,i lsis hï

iajr folla fjkqjg fjk;a iajrhla meñKSu
wdfoaY ùula jYfhka olajkq ,efn;;a ixialD;
.=K ikaêfha § mejfikqfha m<uq j ;snqK iajr
foflys .=Ks;h jYfhka f; jk iajrh ^wdfoaY
jk iajrh& ,efnk nj hs'

w$wd « b$B → t
w$wd « W$W! → T

jd.a úoHd;aul jYfhka úu¾Ykhl

fhfok l, wZldrh lKaGcdlaIrhl=;a bZldrh
;d¨cdlaIrhl=;a jk fihska fï fol tl úg
WÉpdrKh flfrk l,ays lKaG;d¨cdlaIrh jQ
tZldrh meñfKk nj;a t f,ig u WZldrh
´IaGcdlaIrhla jk fihska lKafG!IaGcdlaIrh jQ
TZldrh meñfKk nj;a wjfndaO fldg .; yels
h'

tfy;a t ¬ w$we → wE ùu ixialD; .=K

ikaêfha fkdue;s isxy, iajrdfoaYfha muKla
mj;akd jQ ,laIKhls'
t ¬ w; → wE;" fu ¬ w; → uE;"
fo ¬ w; → oE;" fo ¬ we< → oE<^we< fol&
fo ¬ wei → oEi" fo ¬ w, → oE,^fomi&
69
úhrK újrK

fo ¬ wuqKq → oEuqKq"
fo ¬ wÕ=,a → oEÕ=,a"
fo ¬ weÕs,s → oeÕs,s
fo ¬ wÕ → oEÕ^wx. fol&

isß ;s,lisß" t ¬ wE fjkqjg wE fh§u o

iajrdfoaY ,laIKhla jYfhka olajd we;;a ^isxy,
úhrK úÈ" ms'63& ;shfvda¾ Ô' fmf¾rd jekakka
t n÷ ;eka wh;a fldg we;af;a mQ¾jiajr f,dam
ikaêhg hs' fu jeks jpk t lS fohdldrfhka u
ikaê l< yels nj fmfka'
fo ¬ wEjr → oa ¬ t ¬ wEjr → oEjr

iajrdfoaY ikaêh yd .=K ikaêh fjka

fldg oelaùfï § ixialD; mo ^;;aiu mo& .=K
ikaê jYfhkq;a" isxy, ^ksIamkak yd ;oaNj mo&
iajrdfoaY ikaê jYfhkq;a oelaùu jvd;a iqÿiq nj
fmfka' ta wkqj
pQf,daor^pQ, ¬ Wor&" ùfrdaodr^ùr¬Wodr&"
ldf,daÑ;^ld,¬WÑ;&" OfkaYajr^Ok¬BYajr&"
kfrda;a;u^kr¬W;a;u&" lf“Jøsh^l¾K¬bkaøsh&"
foafõJø" iqf¾Jø" ufyaJø"
ufyaYjr^uyd¬BYajr&" kf¾Jø"
udf._dmlrK" cd;sflda;aijh"
l+fgdaml%u" mKäf;damdêh"
cd;sfldakak;sh"
udf._dmfoaYl" i;a;afjdaoHdkh"
.%dfudaoh" iQfhH_daoh"
ifydaor" Y%jfKJøsh"
nqoafOda;am;a;sh" WÉpdrfKaJøsh"
w,afmajP" rfïIa^rdud + BIa&"
jfkdaoHdk" mQfcdamydr"

70
úhrK újrK

kSf,da;am," fijpPdfjka"
l=udfrdaoh" kdfgHdaÑ;"
ldfjHdaml%u" l%Sfvda;aij

hkdÈh .=K ikaêhg;a fudfydr" jfgdr

wdÈh iajrdfoaY ikaêhg;a wh;a l< yels h'
fufyiqre" fudfydr" ,fUdard" wE" w" b Wka
f,dmd t" T" ´ wfoia l< neúka irfoiai| kï
- iso;aiÕrdj
^uy + biqre  fufyiqre" uy + Wr 
fudfydr" ,U + Word  ,fUdard hk fï wdÈh
mQj_ijr jQ wZldr yd mrijr jQ bZldr" WZldrhka
f,dam fldg t" T" ´ hk ijr wdfoaY l< neúka
ijrdfoaY iJê kñ'& ,U + Word hkak ikaê ùfï
§ iso;alre olajk wkshï úêfhys n,mEfuka
oZldrh .s,syS we;' .Kfoúhd hkq tys w¾:h hs'

6' .d;%dCIrf,dam iJêh

mQj_ mofha w. i[[ldCIrhla we;s úg tys
wkqkdisl wlaIrd¾Oh b;sß j;a § wfkla
.d;%dCIrh ijrh;a iuÕ f,dma fldg wkqkdislH
w¾Oh mQ“kdislHhla ^ìJÿjla& njg m;a lsÍfï
iJêh hs' we;eï ;efkl § wkqkdislHh t f,ig
u ;efnkq o oel .; yels fõ'

i[[ldCIr ilia ù we;s wdldrh yd tajd

ìJÿjla njg m;a ùu my; mßoafoks"
71
úhrK újrK

. + X$2 = Õ`.Ù =x
c + [a$2 = `c  ` c  [a = x
v + Ka$2 = ~  ` v  Ka = x
o + ka$2 = |  ` o  ka = x
n + ï$2 = U`nï =x

ñys÷ + ;,h Wu``. + od wU + u,a

ñys` + ÿ + ;,h Wu` + . + od wï$2 + n + u,a
ñyska;,h WuÙ + od wïu,a
^ñysx;,h& Wuxod ^wxu,a&

;j;a ksoY_k lsysmhla my; mßoafoks"

<sxueä^<s|¬ueä&" lskakr^ls÷¬kr&"
oxl=v^oUq¬lv&" .xj;=r^.Õ¬j;=r&"
<sxmäh^<s|¬mäh&" ox.i^oU¬.i&"
kshxwdOdr^kshÕ¬wdOdr&" .xÈh^.Õ¬Èh&"
tlageïf.a^tlageU¬f.a&" kshxidh^kshÕ¬idh&"
fldf<dxf;dg^fldf<dU¬f;dg&"
.xrka^.Õ¬rka" .fÕa WmÈk rka&"
jxuq;=^jÕ¬uq;=&" uqxìh<s^uq`.= ¬ìh,s&"
fk¿ïu,a^fk¿Uq¬u,a&" wïu,a^wU¬u,a& wE .nka
f,dmd u;a jevQ neúka .;l=ref,dmai| kï'
^.Zldr" nZldrdÈh f,dma fldg ud;%djD`ê l<
neúka .d;%dCIrf,dam iJê kñ'& - iso;aiÕrdj

72
 úhrK újrK

7' mQj_rEm iJêh

mQj_ mofha w. wCIrfha rEmh mr mofha uq,a
wCIrhg o meñKùfï iJêh hs'

w;a + lï úia + lï lï + y,
w;a + la + wï úia + la + wï lï + ya + w,
w;a + ;a + wï úia + ia + wï lï + ï + w,
w;a;ï úiaiï lïu,

;j;a kso¾Yk lsysmhla"

oiaiï^oia¬lï&"
f.;a;ï^f.;a¬lï&"
is;a;ï^is;a¬lï&"
wiai,^wia¬y,&"
weiaiuq^weia¬yuq&"
j;a;,^j;a¬y,&"
lïu,^lï¬y,&"
w;a;ï^w;a¬lï&"
mkakï^mka¬lï&"

w;a;ï" j;a;ï" f.;a;ï" mkakï"

úiaiï wE mrllrkg fmrrE ,oafoka
fmrrEi| kï' ^mr jQ lZldrhkag mQj_rEm ,;a
fihska mQj_rEmiJê kï & - iso;aiÕrdj

73
 úhrK újrK

8' mrrEm iJêh

mr mofha uq,a wl=f¾ rEmh fmr mofha w.
wl=rg o meñKùfï iJêh hs' iso;aiÕrdfõ fkd
tk fuu iJêh ;shfvda¾ fmf¾rd" l=udr;=x.
uqksodi jeks kQ;k hq.fha jHdlrK{hka úiska
y÷kajd fok ,oaols' iso; fkd olaj;=ÿ fï merKs
isxy,fha o fnfyúka Ndú; jQ ikaêhls"
f.dma + fld< fmdfydi;a + ok ÿla + .kakd
f.dma + la + T, fmdfydi;a + oa + wk ÿla + .a + wkakd
f.dla + la + T, fmdfydioa + oa + wk ÿ.a + .a + wkakd
f.dlafld, fmdfydioaok ÿ.a.kakd

;j;a ksoY_k lsysmhla"

yslalvqj^isma¬lvqj&" jlalv^jma¬lv&"
ÿmam;a^ÿla¬m;a&" remamd^rela¬md&"
,s.a.,^,sma¬.,&" y.a.,^yla¬.,&"
w.a.,^w;a¬.,&" lïuq,^lka¬uq,&"
wiaik^w;a¬ik&" ,.a.,^,la¬.,&

9' wd.u iJêh

mr mofha uq,g ijrhla fh§
we;s úg iJêmo w;rg h" j" r hk
wka;#i:dCIrhla muqKj
q d mr mofha ijrh yd
.e<mSfï iJêh hs'

mqk + W;am;a;sh fkd + tla lgq + w,

mqk + ¾ + W;am;a;sh fkd + ha + tla lgq + õ + w,
mqkre;am;a;sh fkdfhla lgqj,

74
úhrK újrK

;j;a ksoY_k lsysmhls fï"

ksrjq,a^ks + wjq,a&" úhjq,a^ú + wjq,a&"

fohdldr^fo + wdldr&" ksr;=re ^ks + w;=re&"
isjqrÕ^isjq + wÕ&

msßh;a^ms߬w;a" m¾hka;h&" ñhqÕ=Kq^ñ¬wÕ=Kq"

uyshx.Kh&" ismsfhõ^isms¬tõ&" ÿjÕ^ÿ¬wÕ"
OQ;dx.&" rejdrE^rE¬wrE" rEmO¾u yd wrEm O¾u&"
;=kqjÕ^;=kq¬wÕ&" mqkre;a^mqk + W;a&" ksfrdo^ks
+ To& wE fmrir fkdf,dmd hjrka w.ï
flf<ka w.ïi| kï' ^mQj_ijr f,dma fkd
fldg hZldr" jZldr" rZldr wd.u l< fihska
wd.u iJê kñ'& - iso;aiÕrdj

10' oaú;ajrEm iJêh

mQj_ mofha w. .d;%dCIrh oaú;aj ù tys
fo jk mofha uq, we;s ijr" oaú;aj jQ fo jeks
wCIrh yd tla ùfï iJêh hs'

 miq mofha uq,a wl=r ijrhla ùu'

 uq,a mofha w. iajrhla we;s úg tu wCIrh
oaú;aj lsÍug fmr ijrh bj;a l< hq;= h'

bks + w, fmd,a + w;a;

bka + b + w, fmd,a + ,a + w;a;
bka + ka + w, fmd,a,;a;
bkak,

75
úhrK újrK

;j;a ksoY_k lsysmhla"

fy<s,a,Uq^fy<s,s¬wUq&" f.dlal;a;^f.dla¬w;a;&"
relal;a;k^rela¬w;a;k&" fldiaieg^fldia¬weg&"
jlal;a;^jla¬w;a;&" j,a,ïn,u^j,a¬wïn,u&"
j,aÆrd^j,a¬W!rd&"

je,a,jqre^je,s¬wjqre" je,sfhka l<

;dmamh&" fy<s,a,Uq ^fy<,s¬wUq" iqÿ meye wÕk&"
;Um,af,ka ^;Um¨¬tka&" l=,af,õ^l¨¬tõ& wE
fmrir f,dmd .;g forE oek jQ neúka forEi|
kï' ^mQj_ijrh f,dma fldg .d;%dCIrhg rEmoajhla
cks; l< neúka oaú;ajrEm iJê kñ&
- iso;aiÕrdj

isxy,fha Ndú; jkqfha fuu oi jeoEreï

ikaê muKla fkd fõ' ixialD; ikaê úê o ñY%
isxy,fha § fndfyda fihska oel .ekaug ms<sjk'
t neúka isxy, NdIdfõ ikaê ms<sn| ukdj oek
.ekaug kï ixialD; ikaê o wOHhkh lsÍu
wksjd¾h fõ'

76
úhrK újrK

ixialD; ikaê
ixialD; jHdlrKhg wkqj ikaê mia
j¾.hls"

1' iajr ikaê 2' jH[ack ikaê

3' wkqiajdr ikaê 4' úi¾. ikaê
5' m%lD;s ikaê

fuhska iajr ikaê yd jH[ack ikaê hk

fol isxy, NdIdfjys ,d úfYaI jYfhka jeo.;a
fõ'

1' iajr ikaê

iajr ms<sn| ikaê ld¾h ùfuka
.e<fmkqfha iajr ikaê kñ' fuys"

¸'§¾> ikaêh ¸¸'.=K ikaêh

¸¸¸'jDoaê ikaêh ¸¹'jHia; ikaêh
¹'f,dam ikaêh ¹¸'f,damYa ikaêh
¹¸¸'wdfoaY ikaêh ¹¸¸¸'wd.u ikaêh

hkqfjka fNao wgls' fï w;ßka §¾>" .=K"

jDoaê" wdfoaY hk iajr ikaê i;r isxy,hg
úfYaI jYfhka jeo.;a fõ'

¸'§¾> ikaêh

iudk jQ iajr folla ;ks §¾>hla ùfuka

isÿ jk ikaêh fï kñ' —ij¾fKa §¾># iy˜ hkq
idriaj; iQ;% hs'

77
úhrK újrK

w$wd ¬ w$wd → wd
b$B ¬ b$B → B
W$W! ¬ W$W! → W!
R$RD ¬ R$RD → RD

wdÈ jYfhka wlaIr §¾>;ajhg m;a fjkq fuys §

oel .; yels fõ'
ys;¬wys; nqoaê¬bkaøsh fya;=¬WodyrK
ys;a¬w¬wys; nqoaè¬b¬bkaøsh fya;a¬W¬WodyrK
ys;a¬wdys; nqoaè¬Bkaøsh fya;a¬W!odyrK
ys;dys; nqoaëkaøsh fya;+odyrK

ms;D¬RK
ms;a¬R¬RK
ms;a¬R¬RK
ms;a¬RDK
ms;DDK
^mshdf.a Kh&

;j;a kso¾Yk lsysmhla"

id;sYh^i¬w;sYh&"
Y%jKd.dr^Y%jK¬wd.dr&"
O¾udh;k^O¾u¬wdh;k&"
nqoaëkaøsh^nqoaê¬bkaøsh&"
úoHdf,dalh^úoHd¬wdf,dalh&"
l%shdêldrh^l%shd¬wêldrh&"
NdIdkqrd.h^NdId¬wkqrd.h&"
,xldêm;s^,xld¬wêm;s&"
Wmud,xldr^Wmud¬w,xldr&" uqkSkaø^uqks¬bkaø&"
.sÍY^.s߬BY&" uySkaø^uyS¬bkaø&"
.=rEla;s^.=re¬Wla;s&" prEre^pdre¬W!re&"
YYdxl^YY¬wxl&" foajd,h^foaj¬wd,h&"
ohd¾Kj^ohd¬w¾Kj&" N+¾Oj^N+¬W!¾Oj&
78
úhrK újrK

¸¸' .=K ikaêh

isxy, iajrdfoaY ikaêh hgf;a meyeÈ,s
flreKq mßÈ iajr folla .=K ùfuka fjk;a
iajrhla meñKSu hs' ta fu fia h'

w$wd « b$B → ta
iqf¾kaø^iqr¬bkaø&" ufyakaø^uyd¬bkaø&"
WfïI^Wud¬BI&

w$wd « W$W! → ´
iQ¾fhdaoh^iQ¾h¬Woh&"
ufydamdOHdh^uyd¬WmdOHdh&"
jD;af;dare^jD;a; ¬W!re&

isxy, iajrdfoaY ikaêh fu lshk .=K

ikaêhg fjkia j fhñka t ¬ w → we jQ mßÈ u
fuh o iajrdfoaYfhka wkH jk ;j;a ,laIKhla
jYfhka"

w$wd ¬ R → w¾$wd¾ ùu oel .; yels fõ'

ima;¾Is^ima; ¬RIs&" uyd¾Is^uyd¬RIs&"
YS;¾;=^YS;¬R;=&

¸¸¸' jDoaê ikaêh

wZj¾Khg ikaê iajrhla mr l,ays fï isÿ

fjhs' t" ta" ft" T! hk i;r ikaê iajr jYfhka
y÷kajd ÿksuq'

w$wd ¬ ta → ft

.=K ¬ talfoaY → .=ffKlfoaY

79
úhrK újrK

w$wd ¬ ft → ft
mQ¾j ¬ ft;sydisl → mQ¾ffj;sydisl

w$wd ¬ ´ → T! ÈjH ¬ T!IO → ÈfjH!IO

w$wd ¬ T! → T! uyd ¬ T!IO → ufy!IO

¸¹' wdfoaY ikaêh^wka;#ia:dfoaY&

b" W" R" Ì hk j¾Khkag ms<sfj<ska h" j"

r" , hk wka;#ia:dlaIr wdfoaY ùfuka .e<fmk
ikaêh fï kñ' fuys fNao i;rls"

● hZldrdfoaYh

mQ¾j mofha w. we;s b$B hk iajrh bj;a

fldg Bg hZldrh wdfoaY fldg miq mofha
uq,a iajrh yd .e<mSu fuys § isÿ flf¾'
isxy, .d;%dfoaY ikaêfha § o hZldrdfoaYh
iq,n jYfhka isÿ jQ kuqÿ ikaê ld¾hhkag
wkqj ta fuhska wkH fjhs'

w;s¬W;a;u m%;s¬W!I lms¬RIN

w;a¬b¬W;a;u m%;a¬b¬W;a;u lma¬b¬RIN
w;a¬ha¬W;a;u m%;a¬ha¬W!I lma¬ha¬RIN
w;ahq;a;u m%;ahQI lmHDIN
w;Hq;a;u m%;HQI

;j;a kso¾Yk lsysmhla"

w;Hq.%^w;s¬W.%&" cd;Hd,^cd;s¬wd,&"
cd;HkaO^cd;s¬wkaO&" kfoHda>^k§¬´>&"
.s¾fh!IO^.s߬T!IO&

80
úhrK újrK

● jZldrdfoaYh

mQ¾j mofha w. we;s W$W! hk iajrh bj;a

fldg jZldrh wdfoaY fldg miq moh yd .e<mSu
fuys § isÿ flf¾'

.=re¬wlaIr wkq¬w¾: uDÿ¬bkaøsh

.=¾¬W¬wlaIr wka¬W¬w¾: uDoa¬W¬bkaøsh
.=¾¬õ¬wlaIr wka¬õ¬w¾: uDoa¬õ¬bkaøsh
.=¾jlaIr wkaj¾: uDoaúkaøsh

;j;a kso¾Yk lsysmhla

,>ajdydr^,>q¬wdydr&"
uèjD;=^uOq¬R;=&"
fya;aj¾:^fya;= ¬w¾:&"
jia;afõl;aj^jia;=¬tal;aj&
wkaùlaIh^wkq¬BlaIh&"
uèjdmkYd,d^uOq¬wdmkYd,d&"
Od;aj¾:^Od;=¬w¾:&

● rZldrdfoaYh

mQ¾j mofha w. we;s RZ wlaIrh fjkqjg

rZldrh wdfoaY fldg miq moh yd .e,mSfï
ikaêh hs'

l¾;D¬w¾: ms;D¬wdÈ ms;D¬WmiA:dk

l¾;a¬R¬w¾: ms;a¬R¬wdÈ ms;a¬R¬Wmia:dk
l¾;a¬¾¬w¾: ms;a¬¾¬wdÈ ms;a¬¾¬Wmia:dk
l¾;a¬r¾: ms;a¬rdÈ ms;a¬remia:dk
l¾;%¾: ms;%dÈ ms;%emia:dk

81
úhrK újrK

;j;a kso¾Yk"

ms;%dik^ms;D¬wdik&" Nd;%sÉPd^Nd;D¬bÉPd&"
ms;%ela;s^ms;D¬Wla;s&

● ,ZldrdfoaYh

Ì" Ì! hk wlaIr fjkqjg ,Zldrh fh§u

hs' fuh isxy,fha ÿ,n jYfhka Ndú;
jkakls'

Ì$Ì! ¬ b;a → ,s;a

Ì$Ì! ¬ BYajr → ,SYajr
Ì$Ì ¬ wdldr → ,dldr

¹' jHia; ikaêh

wha" wdha" wõ" wdõ wdfoaY ùfuka

.e<fmkakd jQ ikaêh hs'

wha - fk ¬ whkï → khkï

Nø ¬ Roaê → NøhDoaê

wdha - fk ¬ wl# → kdhl#

nd,ffh ¬ T!IO → nd,hdfh!IO

wõ - fNd ¬ w;s → Nj;s

f.d ¬ W;a;u → .jq;a;u^f.!;u&

wdõ - fk! ¬ wd → kdjd

fk! ¬ ftYap¾h → kdffjYap¾h

82
úhrK újrK

¹¸' f,dam ikaêh

j¾Khla f,dma lsÍu hs'

iSuka ¬ wka; → iSuka;"

m;;a ¬ w[ac,S → m;[ac,S

¹¸¸' wd.u ikaêh

iajrhla wd.u ù isÿ jk ikaêh hs'

m% ¬ W!V# → fm%!V#"
iaj ¬ Brï → iaffjrï

¹¸¸¸' f,damYa ikaêh isxy,hg wod< fkdjkakls'

2' jH[ack ikaê

jH[ack ms<sn| ikaê ld¾h isoaO ùfuka
.e<fmkqfha jH[ack ikaê kñ' fuys fNao
i;rls"

¸' wdfoaY ikaêh ¸¸' f,dam ikaêh

¸¸¸' wd.u ikaêh ¸¹' oaú;aj ikaêh

¸' wdfoaY ikaêh

jH[ackhla wdfoaY ùfuka jk ikaê hs'

jH[ack iïnkaO wdfoaY ikaê /fils'

83
úhrK újrK

● f>daIdfoaYh iajrhla fyda f>daI

jH[ackhla mr mofha uq,g
fhfok l,ays fmr mofha w. we;s
wf>daIhg f>daIh wdfoaY ùu hs'
jd.d¾:^jdla¬w¾:&"
ioaO¾u^i;a¬O¾u&"
È.a.c^Èla¬.c&" È.aúch^Èla¬úch&"
Iâj¾K^Iܬj¾K&
● wf>daIdfoaYh by; i|yka l< ms<sfj<g
u mr mofha uq,g wf>daIhla fh§
we;s úg fmr mofha w. we;s
f>daIh fjkqjg wf>daIhla wdfoaY
ùu hs'

;;aiu^;oa¬iu&"
;;al:d^;oa¬l:d&

● ;oaj¾.dka;dfoaYh fmr mofha w.g

j¾.dlaIrhla fh§ we;s úfgl §
tu j¾.fha u j¾.dka;dlaIrh
wdfoaY ùu hs'
jdÙud;%^jdla¬ud;%&"
;kakdu^;oa¬kdu&
● ;d,jHdfoaYh ;d¨cdlaIrhkag fmrgq j
isákakd jQ oka;c jH[ackhlg
^,Zldrh yer& ;d¨cdlaIr wdfoaY
ùu hs'

iÊck^i;a¬ck&"
irÉpkaø^ir;a¬pkaø&"
;ÉPlgï^;;a¬Ylgï&
84
úhrK újrK

● uQ¾OkHdfoaYh uQ¾OcdlaIrhlska fmrgq j

fhÈ oka;chkag uQ¾Oc wdfoaY
lsÍu hs'

;Üàld^;;a¬àld&
● ,ZldrdfoaYh ,Zldrhlska fmrgq j fhÈ
;Zj¾.dlaIrhkag ,ZwdfoaY lsÍu hs'

úoHq,a,;d^úoHq;a¬,;d&

● PZldrdfoaYh j¾. m%:udlaIrhla flfrka

mr j fhÈ YZldrhg PZldrh wdfoaY
lsÍu hs'

jdlaPQr#^jdla¬Y+r#&"
uDÉPlál^uD;a ¬ Ylál" ueá
lr;a;h&

● KZldrdfoaYh uQ¾OkH Yíohlska hq;= mQ¾j

mohla yd ikaê jk úg § mr mofha
we;s kZldrhla fjkqjg KZwdfoaY
lsÍu hs' ^uOHhg fhfokakd jQ y"
h" j hk wlaIrhkqÿ fuu
wdfoaYhg ndOd fkd fõ'&

N%uKï^Nar¬wïw¬kï&
lrKï^l¾¬w¬kï&
rdudhK^rdu¬whk&"
¥IK^¥Ia¬wk&

85
úhrK újrK

3' wkqiajdr ikaê

wkqiajdr ikaêh kï j¾.dlaIrhkaf.ka
fmrgq j fhÈ x fjkqjg ;oaj¾.dka; wlaIrh
fh§fï ikaêh hs'

l - ,x ¬ ld → ,Ùld
p - uqx ¬ p;s → uq[ap;s
g - >x ¬ gd → >Kagd
; - Ydx ¬ ;# → Ydka;#
m - ix ¬ nkaO → iïnkaO

4' úi¾. ikaê

úi¾. ikaêhg wh;a f,dam" f,damYa yd
wdfoaY hk fNao;%h w;=ßka wdfoaY ikaêh
isxy,fha o oel .; yels jkakls' úi¾. ikaêhg
wod< wdfoaY úê lsysmhls'

¸' iZldrdfoaYh

iZldrdfoaYh hkq wf>daIhkag fmrgq j

fhÈ úi¾.hg iZldrh wdfoaY ùu hs' fuys
wdldr lsysmhls"

● p" c" Y hk wlaIrhkag mQ¾j j fhÈ úi¾.hg

iZldrh wdfoaY ù ;d¨c YZldrh njg m;a ùu'

yß# ¬ pkaø → yßia ¬ pkaø → yßYapkaø

86
úhrK újrK

● l" L" m" M hk wlaIrhkag mQ¾j j fhÈ

úi¾.hg iZldrh wdfoaY ù uQ¾Oc IZ njg m;a ùu

ks# ¬ l%dka; → ksia ¬ l%dka; → ksIal%dka;

ks# ¬ M, → ksia ¬ M, → ksIaM,
ks# ¬ lD; → ksia ¬ lD; → ksIalD;
ÿ# ¬ M, → ÿia ¬ M, → ÿIaM,

● úi¾.hd mQ¾j j wf>daIhla mr jQ úg i" I fyda

YZ wdfoaY ùu'

wh# ¬ ldka; → whialdka;

ÿ# ¬ lr → ÿIalr
ÿ# ¬ idOH → ÿYaYdOH

¸¸' WZldrdfoaYh

wZldrfhka mr j isá úi¾.hd mQ¾j mofha

w.g fh§ mr moh wdrïNfha f>daIdlaIrhla fh§
we;s úg ta úi¾.hdyg WZ wdfoaY j w ¬ W
fjkqjg ´Zldrh fhfoa'

;m# ¬ jk
;ma ¬ w ¬ # ¬ jk
;ma ¬ w ¬ W ¬ jk
;ma ¬ ´ ¬ jk
;fmdajk

hY# ¬ rdYS → hfYdardYS"

Ysr# ¬ Od;= → YsfrdaOd;="
wkH# ¬ wkH → wfkHdkH

87
úhrK újrK

hi# ¬ rdj → hfYdardj

wO# ¬ ,sms → wfOda,sms
mqr# ¬ .dó → mqfrda.dó
uk# ¬ l,H → ufkdal,H

¸¸¸' rZldrdfoaYh

wZj¾Kh yer fjk iajrhlska mr j isá

úi¾.hla fmr mofha uq,g fh§ mr mofha uq,g
f>daIdlaIrhla fh§ we;s úg t lS úi¾.h i|yd
rZldrh wdfoaY fjhs'

ks ¬ ohd
ka ¬ b ¬ # ¬ ohd
ka ¬ b ¬ ¾ ¬ ohd
ks¾ohd

ÿ# ¬ ckd → ÿ¾ckd"
p;=# ¬ fõo → p;=¾fõo"
mqk#¬Nj → mqk¾Nj

mia jeks j lS m%lD;s ikaêh isxy,fha

Ndú; jkakla fkd fõ'

88
úhrK újrK

4' Wla; wdLHd; iïnkaO;d

NdIdjl woyia m%ldY lefrkqfha jdlH yd
jdlHdxY wdY%fhks' tys § wkq.ukh flfrk
iïu; ms<sfj< Wla; wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh
hkqfjka ye¢ka fõ' fï iïnkaOfhka jk ms<s.;a
Í;s iuqodhhla we;' we;eï Í;s ld,hdf.a
wejEfuka úúO úm¾hdihkg n÷ka ù we; o
j¾;udk NdId jHjydrh iïnkaOfhka fndfyda
úg fmdÿ tlÕ;d mj;akd neõ meyeÈ,s h' t jka
jQ iuld,Sk f,aLkfha tk Wla;dLHd; Í;s
idlÉPd lsÍu fuys wruqK hs'

jdlH ks¾udKfha ir,;u iajrEmhg wkqj

tys l¾;D" l¾uh" l%shdj hkqfjka fldgia ;=kla
oelsh yels h' bx.%Sis jeks NdIdj, tajd fhfokqfha
l¾;D" l%shdj" l¾uh f,isks' —I eat rice˜ t neúka
tajd zl;=lsßhlïniaZ^SVO Languages& kñka
ye¢ka fõ' tfy;a isxy," md<s" ixialD;" fou<
we;=¿ fndfyda fmrÈ. NdIdj, l¾;D-l¾uh-
l%shdj hk ms<sfj<ska tu mo fhfokq oel .; yels
h'
uu n;a lñ

l¾;D^Subject& hkq jdlHfha wjidk

l%shdfjka lshefjkakd h' fkd tfia kï wjidk
l%shdj isÿ lrkakd h' fuys lEfï l%shdj isÿ
lrkakd^lkakd& zuuZ neúka Wla;h jkafka th hs'
l¾;D Wla;h kñka ye¢kafjkafka wjidk
l%shdfjka lshefjk neúks'

89
úhrK újrK

l%shdj^Verb& hkq l¾;Df.a lsÍu yÕjk

moh hs' fuys l¾;Df.a l%shdj zlñZ hkak hs'
jdlHfha wjidk l%shdj wdLHd;h kñka ye¢ka fõ'

l¾uh^Object& hkq l¾;Df.a l%shdj ú¢kakd

fyj;a l%shdjg hg;a jkakd y÷kajk moh hs'
wjika l%shdfjka fkd lshefjk neúka wkqla;h
kï o fõ' fuys wkqla;h zn;aZ hkak hs'

fuu fldgia ;=k muKla we;s jdlH ir,

jdlH hkqfjka o Wla; lsysmhla we;s jdlH ixys;
jdlH^u,a,S o uu o n;a luq'& hkqfjka o m%Odk
jdlHh ;=< wka;¾ jdlHhka o fh§ we;s jdlH
ixlS¾K jdlH^i;=rka .ug t;sZhs jeisfhda ìh
jQy'& hkqfjka o ye¢kafjhs'

jdlHhla ksjerÈ j ,sùfï § mqreI fNaoh"

,sx. fNaoh" jpk fNaoh hkdÈh wkqj Wla; mo yd
wkqla; mo fhÈh hq;= ms<sfj< oek isàu jeo.;a
h'

90
úhrK újrK

Wla; mo yd wkqla; mo
1' i¾j kdu

tal jpk nyq jpk

mqreIh
Wla; wkqla; Wla; wkqla;
W;a;u uu ud wms wm
mqreI
uOHu f;da ;d f;dms f;dm
mqreI f;ms f;m
Tn Tn Tn Tn
kqU kqU kqU,d
hqIau;d$ hqIau;d$ hqIau;ayq hqIau;=ka
hqIau;S hqIau;S
uOHu fya$f; Tyq Tjqyq Tjqka
mqreI fï$
fyf;u
´$wE$´ weh Tjqyq$ Tjqka
f;dfuda ´ ;=uQ
uE$fuda ueh fudjqyq$ fudjqka$
f;dfuda fuda ;=uQ fujqka

j¾;udk jHjydrfha § Tyq" weh jka

wkqla; mo Wla; iajrEmfhka o Ndú; jkq oel
.; yels h' tfy;a ´" wE" fya jka Wla; mo
wkqla; mo jYfhka lsisÿ úfgl fkd fhfoa'

91
úhrK újrK

2' wkshud¾: mo
mqreI ,sx. ia;%S ,sx.
Wla; wkqla; Wla; wkqla;
^tla& ^tl=& ^wla& ^wl&
ñksfila ñksfil= .eyekshla .eyekshl
foúfhla foúfhl= foj`.kla foj`.kl
orefjla orefjl= oeßhla oeßhl
rfcla rfcl= /ðkla /ðkl

ztl=Z m%;Hh we;eï ;efkl zwl=Z ^ñksil="

<uhl=& f,i o úl,am m%fhda.fhka fhfoa'
wkshud¾: mqreI ,sx. m%;Hhka ia;%S ,sx. m%lD;s
iuÕska .eyekq <ufhla" .eyekq <uhl= wdÈ
jYfhka Ndú; l< yels h'

3' ks;H nyq jpk

Wla; wkqla;
we;efula we;eful=
flfkla flfkl=
wfhla wfhl=
we;eïuq$yq we;euqka
ljqre ljqreka

ks;H nyq jpkh ia;%S ,sx. - mqreI ,sx.

folg u fmdÿ h'
92
úhrK újrK

4' wm%dKjdÖ mo

m%dK;ajdfrdams;
tal jpk nyq jpk
nyq jpk
Wla wkqla Wla wkqla Wla wkqla
; ; ; ; ; ;
.xÕd .xÕd .xÕd .xÕd .xÕdfjda .xÕdjka
j j
;drld ;drld ;dr ;dr ;drld ;drldjka
j j ld ld fjda
m¾j; m¾j; m¾j; m¾j; m¾j; m¾j;hka
h h fhda
kÈh kÈh k§ k§ k§yq k§ka

Wla;dLHd; Í;s
Wla;dLHd; fh§u iïnkaOfhka jk
idudkH Í;s fuka u úfYaI Í;s o fõ' idudkH Í;s
hkq —Wla;h tal jpk jk úg wdLHd;h tal jpk
úh hq;= h˜ wdÈ jYfhka ir, jHjydrfha mj;akd
Í;s h' úfYaI Í;s Bg jvd ixlS¾K h'

93
úhrK újrK

Wla;dLHd; ms<sn|
idudkH Í;s lsysmhla
1' Wla;h W;a;u mqreI tal jpk jk úg
wdLHd;h o W;a;u mqreI tal jpk úh hq;= h'

uu mdvï lrñ$lrkafkñ$lf<ñ'

2' Wla;h uOHu mqreI tal jpk jk úg wdLHd;h

o uOHu mqreI tal jpk úh hq;= h'

f;da$;S$Tn$kqU mkai,a hys$hkafkys$.sfhys'

3' Wla;h m%:u mqreI tal jpk jk úg wdLHd;h

o m%:u mqreI tal jpk úh hq;= h'

fya$Tyq$fyf;u$msh,a$u,a,S fj<|dï
lrhs$lrkafka h$lf<a h'
wE$weh$´$§md$kx.S fj<|dï lrhs$lrkakS h$
l<d h'

4' Wla;h W;a;u mqreI nyq jpk jk úg

wdLHd;h o W;a;u mqreI nyq jpk úh hq;= h'

wms .ug huq$hkafkuq$.sfhuq'

5' Wla;h uOHu mqreI nyq jpk jk úg wdLHd;h

o uOHu mqreI nyq jpk úh hq;= h'

f;dms$f;ms$kqU,d$Tn .ug hyq$hkafkyq$.sfhyq'

94
úhrK újrK

6' Wla;h m%:u mqreI nyq jpk jk úg wdLHd;h

o m%:u mqreI nyq jpk úh hq;= h'

Tjqyq$mqreIfhda$ia;%Syq$kx.s,d$u,a,s,d mkai,a h;s$

hkafkda h$ .sfhda h'

5' lDoka; wdLHd;h

wdLHd;h lDoka;hlska ;efnk úg
Wla;fha jpk" ,sx. yd mqreI fNaohka i,ld w;S;
fyda wk;S; ld,fhka ;eìh yels h'

wdLHd;h" Y=oaO wdLHd;h-lDoka; wdLHd;h

f,i fo jEoEreï fõ' zY=oaO wdLHd;hZ hkq l%shd
moh Y=oaO f,i u fhfokakd jQ lñ" ne,Sñ" lrhs"
l<y" h;s hkdÈh hs' zlDoka; wdLHd;hZ hkq
l%shdj fjkqjg lDoka; mohla ^we;eï úg
ksmd;hla o iys; j& fh§fuka ;efnkakd jQ .sfha
h" ne¨jd h" l<d h" fk<kakS h hkdÈh hs'

Y=oaO wdLHd;hlg ld, fNaohla ^w;S;-

wk;S;&" mqreI fNaohla ^W;a;u-uOHu-m%:u&"
ldrl fNaohla ^l¾;D-l¾u-Ndj&" jpk fNaohla
^tal jpk" nyq jpk& we;;a ,sx. fNaohla ke;'
hhs" h;s hkdÈh ksoiqka fõ'

—Tyq$weh hhs'˜
—nd,lfhda$nd,sldfjda h;s'˜
tfy;a tal jpk lDoka;dLHd;h t lS fNao
ish,a, o iuÕska ,sx. fNaoh o Nckh lrhs'

—isßmd, .ug hkafka h'˜

95
úhrK újrK

—khkd .ug hkakS h'˜

—orejd mdi,a .sfha h'˜
—oeßh mdi,a .shd h'˜
nyq jpk lDoka; wdLHd;h ,sx.
fNaofhka f;dr h'

—oeßfhda wl=rg hkafkda h'$ .sfhda h'˜

—l=urefjda Whka fl<shg msg;a j hkafkda h'$
.sfhda h'˜
fu lS ish,a, m%d:ñl Í;s fõ' úfYaI Í;s
óg jvd ixlS¾K;ajfhka hqla; h'

Wla;dLHd; iïnkaO úfYaI Í;s

1'& wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka ;efnk wjia:d
lsysmhla
1' Wla;h ia;%S ,sx. tal jpk jk l, w;S;
ld,fha § wdLHd;h nyq jpk fõ'

—neñKs,sh ifidnd
t mq;a rejkl je¥ uynd'˜
^ldjHfYaLrh&
fuu Í;sh merKs idys;H lD;Skays iq,n j
Ndú; jkakls' tfy;a j¾;udk jHjydrhg wkqj
.;a l,"
—neñKsh mq;l= jeÿjd h'˜

96
úhrK újrK

hkqfjka ;eîu iqÿiq h' merKs jHjydrhg

wkqj .;a l, o lDoka; wdLHd;h fhfok
fndfyda ;kays § fu n÷ jelsj, Wla;h ;nd
;sfnkq úoHudk jkqfha tal jpkfhks'

2' Wla;h Wka" wka hk ia;%S ,sx. nyq jpk úNla;s

m%;Hhlska hqla; jk l, wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka
;eîfï Ñrd.; Í;shla úh'

—r;s fl<s fh§fuka

wnrK ,d ie§fuka
orejka je§fuka
fjfi;a wÕkqka fkd;s;a ùfuka˜
^ldjHfYaLrh&

iS.sß .S" ldjH fYaLrh" rdcdj,sh jka

.%ka:hkaf.ka fu n÷ Í;shla wkdjrKh j;=ÿ
j¾;udk jHjydrhg wkqj Wka" wka wdÈh wkqla;
m%;H jYfhka ie,flk fihska iuld,Sk
jHdlrKfha § my; mßÈ fhÈh hq;= fõ"
—wÕfkda fjfi;a˜

3' iïNdjH isxy,fha W!" uQ" Tn" fudn" uqn" kqU

hk i¾j kdu iuÕ fhfok wdLHd;h m%:u mqreI
nyq jpk fõ'

—W! mji;s'˜
—Tn tfia fkd mji;s'˜
—uQ l<.=K oks;s'˜
—kqU wkqNj lr;s'˜

97
úhrK újrK

4' Wla;h ks;H nyq jpk jk úg wdLHd;h nyq

jpk fõ'
wh" wfhla" ljfrla" ljryq" flfkla"
iuyfrla" iuyre" ljqre hkdÈh ks;H nyq jpk
hs'
—kg;a wfhla iqrd u;ska˜
—wfhla W,aj, wekS jekfi;s'
Wla;fhka yefÕkafka tla whl= muKla
nj ksYaÑ; j lshefjk ;ekaj, § fïjd tal
jpkh Nckh lrhs'
—frday,g w¨;a fodia;r flfkla m;a j wdfha h'˜
—tu lKavdhug ;jflla tla úh'˜

5' m%dKjdÖ Wla;hlg iuQyd¾:j;a mo fhÈ úg

rxpqj" iuQyh" fiakdj" /<" le," fm< hkdÈh

iuQyd¾:j;a mo hs'
—kka yhfika isáfhda isá u;sfka'˜
—ñka r<Zjq;a .x fjr<g /ia jQ'˜
—w,s rxpqj m,d .sh y'˜
—mlaIs iuQyhd wyfia ir;s'˜
6' Wla;h f.!rjd¾: nyq jpk jk úg"
kdu mohlg f.!rjd¾: m%;Hhla fyda
f.!rjd¾: ksmd;hla fh§fuka th f.!rjd¾:hg
m;a l< yels h'

98
úhrK újrK

I) wdK" wKq" wKs f.!rjd¾: ;oaê m%;Hhla

fh§u'

—mshdfKda Tjd fo;s'˜ —f;rKqfjda oka j<|;s'˜

—ÈhKsfhda Ys,am yodr;s'˜
II) ´" yq hk f.!rjd¾: m%;Hhla fh§u'

—rÊcqrefjda rdcHh lr;s'˜ —f;ryq oyï foi;s'˜

III) jykafia" oE" md" f.daó hkdÈ mo wkqla; kduh

w.g fh§u'
—nqÿka jykafia okg jä;s'$jeähy'$jäk
fial'$jeä fial'˜
—uEKshkaoE wyr msis;s'$msiQy'$msisk oE h'$msiq oE
h'
—.=ma;s,f.daóyq fldaÜfÜ hq.fha úma,jldÍ lúhd
jQy'˜
—rcmd ud,s.hg iem;a jQy'˜
—jykaoE úydrhg jeähy'$jeä fial'˜
IV) Kaä" `ä hk m%;H kduhg tla lsÍu'
—wïuKaä$wue`ä orejka je¥y'˜
—mq;Kaä$mq;`ä Ys,am m%.=K l<y'˜

99
úhrK újrK

7' Wla;h tal jpk jqj o W" ´" yq jeks nyq

w¾:j;a m%;Hhla fhÈ úg wdLHd;h nyq jpk fõ'

—l=ure$l=urefjda$l=uryq wl=rg h;s'˜

—is;a;re$is;a;refjda$is;a;ryq is;=jï w¢;s'˜
j¾;udkfha WZm%;Hh nyq w¾:j;a m%;Hhla
jYfhka fkd ie,flhs'
—l=ure Ys,am Wf.kS'˜
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § o fuu Í;sh j¾;udk
iajrEmhg iudk j fh§ ;sfí'
—wl=re Wf.kS l=ure fid|jd˜ ^ldjHfYaLrh&
8' Wla;h wm%dKjdÖ jqj o ´" yq m%;H fh§
we;akï'

—;=reyq$Ydlfhda fijK io;s'˜

9' Wla;h wm%dKjdÖ jqjo ;dZ ;oaê; m%;Hh fh§

we;akï

—fmfoys riyõ ú÷kd fofk;d b;d ÿ,fnda˜

^lõ is¿ñK&

10' ixLHd mdo ^ks¾OdrKd¾:h&

iuQyhlska fldgila fjka fldg oelaùu
ks¾OdrKd¾:h kï fõ' zisiqyq ;sfofklaZ lS l,
lsis hï jQ YsIH ;=ka fokl= ms<sn| j muKla
mejfi;;a zisiqka ;sfofklaZ lS l, hï nyq;r
YsIH msßila w;=ßka ;=ka fokl= fjka fldg
100
úhrK újrK

oelafjk wdldrh wjfndaO fldg .ekafuka

ks¾OdrKd¾:h jgyd .; yels jkq we;'

I) iuQyhlska fldgila fkd fõ kï ^ks¾OdrKhla

rys; kï& kdu moh Wla; úNla;s nyq jpk fõ'

—idudðlfhda fndfyda fofkla /iaùug meñKshy'˜

—isiqyq ;s fofkla mdi,a h;s'˜

II) ks¾OdrKhla fõ kï" t kï iuQyhlska

fldgila bÕs lef¾ kï kdu moh wkqla; úNla;s
nyq jpk fõ'

—idudðlhka fndfyda fofkla /iaùug meñKshy'˜

—isiqka ;s fofkla mdi,a h;s'˜
iuia;h u olajk mohla fh§ we;s ;kays §
ks¾OdrKh yeÕùug kqmq¿jk'
—isiqyq ish,af,da u mxla;h
s g msúishy'˜

fu jka ;kays —isiqka ish,af,da u˜ wdÈ

jYfhka fh§u idjoH fõ'

2'& wdLHd;h tal jpkfhka ;efnk

wjia:d
1' Wla;h nyq jpk jqj;a wm%dKjdÖ kï'
—.,a fmrf<a'˜
—.ia iq<Õg jefÜ'˜
—;re nei .sfha h'˜
101
úhrK újrK

2' wm%dKjdÖ iuQyd¾:j;a Wla;h'

—u,a iuQyh mr j .sfha h'˜

—.ia fm<$jDlaI mxla;h
s mjkska i,s; fõ'˜

3' Wla;h m%dKjdÖ iuQyd¾:j;a jqj o iuQyh tlla

f,i i,lk úg'

—.cfika is;shï .cisß lsfh,S'˜

—foõ msßia fhdÿkla ;kays ù'˜
fuh j¾;udk jHjydrfha fkd mj;akd jQ
Í;shls'

4' Wla;h wm%dKjdÖ iuQyd¾:j;a jqj o taZ

m%;Hfhka wjika jk úg' ^m%:ud úNla;s tal jpk
m%;Hh .;a úg&'

—nUr f.fka ksß÷ ;=gq lf<a h'˜

—ue;s f.fka iNdjg msúisfha h'˜
—uy fofka flf,iqka jekeyS'˜
5' ;=ud" jr jeks Wm mo f.!rjd¾: jqj o tal
jpkfha fhfoa'

—w.ro;=ud wkqYdikdj mj;ajhs'˜

—.=rejrhd mdvï lshd foa'˜

102
úhrK újrK

3'& Wla;h wkqla; f,i ;efnk

wjia:d
1' wúksYaÑ;d¾:h
úZ ksmd;fhka wjika jk jdlHj,ska
wúksYaÑ;d¾:h m< lef¾' t jeks jdlHhl Wla;h
wkqla; úh hq;='

z<uhska úNd.h iu;a fõú'Z

zrks,a kdhlhd fõú'Z
zoeßhka ujf.a w.h jgyd .kSú'Z

2' ixYhd¾:h
ixYhd¾:h kï iel iys; wre;la yeÕùu
hs' fu jka jdlHj, zm%Odk jdlHhZ^Main Clause&
yd zwka;¾ jdlHhZ^Sub Clause& hkqfjka fldgia
folls'
—i;=rka .ug t;sZhs Tjqyq ìh jQy'˜
 fuys zi;=rka .ug t;sZhs hkak wka;¾ jdlHh
hs' fiiai m%Odk jdlHh hs'
 wka;¾ jdlHfha mqreIh" jpkh" ,sx.h l=ula
jqj;a tys Wla;h wkqla; úh hq;= h'
 wka;¾ jdlHfha wdLHd;h m%:u mqreI nyq
jpkhg wh;a wk;S; fyda w;S; l%shdjla úh
hq;= h'

103
úhrK újrK

 wka;¾ jdlHfha wdLHd;h w.g hsZ ksmd;h

fhÈh hq;= h' ^we;eï ;efkl § hsZ ksmd;h
f,dam fldg o ;efí'&
 m%Odk jdlHh wfkl=;a idudkH yd úfYaI Í;s
wkqj fhfoa'

—NslaIQka nK foi;sZhs Wjeisfhda n,d isáhy'˜

—ud fndre lSyZhs wE is;kakS h'˜
—l;S fjK ófhk iq iQ y`v w; .eiQ ielfhk˜
^.=;a;s,h&

fuu Í;sh m%lD;s l:kh yd jd¾;d¾:h iuÕska

mg,jd fkd.ekSug m%fõYï úh hq;= h' lsisjl=
mejeiQ m%ldYkhla t f,iska u WoaOD; fldg
oelaùu m%lD;s l:kh hs' tys woyi muKla f.k
f,aLlhdf.a jpkj,ska Tyqf.a m%ldYkhla f,i
l:lhdf.a kduh o iys; j Wmqgd oelaùu úlD;s
l:kh hs'

úlD;s l:kh - ;ud mK fuka rg rlsk nj

ckm;s mjihs'
m%lD;s l:kh - zuu mK jf.a rg /l .kakjdZ
ckm;s mjihs'
m%lD;s l:kh ,sÅ; nig fmr¿E úg my;
mßÈ fjhs' th ixYhd¾: Í;sh yd uqiq fldg fkd
.; hq;= h'
zuu mK fuka rg /l .ksñZhs ckm;s
mjihs'

104
úhrK újrK

3' l¾u ldrlh

zl¾u ldrlhZ hkq wjidk l%shdfjka
l¾uh lshefjk jdlH rgdj hs' l¾u ldrl
jdlHhl §"
 Wla;h wkqla; úh hq;= h' ta w.g úiska
ksmd;h fhÈh hq;= h'

 wkqla;h Wla; fldg Bg iß,k fia wdLHd;h

fhÈh hq;= h'
 l¾u ldrl wdLHd; ks¾udKh lr .ekSfï §
,o^w;S; ld,&" ,n^w;S; yd wk;S;& Od;= o
Wmfhda.S fldg .; yels fõ'

,o^w;S; ld,& - ,o" ,§" ,oafoa h" ,oa§ h"

,oafoda h" ,ÿfha" ,ÿfjda
,n^wk;S; ld,& - ,nhs" ,nkafka h"
,nkakS h" ,nkafkda h
,n^w;S; ld,& - ,eìKs" ,eî h" ,enqfKa h"
,enqKS h" ,enqKd h"
,enqfKda h
l¾;D ldrl - mQid óhka w,a,hs'$we,a¨fõ h'

l¾u ldrl - mQid úiska ófhda we,af,;s'$w,a,kq

,n;s'$ w,a,kq ,enQy'$ w,a,k
,oy'

uu n;a lñ → uZúiska ^ud úiska& n;a lkq ,efí'

105
úhrK újrK

udmsfhda orejka rlaId lr;s →

uõmshka úiska orefjda rlaId flfr;s'
rpkdj ,Sfõ NdIs; h →
rpkdj ,shk ,oafoa NdIs; úisks'
fÉ;sld .S;sldjka .ehqjd h →
fÉ;sld úiska .S;sldfjda .hk ,oy'$
.ehqKy'

,o" ,n Od;=ka fhdok úg z.efhk ,oyZ"

zjefhkq ,efíZ' wdÈ jYfhka m%Odk Od;=j o
l¾ud¾:hg fmr<Su wmm%fhda.fhls' Od;=j
l¾ud¾:hg fmr<Su fyda ,o" ,n Od;= Ndú;h hk
folska tlla muKla Ndú; l< hq;= h'

fmúKs - fyda - fmdjk ,§

.ehqKy - fyda - .hk ,oy
kegqfKa h - fyda - kgk ,oafoa h
le|jqKd h - fyda - le|jkq ,enqKd h
kerfUhs - fyda - krUkq ,nhs
wE jYfhks'
we;eï l¾uldrl jdlHhl § úiska
ksmd;h wOHydr j ;efnkq o oel .; yels h'

.S;h .hkq ,nkafka pdñkS úisks'$ úiska h' $ h'

106
úhrK újrK

4' wiïNdjH l%shdfjka lshefjk l¾;D wkqla;

úh hq;= h'

fu jka jelsj, § o m%Odk jdlHh

wfkl=;a idudkH yd úfYaI Í;s wkqj ;efí'

wkshud¾:fha

^ksfYaOkSh&
Tjqka tys h;;a wms fkd huq'
wm Wmfoia ÿk o Tjqyq th fkd ms<s.ks;s'
^idOkSh&
oeßhka rÕf;d;a fmryer úis;=re jkq we;'
fin¿ka meñKsfhd;a$meñKsh fyd;a
jeisfhda fidïkia fj;s'

ld,d¾:fha
lsh; Wka fu f;m, wdfha h weÿre
.=;a;s,'
ñksiqka jev lr;a § weu;s;=ud meñKsfha
h'
wm W.kajoa§ <ufhla la,dka; úh'

5' Od;ajd¾:fhlska fyda ksmd;fhlska md,s;

kduh wkqla; fõ'
mdif,ka <uhska msgfjkjd wms ÿgqfjuq'
107
úhrK újrK

.=rejrhl= jk chfiak uy;d olaI k¿fjla o

.dhlfhla o fjhs'
k¿jl= jQ Okmd, l%Svlfhla o jQfha h'

6' jà" fkd jà" hq;= h" fhfyls" uekú" fydî"

fkd fydî jeks ksmd;j,ska wjika jk jdlH

fu jka ksmd; iuÕska lDoka;d¾:hla o

fhfok fihska tys n,mEug ,la jk l¾;D
wkqla; fldg ;eìh hq;= h'

Tjqka tfia lghq;= lsÍu jà'$fkd jà'

wm .ug hEu jà'
Tyq meñKSu fhfyls'
ñksiqka wjxl úh hq;= h'

ldka;djka úkS; ùu uekú'

zhq;=Z ksmd;h hq;af;ñ" hq;af;da h" hq;af;ys

hkdÈ jYfhka úNla;s m%;Hhka iuÕ jrkefÕk
l, W;a;dLHd; idudkH Í;s wkqj u ;efí'

8' m%YakjdÖ ksmd; iuÕ fhfok Wla;h

wehs" flfia o@" ljod o@" fudkjd o@"
fldhs o@ hkd§ m%YakjdÖ ksmd;hka iuÕska
l%shd¾:hla o fhfok úg bka md,s; kdu wkqla;
fõ'

108
úhrK újrK

ñksiqka fu;rï fndre lshkafka wehs@

fialr ,shQ .S fudkjd o@
wm nqÿka olskafka ljod o@
<uhska ÿjkafka fldhs o@

l%shd¾:hlska md,kh fkd jk ;kays §

fu n÷ ksmd;j,ska lshefjk kdu Wla;
iajrEmfhka ;efí'

wef.a <uhs flda@

mdif,a kdhlfhda fldhs o@

109
úhrK újrK

4'& ;j;a m%Odk Í;s lsysmhla'

1' ksmd; fhda.h
I) iuqÉphd¾:fha oZ ksmd; fhda.h yd
wdLHd;h
 m%dKjdÖ Wla; lsysmhla fh§fï §
tajd m%:u" uOHu" W;a;u hk
ms<sfj<ska fm<.iajd l%shdjg wdikak;u
Wla;fha nyq jpkfhka wdLHd;h ;efí'
u,a,S o f;da o uu o tys huq'
u,a,S o f;da o tys hyq'
wE;a kqU;a rxÕkfha fhÿfKyq'
u,a,s hs kx.s hs f.or .sfhda'
biqre;a lú÷;a mdi,a h;a o@

 wm%dKjdÖ Wla; lsysmhla fh§fï §

lsis hï tla Wla;hlg fyda ´" yq
jeks m%;Hhla fh§ we;akï wdLHd;h nyq
jpkfhka o fkd t fia kï tal jpkfhka
o ;efí'

.i o je, o jefghs'
.ia o je,a o jefghs'
jDlaIfhda o ,;dfjda o m;kh fj;s'
.iayq o je,ayq o jefg;s'

110
úhrK újrK

 m%KjdÖ yd wm%dKjdÖ Wla; lsysmhla

fh§fï §
fuys § wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka
;efí' m%dKjdÖ yd wm%dKjdÖ Wla;
lsysmhla we;s úg m<uq j wm%KjdÖ
Wla;hka olajd wk;=re j m%KjdÖ
Wla;hka i|yd fmr lS mßÈ m%:u" uOHu"
W;a;u hk ms<sfj< wkq.ukh lsÍu iqÿiq
h'
ßh o <uhd o .uka lr;s'
.i o <uhd o jefg;s'
r:h o ßheÿre o uu o .ula .ula mdid
.uka lf<uq'
II) iuqÉphd¾:fha yd ksmd;fhda.h iy wdLHd;h
fuys § o Wla; lsysmhla fhfok neúka
tajd fmr oela jQ ms<sfj<g u fm<.iajd
t mßoafoka u wdLHd; o ;efí'

uj yd ÿj yd u,a fk<;s'
fjf<| yd f;da yd oka foyq'
fj<| yd f;da yd uu yd oka fouq'
ydZksmd;h uOHhg muKla fh§fukqÿ
we;eï ;efkl iuqÉphd¾:h yeÕ fõ'

uj yd ÿj u,a fk<;s'
fjf<| yd f;da yd uu oka fouq'

111
úhrK újrK

III) iyd¾:fha iuÕ" iy" yd legqj ksmd;

fhda.h yd wdLHd;h
fuys § wdLHd;fhka fkd lshefjk kdu
wkqla; j o lshefjk kdu Wla; j o ;efí'

mshd orejka iuÕ$ iy$ legqj$ yd jev lrhs'

orejka iuÕ$ iy$ legqj$ yd mshd jev lrhs'
ud iuÕ$ iy$ yd wE meñKshd h'
weh iuÕ$ iy$ yd uu meñKsfhñ'
iqrka iy iyieia fkd lr isáfha wyial=i ysia'
ñksiqka iuÕ .ia weo jefÜ'
.ia iuÕ ñksiaiq weo jefg;s'
IV) úl,amd¾: fyda$fkdfyd;a ksmd; fhda.h
fuys Wla; iajrEmfha kdu mo lsyms hla
fhfo;;a l%shdjg iïnkaO jkafka Bg iómfha u
we;s Wla;h hs'

wms fyda Tjqyq tys h;s'

Tjqyq fyda wms tys huq'
wms fkdfyd;a Tjqyq l%Svd lr;s'
Tjqyq fkdfyd;a wms l%Svd lruq'
Tyq fyda wE ksjig hkakS h'
wE fyda fya ksjig hkafka h'
kx.S fyda u,a,S fyda f;dms fyda fmd<g hyq'

112
úhrK újrK

V) wkkHd¾: fyj;a ksmd;fhda.h

fuu ksmd;h tl u l¾;D flkl=
ye¢kaùug fhfok neúka wjidk l%shdfjka
lshefjk ish¨ mo Wla; iajrEmfhka ;efí'

ldjka;siai rcqf.a mq;h

% d fyj;a .euqKq l=urd ,la
rch tla fiai;a lf<a h'

k.r fYdaNsksfhda fyj;a wNsidßldfjda ldud;=r

;reKhka meñfKk ;=re ljq¿ mshka yer n,d
ys¢;s'

VI) fuka" fia" f,i" n÷" jeks" jka" tõ wd§

ksmd;
;=,Hd¾:fha yd Wmud¾:fha fhfok fuu
ksmd;hkays § tajdfhka md,s; kdu wkqla;
úNla;sfhka isà'
fya lïlrejl= fuka$fia$f,i$ n÷$ jeks fiajh
lf<a h'
ñksil= fia$ fuka$ f,i Ôj;a ùu iudchg l<
yels fyd|u fiajdj hs'
wE yiÕkl fuka msú;=re h'
ujg ud <orefjl= fuks'

2' Y%e;s iQpkd¾:fha ," ¨ ksmd;

fuys § Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh fhfokqfha o
idudkH jdlHhkays f,ig uehs'
jkaÈNÜglfhda rc;=ud fj; meñKsfhda ¨'
113
úhrK újrK

udkjlhd lvq yrUfha fhfoa ,'

Tyq .S .hhs ¨'

3' kï" o iïnkaOl ksmd;

jdlH folla fuu ksmd; uÕska iïnkaO
flfrk úg § tajdfha Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh
idudkH jdlHhkays f,ig u mj;S'

uu mdml%shd fkd lrkafkï kï l=ula fihska

urKhg ìh fjï o@
hfula O¾ufha msysg;a o Tjqyq iq.;shla u
,nkafkda h'
kï jeks ksmd; wiïNdjH l%shd w¾:fhys
fhfok úg bka mejfik l¾;D wkqla; rEmfhka
;eìh hq;= fjhs'
;reKshl wdjd kï ´ ìh ù m,d hkakS h'

4' wdLHd;h fjkqjg we;" ke; rEm Ndú;h

fu jka jdlHhl § we;" ke; hk moj,g
fmr l%shd¾:hla úiska Wla;h md,kh flf¾ kï
th wkqla; f,i o tfia fkd jk úg Wla; f,i
o fhfoa'
mdif,a mxla;s kdhlfhda we;$ ke;'
mdi,g mxla;s kdhlhka meñK we;$ ke;'
iNdfõ ñksiaiq we;$ ke;'
iNdjg ñksiqka /ia ù we;$ ke;'
oeßhka uq<d ù we;'
W;aijfha § <uhska /Õ=ï rÕkq we;'
114
úhrK újrK

jevuq¿jg hEfuka wm ,o riúkaokhla ke;'

zwe;Z" zke;Z ksmd; we;af;ñ" we;af;da h"
ke;af;ys" ke;af;uq hkdÈ jYfhka úNla;s
m%;Hhka iuÕ jrkefÕk l, W;aldLHd;
idudkH Í;sh wkqj u ;efí'

5' oaú;aj Wla;h

jZOd;=j fyda jZOd;=j yÕjk ksmd;hla
fyda fhÈ jelsh Wla; folla wfmalaId lrhs'
jZOd;=j wl¾ul fuka u wmQ¾K o jkakls'
—isxy,fhda fn!oaOfhda fj;s'˜
fuu jelsfha isxy,fhda" fn!oaOfhda hk
kdu foflka u tl u msßila woyia flfrk
fihska o" ta fol u wjidk l%shdfjka lshefjk
neúka o ta fol u Wla; fõ' t fia u fu jka
jelsj, § l¾uhla wfmalaId fkd flf¾' jZ Od;=j
wl¾ul Od;=jla f,i ie,flkafka t neúks' th
wmQ¾K hehs y÷kajkafka jdlHfha Wla; ish,a, u
fkd fhdod zisxy,fhda fj;sZ" fn!oaOfhda fj;sZ wdÈ
jYfhka fh¥ l, mßmQ¾K w¾:hla f.k
fkd fok neúks'
jZ Od;=j m%Yakd¾:fha oZ ksmd;fhka o l%shd
mQrKd¾:fha hZ ksmd;fhka o Y%e;s iQpkd¾:fha ,"
¨ ksmd;j,ska o iQpkh lrjhs'
uu .dhlfhla fjñ$ h$ o@$ ¨'
wms isxy,fhda fjuq$ h$ o@$ ¨'
kqU fidfrla fjys$ h$ o@$ ¨'
fya olaIfhla fjhs$ h$ o@$ ¨'

115
úhrK újrK

kqU,d .=rejre fjyq$ h$ o@$ ¨'

Tjqyq mdGlfhda fj;s$ h$ o@$ ¨'
fuu Í;sh úúO ld, fNaohka i,ld my; mßÈ
fhÈh yels fjhs'
kkaod ud,kS <ud úfha mgka u olaI .dhsldjla o
ksfõÈldjla o jQjd h$ ù ¨$ ù o@
kx.S nd, olaIsldjla jkakS h$ jkakS o@$ jkakS ¨'
Tjqyq YsIHfhda jQy$ jQ h$ jQ o@$ jQ ¨'
wms isß,l fndÿ orefjda jkafkuq'$ jkafkuq o@$
jkakfuda ,'
we;eï ;efkl fuu Í;sh l%shd fyda ksmd;
mohla rys;j;a ^kdudLHd;fhkq;a& ;ks Wla;h
muKla ;j;a ixl,am;ajfhka hq;= mohla fyda
úfYaIK$ixLHd¾: mohla iuÕ fh§fukq;a
;efnk wjia:d o olakg ,efí'

uu .dhlfhls' kqU fidfrls'

wms isxy, o@ Tjqyq olaI fj;s'
Í;Syq oaúúO fj;s'

6' wjOdrK lDoka; rEmh

jdlHhl § lDoka; rEmhla wjOdrKh
flfrk l,ays Wla;h wkqla; j ;efí' fuu Í;sh
oaú;aj Wla;h yd mg,jd fkd .; hq;= h'
wudj;=r ,shqfõ .=re¿f.daóka h'
nqÿ oyu /lsfha isxy,hka h'
rx.kfha fhÿfKa nd,sldjka h'
116
úhrK újrK

,laÈjg nqÿ oyu /f.k wdfha ñys÷ ud ysñhka h'

úNd.hg fmkS isákafka isiqka h'

7' nyq l%shd yd mrnoaO l%shd

jdlHfha l¾;D úiska isÿ lrk ,o l%shd
lsysmhla we;s úg tajd tu l¾;Df.a ,sx.h" jpkh
yd mqreIh wkqj ;eìh hq;= fõ'

wms igkg hkakfuda i;=rka jkid,ï y'

jkaÈNÜglhd m%Yia;s .hkqfha rdc meiiqï
m;kafka h'
Wjeish nqÿka mqokakS ksjka iem m%d¾:kd lrkakS
h'
ckmo l,HdKsh kkao ke;s fidúka ye`vqjd h"
je,mqKd h" u,aoï lvd úis l<d h" jia;%h weo
oeuqjd h" ysifla Wkd oeuqjd h'

i;=frda fj,a,iaig lvd jeÿfKda .uìï fld,a,d

lEy" fmd; m; úkdY l<y" ;reKfhda urd oeuQy"
l=,Õkka ls,sá l<y'

uu igkg fkd .sfhï fkd fjñ'

8' Wla;hg f;fï" f;dfuda" ;=uQ hk mo fh§u

fuu m%;H m%dKjdÖ mo iuÕ fuka u
wm%dKjdÖ mo iuÕ o fhfoa' wdLHd;h my;
mßoafoks"

117
úhrK újrK

f;fï mqreI ,sx. - tal jpk

pkaø f;fï lsrK úysÿjhs'

Wmdil f;fï is,a .;af;a h'

f;dfuda ia;%S ,sx. - tal jpk

k§ f;dfuda .,d niskakS h'

Wmdisld f;dfuda is,a .;a;d h'

;=uQ fmdÿ ,sx. - nyq jpk

iNd ;=uQ úisr .shy'
Wmdisld$ Wmdil ;=uQ is,a rls;s'

zf;dfudaZ hkq fjku u wmr ksmd;hla jk

fihska f.!rjd¾: nyq jpk ´Z m%;Hh iuÕska th
mg,jd fkd .; hq;= h' kuqÿ ia;%S ,sx. taljpk
Wla;fha wdLHd;h w;S; ld,fha § nyq jpkfhka
;eîfï Ñrd.; Í;sh i,ld —iNd f;dfuda
úisr .shy'˜ hkqfjka fh§ug ms<sjk' tfia o jqj;a
iuld,Sk jHdlrKhg wkqj —iNd f;dfuda úisr
.shd h'˜ f,iska fh§u jvd;a WÑ; h'

9' wkshud¾: tla" tl= yd wla wl m%;H Ndú;h

mqreI ,sx. ia;%S ,sx.

Wla; wkqla; Wla; wkqla;
tla tl= wla wl

ñksfila .eyekshl fidhd weúoafoa h'

.eyekshla ñksfil= fj; meñfKkakS h'
118
úhrK újrK

nyq jpk yd wm%dKjdÖ Wla; iuÕ fuu

m%;Hh fh§fï § wdLHd;h idudkH Í;s wkqj u
;efí'

.fila weo jefÜ'

<uhs fo fofkla ÿj;s'

10' lKavdhï yÕjk iuQyd¾:j;a mo Ndú;h

iNdj" md¾,sfïka;=j" rch" m%cdj"
uKav,h" f,dalhd jeks mo" iuQyhlska ieÿï ,;a
ixúOdkhla ye¢kaùug fhfok neúka we;eï
;efkl tajdfha wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka ;nkq
olakg ,efí' ^Wod$ rch mji;s'& tfy;a tajd
wm%dKjdÖ tal jpk mo jYfhka ie,lsh yels
wjia:djkays § wdLHd;h tal jpkfhka ;eîu
jvd;a iqÿiq nj fmfka'

rch ck;djg wk;=re wÕjhs'

iNdj i;=áka úisr .sfha h'
fu jka Wla; iuQyd¾:j;a m%dKjdÖ mo
jYfhka ie,lsh yels wjia:djkays § wdLHd;h nyq
jpkfhka ;eîu iqÿiq h'

md,l mxla;sh ckhdg mSvd lr;s'

YsIH m%cdj Ys,am Wf.ks;s'
l¾;D uKav,h fyg /iafj;s'
tfy;a fu lS fjki fkd ;ld" fu jka
Wla;hkays wdLHd;h tal jpkfhka fyda nyq

119
úhrK újrK

jpkfhka ;eîfï fodaIhla fkd jk nj kQ;k

jHdlrK{fhda mji;s'

10' wdYs¾jdod;aul yd idmldÍ wdLHd;h

fu jka jdlHj, § jdZ ksmd;h wdY%fhka
Wla;hg .e<fmk wdLHd;hla ;eìh hq;= h' mj;="
iero jka l%shdrEm fhfok we;eï ;efkl § jdZ
ksmd;h fkd fhfokq o oel .; yels fõ'
iqrjr iero úìiK foõ le,Ks mqr'
iero lsr ro i|'
ish¨ {d;Syq ksfõokh ms<s.ks;a jdæ
f;da ksÿla fjys jdæ
uu ksÿla fjï jdæ
i;=frda jekfi;ajdæ
wms úNd.h iu;a fjuq jdæ$jfuda jdæ
fyd| ñksfila my< fõjdæ
Tjqyq fuf;a nqÿka ols;a jdæ
Tng iqn wkd.;hla fõjdæ
Ôú;h wdkkaofhka msÍ fhajdæ

120
úhrK újrK

wdY%s; .%ka:
1' m%d:ñl uQ,dY%h

isxy,

iso;a iÕrdj l=udr;=x. uqksodi ^ixia'&"

wkq, hka;%d,h" fld<U"
nq'j' 2508'

iso;a iÕrdj r;au,dfka O¾udrdu ysñ

^ixia'&" i;H iuqÉph
uqøKd,h" mE,shf.dv" 1902'

md<s

lÉpdhk fNaoh ðkjxi isß m[a[didr

ia:úr^ixia'&" ioaO¾u m%ldY
hka;%d,h" w¨;a.u" 1906'

nd,dj;dr lyfõ Y%S iqux., r;kidr

ysñ^ixia'&" n,msáh" 1935'

uydrEmisoaê noafoa.u Oïur;k

ysñ^ixia'&" i;HiuqÉph
hka;%d,h" mE,shf.dv" 1926'

ixialD;

uyd NdIHï lDmdrduY¾u ixialrKï"

;sñrkdYl hka;%d,h" 1946'
121
úhrK újrK

idriaj; ^p;=¾: Nd.h&

jE.u mshr;k ysñ^ixia'&"
f.dvf.a m%ldYlfhda"
fld<U" 1996'

2' oaffj;Shsl uQ,dY%h

isxy,

lreKd;s,l" ví' tia'

ft;sydisl jd.aúoHd
m%fõYh" fld<U" 2006'
.=Kfialr" nkaÿfiak"
isxy, wl=re" .d,a," 1991'

.fkaj;a;" Y%Skd;a" wlaIr YslaIdj" f.dvf.a

m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2003'

úhrK ,sms" f.dvf.a

m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1994'

;s,lisß" isß" isxy, úhrK úÈ" r;ak

m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2007'

Èidkdhl" fÊ' î" kq;k isxy, jHdlrKh"

f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia
iud.u" fld<U" 1990'

nil uysu-1" zwl=re yd ms,sZ"

f.dvf.a m%ldYlfhda"
fld<U" 2000'

122
úhrK újrK

nil uysu-2" zisxy,

fydaähZ" f.dvf.a
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2000'

zNdIdjl rgd iuqodhZ"

f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia
iud.u" fld<U" 1969'

ziuld,Sk f,aLk
jHdlrKh" ikaêZ" f.dvf.a
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 1999'

zisxy, wlaIr úpdrhZ'

fld<U" 2006'

zisxy, NdIdfõ kj
uqyqKqjrZ" ixialD;sl lghq;=
fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U"
1996'
O¾uodi" fla' tka' ´"
zoaùNdIl;ajhZ" ixialD;sl
lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fld<U" 1996'
m[a[dr;k ysñ" l¨kaoEfõ"
ziúia;r isxy, jHdlrKhZ"
fld<U" 1995'
fmf¾rd" ;shfvda¾" Ô"
zisxy, NdIdjZ" .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" fld<U" 1966'

123
úhrK újrK

n,.,af,a" úu,a Ô" zNdId wOHhkh yd isxy,

jHdlrKhZ" f.dvf.a
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2001'
zisxy, NdIdfõ m%Njh yd
m%j¾OkhZ" ixialD;sl
lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fld<U" 1996'

uqksodi" l=udr;=x." zjHdlrK újrKhZ"

.=Kfiak iy iud.u"
fld<U" 1998'
is,ajd" iq.;md, o" zú.%yd;aul jd.a úoHdjZ"
fld<U" 1973'
fyar;a" w;a;kdhl' tï"
zjHdlrK óudxid" wdßh
m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd<"
2003'

md<s

fm¾ksfhda,d" ù" zmd,s jHdlrKhZ" ^mß - ví'

tia' lreKd;s,l&" fld<U"
1966'

nqoaOo;a;ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a"
zmd,s NdIdj;rKhZ^fo jeks
fmd;&" ,xldmq;% hka;%d,h"
wïn,kaf.dv" 1949'

124
úhrK újrK

ixialD;

wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñ" n,xf.dv"

ixialD; NdIdj;rKhZ"
^m%:u Nd.h&" pkaøfiak
uqøKd,h" 1940'
Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv"
zixialD; jHdlrK ;rx.kSZ"
úfoHdoh wdÈYsIH ix.uh"
1999'

uelafvdk,a" wd;¾ ta" zwdOqksl ixialD;

jHdlrKhZ" ^wkqjdoh -
.+Kmd, fiakdër&" rcfha
uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1964'
English

Bloom Field, L, “Language”, New york,

1933.

Gunasekara, A.M, A Comprehensive Grammar

of Sinhalese language, New
Dhlhi, 1891.

3' iduQysl ixialrK

isxy,

iïu; isxy,h" iïu; isxy, lñgqfõ

jd¾;dj" wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j" rcfha
uqøKd,h" 1968'
125
úhrK újrK

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh" ^kj ixialrKh&

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"
uyr.u" 2001'

isxy, jHdlrK wldrdÈh"

Ô' rEmisxy fmf¾rd"
moau,;d rEmisxy" f.dvf.a
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2000'
English

A Dictionary of Linguistics,
Mario A Pei and Frank
Gaynor, New york, 1954.

 wm%Odk uQ,dY%hhka yd kso¾Yk mdG Wmqgd

.kakd ,o iïNdjH idys;H .%ka: ms<sn| fuys
i|yka fkd fõ'

126
úhrK újrK
fy' j' ìfyaIa bkaÈl iïm;a

Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fhka m%:u

mxla;s idu¾:Hh iys; j isxy, úfYaIfõ§ Wmdêh
ysñlr.;a ìfyaIa bkaÈl iïm;a tys 2007 Wmdê
m%odfkda;aijfha § úYajúoHd,fha Ydia;% mSGfha
by< u ,l=Kq ysñ lr .ekSu fjkqfjka Y%S fidar;
iaj¾K uqøsldfjka o" isxy, yd ckikaksfõok
wOHhkdxYfha by< u ,l=Kq ,eîu fjkqfjka
Ô' î' fiakdkdhl Wmydr iaj¾K uqøsldfjka o
msÿï ,eî h' rim%;S;sfhys,d Yíod,xldrj, ld¾h
ixisoaêh ms<sn| .eUqre yeoEÍula isÿ fldg reyqK
úYajúoHd,fhka o¾Ykm;s Wmdêh ysñ lr .;a Tyq
fï jk úg isxy, Pkafoda,xldr iïm%odhh ms<sn|
iajlSh wdpd¾h Wmdê ksnkaOh iudma; lrñka
isà' Tyq idys;H ks¾udK lghq;= Wfoid o iïudk
ysñ lr f.k ;sfí'

le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha lÓldpd¾hjrhl=

jYfhka fiajh lrk ìfyaIa bkaÈl iïm;a isxy,
úIhh yodrk úoHd¾Òkaf.a iqLdjfndaOh Wfoid
úhrK újrK kï .%ka:oajh m< fldg ;sfí'