Piriven Vsamaja Vidyawa 5 PDF

01 iudc úoHdj ye¢kaùu
1'1 iudc úoHdj ks¾jpk wdY%s; j y÷kd .ekSu

19 jk ishjfia § udkj iudch jvd;a úoHd;aul j yÞrk t<Uqula
f,i iudc úoHdj ìys úh' tÞ isg wo jk f;la fuu úIh ks¾jpkh
lsÍu i|yd úúO iudc úoHd{hska W;aidy f.k we;' kuq;a fï ms<sn| j
;ju;a ksYaÑ; ks¾jpkhla ìys ù ke;' fuhg uQ,sl u fya;=jla jkafka
fndfyda iudc úoHd{hska ;u úIh mßph iy u;jdo Tiafia iy
;uka wkqo;a iudc úoHd úIh m:fha msysgd iudc úoHdj hkq l=ula o
hkak ú.%y lsÍug W;aiql ùuhs' tfia u iudc úoHdjg mq¿,a mrdihl
me;sr .sh úIh fCIa;%hla mej;Su o úIh ks¾jpkh lsÍfï mj;sk
.eg¿jla fõ' tfia jqj o iudc úoHd{hska úiska fuu úIh fkdfhl=;a
wdldrfhka ks¾jpkh lr ;sfí' tu ks¾jpk wdY%fhka iudc úoHdj
hkq l=ula ± hs y÷kd .; yels h' tu ks¾jpk lSmhla my; ±lafõ'
lsxia,s fâúia ^Kinsley Davis) kue;s iudc úoHd{hd úiska
—Human Society˜ kï .%ka:fh ys iudc úoHdj fufia ks¾jpkh lr we;'
—iudc úoHdj hkq iudch ms<sn| j m%Odk úoHdjhs˜
fuu ks¾jpkh ;=<ska iudc úoHdj hkq iudch úoHd;aul
j wOHhkh lrkq ,nk m%Odk úIh fCIa;%h hk woyi f.k fohs'
tfy;a iudcfha l=uk fldgi ke;skï l=uk iajNdjhka wOHhkh
lrkafka o hkak thska m%ldY fkdfõ'
tÉ'mS' f*hdphs,aâ ^H.P. Fairchild& kue;s iudc úoHd{hd úiska
—General Sociology˜ kue;s lD;sfha iudc úoHdj fufia ks¾jpkh lr
we;'
zzudkj mßirh" ñksid yd tA ish,a, w;r we;s wfkHdakH
iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| j yÞrk úIh iudc úoHdj fõZZ
fuu ks¾jpkfhka ñksid" ñksia iudch yd tA w;r
mj;s
k iïnkaO;dj wOHhkh lsÍu iudc úoHdj f,i ±lafõ'
tA' ví,sõ' iafu,a Â.W. Small& f.a —General Sociology˜ kue;s
.%ka:fha § —iudc úoHdj iudc iïnkaO;d ^Social Relation& ms<sn|
úoHdj˜ hkqfjka ks¾jpkh lr we;'
1
fkdñf,a fnÞ yeÍu i|yd h
fuu ks¾jpkfhkao ñksia iudc in|;d úoHd;aul j yÞrk
úIh fCIa;%h iudc úoHdj f,i y÷kajhs'
frdnÜ md¾la ^Robert Park& g wkqj —iudc úoHdj hkq iduQysl
p¾hdj ^Collective Behaviour& ms<sn| j wOHhkh˜ fõ' ñksia iudcfha
m%Odk ,CIKhla jk iduQysl yeisÍu ms<sn| j wOHhkh iudc úoHdj
f,i
Tyq ks¾jpkh lr we;'
—iudc úoHdj iudc wdh;k fyj;a iudc ixia:d ms<sn| úoHdjhs˜
hkqfjka tñ,a vq¾layhsï kï iudc úoHd{hd Êmile Durkheim&
w¾: l:kh lr we;' tu.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka iudÔh mßirh mj;ajd
f.k hdug yd iudcfha uOH.; wjYH;d bgq lsÍug iudc ixia:dj,
we;s jeo.;a luhs' ñksid iudc i;a;ajhl= njg m;a lsÍug;a Tyqf.a
meje;au ;yjqre lsÍug;a iudc ixia:d lD;Huh n,mEula bgq lrhs'
tA wkqj iudc ixia:d úoHd;aul j wOHhkh lrk úIhla f,i iudc
úoHdj y÷kajd we;'
úoHd;aul wOHhkj, § lsishï .eg¿jla iqúfYaIS j wOHhkh
lrkq ,nhs' wOHhkh ;=<ska .eg¿fõ iajNdjh yd Bg n,mdkq ,nk fya;=
idOl f;areï .; yelsfõ' iudc úoHd{hd o wOHhkh lrkq ,nkafka
iudcfha mj;akd .eg¿jls' WÞyrKhla f,i nd,dmrdO we;sjkafka
wehs o hk .eg¿j iudc úoHd{hska úiska wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs' tfia
wOHhkh lsÍu ;=<ska iudc úfrdaê phœd we;s ùug n,mdk mjq,a
mßirh yd tA yd ne£ mj;sk fjkia iudc idOl f;areï .; yels jk
w;r tu wksis n,mEï j<ld .ekSug iudch ixúOdkh l< yels fõ'
1'2 iudc úoHdj úIhhla f,i ixj¾Okh jQ wdldrh
iudch úoHd;aulj wOHhkh lsÍfï úêu;a l%uhla
Tiafia iudc úoHdj úIh f.dvke.S ixj¾Okh jQfha ngysr iudch
;=< h' ta i|yd iudc úoHd{hka rdYshla wOHhkfhka yd u;jdofhka
odhl úh' ta w;=ßka lemS fmfkk odhl;ajh ±lajQ T.iaÜ fldïÜ"
y¾nÜ iafmkai¾" tñ,a vq¾layhsï" uelaia fõn¾" ld,a udlaia" wd§kaf.ka
,enqKq odhl;ajh ms<sn| j fuys § úuid ne,sh hq;= fõ'
T.iaÜ fldïÜ Âuguste Comte - 1798-1857& kue;s iudc
od¾Ykslhd úiska 19 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha muK fuu úIh y÷kajd
fok ,§' Tyq úiska rÑ; —h:dkqN+; o¾Ykh˜ ^Positive Philosophy&
2
kue;s .%ka:fhka iudc fN!;sl úoHdj ^Social Physics& hkqfjka fuu
úIh y÷kajd § we;' tu mohg t;rï reÑhla fkd±la jQ Tyq miqj
iudc úoHdj ^Sociology& hkqfjka y÷kajd ÿkafka h' tA ksid Tyq iudc
úoHdfõ
mshd f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
T.iaÜ fldïÜ iudch úoHd;aulj yeoEÍfï § wxY folla
ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj mejiS h' tkï

1' iudc iaÓ;sl;ajh ^Social Statics&
2' iudc .;sl;ajh ^Social Dynamics&

iudc iAÓ;sl;ajh ye±Íu ;=<ska iudc .;sl;ajh f;areï.;
yels nj fmkajd ÿka fldïÜ iudc mßKduho wjê 3 la hgf;a ú.%y
lf<a h' foajjdÈ wjêh" mdrfN!;sl wjêh yd h:dkqN+; wjêh
jYfhka tajd kï l< w;r iudch fuu hq. Tiafia wkql%ufhka fjkia
jk nj Tyqf.a woyi úh'
iudc úoHdfõ j¾Okh ms‚i odhl jQ m%Odk fmf<a iudc
úoHd{hl= f,i m%xY cd;sl tñ,a vq¾layhsï (Emile Dukheim 1858-
1917) kue;s iudc úoHd{hd ye¢kaúh yels h' 1882 § o¾Ykh ms<sn| j
Wmdêh ,nd.;a Tyq mdi,a .=rejrhl= jYfhka lghq;= lrk w;r iudc
úoHdj úIh ms<sn| j o Wkkaÿjla ±laùh' tA wkqj c¾ukshg .sh Tyq
wd¾Ól úoHdj" udkj úoHdj" iy ck p¾hd hk úIhhka yÞrkq ,eîh'
wk;=rej m%xYfha Bardeaux úYaj úoHd,fha iudc úoHdj ms<sn| j
lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajh lrñka m%xYhg iudc úoHdj kue;s
úIh y÷kajd §ug ls%hd lf<a h' 1881 § Tyq tu úYaj úoHd,fha iudc
úoHd uydpd¾hjrhd njg o m;a jQfha h'

iudc úoHdfõ b;sydih yÞrk úg m%xYh yd tñ,a vq¾layhsï
wu;l l< fkdyels h' iudc úoHdj kue;s úIh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
m%xYh ;=< tñ,a vq¾layhsï úiska lr we;s iïudou b;d jeo.;a ùu thg
fya;=j hs' vq¾layhsïg fmr lsisu iudc úoHd{hl= úiska iudc úoHdjg
wOHhk l%u fõohla y÷kajd § fkd;sìKs' iudc úoHdj o¾Ykfhka
uqojd úoHd;aul úIhhla f,i jHdma; lsÍug tñ,a vq¾layhsï W;aidy
3
.kakd ,§' tfuka u iudc mßKduh" wd.u" wOHdmkh" ishÈú kid
.ekSï wdÈh ms<sn| iudc úoHd;aul wOHhkhka rdYshlska o Tyq iudc
úoHdjg Þhl úh' Tyqf.a wOHhkhka fufia ±laúh yels h'
1' The rules of sociological method - 1895 iudc úoHd ;¾l l%ufõofha kS;s
2' The division of labour in society - 1893 iudcfha Y%u úNckh
3' The elementary forms of religious life - 1912 wd.ñl Ôú;fha yrh
4' Suicide - 1897 wd;au >d;kh
5' Professional ethics and civic morals - 1897 wdpdr O¾u yd mqrjeis w.kdlï

1864 wfm%a,a 21 Èk c¾uksfha Wm; ,enQ uelaia fõn¾ uQ,sl
wOHdmkfhka miq 1882 § kS;sh ms<sn| j Wmdêhla ,nd .;af;a h'
bkamiq úúO úYaj úoHd,j,ska Wmdê ,nd.;a Tyq úYaj úoHd,
.=rejrfhl=" iudc úoHd{fhl=" l%shdldÍ foaYmd,k kdhlfhl=" wd¾Ól
úoHd{fhl= yd yuqod ks<Odßfhl= wd§ jYfhka fCIa;% .Kkl lghq;=
lr we;'
iudc úoHdj úIh j¾Okh i|yd o fõn¾ úiska olajd we;s
odhl;ajh úfYaIs; h' Tyqf.a b.ekaùï fjfíßhdkq iudc úoHdj
(Weberian Sociology) kñka ye¢kafõ' Tyqf.a iudc úoHd;aul odhl;ajh
fCIa;% .Kkdjla Tiafia me;sr mj;S' tAjd w;r my; i|yka fCIa;%
m%uqL fõ'
• iudc l%shd kHdh
• iudc úoHdfõ l%ufõoh
• fm%df;ia;ka;% wdpdrO¾u yd Okjdofha idrh
• wdêm;Hh j¾.SlrKh
• ks,n, l%uh

uelaia fõn¾ úiska iudc úoHdj i|yd lrkq ,nk
fiajh miqld,Sk iudc úoHd{hska flfrys o n,mEï lr we;'
iudc úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am fjkia udj;lg fhduq l< wfhl=
f,i ld,audlaia y÷kajd Èh yels' 1818 uehs 5 Èk c¾uksfha à%¾ (Trier)
k.rfha ld,a udlaia Wm; ,eî h' <udúfha isg wOHdmkh flfrys
fhduq jQ udlaia ;reK úh jk úg o¾Ykh ms<sn| j uq,a Wmdêh
,nd .;af;a h' wk;=rej kS;sh ms<sn| j o Wmdêh ,enQ Tyq wdpd¾h
4
Wmdêh olajd wOHhk lghq;= lrkq ,eî h' wOHdmkfhka ,;a ±kqu yd
m¾fhaIK ×kh Tyqf.a kj w¾:l:k bÈßm;a lsÍu flfrys fya;= úh'
udlaiaf.a ú.%yhka kS;sh" b;sydih" o¾Ykh yd wd¾Ól úoHdj yd
iïnkaO fõ' tu ksid Tyq iudÔh úoHd{hl= f,i i,lkq ,efí'
kuq;a udlaia ú.%yhka ;=< iudc úoHd;aul mokula mj;sk
neúka Tyq iudc úoHd{hl= f,io i,lkq ,efí' udlaiaf.a ú.%yhka
iudc úoHdfõ j¾Okh i|yd n,mEï lr we;' tkï
udlaiag wkqj iudc b;sydih hkq mx;s igka ms<sn|
b;sydih hs' tkï iudc b;sydifha iEu hq.hl u mdfya mgka igka
mej; we;' tys m%;sM,hla f,i iudch bÈßhg .uka lrhs' mx;s
hkq ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg olajk iïnkaO;djhs' iudc mßKduh mx;s
igkaj,g wkqj isÿ jQ wdldrh Tyq meyeÈ,s lr we;'
1'3 iudc úoHd ±kqu iudÔh jHjydrj, § Wmfhda.s lr.; hq;=

wdldrh
´kEu úIh fCIa;%hla jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka uQ,sl lreKq folla
mokïj h' tkï"
I. ±kqï mrdih
II. ±kqfï Wmfhda.s;dj
iudc úoHdfõ ±kqï mrdih úoHd;aul l%ufõohla ;=<
f.dvk.d we;' tA wkqj iudc úoHdj Bg wdfõKsl jQ .;s
,CIKhkaf.ka iukaú; fõ' iudch ms<sn| j ±kqu úoHd;aul
mokula u; f.dvk.d ;sfí' tys uQ,sl ,CIKh jkafka w.;s úrys;
(Bias Less) nj hs' iudc úoHd{hd iudch wOHhkh lsÍfï § tA
iïnkaO j lsis u w.;shlg m;a fkdfjhs' iudc h:d¾:h mj;sk
wdldrfhka wOHhkh lrk ,nhs' fuys § hym;a yd whym;a wd§
jYfhka idrO¾u úksYaphla isÿ fkdlrhs' mqoa.,hd iudcfha
yeisfrkafka flfiao hkak úYaf,aIKh lrhs' úúO iudc" wd¾Ól"
foaYmd,ksl" wd.ñl o¾Yk wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk ñksiqkaf.a p¾hdjka
wOHhkh lrhs' tA wkqj iudch wOHhkh lsÍfï yd iudch ms<sn|
j m%Yia; úoHd;aul ±kqula f,i iudc úoHd;aul ±kqu Ndú; l<
yels h'
5
iudc úoHd ±kqfï mj;sk ;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhla jkafka
ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h (Social Life) iuia; f,i wOHhkhg fhduqùuh'
wfkl=;a iudÔh úoHdjka ;u úIh m:h u; msysgd wOHhkh lrhs'
tkï ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h flfrys n,mdkq ,nk hï idOlhla
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka iudch yeoEÍuhs' WÞyrKhla f,i
foaYmd,k úoHdj n,h (Power) hk idOl u; msysgd iudch wOHhkh
lsÍu ±lsh yels h' kuq;a iudc úoHdj ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h
flfrys n,mdk úúO idOl .ek fmdÿfõ wOHhkh lrkq ,efí'
tA wkqj iudc úoHdfõ ±kqu wksl=;a iudÔh úoHdjkaf.a ±kqug jvd
ñksidf.a iudc Ôú;h jvd;a mq¿,a f,i f;areï .ekSug yd ú.%y
lsÍug Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h'
iudc úoHdj ixialD;sl u h jYfhka mj;akd udkj
wka;¾ls%hdjka o wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs' tys § tla ixialD;shla
;j;a ixialD;shlg wiudk nj f;areï .efka' tla tla iudc ;=<
Ôj;a jk wh ;u ixialD;sh fY%aIaG;u hehs wd;au flaJøShj is;;s'
(Ego Centric) tfia is;Sfuka ;uka wkHhkag jvd iqmsß j¾.hla
hehs is;sh yels h' th iudc .egqï i|yd bjy,a úh yels h'
kuq;a iudc úoHd{hska ixialD;sluh fjkialï ;=< isrù iudch
Wia my;a jYfhka fnÈh fkdyels nj fmkajd fohs' Bg fya;= f,i
Tjqka olajk u;h jkafka ixialD;sl fjki flfrys jvd;a n,mEï
lr we;af;a mdßißl" foaY.=‚l yd cdkuh idOl njhs' tA wkqj iudc
ixialD;sl rduqj h:d¾: jYfhka jgyd .ekSug iudc úoHd ±kqu
Wmfhda.s lr.; yels h' tu.ska iudc iduh i|yd u. fy<s l< yels h'
iudc úoHd ±kqfï Wmfhda.s;dj kQ;k iudch ;+< b;d by<
w.hla fmkakqï lrhs' kQ;k iudch ;=< iudc m%Yak tkak tkaku
jeä fjñka mj;S' tuksid iudch úixúOdkh ù we;' iudc w¾nqo
úoHd;aul j ksÍCIKh lr tys fmdÿ meje;au iudc úoHdj u.ska
ú.%y flf¾' ÿ.Slu" wmrdO" wmpdr wd§ fkdfhl=;a iudc m%Yak
Woa.; ùu flfrys n,mdkq ,nk iudÔh idOl iudc úoHdj meyeÈ,s
lrhs' iudc .eg¨ i|yd n,mdkq ,nk idOl úYaf,aIKh lr .ekSu
;=<ska iudc m%Yakj,g n,mdkq ,nk fya;+kag ms<shï fiúh yels h'

6
iudc ixj¾Okh jvd;a fõ.j;a j bÈßhg f.k hdug cd;Hka;r
iudch W;aiql fõ' fuys § ixj¾Okh jQ yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd
rgj, iajNdjh ie,ls,a,g .efka' úfYaIfhka u ixj¾Okh tla
fldaKhlg muKla iSud ù we;s nj iudc úoHd{hska fmkajd §
we;' tkï wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh muKla kQ;k ixj¾Ok b,lalh ù
we;s nj fmkajd fok w;r th yqfola u iudc meje;au flfrys
ksfYaOkd;aul n,mEï t,a, lrk nj iudc úoHd{hskaf.a u;h ù
we;' iudc meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu flfrys ixj¾Okh iudcfha wksl=;a
idOl iu. .e<msh hq;= njo iudc úoHdj fmkajd fohs' tkï iudÔh
wOHdmksl" foaYmd,ksl yd idrO¾óh jYfhks' tA wkqj ixj¾Okh
i|yd iudch ie,iqïlrKfha § iudc úoHd ±kqu jvd;a Wmfhda.S ù
we;'
iudchla hkq l=ula o@ tys ls%hdldß;ajh fln÷ o@ iudch
mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd l=uk fldgia l=uk ld¾hhka bgq lrhs o@
iudch fjkia ùu yd fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdkq ,nk idOl ljf¾o
hkak .ek ixl,amSh yd kHdhd;aul j wOHhkh lrkq ,nkafka
iudc úoHdj ;=<sks' fujeks iudc iajNdjhka ms<sn| j kHdhd;aul yd
ixl,amSh wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd iudc úoHd ±kqu Wmfhda.S fõ'
1'4 fn!oaO iudc úoHdj úIhhla f,i y÷kd .ekSu

nqÿ oyu wd.ñl o¾Ykhla jk neúka tys iudc úoHd;aul
mokula mj;S o hkak ms<sn| j úúO u;jdo mj;S' kuq;a fï ms<sn| j
wjOdkh fhduql< m%dud‚l ±kqula we;s úoHd¾Òka nqÿ oyu ;=<
úoHd;aul mokula mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí' tA w;r uydpd¾h
ví,sõ' tia' lreKdr;ak uy;d úiska nqÿ oyu úoHd;aul mokula u;
f.dv k.d we;s nj fmkajd fohs'
—Ou–h úoHd;aul mokula Wv f.dv k.d ;sfí' hï lsisjla ms<sn| j
l%udkql+, mÍËdjla fldg thska Woa.; jk foh lreKq iys; j
ms<s.ekSu fyda bj;,Eu úoHd;aul l%uhg wkql+, jQjls'˜ ^fn!oaO
o¾Ykh yd prKh& tkhska n,k úg nqÿ oyfï úoHd;aul ,CIK ukd
f,i msysgd we;s nj Tyqf.a u;hhs'
7
nqÿ oyfï iudc úoHd;aul mokula o msysgd we;' fï ms<sn| j
flÍ we;s wOHhkhka w;r uydpd¾h kkaofiak r;akmd, uy;df.a
—fn!oaO iudc úoHdj˜ (Buddhist Sociology) kue;s lD;sh jeo.;a fõ'
tu lD;sfha nqÿ oyfï iudc úoHd;aul kHdhsl yd ixl,amSh
moku meyeÈ,s lr we;' ;jo wdpd¾h m%Œ;a wNhiqkaor uy;d
úiska rÑ; —fn!oaO iudc md,kh˜ kue;s lD;sh o nqÿ oyfï
iudc udkj úoHd;aul moku uekúka meyeÈ,s jk wOHhkhla
f,i ye|skaúh yels h' kuq;a we;eï iudc úoHd{hska nqÿ oyfï
iudc úoHd;aul mokula fkdue;s njg lreKq bÈßm;a lr we;'

uelaia fõn¾ úiska Religion in India keu;s lD;sfha § nqÿ oyu"
iudc yd foaYmd,k úfrdaë wd;aud¾:h mokï lr.;a wd.ula f,i
y÷kajhs' Tyq úiska fuu u;h m<lr we;af;a uq,a nqÿ oyu .ek
wjfndaOhlska f;drj nj kQ;k úoaj;=kaf.a u;h fõ' tA wkqj uelaia
fõn¾ olajd we;s u;h ms<s.; fkdyels h' fn!oaO iudc úoHdfõ
m%Odk ,CIK folla y÷kd.; yels fõ'
I. kHdhd;aul îxl,amSh& moku
II. jHjydßl moku
nqÿ oyfï kHdhd;aul moku ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍfï § iQ;%
msglh jeo.;a fõ' hula úoHd;aulj wOHhkh lrkq ,nkafka flfiao
hkak ms<sn| j tys meyeÈ,s lr we;' ld,du iQ;%h" pq,a, yFÓ mfodamu
iQ;%h jeks iQ;% foaYkdj, hula úoHd;aul j wOHhkh l< hq;= whqre
úia;r lrhs' hula ms<s.kafka o fkdms<s.kafka o hkak ;SrKh l<
hq;af;a kHdhg" ;¾lhg" iïm%Þhg .re lsÍug wd§ wd;aóh ,CIKhkag
wkqj fkdj tys idOkSh ,laIKhkag wkqj nj ld,du iQ;%h meyeÈ,s
lrhs' úoHdfõ § o w.;s úrys; j hula wOHhkh lrkq ,nkafka o tlS
wdldrhg h' pq,a,yFÓmfodamu iQ;%fha uy we;d ±lSu fyj;a we;a
md Wmudj wkqj tla idOlhla u; muKla ;SrKj,g t<ôh hq;=
fkdjk nj;a ;j ;j;a idOl fidhd n,d wjika ;SrKhg t<ôh hq;=
nj;a olajhs' úoHd;aul wOHhkhl § o tla idOlhla u; ;SrKj,g
fkdniS' úúO idOl fidhd hñka lreKq ;yjqre jkf;la wOHhkh lr
wjidkfha § ;SrKj,g t<fUkq ,efí'

8
nqÿ oyu mqoa.,hd yd iudch ms<sn| j iudc úoHd;aul oDIaá
fldaKhlska ú.%y lrhs' iudcfha l=vd u wxY=j mqoa.,hd nj fmkajd
fok nqÿ oyu mqoa.,hdf.a iajrEmh uekúka meyeÈ,s lrhs' mqoa.,hd
hkq ixlS¾K p¾hdjkaf.ka hqla; jQfjls' ñksidf.a yeisÍu iuia;
f,i úoHd;aul j yeoEßh fkdyels nj iudc úoHd{fhda o ms<s.ks;s'
fuu u;h nqÿ oyu fufia meyeÈ,s lrhs'

—kjKaK rEfmak kfrda iqcdfkda˜

ñksidf.a iajrEmh wkqj Tyqf.a yeisÍfï iajNdjh f;areï .;
fkdyels nj thska meyeÈ,s fõ' tfuka u nqÿ oyu idudkH mqoa.,hd
—mD:.ackhd˜ f,i y÷kajhs'

mD:.ack hk jpkfhys fjkaùu hk w¾:h f.k fohs' tA wkqj
idudkH ñksid mD:.ack fodaIfhka hqla; jQ l, iudcfhka fjka fõ'
túg wd;aud¾:ldó phœdfjka hqla; fõ' wd;aud¾:ldñ;ajh iudc WÑ;
yeisÍula flfrys fyda iduQysl yeÕSï flfrys fyda m%;sckkd;aul
f,i n, fkdmdhs' fn!oaO idys;Hfha tk b,a,Si cd;lh" wÈkak
mqínl l:dj jeks l:d mqj;a u.ska jvd;a mD:.ack jQjkaf.a pß; ú.%y
lrhs
'
nqÿ oyfï iudc úoHd;aul kHdhg wkqj iudch mßKduhg
m;afõ' iudc mßKduh §> ksldfha w.a.[a[ iQ;%fha uekúka ú.%y
lr we;' fuys tk mßKdujdoh udkj úoHdfõ mßKdujdoh yd tk
woyia yd ieif|a' mßKdujd§kag wkqj tAl ffi, i;a;ajhl=f.a
mßKduh ;=<ska i;a;aj ika;;sh ygf.k ;sfí' w.a.[a[ iQ;%fha tk
wdNiair kï i;a;ajhd o îQ;%fha úia;r wkqj& tAl ffi,Sh i;a;ajhl=
f,i ie,lsh yels h' fuu iQ;%fha iudc ixia:djkaf.a m%Njh
iïnkaOj olajk woyi iudc mßKdufha jeo.;a woyils'
nqÿoyu" idrO¾u moku lrK fldg f.k mjq," wd¾Ólh" újdyh"
wd.u" foaYmd,kh wd§ iudc ixia:d we;s jQ nj meyeÈ,s lrhs' tA wkqj
fn!oaO mßKdujdoh foajjd§ fyda ks¾udKjd§ oDIaá fldaKhkaf.ka
ñ§ we;'

9
fn!oaO iudc wka;¾ ls%hdjdoh" iudc wkql,khla ukdj
we;slr mqoa.,hd ;=< ukd iudc fm!reIhla f.dvke.Sug fya;= ù
we;' tA ;=<ska iudc meje;au ;yjqre lr ;sfí' is.df,dajdo iQ;%fha tk
iÈid ixl,amh mqoa.,hd iudch iuÕ mj;ajd .; hq;= iïnkaO;dj
meyeÈ,s lrhs' mjq," újdyh" ñ;% lKavdhï" wd¾Ólh" wd.u" wOHdmkh"
foaYmd,kh wd§ iEu ixia:djla iuÕ u mqoa.,hd wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh
mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= fõ' th mqoa.,hd yd iudch w;r f.dvk.kq
,nk iudcuh iïnkaO;dj fõ' fuys§ hq;=lï yd whs;sjdislï f,i
tu in|;d mj;ajd .; hq;= fõ' mqoa.,hd úiska iudch fj; hq;=lï
bgqlsÍu o iudch fj;ska mqoa.,hdf.a whs;sjdislï ;yjqre lsÍuo isÿ
úh hq;= h' fuu wxYh fn!oaO jHjydßl iudc úoHd wxYh f,i
y÷kd.; yels h'
iudc fjkiaùu ms<sn| j isoaOdka;h o nqÿ oyfï wvx.= h' nqÿ
oyug wkqj ish,a, fjkia fõ' th wks;Hh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' tA
wkqj iudch o fjkia fõ' iudch fjkiaùu ms<sn| j isoaOdka; uQ,sl
jYfhka w.a.[a[" plalj;a;s iSykdo jeks iQ;%j, ±lsh yels h'
uqidjdoh fyj;a wi;H lreKq mejiSu u.ska iudch ;=< wmrdo
we;sfõ' iudc l%uh ì| jefÜ' iudc l%ufhys fjkialï we;sfõ' kQ;k
iudcfhys ñksiqka ;=< we;sjk p¾hd;aul yr moaO;sfhys fjkiaùu
;=<ska wkd.; iudcfhys we;sjk iudc fjkialï iudc úoHd{hska
mjikafka hï fiao tfia u uyd iqmsk cd;lh o wkd.; iudc
fjkia
aùu .ek wkdjels mjihs'
iudc úoHdj ;=< flaJøSh ixl,amhla f,i iudc md,kh
ye¢kaúh yels h' iudc md,kh ì| jeàug fya;= jkafka iïu; iudc
yeisÍfuka msg; hEu fyj;a wmrdO yd wmpdr ls%hdj, ksr;ùuhs'
iudcfha hï msßila tfia iudc iïu; yeisÍfuka msg; hEu iudc
md,kh ì| jeàug fya;= fõ' fn!oaO iudc md,kh o tlS uQ,O¾uh
u; msysgd we;' nqÿ oyu mqoa.,hd yd iudch fj; mq[a[$mdm" l=i,$
wl=i, hk ixl,am bÈßm;a lrhs' thska mska yd l=i,a iïu; p¾hdjka
njg m;a lrhs' iïu; ls%hdjkays ksr; ùfuka ukd iudc md,khla
f.k hd yels h'
10
fya;=M, jdoh nqÿ oyfï flaJøSh ixl,amhla jk w;r úoHd;aul
Ñka;kfhys fya;=M, jdoh kHdhsl mokula fõ' fn!oaO fya;=M, jdohg
wkqj mqoa.,hd;a f,dalh;a fya;=M, iïnkaO;djg wkqj u ls%hd;aul
fõ' fuu woyi iudc m%Yak úi£u i|yd o Wmfhda.S lr.; yels h'
ÿ.Slu f,dj m%Odk iudc m%Yakhla fõ' fuu m%Yakh flfrys n,mdkq
,nk idOl fya;=M,jd§ kHdhg wkqj f;areï .; yels h' tys § ÿ.Slu
i|yd n,mdkq ,nk idOl lSmhla ±lsh yels h' tajd kï kQ.;alu"
iqrdmdkh" iQÿj wd§ wmpdrhkag weíneys ùu" uQ,H wdh;k yd iïnkaO
fkdùu wdÈhhs'

fuf;la idlÉPd lrk ,o lreKq wkqj fn!oaO iudc úoHdjla
f.dvke.Sug wjYH iudc úoHd;aul mokula nqÿ oyu ;=< wvx.= nj
b;d meyeÈ,s j ms<s.; yels h'
wNHdih
1' iudc úoHdj hkq l=ula ±hs ks¾jpk weiqßka y÷kajkak'

2' iudc úoHd úIh ixj¾Okh flfrys m%Odk jYfhka odhl jQ
iudc úoHd{hka kï lrkak'
3' iudc úoHd úIh iudc úuiqu i|yd odhl lr .; yels wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4' nqÿ oyfï yd kQ;k iudc úoHdfõ fmdÿfõ y÷kd.;a iudc
úoHd;aul ixl,am ieflúka úia;r lrkak'
11
02 iudc mßKduh
2'0 ye¢kaùu
iudc mßKduh iudc úoHdfõ wdrïNl wjêfha isg u iudc
úµd{hska úiska ish wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,o úIh fCIa;%hls' fjkiaùu
i¾jld,Sk" i¾j idOdrK isoaOdka;hls' ta ksid fjkiaùu fyj;a
mßKduh f,dalfha iEu úgu ±l .; yels i;Hhls' wd.ñl Ydia;Dka
jykafia,df.a b.ekaùï wkqj o f,dj mj;sk ish¨ moaO;Ska fjkiajk
njg lreKq olajd we;' nqÿ oyfï ±lafjk wks;H ixl,amh Bg ksoiqkla
f,i ±laúh yels h'
fjkiaùu kï l%shdj,sh wdldr ;=kla Tiafia úia;r l< yels h'
1' iajdNdúl fjkiaùu
2' Ôj úµd;aul fjkiaùu
3' iudÔh fjkiaùu
iajdNdúl fjkiaùï hgf;a fN!;sl mßirfha isÿjk fjkiaùï
±laúh yels h' Ôj úµd;aul fjkiaùï hkafkka woyia flfrkafka
i;a;ajhka yd .yfld< wdÈfhys isÿfjk fjkiaùï h' fuys § wmg jvd
jeo.;a woyi jkafka —iudch fjkiaùu˜ kï ixl,amh hs' th mq¿,a
ixlS¾K ixl,amhls' iudch fjkiaùu CIKfhka isÿjkakla fkdfõ'
tfia u tljr isÿ ù wjika jkakla o fkdfõ' È.= ld,hla ;=< wLKav j
isÿjk fjkiaùï iuqodhls' iudcfhys fjkila isÿ jQ nj ±lsh yels
jkafka ld,hla .; jQjdg miqj h' iudcfhys mej;=Kq tla wjia:djlg
idfmaCI j ;j;a wjia:djla ixikaokh lsÍu u`.ska iudcfhys
fjkila isÿ ù we;s nj y÷kd.; yels h'
iudchl Ôj;ajk mqoa., iuQyhla ld,h mokï lr f.k tu
iudcfha mj;akd jQ iajNdjh yd tys m%udKh fuka u mqoa.,hkaf.a
;;a;ajh yd ld¾hNdrhkays o isÿjk fjkiaùu iudc fjkiaùu f,i
ir, j ±laúh yels h' iudch fjkiaùu iudc ixialD;sfhys fjkialï
we;s lr,Sug o bjy,a fõ' iudc.; idrO¾u fuka u w.kdlï
moaO;sfhys o we;sfjk fjkiaùu ;=<ska ixialD;sfhys fjkila
úoHudk fõ'
12
2'1 iudc mßKduh hkq l=ulao @
îudc úoHd{hskaf.a ks¾jpk weiqfrka&
iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j iudc úoHd{hska yd udkj úoHd{hska
úiska fndfyda wOHhk isÿfldg we;' iudc p,kh ms<sn| isÿl<
wOHhk fya;= fldg f.k wod< iudchkays m%.ukhla o isÿúh' m%xYh"
c¾uksh" tx.,ka;h jeks hqfrdamd iudcj, Ôj;a jQ iudc úoHd{hska
úiska ish iudc weiqßka iudc fjkiaùu ms<sn| úúO kHdhhka bÈßm;a
fldg ;sfí' Tjqka w;ßka iïNdjH iudc úµd{hska lsysm fofkl=
bÈßm;a l< kHdhhka weiqßka iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍu
fuu mßÉfþofhka isÿ flf¾'
iudc úoHdj wdrïNl wjêfha Ôj;a jQ iudc úoHd{hska lsysm
fofkl=f.a woyia úuid ne,Su iudc mßKduh ms<sn| ixl,amh
wjfndaO lr .ekSfuys,d jeo.;a fõ' Tjqka w;ßka"
² T.iaÜ fldïÜ
² tñ,a vq¾layhsï
² y¾nÜ iafmkai¾
² uelaia fõn¾
² ld,audlaia
hk iïNdjH iudc úoHd{hska úiska iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j
±lajQ woyia úuid ne,sh yels h'
T.iaÜ fldïÜ
iudch wOHhkh lrkq ,nk fuu úIh ye¢kaùu i|yd iudc
úoHdj hk ku uq,ska u Ndú; l< m%xY cd;sl iudc úoHd{hd jQfha
T.iaÜ fldïÜ h' tneúka Tyq —iudc úoHdfõ kshuqjd˜ —iudc úoHdfõ
mshd˜ hk úreodj,S ,nd we;' ,snr,a Ñka;kh w.h l< Tyqf.a
od¾Yksl woyia j¾Okh ùu i|yd Tyqf.a .=rejrfhl= jQ fikaÜ isfudka
(Saint Simon) f.a wdNdih ,eî ;sfí'
iudch wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd Tyq ks¾udKh l< úIh moaO;sh
iudc fN!;sl úoHdj (Social Physics) f,i uq, § y÷kajd ÿka w;r
miqj th iudc úoHdj kñka ye¢kaúh' iudch wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd
fldïÜ úiska mq¿,a ixl,am folla Wmfhda.S lr .kakd ,§'
13
I. iudc iaÓ;sl;ajh - (Social Static)
II. iudc .;sl;ajh - (Social Dynamic)
iudc iaÓ;sl;ajh hkqfjka iudchl mj;akd ia:djr iajNdjh
olajhs' .;sl;ajh hkqfjka olajkafka iudch fjkia ùfï iajrEmhhs'
.;sl;ajh u; iEu iudchla u ir, ;;a;ajfha isg ixlS¾K ;;a;ajhla
olajd fjkia jk nj fldïÜ úiska olajd we;' idïm%odhsl iudcdkqnoaO
úYajdi kùk iudch bÈßfha ì|jefgk nj ±lajQ Tyq —iudch ;eksh
hq;af;a foúhka úiska fkdj ñksid úiska hhs˜ i|yka lf<a h' ñksid
iajNdjfhka u kj ±kqu fidhd hkafkl= nj olajk T.iaÜ fldïÜ
iudc m%;sixialrKfha moku jkafka ñksid úiska kj ±kqu fidhd
hdu nj ish —h:dN+; o¾Ykh˜ (Positive Philosophy) kue;s lD;sfhka
olajd we;'
ñksid úiska kj ±kqu .%yKh lr .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i
wNsjDoaêh lrd msh k.hs' ir, idïm%odhsl iudchl isg ixlS¾K kQ;k
iudch lrd ñksid meñK we;af;a Tyq úiska w;am;a lr.kq ,enQ kj
±kqu ksid h' fuf,i idïm%odhsl iudcfha isg kQ;k iudch olajd
udkj iudcfha isÿ jQ mßKduh ke;fyd;a m%.;sh wjê ;=kla Tiafia
isÿ ù we;s nj T.iaÜ fldïÜ i|yka lrhs' tkï"
I. foajjdÈ wjêh - (Theological stage)
II. mdr fN!;sl wjêh - (Metaphysical stage)
III. h:dkqN+; wjêh - (Positive stage)
udkj YsIagdpdrfha mej;s j¾Ok wjia:d wkqj hq. fnod ;sîu
fï j¾.SlrKfha we;s úfYaI;ajhls' fï wjê ;=k ieneúka u udkj
Ys
Iagdpdrfha j¾Okh fmkajk iudc l%u ;=kla f,i o ie<lsh yels h'
iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j woyia olajñka T.iaÜ fldïÜ úiska
udkj iudcfha mej;s uQ,sl u wjêh foajjdÈ wjêh f,i y÷kajd
we;' ñksid idïm%odhsl Ôú;hla mj;ajd f.k .sh fï wjêfha ir,
iudc l%uhla mej;sKs' ;ud wjg mßirfha olakg ,efnk jeiai" wõj"
úÿ,sh" iq<`. wdÈ iajdNdúl ixisoaëka wê iajdNdúl n,fõ.hka úiska
tkï foaj n,hla u`.ska isÿ lrkq ,nk nj fï iudcfha isá ckhd
úYajdi l<y' uq¿ mßirh u .=ma; wê iajdNdúl n,fõ.hka úiska
14
fufyjkq ,nk nj wúpdrfhka ms<s.;ay' ta neúka tu n,fõ.hka
flfrys ìh uqiq f.!rjhla we;s ù ;sìKs'
iudc mßKdufha fojk wjêfha f,i T.iaÜ fldñÜ úiska
olajd we;af;a mdrfN!;sl wjêh hs' foajjdÈ wjêfha § foaj;ajfhka
ms<s.;a .=ma; n,fõ.hka fï hq.fha È m%Yak lsÍug ,la fõ'
foaj;afjys,d ie,l+ fndfyda n,fõ.hka ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla
,nd .ekSug iu;a jQ hq.hla f,i fï hq.h ye¢kaúh yels h' fï ksid
;u ±kqu ;=<ska m%.;sh fidhd .sh wjêhla f,i fï wjêh ie,fla'
foajjdÈ b.ekaùï u; mokï jQ udkisl ne£ï fjkia jQ wdldrh fuys
§ olakg ,efí' foajjdÈ iudch ;=< mej;s idïm%Þhsl iudc iïnkaO;d
ì| jeàu;a" ksIamdok n,fõ.hkaf.a kj fjkila we;s ùu;a" ;u
±kqu u; lghq;= lsÍfï wjia:dj ,eîu;a ksid ksIamdokh by< f.dia
ksIamdokfha w;sßla;hla we;s fõ' m%.;sh lrd hk .uk werfUkafka
tA u.sks'
idïm%Þhsl iudcfha mej;s iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iïnkaO;d
fjkqjg rg fyda cd;sh mokï lr.;a iduQysl m¾hdhg wdorh lrk
iudchla ìysùu o olakg ,efí' wOHdmksl jYfhka ÈhqKqjla we;s
lr.;a fï hq.fha isg fm!oa.,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| yeÕSulska
ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh o olakg ,efí' jy,aNdjh iïmQ¾Kfhka u
bj;a ùu" Pkao n,h ,eîu wdÈ foaYmd,k mßj¾;khka ;=<ska o udkj
m%.;sh ixfla;j;a jk hq.hla olajd fuu hq.h ixj¾Okh fõ'
mdrfN!;sl hq.fha § mqoa., iudcfhys we;s jQ úpdrd;aul nj"
±kqu j¾Okh ùu fya;=fjka jvd ÈhqKq f;jeks hq.hla lrd iudch
mßKduh jQ nj fldïÜ úiska olajd we;' iudc m%.;sfha wjêh f,i
ye¢kafjk fï wjêfha § ;d¾lsl iudc iïnkaO;d mokï lr .;a
ld¾ñl iudchla f.dvkef.a' fï iudcfha m%Odk wruqK ksIamdokh
jk nj T.iaÜ fldïÜ olajhs' th ksIamdokh u`.ska ,dN ,eîfï uQ,sl
wruqKla mej;s hq.hls' ÈhqKq ;dlaIKhla fhdod .ekSu ;=<ska fõ.j;a
ksIamdok l%shdj,shla isÿ jQ w;r ÈhqKq kd.ßl ,laIK fï iudcfha
nyq,j olakg ,enqKs'
15
fm!oa.,sl iSñ; iïnkaO;d fjkqjg mq¿,a úYaùh iïnkaO;d
fï hq.fha § ks¾udKh jk w;r ukqIH;ajh ms<sn| ye`.Su mq¿,a jQ
nj;a olajd we;' udkj iïnkaO;djka ys ffk;sl moku ;jÿrg;a
Yla;su;a ùu o fuu hq.fha § olakg ,efí' iudch yd tys mj;akd
;;a;ajhka úIh uQ,sl j wjfndaO lr .ekSug mqoa.,hd iu;ajk w;r
úoHd;aul w;ska úYd, j¾Okhla w;alr.;a fï wjêh udkj iudc
m%.;sfha —Wiia u wjêh˜ f,i o ±kqj;a nfõ Wiia u wjêh f,i o
jeäÿrg;a y÷kajd § we;'
fï wdldrfhka T.iaÜ fldïÜf.a iudc mßKdufha wjê ;=k
ms<sn| kHdh bÈßm;a ù we;' th iudc mßKdufha úfYaI ia:dkhla
,nd .kakd kHdhls' Bg fya;=j tu wjê ;=k ms<sn| ixl,amh
udkj YsIagdpdrfha jeo.;a wjia:djka yd iïnkaOj bÈßm;a fldg
;sîu hs' m%d:ñl hq.fha isg tkï foajjdÈ hq.fha isg mdr fN!;sl wjêh
yryd h:dkqN+; wjêh olajd ke;fyd;a j;auka iudch olajd iudch
úldYkh jQ wdldrh fï kHdh u`.ska meyeÈ,s fldg we;' Tyq olajk
h:dkqN+; iudch 19 jk ishjfika miqj olakg ,efnk ld¾ñl
iudchka h'
iudc mßKduh ms<sn| tñ,a vq¾layhsïf.a woyia
Wm;ska hqfoõ cd;slfhl= jQ tñ,a vQ¾layhsï m%xYfha Ôj;a jQ iudc
úoHd{fhls' fikaÜ isfudaka (Saint Simon), T.iaÜ fldïÜ (Auguste
Comte) jeks iudc od¾Ykslhkaf.a wdNdih Tyqf.a woyia fmdaIKh ùu
flfrys n,md we;s neúka Tjqka vq¾layhsïf.a .=rejreka f,i ie,fla'
m%xY úYaj úoHd, moaO;shg iudc úoHdj y÷kajd ÿkafka o tfia u tu
.=re l=,fha ks¾ud;Djrhd njg m;ajQfha o Tyq h'
úoHdfõ ÈhqKqj;a m%xY wdKavq úma,jh;a fya;= fldg f.k
hqfrdamSh iudch idïm%odhsl ;;a;ajfhka ñ§ kj ld¾ñl iudchla
lrd fjkia jQ nj vq¾layhsï lshhs' iudc mßKduh f,i Tyq olajkafka
tu fjkia ùuhs' fufia ir, ;;a;ajhl mej;s iudch ixlS¾K
;;a;ajhlg mßKduh ùu i|yd m%Odk idOl folla fya;=jk nj Tyq
mjihs' tkï"

16
I. ck.yk j¾Okh
II. Y%u úNckh
hk lreKq folhs'
ck.ykh j¾Okh ùu ksid Tjqka w;r mj;sk wka;¾ l%shd
nyq, ùu yd ixlS¾K ùu isÿfõ' tu iudcfha iodpdr >k;ajhla
(Moral Density) Tyq olajhs' iodpdr >k;ajh hkq meñfKk ck.ykhg
iß,k iïm%odh" kS;s Í;s yd wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla f.dvke.Su f,i
Tyq olajhs' ir, iudch ixlS¾K ùu i|yd tu ;;a;ajh n,mdkq ,efí'
iudc fjkiaùu isÿlrkq ,nk fojk idOlh f,i Tyq olajd
we;af;a Y%u úNckh hs' vq¾layhsïf.a tu woyia zziudcfha Y%u úNckhZZ
(The Division of Labour) kue;s lD;sfhka bÈßm;a fldg we;' Tyqf.a
woyi jkafka iEu iudchl lsishï taldnoaO;djla we;s njhs' tñ,a
vq¾layhsï iudc taldnoaO;djka folla ms<sn| lreKq olajd we;'
»' hdka;%sl tAldnoaO;dj - ^Mechanicl Solidarity&
»»' ftkaøSh tAldnoaO;dj - Ôrganic Solidarity&
hdka;s%l taldnoaO;dj kï ,CIKh olakg ,efnkafka Y%u

úNckh my< uÜgul mej;s merKs iudcj, nj Tyq lshhs' tu
iudcfha Ôj;ajk ñksiqka w;r fndfyda iudk;d úoHudk fõ' mqoa.,
woyia Woyia fuka u .;s mej;=ï o fndfyda fihska taldldß fõ'
wdydr mdk" we÷ï me<÷ïj, mjd we;af;a fï iudk;djhs' merKs
iudcj, mj;akd fï iudk;dj fya;= fldg f.k hdka;%sl taldnoaO;djla
ks¾udKh jk nj tñ,a vq¾layhsïf.a woyia fõ'

hdka;%sl taldnoaO;dj iys; merKs iudcfha ish¨ ld¾hhka bgq
lsÍu flfrys ish¨ fokd iduQyslj ne£ isá;s' fï ;;a;ajh u; merKs
iudcfha ;ks mqoa.,hdg jvd iuQyh jeo.;a fõ' ish¨ mqoa.,hka tlg
tl;= l< iduQysl iïnkaO;d tu merKs iudcfha mej;sKs' fï in|;d
b;d Yla;su;a tajd jk neúka merKs iudcfha iduQysl ú[a[dKhla
l%shd;aul jQ w;r yqfol,dj ;u wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug jvd tlai;aj
wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu;a ta i|yd tlsfkld w;r wfkHdakH hemSula o
m%lg úh'
17
fuf,i iduQysl ú[a[dKh u; mokï ù ir,j mej;s iudch
Y%u úNckfha ;Sj%;dj fya;= fldg f.k fjkia fjñka ixlS¾K
iajNdjhg m;afõ' tu ixlS¾K iudch ftkaøsh taldnoaO;dj iys;
iudchla f,i vq¾layhsï y÷kajd fohs' fujeks ixlS¾K iudcj,
olakg ,efnk tla jeo.;a ,laIKhla jkafka Yla;su;a iduQysl ne£ï
úr, ùuhs' iudcfha wka;¾ mqoa., iïnkaO;d .súiqï fyda iïuq;sj,
iajrEmhla .kS' iudch ld¾ólrKhg ,laùu;a" uqo,a Ndú;h jeä ùu;a
ksid fndfyda iïnkaO;d wd¾Óluh yd ffk;sl iajrEmhla .kshs'
kQ;k iudcj, by< ixlS¾K Y%u úNckhla olakg ,efí'
iudchl mj;sk úúO ld¾hhka úúO whj¨ka úiska bgq lrkq ,efí'
ffjoHjreka" .=rejreka" bxðfkarejreka" ,smslrejka" foaYmd,lhka"
jHjidhlhka wdÈ f,i úúO jD;a;Skays kshef,k msßila olakg ,efí'
Tjqka tlsfkld úiska bgq lrkq ,nk ld¾hhka iudk fkdfõ' tfy;a
iudcfha meje;au i|yd fï ish¨ u fokdf.a ld¾hNdrhka tlfia
jeo.;a fõ' kQ;k iudcfha mqoa.,hd iuia;h u ksmojkafka ke;'
tfia u iuia; l%shdj,shlg iïnkaO jkafka o ke;' tu iuia;fhka
tla iqúfYaIs fldgila jvd fyd| uÜgulska bgq lrhs' ta ;;a;ajh
zzúfYaI m%d.=KHhZZ hkqfjka y÷kajhs' fï wkqj kQ;k iudcj, ixlS¾K
Y%u úNckhla mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
kQ;k iudcj, mqoa.,hka w;r fm!oa.,sl;ajh ms<sn| ye`.Su
jeä h' fmdÿ iduQysl iïnkaO;d fjkqjg ffk;sl fyda uQ,Huh
fyda iïnkaO;d jeä ùu fujeks ;;a;ajhla we;s ùug fya;= ù we;'
kQ;k iudch ksIamdokh" fnod yeÍu" fjf<|du jeks ;;a;ajhkaf.ka
iukaú; jQjls' fï ksid ,dNh" iudch fufyhjkq ,nk m%Odk
ixl,amhla njg m;a úh' ,dN wfmaCIdj uq,a lr f.k ish ld¾hNdrhka
isÿ lsÍu ;=<ska uQ,H iïnkaO;d m%n, fõ' isß; úß; fyda iïm%odhhkaj,g
jvd kS;Hkql+, nj flfrys jeä ie<ls,a,la ±la jQ nj vq¾layhsï f.a
woyihs' kQ;k iudch ;=< ;d¾lsl kS;shla olakg ,efnk nj;a kS;sh
bÈßfha ;¾ldkql+, j lghq;= lsÍug yelshdj ,efnk nj;a Tyq lshhs'
ta ksid merKs iudcfha fuka wksjd¾h f,i o~qjï ,eîula kQ;k
iudcj, isÿ fkdjk nj vq¾layhsï olajd we;'
18
y¾nÜ iafmkai¾f.a iudc mßKdujdÈ kHdh
,snr,ajdÈ Ñka;lhl= jQ y¾nÜ iafmkai¾ pd,aia vdúka f.a
mßKdu jdÈ woyia fnfyúka w.h l< wfhls' Tyq T.iaÜ fldïÜf.a
iuld,Skfhls' iudc úoHdfõ § iudc úldYkh (Social Evolution)
ms<sn| j ye±ßh hq;= nj Tyqf.a woyi fõ' y¾nÜ iafmkai¾ iudc
úldYkh ms<sn| j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< ksid Tyq iudc
mßKdujdÈhl= f,i ie<fla' ta ;;a;ajh hgf;a Tyq úiska rpkd lrk
,o iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j kS;sh (Law of Evolution) kue;s .%ka:h
b;d jeo.;a ks¾udKhla f,i fndfyda fokdf.a ms<s.ekSug ,la ù we;'
—mßKduh hkq øjHhka tlg tlaùu yd ta iudk u n,hla
we;s lrñka úisÍfï iajNdjhhs˜ hkqfjka mßKduh ms<sn| j woyia
olajñka iafmkai¾ lshhs' tl iajrEmhlska mej;s fohla fjkiaùu
mßKduh f,i Tyq y÷kd.;a wdldrh fï woyi wkqj meyeÈ,s
fõ' f,dfjys mej;s fN!;sl jia;+ka fia u ñksidf.a ye`.Sï" ±kSï"
woyia Woyia wd§h o mßKduhg m;aúh' tys§ ir, (Simple) ;;a;ajhl
isg ixlS¾K (Complex) ;;a;ajhla olajd fjkiaùu isÿjk nj y¾n¾Ü
iafmkai¾f.a woyi úh'
iudc mßKduh wÈhrhka folla Tiafia isÿ ù we;s nj Tyqf.a
woyihs
'
»' rKldó iudch - (Military Society)
»»' ld¾ñl iudch - (Industrial Society)
tAldêm;s md,lfhl= hgf;a mej;s idïm%odhsl iudchla zrKldó

iudchlaZ f,i iafmkai¾ y÷kajd § we;' iudch mej;s wd¾Ólh m%d:ñl
;;a;ajfha mej;s‚' tA u; iduQysl j lghq;= lsÍug iudch ;=<ska u
fm<Uùula we;s ù ;sfí' tneúka iïm%odhdkql+, fmdÿ Ôjk l%uhla
fï hgf;a olakg ,efnk nj Tyq olajhs' fufia mej;s idïm%odhsl
iudcfha ±kqï rgdj j¾Okh ùu ksid iudc" wd¾Ól fuka u
foaYmd,ksl iajrEmhka o fjkia fõ' fï fjki ksid f.dvkef.k
iudc l%uh ld¾ñl iudch f,i Tyq y÷kajd we;' ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a
ld¾ñl ixj¾Okh;a fuys olakg ,efí' foaYmd,k ksoyi fuka u
idudÔh ksoyi o w.h lrk fï iudcfha kQ;k m%cd;dka;%jd§ md,k
19
l%uhla l%shd;aul fõ' idïm%odhsl iudcfha mej;s iduQysl;ajh fjkqjg
fm!oa.,sl;ajh u;= ù ;sîu fï iudcfha ,ËKhla f,i o olajd we;'

iudc mßKduh ms<sn| uelaia fõn¾f.a woyia
c¾uka cd;slhl= jk uelaia fõn¾ kS;sfõÈhl=" wd¾Ól úoHd{hl="
iudc úoHd{hl= fuka u b;sydi{hl= jYfhka o m%lg od¾Ykslfhls'
Tyq úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o ixl,am rdYshla u`.ska iudc úoHdj
fmdaIKh ù we;'
I. iudc l%shd kHdh
II. wdêm;H ms<sn| kHdh
III. iudc ia;rdhKh ms<sn| ú.%yh
IV. ks,n, l%uh ms<sn| ú.%yh
jeks ixl,am Bg fnfyúka odhl ù we;'
iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j uelaia fõn¾f.a woyia bÈßm;a jkafka
wdêm;Hh ixl,amh ;=< h' iudchla idïm%odhsl ;;a;ajfha isg kùk
ld¾ñl hq.h olajd mßKduh ùfï § ta ta hq.j, mej;s foaYmd,k
wdêm;Hfha iajrEmh n,mdkq ,nk nj fõn¾f.a woyihs' m%cdj md,kh
l< yels wdêm;H rgdjla tu iudch ;=<ska u f.dvkef.a' ld,dkqrEmj
iudcfha mek kef.k fjkialïj,g wkql+, jQ wdêm;H rgdjla o
f.dv kef`.k nj fõn¾ olajhs'
f¾Çh ÈYdk;shla Tiafia iudch mßKduh jk nj meyeÈ,s lrk
uelaia fõn¾ ;=ka wdldrhl wdêm;Hhla ms<sn| woyia bÈßm;a lrhs'
I. idïm%odhsl wdêm;Hh - (Traditional Authority)
II. wkqydid;aul wdêm;Hh - (Charismatic Authority)
III. ffk;sl wdêm;Hh - (Legal Authority)
idïm%odhsl iudch m%d:ñl ,laIKj,ska hq;= tlla fõ' tu
iudch ;=< úêu;a md,khla olakg fkd,efí' tu iudch md,kh
jkafka idïm%odhsl jYfhka iudch mqreÿ mqyqKq lrkq ,enq wúpdrj;a
iïuq;Ska" ms<s.ekSï yd iïm%odhhka u`.sks' tu iudcfha iïm%odhhka
úiska ms<s.kq ,enq wdêm;Hhla f.dv kef.a' mrïmrdfjka n,h ,nd
.kakd rfcl= fï iudcfha wdêm;Hh orhs' tu idïm%odhsl wdêm;Hh
20
yd kdhl;ajh tu iudch úiska wújdofhka ms<s.kakd ,§' md,lhd
woDYHudk foúfhl= úYajdi lf<a h' md,lhd úiska ms<s.kakd ,o
foaj;ajfha ;SrK mqrjeishd o wújdofhka ms<s.kakd ,o nj fõn¾
i|yka lr we;' fuf,i iïm%odh uq,a fldg.;a mdrïmßl j meñKs
wdêm;Hh idïm%odhsl wdêm;Hh kñka ye¢kaùh'
miq ld,Skj iudch ;=< iudÔh" wd¾Óluh yd foaYmd,kuh
jYfhka úm¾hdihka my< úh' ta iu`. fuf;la wújdofhka ms<s.kq
,enQ idïm%odhsl fuka u mdrïmßl kdhl;ajh o úfõpkhg ,la úh'
tfia u Bg m%;súreoaO Woaf>daIK wdrïN jQ nj uelaia fõn¾ i|yka
lrhs' {d;s;ajh f,a Wreuh jeks idïm%odhsl ne£ï u; mej;s kdhl;ajh
tA iuÕ u ì| jefgk nj o Tyq olajhs' fï ;;a;ajh u; iudcfhys
w¾nqoldÍ miqìula ks¾udKh jk nj;a ta fya;= fldg f.k iudch
úúO ÿIalr;djkag uqyqK fok nj;a Tyq olajhs' fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a
idïm%odhsl kdhl;ajh u`.ska l%shd;aul jQ iudcuh ld¾hNdrhka wl%sh
ùu iudcfha meje;aug ndOdldÍ jk nj i|yka lrhs' fufia ì| jefgk
iudch wdrCId lr .ekSu i|yd iudch ;=<ska u kj kdhl;ajhla
f.dv kef.a' tu.ska mej;s idïm%odhsl iudc.; ,laIKhka úfõpkh
lrñka kj wdêm;Hhla f.dv kef`.k nj fõn¾ i|yka lrhs'
fuf,i ks¾udKh jk kdhl;ajh wdl¾IKSh tlla jk w;r
tu md,lhd leßiaud n,fhka fyj;a wkqydid;aul wdêm;Hhlska
fyì whl= jk nj;a fõn¾ olajhs' fï wdl¾IKSh kdhl;ajh
wfhdauh n,hla iys; md,lfhl= jQ nj o Tyq olajd we;'
wfhdauh wkqyi jgd ixúOdkh jQ Yla;su;a md,k jHqyhla fï hq.fha §
ks¾udKh fõ' wkqydid;aul wdêm;Hh iys; md,k hq.hla fyda hq.
lsysmhla Yla;su;a f,i mj;sk nj fõn¾ fmkajd fohs' wkqydid;aul
wdêm;Hh ËKsl j my< ù wdfõ.YS,S j lghq;= lrk tlls' md,lhd
ks;r u n,h /l .ekSug fuka u j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd o W;aiql
jk nj fõn¾f.a woyihs'
fï w;r iudch ;=< ±kqu w¨;a ùu;a ;dlaIKh j¾Okh ùu;a
wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh fuka u iudc yd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka o úm¾hdihkag
,la ùu;a isÿfõ' tu fjkialï u; wkqydid;aul wdêm;Hh o m%Yak
lsÍug ,la fõ' kj iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka Tiafia bÈßhg hk
21
iudchg wkqydid;aul md,lhdf.a wfhdauh n,h fmr<d mSvkhla
we;s lrkq ,nhs' tneúka Bg úreoaO j iudch weiqßka u n,mEula we;s
jk nj fõn¾ lshhs'
fï ;;a;ajh u; iudcfhys we;sfjk wia:djr ;;a;ajh u`.
yrjd .ekSu i|yd kS;suh wdêm;Hhla iys; kj Okjd§ md,k
l%uhla ìys lr .kakd nj i|yka lrhs' kj md,k l%uh ;=< mqrjeishd
wjk; úh hq;af;a idïm%odhsl m%N+;ajhlg fyda wfhdauh n,h iys;
mqoa.,fhl=g fkdfõ' úfYaIfhka wfm!oa.,sl jQ kS;s moaO;shlg h'
fuys § mqoa.,hd md,kh lrkq ,nkafka kS;s moaO;shla u`.sks' th
ks,n, rgdjla ke;fyd;a OQrdj,s l%uhla u; l%shd;aul jkakla nj
fõn¾ lshhs'
uelaia fõn¾f.a iudc mßKduh iïnkaO wdêm;H ixl,amh
;=<ska merKs idïm%odhsl iudch kQ;k ffk;sl m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchla
olajd wjê ;=kla Tiafia j¾Okh jQ wdldrh olajhs' lsisu úgl n,h
rys; j iudchla fkdmj;akd nj;a iudcfha l%shdldÍ;ajh u; f.dv
kef.k kj ;;a;ajhka yuqfõ n,h fjkia fjñka bÈßhg hk nj;a
Tyq i|yka lrhs' hqfrdamSh iudcfha isÿ jQ fuu fjkia ùu ljr
iudchl jqj o mßKduh iïnkaOfhka j,x.= jk nj Tyqf.a woyi fõ'
iudc mßKduh ms<sn| ld,a udlaiaf.a woyia
iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j woyia olajk ld,a udlaia m%Odk
kHhhka folla uq,a lrf.k ish woyia bÈßm;a lr we;' oajkaod;aul
fN!;sl jdoh yd fM;sydisl fN!;sl jdoh tu kHdhh folhs'
iudchla ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh ksIamdok l%uhla jYfhka ú.%y
lsÍu oajkaod;aul fy!;sl jdoh jk w;r fM;sydisl fN!;sl jdoh
f,i ye¢kajQfha iudc mßKduh" ksIamdok l%uh yd tys fjkia ùug
wkqrEm jk wdldrhhs' ld,a udlaia iudc mßKduh ;¾ldkql+, j
meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd fM;sydisl fN!;sl jdoh Wmfhda.s lr f.k we;'
iudc fjkia ùu isÿjkafka wd¾Ól jHqyh ;=< n,fõ.hka folla w;r
.egqu ksid nj Tyq lshhs' ksIamdok n,fõ.hka yd ksIamdok in|;d
fï .egqïj,g fya;= jQ w;r tu ksid iudch fjkia fõ' iudch
fjkiaùu i|yd wd¾Ól idOlh uq,a jk nj;a ksIamdok w;sßla;h
22
fuys,d úfYaI n,mEula isÿ l< nj;a Tyq lshhs'
iudch mßKduh jQ wdldrh udlaia úiska wjê lsysmhlg fnod
olajd we;'
01' m%d:ñl fldñhqksiaÜ wjêh (Primitive Communism)
02' jy,a hq.h (Slavery stage)
03' jevjiï hq.h (Feudalisim)
04' Okjd§ wjêh (Capitalism)
05' iudcjd§ wjêh (Socialism)
06' iqmsß fldñhqksiaÜ wjêh (Super Communism)
iudc mßKdufha uQ,sl wjêh jYfhka udlaia úiska ye¢kajQfha
m%d:ñl fldñhqksiaÜ wjêh kñks' foam, ms<sn| fmdÿ whs;shla ;snQ
fï wjêfhys iudc ia;rdhK rgdjla fkdùh' iudc wjYH;d u;
ixlS¾K fkdjQ idOdrK Y%u úNckhla mej;sKs' fï iudcfhys wd¾Ól
ÿIalr;d my< ùu ksid iudch fjkia jk nj udlaia úiska i|yka
lr we;' fï iudcfhys Ndú; jQ fkdÈhqKq Ys,am l%uhla ksid fõ.j;a
j¾Okhla isÿ lsÍu wmyiq úh' wfkla w;g ck.ykh fõ.fhka
j¾Okh ùu;a iu`. iudcfhys wd¾Ól .eg¨ u;= úh' fï ;;a;ajfhka
ñ§ug W;aiql ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq jQ nj;a ta ksid
ksIamdok Odß;dj jeä jQ nj;a udlaia i|yka lrhs' fï ;;a;ajh u;
w;sßla; ksIamdokhla ìys fõ' tu ksIamdok w;sßla;h lsysm fofkl=
whs;s lr .ekSu ksid iudcfha iq¿ msßila n,j;a úh' Tjqyq wka whf.a
Y%ufha wêldrh ;uka fj; r|jd .ekSug;a ish leue;a; u; md,kh
lsÍug;a W;aiy ±rEy' fï u; w¨;a ia;rdhK l%uh f.dvke.=K w;r
mQ¾j fldñhqksiaÜ hq.h wjika úh'
w¨;a wd¾Ól jd;djrKh hgf;a f.dvkef.kafka jy,a hq.hla
nj udlaia lshhs' wd¾Ól Yla;sh we;s mka;sh ÿn,hdf.a ldhsl udkisl
Yla;sh iQrd .ekSu ksid fuu iudch ìys fõ' uq,ska u iudcfhys mka;s
fNaoh wdrïN jQfha fï hq.fha § nj udlaiaf.a woyihs' jy,d iy jy,a
ysñhd hk mka;s fol fï iudcfha olakg ,eìKs' hq.fha ksIamdok"
in|;d ksrEmKh lrk ,oafoa fï mka;s fol u`.sks' fï iudcfha
isá l=vd bvï ysñhkaf.a bvï uy bvï ysñhka úiska fld,a,lEu
23
ksid uy bvï ysñ mka;shla ìysùu;a" ksIamdokh j¾Okh lr .ekSfï
wruqKska jy,a ysñ rdcHhka w;r mej;s hqoaO wdÈh;a fya;=fjka
iudcfhys jHl+, njla we;sfjk nj udlaia meyeÈ,s lrhs' ñksia
Y%ufha jákdlu jvd;a jeäfhka ±kqKq fï iudcfhys Y%u ixp,;djl
wjYH;djla ;sìKs' fï wjYH;dj yd iudc jHl+,;ajh u; iudcfhys
jy,a l%uh ì| jegqKq nj udlaia i|yka lr we;'
m%fõ‚odi Ndjfha uQ,sl moku ilia jkafka jy,a l%uh ì|
jeàu;a iu`. h' uy bvï ysñhka ro<hka msßila njg m;aùu yd
jy¨ka jvd ksoyila ,nd m%fõ‚Þihka njg m;aùu fya;=fjka
jevjiï hq.hla WÞjk nj udlaia olajhs' jev jiï iudcfha m%Odk
ksIamdok n,fõ.h jkafka bvï h' ro<hd yd m%fõKsodihka w;r
ksIamdok iïnkaO;d f.dvkef.a' m%fõKsodihd ro<hdf.a bvïj,
lghq;= o .DySh lghq;=j, o ksr; fõ' tu fiajh i|yd ro<hd úiska
m%fõKsodihkaf.a Ôú; mj;ajd .ekSug wiajekafkka fldgila fyda
l=vd bvï fldgila ,nd § ;sì‚'
jevjiï wd¾Ólh ;=< m%fõKsÞihd yd ro<hd w;r ksIamdok
yqjudrejla isÿfjk nj udlaia lshhs' ro< iudcfha wjYH;d u; ld¾ñl
ksIamdokhka i|yd m%fõKsÞihd fhduq ùfuka .%dóh iq¨ ld¾udka;
wdrïN fõ' tÈfkod Ôú;hg wjYH WmlrK fuka u ro< iudchg
wjYH iqfLdamfNd.S NdKav o fï l¾udka; weiqßka ksmojk ,o nj
ld,audlaia fmkajd fohs' iq¨ l¾udka; jYfhka werô ld¾ñl ksIamdok
l%uh uyd mßudk l¾udka; olajd l%ufhka j¾Okh ùu;a iuÕ
iudch o Bg iu.dó j mßKduh jQ nj Tyq lshhs' ld¾ñl ksIamdok
l%uh m%n, ùu;a fjf<|fmd< l%u l%ufhka j¾Okh ùu;a yqjudre
udOHhla f,i yd jákdlï /ia lsÍfï udOHhla f,i uqo,a meñKSu;a
iuÕ jevjiï iïnkaO;d bj;aù jd‚cjd§ ,CIK iys; iudchka
j¾Okh jQ wdldrh olajd we;' ld¾ñl wd¾Ólhg wjYH mßÈ ishqï
Y%u úNckhla o iudcfhys j¾Okh úh' w¨;a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh hgf;a
f.dv keÕ=Kq iudch udlaia úiska Okjd§ iudch f,i kï lr we;'
tu iudcfha iïnkaO;d Okh mokï lrf.k ls%hd;aul jQ nj;a
Okh u mokï lrf.k Okm;s yd ks¾Ok hkqfjka mka;s folla
my<jk nj;a udlaia lshhs' l¾udka;hkays fyda úYd, f.dúm,j,
24
whs;sh ,enQ úYd, ,dNhla /ialr.;a iq¨ msßila Okm;s mka;shg
wh;ah' tu wdh;kj, jegqmg Y%uh úlsKQ nyq;r ks¾Ok msßila
iudcfha olakg ,eì‚' Okm;shd ish ,dNh jvd;a j¾Okh lr .ekSu
i|yd ks¾Ok mka;sh mSvkhg ,la lsÍu È.ska È.gu isÿ jQ w;r tA
;;a;ajh u; Okm;s yd ks¾Ok mka;s fol w;r .egqula yg .eksks'
tA .egqfï m%;sM,h jQfha ks¾Ok mka;sh úiska OkjdÈ iudc l%uh ì|
±óu h'
Okjd§ iudc l%uh ì| oud ks¾Okhka úiska f.dv k.d .;a iudc
l%uh iudcjd§ iudch f,i udlaia úiska kï lr we;' tu iudcfha
mka;s fNaohla olakg fkd,efí' fmdÿ foam, l%uhla ls%hd;aul jk
w;r iudcfha wjYH;dj u; idOdrK jQ Y%u úNckhla ls%hd;aul fõ'
ish¨ fokdg whs;sjdislï ,efnk fï iudc l%uh ck;d n,fõ.hka
u.ska wdrCId fldg ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nkakla nj udlaia lshhs'
iudcjd§ iudc l%uh fldñhqksiaÜ iudchla ìysùfï uq,a
mshjrhs' iudch ;=< iudcjdoh ;yjqre ùfuka wk;=rej lsisu wd×
Þhl;ajhla fyda md,kh lsÍula wjYH fkdjk nj olajd we;'
mqoa.,hdf.a mQ¾K ixj¾Okh iy;sl lrkq ,nk udkjhdf.a by< u
j¾Okh fmkajk wjêhla bka miqj we;sfjk nj udlaiaf.a woyihs'
tu iudch iqmsß fldñhqksiaÜ iudch f,i Tyq úiska y÷kajd § we;'
th foaYmd,k iajrEmhla fkdue;s rdcHhla fyda rdcH md,khl
wjYH;djla ke;s iajhx md,khla iys; iudchls' tu iudch iudc
mßKdufha WÉp; u wjia:dj f,i ld,a udlaia ish kHdh u.ska
fmkajd § we;'
wNHdih
1' iudc mßKduh hkq l=ula ± hs y÷kajd fokak'

2' —T.iaÜ fldïÜ˜ úiska fmkajd ÿka iudc m%.;sfha wjê ;=k kï
fldg tA ms<sn| flá igyka ,shkak'
3' uelaia fõn¾ f.a wdêm;H ixl,amfha jeo.;alu idlÉPd lrkak'
4'
my; i|yka ud;Dldj,g flá igyka ,shkak'
25
I. Y%u úNckh
II. hdka;s%l tAldnoaO;dj
III. jevjiï iudch
IV. iudcjdÈ iudch
V. iucd;Sh iudch
5' iudc mßKduh ms<sn| j woyia olajd we;s iudc úoHd{hska f.a
woyiaj, we;s iudk;d yd wiudk;d ms<sn| ixikaokhla lrkak'
2'2 kQ;k iudc fjkiaùu

² flá ld,Sk j iudch fjkiaùu
² È.= ld,Sk j iudch fjkiaùu
we;eï idOlj, n,mEu ksid iudchl iq¿ fjkialula flá

ld,hla ;=< we;s ù kej; ilia ùu flá ld,Sk iudc fjkia ùu
hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' we;eï idOlj, n,mEu u; iudchla ;=< ia:djr
jQ l,amj;akd fjkialï we;s fõ' È.= ld,Sk j iudch fjkiaùu f,i
y÷kajkafka tu ;;a;ajh hs'
flá ld,Sk j iudch fjkiaùu
hï hï wjia:d wkqj fláld,hla ;=< ls%hd;aul ù
iudcfha lsishï fjkia ùula fyda fjkia ùfï m%jk;djla fyda
cks; lrkq ,nk n,fõ.hka flá ld,Sk j iudch fjkia
lrkq ,nk idOl f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' iudcfhys ks¾udKh
ù we;s úúO jHdmdr flá ld,Sk j iudch fjkia lsÍu i|yd
bjy,a fõ' ixialD;sl iyfhda.s;d jHdmdr" foaYmd,k úfrdaO;d
jHdmdr" fudaia;r jHdmdr wdÈh Bg WÞyrK f,i ±laúh yels h'
ixialD;sl iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrj, f;aud njg m;aj we;af;a
iudc iqNidOkh ms<sn| woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu" úúO b,a,Sï bÈßm;a
lsÍu ke;fyd;a hï hï lreKq i|yd iudch ±kqïj;a lsÍu jeks
tAjd h' wuoHm jHdmdrh" ;reK ixúOdk" ldka;d ixúOdk" <ud
wmpdr msgq±lSfï jHdmdr" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajhg tfrys ixúOdk"
26
ixialD;sl mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdr wdÈh fï hgf;a ±laúh yels h' fujeks
jHdmdrj, meje;afuys ia:djr njla olakg fkd,efí' ld,Sk wjYH;d
wkqj u;= ù ls%hd;aul jk w;r miqj ksy~ jk fyda wfydais ù hk
;;a;ajhka fïjdfha olakg ,efí' È.=ld,Sk meje;aula fïjdg ke;'
flfia kuq;a fuu jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk ld,h ;=< iudcfhys lsishï
msì§ula ke;fyd;a WoaÞuhla we;s lr,Sug iu;a fjhs'
iudchl f.dvkef.k we;eï .eg¨j,g ixfõ§ fkdjk
ke;fyd;a m%;spdr fkdolajk lKavdhï fujeks ixialD;sl
jHdmdrj, l%shdldß;ajh ksid il%sh ù m%;spdr ±laùug fm<fò' tA
;=<ska wÞ< .eg¨jg úreoaO /,a,la ke;fyd;a n,fõ.hla iudch ;=<
f.dvkexùu ms‚i fujeks jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajh n,mdkq ,efí'
tu.ska iudch ;=< flá ld,Sk j lsishï fjkila u;= ùu isÿ fõ'
foaYmd,k úfrdaO;d jHdmdr o flá ld,Sk j iudcfhys
lsishï fjkila we;s lr,Sug iu;a fõ' ixialD;sl iyfhda.s;d
jHdmdrj,g jvd foaYmd,k úfrdaO;d jHdmdrj, fjkialï lsysmhla
ola k g ,efí' foa Y md,k úfrda O ;d jHdmdrj, wruq K b;d
meyeÈ,s h' fyd|ska ixúOdkh jQ meyeÈ,s kdhl;ajhla fïjdg we;'
wdrïNl wjia:dfõ § fndfyda úg Woaf>daIK jHdmdrj,g muKla iSud ù
mj;sk fï foaYmd,k úfrdaO;d jHdmdr l%udkql+, j ixúOdkh fjñka
iudcfha ia:djr Odrdjla f,i ilia jk wdldrh o olakg ,efí' iudc
widOdrKh" wiykh jeks ;;a;ajhka ÿre lr .ekSu i|yd n,mEï
lKavdhula f,i wdrïN ù tjeks ;;a;ajhka ÿrelr .ekSu i|yd
iudchg uÕ fmkaùu;a" kdhl;ajh §u;a" md,l mCIhg n,mEï
lsÍu;a fuu.ska isÿ fõ' fujeks foaYmd,k jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajh
ksid iudcfhys msì§ula fuka u kj m%jK;djka o f.dvkef.a' tA
u.ska o iudcfha flá ld,Sk fjkila ks¾udKh fõ'
fudaia;r jHdmdr o flá ld,Sk j iudch fjkia lsÍug
n,mdkq ,efí' fuys § ckudOH wdh;k yd fj<| m%pdrl wdh;k
úYd, ld¾hNdrhla isÿ lrkq ,nhs' iudcfha lemS fmfkk
pß;hka" ;;a;ajhka fyda .=Kdx.hka Wmfhda.S fldgf.k iDcqj u
iudcfha tla fldgila wduka;%Kh lsÍu fuys § isÿ fõ' úúO ú,dis;d
yqre mqreÿ wdÈh iudc.; lr,Su fudaia;r jHdmdr ;=<ska isÿ fõ'
27
;reK - ;re‚hka" k¿ - ks<shka" lS%vl - lS%äldjka jeks hq.fha
lemS fmfkk pß; Wmfhda.S lrf.k isÿ lrkq ,nk m%pdrKh
u; iudcfhys úúO we÷ï - me<÷ï" wdydr - mdk fyda úúO
pß;dx. flfrys Wkkaÿjla iudch ;=< we;s fõ' tu NdKav mßyrKh
lsÍug hdfuka fyda tu pß; wkqlrKh lsÍug hdfuka iudcfha
;djld,sl /,a,la we;s fõ' tA weiqßka iudch ;=< fláld,Sk fjki-
la we;s fjk wdldrh olakg ,efí' iudch úúO we÷ï ú,dis;dj,g
weíneysùu" jHjydßl NdIdfõ we;eï w¨;a jpk yd fhÿï l,ska
l,g bÈßhg meñŒu fujeks fudaia;r jHdmdr ksid isÿ fõ' we;eï
lD;%su wdydr i|yd iudch ;=< úfYaI ,eÈhdjla yd úYajdihla we;s
ùug o fujeks fudaia;r jHdmdr n,mEï lrk wdldrh fmfka'
fufia f.dvkef.k kj ;;a;ajhka flá l,l § kej;
fjkia ù hdula olakg ,efnk w;r fjkia wdldrhl m%pdrKhla
kej; bÈßhg meñfKk wdldrh o fmfka' fuf,i fudaia;r
jHdmdr yd tA iïnkaO m%pdrK jHdmdr ksid iudch ;=< flá ld,Sk
fjkialï ìysfjk wdldrh meyeÈ,s h'
È.= ld,Sk j iudch fjkia ùu
iudch ;=< w¨;a fjkila we;s lrñka iuia; iudch u fjkia
uÕlg fhduq lr,Sug iu;a jk idOl È.= ld,Sk j iudch fjkia
lrk n,fõ. f,i ye¢kafõ' fujeks n,fõ. y;rla iudc úoHd{hska
úiska olajd we;'
1' kùlrKh - (Modernization)
2' kd.ÍlrKh - (Urbanization)
3' ngysrlrKh - (Westernization)
4' ld¾ólrKh - (Industriaization)
fï idOl ms<sn| jeä úia;r bÈß mdvfï § bÈßm;a flfrk
w;r fuys § úuid nef,kafka fuu idOl u.ska iudch fjkia jk
wdldrh mu‚'
28
kùlrKh
iudch tA jk úg mej;s ;;a;ajfhka jvd fjkia jQ ;;a;ajhlg
fjkia lr,Su ke;fyd;a yev.eiaiùu kùlrKh hkqfjka ir,j
±laúh yels h' kùlrKfhka isÿjkafka iudchla idïm%odhsl
fkdÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl isg ÈhqKq kùk ;;a;ajhla lrd fjkia lr,Suhs'
idïm%odhsl j mj;sk fkdÈhqKq hehs iïu; iudchka kùk iudchl
mj;akd iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka wdfoaY lsÍu u.ska tu
iudch o ÈhqKq lr,Su kùlrKfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

kùlrKh u.ska iudcfhys È.= ld,Sk fjkila isÿjk wdldrh
iudc úoHd{hska úiska fmkajd § we;' kùlrKh ksid mqoa.,hd fj;
mejÍ we;s ld¾h fldgia iqúfYaI jQ wdh;khka fyda úfYaI ±kqula
iys; mqoa.,hka fj; mjrd §u isÿ fõ' iudc úoHd{hska úiska fï
;;a;ajh —jHqySh m%fNaoh˜ hkqfjka y÷kajhs' jHqySh m%fNaoh ksid
ld¾hhkays jvd ld¾hlaIu fuka u .=Kd;aul njla we;s fõ'
ÈhqKq rgj, mj;sk ÈhqKq ;dËKh fuka u ÈhqKq wd¾Ól iïm;a
wdÈh fkdÈhqKq iudcj,g fhduq lr,Sfuka tu iudchka ÈhqKq lsÍug
kùlrKh u.ska yelsjk nj fojeks woyi hs' j¾;udkfha fndfyda
rgj, úfoia wdfhdack jYfhka isÿ flfrkafka ÈhqKq rgj, kùlrK
,ËK fkdÈhqKq iudcj,g yqre mqreÿ lrñka iudch fjkia lsÍug
W;aidy ±Íu hs' fï ;=<ska ÈhqKq iudcj, mj;sk m%d.aOkh" iudch yd
jHjidhl;ajhka ,eîu ksid fkdÈhqKq iudc ;=< È.= ld,Sk fjkila
we;s flf¾'

kùlrKh u.ska iudc ixialD;sfhys o fjkila we;s flf¾'
fuf;la iduQysl j lghq;= l< mqoa.,hd kùk ;dËKh ,eîu;a kj
wd¾Ól Yla;shla f.dvk.d .ekSu;a u; w¨;a fm!reIhla f.dvk.d
.kS' tA u; ;ks j ke.S isàug W;aidy orhs'

fuf;la idïm%odhsl iudcfhys jQ úúO ne£ï u; ysr ù isá
mqoa.,hd kùlrKh ùu ksid f.dvkef.k w¨;a iudc jd;djrKh
hgf;a ,nk fm!oa.,sl ksoyi u; w¨;a lKavdhï iu. w¨;a
iïnkaO;d we;s lr .kS' tA u; w¨;a l%shdl,dmhka ìys fõ' tys §
29
mqoa.,hdg iudcfha by< ke.Su yd my< neiSu i|yd we;s yelshdj
jeä fõ' iudc úoHd{hska úiska —iudc ixp,H;dj˜ f,i y÷kajk fï
;;a;ajh ksid o iudcfha È.= ld,Sk fjkila we;s fõ'
kd.ÍlrKh
kd.ÍlrKh hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka k.r ìys ùu fuka u ck
>k;ajh jeä ùu;a" ixl%u‚lhkaf.a meñŒu ;Sj% ùu" Wm k.r ìys
ùu wd§ idOl u; jvd ixlS¾K;djg m;aùula h' kd.ÍlrKfha §
ÈhqKq Y%u úNckhla we;s ùu" uqo,a yqjudrej by< hdu yd ,dNhg uq,a
;ek ,eîu" úêu;a md,k ixúOdk rgdjla f.dvke.Su" fmdÿ myiqlï
jeä ÈhqKq ùu jeks ,ËK we;s fõ'
ck >k;ajh by< hdu ixl%u‚lhka meñŒu ksid
isÿ fõ' fï ;;a;ajh iudch ;=< ixlS¾K ;;a;ajhla we;s lrhs'
idïm%odhsl j mej;s iudc iïnkaO;d fjkia ù w¨;a iudc iïnkaO;d
cd,hla ks¾udKh ùu ;=<ska iudcfha È.= ld,Sk fjkila cks; fõ'
kd.ßl iudch ;=< cks; jk Y%u úNckh yd uqo,g jeä ;ekla ,eîu
ksid o iudc wd¾Ól fËa;%h ;=< w¨;a fjkila we;s fõ' w¨;a wdl,am
my< jk w;r Bg wkql+, ixlS¾K yeisÍï rgdjla f.dvkef.a' tu
;;a;ajh È.= ld,Sk iudc fjkila we;s lrhs'
iudcfhys iïm;a nyq, ùu fyda myiqlï j¾Okh ùu
ÈhqKq ixúOdkd;aul wdh;k jHqyhla ilia ùu jeks È.=l,a mj;akd
jákdlï kd.ÍlrKh ksid we;s fõ' tfia u .Ksld jD;a;sh" u;aøjH"
uqvqlal= ksjdi" ÿ.Snj jeks ÿn,;d /ila o kd.ÍlrKh ksid we;s
fõ' fï m%n,;d fyda ÿn,;d uQ,sl fldgf.k kd.ßl iudch ;=<
Ôj;a jk mqoa.,hska f.a wd¾Ólfhys fuka u woyia fyda wdl,amj, o"
idrO¾u yd w.kdlïj, o l,a mj;akd fjkila we;s fõ'
ld¾ólrKh
kd.ÍlrKh ùu i|yd ld¾ólrKh o n,mEula isÿ lrhs' 18 - 19
ishjiaj, tx.,ka; iudcfha isÿ jQ ld¾ñl ixj¾Okh f,dj mqrd
30
m%p,s; ùfuka ld¾ñl;ajhg keUqre iudc mßirhla ks¾udKh úh'
Y%uh u; mokï jQ ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ld¾ólrKfha m%;sM,hla
f,i hdka;%SlrKhg ,la úh' iq¿ l¾udka; fjkqjg uyd mßudK
l¾udka;Yd,d ìys ùu i|yd fï ;;a;ajh fya;=jla úh' tla w;lska
hdka;%SlrKfha m%;sM, ksid f.dúìï wysñ ùu;a wfkla w;ska uyd
mßudK l¾udka; Yd,dj, úYd, /lsrËd m%udKhla ìysùu;a ksid
.%dóh ck;dj k.r lrd ixl%uKh úh' fmdÿ myiqlï yd úêu;a md,k
wdh;k iys; j k.r ìysùu i|yd;a" iudcfha ixlS¾K;ajh md,kh
lsÍu wmyiq ù wm.dó p¾hd my< fjñka ixlS¾K kd.ÍlrKhla
isÿùu i|yd;a ld¾ólrKh fya;= úh'
úfYaIfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, § Y%uh fjkqjg hka;% wdfoaY ùu
ksid úYd, /lshd úhqla;shla we;s úh' tu ;;a;ajh iudch ;=<
wmrdOldÍ Wm ixialD;shla ìys ùug fya;= jk wdldrh fmkajd
Èh yels h' Bg wu;r j ck;dj w;r f.dvke.S ;snqKq idïm%odhsl
ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d ì| jeàug ld¾ólrKh n,mEfõ h'
wka;¾ mqoa., iïnkaO;d" wka;¾ mqoa., iyÔjkh jeks ,ËKo
hdka;%SlrKfha m%;sM, f,i ì| jeá‚' È.= ld,Sk j iudcfha fjkila
we;slr,Su i|yd hdka;%SlrKh o fï wdldrfha n,mEula isÿ lr we;'
ngysrlrKh
ngysr ld¾ñl iudcj, n,mEfuka wfkla m%foaYhka ys iudc
È.=ld,Sk fjkilg ,la ù we;' úfYaIfhka ngysr m%n, rgj,aa úiska
f.dvk.d .;a hg;a úð;hka ys ngysr isß;a wkqlrK lsÍu ksid we;s ù
;sfnk iudÔh ;;a;ajh ngysrlrKh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' È.= l,la
hg;a úð;hka f,i mej;Su ksid hg;a úð; uõ rdcHka ys isß;a úß;a"
NdIdj" wd.u jeks ixialD;sl hg;a úð; idOlhka o" we;eï úg wd¾Ól
fuka u foaYmd,k l%ufõohka o wkqlrKh lsÍug leue;a;la hg;a
úð;hka ys iudcj, we;s fõ' WÞyrKhla f,i Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkHfha
hg;a úð;hla j ;sîu ksid bx.%Sis NdIdj iïnkaëlrK NdIdjla jQjdg
jvd ;;a;ajh" ;rd;sru m%ldY lrk fuj,ula f,i fhdod .ekSu olakg
,efí' ngysr isß;a b;d jeo.;a fldg ie,lSu o tfia h' foaYmd,ksl
jYfhka md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdoh ngysßka ,efnk tlls' tfia u
31
újD; wd¾Ól ixl,amh o tf,i ,enqKq tlls' fï wdldrfhka ngysr
isß; fyda ngysr kHdhka jvd Wiia h" ksjerÈ h" hk wdl,amfhka
úpdrfhka fyda wúpdrfhka wkqlrKh lsÍu ngysrlrKh f,i
ye¢kafõ' tA ;;a;ajh iudcfha È.= ld,Sk fjkia lï ìys lr,Su i|yd
fya;= ù we;s wdldrh YS% ,xlsl iudch ;=<ska o meyeÈ,s fõ'

2'3 iudc mßKduh flfrys n,mdk idOl
iudc fjkiaùu ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh lrkq ,nk iudc
úoHd{hska úiska m%d.a ld¾ñl hq.fha isg ld¾ñl hq.h olajd f,dalh
fjkiaùu iudc fjkiaùu hkqfjka olajhs' tA fjki id¾j uÜgñka
f;areï .ekSu i|yd iudc úoHd{hka úiska fhdod.;a m%Odk ixl,am
;=kla ;sfí' tkï
1' kùlrKh (Modernization)
2' ld¾ólrKh (Industrialization)
3' kd.ßlrKh (Urbanization)
tu ixl,am ;=khs'
kùlrKh hkq iudchla mej;s ;;a;ajhg jvd w¨;a ;;a;ajhlg
wkqj yev .eiSuhs' idïm%Þhsl fkdÈhqKq iudchla wd¾Ól j¾Okh;a
iu. u foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajhla we;slr .ksñka ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg
mßj¾;kh ùu kùlrKh f,i w¾: ±laúh yels nj —ú,anÜ uqj¾˜
kï iudc w¾: Ydia;%{hd úiska m%ldY lr we;'
iudch kùlrKhg ,laùug n,mE fya;= ;=kla iudc úoHd{hka
úiska olajd we;' bka m<uqjekak jkafka uOHld,Sk hqfrdamfha we;s jQ
wd.ñl m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh hs' lf;da,sl m,a,sfha wdêm;Hhg
tfrys j udáka ¨;¾ (Martin Luther) úiska f.k .sh m%;sixialrK
jHdmdrh yd fcdaka le,aúka ( John Celvin) úiska f.k .sh —fm%df;ia;ka;%˜
jHdmdrh;a iuÕ wd.fï ±ä n,mEfuka iudch ñ§ .sfha h' fï ;;a;ajh
hqfrdamfha ke.S wd Okjd§ wd¾Ólhg fyd| wjia:djla Wod lf<a h'
uelaia fõn¾ úiska ,shk ,o —fm%df;ia;ka;% wdpdrO¾u yd Okjdofha
yrh˜ (The Protestant Ethics and The Spirit of Capitalism) kï lD;sfhka
meyeÈ,s lrk ,oafoa fï ;;a;ajh hs' kùlrKh fmkajk fojk ldrKh
32
f,i iudc úoHd{hska olajkq ,nkafka 16 fjks yd 17 fjks ishjiaj,
hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh hs' ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid ;dCI‚l
ÈhqKqjla fuka u ld¾ñl ÈhqKqjla o isÿ úh' uyd mßudK l¾udka;
Yd,d ìys jQfha fï ;;a;ajh ksid h' ;dCIKh j¾Okh ùu;a iuÕ
ksIamdokh fuka u m%jdykh o fõ.j;a úh¦ ld¾hCIu úh' kùlrKfha
n,mEu uq¨ f,dalh mqrdu jHdma; jQfha fï ;;a;ajh u;hs'
1789 § isÿ jQ m%xY wdKavq úma,jh kùlrKh m%lg lrk f;jk
idOlh hs' m%xY wdKavq úma,jfha m%;sM,h jQfha idïm%Þhsl jevjiï
md,kh ì|jeà fm!oa.,sl ksoyig uq,a;ek ÿka ,snr,ajd§ foaYmd,k
l%uhla ks¾udKh ùu hs' tla md,lfhl= fj; flaJø.; ù ;snqKq
foaYmd,k n,h wdh;k lsysmhla w;r fn§hdu ksid iyfhda.S;dj u;
ls%hd;aul jk foaYmd,k n, wêldrhka lsysmhla iys; md,k l%uhla
ìys jQfha h'
kùlrKfha wx. lsysmhla iudc úoHd{hka úiska fmkajd §
we;' wd¾Ól kùlrKh" foaYmd,k kùlrKh" wOHdmk kùlrKh"
ckudOH kùlrKh" m%jdyk kùlrKh tAjd w;ßka jeo.;a fõ'
oyih yd ody;ajk ishjiaj, tx.,ka;h m%Odk hqfrdamSh iudch
;=< we;sjk ld¾ñl ixj¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,i idïm%Þhslj mej;s
lDIsl¾uh yd ÿq l¾udka; mokula u; /£ mej;shd jQ wd¾Ólh
ld¾ólrKhg ,laúh' tA fya;=fjka hka;% iQ;% Ndú;h by< .sh
w;r uyd mßudk l¾udka;Yd,d l%uhla ìysúh' tfia u lDIsl¾ufha
idïm%Þhl;ajh fjkia ù jHdmdßl lDIsl¾uhla njg m;aúh' hka;%
iQ;% Ndú;h ksid ksIamdok Odß;dj by< .sfha h' tfia u k.r
wdYs%; j mq¿,a fj<|fmd<la o ìysúh' m%jdykh ÈhqKqjla fia u tys
ld¾hCIu;dj o j¾Okh úh' fï ;;a;ajh fya;=fldg f.k wd¾Ólh
idïm%Þhsl uÜgfï isg ÈhqKq jHdmdßl uÜgula olajd mßj¾;kh úh'
fjf<|fmd< wka;¾ cd;sl uÜgug m;aúh' f,dal wd¾Ólfha isÿ jQ fï
j¾Okh wd¾Ól kùlrKh f,i y÷kajhs'

m%xY wdKavq úma,jfha wdNdih ,enQ hqfrdamSh cd;Ska idïm%Þhsl
rdcdKavq md,k l%uh fjkqjg ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavq f.dvkxjd
.ekSu i|yd fjfyi ±Íh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i mdrïmßl Wreuhla f,i
33
ie,l+ md,k n,h ms<sn| iïm%Þh fjkia ù uyck mrudêm;H ixl,amh
hgf;a jk md,k l%uhla ia:dmkh flß‚' ck;d ksfhdað;hka u.ska
md¾,sfïka;= l%uh yryd md,k lghq;= fufyhùu wdrïN jQfha fï
wkqjhs' ksfhdað; m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhla ;=<ska —jHjia:dkql+, jdoh˜
keue;s ixl,amh hgf;a md,k lghq;= fufyhù h' tA woyi wkqj
—kS;sfha wdêm;Hh˜ ms<sn| ixl,amh f,dj mqrd jHdma; úh' ieug
by<ska kS;sh mj;sk nj kS;sfha wdêm;H ixl,amfha woyi hs' fuf,i
idïm%Þhsl rdcdKavq md,k l%uhl isg kQ;k m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uh
olajd foaYmd,k ls%hdÞufha isÿ jQ j¾Okh foaYmd,k kùlrKh kñka
y÷kajd we;'
kùlrKfha § wOHdmk kùlrKhg o úYd, jeo.;alula ysñ fõ'
mer‚ idïm%Þhsl wOHdmkh fjkqjg kQ;k hq.fha jeo.;a jk úIh
m:hka yd l%ufõohka Tiafia wOHdmkh kùlrKh ù we;' kùlrKh
ksid wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a ùu;a ixlS¾K ù ;sîu;a olakg ,efí'
mer‚ idïm%Þhsl iudch ;=< mej;s wOHdmkfha w.kdlï muKla
fkdj wOHdmkfhka wjOdrKh flreKq wdl,amj, o fjkila isÿ ù
we;' wOHdmkh ;=< kQ;k ;dCIK úIhhkag jeä jeo.;alula ,eî
we;' fuf,i idïm%Þhsl wOHdmk l%ufõo yd .=Kdx. fjkia ù kQ;k
;dlaIK wOHdmk l%ufõo olajd wOHdmkfha isÿ jQ fjki wOHdmk
kùlrKfhka idlÉPd flf¾'
mer‚ iudch ndysr iïnkaO;d wvq" yqol,dj mej;s tlls'
tneúka ndysr f;dr;=re ms<sn| j o jeä Wkkaÿjla fkd;sì‚' wOHdmk
wjYH;d" ikaksfõok wjYH;d wdÈfhys o jeä jeo.;a lula tu
iudchg fkdùh' lgl;d" ckm%jdo" ´md¥m wdÈh u.ska f;dr;=re
ikaksfõokh lr.;a kuq;a iudch fjkia lr,Sfï m%n, yelshdjla
tAjdg fkdùh' ;dCIKh" ±kqu j¾Okh fjñka kj f,djlg msh
k.k iudchl wOHdmkh ,eîu" f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu" ±kqu fidhd
.ekSu jeks ;;a;ajhka ksid ckudOHhkays jeo.;alu o j¾Okh úh'
tA wjYH;dj u; mqj;am;a" .=jkaúÿ,sh" rEmjdys‚h" iskudj muKla
fkdj wka;¾cd,h jeks ckudOH fuj,ï Ndú;hg .eksKs' fï
wdldrfhka nyq ckudOHlrKhla kQ;k iudcfha olakg ,efí' mer‚
idïm%Þhsl iudch ±kqu ;dCIKh yd f;dr;=re fidhd hk iudchla
34
olajd j¾Okh jkúg ckudOH fËa;%h ;=< we;s jQ j¾Okh ckudOH
kùlrKh ;=<ska meyeÈ,s flf¾' wo f,dalh úYaj .ïudkhla (Global
Village) njg m;aùu i|yd ckudOH kùlrKh fya;= úh'
ñksidf.a wjYH;d j¾Okh ù jdksc iudchla njg idïm%Þhsl
iudch fjkia ùu;a iu. m%jdykfha wjYH;dj j¾Okh úh'
úfYaIfhka fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh ìysùu;a" kd.ÍlrKfha n,mEu;a
u; m%jdykfha wjYH;dj u;= úh' ;dCIKfha j¾Okh yd ld¾ólrKfha
n,mEu u; m%jdyk Wml%u yd WmlrKj, ÈhqKqjla we;s fõ' ÈhqKq ud¾.
moaO;shla ks¾udKh ùu;a" niar:" f,dß r:" ÿïßh" kdúl hd;%d" .=jka
hdkd" jeks m%jdyk WmlrK ksIamdokh ksid m%jdykfha j¾Okhla
fuka u ld¾hlaIu;djla we;s ù ;sfí' fï ;;a;ajh m%jdyk kùlrKh
f,i ye¢kafjk w;r f,dal iudchla ks¾udKh ùu Wfoid w¨;a
iudc iïnkaO;d cd,hla ks¾udKh ùu m%jdyk kùlrKh u.ska isÿ
ù we;'
ld¾ólrKh
iudchla fjkiaùu i|yd n,mdkq ,nk jeo.;a idOlhla
f,i ld¾ólrKh o ye¢kaúh yels h' ld¾ólrKfhka m%lg jkafka
iudcfhys Wiia ;dCIKhla iys; hdka;s%l fuj,ï Ndú;h j¾Okh
jk wdldrh hs' ld¾ólrKh f,dj mqrdu fõ.j;a j me;sÍhdu u.ska
iudch fjkia ùug isÿ jQ n,mEu úYd, h'
ld¾ólrKhg moku jQfha kj fidhd .ekSï iuqÞh hs' hqfrdamSh
iudcfha ld¾ñl úma,jhla we;s jkafka o tu fidhd .ekSu ksid h'
úfYaIfhka jdIamn, hka;%h" úÿ,scklh ksmoùu;a udkj YsIagdpdrh
kj u.lg fhduq lsÍug iu;a úh' Wiia ;dCIKhla iys; hka;%iQ;%
Ndú;fhka ;u ld¾hhka ld¾hCIu j bgqlr .ekSug yelsùu ksid
tn÷ WmlrK Ndú;h by< .sfha h' tA u; f,dal iudch fõ.fhka
ld¾ólrKhg ,la jkakg úh'
ld¾ólrKh ;dCI‚l ÈhqKqfõ m%;sM,hls' ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh
;=< mej;s idïm%Þhsl nj bj;a ù kj ;dCIKh Bg wdfoaY jQ wdldrh
ksoiqkla f,i ±laúh yels h' idïm%Þhsl lDIsl¾uh Y%uh Wmfhda.S
35
lrf.k isÿ lf<a h' ñksia yd i;a;aj Y%uh fjkqjg hka;% wdfoaY ùu
ld¾ólrKfha m%;sM,hls' fï ksid jvd myiqfjka ;u ld¾hhka lr
.ekSug wjldYh ,eì‚' tfiau wvq úhoulska jeä ksmehqula ,nd.;
yels úh' fï ;;a;ajh u; ,dNh jeä jQjd fiau ld,h b;sß lr
.ekSug o yels úh' úfõlh yd úfkdaoh fjkqfjka ld,h jeh lsÍug
jeä wjia:djla thska ,eì‚'
ld¾ólrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i .Dyia; uÜgfï mej;s l¾udka;
k.r flaJø lr .ksñka uyd mßudK l¾udka; Yd,d njg m;afõ'
úYd, mqyqKq Y%u n,ldhl wjYH;djla fï ksid cks; fõ' tjeks
Y%ñlhka msßila .ïj, isg meñK l¾udka; Yd,d wjg mÈxÑ ùu ksid
w¨;a iudc mßirhla ks¾udKh jk wdldrh fmfka' iudcfhys tf;la
mej;s mq¿,a iudc iïnkaO;d iys; úia;dß; mjq,a tAllh fjkqjg
ÿria: iïnkaO;d iys; kHIaál mjq,a tAll kd.ßl m%foaYhkays
ks¾udKh ù we;af;a úúO m%foaYj,ska k.r lrd meñ‚ fujeks whf.ks'
ld¾ólrKh uyd mßudK l¾udka; Yd,d moaO;shla ks¾udKh
lsÍu fya;=fjka Y%ufha jákdlu wNsNjd m%d.aOkh yd jHjidhhkays
jeo.;alu bÈßhg meñfKa' ,dNh wruqKq lr.;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,shla
mej;Su ksid uqo,g by< jákdlula ,enq‚' kshñ; jev meh .Kkla
ksYaÑ; jegqmla u; fiajh lrkq ,nk Y%ñlhka msßila lïlrejka f,i
fiajh l<y' fiajlhka jegqma jeälr .ekSu i|yd;a jHjidhlhka
,dNh jeälr .ekSu i|yd;a .;a W;aidyh ;=< lïlre mka;sh yd
jHjidh ysñlrejkaf.a mka;sh w;r wr.,hla biau;= úh' fï jk úg
f.dvke.S ;snK
q q ,snr,a m%c;ka;j
% d§ md,k l%uh lsh
% d;aul jQfha ck;d
Pkaofhka m;a jQ ksfhdað;hka u.ska ùu;a" lïlre mka;sfha iydh
foaYmd,k ixia:djg wjYH jQ ksid;a lïlre mka;sh foaYmd,kSlrKh
úh' lïlre jHdmdr iEu rglg mdfya foaYmd,kfha lemSfmfkk
jákdlula ysñlr.;a nj fmfka'

Y%u úNckh yd úfYaI m%d.=KHh ld¾ólrKfha ;j;a m%jK;djls'
jev fnod.ekSu kQ;k iudcfha olakg ,efnk úfYaI ;;a;ajhls'
iuia;h tla wfhl= úiska lrkjdg jvd tla wfhl= úiska tla fldgila
ksu lsÍu Y%u úNckfha ,CIKhhs'

36
mßir ¥IKh ld¾ólrKfha m%;súmdlhls' úYd, ck.ykhla
l=vd m%foaYhl mÈxÑj isàu ksid mßir ydksh jvd ;Sj% úh' th
k.rj, meje;aug o ndOdldÍ ù ;sîfuka fï m%Yakfha we;s ne?reï nj
jgyd .; yels h' ld¾ólrKh ksid jvd myiqfjka ,dNodhs f,i yd
ld¾hCIu wdldrfhka ld¾hhka lr .ekSfï bvlv ,eî ;sfí' tys
m%;s,dNh ksid iuia; iudch u iqj myiqj fuka u úfõlho N=la;s ú£'
kuq;a wiunr ld¾ólrKh fya;=fjka udkj j¾.hdf.a meje;aug
;¾ckhla o t,a, ù we;s nj fmkajd Èh yels h'
kd.ÍlrKh

iudch fjkia ùu i|yd n,mdkq ,nk idOlhla f,i
kd.ÍlrKh iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ie,ls,a,g Ndckh jQ ixl,amhls'
wd¾Ólhla m%d:ñl lDIsld¾ñl wxYh wNsNjd oaú;shsl wxYh jk ld¾ñl
wxYfha jeo.;alu jeälr .ekSug hdfï m%;sM,hla f,i l¾udka;
j¾Okh fõ' tf,i l¾udka; wxYh m%n, ùfuka uyd mßudk l¾udka;
Yd,d ìys fõ' úYd, l¾udka; flaJø.; jk m%foaY wdYs%; j tAjdfha
fiajdjka i|yd úYd, Y%ñlhka msßila ixflakaø.; fõ' Tjqkaf.a
wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd fjf<|fmd<" uxudj;a" mdi,a" frday,a" wd§ fmdÿ
myiqlï j¾Okh fõ' th k.r ks¾udKh ùu ke;fyd;a kd.ÍlrKh
hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
kd.ßl m%foaYj, /lshd i|yd .%dóh m%foaYj,ska úYd, Y%ñlhka
msßila meñKSu olakg ,efí' tu Y%u ixp,;dj ksid kd.ßl m%foaYj,
jeä ck.ykhla we;s fõ' tA ksid kd.ßl ;onoh iEu k.rhlg u
fmdÿ ;;a;ajhla fõ' iEu fokdg u fldgq jqKq iSud jqKq Ôú; we;s
ùug
fï ;;a;ajh fya;= ù we;'
kd.ÍlrKfhys wksjd¾h ,CIK lsysmhla y÷kd.; yels h'
l¾udka;Yd,d nyq, ùu tla ,CIKhls' kd.ÍlrKh we;s ùu i|yd
uQ,sl j n,mdkq ,nk idOlh jkafka uyd mßudk l¾udka; Yd,d
ìysùu hs' jeä ck.ykhla k.r lrd we§ tkafka l¾udka; Yd,d ksid h'
tu l¾udka; Yd,dj,;a bka ndysrj;a ÈhqKq Y%u úNckhka olakg
,eîu tys ;j;a jeo.;a ,CIKhls' l¾udka;Yd,d ;=< jev fnodf.k
we;a;d fia u iuia; kd.ßl iudch ;=< u tu ,CIK olakg ,efí'
kd.ßl iudch ;=< tla tla mqoa.,hd úúO ld¾hka bgqlrkq ,nhs'
37
kd.ÍlrKfha m%Odk ,CIKh iQCIu Y%u úNckhla mej;Su nj tñ,a
vq
¾layhsï i|yka lr we;'
kd.ÍlrKfha jeo.;a ,CIKhla f,i uqo,a Ndú;h jeäùu
yd jdkscFjh m%n,ùu ±laúh yels h' k.rh ls%hd;aul jkafka
fjf<|fmd< l%uh u.sks' b,aü iemhqu u; isÿ flfrk .kqfokq
tys uQ,sl fjf<|dug moku fõ' fjf<|dug ;ek ,eîu ksid uqo,a
jeo.;a udOHhla jk w;r uqo,g we;s b,aü yd ie,ls,a, o by< hhs'
fjf<|fmd< u; r|d mj;sk kd.ßl iudcfha idrO¾u ì|jeà uqof,a
w.h by<g meñK we;af;a tA ksid h'
lïlre mka;sh" Okm;s mka;sh jeks ixlS¾K mka;s mßirhla
k.rfha olakg ,efí' Tjqka w;r we;s mr;rh úYd, h' .%dóh
iudcfha we;s - ke;s mr;rhg jvd úYd, mr;rhla kd.ßl iudcfha
we;s - ke;s mka;s w;r ;sfí' fï ksid mka;s úIu;dj kd.ßl iudcfhys
jvd ;Sj% njla olakg ,efí'
kd.ÍlrKfha jákd ,CIK lsysmhla iudc úoHd{hka úiska
olajd we;' ÈhqKq fjf<|fmd<la mej;Su;a ;r.ldÍ nj;a ksid .=Kd;aul
njla ksIamdokfha fuka u fjf<|dfï § o olakg ,efí' kd.ßl
m%foaYj, ukd mßmd,khla mej;Su" mdi,a" frday,a" uxudj;a" c,h"
úÿ,sh" ikaksfõokh jeks fmdÿ myiqlï j¾Okh ù ;sîu" úfYaIfhka
nyq udOH l%uhla mej;Su ksid ±kqu úfkdaÞiajdoh ,nd.ekSfï l%u
iq,N ùu kd.ÍlrKfha jákd ,CIK fõ' ksIamdokj,g muKla ysñ
j ;snqKq wd¾Ólh ;=<g fiajd wxYhka meñfKkqfha o kd.ÍlrKfha
m%;sM,hla jYfhks' le<s li, neyer lsÍu" uxudj;a kv;a;=j" fi!LH
myiqlï wdÈh i|yd fiajd iemhSu i|yd kj jHjidhl;aj flakaøhka
ìys
úh'
iudc úoHdfõ § kd.ÍlrKh keu;s ixl,amh jeä jYfhka u
idlÉPd flfrkafka ngysr iudc wdY%fhks' tfy;a ngysr ÈhqKq
iudcj, yd wvq ixj¾Okhla iys; iudchkays kd.ÍlrKfha
fjkialï olakg ,efí' ÈhqKq rgj, ld¾ñl k.r olakg ,efnk w;r
wvq ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj, jdKsc k.r jeä jYfhka olakg ,efí'
jdKsc k.rj, ,CIKh jkafka øjH tla/ia lr fnÞ.ekSuhs' fï
ksid ksIamdolhdg jvd w;rueÈhd jeä ,dN ,nhs' ÈhqKq rgj, we;af;a
38
ld¾ñl k.rhs' tys jeämqr u wf,ú jkafka ld¾ñl m%d.aOkh hs'
th m%;s wdfhdackhla f,i kej; ,eîu ksid ld¾ñl ixj¾Okhla tu
iudch ;=< kej; kej; isÿ fõ'

kd.ÍlrKfha ;j;a jeo.;a ,CIKhla jkafka kd.ßl m%foaYhka
.%dóh m%foaYhkag isÿlrkq ,nk n,mEïh' —uelaisï ueßhï˜ kï iudc
úoHd{hdf.a woyi jkafka kd.ÍlrKh hkq k.r ;u n, m%foaY jHdma;
lr.ekSuhs' .%dóh m%foaY w¾O kd.ßl m%foaY njg;a" w¾O kd.ßl
m%foaY kd.ßl m%foaY njg;a" mßj¾;kh jk nj Tyqf.a woyi hs'
.%dóh m%foaY  w¾O kd.ßl m%foaY  kd.ßl m%foaY
njg m;aùu njg m;aùu
kd.ÍlrKfha n,mEu u; ixialD;sl fjkialï /ila isÿfõ'
isß;a úß;aj, fjkia ùï fuys§ lemS fmfka' fmdÿnj" iduQysl;ajh"
mfrdamldrh jeks .%dóh iudcfha mej;s Wiia hehs iïu; ixialD;sl
,CIK fjkia ù uqo,a u; mj;sk iudchla njg m;afõ' wd.ñl
idrO¾u yd yeisÍï ;=< jQ Y%oaOd - Nla;sh fjkqjg ndysr idfgdamldÍ
ckms%h ,CIKj,g uq,a;ek ,efí' NdIdfõ mjd olakg ,efnkafka
ixlr njls' fndfydaúg NdId lsysmhl iïñYs%; jHjydrhla olakg
,efí' ,dxlsl kd.ßl iudch ;=< bx.s%is NdIdfõ jpk iïñY%s; njla
jeä jYfhka ;sîu ksoiqkla f,i ±laúh yels h'
wNHdih
1' iudch fjkiaùu i|yd n,mdkq ,nk idOl kï lrkak'
2' kùlrKfha wx. y;r olajkak'
3' ld¾ólrKfha hym;a yd whym;a ,CIK ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
4' kd.ÍlrKfha hym;a yd whym;a ,CIK ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
5' YS% ,dxlsl kd.ßl iudcfha iajNdjh hk ud;Dldj hgf;a
mqj;am;lg ,smshla iïmdokh lrkak'
39
2'4 nqÿ oyu weiqßka YS% ,dxlsl iudch mßKduh jQ wdldrh
ls%(mq( 247 § muK isÿ jQ ñys÷ ysñhka f.a ,xld.ukh" YS% ,dxlsl
b;sydifha b;d jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,fla' YS% ,dxlsl ck
iudch iqúi,a fjkilg ,la lr,Su ms‚i uyskaÞ.ukh fya;= ù
;sîu tjeks woyila we;sùu flfrys n,mdkq ,enq uQ,sl idOlhls'
ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia fojkmE;sia rcq ñiail mõfõ § m<uq jrg
uqK.efikafka tA rc;=ud uqj ovhfï f.dia isáh § h' ovhï lsÍfï
we;s jro rc;=udg myod ÿka ñys÷ ysñfhda —uyrc Tn fï rfÜ
Ndrlrejd ñi whs;slrejd fkdfõ˜ hkqfjka m%ldY l<y' tu jokska
ixfla;j;a jkafka ,dxlsl iudc moaO;shu mßj¾;khlg ,lalsÍu
i|yd ñys÷ uy ry;ka jykafia f.a foaYkd fya;= jQ njhs' rc;=ud ÿkq yS
bj; ±ófuka yeÕfjkafka ixl,amSh jYfhka isÿ jQ fjki iudcfhys
;yjqre jQ wdldrhhs'
;siai rc;=udf.a nqoaêu;a Ndjh úuiSu i|yd ñysÿ ysñhka
úuiQ wU mekh yd ×;s mekh iudcuh jYfhka jeo.;alula
iys; ixjdohls' mqoa.,fhl= ;ud Ôj;ajk iudcfha fldgila
f,i Bg wkqnoaOj isàfï jákdlu tu.ska wjOdrKh
flf¾' mqoa.,hd yd iudch w;r we;s in|;dj ;yjqre
flfrk fï mÍlaIKfhka mqoa.,hd ;=< we;s fjk iÞpdr mßydksh
iudc mßydksh;aa iu. noaOjk wdldrh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug
iu;a fõ'
ñys÷ udysñfhda uq,au O¾u foaYkh i|yd pq,a, y;aÓ mfodamu iQ;%h
f;dard .;ay' tfia lsÍug úfYaI fya;=jla ;sìK' nqÿka jykafia ms<sn| j
fyda O¾uh ms<sn| j fyda jegySula fkdue;s ,la ck;djg úu¾Ykd;aul
j tA ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd u. fmkaùula t u.ska ,nd
§ug Wkajykafia n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQy' tys i|yka jk mßÈ wef;l=f.a
wä i,l=K wkqj we;df.a m%udKh f;areï .ekSug W;aidy ±Íu;a" tu
W;aidyh u; wjidkfha § úYd,; u yia;srdchd y÷kd .ekSug yelsjk
wdldrfhka O¾ufha .eUqr olsñka nqÿrcdKka jykafia y÷kd .ekSug
W;aiql úh hq;= nj tys m%dfhda.sl w¾:hhs' úúO ñ:Hd úYajdihkays
t,anf.k isák msßilg ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhla ;=<ska i;H wjfndaO
lr .ekSu i|yd u`.fmkaùu fï foaYkdfjka isÿ l< wdldrh fmfka'

40
;siai rc;=ud we;=¨ msßig O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu i|yd f;dard.;a
fma;j;a:q úudkj;a:q weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrk ,oafoa fyd| - krl" hym;
- whym;" ke;fyd;a mska - mj ms<sn| ixl,amh hs' tkï hymf;ys
yeisfrkafkda iq.;shg hk nj;a" whymf;ys kshef,kafkda ÿ.;s.dó jk
nj;ah' Y%S ,dxlsl iudch ;=< m%n, fjkila mska - mõ ms<sn| ixl,amh
ksid isÿ jQ wdldrh ±l.; yels h' rcq we;=¿ msßi úfkdaoh ms‚i ovh-
fï hdu ;=<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka mska - mõ ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkd;snqKq
nj h' tjka iudchla ffu;s%h iys; udkisl ;;a;ajhlg mßj¾;kh
jQfha fujeks b.ekaùï ksid h'
nqÿ oyfï wdNdih ksid YS% ,dxlsl iudcfhys je-
jhs" Þ.enhs" .uhs" mkai,hs hk ixl,amhla f.dv ke.sKs'
fuu ixl,amh iudc úoHd;aul mokula u; we;s jQjls'
jej wd¾Ól iYS%l;ajfha ixfla;h hs' fn!oaO iudcfha m%uqL
Ôjfkdamdh jQ lDIsl¾uh jefõ Èhjr u; r\ mj;S' tneúka jej
iajhxfmdaIs; .eñ wd¾Ólfha moku úh' lsisfjl= f.a fm!oa.,sl jia;=jla
fkdjQ jej ish¨ fokdf.a Ôú; wdrlaId lf<a h' th mrd¾: p¾hdj ms<sn|
fn!oaO ixl,amfha ixfla;hla jeks h' jej m;=f,ka lemqKq mfika
;ekqKq .fvd,ska Þ.enla ks¾udKh úh' Þ.en úuqla;sfha ixfla;h hs'
f,!lsl Ôú;h jefjka fmdaIKh lr.;a .eñhdf.a wdOHd;añl Ôú;h
fmdaIKh jQfha Þ.en u.sks' ksjka u. mila lr.ekSu ms‚i úydria:dk
lrd hk Wmdil Wmdisldjka m<uqj Þ.en fj; hkafka nqÿkajykafia
fj; hk Y%oaOdiïmkak is;sks' jefõ yd Þ.efnys /ljrKh u; mej;s
ckmoh .uhs' f,!lsl iïm;aj,ska o wdOHd;añl ika;=Iaáfhka o hq;a
ksrjq,a iduldó Ôú;hla .ïjeishkg ,eî ;sì‚' tjeks Ôú;hla we;s
lr.ekSu i|yd u.fmkaùu ,enqfKa .fï mkaif,ks' mkai, .fuka
wúfhdackSh jQ iïnkaO;d u.ska Yla;su;aj ne£ mej;s‚' wo olajd u
fndfyda .%dóh m%foaYj, tu Yla;su;a iïnkaO;d tf,iska u wdrCId
ù ;sfí'
hg;a úð; hq.h olajd u YS% ,xldfõ Yla;su;a wd¾Ól l%uhla
mej;sfha o nqÿ oyfï u.fmkaùu fya;=fjks' f.dú;ek" idOdrK
fjf<|du" rdcH fiajh jeks /lshd Wiia Ôjk jD;a;Ska f,i nqÿ
oyfuys w.h lsÍug ,la ù we;' tA u. .uka .;a Y%S ,dxlsl iudch
41
o tjeks jD;a;Ska u.ska ;u Ôúldj lr .ekSu W;aiql úh' mer‚
rc orejka mjd jmau.=,a W;aij wdÈhg iyNd.S fjñka lDIsld¾ñl
Ôú;h w.h lrk ,oafoa tu ms<s.ekSu ksid h' idOdrK ud¾.j,ska
Okh bmehSu;a wjYH;d wkqj jeh lsÍu;a b;sß lsÍu ms<sn| m‚úvh;a
nqÿ oyñka ,dxlsl iudchg ,eîu iudcfha n,j;a fjkilg u.
mEÿfõ h'
zz taflk fNdaf. N+[afchH - oaùys lïux mfhdacfha

p;=:x p ksOdfmhH - wdmÞiq Núiai;s ZZ

is.df,dajdo iQ;%fha i|yka jk fu jeks b.ekaùï Y%S ,dxlsl
iudcfha wd¾Ól ls%hdÞuh fjkia uÕlg fhduq lr,Sug iu;a úh'
l+goka; iq;%fha § rfÜ md,lhd úiska ck;djf.a wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okh Wfoid ls%hd l< hq;= wdldrh olajd we;' fydrlu ¥IKh
jeks wmrdO wju lr.ekSu ms‚i rfÜ ixj¾Okhla we;s úh hq;= nj
meyeÈ,s flf¾' fujeks wmrdOj,g ñksiqka fm<fUkafka ÿmam;alu
ksid nj;aa md,lhd ÿmam;alu ke;slr,Su i|yd ls%hd l< hq;= nj;a
i|yka lr we;' fjf<|du lrkq leu;s whg uQ, Okh iemhSu;a"
f.dú;ek i|yd c, iïmdok lghq;= lr§u;a" îc yd bvï ,nd§u;a
md,lhdf.a j.lSu nj;a ±lafõ' fï b.ekaùï .refldg .;a ,laÈj
rcjre jeõ wuqKq bÈ l<y' ck;dj wdrËd lsÍu ;u mru hq;=lu
f,i i,ld ls%hd l<y' tu ls%hd l,dmh Y%S ,dxlsl iudch Wiia
;;a;ajhg m;aùug fya;= úh'

Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,k lafIa;%h nqÿ oyfï n,mEu u; úYd, f,i
fjkia ù we;' md,lhd úiska ;u rgjeishd orejka fia i,ld l%shd l<
hq;= nj nqÿ oyfï i|yka h' tys § md,lhd úiska oi rdcO¾u kñka
y÷kajd we;s O¾u;d oyhla wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj olajhs' Þkh" iS,h"
mß;Hd.h" w.% nj" ueoy;a nj" ;fmda .=Kh" fl%daO fkdlsÍu" wúysxidjd§
nj" bjiSu" wúfrdaO;dj hk lreKq oyh wkq.ukh lsÍu u;
ck;djf.a iqN isoaêh ie,fia' i;r ix.%y jia;= ms<sn| woyi jvd
hym;a foaYmd,khla i|yd fya;= fõ' Þkh" ms%sh jpkh" iudkd;au;dj"
w¾:p¾hdj
hk isõ wdldrfhka ix.%y lsÍu fuys woyi fõ'
42
Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfhys úêu;a ÈhqKq f,aLk iïm%Þhhla j¾Okh
jkafka uyskaÞ.ukfhka miqjhs' iïmQ¾K wlaIr ud,djla mjd
fkd;snqK iudchl fujeks f,aLk iïm%Þhla j¾Okh jQfha nqÿ oyfï
n,mEu ksid h' ;,amf;a isg f,ka ,sms" fi,a ,sms olajd me;sreK
f,aLk l,dj miq ld,Skj uyd idys;H iïm%Þhla njg m;a úh' cd;l
fmd;" nq;airK" wudj;=r" ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh wdÈ nKl:d idys;Hhla
fuka u iiÞj;" uqjfoõÞj;" l=iÞlj" lõis¿ñK" jeks uyd ldjH
iïm%Þhhla o j¾Okh jQfha nqÿ oyfï u. fmkaùu ;=<sks' ñyska;,fha
—uyd ld, m%ido˜ msßfjfkka wdrïN ù hq.fhka hq.hg rg mqrd jHdma;
jQ msßfjka wOHdmkh fn!oaO idys;H fmdaIKfha kshuqjd njg m;a
úh' Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha nK l:d idys;H j¾Okh lsÍfuys fuka u
iudcfha idlaIr;dj j¾Okh lr,Su flfrys o úYd, fufyhla
msßfjka wOHdmkfhka isÿ úh' tA wkqj nKl:d weiSfï yd lshùfï
iïm%Þhla j¾Okh jQfha h' fï ;;a;ajh O¾u ×kh j¾Okh lsÍug
fuka u hym;a p¾hd iys; iudchla ks¾udKh ùug fya;= úh'
lsis f,ilska lïmd fkdùfï .=Kh hym;a iïnkaO;d we;s lr
.ekSu ms‚i fya;= ù ;sfí' Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha mqoa.,hd f,fyisfhka
lïmd fkdjk" f,fyisfhka m%fldam l< fkdyels" iduldó"
bjis,sjka;" wfhl= njg m;aj we;af;a nqÿ oyñka ,;a uÕ fmkaùu
ksid h' Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudcfha mj;sk W;=ï p¾hd O¾uhka jk
wd.ka;=l i;aldrh" mfrdamldrh jeks .=Kdx. úfoaYslhka f.a mjd
f.!rjhg md;% ù we;' —tÞ fy<Èj˜ lD;sh rpkd l< frdnÜ fkdlaia
Y%S ,dxlslhka w~ onr lr fkd.;a iuldó ck;djla jQ nj olajd we;'
mSvdjg m;a ljfrl=g jqj o Wmldr lsÍu Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a isß; úh'
iqkdñ wdmÞ wjia:dfõ § Y%S ,dxlsl ckhd wkHhka yg Wmldr lsÍug
bÈßm;a jQ wdldrh foi úfoaYslfhda uú;fhka n,d isáhy' tjeks
;;a;ajhka nqÿ oyu ksid Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha ia:dmkh ù mj;sk iudc
w.kdlï f,i w.h l< hq;= fõ'
43
wNHdih
1' flá ld,Sk j iudch fjkiaùu i|yd fya;= jk idOl 03la
olajkak'
2' flá ld,Sk j iudch fjkia lrkq ,nk tla idOlhla ms<sn|
úia;r lrkak'
3' È.= ld,Sk j iudch fjkia lsÍug bjy,a jk idOl fudkjdo@
4' tjeks idOl folla ;=<ska iudcfhys È.= ld,Sk fjkila isÿjk
wdldrh fmkajd fokak'
5' —ngysr n,mEï u; wfma rfÜ iudcfhys isÿ jQ È.= ld,Sk fjkialï˜
ms<sn| YsIH iñ;sfha Tn úiska mj;ajkq ,nk l:djl msgm;la
ilia lrkak'
6' nqÿ oyu weiqßka ,xld iudch ;=< isÿ jQ fjkialï ,ehsia;=.;
lrkak'
44
03 ixialD;sh
3'1 —ixialD;sh˜ iudc úoHd;aul oDIaaá fldaKfhka ks¾jpk

wdY%s; j y÷kd .ekSu
ixialD;sh Culture hk jpkfhka hqfrdamh ;=< m%p,s; jQ msßiqÿ
nj" ilialrk ,oao" yev.iajk ,oao hk w¾: fok zzixialD;shZZ iudc
yd udkj úoHd{hska úiska th úoHd;aul w¾:fhka y÷kajd § ;sfí'
lsishï ck iuQyhl iqúfYaI Ôjk rgdj ixialD;sh f,i ye¢kaúh
yels h' ñksidf.a iudc Wreuh jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels ixialD;sh"
w§k is;=ú,s mrïmrdjl ixfla;h fõ' ixialD;sfhka f;dr iudchla
fyda iudcfhka f;dr ixialD;shla fyda fkdmeje;sh yels nj;a"
ixialD;shla mj;ajd f.k hd yelafla ñksidg muKla nj;a iudc yd
udkj úoHd{fhda ikd: lr;s'
tfia u ixialD;shla ;j;a ixialD;shlska fjkia jkafka fN!;sl
iajrEm jk l÷fy,a" ;eks;,d" foaY.=Kh" jDCI,;d" NdIdj yd wd.u"
wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k jeks idOl u; h' fndfyda ÿrg mdßißl idOl
u; udkj is;=ï me;=ï f.dvkef`.a' tla ñksfil=f.a woyia (Ideas)
jqj o iudchl fmdÿ ms<s.ekSulg ,laùfuka ixialD;sl jákdlula
Bg ,efí' ksoiqka f,i wdydr wjYH;dj bgqlr .ekSu iòyd ovhï
lsÍu" iFj md,kh" f.dú;eka lsÍu o tfia u kj ±kqu ,nd .ekSu
iòyd hdjÔj wOHdmkh o fhdod .kshs' tfia u ixialD;sl úúO;ajh
iudc yd udkj úoHdj ;=< Wiia my;a f,i fjkalr wkqu; fkdlrhs'
lsishï ixialD;shla m%n, ixialD;shla úiska hg;a lr.ekSfuka miqj
uõ ixialD;sfha ,CIK hgm;a lrf.k kj ixialD;sl ,CIK tu
ixialD;sh ;=<g úirKh fjhs' ta nj ngysr cd;Ska úiska wdishdkq
wm%sldkq rgj,a hg;a lr .ekSfuka odhdo l< ñIkdß wOHdmkfhka
meyeÈ,s fjhs' th miqj úêu;a mdi,a wOHdmkhla olajd jHdma; úh'
ixialD;sh ms<snò j iudc úoHd{hskaf.a u;jdo weiqßka ú.%yhla
lsÍfï§ ì%;dkH udkj úoHdfõ mshdjk B' î' ghs,¾ E.B. Tylor f.a
ks¾jpkh uQ,sl;ajfhys,d ie,fla' Tyqf.a woyi wkqj
45
hï flfkl= iudcfha idudðlfhl= jYfhka ,nd.kakd ±kqu" úYajdih"
l,dj" idrOu_" kS;sh" isß;a yd fjk;a yeÈhdjka yd mqreÿ wdÈfhys
tl;=j ;u m%d:ñl ixialD;shhs' (Primitive Culture, 1871) ñksia
Ôú;fha iEu wxYhla u fuu ks¾jpkh ;=<ska ±l we;s nj fmfka'
iudc úoHd;aul j oDIaá fldaKfhka n,k l, wOHdmk Wreuhkag
úfYaI ;ekla ysñ fõ' tkï udkj iudcfha mrmqßka mrmqrg ;u
ixialD;sl Wreuhka f.k hkafka wOHdmksl ±kqu jdylhla f,i fhdod
.ksñks' l,dj" oekqu" idrO¾u wdÈfha iSudjla o olakg fkd,efí'
fuu ks¾jpkh ;=<ska iudÔh Ôú;fha Ndúl in|;d ls%hdldrlï ta
;=<ska ksmojd we;s fuj,ï WmlrK wdÈh o ixialD;sfha ksIamdÈ;hka
njg wre;a fohs' B'î' ghs,¾f.a ks¾jpkfhys isg fï olajd ixialD;sh
ms<sn| j ks¾jpk 165la muK jd¾;d ù ;sfí' ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka" ñksia
p¾hd fyda ixialD;sh ms<snòj ksYaÑ; ks¾jpkhla tl t,af,a Èh
fkdyels nj h'
/,ama ,skagka mejeiqfõ" —ñksid mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg
odhdohla jYfhka f.k hk Ôjk rgd iuqodh ixialD;sh˜
jYfhks' ue,sfkdõialsg wkqj —ñksidf.a ufkdaldhsl wjYH;d imqrd
.ekSug we;slr.;a foh ixialD;shhs'˜ tkï udkùh l%shdldß;ajh ;=<
Wmfhda.S mËh bka wjOdrKhg ,la fõ' we;sjk wjYH;d hïlsis
iudc rduqjla ;=< bgqlr .ekSug m%h;ak ±Ífï § .efgk" mEfyk ish¨
foh fï wkqj ixialD;sh nj ue,sfkdõials f.a woyi úh' f¾ukaâ *¾;a
±lajQfha zzfok ,o Ôjk rgdjla we;=<; mqoa.,hska iuQyhla ixúOdkh
ù we;s wdldrhZZ ixialD;sh nj h' mqoa., iuQyhla hï Ôjk rgd
iuqÞhla f,i wdlD;s .;ùfuka ixialD;sh ixl,amkh jk nj Tyqf.a
woyi úh' iuQyhl N+f.da,Sh iSudj fyda me;sr mj;akd N+ñ m%foaYh"
ld,h jeks iSudldÍ idOlj, n,mEug ixialD;sh hg;a jk nj fï
woyig we;=<;a fõ' tls iSud ;=< hï wkkH Ôjk rgdjla wh;a lr.;a
iuQyhl m%lg ,ËK iuqÞh ixialD;sh nj Tyqf.a w¾:l:khg
w;=<;a úh'
wm iudcfha úiSfuka ,nk" ldg;a fmdÿ jQ" ks;r Ndú; flfrk
wkd.; mrïmrdjg o Ndr fok yeisÍï fudaia;r msgqmiska we;s woyia
iuQyh ixialD;sh nj /âla,s*a n%jqka mjid ;sfí'
46
t,ajqâf.a wjOdkhg ,la jQfha" ixialD;sfha me;sÍu flfrys h'
NdIdj ixialD;sh me;sÍfï m%Odk jdylhd fõ' úúO ,CIK we;s iudc
iïnkaO lrkafka ixialD;sfhka jk w;r ñksid ;uka yd ndysr f,dalh
ms
<snò j ,nd .kakd ±kqu yd yelshdjkq;a wh;a jkafka ixialD;shg h'
iudc úoHd úYaj fldaIhg wkqj ixialD;sh —ixfla;dkqidrfhka
iudÔh
f,i ysñfldg .;a;d jQ;a" rgdjkag Èh yels iduQysl kduh˜hs'
ixialD;sh ñksidf.a Ôú;h yd fl;rï ÿrg noaO ù we;a±hs
hkak" ue,sfkdjqials úiska ixialD;sh iudc Ôú;fha h:d¾:h iam¾Y
lrkakla f,i y÷kajd§u u.ska u ikd: lrhs'
3'2 ixialD;shg wdfõ‚l úúO ,CIK

3'2'1 ixialD;sl .egqu - ^Culture Conflict)
ixialD;sh ms<sn| ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla kï ixialD;sl .egqu
yd jHdma;shhs' lsishï ixialD;shlg fjk;a ixialD;shl ms<s.;a wx."
kj iïm%odhka" kS;s Í;s tla lsÍug hdfuka ixialD;sl .egqula we;sfõ'
we;eï úg fuu .egqfï m%;sM,h jkafka .eàug Ndckh jQ ixialD;Ska
folg u wod< fkdjk kj ixialD;shla ìysùu hs' hqoaO" wdl%uK" iqyo
ixl%uK u.ska fuh isÿúh yels h' ,xldjg wêrdcHjd§kaf.a meñKSu
ksid jQ ixialD;sl .egqu fï i|yd ksoiqka fõ' ñIkdÍ lf;da,sl
wd.u m;=rejd yeÍu" ñIkdß wOHdmkh wdÈh u.ska wêrdcHjd§ka
úiska n,y;aldrfhka ish ixialD;sl Wreuhka Y%S ,dxlslhskag odhdo
lsÍug W;aidy .kakd ,§' tys m%;sM,h jQfha bx.S%is;a fkdjk" isxy,;a
fkdjk" ñY% wd.ka;=l ixialD;shla wmg Wreu ùuhs' uyd ixialD;Ska
yd WmixialD;Ska w;r .egqu o" mrïmrd .egqu o" ixialD;sl .egqug
fya;=ù we;' ixialD;sl jHdma;sh ixialD;sl .egqfï wu;r m%;sM,hls'
ixialD;sl .egqu yd jHdma;sh ms<sn| ixl,amh zzf;dkaiagka fi,skaZZ
kï udkj úoHd{hdf.a bÈßm;a lsÍuls'

.juia wdydrhg .ekSu yskaÿ - oñ, ixialD;sfha neyer flfrk
w;r ngysrg th j,x.= fkdù h' ú,dis;d ms<sn| mj;sk ;reK -
jeäysá u;jd§ wr., wdÈh fulS ixialD;sl .egqïj, m%lg wjia:d
f,i ±laúh yels h'
47
3'2'2 ixialD;sl úirKh' ^Cultural Diffiusion)
19 jk ishjfia § hg;a úð;lrKh iu`. ixialD;sl úirKh
mq¿,a f,i isÿúh' th f,dalh mqrd jHdma; jQfha m%xY" mD;=.Sis"
,kafoais yd bx.S%is hk wêrdcHjd§ md,kh iu`. h' kQ;kfha
ixialD;sl úirKh isÿjkafka nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, ls%hdldß;ajhka"
cd;Hka;r wdh;k yd ckudOHj, ueÈy;a ùu;a yryd h' th kj hg;a
úð;lrKh hs' lsishï ixialD;sl n,mEula ;j;a ixialD;shlg jHdma;
ùfuka ixialD;sl úirKh isÿfjhs' fufia wdhdihlska f;drj isÿjk
ksrdhdi .,d hdu úirKh kñka y`ÿkajhs' fuu ixl,amh bÈßm;a
lrk wh w;r zzm%dkaia fndwdiaZZ iy zzrE;a fnkälaÜZZ m%Odk fõ' /,ama
,skagka kï udkj úoHd{hd mjik wdldrhg ´kEu ixialD;shl
ishhg wkQjla ^90]& wx. úirKh ksid ,nk tajd h'

YS% ,xld iudch wE; w;S;fha isg fmr wmr foÈ. ixialD;sl
úirKhkag ,laúh' th m<uqj m%N+mka;sh w;r jHdma; jQ w;r
bkamiq my< u iudc ia;rhka olajd úirKh úh' ksoiqka f,i
uyskaod.ukfha § isÿ jQ iudc fmr<sh yd kj hg;a úð;lrKfha §
iajfoaYsl kd.ßl mka;sh m<uqj ixialD;sl úirKhg wkqj wkqj¾;kh
ùu;a ie,lsh yels h'
3'2'3 ixialD;sl ,e.au (Cultural lag)

ixialD;sh fjkiaùug tfrys jQ ixialD;sl ,e.au ms<sn|
ixl,amh uq,ajrg y÷kajd ÿkafka weußldkq cd;sl iudc úoHd{fhl= jQ
W.F' T.an¾ka úisks' fuh kHdhla jYfhka bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa o
fudyq úisks' ixialD;sl ,e.au ixialD;sfha fjkiaùfï tla;rd
wjia:djls' iuyr ixialD;sl wx. blaukska fjkia ù j¾Okh
jk w;r ;j;a wx. fjkia fkdù ta wdldrfhka u mj;S kï tys
ixialD;sl ,e.aula we;ehs ms<s.efka' n,j;a ixialD;sl n,mEu ksid
ÿ¾j, ixialD;sl wx. blaukska fjkia jk w;r we;eï wx. ta
wdldrfhka u mj;S kï th ixialD;sl ,e.auls' ksoiqka f,i ÿïßh
yd r:jdyk m%jdykhg tl;= jk fõ.fhka ud¾. moaO;sh yd ud¾.
ix{d ;dCIKh ÈhqKq fkdùu ksid .ukd.uk lghq;=j, m%udohla
olakg ,efnk w;r ßh wk;=re nyq, j isÿ fõ' fï yer ld,.=K
48
úm¾hdihka fuka u wl=Kq wk;=re j<lajd .ekSfï ;dCIKsl WmlrK
Ndú; fkdlsÍu o ixialD;sl ,e.au ksid isÿjkakls' lDIsld¾ñl
hka;% iQ;% fuka u kùk .Dy WmlrK Ndú;hg o fkdf.k
ñksia Y%ufhka lghq;= lsÍfuka o ixialD;sl ,e.au y÷kd.; yels h'
fndfyda úg ixialD;sl ,e.au m%lg jkqfha fN!;sl ÈhqKqjg idfmaË j
woyia" iïm%Þhka yd pdß;% jdß;% fjkia fkdùu ksid nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
tkï fjkialïj,g ,lafkdù isàfï .;dkq.;sl Ñka;kh ixialD;sl
,e.aug u. i,iajk nj meyeÈ,s h'
3'2'4 ixialD;sh yd iudch
ixialD;shlska f;drj iudchlg mej;sh fkdyels h' ixialD;shla
mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj udkj iudchg muKla wh;a fjhs'
m%d:ñl hq.j, Ôj;a jQ mqoa.,fhda o wjg iudch iu`. iïnkaO;d
f.dvk.d .ksñka ixialD;sldx. mj;ajdf.k .shy' w¨;a ;dCIKsl
fuj,ï Ndú;hg yqreùu;a iu`. tu WmlrK ixialD;sl WmlrK
f,i fmkS isá w;r udkj p¾hdjka ixfla;d;aul j p¾hdjla úh'
ixialD;shla we;sjkafka ck iuQyhla tlg Ôj;a ùfuka h' fï i|yd
mrirh n,mdhs' ñksia Ôú;h mj;ajd f.k hdu iòyd wdydr wjYH
fjhs' N+f.da,Sh idOl u; iduQysl ls%hdoduh ñkamiqj wdydr ksmoùu
isÿ lrhs' weußldfõ ;sß`.= ixialD;shla" Ökfha iy,a ixialD;shla we;'
wdydr mdk fuka u we÷ï - me,÷ï o mdßißl idOl u; Ndú; jk
nj fmfka'
ixialD;sh iudch ;=< ia:dms; lsÍfï § udkj mjq, uQ,sl j ls%hd
lrhs' tu.ska mqoa.,hd ixialD;sl i;a;ajfhl= f,i udkj iudchg
iïu; j nkaOkh lrhs' oaú;shsl ixia:djka jk mdi,a wOHdmkh"
kS;sh" wd.u" újdyh u.ska Bg wjk; ùug mqoa.,hdg isÿfjhs' fuu
ls%hd iuQyh msgq miska we;s n,fõ.h ixialD;shhs' wfkla w;g
iudch;a ixialD;sh;a w;r mj;akd ±ä iïnkaO;dj m%jdyhla f,iska
mrmqßka mrmqrg iïnkaO fjhs' fï ksid iuld,Sk mßirh fuka u
wdl,amhkaf.a ixj¾Okhg;a úYd, wkq.%yhla fjhs'
la,lafydaka (Kluckhohn) kï iudc udkj úoHd{hdg
wkqj ixialD;sh uQ,sl jYfhka iudc wjYH;d (Social Needs)
bgq lsÍfï taldhk ud¾.hhs' iudcfha idudðlfhl= f,i ñksid"
49
ñksid fj; we;s udkisl yd fN!;sl wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSfï§ ta
iudcfha iudc ,CIKhkaf.a m%;suQ¾;shla n÷ ixialD;sh tys,d ksYaÑ;
ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhla fmkajk nj Tyq úiska jeäÿrg;a mjid ;sfí'

rE;a fnkälaÜ (Ruth Benedict) kï iudc úoHd{jßh fmkajd fok
;j;a jeo.;a lreKla jkqfha iudchg hïlsis l%uj;a ie,eiaula
;sîug fuu ixialD;sh Wmldr jk njhs' zzge,afldÜ md¾ikaiaZZ kï
iudc úoHd{hd ixialD;sh uQ,sl jYfhka ls%hdldrlï moaO;shla nj
m%ldY lrhs' Tyq olajk wkaoug ixialD;sh we;sjkafka o ñksid tlsfkld
iu`. mj;ajk wka;¾ ls%hdj, n,mEfuks' tfuka u ixialD;sh yd
iudch w;r we;s ne£ï f;areï .ekSug jeo.;a jk wx. ;=kls'
01' woyia (Ideas)
02' O¾u;d (Norms)
03' fN!;sl ixialD;sh (Material Culture)

woyia (Ideas)
woyia kï úúO iudcj, ñksiqkaf.a is;=ï me;=ï h' udkj
úoHd{hska fmkajd fokafka ixialD;sh wkqj ñksiqka fjkiajk njhs'
m%d:ñl iudcfha fidndoyfï ls%hdldß;ajh ie,l=fõ n,.;= foújre
f,ig h' ta i|yd mqo mQcd meje;a jQy' .eñ iudcfha o Bg jvd fjkia
wdldrhg ie<l+y' fidndoyfï ls%hdldß;ajh ñksidf.a meje;aug
Wmldr jk neúka ;u lD;fõ§;ajh ±lajQfha c,h iu. .kqfokq
lsÍfuka h' fn!oaO - yskaÿ wjqreÿ iufha § lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g
Wmldr l< .juySId§kag m%KS; wdydr mdk ÿkafka h' u,a ud,dj,ska
ieriqfõ h' kd.ßl iudcfha woyia m%d:ñl iudcfha yd .eñ iudcfha
ck ú{dkhg fjkia úh' Tjqyq ;¾ldkql+,j is;+y' fn!oaO" yskaÿ"
bia,dï" wd.ñl b.ekaùï wkqj wkq.dñlhska foõf,dj;a wmdh;a
we;ehs ms<s.ks;s' iqpß;h yd ÿIapß;h úYajdi lr;s' oka§u"
is,a /lSu yd Ndjkdkqfhda.S ùu ms<sn| wdOHd;añl ±laula ;sfí' fuu
woyi ixialD;sl woyia f,i fmkajdÈh yels h'
50
O¾u;d (Norms)
iudc ixialD;sh fmdaIKh ùfuys,d O¾u;d jeo.;a fjhs'
iudcfha Ôj;a ùfï§ iudc ú{dkhg wkqj¾;kh jkafka O¾u;d
u.sks' uQ,sl iudcj, O¾u;d pdß;% yd jdß;% f,iska o kùk
iudcj, O¾u;d kS;s Í;s u.skao ls%hd;aul fjhs' fuh újD; j ±lsh
yels jk w;r iudc iïu; yeiSÍï iuqodh ±laúh yels h' ksoiqkla
f,i wd.ñl mQckSh ia:dkhlg we;=,aùfï§ iqÿj;ska ieriSu"
ysiajeiqï iy mdjyka .e,ùu yskaÿ fldaú,l § Wvqlh ksrdjrKh
lsÍu WmYdka; j .uka lsÍu olakg mq¿jk'
tfuka u wjux., wjia:djlg jvd;a ixfõ§ uqyqKq bßhõ
m,jkafka;a" ux., wjia:djlg o ú,dis;d we÷ï - me<÷ï ;=gqmygq
yeisÍï rgdj iudc O¾u;d r`. ±laùuls' fuu hym;a m%ñ;Ska iuQyh
zzm%;sudkZZ "zzO¾u;dZZ fyda zzixialD;sl p¾hdZZ hkqfjka iudc udkj
úoHd{hska y÷kaj;s' iudcfha O¾u;d ì| jeàu iudc wmfhdackhg
fya;=jk wkaou tñ,a vq¾lhsï iqúfYaISj ú.%y lr we;'
fN!;sl ixialD;sh (Material Culture)

udkj mßKdufha§ Ys,d hq.fha isg kQ;k wNHjldY hq.h olajd
meñKs .ukauf.a § YsIagdpdr .; jQ ñksid ;u myiqj Wfoid ks¾udKh
lr.;a øjH ish,a, fN!;sl ixialD;sfha wx. fõ' ksoiqkla f,i we`ÿï
me<÷ï" l,d ks¾udK" úúO wú wdhqO" jeõ wuqKq" hka;% iQ;%" hdk
jdyk olakg mq`Mjk' fl!;=ld.drj, we;s fN!;sl ixialD;sl NdKavo
ta w;r fjhs' fïjd m%lg ixialD;shg wh;a fjhs' fN!;sl ksIamdÈ;hka
oDYHudkh' iam¾Y l< yels h' ´kEu WmlrKhla fN!;sl ixialD;shg
wh;a jkafka ñksidg wjYH u wx. jkafka kï muKs' fN!;sl ixialD;sh
mK.kajk wdOdrl" WmlrK yd fuj,ï jQjd fia u ckjyr" m%;sudk"
úYajdi" wdl,am" u;jdo jeks foa ;=<ska wfN!;sl ixialD;sh mK .ekafõ'
/,aama ,skagka mjikafka ixialD;sh ;=< we;af;a fN!;sl .=Kh fkdj
udkisl .=Kh nj hs' fuys§ fN!;sl ksIamdÈ;hka wjiaf:daÑ; mßÈ
mßyrKh lsÍu iòyd udkisl .=Kh jeo.;a jk nj wjOdrKh lrhs'

51
ixialD;sh yd iudch ms<sn| lsj yels jkafka iudcfha ls%hd;aul
jk lsishï ms<sfj,la fyda rgdjla we;ao th ixialD;sh njhs' iudch
iïu; lr.;a ud¾.j,ska msg mekSu jQ l,S ixialD;sfhka o msg mekSuls'
iudchl mj;sk woyia O¾u;d yd fN!;sl WmlrK o ixialD;sh
u.ska w¾:j;a lr ;sfnk nj o lsj yels h'
3'3 ixialD;sh mqoa., yeisÍu fmdaIKh yd j¾Okh flfrys we;s

lrk n,mEï
mq
oa., fm!reIh yd ixialD;sh mjrd §u
ixialD;sh mrmqfrka mrmqrg mjrd fokakls' fulS ixialD;sl
iïfma%IKfha udOH jkafka wod< iudc rgdfõ jHjydr jk
NdIdj hs' ixialD;sl iudc m%fhdack ldrl jYfhka mjq," mdi,"
iu jhia lKavdhï jeo.;a fõ' is.auka fm%dhsâ kï ufkdaúoHd{hd
mqoa.,hdf.a fm!reI;ajh ufkda úYaf,aIKjdoh hgf;a bÈßm;a lrhs'
Tyq jvd;au wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka fm!reI;ajh" Wm; yd ixj¾Okh
ms<snòj h' Tyqf.a m¾fhaIKj, uQ,sl moku ukihs'
tfiau ud.%Ü óâ" rE;a fnkälaÜ hk iudc yd udkj
úoHd{hskaf.a oDIaá fldaKhg wkqj mqoa.,hdf.a fm!reI j¾Okhg
iudc yd ixialD;Ska fndfyda ÿrg n,mdk nj fmkajd fohs' wdl%uKYS,S
.;s ,CIK m%lg ùfuys ,d uQ,sl jYfhka Tyq Ôj;ajk iudch yd
ixialD;sh jeo.;a jQ nj fmfka' zzuqKavq.=ud¾ZZ (Mundugumar) yd
fvdanq (Dobu) - iudcfha orejka wdl%uKYS,S fm!reIhlskq;a"
werdfmaIa" iqkS (Arapesh, Zuni) iudcfha orejka iunr fm!reIhlskq;a
hqla; mqoa.,hska msßila ùfuka fmfkkafka mqoa., fm!reI;ajh iòyd
iudc yd ixialD;sl mßirh n,mdk nj h' fuys§ uqKavq.=ud¾ jeishka
orejka iqr;,a lrhs' uj lsß fokafka b;d ´kElñka fõ' werdfmaIa
iudcfha uj orejdg ysgf.k isg lsß §u idudkH l%uhls' lsß î
wjika ùug fmr bj;a fjhs' orejd jvdf.k fkdhhs' y`vd je<mSu
fkdi,lhs' orejd k,jkafka fyda iqr;,a lrkafka ke;' fujeks
orejka uqLh iem; fyj;a uqLfhka ,nk iem; wvq ksid miqld,fha §
we`.s,s Wrdfndhs" ksh fmd;= lhs' wdydr .ekSfï § ±ä .scqlula olajhs'
kQ;k ld¾ñl iudcfha orejkag ujf.a WKqiqu wdorh fkd,efnhs'
52
Èjdiq/l=ï uOHia:dkhl md,sldjf.a /ljrKh ,nhs' ud;D úySk;dj
fm!reI j¾Okhg whym;a f,i n,mdhs' úia;D; mjqf,a yefok
jefvk orejkag fuka l:d lsÍug jd.a ud,djla fkd,nhs' fï ksid
we;eï fouõmshka lkiai,a,g m;a fjhs' oaú;shsl iudcdkqfhdackfha
§ iujhia lKavdhï iu`. iudc úfrdaëj yeisfrhs' ì÷kq fm!reI
,CIK
fmkakqï lrhs' wdl%uKYS,s .;s ,CIKj,ska hqla; fjhs'
fï ksid mßiudma; iunr fm!reIhlska hqla; ùug kï ldhsl
udkisl fmdaIKh fuka u iudcdkqfhdack ld¾hho jeo.;a fõ'
hym;a ixialD;sl mjrd §u mqoa., fm!reIh f.dvke.Sug fya;= jk
w;r fuh ixialD;sh wNHka;ÍlrKh lsÍuls' th mqoa., we;=<dka;h
iy ixialD;sl p¾hdO¾u rgdfõ' lsishï mqoa.,fhl= úiska we;s lr.kq
,nk l%udkql+, f,i ms<sfh, jQ idrOu_ úYajdi yd fjk;a w.kdlï
ms<sn| tl;=jla f,i o fm!reI .;s ,CIK yeòska úh yelsh'
´kEu mqoa.,fhl= iycfhka u Wreulr.;a Ôj úoHd;aul .;s
,CIKj,ska hqla; h' wd;aud¾:ldó;ajh wdl%uKYS,S nj" iudc Ôú;fha
§ ienE .;s ,CIK fkdùug iudcdkqfhdack ls%hdj,sfha § o`vqjï fuka u
mdßf;daIsl ,ndfohs' Tyqg ,efnk m%;spdrh w;amqä .eiSu fyda
neKje§u úh yels h' fïjd W;af;ack f,i y÷kajdÈh yels h' ñksid
úiska ixj¾Okh fldg .kakd hym;a ldhsl l%shd;a" udkisl l%shd;a
fm!reIh jYfhka ±laúh yels h' fï ksid mqoa.,hdf.a ldhsl yd
udkisl ls%hdldÍ;ajh fm!reIfha § jeo.;a ;ekla .kshs' isoaOd¾:
l=udrhd nqÿ jkakg W;aidy lf<a ñksid;a ñksia is;;a ms<sn| jHdl+,
;;a;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka miqj h' mqoa., fm!reIh ls%hd;aul
lrk n,fõ.h is; jkakd fiau tu is; kssrka;rfhka u ndysr mßirh
yd iïnkaO ùfuka fm!reI j¾Okh i|yd jQ udkisl j¾Okh hym;a
w;g fyda whym;a w;g keUqre lrjhs' thg fyd|u WodyrKh jkafka
i;a;s.=ïN l:d jia;=jhs'
tfia u ,dxflah ixialD;sh ;=< iduQysljdoh" cd;sl yd wd.ñl"
W;aij fuka u wdmodmkak wjia:dj, § tluq;=lu biau;= ùu
iqúfYaI ,CIK fõ' ,dxlslfhda ngysr cd;Ska fuka udkj flakaøjdofhka
u;ajQjka fkdfj;s' fn!oaO W;aijj,g fuka u wkHd.ñl W;aijj,g
ckdêm;s;=ud we;=¿ mqrjeisfhda iyNd.s fj;s' fuh fn!oaO ixialD;sfha
tk iyÔjk ixl,amhhs'
53
3'4 f.da,Sh m%jK;d yuqfõ Y%S ,dxflah fn!oaO ixialD;shg
we;sjk n,mEï
21 jk ishji mß.Klfha yd wka;¾cd,fha hq.hhs' kQ;k f,dj
ú{dmk yd m%;srEmj,ska msÍ mj;S' fï iu`. ìysjk ikaksfõokfha
cx.uYS,S nj f,dj ish¨ ixialD;sl iSud udhsï wNsNjñka talSh
ixialD;shlg uq¿ f,dj u ÈYd.; lsÍug iu;a fjhs'

wms th úYaùhlrKh yd f.da,ShlrKh hk kïj,ska y`ÿkajuq'
fulS ixl,amh ;=< f,dj lsisÿ ixialD;shlg yqol,d úh fkdyels h'
tys wjika m%;sM,h uq¿ f,dj ;=< u iucd;Sh ixialD;sh ks¾udKh ùuhs'
fulS ixialD;sl iucd;SlrKfha § ngysr m%n, ixialD;Skaf.a n,mEu
iDcqj olakg ,efí' kQ;k;ajh ;=< YS>%fhka fjkia jk Y%S ,dxflah
iudcfha f.da,Sh ixialD;sl m%jK;djkaf.a úúO me;slv y÷kd.;
yels h' rEmjdyskS fjf<| ±kaùï u.ska wêmßfNdackjd§ iudchlg
yqrelr we;' j¾;udkfha ckm%sh ixl,amhla f,i zzúYaj .ïudkZZ
f;audj y÷kajd §ug mq¿jk' f.da,ShlrKh ksid isÿjk fuu
iudc fjkia ùu (Social Mobility) iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls' iudch hï
úm¾hdihlg ,lajkafka o tfia u ixialD;sh o Bg f.dÿre fjhs' th
tlu ldishl fome;a; fuka mj;S'
ixj¾Okfha ÈhqKqjg m;a jQ Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh ;jÿrg;a
Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd fjf<|fmd< ilia lr .ekSu;a" kj ksIamdok
wf,úlr .ekSu;a" kj hg;a úð;hka fj; tu NdKav mqreÿ lsÍu;a
f.da,ShlrKfha wruqKq úh'
l%s'j( 1760 - 1830 j¾Ij, hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ ld¾ñl úma,jfha
w;=re m%;sM,hla f,i Tjqkaf.a jevjiï iudc l%uh wNdjhg
.sfha h' ta fjkqjg OfkaYajr kj ,snr,ajd§ iudc wdlD;shla ks¾udKh
úh' tx.,ka;h udkj flakaøKjdoh wkqj hñka Tjqkaf.a iudc
ixialD;sh Wiia hehs Wml,amkh lrñka l%s'j( 1815 § iïmQ¾Kfhka u
Y%S ,xldj hg;a lr.kakd ,§' tf;la mej;s iajhxfmdaIs; idïm%%odhsl
ir, lDIsl¾udka;h fjkqjg wmkhk jeú,s wd¾Ólh y÷kajd
fok ,§' mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka f.k .sh jev ms<sfj< bx.%SiSka
úiska ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lrk ,§' idïm%Þhsl lDIsl¾udka;h wd¾Ól
54
jYfhka ÿ¾j, lrk ,ÿj ,dxlslhska j;= j.dj i|yd lïlrejka f,i
n|jd .kakd ,§'
Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a jrg jegqma ,nk lïlre mx;shla fï ksid
ìysúh' th m%udKj;a fkdjQ úg § lïlrejka bkaÈhdfjka f.kajk
,§' fuu lïlrejkag wjYH l=¿nvq" frÈms<s" mdkamsá" ñ,§ .ekSug
fjf<| k.r ks¾udKh úh' NdKav m%jdykh i|yd ÿïßh ud¾.
yd uyd ud¾. moaO;shla fld<U flakaø lrf.k bÈúh' fjf<|
k.r bÈùu;a wmkhk fNda. j.dj ksid bvï wysñ ùu;a" c,
fmdaIl m%foaY is£hdu;a ksid lD;s%u wdydr rgdjlg weíneys ùu;a"
u;ameka yd u;a øjHj,g yqre ùu;a iu`. ,dxlslfhdaa È<skaoka jQy'
fï yer fn!oaO úydria:dk flakaø lr.;a wOHdmkh fuka u
yskaÿ yd bia,dï wd.ñl b.ekaùï o ;ykï l< ngysr cd;Syq ls;=oyu
m%p,s; lsÍug l%shd l<y' l%s'j( 1948 fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhd
m%ldY lr isáfha zzñksiqka l%sia;shdks wd.ug yrjd .ekSu i|yd
b;d fyd| ud¾.h kï wOHdmkhhsZZ ta wkqj l%sia;shdks mdi,aj,ska
wOHdmkh ,nd fn!;Siau ,;a orejkag muKla rcfha /lshd ,nd ÿkay'
flda,anDDla - leurka fofokd m%ldY lf<a zziajfoaYsl mQcH mCIh úiska
fokq ,nk wOHdmkh lsisfia;a u ie<lsh hq;a;la fkdjk nj h'ZZ
bx.%SiSkaf.ka Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;shg t,a, jk wNsfhda. f;areï
.;a cd;sl kdhlfhda Bg uqyqK Èh yels wOHdmkhla iajlSh
úydria:dkj, werUQy' fuys § yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., kdysñ"
ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao kdysñ" wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud" fykaß iaà,a
´,alÜ;=ud wd§ka fmruqK .;ay' fn!oaO úydrdrdu flakaø lrf.k
mdGYd,d 200lg wêl ixLHdjla l=reKE.," rUqlalk" kdj,msáh"
rlajdk" ud;f,a wd§ m%foaYj, mj;ajdf.k .shy' ld,Sk wjYH;djla
f,i i,ld bx.%Sis wOHdmkho .d,af,a uyskao" fld<U wdkkao" uykqjr
O¾urdc" mkaksmsáfha O¾umd, jeks m%Odk úÿy,aj,§ ,ndfok ,È'
1895 .d,af,a úchdkkao úydria:dkfha § ´,alÜ;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka
breÈk oyï mdi,a l%uh werUqKs' iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ lkakka.r ue;s;=ud
y÷kajd ÿka ksoyia wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s fuys § fndfydaÿrg msájy,la
úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr úYaj úoHd, wdrïN
55
úh' 1964 § cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ fhdackdjla wkqj mdi,a
úIh ud,dfõ wd.u úIh o wksjd¾h úIh ud,djg tlaùfuka nqoaO
O¾uh mdie,aj, b.ekaùu úêu;a úh' fï yer 2500 iïnqoaO;aj
chka;shg iu.dó j iEu úydria:dkhl u oyï mdi,a werôK'
T.iaÜ fldïÜ kï iudc úoHd{hd Tyq w;aÿgq ngysr iudc
úixúOdkh" ishÈú kid.ekSu" Èlalido ùu jeks wmpdr Y%S ,xldfõ
isÿjk isÿùïj,ska w;aolsñka wmsÿ isáuq' iudc úoHd{hska olajk
wdldrhg udkj mjqf,a ;;a;ajh yd ld¾hNdrh fjkia fjñka mj;S'
fuu iudc mßKduh ksid idïm%odhsl cd;sl W;aij yd ixialD;sl
l%Svdjka mjd wNsfhda.hg ,la j we;' wjqreÿ W;aijhlg we;s iudc
úoHd;aul jákdlu mjd we.hSug ,la fkdfõ' wdjdy újdy W;aij mjd
oEjeÈ - nQo,a u; isÿfjhs' hqj;sm;s fofokd yd tlsfkld irK hdu
fjkqjg foafmd<j,ska jkaÈ f.j;s' .=Koï fkdue;s iudchl ux.,
pdß;% mjd isÿjkafka wd.ñl pdß;%dkql+, j fkdfõ' fuu m%jK;dj
fn!oaOhska w;r nyq, h' tfy;a m,a,sfha" fldaúf,a ;ju;a tu pdß;%
isÿfjhs'
fjila Èk m%;sm;a;s mQcdj meje;aùu fjkqjg ckm%sh nqÿiuh
wkqj hñka fjila iqN me;=ï" fjila f;drK" okaie,a hkdÈhg
m%uqL;dj §fï m%jK;djla olakg ,efí' idrO¾u msß jevigyka"
mqj;a ckudOH u.ska m%pdrh jkafka hï m%udKhl jdKsclrKhlg
,laùula o iys;j h' fg,skdgH u.ska mjd fok mKsúvh ;=<o
fndfyda úg ì| jegqKq mjq,a miqìï" wkshï iïnkaO;d" Èlalido
ùï" oEjeÈ m%Yakh biau;= lrhs' fufia úuid ne,Sfï § Y%S ,dxflah
iudc ixialD;sl foayfha uQ,h jQ idrO¾u yd iduQysl ,laIK f.da,Sh
m%jK;d yuqfõ wNsfhda.hg" úúO úp,khkag ,lafjñka mj;sk nj
fmkajd Èh yels h'
56
wNHdih
1' ixialD;sh ms<sn| ks¾jpk weiqßka tys iajNdjh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula

lrkak'
2' flá igyka ,shkak'
² ixialD;sl .egqu
² ixialD;sl úirKh
² ixialD;sl ,e.au
3' ixialD;sh yd iudch w;r ne£u flfrys n,mdk idOl 3 ls' tu

idOl wkqj ixialD;sh fjkajk wdldrh ,dxlsl iudch weiqßka
WodyrK iys;j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4' fn!oaO ixialD;sh fjkiaùu flfrys kQ;k n,mEu fln÷fõ ± hs

ld,Sk lreKq weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

57
04 mqoa.,hd yd iudch
4'1 Y%S ,xld iudch iy tys mßKduh

Y%S ,xld iudcfha m%Njh yd mßKduh ms<sn| j úu¾Ykhl
fhfok úg mqrdúoHd;aul yd ft;sydisl idCIsj,g wkqj uq,a u ckdjdi
ìysjQfha wjqreÿ tla,CI úismkaoyilg muK fmr isg nj mejfia'
,laÈj mej;s iudc jHqyh .ek uydjxYh yd pQ, jxYh hk jxY
l:d f;dr;=re m%Odk ;ekla .kS' iuka;mdidÈld" rdcr;akdlrh"
fndaê jxYh" mQcdj,sh iy cd;l l;d jeks foaYSh idys;Huh
lD;s o" ,xldj;dr iQ;%" rdc ;rx.kS jeks úfoaYSh lD;s o" fï yereKq úg
yshqxishEx yd mdyshka jekakjqkaf.a foaYdgk jd¾;d o" iS.sß .S" ck
l:d" ck lú" fyd|u uQ,dY%h f,i ms<s.; yels h'
Y%S ,xld iudcfha mßKduh wmg m%Odk ixl,am folla Tiafia
úia;r l< yels h'
1' m%d.a fn!oaO hq.h
2' uyskaod.ukhg miq hq.h
hkqfjka h'
w;S; hq.fha isg ñksiqka m%d:ñl .;s ,CIK we;s ïf,aÉP ck
fldgila f,i ye¢kafjhs' Tjqyq ksÜgdfjda" wiqrfhda" rdCIfhda iy
kd.fhda f,i b;sydi{fhda y÷kaj;s'
ft;sydisl idCIsj,g wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a u YsIag ckdjdi
msysgqùu flfrys o bka§h n,mEu iDcqj u t,a, ù we;' ta wkqj fuu
ckdjdi msysg jQ idudðlhska j¾;udkfha ngysr mlsia:dkhg wh;a
n¨lsia:dkfha isg ,xldjg ixl%uKh jQ njg idCIs ,eî we;' ls%ia;=
mQ¾j hq.j, § isg bka§h wd¾h ckhd fuys tkakg fm<fUkakg
we;ehs úYajdi lrkq ,efí' uydjxYh wkqj Y%S ,xldj hCI ckhdf.ka
uqojd .kq ,enqfõ úch l=ure úisks' miqj isxy, iudch f.dvke.=kq
w;r miq ld,fha rdcH;ajh ;yjqre lr .ekSug uõ ráka iyh
,enqKs' úch rc;=ud úiska iuqødikakfha ;ïuekakd kqjr ixj¾Okh
lf<a h' úch rc;=udf.a wud;Hjreka jk Wrefõ, weu;shd Wrefõ,
58
k.rh o Wm;siai weu;s úiska Wm;siai k.rh o wkqrdO weu;s úiska
wkqrdO k.rh o bÈl< nj §mjxYfha i|yka fjhs'
úchf.a wNsfIalh i|yd uOqrd mqrfhka CI;%sh lkHdjla tjQ
nj;a Y%S ,xldj ld¾ñl jYfhka ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Ys,am l=, oy
wgla tjQ nj;a uydjxYh ;yjqre lrhs' fï yereKq úg N+ úoHd;aul
m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj b;sydifhys uq,a wjêfhys Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdfõ
fvlEka idkqj iu`. iïnkaO;d mej;sfha hehs úYajdi lrkq ,efí' fï
nj mdyshka —yshqxishEx˜ jeks fmrÈ. foaY.fõIlhkaf.a jd¾;dj,ska o
ikd: fõ' Tjqka mjik wdldrhg ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj w;r hful=g md
.ukska hdug yels ;;a;ajfhka mgq fkd.eUqre uqyqÿ ;Srhla tu wjêh
jkúg ;sî we;' forg w;r mr;rh j¾;udkfha ls'ó 32 muK fõ'
fuf,i ,xldj wi,ajdiS bkaÈhdjg iómj msysàu fya;=fjka w;S;fha
mgka úúO iudc yd ixialD;sl n,meï Wreu ù we;' ta wkqj wd.ï"
idys;H" l,d Ys,am" .Dy ks¾udK" lDIs wd¾Ólh iy l=, l%uh hkdÈ
fndfyda oE wm rgg odhdo úh'
tfia u iajdNdúl jrdhka lsysmhla Èjhsfkys úúO m%foaYhkays
msysgd ;sîu ;jÿrg;a ,xldj kdúl kej;=ïm,la ùug ;=vqÿka jeo.;a
idOlhla úh' tfia u fmrÈ. f,dalfha fjf<| uOHia:dkhla yeáhgo
,xldj m%isoaO j ;snqKq njg Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj,ska yuq jQ ldis j¾.
u.ska ikd: fõ' fuu ldis Ök" bka§h" wrdì" .%Sl iy frdau jYfhka
j¾. l< yels h' l%s'mQ 2 jk ishjfika fgd,ñ keue;s .%Sl cd;slhdf.a
jd¾;d wkqj o" b;sydi{hska" mqrdúoHd{hska úYajdi lrkd mßÈ o fuu
uqo,a j¾. furgg meñKsfha fjf<| .kqfokqj, § nj ikd: fõ'
wdÈ;u ,dxflah iudch wê iajdNdúl n,fõ. flfrys úYajdi
;nd f,!lsl wfmaCId bgqlr .ekSfï wfmaCIdjka ysre - i÷" wõ - jeis"
.ia-.,a" flfrys ìhiel uqiqj nyqudkfhka ie,l+y' ioaO¾ud,xldrfha
tk Ysj-úIaKq weoySu foaj;ajh ms<sn| ixl,amfha WÉp;u wjia:djhs'
mQcdj,sfha lshk mßÈ ;Kfld<j, mjd foúhka fjfi;shs tl,
jeisfhda úYajdi l<y' .ïndr" whahkdhl wd§ m%foaYj,g wê.Dys;
foúhkag o il, je÷ï msÿï l<y' l%s'mQ 03 jk Y;j¾Ifha §
bmerKs ,xld iudch ó<`. fjkig Ndckh jQfha fn!oaOd.u
meñKSu yd jevjiï l=, l%uh hgf;a foaYSh wjYH;djkag wkqj lsishï
59
iudcuh lD;Hhla mejÍu ksidh' fï ksid iudcfha meje;aug wjYH
ksIamdok yd fiajd ld¾hhka úhjq,lska f;dr j iïmdokh úh' fï
;;a;ajh hgf;a bmer‚ ,xld iudch iajhxfmdaIs; tallhla j mej;s
nj fmkajdÈh yels h' óg wu;rj 18 l=,fha jHqyh mokï j iudc
ixúOdko f.dv ke.=Ks'
wúysxidjd§ fn!oaO wd.ñl b.ekaùï wkqj jvd;a iduldó iy
idOdrK iudc l%uhla i|yd ux i<l=Kq ,eî h' t;eka isg isß;a
úß;a wd§ ish,a, fn!oaOd.ñl uqyqKqjrlska ilia úh' isxy, iudcfha
idïm%odhsl wOHdmkh fn!oaO NsCIqjf.a m%Odk;ajfhka ixj¾Okh ùu
werUqKs' tu ;;a;ajh iudcfhys ;j;a fjkiaùï /ilg uq,msÍula úh'
fuu m%.ukhg tfrys j t,a, jQ m%Odk;u ndOlh jQfha ol=Kq bka§h
wdl%uKhka h' bkaÈhdkq wdl%uKslfhda wkqrdO .%du yd fmdf<dkakre
rdcOdksh úkdY uqLhg m;a l<y' yskaÿ iNH;ajfha wdNdih wkqj
fn!oaOhd o foúhka hÈkafkl= njg l%ufhka m;aúh'
Y;j¾I 15la muK mej;s úh<s l,dmfha ckdjdihka o" jdß
YsIagdpdrfhka iajhxfmdaIs; iudc l%uh o" lDIsl¾uh" l,dj"
foaYmd,kh wd§ jQ iEu wxYhl u ì|jeàula ol=Kq bka§h
wdl%uKhkaf.a m%;sM,hla yeáhg olakg ,enqKs' uydpd¾h f,ia,s
.=Kj¾Ok uy;d i|yka lrk wdldrhg wdl%uKslhkaf.a n,mEu
m%n, j t,a, jQfha jeõ wuqKq we;=¿ jdßud¾. moaO;sfha u ì| ±óu
flfrys nj h' tu ksid rcq we;=¿ ck;dj fn,ySk ùu rdcOdks
ì|jeàug fya;= úh' fuf,i rcrg úYd,;u rdcOdksh ì| jeàu;a
iu. wfkla m%Odk;u ckdjdi jQ frdayK rdcOdksh foaYmd,kuh
jYfhka úfoaY wdl%uKslhkag tfrys j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd ixúOdkh
jQ m%foaYh njg m;aúh' fuh foaYmd,ksl jYfhka isxy,hd Ndú; lrk
,o Wml%uhla yeáhg ye¢kaùug mq¿jk' óg wu;r j merKs ,xldj
tys N+ úIu;djkag wkqj —reyqKq˜ " —udhd˜ " —msysá˜ hkqfjka fldgia
;=klg fnod ;snQ nj o olakg ,efí' fuhska uOH l÷lrh fyj;a
udhdrg ft;sydisl wjêfha o úYd, ckdjdihla fkdùh' th úfoaYSh
i;=re wdl%uKslhkaf.ka isxy, rc orejka wdrCId ùug Ndú; lrkq
,eî h' j¾Idj wêl f;;a l,dmSh foaY.=Khlska hqla; jQ ksid c,
fmdaIl m%foaY wdrCIdùu isÿúh' ,xldfõ m%Odk; u .x.d jk uyje,s"
60
le,Ks" l¿" j,fõ hk .x.d wdrïN jkafka Y%S mdo l÷ mka;sh weiqre
lrf.k h' jeis rys; ld,j, l=vd Èh mdrj,aj, c,h wvq ù fyda is£
hdu ksid uq,a u ld,fha .ï uÜgñka l=vd jeõ ;kd .eKqks' fï i|yd
isxy,hd wkq.ukh lf<a iajdNdúl c, mdrla yria lr .ekSu h'
fuh miq ld,fha § tkï l%s'j' 2 l%s'j' 3 jk Y;j¾Ifhka miqj
uyd mßudK jeõ bÈlr .ekSu olajd jHdma; úh' lDIs l¾udka;hg
wjYH c,h fnod §ug m;al< ks,Odßka isá nj merKs fi,a,smsj,
±lafõ' ,xldfõ merKs iNH;ajh ;rï ±kqulska hq;= f,dalfha fjk;a
YsIagdpdrhla yuq fkdjk nj bx.%Sis cd;sl b;sydi{ fgkaÜ keue;a;d
mjikafka tu ksid úh yels h' jir oyia .Kkla mqrd ,lajeishka
úúO wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK foñka fn!oaO iudc o¾Ykh Tiafia iduldó
fuka u ;Dma;su;a jQo" iuDoaêu;a jQo" Èúfmfj;la .; lsÍug iu;a jQ
nj b;sydih ;=<ska meyeÈ,s fjhs' fuu ;;a;ajh úYd, fjkilg
Ndckh jkakg jQfha ngysr wdl%uK úiska Y%S ,xldj wkql%ufhka
WmdhYS,S j hg;a lr .ekSu wdrïN jQ Èk isgh' fy< rclu uq,afldg
we;s jQ wNHka;r wdrjq,a fya;=fjka ngysr wdl%uKslhkag furg ;u
n,h ;yjqre lr .kakg wjia:dj Wod jQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
mD;=.Siska yd ,kafoaiska wNsnjd bx.%Siska úiska ;u n,h
fmrÈ. f,dalh mqrd ;yjqre lr .ksoa§ Y%S ,xldj o l%s'j 1815 jif¾ §
wjdikdjka; f,i Tjqkg hg;a úh' furg iajdëk lDIs wd¾Ólh
úkdY fldg ta fjkqjg jeú,s l¾udka;h wdrïN lrñka tajdfhys
lïlrejka f,i úfoaYSh ck;dj fiajhg f.k Tjqkaf.a jy¨ka njg
m;alr .;ay'
Tjqka úiska fn!oaO wOHdmkh wNsfhda.hg ,la lrñka ñIkdß
wOHdmkh wdrïN lrk ,§' l%s'j' 1505 isg l%s'j' 1948 olajd mej;s ngysr
wdêm;Hhg hg;a jQ ,xldj wjqreÿ 450 g wêl ld,hla hg;a úð;hla j
mej;=Ks' fï wkqj ,xld iudch úúO úm¾hdihkag ,lafjñka ngysr
ixialD;sl ,CIK úirKhg Ndckh úh'
61
4'2 merKs iudcfha jHqyh
merKs Y%S ,dxflah iudcfha jHqyh ilia ù ;snqfKa jej" .u"
mkai, flakaøh lrf.k h' fï ms<sn| j fndfyda iudc úoHd{hkaf.a
yd iudc udkj úoHd{hkaf.a wOHhk jeo.;a fjhs' Tjqka w;r
B' wd¾' ,SÉ" kQ¾ hd,audka" ksõgka .=Kisxy yd .Kkd: Tfífialr
jeks úoaj;=ka bÈßm;a l< woyia fuys§ m%Odk fjhs' tu woyia fmdÿfõ
i,lk l, merKs ,dxflah iudch ir, iudc yd wd.ñl miqìula
mej;s" iajdëk jQ;a mjq, u; mokïjQ;a ksIamdok rgdjla iys;
iajhxfmdaIs; lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ólhlska hqla; jQ nj fmkajd Èh yelsh'
,xld iudcfha iudc wd¾Ól miq;,hg wkqj th m%d:ñl .eñ
iudchla nj B' wd¾' ,SÉ" .Kkd: Tfífialr jeks udkj úoHd{fhda
fmkajd fo;s' ,xldj ksoyi ,nk úg ck.ykfhka 53] lf.a u
m%Odk Ôjfkdamdh lDIsl¾udka;h úh' merKs iudcfha úia;dß; fyda
noaO mjq,a l%uh l%shd;aul jQ w;r jD;a;sh mdol l=,h uq,a fldg.;a
mjq,a jHqyhla mej;=Ks' wdfrdams; ;;a;ajhka u; iudc moku ilia ù
;snqKs' .eñ mjqf,a m%Odkshd jeäuy¨ msßñhd jk w;r ms;D uQ,sl mjq,a
l%uhla jQ nj meyeÈ,s fjhs'
Y%S ,xldfõ .u ms<sn| f;dr;=re imhk An Historical Relation
of Ceylon kï lD;sfha frdnÜ fkdlaia úiska mqrdK .u olajkafka
—fuu §mfhys hï hym;a .ula wef;d;a tys úydrhla yd
foajd,hla we;' tu .u ne£ hk mßoafoka f.j,a tlsfklg hd
fldg fm<g ks¾udKh lr we;af;a h'˜ frdnÜ fkdlaia úiska
bÈßm;a lr we;s l:khg wkqj mqrdK .ul h:d iajrEmh wjfndaO lr
.; yels h' tu.ska mqrdKfha isg .u;a mkai,;a w;r mej;s
wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;dj fln÷ ±hs ikd: jk w;r wd.udkql+,
Ôú;h fuka u idïm%Þhsl jD;a;Sh nj iy ir, iudc Ôú;h o
fuhska újrKh lrhs' mkai, uq,a lrf.k Od¾ñl j Ôúldj f.k
hñka iduQysl Èúfmfj;la w;S; .eñhd .; lf<a h' tl, ksjdij,
msysàu kQ;k ksjdi fuka ixlS¾K fkdjQ w;r ksoyia mßirhl iqjh
N=la;s úkafoa h' tal mqoa., bvï m%udKh j¾;udkhg idfmaCI j by<
m%udKhla .;af;a h' j¾;udkfha fuka bvï ysÕh ksid we;sjk iudc
m%Yak tl, fkdù h'
62
Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdK .%dóh iudcfha mjq,a l%uh lDIsl¾uhg fhda.H
wdldrhg ieliS ;snq‚' tkï mqrdK Y%S ,xldfõ tAldnoaO mjq,a l%uh
ckdjdihkays tallh jQ w;r tjeks mjq,a lsysmhlska ixhqla; jQ ksjdi
iuQyhla úh' fï wkqj iduQysl Ôú;h lDIsl¾udka;hg wjYH Y%uh
;u ksjdi u.ska ,nd .ekSula f,i fuh fmkajd Èh yels h' .eñhka
;ukaf.a ish¨ foa f.dvk.d .kafka lDIsl¾uh yd ne¢ Ôjk rgdjg
.e,fmk wdldrhg h' jej wd¾Ól iuDoaêfha m%udKh ;SrKh lrkafka
lDIsl¾uhg wjYH c,h l,g fõ,djg ,efnkafka jefõ /¢ c,
m%udKh u; neúks' fndfyda úg ksjil w;S;fha ù ìiaila mej;sKs'
tl, f.dúhdf.a w;sf¾l Y%u uQ,dY%h jQfha .jhd h' f.dú;eka lsÍfï §
uq, isg w. olajd u i;a;aj Y%uh wjYH jQ w;r ta ksidu .j iïm;
j;alu ±laùfï o¾Ylhlao úh' ù f.dú;ek iudc yeisÍï rgd
úYajdi" weoys,s wdÈh weiqßka o .eñhd ne£ ;sìK' ta wkqj idïm%odhsl
pdß;% jdß;% wkqj isxy, ixialD;sh iu.ska ;u Ôúldjo iduQysl j bgqlr
.ksñka ir, j Ôj;a jQfha tlsfkld iu`. f<ka.;= in|;d we;slr
.ksñks' th fndfyda ÿrg hdka;%sl taldnoaO;dfjka hqla; jQ nj fmfka'
ù j.djg wu;r j ;j;a fndfyda foa j.d l<y' tfia u Y%S ,xldfõ
idïm%Þhsl .u y÷kd .ekSfï § wdpd¾h kkaofoaj úfÊfialrf.a —,xld
ck;dj˜ yd mQcH noafoa.u úu,jxi ysñhka ,shQ zzwfma ixialD;shZZ kï
lD;sj,ska bÈßm;a jk úia;r m%fhdackj;a fjhs'
tys § .%dóh iïnkaO;d cd,h ukd j ú.%y fõ' fndfyda fihska
.u msysgd we;af;a l=Uqre hdhj,a yd .x.d we, fod< wi, h' iajdNdúl
mßirh u; mokï jQ lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ól rgdjlg wkqj yev
.eiqKq ck iuQyhlska .u iukaú; j ;snqKs' w;sYh yqol,d
jQ ir, Èúfmfj;la .; l< Tjqyq l=vd m%udKfha ueáfhka ;ekQ
ksfjiaj, Ôj;a jQy' Tjqyq iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvk.kafka wd¾Ól yd
{d;suh mokula iys;j jQ w;r iajlSh jD;a;Sh mokug wdfõKsl l=,
l%uh ;=< wdjdy újdy pdß;% meje;ajQ nj o fmfka'
.fï md,kh rcqf.a ksfhdackhla yryd isÿjqjo mkaif,a jeäysá
NsCIQka jykafia fndfyda .eg¨j, § ueÈy;alrejl= fyda úksYaphlrejl=
f,i w.;sfhka f;dr j lghq;= lsÍu lemS fmksKs' ffjoH l¾uh"
kË;%h" NdId Ydia;%h fndfyda ÿrg ix> iudch i;= úh'
63
.ï ;=< fyda .ï lsysmhlg tlla jYfhka tA tA jD;a;Sh m%jK;d
iys; l=< l%uhg wkq.; mjq,a lSmhla o úh' Ydka;s l¾u" oajdrl¾u
pdß;%" wNspdruh lghq;= wdÈfha § fuu l=, mrïmrd.; ±kqu yd
Y%uh b;d jeo.;a úh' w;eï jD;a;sh l=,j, ck;dj lDIsl¾udka;fha
fkdfhÿK o fiiq .ïjeisfhda tu mjq,a fmdaIKhg m%udKj;a
NjfNda. Tjqka fj; m%odkh l<y' we;eï úg rcqf.a fiajdlïj, kshq;=
mjq,aj,g kskao.ï m%odkh lsÍu o lemS fmkqKs'
úydr foam, wdÈfha meje;aug wjYH wd¾Ól iúh o fuu N+ñ
mejreï u; isÿ jQ w;r tu N+ñh w|hg j.dlr bka fldgila wdh;k
fj; m%odkh lsÍug Tjqyq ne£ isáhy' rdcHfha m%Odk j.lSï w;rg nqÿ
iiqk /lSu;a lDIsl¾udka;fha ÈhqKqj i|yd wjYH myiqlï iemhSu;a
we;=<;a úh' j.d lkakfhka neyer ld,h ;=< rdcH fiajhg le| jQ
w;r tu Y%uh Ndú; lrñka jdß l¾udka;" úydr l¾udka; wdÈh uyd
mßudKfhka isÿ ùu o w;S; iudcfha lemS fmfkk ,ËK úh'
hg;a úð; md,kh;a iuÕ fuu ir, yd ksIagd.; iudc
rgdj ì| jegqKq w;r .=Kd;aul nj mfil,d wd¾Ól w.hhka u;
ish,a, ;SrKh ùug u. mEÿks' fjfyr úydrj,g wh;a foam, rdc
ika;l lsÍfu;a NsCIQka jykafia,dg we;s jQ ysßyer ksid;a iY%sl"
iajhxfmdaIs; iudc rgdj ì| jegq‚' mkai,a weiqf¾ ;snQ ±jeka; Ydia;S%h
Okh ysxidj ord.; fkdyels ;ek .sys njg m;a h;sjreka u.ska .sys
iudch w;g m;aùu fuu hq.fha § isÿ jQjls' mxpYS, m%;sm;a;sh uQ,sl
iudc l%uh ì|jeà ±ä wd¾Ól we.hqulg ,laùu;a iu. udkj ohdj"
iduh" ixys¢hdj W;=rd hñka mej;s iudc l%uh ±ä ;r.hlg ,laùu
miq ld,Skj úYd, iudc fmr<shlg fya;= úh'
64
4'3 Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha kQ;k jHqyh
iudch Èfkka Èk fudfyd;ska fudfyd; fjkia fjñka ir,
;;a;ajfha isg ixlS¾K ;;a;ajhg .uka lrhs' iudc udkj úoHd{hskaf.a
wOHhk w;r ir, wjia:dj yd ixlS¾K wjia:dj hkqfjka ú.%y lrñka
Tjqka mjikafka udkj iudch yd ixialD;sh mj;skafka l=uk
ld,hla o tf;la meje;s ;;a;ajh ir, jk w;r" mj;sk ;;a;ajh
ixlS¾K iudc wjia:djla f,i h' fuh iudc úoHd;aul ú.%yhla u.ska
fufia fmkajd Èh yels h' tñ,a vq¾lhsï f.a hdka;s%l tAldnoaO;djfha
isg ftkaøSh tAldnoaO;djh;a" *¾äkkaâ fgdaksiaf.a m%cdj iy iudch
±laùu;a ta w;r lemS fmfka'
Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha kQ;k iudc jHqyh ú.%y lsÍfï § tu iudc
jHqyh iE§ ;sfnk wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" wOHdmk" iudc yd ixialD;sl
wx.hkaf.a ixl,kfhka nj fmkajdÈh yels h' tfia u iudc ixia:djl"
kHIaál mjq," wd¾Ólh" foaYmd,kh" wd.u" wOHdmkh kS;sh yd rdcH
ks,n,h hkqfjka o kQ;k iudc jHqyh úúO úp,Hhkag ,lafjñka
mj;sk nj fmkajdÈh yels h'
fuys § ck.ykh jeäùu;a iu. b,aü iemhqu w;r úIu;dj
u; úúOdldr j¾Okhka yd úIu;djka olakg ,efí' fuhg iu.dó
j kQ;k jdKsc ;r.h fya;=fjka fuu l%shdj,sh fõ.j;a jQ w;r
újD; wd¾Ólh" m%jdykfha ÈhqKqj" yß; úma,jh wdÈh fya;= fldg
f.k ixialD;sl idOl fjkia ùu;a ixlS¾K Nskak reÑl iudc
wjYH;djka mokï lrf.k fkdfhla iudc úfrdaë l%shdjkag
fm<öu;a olakg mq¿jk'
fï wkqj iudc moaO;sfha ì| jeàula fmkakqï lrk w;r iudc
m%Yak w;r u;a øjH Ndú;h" ishÈú kid .ekSï" <ud wmfhdack" .‚ld
jD;a;sh wdÈh ysi Tijd we;' tñ,a vq¾layhsï f.a kHdh ie,lSfï
§ ck.yk j¾Okh" Y%u úNckh" iodpdr md¾Yajfha fjkia ùï
jeo.;a ù we;s wdldrh ,dxlsl iudch weiqfrka o fmkajd Èh yels h'
fï wdldrfhka kQ;k iudc jHqyh fjkia ùu wdrïN jkafka
hg;a úð; hq.h wdrïNh;a iu. idïm%odhsl m%d:ñl .eñ iudch
úúO úm¾hdihkag yd ndysr n,mEïj,g yiqùu;a iu. h' 1505 §
65
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka wdrïN ù ,kafoais yd bx.S%is hq.h" tkï 1815
uq¿ rg u ì%;dkH wdêm;Hhg f.dÿreùfï isg tkï jir 2000la
blau jQ iuia; iudc ixúOdk iajrEmh t;eka isg mQ¾K jdKsc w¾:
l%uhla olajd o" ixialD;sh ngysrlrKhg ,laùu o isÿ jQ w;r rdcldß
l%uh wfydais fldg ksoyia Y%u fjf<|fmd,la we;s úh' jevjiï wd¾Ól
l%uh fjkqjg Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh ia:dmkh úh' NdKav m%jdyk l%uh
uqo,auh wd¾Ól l%uhka o j¾Okh úh' hg;a úð;lrKh wjia:dj jk
úg iy bkamiqj iudc fjkialï i|yd fya;= lsysmhla n,mEfõ h'
1' bvï m%;sm;a;s
2' iudc iqNidOkh
3' újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s
4' .%dóh iudc jHqyh fjkia ùu
wêrdcHjdÈkaf.a bvï wdêm;H ksid Y%S ,dxlsl iudc b;sydihg
±ä n,mEula t,a, úh' uqvq ìï mk; u.ska jdKsc lDIs j.d bvï
msysg ùh' fmdfydr iy j.drCIK l%u" wiajkq i|yd iy;sl ñ,la
,nd§u iyk ñ,la hgf;a hkaf;%damlrK y÷kajd§u ksid lDIsl¾uh
;=< fjkila we;s úh' fi!LH fiajdj hgf;a frday,a moaO;sh j¾Okh
úh' uef,aßhd u¾okh ksid úh<s l,dmSh f.dú ck.ykh fmrg jvd
ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg meñKsfha h'
tfia u 1977 y÷kajd ÿka újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;Ska" tf;la mej;s
wdrCIKjd§ iudc jHqyh;a" lDIsl¾uh;a mßydkshg m;a lrkakg úh'
fuh iudc wd¾Ól ixialD;sl fjkiaùï /ila we;s lrkakg fya;= úh'
tfia u .%dóh - kd.ßl ixl%uK fuka u ueofmrÈ. ixl%uK o isÿ jQ
w;r kùk ;dCIKh ck Ôú;hg tl;= úh' fï iu. u kj wdl,am"
isß;a wdÈh o iudchg tl;= úh' idïm%odhsl iudc yr moaO;sh ì| jeàug
fuu ;;a;ajh fya;= jQ w;r wmrdO" u;ameka yd u;a øjH Ndú;h" ishÈú
kid .ekSï" ;reK wiykh jeks iudc w¾nqo yg .kakg o fya;= úh'
tfia u frdau ,kafoais kS;sh idïm%odhsl kS;sh hgm;a lf<a
h' foaYmd,kh keue;s ixl,amh y÷kajd §fuka .%dóh ck;dj w;r
fn§ï we;sùula fkdue;s kï foaYmd,k ms,a fn§ula we;súh' iduQysl
yeÕSï yd ne¢hdj flfuka uelS f.dia mqoa.,hd ;u iqL úyrKhg
66
wjYH foaYmd,k mCI f;dard .ekSug fm<UqKs' mCI l%uh Tiafia
we;eï wjia:dj, ¥IK" jxpdj" n,y;aldrh" ñksia whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>kh lsÍu;a isÿúh' fujeks m%;sixialrK ksid iudcfha .eg¨
we;s ù iduQysl iïm%odhg myrla t,a, jQ w;r .eñhka foaYmd,ksl
jYfhka ì÷Kq msßila njg m;aùu ksrdhdifhka u isÿúh'
j¾;udk iudch fõ.fhka úlrKh fjñka mj;S' thg ÈhqKq
ikaksfõok udOH ;dCIKh fya;= ù we;' j¾;udkfha mj;sk rgj,a
190u tla úYaj .ïudkhla njg m;aj we;' .=jka úÿ,s - rEmjdyskS -
wka;¾cd,h jeks udOH ,dxlsl iudchg tlaùu ksid idïm%odhsl isß;a
- úß;a" j.d l%u" wdydr mdk" we÷ï me<÷ï we;=¿ mqoa., yd iudc j¾.
rgdjkaf.a fjkia ùula olakg ,efí'
tu fjkia ùï w;r j¾;udk iudc jHqyfha uQ,sldx. jk
mjq," újdyh" {d;s;ajh hk ixl,amhkaf.ao úYd, úm¾hdihla
we;s úh' fuu fjkia ùu wLKav l%shdj,shls' fï i|yd m%Odk
jYfhka n,mEfõ ngysr hg;aúð; md,khhs' újdyh hkqfjka
woyia lrkafka —mjq, keue;s uQ,sl iïnkaOh we;slr .ekSu i|yd isÿ
lrkq ,nk YdÍßl pdß;%dkql+, kS;suh l%shdj,shls˜' fuu W;a;Í;r
ixl,amh j¾;udkh jk úg Èlalidoh olajd fjkia ùug ,laj
we;' irK ux.,Hh hk W;=ï w¾:h fjkqjg oEjeoao uq,a ù we;'
W.;alu" Okj;alu uQ,sl jk w;r iudc yr moaO;sh fkdi,lhs'
fulS we.hqïj, fjkialu o Èlalidohg fya;=jla f,i ±laúh
yels h' OkjdÈ wd¾Ól l%uh iudc idrO¾u yd we.hSï rduqj ì| oud
fyda fkdi,ld yer we;'
tfuka u ì%;dkHhka úiska y÷kajd fok ,o jeú,s wd¾Ólh
ksid ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka j;= j.djg lïlrejka f.k tau;a iu`. oñ<
ixialD;sfha ,CIK o Y%S ,dxflah iudchg tl;= úh' jdKsc fNda.
j.dj ksid m<uqj jdKsclrKhg o" thska yg.;a kd.ßllrKh o
fï fjkiaùïj,g ;j;a fya;=jla úh' fï wdldrfhka iudc ixia:d
tlsfkl úm¾hdihlg Ndckh úh' iudc ixúOdk f,i kS;sh" mjq,"
wOHdmkh" wd¾Ól" wd.ñl" foaYmd,kuh jYfhka idfmaCIj fjkia
úh' isß;a mokï lr.;a ixialD;sl u;h tl, ish¨ fokd .re l<
fmdÿ kS;sh úh' fuu kS;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍu o~qjï ,eîug fya;=jla
67
úh' m%isoaêfha ish¨ fokdyg fmfkk wdldrhg ±ä o~qjï meñKùfï
kS;sh miqld,Sk j iudc wm%idohg ,laúh'
mjqf,a ixúOdk iajrEmh kQ;kfha kHIaál mjq, olajd fjkia
ùu;a úia;D; mjq,a l%uh ì| jeàu;a idrO¾u ì| jeàug tla fya;=jla
f,i ±laúh yels h' úia;D; mjq, mrïmrd ;=klska muK iukaú;
jk w;r Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh w¨; Wmka orejd iudc i;a;ajfhl=
njg m;a lsÍug wjYH oekqu" idrO¾u" NdId ±kqu ,nd §uhs' kQ;k
iudcfha mjqf,ka fuu lD;Hhka bgq fkdfõ' Èjd iq/l=ï uOHia:dk
fyda .Dy fiaúldjka hgf;a orefjda fmdaIKh fj;s' uqo,a u; yUd hk
iudchl wdOHd;añl" keKj;a" .=K.rel" Wiia orefjl= ìysùu iel
iys; h' fuu wjdikdjka; mjq,a mßirh we;sùug hg;a úð; iufha
isg l%ufhka f.dvke.=Kq OkjdÈ wd¾Ól l%uh fya;= jkakg we;s nj
lsj yels h'
idïm%odhsl msßfjka wOHdmkh ngysr wOHdmk l%uhg udre
ùu;a iu. ldka;djkag wOHdmk wjia:d ysñ úh' fï ksid mqreIdêm;H
iudcfhka l%ufhka wfydais jkakg fya;= úh' tfuka u idïm%odhsl
lDIsl¾udka;h" NdKav yqjudre l%uh" uqo,a yqjudre l%uhla olajd
j¾Okh ùu;a iu`. Bg iu.dó j j¾;udkfha § nexl=" rCIK iud.ï
ìys ù we;' uqof,a w.h jeä ùu;a iu. u uqo,a Wmhk wh:dl%u
ìysúh' WodyrK f,i iQÿ l%Svd" CIKsl f,d;/hs" leisfkda jeks CIKsl
uqo,a Wmhk l%uj,g fm<ôKs' fuh iudc úixúOdkhg o fya;= ù we;'
tfuka u 1833 § kS;shla u.ska rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu;a iuÕ
l=, l%uh ìò jegqKs' fï ksid idïm%odhsl .%dóh iudc wkkH;dj
wfydais ùu isÿúh' tfuka u f.dúckmo" j.d .ï yd uyje,s jHdmdrh
wdY%s; j mjq,a jYfhka wNHka;r ixl%uKla isÿúh' 1931 wdrïN jQ f.dú
ckmolrKh ksid iudc ñY%Kh we;s jQ w;r idïm%odhsl ;;a;ajh
fjkia ùu fkdje,elaúh yels úh' ridhksl fmdfydr yd lDñkdYl
Ndú;h ksid mßir moaO;sh wiu;=,s; jQ w;r idudkH flï l%u
wdÈh wfydais úh' yß; úma,jfhka f.dúhd hdka;%SlrKhg yiq jQ
w;r lDIsl¾udka;h wdY%s; Èú kid .ekSï o isÿúh' yß; úma,jh
ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾.hla jqjo tys w÷re m%;sM,hla f,i jl=.vq
frda.Ska 50"000 muK wo jk úg wm iudcfha isàfuka tys we;s jQ
w;=re ydks y÷kd .; yels h'
68
idïm%odhsl iudcfha .eñ ldka;djf.a;a" kQ;k ldka;djf.a;a
ld¾hNdrh w;r meyeÈ,s fjkiaùula olakg ,efí' mqreIhska iduQysl
j bgq lrk ld¾hhka ia;%sh úiska bgq lsÍu;a" mqreIhd fuka u Nd¾hdjo
rdcldÍj, fh§ isàu;a olakg ,efí' úfYaIfhka u wOHdmk ;;a;ajh
fya;= fldgf.k /lshd ,nd .ekSfï kj wjia:d ldka;djg ,eî we;'
j¾;udkh jk úg Y%S ,dxlsl iudch fõ.fhka kùlrKh"
kd.ÍlrKh" jdKsclrKh" ngysrlrKh fjñka mj;S' 15jk
Y;j¾Ifha § werô" hg;aúð; hq.h Y; j¾I myla muK mej;Su;a
1948 ksoyiska miqj o tu ixl,amj,ska ñ§ug fkdyels ùu;a ngysr
isß;a - úß;a" wdydr - mdk" we÷ï - me,÷ï ;Èka je<| .ekSu;a
thg n,mE ;j;a fya;= úh' f,dal fjf<|fmd< yd ne÷Kq wdkhk
wmkhk wd¾Ól l%uhg keUqre ùu;a j¾;udkfha olakg ,efí' kQ;k
ixj¾Ok Wmdhkaf.a n,mEu ksid j¾;udkh jk úg .eñ iudch YS>%
f,i wd¾Ól yd iudÔh jYfhka kùlrKh ù we;s wdldrh meyeÈ,s
fõ' fuh fõ.fhka úm¾hdihkag Ndckh jkakdfiau bÈßhg u .uka
lrk wdldrh o wjfndaO lr.; yels h'
4'4 iudc idOdrK;ajh" hqla;sh i|yd fn!oaO iudc

úoHd;aul Wmfhda.s;dj
iudc úoHdfõ wdrïNfhka wk;=rej wd.ñl b.ekaùu yd iudc
l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| j wOHhk lafIa;%h wdjrKh i|yd wd.ñl iudc
úoHdj (SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION) ìys úh' iudc ixia:djla f,i
iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sfha yd ixialD;sh mjrd§fï tallhla f,i
wd.ñl l%shdldß;aj n,mEu iudc úoHd;aul j wOHhkg ,la úh'
uelaia fõn¾" tñ,a vq¾layhsï" ld,a udlaia jekakjqka fï fCIa;%hg
wod< iudc úoHd;aul újrK imhd we;'
nqÿ oyu idOdrK;ajh yd hqla;sh fjkqfjka iudch mqyqKq lsÍug
iqúfYaIS oaú;aj m%fõYhla Ndú; lr we;'
01' od¾Yksl m%fõYh - uyd n%yauhdf.a ueùu mdol jQ l=,
l%uh msgq ±lSu'
02' Wmfhda.S;djd§ m%fõYh - mqoa., lD;H mokï j iudch
;=< mqoa.,hdf.a ms<s.ekSu ;SrKh jk nj'
69
fuu oaú;aj m%fõYhla Tiafia iudch ;=< udkj .re;ajh ;yjqre
lsÍu tjlg mej;s nuqKq u;hg mgyeks ùula úh' flfia fj;;a ji<
iQ;%h wdÈfha i|yka jk lD;H mokï jQ idê; ;;a;ajhka f,i iudc
ms<s.ekSu ilia úh hq;= nj nqoaO foaYkh úh'
idïm%odhsl l=, l%uh fjkqjg bkaøsh ixjrh mokï jQ isõjkla
msßif.ka iukaú; Ydiksl iudc ia;rdhKh iudchg y÷kajd ÿkafka
nqÿrcdKka jykafia úisks' th ;;ald,Sk bkaÈhdkq iudcfha mej;s
oDv l=, ia;rdhKhg kj w¾:l:khla úh' tu.ska mqoa.,hdg
lD;Hd;aul mokulska hq;=j iudc ;;a;ajh ysñlr .ekSug u. mE§h'
mqoa.,hd úiska iudch ms<s.;a iodpdrd;aul meje;au wkqj Ôj;ajkafka
kï th by< ms<s.ekSulg Ndckh ùu;a tu.ska isÿúh' ta iu. u
iudcfha iodpdrj;a meje;au;a" idOdrK;ajh;a tlsfkld fj; f.!rj
iïmkak j Ôj;a ùu;a uyd ms<s.ekSulg Ndckh úh'
nqÿ oyfï .sys YsCIKh úIhfhys ,d mxpYS, m%;sm;a;sh buy;a
iudc md,khlg u. fmkaùh' Ôú; whs;sh ;yjqre ùu" ysxikhg
f.dÿre fkdù isàu" mqoa.,hd yd iduQysl foam, ysñlu ;yjqre ùu"
ikaksfõokfha úYajikSh;dj ;yjqre ùu" mjq,a fi!LHh" fmdaIKh yd
/ljrKh ;yjqre ùu iudc ia:djr Ndjhg buy;a msájy,la úh'
mxpYS, m%;sm;a;sh .sys Ôú;fha yrhd;aul md,khlg;a th blaujd
.sh oY YS," idufKar YS," m%j%cHd YS,h wdÈh u.ska mQcH mCIh;a
yslauùug Ndckh úh'
Ndr;Sh iudcfha mej;s mqreIdêm;Hh neyer lrñka NsCIqKs
Ydikh ia:dmkh lsÍu;a iu. ldka;djf.a iudc whs;sjdislï iqrCIs;
ùfï kj m%fndaOhla we;súh' mqreIhd fia u ldka;dj o nqoaêfhka yd
l=i,;dfjka iudk njg m%dfhda.sl ms<s.ekSula ,nd§fuka W;a;Í;r
ks¾jdKh wjfndaOh olajd wehg meñKSug yels nj m%;HCI lsÍfuka o
ldka;d ksoyi iudc iqNdú;hla njg m;alf<a nqÿ oyu u.sks' tfiau
ldka;djg ksr;=rej mqreI md¾Yajh úiska f.!rjh" /ljrKh ,ndÈh
hq;= nj o nqÿ oyu W.kajhs'
i;r n%yau úyrK iudcfha wfkHdakH l%shdldß;ajfha h:d
meje;au ;yjqre lrhs' ffu;%sh" lreKdj" uqÈ;dj" WfmalaLdj hk
.=Kdx. jvjd,Sfuka mqoa.,dka;r in|;d ;=<ska we;s jk m%fldamldÍ
70
nj" wjmSvkh" ysxidj jeks m%;sfYaOd;aul p¾hdjka msgq ±lSu" ixys¢hdj"
iylïmkh" ix;=Iaáh jeks m%;sckkd;aul p¾hdjka m%j¾Okh ùula
isÿ fõ'
rdcH md,kfha § iudc idOdrK;ajh ;yjqre lsÍug wjYH
WmfoaY rdYshla o fn!oaO b.ekaùï ;=< wka;¾.; fõ' ima;
wmßydksh O¾u u.ska iduQysl iudc p¾hd jvd;a iudc ys;lr f,i
iuQyh ;=< l%shd;aul lsÍug u. fmkajhs' tu O¾u;d ms<smÈk iudch
fkdmsßfyk nj nqoaO foaYkfha ±lafõ' rdcH md,kfha§ ms<smeÈh hq;=
wjjdo wkqYdikd rdYshla plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%fha ±lafõ' iudc
mSvkhla we;s lsÍfuka f;drj rdcH md,kh we;s lsÍug;a md,lhd iy
mqrjeishka w;r idOdrK;ajh imsß iudc rgdjla mj;ajd .ekSug;a
tu.ska u. mEfoa'
fï whqßka n,k úg idOdrK;ajh yd hqla;sh rchk iudc
rgdjla ìys lsÍug wod< u.fmkaùu yd wkqYdikd rdYshla fn!oaO
b.ekaùï ;=< ;sfí' fuu mKsúvh iudch fj; ksjerÈ j /f.k hdu;a
th mqreÿ mqyqKq lsÍu;a Èß .ekaùu;a ix> iudcfha m%uqL j.lSula fõ'
nqÿ oyfï b.ekafjk mxpYS, m%;sm;a;sh mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg
iDcqj u n,mdk iudc .eg¨ wju lrk iudc l%u myls' ;ud Wmud lr
Ôú; odkh §fuka" ;e;sf.k ìfhka ieflka Ôj;a jk ish¨ i;a;ajhkag
mQ¾K ksoyi Wod lsÍula fõ' fidrlï lsÍu wmdfha Wm§ug fya;=jk
nj Ok[acdks iQ;%fha § ießhq;a ysñhka meyeÈ,s lrhs' ;udg wh;a
fkdjk ish,a, wkai;= h' th fkdokajd .ekSu fidrluls' ;ud ksid fyda
wkqka ksid fyda w±yeñ j ñÉPd wdÔjfhka Ôj;a ùu ks.%y iy.; nj
fn!oaO ms<s.ekSuhs' i;HjdÈhd fkdmsßfyk nj;a i;Hh mdrñ;djla
nj;a jpk wudjla nj ±k ±k;a Wïu;a;l nj" isysuq,d nj
fkdorefjl= njg m;aùu" u;aj;=r u;a øjH Ndú;h ksid isÿfjhs' u;a
Wjÿr jeks wmpdrhkag fm<öug fmr bka iudch uqojd .ekSu fn!oaO
iudc o¾Ykh hs' tfia u YS,h udkj iudcfha moku nj;a .eg¨
úi¢h yelafla ¥ro¾YSj l%shd lsÍfuka nj;a ±lafõ' tu ksid ;%súO
YsCIdfjka iS,hg m%uqL;dj fok w;r tys § iïud jdpd" iïud
lïuka;" iïud wdÔj hk ud¾.dx. fhdackd lr we;' mqoa.,hl= jerÈ
lsÍug fm<fUkafka Pkaoh" oafõYh" ìh" fudayh ksid h' i;r ix.%y
71
jia;= jk odkh" m%shjpkh" w¾:p¾hdj iy iudkd;au;dj tlsfkl
iudfhdackh ùfuka mqoa.,hd ;=< lsishï YslaIKhla ms<sìUq lrhs'
fn!oaO b.ekaùïj, uQ,sl yrh jkafka udkj flakaøjdoh
m%;sfCIam lsÍuhs' ;ud lrk /lshdj" wOHdmkh" Od¾ñl nj" yslaóu
yd W;a;u mqreId¾: u; flfkl= w.h lrk w;r lsisúfgl f.da;%h"
l=,h iy Okh u; Wiia fkdjk nj nqÿ oyfï wjOdrKh lrhs'
ji< iQ;%fha § fldamh" ffjrh" múgq weiqr" jerÈ oDIAáh hkdÈh
ksid iduldó iudch bÈßfha ji,hl= f,i w¾: ksrEmKh jk nj
±lafõ' bka§h fõo idys;Hfha nuqKkaf.a fn§u p;=¾ j¾K O¾u
wkqj isÿ jQ w;r foaj ks¾udKh u; msysgd iudch Wiia my;a f,i
j¾. lsÍu isÿúh' my< ia;rh jQ laIqø l=,hg udkj ksoyi wysñ úh'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia nuqKq u;h ì| oud hqla;sh" idOdrKh
Wfoid m%.;sYS,S i;H b.ekaùula lf<a h' tys moku ;d¾lsl m%fõYhla
Tiafia újrKh l< yels h'
ji< iQ;%fha § fmkajd fokafka mqoa.,fhl= wdfrdams; ;;a;aj
u; fkdj idê; ;;a;aj u; iudc ms<s.ekSug ,la úh hq;= njhs'
tkï Wm;" wd¾Òl ;;a;ajh" jD;a;Sh fyda fjk;a idOl u; fkdj
mqoa.,hd úiska olajk iudc p¾hdfõ w.hka wkqj th ;SrKh jk
njhs' tf;la mej;s iïm%odhka" l=, l%uh mokï jqfKa Wm;ska w;am;a
lr.;a idOl u; h' th widOdrK fn§ula f,i ms<sflõ l< nqÿ oyu
mqoa., ldhsl yd udkisl ixj¾Ok mokï jQ kj fn§ula f,i NsËq -
NsËqKS" Wmdil - Wmdisld hk isõjkla msßfika hq;= Ydiksl iudc
úfNaokh bÈßm;a lf<a h'
w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%h wdÈfha § rdcH md,kh
ms<sn| kQ;k m%cd;dka;%jd§ ixl,am rdYshla b;d meyeÈ,s j y÷kd .;
yels h' ck iïu;fhka rdcH md,lfhl= fjkalr .ekSu yd rdcHh
úiska uyckhd Wfoid hy md,khla mj;ajd .ekSug wod< jQ lreKq
rdYshla tys olajd we;'

nqÿ oyu Ndr;Sh iudcfha b;d iSud iys; j ;enQ ldka;d úuqla;sh
f.!rdkaú; ms<s.ekSula iys; j mq¨,a lrk ,§' tjlg mej;s mqreI
uQ,sl iudch ;=< ia;%shgo mqyqKqj Tiafia by<g u meñKsh yels nj
72
fufyKs iiak weröfuka mila lrk ,§' tfia jqjo wIag .reO¾u
mekùu u.ska kej;;a ldka;dj mqreIhkaf.a /ljrKh yd ie,ls,a,g
hg;a lrùu ldka;dj flfrys mqreI f.!rjh ia:dmkh lsÍug byj,a
úh'
ima; wmßydksh O¾u Tiafia iudc.; we.hqï yd idrO¾u

moaO;Ska /l.ekSu i|yd isÿl< hq;= iïm%odhka /lSu o" iudch ;=<
ixialD;sl wkkH;dj /l .ekSu o" idOdrK;ajh ;yjqre lsÍug
jeo.;a úh'
fï wkqj nqÿ oyu b;d meyeÈ,s f,i iudc idOdrK;ajh yd

hqla;sh Wfoid jk iudc o¾Ykhla nj oelaúh yels h'
wNHdih
1' m%d.a fn!oaO hq.h yd fn!oaO hq.h w;r mej;s iudc fjkialï
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' merKs iudcfha mej;s lDIsld¾ñl Ôjk rgdj uQ,sl jQ iudc

jd;djrKh tys iajhxfmdaIs; meje;aug ys;lr jQ wkaou meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
3' merKs iudch ;=< mjq,a in|;d yd foam, mßyrKh ms<sn| mej;s
;;a;ajh ieflúka olajkak'
4' merKs iudch;a kQ;k iudch;a w;r mj;sk iuúiu;d olajñka

tys ys;lr yd wys;lr n,mEï meyeÈ,s lrkak'
73
05 iudc md,kh
5'1 iudc md,khl wjYH;dj yd tys ft;sydisl úldYkh

,;ska NdIdfõ —Socius˜ hk jpkfhka ì£ wdjla f,i i,ld
Society hk bx.S%is jpkh isxy, NdIdfõ § —iudch˜ hkqfjka Ndú;
fõ' tl;= ù iyfhda.fhka" ñ;%;ajfhka lghq;= lsÍu hk wre;a tys
.eíù we;' th yqÿ idudðlhka msßilf.a tlaùula muKla fkdj
wfkHdakH wka;¾ ls%hdldÍ;ajhka iys; fmdÿ ,eÈhdjla" fmdÿ
tl`.;djla iys; f.dkqjls'
udkj YsIagdpdrfha tod fuod;=r l=vd u tallh mjq, f,i
iudc úoHd{fhda ;¾l úrys; j ms<s.ks;s' uj" mshd" orejka yd
nkaOQkaf.ka iukaú; fuu l=vd jHqyh iuia; iudcfha ;ekqï tallh
fõ' w;S;fha mej;s uy mjq, fyj;a úia;dß; mjq, kQ;k ksÍCIKh yd
wd¾Ól jHqyh ;=< kHIaál mjq,la f,i ixfldapkh ù we;' úia;dß;
mjq, ;=< mej;s <ud" jeäysá ióm;dj ksid orejka ksrdhdifhka u
iudc fiajhg újD; j mej;sKs' fuu mjq, ;=< j.lSï" ne£ï" hq;=lï"
iïm%odhka" kS;sÍ;s" pdß;% jdß;%" idrO¾u wdÈ w;suy;a ixl,am
iuqodhlska ye¢kafjk l%shdodu /ila mej;sfha h' fïjd u.ska
idudðlhka ksr;=re j ne£ isá w;r wfkHdakH jYfhka ms<s.;a
md,khla ;=<g fkd±kqj;a j wka;¾.%yKh úh' <uhska ldhsl"
udkisl" fmdaIKh;a Ñ;a;fõ.S iu;=,s;;dj;a mqyqKq lsÍug
jeäysáhka Wkkaÿ jQ w;r" wd¾Ól lD;H Wfoid jeäysáhka j.lSu
Ndr.;ay' mjq, ;=< mej;s hdka;%sl taldnoaO;dj yd Y%u úNckh th
;=< ukd ixúOdkd;aul md,khla mj;ajd .ekSug bjy,a úh'
mjq,a lsysmhla tl;= jQ l=vd iudc tallhka Tjqkag wkkH
iajrEmh Tiafia mq¨,aj;a u th ;=< jQ hdka;%sl taldnoaO;dj l%ufhka
ÿ¾j, neúka ftkaøSh taldnoaO;djla lrd fjka úh' fuys§ iudcfha
idudðlhka w;r j.lSu yd ne£u yqÿ kdu ud;%sl fuka u ks,
iïnkaO;dj,ska kej; ilia úh' ta iu`. u tf;la ;u md,k n,fõ.h
ù mej;s ióm n,mEï oduh ;=kS jQ w;r úOdk.; md,k l%shdoduhlska
th m%;sia:dmkh úh' th kQ;k ks,n,jd§ md,k rduqj f,djg odhdo
lf<a h'
74
w;S; iudcfha mej;s md,k l%uh
w;S; iudcfha md,k l%u ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ila cd;l l;d
idys;Hfhkao uydjxYfhkao .uHudk fõ' W;=re bkaÈhdfõ mej;s
md,k rgdj uyskaod.ukfhka miqj ,xldj ;=<o ia:dmkh úh' mqreI
uQ,sl iudchla jQ Ndr;Sh iudch ;=< md,k ;ka;%hg ldka;d odhl;ajh
b;d wju úh' úfYaIfhka n%dyauK jxYslhka ia;%sh iïnkaOfhka
±refõ Wiia wdl,amhla fkdfõ' w;S; .ul md,lhd jQfha mqreIfhls'
Tyq ukd w;a±lSï iïNdrhlska hq;= Wiia fm!reI ,CIKj,ska fyì
mqoa.,fhl= úh' .fï fmdÿ ms<s.ekSu ;=<ska by< iudc ;;a;ajhlska
hq;= Tyq zz.du‚ZZ hkqfjka ye¢kajQ nj b;sydi{fhda olaj;s'
fujeks .ïkdhljre l%ufhka ;u n,h yd wdêm;H m;=rejd
.ekSu;a iu`. m%foaYSh kdhlhd jQ w;r we;eï úg Tõyq rdcH;ajh
lrdo <.d jQ nj b;sydifha ±lafõ'
;u ifydaor ck;djf.a kdhl;ajh ±Íu muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a
wd¾Ól" idudðl yd wd.ñl lghq;=j,§ u.fmkaùuo kdhlfhl=f.a
ld¾hNdrhg we;=<;a úh' ck;dj w;r iduh mj;ajd f.k hdug
wjYH úêúOdk fh§u" kS;s lvlrkakka úIfhys oKavkho fuu
.%du kdhlhdf.a n, wêldßhg we;=<;a úh' rdcH;ajh jeäfokdf.a
leue;a; u; —uy iïu;˜ hkqfjka uq,È werôho miqld,Skj
bkaÈhdj;a Y%S ,xldj;a ×;s;ajh mokï jq ysñlula f,i th mej;s nj
fmfka' fuu forfÜu rdcH;ajh i|yd ,sÅ; kS;s moaO;shla fkdùu
úfYaI;ajhls' tfy;a wd.ñl u;jdo fmr±ß jQ iïu; YslaIKh rdcH
md,lhd i;= úh'
úOdhl n,h rdcH;ajh i;=jqjo jHjia:dÞhl ls%hdldß;ajh
w;sYh m%cd;ka;%jdÈ ,CIK iys; úh' úfYaIfhka wud;H uKav,h"
mqfrdays; fyj;a m%Odk WmfoaYl iys; rdcH iNdjla mej;s w;r tys§
fndfydA rdcH;Ajhg wÞ< lreKq idlÉPd jQ nj jxYl:d idys;Hfhka
fudkjg meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia u m%dfoaYSh md,kh úiska mek jQ hï ks-
fhda.hl widOdrK;ajhg tfrys j rcq fj; wNshdpkd lsßfï yelsh-
djla rg jeishdg úh' fuh kQ;k wêlrKfha o ms<s.;a isoaOdka;hls'
75
;;ald,Sk wd.ñl o¾Yk ish,a,l u mdfya rdcH;ajh
fufyhùug wÞ< fndfyda u.fmkaùï iys;h' tA w;=ßka fn!oaO o¾Ykh
rdcH md,kh ms<sn| iqúfYaIS O¾u;d .Kkla biau;= lrk ,§' tys §
oirdc O¾uhg uq,a ;ekla ysñ fõ'
oirdcO¾u (- 1' Þkh
2' YS,h
3' mß;Hd.h
4' wjxl nj
5' uDÿ nj
6' wfl%daOh
7' wúysxidj
8' bjiSu
9' wúfrdaO;dj
10' ;mi
fuu .=KO¾u jeãu;a iu. md,lhd hym;a mqoa.,hl= jk w;r
th fiiq mqrjeishkag wdo¾Yhla o fõ' tu.ska iuia; iudchu Ndj
iqLkuH yr moaO;shla Tiafia YslaIKhg ,lafõ' mer‚ .%dóh iudch
;=< m%dfoaYSh md,lhkago hï hï oKavk n,;, ;snQ nj fmfka' ov
mekùu" iq¿ o~qjï mekùu" o~qlf|a .eiSu" j;alï foam, ;ykï lsÍu"
Y%uh fmdÿ lghq;= i|yd jeh lsÍu tA w;r m%uqL úh' rdcdêlrKh
u.ska nrm;, wêlrK lghq;= úuiSug ,la l< w;r li myr §u
isg ysi .id ±óu olajd jQ úúO o~qjï ls%hd;aul úh' fidrlu" mQckSh
foam,j,g isÿ lrk ydks" rdcH úfrdaë lghq;= wdÈh nrm;, wmrdO
.Khg i,lkq ,eî h'
rdcH wd{dj w~fnr u.ska m%isoaO l< w;r th lv lrkakjqka
fiùu i|yd uqr Nghkaa fhdojkq ,eî h' ,xldfõ we;eï ia:dkj,
rdcH wd{djka we;=<;a fi,a,sms lrjd msysgqjk ,§' whnÿ /ialsÍï wd§
wd¾Ól lghq;= ms<sn| m%lg fi,a,smsh f,i nÿ¨ fi,a,smsh y÷kajd
Èh yels h' fï wdldrfhka w;S; idudkH ck Ôú;h úkhdkql+,
md,khlg
hg;a lr ;snQ nj uekúka meyeÈ,s fõ'
w;S; bkaÈhdfõ mej;s ;j;a md,k l%uhla f,i iuQydKavq md,k
l%uh y÷kajd Èh yels h' u,a, rg ,sÉPú rcorejka mj;ajdf.k .sfha
76
fujeks rdcH l%uhls' tu rdcH l%uh nqÿrcdKka jykafia wkq±k
jÞ< w;r Tjqka w;r mej;s we;eï phœd ima; wmßydksh O¾u f,i
Wmqgd olajk ,§'
1' ks;r /iaj idlÉPd lsÍu'
2' iu.sj /iaj" iduQyslj lghq;= lr iu.sj úisrhdu'
3' mkjd we;s kS;s fkdlvjd wkq.ukh lsÍu yd l,ska fkdmekjQ
kS;s w¨;ska fkdmekùu'
4' jeäysáhkag .renqyquka lsÍu Tjqkaf.a wjjdo ms<sme§u'
5' ldka;djkag ysßyer fyda n,y;aldrlï fkdlsÍu'
6' mQckSh ia:dkj,g .re lsÍu yd wdrCId lsÍu'
7' wd.ñl mQcljrekag .re ie,ls,s ±laùu" myiqlï iemhSu"
rdcHhg fkdmeñ‚ mQcl jreka f.kajd .ekSu'
fn!oaO u.fmkaùu Tiafia jvd;a udkjys;jd§j úldYkh jQ
Ndr;fha yd YS% ,xldfõ iudc md,k rgdj úúO wdl%uKhkaf.ka isÿ
jQ n,mEu ksid fjkia úh' úfYaIfhka mD;=.Sis wdl%uKh;a iuÕ tl,
mej;s fn!oaO wdl,am uQ,sl md,k rgdj foord hkakg úh' úfYaIfhka
mxpYS, m%;smÞj uQ,slj mej;s iudc wd.ñl rgdj blaujd wfn!oaO
b.ekaùï me;srhdu;a u;a meka mdkh wdÈ ÿisß;a iudc.; ùu;a fuhg
±ä n,mEula isÿ lf<a h' we;eï wufkda{ ,dxlsl md,lhka ngysr
isß;a úß;a ysia uqÿkska ms<s.ekSu;a tu.ska ngysr cd;slhkaf.ka
jrm%ido ,eîu;a ksid tf;la uekúka mej;s fndÿ isß;a uQ,sl iudch
foord .sfha h' ixialD;sl jYfhka ;dvk mSvkj,g ,laùu;a >d;k
ksid fndÿ wkqYdikhg jg msßia ke;sj iiqk w;=reoka ùfï wk;=rla o
mek ke.sKs'
ngysr md,kh fndfydaÿrg iajhx úkhg jvd n,d;aul
kS;sÍ;s iuqÞhla f,i ls%hd;aul úh' by< u yuqÞ ks,Odßhd fyda
wdKavqldrjrhd úiska iajlSh uõrfÜ kS;sh fuys§ ls%hd;aul lrk ,§'
isxy,fha w. rcq ráka msgqjy,a lsÍu;a iu. tf;la mej;s wdKavql%uh
uqükska ì| jegqK w;r wiu.s jQ ,dxlsl ck;dj md,khg ì%;dkHhka
iajlSh md,k l%uh fuyso ia:dmkh lrk ,§' uq,§ ì%;dkH md,khg
tfrys jQjkag ohd úrys; md,khla f.k .sho hqfrdamfha we;sjQ
,snr,ajd§ le<öïj, n,mEu ksid jvd;a m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uhla
lrd th meñ‚fha h'
77
frdau ,kafois kS;sh ,xldfõ m%Odk kS;s wdlD;sh jYfhka
ls%hd;aaul jk w;r m%dfoaYSh kS;sÍ;s jk f;aij,dfu kS;sh W;=relrfha
we;eï kS;s lD;H i|yd Ndú; fõ'
j¾;udk YS% ,xld m%cd;ka;s%l iudcjdÈ ckrcfha l%shd;aul
jkafka ck;d mrudêm;Hhhs' ck;djf.a jHjia:dÞhl n,h
md¾,sfïka;=j úiska o n,h úOdhl ckdêm;s úiska o" kS;sh wêlrKh
úiska o" ls%hd;aul flf¾' 1948 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ms<sn|
úYaj m%ldYh;a" 1985 <ud whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;sh wdÈhg w;aika
;eîu;a iuÕ ,xldfõ rdcH md,k m%;sm;a;sh ;=< <ud yd udkj
ysñlï ia:dmkh lsÍug rch ne£ isà'
78
5'2 kS;s moaO;sh u.ska lrk iudc md,kh
mqoa.,hka tlaù iudch ks¾udKh ùu;a iu. tA whf.a wNs,dIhka
uqükska ika;¾mKh lsÍug hdu fiiq wh wmyiq;djg m;alrhs' túg
we;sjk .eg¨ ;;a;ajh iSud lsÍug iudc md,khla wjYH jk nj
wms W.;af;uq' pdß;% jdß;%" idrO¾u" wd.u" wOHdmkh wd§ idOl
rdYshla Bg bjy,a fõ' tkhska kQ;k iudc l%uh ;=< jvd;a n,mj;ajk"
ia:dms; iudc md,k l%uh kS;s moaO;sh f,i ye|skaúh yels h' kS;sÍ;s
moaO;Skaf.a n,mEu rys; ck iudchla wo jk úg y÷kd.; fkdyels
;rug mq¨,aj th f,djmqrd ia:dmkh ù we;'
uelaia fõn¾ iudch ;=< wdêm;Hh ms<sn| ish woyiaj,§ wjê
3 la ±laùh' Tyq iudch ;=< wdêm;Hh" iïm%Þhsl wdêm;Hh"
wkqydid;aul ^leßiaud& wdêm;Hh" kS;Hkql+, wdêm;Hh hkqfjka
j¾. lrhs'
idïm%Þhsl wdêm;Hh
idïm%Þhsl wdêm;H md,lhd úiska ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nkafka
w;S;h úiska fufyjkq ,enQ w;S;fha mej;s iudc kS;sÍ;s iïm%Þhhs'
fuys§ idïm%Þhsl kdhlhd fokq ,nk ;SrKj,g ish¨ fokd wjk;
úh hq;= h' md,lhdf.a ;SrKh ieliS we;af;a w;S;fha isg mej; tk
idïm%Þhsl yd isß;aj,ska ne| rduqjla f,i h' kdhlhd f;dard .ekSuo
idïm%Þhsl l%uhgu isÿjk w;r" th iSñ; msßila w;=ßka isÿ flf¾'
wkqydid;aul wdêm;Hh ^leßiaud wdêm;Hh&
mqoa.,hl= i;= fm!oa.,sl .=Kdx. /ila u; Tyqf.a fm!reI;ajh
yd iïnkaO ù Tyq jgd f.dvkef.k wdêm;Hjd§ n,fõ. wkqydid;aul
wdêm;Hh f,i y÷kajhs' fndfydaúg —leßiaud˜ kdhlhd .kq ,nk
;SrK Tyqf.a fm!oa.,sl fm!reIh úiska bÈßm;a lrk tAjd h'
leßiaud wdêm;H fndfydaúg w;S;fha mej;s iudc m%;sudk m%;slafIam
lrk w;r Tyqg u wdfõKsl kj úYajdi yd iïm%Þh f.dvk.hs'
fndfydaúg .%dóh iudcj, lemS fmfkk kdhlhka jgd fujeks
leßiaud f.dvke.S mj;skq ±lsh yels h'
79
kS;Hkql+, wdêm;H
fõn¾ olajk mßÈ iudch ;d¾lsllrKfha wjika wÈhr
kS;Hkql+, wdêm;Hhhs' wNspdr" iïm%Þh" leßiaudjka f.ka ñfok
iudch wjidkfha § ms<s.;af;a ;d¾lsl jQ fuu wêm;H mu‚' ffk;sl
wdêm;Hh n, OQrdj,shla Tiafia ia:ÍNjkh ù we;' fjn¾ th
ks, - n, jdoh f,i y÷kajd ÿks'
ck j¾. yd .Kp¾hd lvùu ms<sn| we;af;a iDcq m%;sfrdaOhka
muKla jqjo tAjd mokïj ieliQ kS;s moaO;sh tAjdhska fjkia fõ' kS;s
m%Odk ,CIK 5 ls'
1' kS;sh rdcHh úiska mj;d ks, jYfhka m%ldYhg m;alr ;sîu'
2' kS;sh ,sÅ; j we;s w;r th ksYaÑ;j újrKh lr w¾: .kajd ;sîu'
3' kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd wdh;k jHQyhla ls%hd;aul ùu'
4' kS;sh wmCImd;S yd wfm!oa.,sl nj'
5' kS;sh leãul§ tA tA jerÈ i|yd l,ska ;SrK lr iïu; lrk ,o
o~qjï ;sîu'
m%lg ks;SfõÈhl= jQ frdiaflda mjqkaâ ^Roscoe Pound& olajkafka
foaYmd,ksl jYfhka ixúOdkh jQ iudchl ixjr;dj wdrCId lrkafka
kS;sh úiska nj h' th ftkaøSh taldnoaO;dfjka ne£ mj;S' kQ;k
iudch i|yd WÑ;u md,k l%uh kS;sfha md,kh hs'
ks;Sh rdcHh úiska mkjk ,oaols' ck;djf.a nyq;r leue;a;
,enq ck;d ksfhdað;hkaa úiska ck;djf.a iqnisoaêh Wfoid kS;s mkjkq
,nk nj iudc iïu;hhs' th ck;djf.a jHjia:dÞhl n,h f,io
y÷kajkq ,efí' m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgdjl§ th md¾,sfïka;=j úiska isÿ
lrkq ,efí' ck;dj úiska f;dard m;al< ksfhdað;hka ck;d ys;iqj
ms‚i fulS kS;sÍ;s mkjk w;r úOdhlh úiska tu kS;s Í;s ls%hd;aul
lsÍfï n,h mjrhs' md¾,sfïka;=fõ § hï mk;la m<uqjr fojeksjr yd
f;jeksjr lshjd iïu; lr l:dkdhl Bg w;aika ;eîu;a iuÕ th
rfÜ kS;sh njg m;afõ' kS;sh ish¨ mqrjeishka úIfhys wfm!oa.,slj
ls%hd;aul ùug wjYH mshjr f.k ;sfí'

kS;sfha jrola f,i f,aLk.; fkdjQ hula jrola f,i kS;sh
fkdi,lhs' t neúka l,ska l, kS;s ixfYdaOkh fjñka w¨;ska
80
fldgia tl;= lsÍu isÿflf¾' kS;sfha ish,a, tl tllaa fjk fjku
újrKh lr we;' jrfoys ;rd;sru wkqj Bg mekfjk o~qjuo
fjka fjkaj i|yka lr we;' th blaujd o~qjï ;SrKh l< fkdyels h'

kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd wdh;ksl jHQyhka ls%hd;aul fõ'
fmd,Sish" wêlrKh" nkaOkd.dr tA w;ßka iqúfYaIS fõ' kS;sh yd iduh
wdrCId lsÍu fmd,Sisfha m%Odk j.lSu jk w;r thg tfrys jkakka
wêlrKh yuqjg meñKsùuo Tjqkaf.a j.lSuls' wêlrKh yuqfõ §
th hqla;s iy.;j ikd: l< hq;= w;r th wmCImd;Sj yd wfm!oa.,sl
j isÿ flf¾' ish¨ mqrjeishka kS;sh o; hq;= h hk Wml,amkh u; th
l%shd;aul lrk w;r jrola nj fkd±k isàu ksoyig lreKla f,i
kS;sh fkdms<s.kS' kS;s lD;Hfha ;j;a úfYaI;djla jkafka" o~qjï
ls%hd;aul lsÍfï wfm!oa.,sl iajNdjhhs' tkï w.;shg .;a md¾Yajh
úiska u o~qjï ls%hd;aul lsÍug bvla fkdue;s w;r nkaOkd.drh
úiska th ls%hd;aul lrkq we;'
Y%S ,dxlsl wêlrK l%uh úúO j¾.fha Widúj,ska
iukaú; h' ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh" Èia;s%la wêlrKh" uydêlrKh"
wNshdpkdêlrKh" fY%aIaGdêlrKh wdÈ jYfhka úúO kvq lghq;=
i|yd m;al< Widú l%uhla mj;S' wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ±lafjk
uQ,sl whs;Ska W,a,x>kh ùul § fYa%IaGdêlrKh yuqfõ th úuish
hq;= w;r" my< Widúj, ;Skaÿjlg tfrysj wNshdpkd lsÍfï n,ho
we;' úksYaph lghq;=j,g iydh ùug kS;sm;s fom¾;fïka;=j" ri
mÍCIl fomd¾;fïka;=j jeks iydhl fomd¾;fïka;= o msysgqjd we;'
wêlrK lghq;= fufyhùug úúO wK" mk;a" wd{d wdÈh Ndú; fõ'
kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùfï ksñ;s wkqj m%Odk ldKav folls'
01' isú,a kS;sh
02' wmrdO kS;sh
kS;sh úiska u wmrdO hgf;a j¾.SlrKh lr we;s jerÈ
iïnkaOfhka wmrdO kS;sh ls%hd;aul jk w;r fiiq ,>q kvq lghq;=
fndfyduhla isú,a kS;sh hgf;a l%shd;aul flf¾' wmrdOj, iajNdjh
wkqj o j¾. lsÍula we;'

81
01' mqoa.,hdg tfrysj isÿlrk wmrdO
02' foam,j,g isÿlrk wmrdO
03' iudchg tfrys wmrdO
iudchg tfrysj isÿjk wmrdO ms<sn| i,lkafka rchg tfrysj
isÿlrkq ,nk wmrdOhka f,i h' ish¨ u wmrdO kej; fldgia
follg fnÈh yels h'
01' ,>q wmrdO
02' wêfpdaokSh wmrdO
,>q wmrdO ufyaia;%d;a Widúhlska úNd. lr iq¨ o~qjula
fyda ovhla mekúh yels tajd h' Èia;s%la Widúh fyda Bg by<
Widúfhka úNd. l< hq;= jro wêfpdaokSh jerÈ f,i y÷kajhs'
fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka kS;sfha wdêm;Hh iudc md,kh
i|yd iEu iudc ls%hdldrlula u wNsNjd ls%hd;aul jk njhs' ;d¾lsl
iudchla f.dv ke.Su;a iuÕ f,dalfha iEu ìï wÕ,la u kS;sfha
wdêm;Hhg ,eî we;' cd;Hka;r jYfhka o iduQyslj kS;sÍ;s
ls%hd;aul fõ' f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEu;a iuÕ foaYiSud blaujd .sh kS;s
moaO;shl wjYH;dj jvjvd;a biau;= fõ' kS;sh o iudc mßKduh;a
iuÕ mßKduhg n÷ka jk w;r udkj ls%hdldß;ajh mq¿,a fjoa§ kS;s
lD;Hh o l%ufhka mq¿,a jkq ±lsh yels h'
82
YS% ,xldfõ wêlrK moaO;sh
iqrdnÿ fomd¾;fïka;=j" jk Ôú fomd¾;fïka;=j" fmd,Sish
yd u;aøjH kdYl wxYh hk wdh;k u.ska iellrejl= jYfhka
mqoa.,fhl= bÈßm;a lrkafka wêlrKhg ke;fyd;a Widúhghs'
±kg Y%S ,xldfõ wêlrK moaO;sfha uÜgï myla l%shd;aul fjhs'
1' ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
2' Èid wêlrKh
3' uydêlrKh
4' wNshdpkdêlrKh
5' fY%aIaGdêlrKh
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh (-
fmd,sia Widú f,i ye¢kafjk fuu Widú iEu wêlrK
fldÜGdihla ;=<u msysgqjd we;' oKav kS;s ix.%yh 1979 wxl
15 ork wmrdO kvq úêúOdk ix.%y mk; iy fjk;a mk;a
ud¾.fhka kshu lrkq ,nk kvq iïnkaO n,;, yd wêlrK
n,h ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh i;=fjhs' m%Odk jYfhka u meñ‚,s
md¾Yajh f,i fmd,Sish lghq;= lrk fuu wêlrKh u.ska tu
n, m%foaYh ;=< isÿjk wdrjq,a iy wmrdO iïnkaO uQ,sl mÍËK
fufyhùu" uyck fi!LH" wdrËdj" iÞpdrh ms<sn|" jerÈ fidrlï
yd uxfld,a, lEï" foam,j,g ydks lsÍu" ñkS ueÍu iy ñkS ueÍug
;e;a lsÍu yd iïnkaO uQ,sl kvq ú.%y lsÍu fuysÈ isÿ flf¾'
Èid wêlrKh (-
iEu wêlrK Èia;%slalhl u Èid wêlrKhla msysgqjd we;'
Èia;%slalhg wÞ< isú,a kvq úi£fï n,h fïjdg mejÍ we;' Èid
wêlrKhlska úNd. fldg ;Skaÿ Èh yels kvq rdYshla we;' my;
±lafjkafka tAjdhska lsysmhls'
1' Èlalido kvq
2' újdy fmdfrdkaÿ lv lsÍu iïnkaO kvq
3' ia;%S ¥IK iïnkaO kvq
4' uqo,a kvq
83
5' w,dNh b,a,Su iïnkaO ish¨ nQo,a kvq
6' fnÿï kvq
7' ishü bvï kvq yd f.j,al=,S kvq
8' iud.ï mk; hgf;a mejfrk kvq wdÈhhs'
uydêlrKh (-
Y%S ,xldfõ isÿjk ish¨ u wmrdO ms<sn| wêlrK n,;, ysñj
we;af;a uydêlrKhghs' tu n,h 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ¸¸¸^1&
j.ka;shg wkqj ysñj we;s w;r 1978 wxl 02 ork wêlrK ixúOdk
mkf;a 9 jk j.ka;sfha uydêlrKh i;= n,;, i|yka fjhs' tla
úksYaphldrjrhl= bÈßfha cQß iNdjla we;sj fyda ke;sj kvq úi¢h
yels h' ñkS uereï" ia;%S ¥IK" ñkS ueÍug ;e;a lsÍu" rdcH úfrdaë
l=uka;%K iy úYd, uxfld,a,lEï jeks iuyr wmrdO iïnkaO kvq
uydêlrKfha § úNd. lrkq ,efí'
fuhg wu;r Y%S ,dxlslfhla msgrgl § isÿ lrk ,o jro Y%S ,xld
wyia ;Srfha fyda foaYSh c, ;Srfha isÿ flfrk jro Y%S ,xldfõ ,shd
mÈxÑ kejl § fyda .=jka hdkhl § isÿ lrk jro wdÈh yd iïnkaO
kvq o úi£fï n,;, uydêlrKh i;= fõ'
m<d;a
no uydêlrKh (-
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 13 jk ixfYdaOkh wkqj tla tla
m<d;a iNdj i|yd m<d;ano uydêlrK msysgqjd we;' jdKsc wdrjq,a
úi|Su m%d:ñl ufyaia;%d;a yd Èid wêlrKj, wNshdpkd úi£u m<d;a
iNdj ;=< —ßÜ˜ wd×d ksl=;a lsÍu" kS;s úfrdaëj r|jd f.k isákakka
bÈßm;a lrk f,i b,a,d ynhdia fldamQia w× ,nd§u wd§ n,;, wdÈh
m<d;ano uydêlrKh i;=fjhs' fuu wêlrKj, úksYaphldrjreka
m;a lsÍfï n,;, we;af;a w.% úksYaphldrjrhdg h'
wNshdpkd wêlrKh (-
m%d:ñl ufyaia;%d;a" Èia;%sla iy uydêlrKh jeks wêlrK uÕska
fok ,o ;Skaÿj,g tfrysj f.dkq lrk fm;aiï" ue;sjrK fm;aiï
ish¨ úksYaph wêlrK yd wdh;kj, wNshdpkd ms<sn| n,h fuka u
my< Widú úu¾Ykh lsÍfï n,h o wNshdpkd wêlrKh i;= fjhs'
84
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj iNdm;sjrfhl= iy yh fofkl=g
fkdwvq tfldf<dia fofkl=g fkdjeä úksiqre u`vq,a,la isáh hq;= h'
tu wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõu 17 jeks ixfYdaOkhg wkqj úksiqrejrekaf.a
kï wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdjg bÈßm;a l<hq;= w;r tu iNdfjka
wkqu; jqjfyd;a ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,efí'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh (-
WmßudêlrKh f,io fuh y÷kajhs' YS% ,xldfõ W;a;Í;r
wêlrK wdh;kh jk fuh fld<U k.rfha ia:dms; fldg we;' 1978
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 105 jeks j.ka;shg wkqj msysgqjd we;s fuh
wNshdpkd lsÍfï wjirh we;s wjidk wêlrK n,h ysñ wdh;kh
fjhs' w.% úksYaphldr;=ud we;=¿ oyfofkl=g fkdwvq oyih fofkl=g
fkdjeä m%ùK úksYaphldr uKav,hlska fuu wdh;kh iukaú;
fjhs' 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 16 jeks mßÉfþoh 118 jeks j.ka;shg
wkqj fY%aIaGdêlrKh i;= wêlrK n,h fufia ±laúh yels h'
1' mk;a flgqïm;aj, jHjia:dkql+,;dj iïnkaO wêlrK n,h
2' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrËdldÍu i|yd jQ wêlrK n,h
3' wjidk wNshdpkd wêlrK n,h
4' WmfoaYk wêlrK n,h
5' Pkao fm;aiï iïnkaO wêlrK n,h
6' md¾,sfïka;=fõ jrm%ido lvlsÍu yd iïnkaO jQ wêlrK n,h
7' md¾,sfïka;=j úiska mjrkq ,nk fyda kshu lrkq ,nk fjk;a
ldrKd iïnkaO wêlrK n,h tjd w;r m%Odk fõ
fuhg wu;rj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍfï tlu
yd mQ¾K n,h we;af;a o fYa%IaGdêlrKhghs'
nkaOkd.drh (-
iqrd nÿ fomd¾;fïka;=j" jkÔú fomd¾;fïka;=j" fmd,Sish"
u;aøjHkdYl wxYh hk wdh;k u.ska iellrefjl= jYfhka f.k
ufyaia;%d;a jrfhl= fj; bÈßm;a lrkafkl= jrolrefjl= njg
m;ajqjfyd;a Tyq nkaOkd.dr .; lrhs' Bg wu;rj kvq lghq;= bgq
flfrk w;r;=r r|jd .ekSu i|yd —rlaIs;Ndrh˜ hg;g m;al< hq;= who
nkaOkd.drfha r|jkq ,efí'
85
nkaOkd.drhla hkq Wiaj ;dmamhlska jgjQ ueÈß yd jdÜgq iys;
f.dvke.s,sj,ska hqla; wdh;khls' nkaOkd.dr fomd¾;fïka;=j i;=
úfYaIs; nkaOkd.dr wdh;k lsysmhla Èjhsk mqrd msysgqjd we;'
fuu ia:dkj, isák isrlrejkag mqkre;a:dmk jev uQ,sl
lr.;a jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ,nd fok w;r nkaOkd.drfha ishü jev
lghq;= isrlrejka u.ska u lr.kq ,efí' ;jo urŒh oKavkhg kshu
jQjka je,slv fyda fnda.ïnr nkaOkd.drj, muKla r|jkq ,nhs'
tfy;a 2014 j¾Ifha § fnda.ïnr nkaOkd.drh wfydais lrk ,o w;r
tA fjkqjg nkaOkd.drj, isrlrejka udrelr heúKs'
by; olajd we;s m%Odk nkaOkd.drj,g wu;rj Èjhsfka m%Odk
k.rhlu mdfya nkaOkd.dr msysgqjd ;sfí' ^WÞ (- nÿ,a," wkqrdOmqr"
hdmkh" .d,a," ud;r" uvl,mqj" fudKrd.,&
o`vqjï ,;a isrlrejka fufia j¾. l< yels h'

1' nd,jialdr isrlrejka
2' ;reK jrolrejka
3' idudkH isrlrejka
4' urŒh oKavkhg ,la jk isrlrejka
5' Ôú;dka;h olajd o`vqjï ,;a isrlrejka
nkaOkd.dr .; lrk jrolrejka tys r|jkafka m%Odk wruqKq
folla mokï lrf.khs'
1' mqkre;a:dmkh
2' oKavkh
mqkre;a:dmkh ;=<ska woyia jkafka nkaOkd.drfhka
ksoyia ùfï § hym;a mqrjeisfhl= f,i Tyq iudchg Þhdo lsÍuhs'
mqkre;a:dmkh ;=<ska idrO¾u ms<sn| jegySula ,nd fohs' ;jo
iajhx /lshdjlg wjYH mqyqKqjla o Tyqg ,efí' mqkre;a:dmkh iu.
okavkhgo hg;a ùug isÿfjhs' urŒh oKavkhg iy Ôú;dka;h
olajd o`vqjug ,lajQ jrolrefjda yd fiiq jrolrefjda mqkre;a:dmkh
iy oKavkhg ysñlrefjda fj;s'

86
rËs; nkaOkd.drh (-
fïjdfha r|jd ;nkafka m%Odk jYfhka u iellrejka h'
Tjqkaf.a jev .ekSula fkdlrk w;r nkaOkd.drfha jev lghq;=
flfrkafka fjk;a nkaOkd.drj,ska f.kajd .;a isrlrejka iy
iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jk isrlrejka f.ks' rËs; nkaOkd.drhl
uQ,slu ld¾h jkafka iellrejka Widúhg bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'
;reK jrolrejkaf.a wNHdi úoHd,h (-
jeglska iSudfldg we;s fuu wdh;khg we;=<;a lr.kq ,nkafka
jhi wjqreÿ 16-21 olajd jhfia ;reK jrolrejka jk w;r jir
foll pß; fYdaOkhla i|yd fudjqkg úêu;a wOHdmkhla ,nd fok
w;r m%isoaO úNd. i|yd fmkS isàug o wjia:djka ,nd fohs' fuys
fkajdislhskag lDIsl¾udka;h" i;a;aj md,kh yd wfkl=;a l¾udka;
ms<sn| j mqyqKqjla ,nd fohs' j;=msáj, msysgd we;s ;reK jrolrejkaf.a
wNHdi úoHd,h fujeks wdh;khls' fuu wdh;kfha isák
fkajdislhska isr o~qjï ,enqjka fia fkdie,flhs'
;reK jrolrejkaf.a úfYdaOk uOHia:dk (-
jhi wjqreÿ 22ka my< ;reK jrolrejka we;=<;a lr.kakd
fujeks uOHia:dk 02la msysgd we;'
1' nÿ,a, ;,afok ;'j'ú' uOHia:dkh
2' wïmdr j,a,kafiak ;'j'ú' uOHia:dkh
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= iy i;a;aj md,khg jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
lrK fuu uOHia:dkj, isrlrejka oKavkhg jvd mqkre;a:dmkhg
fhduq lsÍula olakg ,efí' tfia u nkaOkd.drj, fkdue;s kuq;a
iSudiys; ksoyila fïjdfhys we;'
isr o`vqjï ú|skakkag Tjqkaf.a hym;a l,a l%shdj u; isr o~qjï
,eîfï ld,h wvqlr .; yels h' fuu iud ld,h Tyqf.a uq¿ isr
o`vqjñka 1$3 lg iSud fjhs' fuys § Ôú;dka;h olajd isr o~qjï ,enQjl=g
hï fohlska iudj ,enqK fyd;a Tyqf.a isr o~qjï ld,h wjqreÿ 20 lg
iSud fjhs'
idudkH isr iudjg wu;r j jrolrejl=g ksoyia ùu i|yd
ckdêm;sjrhdf.a úfYaI wkque;sh hgf;ao iudj ,eìh yels h' cd;sl
fyda wd.ñl jYfhka úfYaI jeo.;a jQ Èkhla fyda wruqKla u; fuu
iudj ,nd fokq we;'
87
5'3' Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k iudc md,k jHqy
;d¾lsl iudchla lrd iudc mßKduh isÿ jQ úg iudc md,kh
i|yd kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ms<sn| fmr§ wm úuid n,k ,§' tys§ kS;sh
ls%hd;aul lsÍu Wfoid iudch úiskau msysgqjd .;a wdh;k rdYshla
wmg y÷kd.; yelsúh' tAjd w;ßka fmd,Sish" nkaOkd.drh" wêlrKh
wdÈ wdh;ksl jHqy b;d mD:q, ld¾hhla bgqlrhs'
fmd,Sish
j¾I 1785 È ì%;dkHhka t<s±lajQ fjiaÜñksiag¾ mk;g wkqj
j¾I 1829 È The Metropolitan act mk; u.ska ia:dmkh lrk ,o jegqma
f.jkq ,nk —wmrdO je<elaùfï fomd¾;fïka;=j˜ j¾;udkfha§
ls%hd;aul —fmd,siSfha˜ wdrïNl wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yels h'
1806 § ,xldfõ fmd,sia fiajh uqr ixpdrl fiajhla jYfhka
ia:dmkh úh' bx.S%is hq.fha § fmd,sisfha ld¾hNdrh f,i ie,l+fha
md,l m%N+ mka;sfha jdKscuh wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug wjYH miqìu
ieliSuhs' tkï md,l mlaIfha wd;aud¾:hhka ohd úrys;j bgqlr §u
h' t;a miqld,Sk fmd,sisfha ls%hdldß;ajh jvd;a uyck ls%hdYS,s fia-
jhla njg keUqre flßKs'
P - Politeness - wdpdriïmkak nj
O - Obedient - lSlre nj
L - Legal - kS;Hdkql+, nj
I - Intelligent - nqoaêu;a nj
C - Courtsey - f.!rjiïmkak nj
E - Efficeincy - ldhH_CIu nj
fmd,Sisfha ld¾hNdrh uq,sl jYfhka fldgia 4 lg fnÈh yels h'
01' wmrdO yd wfkl=;a kS;súfrdaë lghq;= je<elaùu" tA ms<sn|
úuis,su;a ùu yd kS;sh lv lrkakka wêlrKhg bÈßm;a lsÍu'
02' kS;sh yd iudch iq/lSu yd iudc wdrËdj meje;aùu'
03' wmrdO ms<sn| mÍCIK meje;aùu'
04' kS;Hkql+, f,i n,hg m;a rdcHh wdrËd lsÍu'

88
fuu lghq;= bgqlsÍu i|yd kS;sh u.ska tla tla wdh;kj,g
úúO n,;, mjrd we;' fuu n,;, fmdÿ uyck;djf.aa myiqj i|yd
fya;=jk whqßka ls%hd;aul lsÍu wfmaCId lrhs' fuu lD;Hd;aul n,;,
my; i|yka whqßka ixlaIsma; j ±laúh yels h'
01' w;awvx.=jg .ekSfï n,;,
02' fidaÈis lsÍfï n,;,
03' mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj ms<sn| n,;,
04' mÍCIK meje;aùfï n,;,
05' n,h md,kh lsÍfï n,;,
06' l,yldÍ msßia úiqrjd yeÍfï n,;,
07' r:jdyk md,k n,;,
fmd,sish wêlrKhg iydh ùu tys m%n,; u ld¾hhla f,i
±laúh yels h' úfYaIfhka úu¾Yk lsÍu uÕska /ialr.kakd f;dr;=re
idOdrKj ielfha jdish wju lrñka bÈßm;a lsÍfï j.lSu mejÍ
we;af;a fmd,Sish u;h' fmd,sisfha m%uqL ld¾hNdrh iduh mj;ajd
.ekSu jk w;r j¾;udkfha fndfyda rgj,aj, fmd,sish hqO
mqyqKqjlska o iukaú; fõ' ;%ia;jd§ ;¾ckhg ,laj we;s rgj, fuu
hqO mqyqKqj ,;a fmd,sia ks,Odßka nyq,j ±lsh yels h'
we;eï rgj, wd.ñl md,kh ms<sn| lghq;= lsÍu wd.ñl
lghq;= ms<sn| fmd,Sis o lr we;' ijqÈ wdrdìh" brdkh" bkaÿkSishdj
wdÈ rgj,aj, tjeks wd.ñl kS;s ls%hd;aul fõ' fï wkqj n,k l,
iduh mj;ajd .ekSfuys,d fmd,sish w;súYsIag ld¾hNdrhl kshef,k
nj b÷rd u ie,lsh yels h'
89
5'4 iudc md,kh flfrys fn!oaO b.ekaùïj,ska ±lafjk
iajhx md,kfha jeo.;alu
i;a;aj YÍrh ;=< —uki˜ hkqfjka fjka jQ jia;=jla fyda bkaøshla
olakg fkd,efnhs' tfia jqj;a ish¨ u i;a;aj iuQyhd lsishï fohla
lsÍug fmr is;Sug mqreÿj isá;s' fufia is;Sfï l%shdj,sfha § wfkl=;a
i;a
;aj iuQyhdg jvd m%uqL;ajhla ysñ lr .kafka ñksia i;a;ajhd h'
wdÈ hq.fha isg u ñksid l,amkd lf<a ñksia Ñka;khg uq,a ;ek
foñka ñksia uki mokï lr f.khs' fuu ñksia uki b;d ixlS¾K jQ
.=ma; fohla f,i i,ld ;sfí' fmr lf,l wd;auh hkqfjka o iuyr
úgl
ú×kh hkqfjka o Ndú; lf<a fï ñksia uki u h'
uki iy is; hkq tllau jQj;a tys .;sl iajNdjfha fjkila
olakg mq¿jk' uki f,i wm i,lkafka mxp kSjrKhkaf.ka ls<sá
fkdjQ isf;ys uQ,sl iajrEmhhs' WodyrK f,i lsisÿ meyehla" .|la fyda
iqj|la fkd.;a b;d msßiqÿ c,hg uki iudk l< yels h' zis;Z hkq
mxp kSjrKhkaf.ka ls<sá jQ tallhla jk w;r th úúO meyeh .;a
fyda úúO .| fyda iqj¢ka hqla; wmú;% c,h yd iudk fldg ±laúh
yels h' fï u.ska uki yd is; ms<sn| j lsishï wjfndaOhla ,nd .;
yels
fõ'
fn!oaO b.ekaùïj,ska ±lafjkafka iqmyka ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdjQ
ls<sá jQ isf;ys md,kh isÿ lr .; yelafla flfia o hkak ms<sn| j hs'
fn!oaOhdf.a yia;idr .%ka:h jk Oïumofhys Ñ;a; j.a.fhka
fukau hul j.a.fha m<uq .d:d fol ;=<ska o isf;ys iajNdjh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

—ufkda mqínx.ud Oïud

ufkda fiÜGd ufkdauhd˜

—iEu l%shdj,shlg u uQ,sl jkafka ukiu h' fY%aIaG jkafka o
ukiu h˜ hk mdGh ;=<ska lshfjkafka ukfiys ld¾hNdrh fyj;a
l%shdj,sh hs' isf;ys iqmsßiqÿ nj fyda wmsßisÿ nj ;SrKh lrkafka
uki hs' fï uki ks;ru mxp kSjrK O¾uhkaf.ka wmsßisÿ fjhs'
90
i. lduÉPkao - ^lduhkaf.a we,Su&
ii. jHdmdo - ^;ryj"kqreiaikd .;sh&
iii. ÒkñoaO - îsf;a w,i nj&
iv. WoaOÉp l=lal=Ép - îsf;ys fkdikaiqka nj&
v. úÑlsÉPd - îsf;ys iel iys; nj&
wmsßiqÿ jQ is; ks;ru fï kSjrK O¾u ;=< we,S .e,S lghq;=
lrk w;r msßiqÿ jQ is; yels;dla fï kSjrK O¾u neyer lrhs'
fn!oaO b.ekaùïj,g wkqj iudc md,khla isÿ l< hq;af;a fuu
mxp kSjrK O¾uhkaf.a we¨kd jQ is;a we;a;ka i|yd u h' mxp kSjrK
O¾u
neyer l<d jQ iudchla ;=<g iudc md,khla wjYH fkdfõ'
fn!oaO udkisl YsCIK úê ms<sn| j l:d lsÍfï § Ndjkdjg ysñ
jkafka m%uqLia:dkhls' —Ndjkd˜ hkafkys jdpHd¾:h jkafka —jeãu˜
hkakhs' fuys § jvkq ,nkafka l=i, O¾uhka h' ta wkqj Ndjkd hkq
l=i, oyï jeãu hs' lduÉPkao jHdmdo wd§ ffp;isl O¾uhkaf.a
is
f;ys ksYap,;dj fyj;a tald.%;dj we;s lsÍula tys § isÿ fõ'
iajhx md,kh i|yd fn!oaO Ndjkd l%u u.ska úYd, fufyhla
isÿ jk nj fï ;=<ska meyeÈ,s fjhs' Ndjkdj ;=<ska is; iqmyka lrkq
,nhs' isf;a ikaiqka nj we;s lsÍu u.ska iudc úfrdaë ish¨ l%shdjkaf.ka
neyer úh yels nj m%ldY l< hq;= h' nqÿ oyug wkqj Ndjkd l%u
folls'
i' iu: Ndjkdj
ii' úo¾Ykd Ndjkdj
iu: Ndjkdj mxp kSjrK O¾uhkaf.ka neyer ùu ms<sn| j
W.kajkq ,nhs' mxp kSjrK O¾uhka ;=kS lr .ekSu fyj;a iukh lr
.ekSug WmldÍ jk Ndjkd l%uh f,i fuu Ndjkd l%uh ±laúh yels h'
i. nqoaOdkqiai;s Ndjkdj
ii. fu;a;dkqiai;s Ndjkdj
iii. wiqNdkqiai;s Ndjkdj
iv. urKdkqiai;s Ndjkdj

nqoaOdkqiai;s Ndjkdj isÿ lrkafka kj wrydÈ nqÿ .=K isys lrñks'
91
fï ;=<ska nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a fY%aIaG;ajh ;u ukig <`.d lr .kS'
ta ;=<ska p¾hdjka ilia lr .kS' fkdu.g f.dia ;sfnk is; iqu.g
<`.d lr .ekSug yelshdj we;' mqoa., iudch u fufia nqoaOdkqiai;s
Ndjkdj iu`. iïnkaO jkafka kï iudcfha iajhx md,khla
ksrdhdifhka ìys fõ'
fu;a;dkqiai;sh hkq ish¨ u fokd flfrys ffu;%sh jeãuhs'
iudcfha ñ;% wñ;% fomsßig u fu;a jeãu ;=<ska B¾IHdj" fl%daOh"
ffjrh iy m<s.ekSu iudcfhka ÿria fjhs'
wiqNdkqiai;s Ndjkdj ;=<ska isÿ jkafka fo;sia l=Km fldÜGdi
;=< mj;sk ksire nj fufkys lsÍuhs' tajd lsisÿ yrhla ke;s ± f,i
i,ld Ndjkd lsÍu ;=<ska isrer ms<sn| j mj;sk we,au ÿria fjhs' fï
ksid rd.h" lduh" ;DIaKdj" mqoa.,hdf.a is;ska neyer fjhs'
bm§u;a iu`. urKh o wksjd¾h nj isys lsÍu urKdkqiai;s
Ndjkdj ;=<ska isÿ lrhs' Ôú;h ms<sn| we,au wdYdj ta ;=<ska ÿria fjhs'
iudcfha iEu fohlu iajNdjh wksh; nj fuhska f;areï .kS'
iuia;hla f,i Ndjkdj mqoa., ika;dkh iqjm;a lsÍug
ufydamldÍ fjhs' fn!oaOd.fuys W.kajk iajhx md,kh ms<sn| j
nqÿrcdKka jykafia úúO wjia:dj, § lr ;sfnk foaYkd wod< lr
.; yels fjhs'
—fÉ;kdyx NslaLfõ lïux jodñ
fÉ;hs;ajd lïux lfrda;s
ldfhak jdpdh ukid˜

fuu foaYkdj ;=<ska .uH jkafka fÉ;kdj u l¾uh jk nj;a"
fÉ;kdj ;=<ska hï hï l%shdjka lsÍug fm<fUk nj;a iy is; lh
jpkh
hk ;sfodr tu l%shdjka lsÍug uQ,sl jk nj;a h'
isf;ka hym;a fohla is;d tu hym;a is;sú,a, l%shdjg kexùug
lh fyda jpkh Wmfhda.S lr .kS' tjka iudchla iajhx md,khla
iys; iudchla fjhs' tfiau isf;ka wlghq;a;la whym;a is;sú,a,la
is;d tu is;sú,a, lfhka fyda jpkfhka l%shdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs kï
tu iudch fyda mqoa.,hd md,kh lsÍug fjk;a n,fõ.hla meje;sh
hq;= h' tneúka fuu iajhx md,kh ms<sn| fn!oaO b.ekaùu uq¿ukska
u uki uq,a lr f.k isÿ lrk l%shdj,shla nj fmkaúh yels h'
92
iuia; iudcfha isÿjk iEu l%shdj,shlau is; lh jpkh mokï
lr f.k isÿ jk neúka tu ;sfodr ixjr lr .ekSu ;=<ska iajhx
md,khla isÿ jk nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia fufia wkq ±k jodrd we;'

—ldfhk ixjfrda idOq
idOq jdpdh ixjfrda
ukid ixjfrda idOQ
idOq iín;a: ixjfrda˜

lh ixjr lsÍu" jpkh ixjr lsÍu iy uki ixjr lsÍu u.ska
mqoa.,hdf.a ^ldhsl" jdpisl" udkisl& md,khla isÿ jk nj m%ldY
lrhs
' iudc md,khg b;du jeo.;a foaYkhla f,i fuh ±laúh yels h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;u oyu ;=<ska mqoa., iajhx md,khg
wod<j foaYkd l< ják oyu jQfha mxp YS,hhs' fn!oaOhl= jk iEu
wfhl=u uekúka ms<smeÈh hq;= oyula f,i ie,flk mxp YS,h mqoa.,
ldhsl yd wdOHd;añl ixjrh i|ydu foaYkd lrk ,oaols'
wdgdkdáh iQ;%fhys i|yka jk wkaoug Wiia uOHu iy my;a
fndfyda wukqIHfhda nqÿrcdKka jykafiag m%sh njla fkdolaj;s' Bg
fya;=j Wkajykafia mxp YS,h wdrlaId lrkakehs W.kajk neúks'
mxp YS, m%;smodjg m%sh fkdlrk wh we;af;a wukqIHhka w;r
nj bka meyeÈ,s fjhs' mkais,a fkdrlsk ñksid jefgkafka o ta .Khghs'
mxp YS,h hkq wd.ñl jYfhka fn!oaO ixl,amhla jqjo iudcuh
jYfhka id¾j iodpdrd;aul b.ekaùula ùu Bg fya;=jhs'
nqÿrdcdKka jykafia fn!oaOhl= úiska ksrka;rj u mxp YS,h
/lsh hq;= nj foaYkd l< w;r úfYaI wjia:djl § YslaId mo wgla fyda
oyhla
wdrlaId lsÍu jeo.;a jk nj foaYkd lr ;sfí'
—iífí ;ika;s oKaviai
iífí Ndhka;s uÉpqfkda
w;a:dkx Wmux l;ajd

k yfkhH k>d;fh˜
ishü i;a;ajfhda o~qjug ìh nj;a" tfiau urKhg ìh nj;a
tksid lsisÿ i;a;ajhl=g ;udg ;ud Wmudlr o~qjï fkdl< hq;= h'
lsisÿ i;a;ajhl= urKhg m;a fkdl< hq;= h'
93
wo f,dalfha ish¨ u wmrdO w;r m%dK>d;h ;rï wl=i,hla jk
wmrdOhla fkdue;' mqoa.,hl=f.a Ôú;h wysñ ùu fyj;a Ôj;a ùfï
whs;sh ;yjqre ùula fkdue;s ùu ksid thska iuia; iudc moaO;shgu
isÿ jk mdvqj w;s uy;a h' fï ksid wNh odkh §u ;rï ;j;a l=i,
l¾uhla ke;'
mxp YS,fha wvx.= fuu YsCId mo wdrCId lrk iudchla ±yeñ
iudchla fõ' tjeks iudchlska udkj ixy;shgu fiajhla ñi wys;la
isÿ fkdfõ' iuia; iudchg tfia l%shd;aul ùfï § iudc iajhx
md,khla ;=<ska ±yeñ iudchla f.dv kef.kq we;' iemfia Ôj;aùfï
whs;sh ;yjqre ùu;a" i;HjdÈ ùu;a ksid iudcfha h:dj;a meje;au
;yjqre jk w;r ;udg idfmaËj is;d wkqka fj; hym; WÞ lsÍug
miqìu ielfia'
flfkl= ÿlg fyda fõokdjg m;a lsÍu iodpdrd;aul f,dalfha §
b;d nrm;, f,i m%;sfËam lrhs' kQ;k udkj ysñlï f,i kS;s.;
jkafka w;S;fha nqoaO foaYkdfjka we;s jQ udkùh W;a;Í;r meje;auhs'
fn!oaO iudch ;=< Y%djl iuQyhd m%Odk ldKav follg fjka
lr
;sfnk nj wms oksuq'
i. meúÈ Y%djl msßi
ii. .sys Y%djl msßi

NsCIq NsCIqKS fomsßi we;=<;a meúÈ Y%djl msßi n%yaupdÍ Ôú;hla
.; lrk neúka fuu mxpYS, YsCId mo Wkajykafia,dg wod< fkdfõ'
tfy;a Wmdil Wmdisld jYfhka y÷kajk .sys Y%djl msßi úiska ukd
f,i
iq/lsh hq;= YsCId f,i mxpYS,h kï l< yels h'
mqoa.,hd jerÈ ldufhys fh§fuka mqoa., úixúOdkhg jvd iudc
úixúOdkhla isÿ jk nj wjfndaO lr .; hq;= fjhs' iajdñ-Nd¾hd úYajdih
ì|jeàu ksid mjqf,a iu.sh" fi!LHh ì| jefÜ' wfkHdakH iqyo;dj
ì|
jefÜ' iuia; iudc moaO;sh u wjq,a úhjq,aldÍ ;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ'
j¾;udk f,dalfha mjq,a úixúOdkhg yd nrm;, ldu
wmrdO yd .egqïj,g;a uQ,sl fya;=j ldu ñ:Hdpdrh hs' fndfyda mjq,a
ì| jeàu ksid ¥ orejka wkd: Ndjhg m;a ùu fuka u iuia; iudcfha
iodpdr rduqj ì| jeàu o ldu ñ:Hdpdrh ksid we;s ù ;sfnk nrm;,
iudc jHikhls' iudchla Ñrd;a ld,hla meje;aug wjYH uQ,sl
94
wä;d,u jeà we;af;a uQ,slj u mjq, yd iïnkaO jQ m;s m;skshkaf.a
iodpdrh yd iïnkaO l%shd l,dmh u; h' hqj;sm;s úYajdih ì| jeàu
;=<ska iudc úixúOdkhla ks¾udKh fjhs' ta ksid iodpdrd;aul
fn!oaO iudchla i|yd mxpYS,fha f;jeks YsCId moh /lSu w;sYhska u
ufydamldÍ fjhs' ta ;=<ska iajhx úkhla iudcfha ks¾udKh jk w;r
iudch ;=< o iajhx p¾hd md,khla ksrdhdifhka f.dv kef.kq we;'
NdIdj yd l:kh iïnkaO isõjeks YsCId moh o ukdj wdrCId
l< hq;a;ls' ñksia in|;d úkdY lrk NdIduh l%shdj,sh uqidjdoh jk
neúka uqidjdofhka je<lSu iudc i;a;ajhl=g w;HjYH u ldrKhla
nj fmkajd Èh yels h'
fndrej hkq ks¾udKYS,S NdIduh m%ldYkhls' —ñksia in|;d
úkdY lrk NdIduh l%shdj,sh uqidjdoh˜ f,i o fuh ks¾jpkh
l< yels h' fndre lshkakdg fkdl< yelalla fkdue;' mxpYS,fha
wvx.= wfkl=;a is,amo y;ru myiqfjka LKavkh l< yelafla fndre
lshkakdg muKs' fndrejla m%ldY lsÍu hkq wksjd¾hfhka u ;uka
fkdlrk
fyda isÿ fkdjQ fohla i;Hhla f,iska jpkfhka t<s±laùu hs'
mkaish mkia cd;l fmdf;a ±lafjkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a
fmr wd;auNjhka ms<sn| úuiSuls' Wkajykafiaf.a fndaêi;aj Ôú;fha
hym;a jQ .;s meje;=ï fuys úia;r jYfhka olajd we;' tajd mqoa.,
Ôú;hg iïnkaO lr .ekSu ;=<ska fyd| iudc md,khlg u. fy<slr
fohs' cd;l fmdf;a tk iEu cd;l l:djlau fï i|yd ksoiqka f,i
.; yels h'
úudkj;a:qmamlrKh ;=<ska lshfjkafka fyd| jev lr ñh .sh
wh ÈjH f,dalfha bm§ isák wdldrh ms<sn|j;a" Tjqka ÈjH f,dalfha
bm§u i|yd fya;= jQ l=i, l¾u ms<sn|j;a meyeÈ,s lsÍuls' tfia u
fma;j;a:qmamlrKh ;=<ska olajd ;sfnkafka wmdh.dó wl=i, l¾u l<
wh
;uka lrk ,o wl=i, l¾uh ksid wmdh.dó jQ wdldrh ms<sn|j hs'
fufia fn!oaO idys;H wOHhkh lsÍfuka iudcfha mqoa.,hka
tajdfha wvx.= hy p¾hd ;udf.a Ôú;hg iïnkaO lr .; hq;= fjhs' ta
;=<ska iudch ÿYapß;j,ska neyer ù hym;a pß; ilia lr .kS' fï
wkqj fn!oaO idys;H wOHhkh lsÍfuka iajhx md,khlg u`. fy<s
lr fohs'
95
fn!oaO isoaOia:dkj, olakg ,efnk Ñ;% uQ¾;s iy leghïj,ska o
iudc md,kh i|yd lsishï msájy,la ,eî we;' fï i|yd ±laúh
yels WodyrK kï úydr ukaÈrj, ks¾udKh lr we;s wmdh iy ÈjH
f,dal ±lafjk ks¾udKhka h' ud;f,a w¿úydrh" ud;f,a ljghduqk
úydrh" ud;r jejqrelkak, úydrh hk ia:dkhkays wmdh uQ¾;su;a
lr we;'
fuu úydria:dkj, úydr ukaÈrhkays we| ;sfnk wmdh
±lafjk is;=jï keröfuka ÿYapß;fhka mqoa.,hd ÿria fjhs' tfiau
ÈjHf,dalj, iajNdjh keröu;a iu`. iqpß; .eñ msßila iudcfha ìys
úh yelsh' th mqoa., iajhx md,khg bjy,a fõ'
fyd| krl ms<sn| j fn!oaO ks¾Kdhl o wms fuys §
wjOdrKhg fhduq lruq' miamõj,ska iy oi wl=i,aj,ska fjka jkakd
fyd| mqoa.,hl= f,i o mia mõj, yd oi wl=if,a kshf,kakd mdmS
krl mqoa.,hl= f,i o ms<s.kS' nqÿ oyug wkqj zl=i,aZ f,i i,lkafka
lsishï oCI;djlska hqla; hym;a l%shdjka h' fyd| hym;a foa lsÍug hï
oCI;djla meje;Su wjYH fjhs' krl whym;a hula lsÍug oCI;djla
wjYH fkdfõ' tjeks l%shdjla lsÍug myiq h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia
wïn,ÜÀl rdyqf,dajdo iQ;%fha § rdyq, ysñhkag l%shdjl m%;sM, foi
n,d fyd| krl ;SrKh lrk f,i fufia foaYkd l< fial' —uf.a
l%shdj ug ÿla msKsi o ug;a wkqkag;a ÿla msKsi o fõ kï th wl=i,a
ÿla úmdl ,efnk ksid th fkdl< hq;= h'˜ lhska jpkfhka is;ska
l%shdjla lsÍug fmr lrk wjia:dfõ § o thska miqj o fï whqßka is;d
n,d l=i,fha fhÈh hq;= h" wl=i,ska fjka úh hq;= h" hkqfjka bka
lshefõ' rdyq, ysñhkag nqÿrcdKka jykafia levm;la Wmud fldg
levm; foi n,d ;u uqyqfKa wvq mdvq ilid .kakd fuka ;ud ksr;
l%shd ms<sn| j o tfia u is;sh hq;= hhs mejiQ y'
wx.=;a;r ksldfha wdêm;Hh iQ;%fha § wdêm;H 3la foaYkd lf<a
o fyd| krl ms<sn| j ±kqj;a lsÍug h'
i. w;a;dêmf;Hh - hula lsÍug fmr ;ukaf.a woyia yd
.e,fma ±hs hkak úuid ne,Su'
ii. f,daldêmf;Hh - hula lsÍug fmr f,dalhdg wkqj tu
l%shdj fld;rï .e,fma o hkak úuid
ne,Su'
96
iii. O¾udêmf;Hh - iudc O¾uj,g wkqj ;ud lrk l%shdj
fld;rï .e,fma ±hs úuid ne,Su'
fï wkqj iQ;% foaYkdj, jeämqr olakg ,efnkafka mqoa.,hska
iajhx md,khg wod< O¾uh we;=<;a wkqYdikdjka h' ;j;a tla
wjia:djl § Wkajykafia iajhx md,khla we;s ùu i|yd ;ud ;=<
msysgqjd .; hq;= O¾u fldgia 4la foaYkd lr we;' tajd b;d fláfhka
fufia ±laúh yels h'
i. wÊmlsÉp;d - û| wjYH;djka we;s nj&
ii. ika;=,s;d - ^,o fohska i;=gq ùu&
iii. i,af,l;d - îeye,a¨ .;smej;=ï we;s nj&
iv. iqNr;d - ^myiqfjka fmdaIKh l< yels nj&
ji< iQ;%fha § mqoa.,hd ji<fhla jk wdldrh;a mrdNj
iQ;%fha § mqoa.,hdf.a msßySu isÿ jk wdldrh;a iy is.df,dajdo iQ;%fha §
wmdh uqL yh iy fNda. úkdY uqL yh wd§ lreKq iúia;rd;aul j
wOHhkh l< úg iudcfha iajhx md,khla ksrka;rju f.dv kef.hs'
ish¨ nqÿjrhka jykafia,df.a m%Odk;u wkqYdikdj ms<sn| j
Oïu
mofha i|yka fõ'
—iín mdmiai wlrKx
l=i,iai Wmiïmod
iÑ;a; mßfhdaomkx
ta;x nqoaOdkidikx˜

tkï ish¨ mõ fkdlsÍu o l=i,a bmso ùu o ;u is; oukh lsÍu o
ish¨ nqÿjrekaf.a wkqYdikh njhs' iudcfha iajhx md,kh ta u.ska
f.dvkef.k
nj olakg mq¿jk'
nqÿ iufha we;s iqúfYaIS nj jkafka ndysr md,khlg jvd
;;a;ajdfndaOfhka hqla;j ;ud úiskau we;s lr .kakd iajhx md,k
wêldrh we.hSu hs' bka ,efnk ixh; meje;au ish¨ ndOl ch
.ksñka ,nd .kakd mq¿,a ;;a;ajdjfndaOh fj; mqoa.,hd fhduq lrk
njhs'
97
wNHdih
1' zzw;S; iudc md,k l%u id¾:l ùug oirdc O¾uh buy;a
n,mEula isÿ lrk ,§ ZZ fuu woyi úpdrhg Ndckh lrñka tys
hym;a wxY w.hkak'
2' w;S; iudc md,k rgdj ffk;sl wdêm;Hh olajd mßKduh jQ

wdldrh úia;r lrkak'
3' ,xldfõ l%shd;aul tla tla wêlrK wdh;k kï lr tajdfha wêldß

n,fha iSud meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4' Ndjkdj ;=<ska isÿjk is; md,kh ksrdhdifhkau ukd iudc

md,khg u. i,ihs' fuu m%ldYh kQ;k iudc jd;djrK weiqßka
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
98
06 iudc m%Yak
6'1 iudc m%Yak y÷kd .ekSu

iudchla hkq mqoa., iuQy ;=<ska iqixys; jQ udkj mßirhls' tla
mqoa.,fhl= hkq iudchla fkdfõ' mqoa.,sl;ajh iudch ;=< úúO f,i
biau;= jk úg tajd iudc.; m%Yak olajd u j¾Okh ùfï bvlvla o
mj;S' m%Yak fohdldr h' tkï mqoa.,sl iy idudchSh jYfhks' iudÔh
m%Yak iudchla ;=< j¾Okh ù iudchg n,mEï lrk w;r mqoa.,sl
m%Yak mqoa.,fhl=g muKla n,mdhs' iudch ;=<ska mek ke.S iudchg
n,mEï lrk m%Yak fudkjd ± hs wjfndaO lr .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
iudc m%Yakhla f,i wm y÷kajk foh we;a;g u .eg¨jla úh
hq;=h' tu .eg¨j ck iyNd.s;ajfhka úi|d .; yels úh hq;= h' tA
i|yd iudchSh tl;=jla ;sîu jeo.;a fldg i,lhs' u;a Wjÿr" /lshd
úhqla;sh" ck jd¾.sl w¾nqoh" wmrdO" wd;au >d;kh" .‚ld jD;a;sh"
<ud ,sx.sl wmpdrh" m%n, iudc m%Yak nj y÷kdf.k we;' fuu iudc
m%Yak m%p,s; fjoa§ tA yd ne÷Kq w;=re m%;sM, o idudÔh m%Yak f,i
úoHudk fõ' /lshd úhqla;sfha w;=reM, f,i W!K wd¾Ól rgdjla"
rchg úreoaO j ler,s .eiSï" úkdYldÍ l%shd o miqj m%n, f,i j¾Okh ù
iÞld,sl m%Yak njg m;afõ'
iudc m%Yakhla we;sjkakd jQ wdldr lsysmhla y÷kdf.k we;'
fyd| krl fol u ksid m%Yak we;sfõ' ksoiqkla f,i Wiia wOHdmkh
,eîu fyd| l%shdjls' kuq;a thska cks; jk m%;sM, f,i /lshd úhqla;sh
iudc
m%Yakhls' u;aøjH ksid we;sjkakd jQ iudc m%Yak o fndfyduhls'
fmd,a î'fyda¾gka (Paul B. Horton) fï ms<sn| j olajk woyi
iudc m%Yakhla hkq idudÔh ;;a;ajhla fyda iudc wjia:djla njhs'
tfia u th iduQysl l%shdldß;ajfha tla;rd wjia:djls' tñ,a vq¾layhsï
o iudc m%Yak ms<sn| j ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr we;' Tyq wjOdrKh
lrkafka iudc m%Yakhla hkq iudc m¾hdh ì| jeàula f,isks' iudc
m%Yakhl iajNdjh ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr .ekSfï § tys m%Odk wjia:d
lsysmhla ±lsh yels h'
99
tkï m%Yakhla hkq idudkH ;;a;ajfhka neyer ùuls' fï ksid
we;a;g u mj;sk ;;a;ajh ;=< fjkila we;súh yels h' fuu fjki
m%n, j fyda idudkH f,i ±lsh yels h' fuu ;;a;ajfha fjki ksid
mqoa.,hdg fyda iuQyhg ndOdùï wdÈh isÿfõ'
iudc m%Yak ms<sn| j m%p,s; ks¾jpkhla foi wjOdkh fhduq
lruq' th fufia h'
zziduQysl iudc l%shd ud¾.hla u.ska ms<shï fhÈh hq;= njg ye`.S
hkakd jQ iudcfha ie,lsh hq;= ñksiqka .Kklg wm%ikak yd ydkslr
f,i n,mj;ajkakd jQ ;;aa;ajhla wjia:djlaZZ iudc m%Yakhls' fuu
ks¾jpkfha m%Odk w¾: y;rla .eí ù we;'
1' iudcfha ie,lsh hq;= ñksiqka .Kkdjlg n,mEu'
2' fndfyda wxYj,ska ñksiqkaf.a idudkH meje;au Wfoid wys;lr
wm%ikak ydkslr yd wlue;s ;;a;ajh'
3' tA ms<sn| hïlsis l%shdud¾.hla .;hq;= nj'
4' tA l%shd ud¾. .; yelafla iduQysl iudc l%shdldß;ajh weiqfrkah
hkak h'
iudc m%Yakhla olajd j¾Okh úh yels w¾nqoldß ;;a;aj my; i|yka
igyk ;=<ska y÷kd .ksuq'
hqoaOuh
kS;s úfrdaë jd;djrK újdy wdYs%;
.íid .eg¿
foaYmd,k wmrdO
m%pKav;ajh
jfhdajDoaO iudc wmpdr

Ndjh m%Yak
ú/lshdj ishÈú kid

.ekSu
udkisl .‚ld u;aøjH

frda. jD;a;sh Wjÿr
100
iudchla hkqfjka ú.%y jkafka iïnkaO;d cd,hls' fuu
iïnkaO;d cd,h Tiafia iudch ksrka;rfhka u fjkiaùïj,g
,lafjñka bÈßhg .uka lrhs' tys§ flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk
fjkiaùï yd .egqï isÿjkafka h' fuu .egqï mqoa.,hka w;r fuka u
iuQyhka w;r o fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha w¾nqo f,i mek ke.sh yels h'
mqoa.,fhl= yd ;j;a tjeks u mqoa.,fhl= w;r isÿjk iudc l%shdldrlu
tu fofokdg muKla iSudfõ' th iudc m%Yakhla f,i ie,lsh
fkdyelsh' kuq;a iuQyhla iy ;j;a tjeks u iuQyhla w;r isÿjkakdjQ
ixlS¾K .egqï u.ska uq¿ uy;a iudchg u n,mEula isÿjkafka h'
WÞyrKhla f,ig Y%S ,xldfõ ;sia jirlg wdikak ld,hla mej;s
ckjd¾.sl miqìula iys; hqoaOh fya;=fjka tla mqoa.,hl=g fyda tla
tla ck fldgiaj,g muKla fkdj iuia; Y%S ,xldjdiS iudchg u
n,mEula isÿúh'
ldka;djka jekaoUqjka ùug;a tA fya;=fjka úixúOdkh jQ
mjq,a ìysùu;a" wmrdOldÍ l%shd jeä ùu;a" hqo wk;=re fya;=fjka
wdndO we;s mqoa.,hka iudchg tl;=ùu;a ksid hqoaOh uq¿uy;a
iudchg u wys;lr f,i n,mE nj i|yka l< hq;= h'
iudchla ;=< isÿjkakd jQ hïlsis w¾nqoldÍ l%shdldrlula
fya;=fjka iudc m%Yakhla ks¾udKh jkafka h' tf,i ks¾udKh jQ
iudc m%Yak iudcfha Ôj;a jk idudðlhka jeä fofkl= yg wys;lr
f,i n,mdkq ,nk nj by; f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
iudc m%Yak meje;Su iudchg lsysm wdldrfhka u wjdisÞhl
whqßka n,mdkq ,nhs' iudcfha idudðlhka tu iudc m%Yak fya;=fjka
fkdfhl=;a ÿIalr;djkag f.dÿre jkafka h' YS% ,xldj wdY%s;j fuh
i,ld ne,Sfï § hqoaOh ksid ksrdhqO idudkH ck;dj wk;=rg m;aúh'
rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg jeh l< hq;= uqo,a m%udKh wvq jQ w;r
hqoaOh i|yd jeh lsÍug isÿjk uqo,a m%udKh wêl úh' tu ;;a;ajh
ksid rfÜ wd¾Ól yd idudÔh j¾Okh weKysg ;snQ w;r idudkH
ck Ôú;h wjq,g m;aúh' tA iu.u ne÷Kq w;=reM, úmdl /ila
rfÜ yd iudcfha Wkak;shg wys;lr f,i n,mEfõh' fï
´kEu rgl iudc m%Yakhla we;sùu fya;=fjka nrm;, w;=re
m%Yak rdYshlao tu iudch ;=< cks; fõ' tneúka tu iudc m%Yak
101
yßhdldr j y÷kdf.k thg úi÷ï imhd §u ;=<ska tu m%Yakh u.ska
we;sjkakd jQ wfkl=;a w;=re iudc m%Yak Woa.; ùu j<lajd,sh yels h'
thg fya;= jkafka iudc m%Yak o tlsfkl wE`ÿKq ixhqla; ks¾udKhka
ùu ksid h'
tñ,a vq¾layhsï kï iudc úoHd{hd iudc m%Yak .ek m%ldY
lrkafka —hdka;%sl j tAldnoaO iudch ;=< iudcfha l,ska mej;s
idrO¾uj, ì| jeàula f,ig iudc m%Yak ysi Tijk njhs' wfkdaóh
ixl,amh fï hgf;a jeo.;a fõ' m%;sudk ì|jeàu fyj;a idrO¾u
ì|jeàu u; fjkiajk iudcfha meje;au jHdl+, jkafka h' iduQysl
meje;au m¿ÿ ùu fuhg fya;= jkafka h' tA wkqj tñ,a vq¾layhsï m%ldY
lrkafka wmrdOlrefjl=g o`vqjï l< hq;= jkafka th mqoa.,fhl=g
fok o~qjula jYfhka fkdj tuÕska iudc ú[a[dKh jvjd,Sug o
yelshdjla we;sjk ksid h'
Y%S ,xldfõ iudc úoHd úIh m%p,s; lsÍu i|yd uyÕ= fufyjrl
ksr; jQ uydpd¾h kkaofiak r;akmd, iudc .eg¨jla hkak fufia
ú.%y lr we;' —iudch ms<s.;a idudÔh úYsIagd¾:hkaf.ka msgj hdu
iudc .eg¨jls'˜ hïlsis iudchla úiska fukak fï wdldrfhka wm
mej;sh hq;=hehs lrk ,o iïu;h" tA iuQyh fyda iudcfha u Ôj;a jk
jeä msßila úiska W,a,x>Kh lrkq ,efí o iudc m%Yakhla t;ek
u;=fõ hehs uydpd¾h kkaofiak r;akmd, ;j ÿrg;a ú.%y lr ;sfí'
iudc úoHd úYajfldaIfhys iudc m%Yak ms<sn| j y÷kajd §
we;af;a udkj iudcfha l%shdldß;ajhka wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajhg
m;alsÍula f,ig hs' ke;fyd;a udkj iudcfha wruqKq Èhlr
yeÍula f,ig hs' iudc úoHd{hska tjeks m%Yak meyeÈ,s f,i
ud;Dldj,g fnod úúO wxY Tiafia wOHhkh lr u; m%ldY lr
;sfnk nj tys i|yka lr we;'
tneúka by; i|yka ish¨ u wdldrfha ks¾jpk wkqj meyeÈ,s
jkafka iudch ;=<ska mekk.skakd jQ o" iudcfha fmdÿ l%shdldß;ajhg
ndOdlrkakd jQo" ta ms<sn| fmdÿ wjfndaOhla we;a;d jQo" md,kh
lr.ekSug iduQysl W;aidyhla mj;skakd jQo iudc ixisoaê iudc m%Yak
f,i y÷kajd Èh yels njhs'
102
6'2 wmrdO ms<sn| .eg¨j iudc m%Yakhla f,i y÷kd .ekSu'

iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ú.%yhkag wkqj wmrdO hkqfjka woyia
lrkq ,nkafka mqoa.,hd ;=< we;s jk iudc iy ixialD;sl ysianfõ
n,mEuls' tfia kï wmrdOlrejd hï hï iudc ixialD;sl wjYH;d
mQ
¾K fkdjk wiu;=,s; fm!reIhlska fyì mqoa.,fhls'
iudchl iïu; kS;s leãu fmr<d iudchg u wys;lr whqßka
n,mdk neúka tu iudc úfrdaë p¾hdj wmrdOhla f,ig mj;sk
kS;sh uÕska i,lkq ,nk nj —ge*aÜ˜ (Taft) úiska rÑ; —wmrdO
úoHdj˜ (Criminology) kï .%ka:fhka m%ldY lr we;'
—wmrdOh˜ hkak iudcfhka u w¾:l:kh ù we;s wdldrh
i,ld ne,Sfï § th iudcfha jeä fokd úiska fyd| fyda krl f,iska
ks¾jpkh lr we;s we.hqï u; mdol ù we;s fohla nj fmfka' —hï
l%shdjla fyd| fyda krl jkafka tu l%shdfõ wNsm%dh ksid o fkdfõ'
tu l%shdfõ m%;sM,h ksid o fkdfõ' m%;sM,h fyd| jqj;a wNsm%dh krl
úh yels h' wNsm%dh fyd| jqj;a m%;sM,h krl úh yels h' tneúka
wmrdOhla ;SrKh jkafka tu l%shdj yd fÉ;kdj hk fol u idmrdê
ùu u;h'˜
hï iudchl wfmalaIs; yeisÍï rgdfjka wm.ukh jkakd jQ
wfhla wmrdOlrefjla f,i ms<s.kq ,eì‚'
iudchl hï iïu; yeisÍula lvd ì| ±óu ldre‚l nj"
wjxlNdjh wd§ udkqIsl yeÕSïj,g úreoaO jQ o" tfyhska iudchg o
wys;lr l%shd wmrdO .Kfha ,d ie,l+ w;r tAjd iajNdúlj u jk wmrdO
f,ig wmrdO úoHdfõ kHdhdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i i,lkq ,nkakd jQ
zz.rd fmda,aZZ kï wmrdO úoHd{hd úiska w¾:l:kh lr we;'
fuu ks¾jpkh ;=< mj;sk wvqmdvq meyeÈ,s lrk miqld,Sk
Ñka;lhka wmrdOfhys we;s ksYaÑ; ukqIH iajNdjhka fyda wkqN+;Suh
i;Hhla fuys olakg fkd,efnk nj fmkajdfok ,§' tkï iudcfhka
iudchg ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg m%;súmdl iy idrO¾u úúO
jQ iajrEmhla Wiq,kq ,nk njhs' wmrdOhla hkqfjka woyia lrkq
,nkafka fmdÿfõ iÞpdrhg mgyeks j flfrk ls%hdjls' wmrdO kS;sh
W,a,x>kh lrk ls%hdjla f,ig o wmrdO hkak y÷kd.; yels h'
103
tA tA iudc yd iuQy úiska iÞpdrh wmrdO kS;sh ms<sn| j we;s lrf.k
we;s iSudjka yd iïu;hkag wkqj wmrdOldÍ p¾hdj y÷kd.; yels h'
wmrdOhla hkq kS;sfhka kï l< fkdl< hq;= hula isÿlsÍu fyda
isÿ l< hq;= hula meyer yeÍula f,io ±laúh yels h' úfYaIfhka
j¾;udk kS;s moaO;sh l%shd;aul jkqfha fuu mokug wkql+,j h'
iudc úoHd Yío fldaIhg wkqj wmrdOhla hkq kS;sfhka ;ykï
l< yd o~qjug hg;a l< ´kEu ls%hdjlss'
wmrdO ms<sn| fkdfhla úoHd{hska ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr we;'
iudc úoHdjg wkqj wmrdO ú.%y lr we;af;a iudc idOl mokï lr
f.khs' tA wkqj wmrdOhla isÿ lsÍug n,mdk fya;= .Kkdjla mj;shs'
wmrdO isÿlsÍug ldhsl fya;= uq,a ù we;s nj b;d,s cd;sl isidfrda
f,dïfn%dafida (Cessaro Lombroso) kï Ôj úoHd{hd fmkajd § we;'
tA nj ikd: lsÍug b;d,s nkaOkd.dr .; ù isá isrlrejka .Kkdjla
mßËd lsÍfï § isidfrdag meyeÈ,s ù we;af;a tu isrlrejkaf.a ldhsl
úlD;s;d yd wiajdNdúl ldhsl ,ËK olakg ;snQ nj hs' fuu isoaOdka;h
miqj m%;slafIam úh'
ldhsl fya;= mdßißl fya;= ksid muKla fkdj ufkda úoHd;aul
idOl u; o mqoa.,hd wmrdOj,g fhduqjk nj ufkda úoHd{hska
fmkajd § we;' fcdaka fvd,dâ yd ñ,¾ hk ufkda úoHd{hska fmkajd §
we;af;a udkisl jYfhka n,mdk fya;= ksid wmrdO lsÍug fm<fUk
nj hs' hful=g bÉPdNx.;ajh fyj;a ;uka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk
wruqKq id¾:l fkdùfuka we;sjk udkisl mSvkh fya;=fjka Tyq
;=< f.dvkef.k wdl%uKsl" udkisl fm<Uùu wmrdO isÿ lsÍug
fya;=fjk nj fmkajd § we;'
by; f;dr;=re ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï§ wmrdO isÿùug tla
fya;=jla fkdj fya;= .Kkdjla u n,mdk whqre ±lsh yels h' kQ;k
iudch ixlS¾Kj;a u iudch ;=< tf;la mej;s wdpdr O¾u iDKd;aul
f,i fjkia ùug mgka .kS' fï fya;=fjka iudch ;=< wfkdaóh
;;a;ajhla f.dvkef.a' wfkdaóh ;;a;ajhla hkq O¾u;d ì|jeàuhs'
kQ;kfha kùlrKh" kd.ÍlrKh yd ld¾ólrKh ksid idudÔh
jYfhka isÿ ù we;s fjkiaùï fndfyda úg iudc wm.uH;djkag fya;=
ù ;sfí'
104
ví,sõ' tA' fndka.¾ ^W.A. Bonger& wmrdO ms<sn| fufia
j¾.SlrKh lr olajd we;'
1' wd¾Ól wmrdO 3' foaYmd,k wmrdO
2' ,sx.sl wmrdO 4' úúO wmrdO
fï yerek úg úúO iudc
úoHd{hka úúO j¾.SlrK fï i|yd bÈßm;a lr we;'
wmrdOhla yqol,dj isÿ jqjo th iudc .eg¨jla f,i ie,lsh
hq;= jkafka thska iudchg we;sjk n,mEï ksid h' uyck foam, fyda
rchg tfrys j isÿlrk wmrdO iuia; iudchg u mSvdldß n,mEï
we;s lrhs' úfYaIfhka uyd mßudK ¥IK" jxpd ksid we;eï úg rgla
nrm;, wd¾Ól w¾nqohlg o md;% úh yels h'

wmrdO p¾hdjka ksid iudch ;=< we;sjk udkisl" wd¾Ól yd
iudc mSvkh ksidfjka È.=ld,Sk whym;a m%;sM, we;súh yels h'
úfYaIfhka nd,jhialrejkag tfrys wmrdO miqld,Sk j whym;a
fm!reI ,laIK we;sùug fya;= fõ' wmrdO ksid iudch ;=< NS;shla
fuka u wiu;=,s;;djla we;sfõ' th idudkH ck Ôú;h wjq,a lrk
w;r u rfÜ wd¾Ólhg o whym;a f,i n,mdhs'

wmrdO je<elaùu iduQysl l%shdj,shls' ta i|yd uyck iyfhda.h
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk md¾Yajj,g ,eîu w;HjYH h' wmrdO ms<sn|
f;dr;=re jika lsÍu o wmrdOhla f,i kS;sh i,lkq ,nkafka
tfyhsks' tneúka iudcfha h:d meje;aug ish¨ mqrjeishka wmrdO
je,ela
ùug ;ks;ksj;a iduQyslj;a l%shd;aul úh hq;= h'
j¾;udkh jkúg ÈhqKq rgj,;a ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj,;a
wmrdO l%u l%ufhka j¾Okh ù we;' fuu j¾Okhg fya;= jYfhka
foaYmd,k ;%ia;jdoh yd hqouh ;%ia;jdoh y÷kajd §ug yels h' fufia
isÿjk l=uk wdldrfha wmrdOhla jqjo iudc mßydkshg fya;=jk nj
lsj hq;= h'
105
6'3 ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh iudc m%Yakhla f,i ú.%y lsÍu
ckjd¾.s
l w¾nqoh hkq l=ulao@
iudc m%Yak w;r ;j;a tla m%Odk .eg¨jla jYfhka ckjd¾.sl
w¾nqoh ms<sn| .eg¨j i|yka l< yels h' óg fmr i|yka l< mßÈ
iudch ixlS¾K jQjls' ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh ms<sn| .eg¨j mek k.skafka
fujeks mßirhla ;=< h' tla ck fldgila wkqu; lrk lsisjla ;j;a
ck fldgila úiska m%;slafIam lrhs' fuh tla tla ck iudchka ;=<
mj;sk Tjqkag wdfõ‚l jQ w.kdlï yd O¾u;djkaf.a úIu;dj ksid
isÿ úh yels h' tfia;a fkdue;s kï ck fldgia w;r mj;sk iÞld,sl
úfrdaO;dj úh yels h' fï ksid hï hï m%;sm;a;s ls%hdjg kexùfï
ndOd u;= lrhs' rgl hymeje;au we;af;a ish¨ u ckhdf.a iyÔjkh
u;hs' kuq;a fï ;;a;ajh ì| jeàu iudc m%Yakhls' rfÜ ixj¾Okhg
ndOdjls' hïlsis rgl m%;srEmhg jk ydkshls' f,dalfha rgj,a rdYshl
wo ;%ia;jdoh mj;skafka fuu ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh mdol lr .ksñks'
Ôjk rgdj wkqj ck j¾.hla y÷kd .; yels h' ke;fyd;a fiiq
ck lKavdhïj,ska fjka lsÍug ms<sjk' ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï udkj
j¾. fuka YÍrfha mj;akd ndysr fmkqu u; fjka fkdflf¾' tA i|yd
bÈßm;a lr we;s ks¾jpk wkqj ckj¾. hk jpkfha wka;¾.;h
udkj j¾. hk jpkfha wka;¾.;hg b÷rd u fjkia f,i olajd we;'
ck j¾.hla hkq NdIdj" wd.u" mdrïmßl N+ñ whs;sh yd Bg
iïnkaO j ld,hla ;siafia wLKav j mj;ajd f.k tk ,o ixialD;sh
ksid ;uka wfkl=;a lKavdhïj,g fjkia lKavdhula nj ksr;=reju
is;k yd tA wkqj lghq;= lrk ck lKavdhuls' hï lKavdhula úiska
wms fjk u ck j¾.hla hehs is;kafka kï th u ck j¾.hla
y÷kd.ekSug m%udKj;a idOlhla nj o ñ,agka bka.¾ ^Milton Yinger&
úiska fmkajd § we;' fuu ckj¾. lKavdhï fjk;a lKavdhulg
idfmalaI j n,k úg NdIdfjka" wd.fuka" ixialD;sfhka yd ;j;a
fndfyda wxYj,ska fjkia nj fmkakqï lr;s'
ckj¾. ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍfï § fcdaka ßpâika ^John
Richardson& 1990 úiska bÈßm;a lr we;s woyia o i,ld ne,sh
yels h' ñksiqka fnÞ fjka lrkafka —udkj j¾.˜" —iqÿ l¿˜ ñksiqka yd
106
—ck j¾.˜ hkqfjks' wdishdfõ isák ck;dj ;uka l¿ ñksiqka lshd
y÷kd.kafka ke;' Tyqf.a u;hg wkqj ckj¾. fnÞ fjka lsÍug
úúO mokï fidhd .; yels nj fmkajd § we;' N+f.da,Sh jYfhka
meyeÈ,sj u isud fjka l< yels m%foaYhla ;=< nyq, jYfhka mÈxÑ j
isàu;a tA ;=< lemS fmfkk ixialD;sl ,CIK ixl,khla olakg ,eîu;a
ckj¾.hla y÷kd .ekSfï § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= nj fcdaka ßpâika úiska
fmkajd § we;' ckj¾. ;=< o ;j;a ckj¾. w;=re fn§ï mj;sk nj o
Tyq fmkajd § we;' ck j¾. fnÞ .ekSu i|yd ks¾Kdhl f,i
NdIdj" wd.u" hkdÈh fhdÞ .ekSug yels nj fndfyda fokd
ms
<s.kakd nj o fcdaka ßpâika fmkajd § we;'
YS% ,xldfõ —fou< ck;dj yd uqia,sï ck;dj˜ hkq y÷kd
f.k we;s ckj¾. folls' fuu fomsßi ±kg nyq, j mÈxÑ ù isák
N+f.da,Sh m%foaYj,g uq,ska u meñ‚fha ljrÞ o" fldmuK msßila o
Tjqka meñ‚ uq,a m%foaY iuÕ Tjqka iïnJO;d meje;ajQfha flfiao"
hkdÈh ms<sn| j ;sfnk f;dr;=re w,am h'
ckjd¾.sl;ajhg lsisÿ wdldrhl iajNdúl mokula fkdue;'
tA yd ne÷Kq iÞpdrd;aul mokula o fkdmj;S'
ckjd¾.sl lKavdhula ks¾udKh lr .ekSfuka thg we;=<;a
msßig ,nd.; yels jdisÞhl ;;a;ajhka ksid lKavdhï ks¾udKh
lr.kq ,efí' fun÷ lKavdhulg hul= we;=<;a ùu ksid we;eï
úg udkisl úkaokhla o ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj WÞ fjhs' iuyr
ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï fufyhjkafka wd.ñl fyda foaYmd,k u;hlsks'
tys idudðlhkag ish wdOHd;añl yeÕSï mfil ;nd tu fjf<|fmd<
;;a;ajhg wkqj lghq;= lrkakg isÿ ù we;' iuyr rgj, mka;s w;r
.egqug jvd jeo.;a jkafka ckj¾. w;r ;sfnk .egquhs' ;j;a iuyr
iudcj, ck j¾.h fjkqfjka igkaldó j lghq;= lrk msßia o fj;s'
fudjqyq úfgl ish ck j¾.h mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd Ôú; mß;Hd.fhka
lghq;= lr;s'
fcdaka frlaia ^John Rex& keue;s iudc úoHd{hd úiska fmkajd
fokq ,enqfha lKavdhï w;r mj;akd fjki yd fuu fjkig leue;s
ùu fyda wlue;s ùu u; fyda ms%hukdm ùu u; fyda fuu ck j¾.
ms<snò woyia mj;sk njhs'
107
fï wkqj ckjd¾.sl w¾nqohla hkqfjka ú.%y lr we;af;a udkj
lKavdhï folla w;r mj;sk .egqïldß ;;a;ajhls' ckjd¾.sl m%Yak
yd .egqï ú.%y lsßfï § tla;rd wkaoulska cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k
;;a;ajhka rg wNHka;rfha mj;akd rcfha m%;sm;a;s yd ld¾hCIu;dj"
wfkl=;a ckj¾. ms<sn| olajk wdl,am" ck j¾. lKavdhï Tjqfkdjqka
foi n,k yd i,lk wdldrfha ;sfnk ióm nj yd ÿria: nj wd§ fya;=
Bg n,mdk nj fmkShhs' ckj¾.j, mj;akd úúO ,CIK .egqïj,g
fya;= jk wdldrh ksid iudchg iy wd¾Ólhg isÿjk n,mEï rdYshls'
tu n,mEï iudc m%Yak jYfhka iudc úoHd;aul j wOHhkh l<
yels h'
rgl ckjd¾.sl w¾nqohla W.%j mj;sk fndfyda úg hqouh
;;a;ajhla o f.dvkef.a' tA ;=<ska rg jHdl+, Ndjhg m;aùu fkdje<elaúh
yelalls' tu.ska rg wNHka;rfha fkdfhl=;a w;=re iudc m%Yak rdYshla
yg .efka' fuu iudc m%Yakj, wjidk m%;sM,h jkafka tu rfÜ iudc
foayh fndfyda fihska úixúOdkhg ,laùuhs' tu iudch ;=< rfÜ
wmrdO /,a,la iy ìysiqKq" m%pKavldÍ ;;a;ajhla yg .efka' fidrlï"
ukqIH >d;k" ia;%S ¥IK" uxfld,a,lEu iq,N foaj,a njg m;afõ' ,sx.sl
wmfhdackh" .‚ld jD;a;sh jeks iudc m%Yak w;=reM, f,i yg .efka'
rgl mj;sk ckjd¾.sl w¾nqo fya;=fjka m%cd;ka;%jd§ Ôjk
iajrEmh ì£.sh miqj tu iudch ;=<ska idrO¾u ì| jeàula m%o¾Ykh
jkafka h' idrO¾u ì| jegqKq iudchla uqyqK fok m%Yak /ila we;'
thska m%Odk lreKla jkafka idrO¾u ì| jeà .sh iudchl hym;a
.+K O¾u ms<s fkd.ekSuhs' jeäysáhkag .re lsÍu" ukqIHhskag wdorh
f.!rjh ±laùu jeks hym;a .=KO¾u msßyS hkq we;'
ckjd¾.sl .egqï f,dalh mqrd u iq,n j ±lsh yels h' hï
ckj¾.hlg ysñ úh hq;= udkj whs;sjdislï wysñ lsÍu u;
ckjd¾.sl .egqï we;s jk nj meyeÈ,s h' tfiau hï ckj¾.hla
wkdrCIs; jk úg iy widOdrKlïj,g ,la jQ úg o ckjd¾.sl .egqï
we;sfõ' tfuka u ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r wfkHdakH iqyo;ajh m¿ÿ
ù wúYajdih j¾Okh ùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ckjd¾.sl .egqïj,g
wjYH miqìu ks¾udKh fõ' YS% ,xldfõ isxy, fou< .egqu tjka
;;a;ajhla ;=< we;s jQjla hehs ie,lsh yelsfõ' tu ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh
miqld,Sk j uyd úkdYldÍ hqoaOhla njg m;a úh'
108
iuyr ckj¾. ish Ôú;h iuÕ wd.ñl ne£u b;d ;Èka ;nd
.ks;s' ckj¾. fjki iuÕ wd.ñl úYajdij, fjkila mj;sk njg
iaàõ nDDia ^Steve Bruce& úiska woyia bÈßm;a lr we;' hï iudchl
ckj¾.hla mdrïmßl j ms<sf.k ;sfnk weoySu mj;ajd .ksoa§ ;j;a
weoySula t;ekg meñ‚ úg tA foflys iïñY%Kh ms<s.kakd ck
j¾.hla we;s úh yels h' tfy;a fï ;;a;ajh we;s ùug §¾> ld,hla
.; fõ' cd;s folla b;d meyeÈ,s j .efgk miqìul § tA fome;af;a
u we;af;a weoys,s folla jk úg fï wxY fol meyeÈ,s j u fjka
fjka j mj;ajd .ekSug tu ck iuQyh ;=< hï hï ls%hdud¾. we;s fõ'
ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh iy YS% ,xldj
ckj¾. f,ig i,lkafka ukqIH lKavdhul fyda lKavdhï
lsysmhla tla ù hï ixialD;sl ,CIKhla fyda ,CIK u; iudc wd¾Ól
l%shd mj;ajd .kakd ck iuQyhls' iajdNdúl fyda iaÓr Ôj úoHd;aul
mokula ckjd¾.sl úúO;ajhg mokï ù ke;' th idudkH iÞpdr
iSudjla hgf;a o úfNaokhla fkdolajhs' mqoa.,hska úiska ckjd¾.sl
jákdlï ujd .kakjd muKla fkdj ±kg ;sfnk ck jd¾.sl ,CIK
j¾Okh lsßula o lrkq ,nhs' ta wkqj iEu ck j¾. lKavdhulg u
meyeÈ,s b,lal ke;' tfia we;af;a w;f<diailg muKs' iuyr rgj,
mka
;s w;r .egqug jvd jeo.;a jkafka ck j¾. w;r ;sfnk .egquhs'
we;eï iudcj, ck j¾.h fjkqfjka igkaldó j lghq;=
lrk msßia o fj;s' fudõyq úfgl ish ck j¾.h mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd
Ôú; mß;Hd.fhka lghq;= lr;s' ck j¾.j, mj;akd úúO ,laIK
.egqïj,g fya;= jk wdldrh" thska iudchg iy wd¾Ólhg isÿjk
n,mEï hkdÈh ms<sn| j iudc úoHd;aul wOHhk isÿ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
fï lreKq ie,ls,a,g .ksñka Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh
;=<ska wd¾Ólhg yd iudchg we;s l< n,mEï ms<sn| j idlÉPd l<
yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ isxy, fou< ck fldgia fol w;r wjqreÿ 30lg
wdikak ld,hla l=ßre .egqula hqoaOhla mej;sKs' ta ;=<ska iuia;
iudchg nrm;, ydks isÿ úh' ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh miqld,Skj
hqoaOhla njg m;a úh' —hqoaOhla hkq iajdëk foaYmd,k tallhka
w;r ixúOdkd;aul igkl § yuqod u.ska lrf.k hk .egqula hehs
fn%daksiaf,da leiam¾ ^1884 - 1942& kï udkj úoHd{hdf.a u;hhs'
109
kuq;a iEu úgu hqoaOhlg iïnkaO jkafka iajdëk lKavdhï folla u
muKla fkdjkafka h' isú,a hqoaOhl § tla mCIhla iEu úgu kS;sfhka
msgmekak lKavdhula jk w;r tu mCIhg kS;Hdkql+, ;;a;ajhla
,efnkqfha ch.%yKh l<fyd;a muKls' Y%S ,xldfõ t,a'à'à'B ixúOdkh
iajdëk lKavdhula fkdj kS;sfhka msgia;r lKavdhula jkafka h'
Y%S ,xldfõ kS;Hdkql+, yuqodjla iuÕ kS;sfhka msgia;r
lKavdhula jQ t,a'à'à'B ixúOdkh wjqreÿ 30 lg wdikak ld,hla
l< hqoaOfha § Y%S ,xldfõ mjq,a ixia:dj úixúOdkldÍ ;;a;ajhlg
m;a ù we;' Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh ksid jekaoUqjkA jQ
ìßkaoEjrekaf.a ixLHdj 40"000 g wêl nj ixLHd f,aLk lreKq
olajd we;' ta ;=<ska o meyeÈ,s jkafka Y%S ,xld iudcfha mjq,a ixia:dj
ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh fya;=fjka mSvdjg m;a ù we;s wdldrhhs'
hqoaOhla mj;sk ´kEu iudchl m%;smd¾Yajh ÿ¾j, lsÍug i;=rd
úiska trfÜ wd¾Ól uOHia:dk ÿ¾j, lsÍug ±ä W;aiyhla .kS' thg
fyd| u WodyrK Y%S ,xldfõ .egqï ;=< ukdj ms<sìUq fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ
hqoaOh wdrïN ùu;a iu`. u uy nexl=jg t,a, lrk ,o oreKq m%ydrh"
ys,agka fydag,h" lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqfmd< jeks wd¾Ól uOHia:dk
fj; t,a, lrk ,o oreKq m%ydr m%uqL jYfhka ±laúh yels h'
fï whqßka rfÜ wd¾Ól uOHia:dk fj; t,a, l< oreKq m%ydr
ksid rfÜ ixj¾Okhg n,j;a fia n,mEï isÿ úh' hqoaOh fjkqfjka
úYd, uqo,a m%udKhla ±Íug isÿ úh' rfÜ ;reK msßig /lshdj ,nd
§ug we;s uqo,a hqoaOhg fhoùu fya;=fjka ;reK wiykh biau;= úh'
tys w;=re M, jYfhka uxfld,a,lEï" fidrlï" iS.% jeãula olakg
,enq‚' thg fya;=j jQfha o wd¾Ól ixia:dfõ ls%hdldrlï yßhdldr j
isÿ fkdùu hs'
hqoaOh meje;s iufha wdKavqfõ úhoï ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sfï
§ wdrCIl jeh" iudc jeh ^fi!LH" iudc fiajd" wOHdmk" ÿ.SNdjh
ÿr,Sfï ckiúh" iuDoaê jevigyka& wNsnjd f.dia we;s nj fmfka'
YS% ,xldfõ rdcH whjeh f,aLkh u.ska fmkakqï flfrkqfha hqoaOh
i|yd b;d úYd, úhoula ork njhs' rfÜ cd;sl wdodhfuka 25] la
muK
hqoaOh i|yd jeh lr we;'
110
Y%S ,xldj ;=< we;s jQ ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh fya;=fjka we;s jQ hqouh
;;a;ajh ksid jHdmdßl fËa;%h ;=<g o ndOd we;s jQ nj fkdryils'
jHdmdßl fËa;%h m%idrKh fkdùu fya;=fjka l¾udka; mq¿,a ùula
ÈhqKq ùula olakg fkd,eìKs' ta fya;=fjka wdodhu iSud úh' fiajl
jegqma" iqN idOl lghq;= by< kexùug fkdyels úh' fï fya;=fjka
fiajlhskaf.a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh ÿ¾j, jkafka h' fï ish¨ fya;=ka ksid
mjqf,a wd¾Ólh my; jeàu u; úúOdldr jQ m%Yak iuQyhlg mjq,a
ixia:dj uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ'
rfÜ mej;s hqouh j;djrKh fya;=fjka foaYSh yd úfoaYSh
wdfhdaclhka Y%s ,xldj ;=< wdfhdackhg ìh m< flßKs' fï fya;=fjka
ú/lshdj by< hEu ksid th m%n, iudc m%Yakhla njg m;a úKs' fï
ish¿ lreKqj,ska lshefjk wjidk m%;sM,h jQfha rfÜ ixj¾Okhg
m%n, idOlhla jk rfÜ ;reK mrmqfrka ksis m%fhdack .ekSug
fkdyels ùuhs'
rfÜ meje;s hqouh jd;djrKh fya;=fjka wd.ñl ixia:dfõ
ld¾h Ndrhg o n,mEï t,a, ùu je<elaúh fkdyels úh' iudc
md,kfha § yd iudc ixj¾Okfha § m%n, odhl;ajhla ,nd fokafka
wd.ñl ixia:dfjks' Y%S ,dxlsl iudcfha fn!oaO ixialD;shg wkqj
yev .eiqKq nyq;r msßila Ôj;a fj;s' Y%S ,xldfõ meje;s ckjd¾.sl
hqOuh ;;a;ajh fya;=fjka fn!oaO wd.ug ±ä f,i n,mEï t,a, úh'
wrx;,dfõ NsCIq >d;kfhA isg YS% o<od ud<s.djg fndaïn m%ydrhla
t,a, lsÍu olajd lreKq fuys ,d bÈßm;a l< yels h' tfiau ch Y%S
fnda iñ÷ka wNshi Wmdil Wmdisldjka >d;khg ,la lsÍu" m%Odk
wd.ñl ia:dkj,g ±ä wdrCIdj fho ùu ksid ne;su;=kag tu ia:dk
jkaokd lsÍu i|yd we;s jQ wmyiq;djka fya;=fjka wd.ñl ixia:dfõ
idudðl ld¾h Ndrh hqouh jd;djrKh fya;= fldgf.k úm¾hdij,g
Ndckh ù we;' ñksidf.a fyda iudcfha hym; Wfoid iy iudc
md,kh Wfoid msysgqjd ;sfnk wd.ñl" mQckSh ia:dk hqoaOh ksid
úkdY ùu u; iudcfha hym;a md,khg ndOd t,a, úh' wdOHd;añl
.=K j.dfjka wvq" mjg ìh fkdjk" Ñ;a;fõ. wiu;=<s; jQ ck;djla
we;s iudc l%uhla Y%S ,xldfõ j¾Okh ùu wd.ñl ixia:djg iudch
md,kh
lsÍug fkdyels ùug n,md we;'
111
YS% ,xldfõ meje;s ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh yuqfõ iudcfha m%n,
ixia:djla jYfhka y÷kajk foaYmd,k ixia:dj ms<sn|j o idlÉP-
djg n÷ka úh hq;= fõ' wm rfÜ hqoaOh wdrïN jQ Èk isg 20 jk
ishjfia wjidk Èkh olajd u Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k kdhlhska ish
.Kkla hqoaOh fya;= fldg f.k ;%ia;jd§kaf.a fndaïn m%ydr ksid
ureuqjg m;aj we;' fuys Nhdkl ;;a;ajh jkafka foaYmd,lhska
iy Tjqkaf.a wkq.dñlhska jk isú,a ck;dj o ta fya;=fjka ur-
Khg m;aùuhs' rfÜ meje;s hqouh j;djrKh ksid 20 jk ishjfia
Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,{hdg isrlrefjl=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;a ù isàug isÿ
úh' fï lreKq ksid foaYmd,k ixia:dj o wia:djr ;;a;ajhlg m;a
úh' tys iuia;h ms<sn| j ie,lSfï § ck;djf.a Pkao whs;sh" uQ,sl
whs;sjdislï" mrudêm;H" iaffjÍNdjh jeks m%cd;ka;%jdofha wx. wNs-
fhda.hg ,la ùug o hqoaOh fya;= idOlhla úh' hqoaOh ksid ,xldfõ
ck.yk jHdma;sh o nrm;, úIu;djhg ,laúh' úfYaIfhka m%ckl
jhfia ;reK msßia rgg wysñ ùu;a mjq,a ixia:dj foordhdu;a ksid
jhia iSud wkqj ck.yk jHdma;sh úlD;s ù jhia.; ixLHdj l%ufhka
jeäfjñka mj;sk nj ck ixLHdf,aLk wkqj meyeÈ,s ù we;'
fï wkqj i,ld ne,Sfï § Y%S ,xldfõ meje;s ckjd¾.sl w¾nqofha
WÉp; u wjia:dj hqouh ;;a;ajhhs' tys n,mEï foaYmd,k" wd.ñl"
wOHdmksl" mdßißl" mjq,a jeks iudc ixia:dj,g nrm;, f,i isÿ jQ
nj meyeÈ,s h'
by; úia;r lr we;s hqoaOh ksid Y%S ,xldjg ù we;s n,mEï
;=<ska YS% ,xld iudch ù ixúOdkhg iy iudc jHqyh flá ld,Sk
fuka u §¾> ld,Skj o jk n,mEï iuQyhlg ,la ùu o isÿ ù
we;' tneúka wjidk jYfhka i|yka l< yelafla Y%S ,xld iudc
ixúOdkh wdYs%; j mek ke.S we;s m%Yak iudc jHqyhg we;=<;a ùug bv
fkd§ tajd úúO Wml%u Ndú; lrñka wju lsÍug jevigyka ixúOdkh
lsÍu ful, rg ;=< isák iudc úoHd{hskaf.a yd nqoaêu;=kaf.a hq;=lu
yd j.lSu jk nj hs'
112
6'4 wmrdO yd ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh ,dxlsl iudch ;=< Woa.;j
we;s uÜgï yd ksjdrKh ms<sn| fn!oaO b.ekaùu
wmrdO yd ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh Y%S% ,xld iudchg n,mdk nrm;,
iudc m%Yak folls' fuu iudc m%Yak ksid YS% ,xld iudch ;=<
w;=re m%Yak rdYshlaa o ygf.k we;' iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ks¾jpk
Tiafia wmrdO yd ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh ú.%y lsÍfï § tu w;=re m%Yak o
biau;= lr ±laúh yels h' fcrï fn;a;ï kï iudc úoHd{hd
wmrdOhla hkak w¾:l;kh lf<a fuf,ig h' —hï ls%hdjla
wmrdOhla f,ig ks¾jpkh l< hq;af;a ls%hdfõ m%;sM,h fj;ska ñi
ls%hdjg ;=vqÿka fmA%rKh u;ska fkdjkafkah˜ hhs Tyq mjihs'
wmrdO ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍfï § ,dxlSh iudch ;=<
wmrdO j¾Okh ùug n,mE fya;= ms<sn| j úuish hq;=fõ' fï
ms<sn|j lreKq fm< .eiaùfï § úisjk ishjfia 50 oYlfha isg
70 oYlh olajd u YS% ,xldfõ wmrdO isÿjqj;a tajd t;rï ìysiqKq
m%pKav njla yd ixúOdkd;aul iajrEmhla olakg fkd,enqKs' tu
;;a;ajh 20 jk ishji wjidkh olajd o fmd,sia jd¾;d ikd: lr
we;' tfy;a 20 jk ishjfia wjidk Nd.fha ;rul ixúOdkd;aul
wmrdO jd¾;d ùug mgkaf.k we;' tys j¾Ok wjia:dj 1971 le/,a,
ye¢kaúh yels fõ' tu le/,a, wdrïN ùu;a iu`. u ,xldfõ
tf;la meje;s iudc ixúOdk rgdj nrm;, jHdl+,;djlg m;a úh'
iuia; Y%S ,xldj ;=< meje;shd jQ iduldó iyÔjk m%cd;dka;s%l Ôjk
rgdj ta fya;=fjka ì|jeàulg ,la jQ w;r tu.ska YS% ,dxlSh iudch
miqnEulg o ,la úh' tu isÿùu;a iu`. m%pKav;ajfha j¾Okhka we;s
lr,Sug u. mdok ,o isoaê oduhl wdrïNh Y%S ,dxlSh iudch ;=<
iks
gqyka lf<a h'
1980 ka miqj úfYaIfhka 1983 j¾Ifha § uyd mßudKfh-
ka YS% ,xldj fj,d.;a l¿ cQ,sfha m%pKavldÍ isoaêoduh ksid o YS%
,xld iudch ;=< meje;s iduldó iyÔjk rgdj l%ul%ufhka ì|
jeàug ,la úh' rg ;=< j¾Okh jQ hqouh ;;a;ajhg uqyqK §u i|yd
;s%úO yuqodjg msßia n|jd .ekSu isÿ úh' Woa.; ù ;snQ ;;a;ajhka
u¾Okh lr,Sfï wruqK we;sj msßia n|jd .ekSu fõ.j;a jqj;a
wdrCIl fiajhg WÑ; .e,fmk mqoa.,hka úfYaIs; j n|jd .ekSula
113
isÿ fkdùh' tneúka l,ahEfï § ord .ekSfï yelshdj ±kqu" bjiSu
jeks wdrCIl fiajhg wjYH lrk .=Kdx. fkdue;s mqoa.,hka wdrËl
fiajfhka m,d hkakg úh' tfia m,d wd wú mqyqKqj ,;a wh md;d,
lKavdhï iu`. iïnkaO;d mj;ajk nj fy<s ù we;' tneúka th Y%S
,xldfõ m%pKavldÍ wmrdO j¾Okh ùug fya;=jla ù we;s nj fmd,sia
jd¾;dj,ska ikd: ù we;' kQ;k Y%S ,xldfõ úisjk ishji wjidkh
jk úg § mjq,a ixia:dfõ ld¾hNdrh úm¾hdihlg ,laùu o YS% ,xldj
;=< wmrdO j¾Okh ùug n,md we;ehs lshefõ' mjq,a ixia:dj ;=<ska
bgqúh hq;= hehs u¾fvdla úiska m%ldY lr we;s lD;Hhka jk fmdÿ
jdih" iudcdkqfhdackh iy wOHdmk lD;Hh" wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;dj"
,sx.sl iy m%ckk lD;H" fmdaIKh hk lreKq mjq,a ixia:dj ;=<
h:d wdldrfhka isÿfkdùu o YS% ,xld iudch ;=< wmrdO j¾Okh
ùug n,md we;' mjqf,a idudðlhka tlsfkldg f.!rjh" fifkyi
iy wdorh ±laùu kùk iudcfha fndfyda mjq,a wdY%fhka ±l.;
fkdyels h' tjekakla ±lsh yels jqj;a tAjd yDohdx.u" WKqiqï
m%;spdrj,g jvd hdka;%sl j isÿjkakla ùu lK.dgqÞhl fõ'
YS% ,xld iudch ;=< mj;sk wd¾Ól m%Yak W.%ùu" ÿmam;alu
iy ú/lshdj wmrdO jeäùug ;j;a fya;= jYfhka ±laúh yels h'
fï m%Yakj,ska ñfokakg wkshï ud¾.fhka fyda uqo,a Wmhd .ekSug
ck;dj fidrlï" fld,a,lEï" uyd mßudK jxpd" ¥IK" ñksia >d;k
hk wmrdO nyq, j isÿ lrkq ,nkafka h'
kj ;dCIKh iy úoHdj ÈhqKqùu o YS% ,xldj jeks ;=kajk
f,dalfha rgj,aj, wmrdO j¾Okh ùug n,md we;ehs mejeish
yels h' ;dCIKsl WmlrKj, ÈhqKqj jeäùu;a iu`. YS% ,xldj
;=< úúO .Kfha wmrdO o lr,shg meñK we;' mß.Kl wdY%fhka
jHdc uqo,a fkdaÜgq uqøKh lr,Su" rcfha wdrCIl yuqodj i;=
fkdjk kùk;u wú wdhqO iudchg meñKSu" jHdc ,shlsú,s uqøKh
iy wiNH cdhdrEm ksIamdokh lr,Su ;=<ska fmkakqï lrkafka
kùk ;dCIKh Ndú;fhka lr,shg meñKs wmrdOj,ska fldgils'
wmrdO j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka idlÉPd lrk úg Y%S ,xldfõ
ìysiqKq wmrdO u¾Okh lr,Sug kùk ;dCIKh Ndú; lsÍu werUqfKa
o úisjk ishjfia wjidk ld,jljdkqj ;=<§ h' tkï wmrdO iïnkaO
114
kvq lghq;a;l§ tu wmrdOhg iïnkaO idCIs ,nd .ekSu DNA
mÍCIKh Ndú; lr,Suhs' DNA mÍCIKh u.ska ia;S% ¥IK" ñkSuereï
jeks wmrdO l< mqoa.,hka meyeÈ,s j y÷kd .ekSug yelshdj we;'
wmrdO fËa;%hg w¨;ska u tla ù we;s wx.h wka;¾cd,h wdYs%;
wmrdO fõ' (Cyber Crimes) tAjdg iïnkaO jQjka fndfyduhlg
Wiia mß.Kl idËr;djla iys; ùu lemS fmfkk lreKls'
fï wkqj lreKq úu¾Ykfha § wmrdO iïnkaO ixisoaëka we;s
ùug n,mE fya;= fidhd ta ks.uk iy ks¾foaYhka rchg ndr § m%;sm;a;s
ilia lr,Sfuka iy tu m%;sm;a;Ska u; iudch mdol fldg.;a úúO
jev igyka l%shd;aul lr,Sug yelsfõ kï YS% ,xld iudch ;=< mj;sk
wmrdO uevmeje;aùug yelshdj we;ehs úYajdi flf¾'
fmdÿfõ .;al, wmrdO yd ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j w;r wúfhdackSh
in|;djla we;snj fmfka' úfYaIfhka wdhqO mqyqKqj ,;a msßia nyq,ùu"
kS;súfrdaë n,h " wdhqO iudc.; ùu yd hqO ;;a;ajh ksid úixúOdkh jQ
mjq,a mßirh ;=<ska wiu;=,s; fm!reI ,laIK iys; ÿiaiudfhdackhg
,lajQjka ìysùu;a tlsfkl wE÷k jHdl+,;djka njg m;aù we;' fuu
iudc .;sl;ajh idïm%odhsl ,dxlsl iudc m¾hdhka fjkia ùug ±äf,i
fya;= ù we;' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha wiSñ; ÈhqKqj" cx.u ÿrl:k wdÈh
kQ;k ,dxlsl iudcfha ;reK ck.ykfha wdl,am" l%shdldrlï yd
we.hqï fjkia lsÍug ±ä f,i n,md we;' fï whqßka n,k l,
wmrdO /,a, yd ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh wfkHdakH jYfhka ,dxlsl
iudcfha w.kdlï yd iudc ixys¢hdj ú;eka lsÍug n,md we;s nj
meyeÈ,s fõ'
iudcfha wmrdO p¾hd we;sùu md,kh lsÍug fn!oaO b.ekaùï
iuqodhla Tiafia bvm%ia:d tug yuq fõ' úfYaIfhka .sys YS,h f,i
wkqu; l< mxpYS, m%;sm;a;sh fuys§ uq,a ;ekla .kS' mqoa., f.!rjh"
ysxid je,elSu" i;Hjd§ nj" p¾hd mdßY=oaO;ajh wd§ .=Kdx. ;yjqre
ùu Tiafia iudch ;=< wmrdO p¾hd cks; ùug wjYH fm<Uùï
iuqodh j<ld,Sug yelshdj ,efí'
iífí ;ika;s oKaviai
iífíix Ôú;x mshx
w;a;dkx Wmux l;ajd
kyfkH k >d;fha
115
ish,af,da o`vqjug ìh jkakdy'
ish,af,da ;u Ôú;hg m%sh jkakdy'
;ud Wmud lr
wkqka fkdurkak" fkdurjkak'
iífí ;ika;s oKaviai
iífí Ndhka;s uÉpqfkda
w;a;dkx Wmux l;ajd
kyfkH k >d;fha
ish,af,da o`vqjug ìh jkakdy
ish,af,da urKhg ìhjkakdy
;ud Wmud lr
wkqka fkdurkak" fkdurjkak''

md,lhd yd md,s;hka fomd¾Yajh u taldnoaO j lghq;= lsÍu
iudch ;=< wmrdO p¾hd j<ld,Sug WmldÍ jk nj O¾uh ;=< ±lafõ'
iudch ;=< iEu md¾Yajhla u tlsfkld fj; hq;=lï bgqlsÍu;a
f.!rj lsÍu;a md,lfhda iajlSh rgjeishka flfrys oirdc O¾uh
uQ,sl j md,kh f.khdu;a tys wjOdrKh lr we;' is.df,dajdo iQ;%h"
plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%h" ld,du iQ;%h" mrdNj iQ;%h" wd§ iQ;% foaYkd
fulS O¾u lreKq rdYshlska iukaú; fõ'
tfuka u fn!oaO iudc l%uh ;=< wmrdO i|yd uQ,sl jk
is;=ú,s oduh md,kh lsÍug o iqúfYaIS wjOdkh fhduqù mj;s'
úfYaIfhka ;sfodßka isÿjk l¾u ie,lSfï § zzis;skaZZ isÿjk whym;a
is;=ú,s ud;%hla u mdmhla f,i iudc .;ùfukA wmrdO p¾hdjlg
uQ,sl jk is;=ú,s iuqodh j,ld,Sug nqÿ oyu olajk ie,ls,a, meyeÈ,s
fõ' tfuka u Ndjkdj u.ska is; ikaiqka lr .ekSu;a" iïud jdpd"
iïud lïuka;" iïud wdÔj" iïud jdhdu wdÈh ;=<ska p¾hduh iqmika
nj we;s lsÍu;a fuys§ w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ'
wmrdOj,g uQ,sl jk iudc jgmsgdjla we;sùu je<elaùfuka
wmrdO wvq lsÍug yelsjk nj fn!oaO b.ekaùu hs' wmrdO u¾Okhg
jvd ksjdrKhg úYd, u.fmkaùula fn!oaO b.ekaùï mokï jQ iudc
o¾Ykh ;=< mq¨,a j Ndú; l< yels nj meyeÈ,s j ±laúh yels h'
116
mqoa.,hka jd¾.sl lKavdhula jYfhka l%shd;aul jk m%Odk
lreKq 4 la bgqùu ms<sn| ;;a;ajh iudc taldnoaO;djg fya;=jk nj
fÊka fckaika ^2010& olajd we;'
01' uQ,sl wjYH;d imsfrk nj
02' m%.;sh i|yd we;s bvlv
03' iqrlaIs;j yd ffk;sl whs;sjdislï
04' wNsudkj;a Ndjh yd úYajdikSh jgmsgdj
hk lreKq
jd¾.sl úfNaok iys; iudchl taldnoaO;dj flf¾ n,mdk nj Tyq
úiska fmkajd fok ,§' fuu fCIa;%j, mj;sk wiu;=<s; fn§hdï fyda
ie,ls,a, ckj¾. w;r ielh" wúYajdih yd wfkl=;a m%;sfYdaOkd;aul
wdl,am ckkhg fya;=fõ'
fn!oaO b.ekaùï wkqj l=,h" j¾.h wd§ iudc m%fNaohka
we;=<;a wdfrdams; ;;a;ajhg jvd idê; ;;a;ajhka Wiia f,i olajhs'
tkï mqoa.,hkaf.a Wia my;a nj Tjqkaf.a l%shdldrlï mokïj ;SrKh
jk nj tys§ meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ta wkqj ish¨ ckj¾.hkag f.!rj lsÍu" Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sl
wkkH;dj mj;ajd f.k hdug ndOd fkdlsÍu" iu wjia:d ie,iSu
u.ska ckjd¾.sl w¾nqohla we;sùu je<elaúh yels nj nqÿ oyu wkqjo
uekúka meyeÈ,s fõ'
wNHdih
1' iudc m%Yakhla y÷kd.ekSfï uQ,sl ,laIK fudkjdo@
2' zziudc m%Yakhla yqfol,dj mj;skafka l,d;=rlsksZZ iudc
m%Yakj, wka;¾ in|;d WodyrKhg .ksñka fuu m%ldY ikd:
lrkak'
3' ckjd¾.sl w¾nqofha w;=re m%;sM, wmrdO p¾hd jeäùu flfrys
we;s lrk n,mEu fln÷±hs olajkak'
4' fn!oaO b.ekaùï weiqßka by; ±lajQ iudc m%Yak igyka lr.;
yelafla flfiao@
117
iudch wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd úoHd;aul
07
m%fõYhla
7'1 iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKhla ie,iqï lsÍu
iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKhla ie,iqï lsÍu hkq úµd;aul l%u wkq.ukh
lrñka kj .eg¿jlg ms<s;=re fiùu hs' wm Ôj;a jk fuu iudcfha
úúO iudc" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól m%Yak we;' WodyrK f,i
iudcfha nd, wmrdO jeä ùug fya;=j l=ula o@ ì÷Kq mjq, thg fya;=
jkafka o@ Èla lido jkafka wehs@ fjf<| øjH úlsKSu Wfoid ck
udOH u`.ska flfrk m%pdr id¾:l o@ hkd § m%Yakj,g úµd;aul
ms<s;=re fiùu .fõIKd;aul wOHhkhl § isÿfõ' fï wdldrfha iudc
m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fiùfuka úYd, m%fhdackhla ,efí' th iudcfha
ÈhqKqjg m%Odk ud¾.h hs' rchg fyda hï iudc ixia:djlg hï kS;shla
fyda kS;s moaO;shla ls%hd;aul lsÍug wjYH jQ úg th l%shdfõ fhoùug
fmr iudcfha we;sjk m%;sl%shd .ek l,ska lrk m¾fhaIKhlska fy<sorõ
lr .; yels h' tfuka u th l%shd;aul jQjdg miq kej; o tys m%;sM, yd
iudÔh m%;sl%shd m¾fhaIK ;=<ska ±k .ekSug bvla ,efí'
m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lrkafka hï m%Yakhla ms<sn| nqoaêuh
l=;=y,hlska fmf<k úg h' fuu nqoaêuh l=;=y,h ksid m%Yakhg
ms<s;=re fiùug fm<fUhs' fuys m%;sM, wmg m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hg
fhdod .ekSu m%fhdackj;a fõ' ta wkqj m¾fhaIKhl m%;sM, m%fhdackhg
.;yels wdldrh wmg fohdldrhlska ±laúh yels h'
01' nqoaêuh jYfhka
02' jHjydr;aul jYfhka
fufia m¾fhaIlhkaf.a m%fhdack ,nd .kakd wmg th m%Odk
fldgia ;=klg j¾. lr ±laúh yels h' tkï"

² fM;sydisl .fõIKh - Historical Research
² úia;rd;aul .fõIKh - Descriptive Research
² w;ayod ne,Sfï .fõIKh - Experimental Research
fuhska m<uq jekafkka w;S;fha isÿjQ fohla o (what was),
fojekafkka j¾;udkfha isÿjk foa ms<sn| j o (what is) f;jekafkka
wkd.;fha isÿjk foa ms<sn| j o (what will be) wjOdrKh flf¾'
118
m¾fhaIK fyda .fõIK iudcfha bÈß meje;au i|yd wjYHh'
idudÔh f,i ms<s.;a fndfyda idïm%Þhsl lreKq iudchkays
mj;S' fïjd wmg fya;= idOl rys; j i;Hhhs fyda wi;Hhhs fyda
neyer l< fkdyels h' WodyrKhla f,i wfma idïm%Þhsl ms<s.ekSï
iuqodhla we;' bka tlla kï iQ¾fhdaoa.ukh ms<sn| w;S; ms<s.ekSuhs'
tfy;a isÿjkafka thu o@ kQ;k úoHd;aul mÍËKhka f.ka fidhd
f.k we;s mßÈ kï mDÓúh" pkaøhd" nqo jeks .%y jia;+ka ;ud jfÜ o
lerlS iQ¾hhd jfÜ hk njhs' fï wkqj wmg fmkShkafka wm iïm%odhsl
j fuf;la ms<s.;a u;hkaf.a i;H wi;H m¾fhaIK fyda .fõIK
weiqßka fy<s lr .; yels nj hs'
hï ie,eiaulg mQ¾jdx.u jkafka wruqK h' tfy;a wruqK ;snqKq
muKska u ie,eiaula l%shd;aul l< fkdyels h' wmg wjYH iïm;a ms<sn|
j o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wjYH h' tfy;a wruqKq" iïm;a yd ie,eiau
;snQ muKska u th l%shd;aul l< yels o@ ta ms<sn| j we;s hï hï iSud
flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' j¾;udkfha § o wÞ< mßirh ms<sn|
wjOdkfhka f;dr j wE; ÿIalr m%foaYhkays ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul
lsÍug ie,iqï iïmdokh lrhs' fuys § thg wjYH iïm;a mokï
iSudjka iy udkj wdl,am ms<sn| wjfndaOhlska f;dr j ie,iqï ilia
lsÍfuka tu jHdmD;sh wid¾:l ùug o yels h' úfYaIfhka u ta tA
m%foaYdkq.; udkj wdl,am .ek ±k isàu b;du;a jeo.;a fõ' tu
wdl,amj,g mgyeks hula y÷kajd §fï § th m%;slafIam jk wdldrh
ksr;=re j wmg ±lsh yels h' ie,iqul m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 02 ls'
tkï"
01' idudkH ie,iqï - General Planing
02' Wml%ñl ie,iqï - Strategic Planing
hï m¾fhaIKhla ie,eiqulska f;dr j l%shd;aul lsÍu id¾:l
fõ hehs is;Su;a wmyiq h' wm hï ksYAÑ; mrud¾: Tiafia ie,eiqula
lsÍfï § th id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd mdßißl úYaf,aIKh ms<sn|
ukd jegySula o wjYH h' th fkdue;s jqjfyd;a ie,eiqfï m%;sM, ySk
ù hhs' wms WodyrKhla f,i mkai, ixj¾Okh lsÍfï,d wfma ie,eiqï
l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ndysr iy wNHka;ßl idOl ms<sn| j ±ä wjOdkhla
fhduq lsÍu wjYH fõ' wNHka;r idOlj, § wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug
119
wjYH lrk ie,eiaug we;s ndOdjka ms<sn|j;a fiajl m%udKh" Tjqka jev
lrk ld, iSudj" bv wjldYh" Tjqkaf.a udkisl yd ldhsl ;;a;ajhka"
ksIamdok m%udKhka ms<sn| wjOdkh;a" ndysr idOl f,i iudc"
ixialD;sl" foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka" yelshd idOl ^th
l%shd;aul lsÍug we;s yelshdj&" th l%shd;aul lsÍug we;s fkdyelslï
yd tys w;r we;s mr;rh ms<sn| j ukd ±kqula o wjYH fõ' fuu ±kqu
bfí u wmg ,nd .ekSu wmyiq h' tA ms<sn| j mQ¾j m¾fhaIKhlska
,nd.;a o;a; wkqidrfhka ie,eiau iïmdokh fyda bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿ
lrkafka kï tys § wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%;sM, <`.d lr .ekSfï
yelshdj we;s nj fmfka'
fï ;=<ska yef`.kafka ie,eiqula l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wjYH jk
mQ¾j ±kqu m¾fhaIKhla ;=<ska ,nd.; yels nj fkdfõ o@
;jo m¾fhaIK ms<sn| jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍfï § fN!;sl
iïm;a yd iudc iïm;a kQ;k wjYH;dj,g wkqj Ndú; lsÍfï
fhda.H;dj fyda wfhda.H;dj ms<sn| m¾fhaIKd;aul ;yjqre lsÍula
,nd .; yels h' WodyrKhla f,i j¾;udk f,dalfha jdksc
mokñka wdydr l,a;nd .ekSu i|yd fkdfhl=;a Wml%u fhdod
.ksñka fi!LH ixrlaIK úêj,g mgyeks whqßka wdydr ksIamdokh
±lsh yels h' tu ksid wdydr j¾.j, fN!;sl ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
ms<sn| flfrk mq¿,a m¾fhaIKhla ;=<ska iudchg isÿúh yels wys;lr
n,mEïj,ska wdrlaId lr .; yelsjkafka h'
iudch ms<sn| m¾fhaIKd;aul oDIAá fldaKfhka w;S;fha
isg j¾;udkh olajd ksÍlaIKh lr f.k ta fï § idudÔh
idrO¾uj, msßySu;a" ñksiqkaf.a hdka;%SlrKh;a" imqrd.; fkdyels
wfmaCIdjka miqmi .uka lsÍu;a wmg ±lsh yels h' fï ms<snò j
ckudOH ;=<ska úYd, n,mEula lrk nj fmfka' ckudOH w;r
rEmjdysksh fï ms<sn| úfYaI h' iudch ms<sn| j flfrk mq¿,a
m¾fhaIKhl § úfYaIfhka rEmjdysksh fjf<| ±kaùï yd fkdfhl=;a
jevigyka u`.ska iudch fjk;lg fhduq lrk nj fmfka'
úfYaIfhka we;eï rEmjdysks fjf<| ±kaùï my;a fmf<a ixialD;sl
,la
IK Woa§mkh lrhs'
;jÿrg;a fï ms<sn| j i,ld n,k úg wmg fufia o
fmkajd Èh yels h' tkï M,odhS jHdmD;shla iïmdokh lsÍfuys,d
120
m¾fhaIK meje;aùu b;d jeo.;a njhs' WodyrKhla f,i lgqkdhl
ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh .; yels h' tys § tu m%foaYhg fldmuK ck
ixLHdjla Tfrd;a;= fokafka o@ tu ñksia n,h ,nd .kafka l=uk wdh;ko@
fldfyka o@ th tu m%foaYfha ck;djg fldf;la ÿrg n,mdkafka
o@ Tjqkaf.a wdrlaIdj" wdydr iy p¾hd rgdjka fln÷ fõ o@ kej;
Tjqka .ug .sh miq tys § we;s jk iudcdkqfhdackfha § nd,
mrmqfrys wkd.;h fln÷ fõo hk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re m¾fhaIKhlska
u wm úiska fidhd .; hq;= h' m¾fhaIKhlska f;dr j tu m%foaYfha
ck;djg Tfrd;a;= fkdfok whqßka fuu /lshd wjia:d Wodlr fokafka
kï tys § ys;lr m%;sM,j,g jvd wys;lr m%;sM, ,efnk nj wmg
fmfka'
ixpdrl jHdmdrh o l%udkql+, m¾fhaIKhlska yd ie,eiaulska
f;dr
j isÿjk ksid tys Nhdkl m%;sM, wm ±kgu;a ,nd we;af;uq'
m¾fhaIKhl we;s jeo.;alu fuka u wjYH;dj o wmg fufia
fláfhka ±laúh yels h' tkï"
² fuf;la isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,g yiq fkdjQ wxY ms<sn| j
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu i|yd
² udkj p¾hdj ms<sn| mj;akd rgdj f;areï .ekSu i|yd
² kQ;k Ñka;kh ms<sn| lreKq ;d¾lsl lsÍu i|yd
² iudc jHqyh wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd
² ksIamdokhla y÷kajd §fï § thg ,efnk uyck m%;spdr ms<sn|
wjfndaOh we;s lr .ekSu i|yd
² cd;sl ixj¾Okh wrNhd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh i|yd
² rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh i|yd
² ft;sydisl f;dr;=re ms<sn| lreKq fidhd ne,Su i|yd
² ´kEu fËa;%hl wfmaËs; yd mj;akd ;;a;ajh w;r mr;rh y÷kd
.ekSu i|yd
fuu wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSu i|yd m¾fhaIKhla ie<iqï
lsÍfï§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= uQ,sl wÈhr lsysmhla y÷kd.; yels h'
121
01' uQ,sl wOHhkh$ yeoEÍu
02' .eg¨j$wOHhk wjYH;dj y`ÿkd .ekSu
03' l,ams;$wNHqm.uk f.dvke.Su
04' l,ams; mÍlaIdj
05' l,ams; ms<s.ekSu fyda neyer lsÍu
06' jd¾;dlrKh
fuu tla tla mshjrla ;jÿrg;a iqúfYaIS j l%shdldrlïj,g

fjka lr .; yels fõ' Y=oaO úoHdjkays § fuka fkdj iudÔh
úoHdjkays § m¾fhaIKd.drh jkqfha iudch hs' wfkla miska
m¾fhaIlhd o iudcfha idudðlfhl= fõ' fï ksid Y=oaO úoHdjkag jvd
m¾fhaIlhdf.a is;=ú,s" wdl,am wdÈh iudc úoHd m¾fhaIK l%shdj,shg
n,mEï t,a, lsÍug mq¿,a bvlvla mj;S' tfuka u iudc úoHd
m¾fhaIKj, § iyNd.slhka øjH fkdj ñksiqka ùu ksid /ia lrk
f;dr;=re lD;%su j ckkh l< fohla ùfï iïNdú;dj o ie,ls,a,g
.; hq;= h' tneúka Y=oaO úoHdjkays § fuka fkdj iudc úoHd m¾fhaIK
ie,iqï lsÍu w;sYh ÿIalr lghq;a;la nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
122
7'2 uq,dY% Ndú;h
m¾fhaIlhdg wjeis f;dr;=re /ia lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú;
flfrk ,sms f,aLk" .%ka:" mqoa., woyia" øjH" ks¾ñ;" mqrdlD; fyda
fjk;a tjeks ´kEu fohla uQ,dY% f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
uQ
,dY% ldKav follg fjkal< yels h'
1' ,sÅ; uQ,dY% 2' w,sÅ; uQ,dY%
úúO iudc úoHd m¾fhaIK i|yd fuu uQ,dY% ldKav fol u
taldldr j jeo.;a úh yels h' ,sÅ; hkq ,shk ,o hkak hs' fuys
§ wCIr muKla fkdj hï hï ixfla; u.ska ye`.Sï bÈßm;a lr
we;akï tajd o ,sÅ; .Khg jefÜ' fïjd wmg m%Odk jYfhka wdldr
ls
ysmhlska ±laúh yels h' tkï"
² fi,a,sms" ikakia wd§ uQ,dY%
² Ñ;% l,d" m%;sud wd§ uQ,dY%
² idys;H uQ,dY% ^.oH" moH&
² foaYdgk yd pdßld igyka
² ,shqï" ixfoaY" pß; l;d
² úúO uqøs; m%ldYk
cd;sl f,aLkdrCIl fomd¾;fïka;=j" úfoaYSh wdh;k u.ska
fï rfÜ mj;ajd f.k hk mqia;ld, yd f.dú lghq;= m¾fhaIK
yd mqyqKq lsÍfï wdh;kfha mqia;ld,h jeks wdh;kj, mj;sk
.%ka: yd m%ldYk" m¾fhaIK jd¾;d ,sÅ; uQ,dY% f,i mßYS,kh
lsÍug mq¿jk' tfuka u úúO ud;Dld hgf;a ks¾udKh lr
we;s Wmdê ksnkaOkhka o fï .Khg we;=<;a fõ' ld,.=K úoHd
fomd¾;fïka;=j i;=j mj;sk WIaK;aj" j¾Idm;kh" wd¾ø;dj"
mSvkh jeks o;a;" uekqï fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska m%ldYs; N+ñ mßfNda.
o;a; yd is;shï" úúO mßudKj,ska hqla; is;shï" N+ úoHd is;shï o
.=jka PdhdrEm" N+f.da, úoHd f;dr;=re moaO;sh weiqßka ks¾ñ; is;shï
o fï i|yd ;j ÿrg;a fhdod.; yels h'
m¾fhaIKhla hkq mq¿,a úIh Odrdjla wvx.= fCIa;%hls' ta ksid
m¾fhaIKhl ksr; ùug fmr ta yd ne÷Kq uQ,dY% ms<sn| j mq¿,a
±kqula ,nd .ekSu wfmaCId flf¾' fuys § ,sÅ; uQ,dY% mßYS,kh lsÍu
123
jvd jeo.;a jk w;r th m¾fhaIKfha w.h o jeä lrhs' ,xldfõ
hdplhkaf.a YS>% j¾Okhla we;s jkafka wehs o hkak ms<sn| wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍfï § ta ms<sn| j ,sÅ; uQ,dY% fidhd hdug isÿfõ' úfYaIfhka u
fuys § uydpd¾h kkaofiak r;akmd, uy;d úiska rÑ;" —The Begger
in Sri Lanka˜ hk .%ka:h ms<sn|j;a ta yd ne÷Kq ,sÅ; mqj;a" i`.rd
,sms f,aLk wdÈh;a ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug isÿfõ' tfuka u
w;S; ixLHd f,aLk iy j¾;udk ixLHd f,aLk foi ixikaokd;aul
úu¾Ykhla wjYH fõ'
wmg ,efnk uQ,dY% w;r ixialD;sl ixo¾Yk o m%Odk
;ekla .kS' thska tlls kqjr fmryer' tys m;af;are kegqï yd
fyaúis lKavdhï ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhl kshef,k úg Tjqka Wvq lh
fkdjikafka ukao@ Tjqkg fmryef¾ l=uk ia:dkhla ysñ jkafka
o@ hkak ms<sn| wjOdkh jeo.;a h' fuu lreKq wkdjrKh lr
.ekSfï § m%d:ñl yd oaú;shsl uQ,dY%j, irK fidhd hd hq;=
h' m%d:ñl uQ,dY% hkq wod< uq,a ks¾ñ;h hs' oaú;shsl uQ,dY% hkq
m%d:ñl uQ,dY% wOHhkh lsÍfuka wk;=rej fjk;a wfhl= úiska ta
ms<sn| j lrk ,o m%;sks¾udKhka fõ' WodyrKhla f,i" ;uka úiska u
mqiafld< fmd;a lshjd ne,Su" m%d:ñl uQ,dY% mßyrKhla jk w;r wod<
mqiafld< fmd;a ms<sn| j fjk;a m¾fhaIlfhl= lr we;s m¾fhaIKhl
f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu oaú;shsl uQ,dY% mßyrKhls'
fufia wm uQ,dY% Ndú; lrkafka kï ta wod< úIh lafIa;%h
ms<sn| j mq¿,a ±kqula ,nd.; yels h' m¾fhaIKhg ,la fkdjQ ys±ia
ms<sn| j yd wkjYH lreKq we;=¿ ùu yd u.yeÍhdu tu.ska isÿ
fõ' wm hï m¾fhaIKhla lrkafka kï thg wod< .eg¿j ms<sn| j
wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelafla o uQ,dY% mßYS,kfhks' tfuka u lrk
,o m¾fhaIKhla kej;;a lsÍfuka tys w.h iy jákdlu wvq fõ'
tfia kï th ±k.kafka flfia o@ tu m¾fhaIK ud;Dldj wod< uQ,dY%
mßYS,kfha § lskï Èidk;shla Tiafia .uka l< hq;= ± hs wjfndaO fõ'
th lrk ,o m¾fhaIKhkaf.ka ñ§ w¨;a fohla ms<sn| j wOHhkh
ls
Íug yelshdj ,efí'
tfia u m¾fhaIKj,§ jvd;a jeo.;a jk uQ,dY% jYfhka ks,
jd¾;d o fmkajd Èh yels h' rdcH Wjukdjka yd fjk;a Wjukdjka
124
i|yd we;s ks< jd¾;d rdYshls' úfYaIfhka u md¾,sfïka;=fõ yekaidâ
jd¾;dj ñka tlls' tfuka u fomd¾;fïka;=j,ska m< lrk ks, jd¾;d
rdYshls' fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSkaf.a jd¾;d" ck f,aLk úia;r" fmd,sia
jd¾;d" rdcH fldñika jd¾;d" Widú jd¾;d" fïjd w;r jeo.;a ;ekla
.kS'
;jo ,shqï yd Èkfmd;a o b;d jeo.;a uQ,dY%hla fõ' wmg mqj;am;a
f,aLkj,ska fidhd.; fkdyels foaj,a ,shqï ;=<ska ±k.; yels h'
miq.sh ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< isÿjqKq hï hï foa ms<sn| j wfma
wjfndaOh mq¿,a lsÍug tod yqjudre jqKq ,shqï Tjqka fkdis;=j
o wo jeo.;a uQ,dY%hla ùug neß ke;' iudc úoHd flaIa;%h .ek
l;dlrk úg tn÷ mqoa.,sl ,shqï uQ,dY% lr.;a jeo.;a .fõYK o we;'
hqfrdamhg yd weußldjg mÈxÑhg .sh fmda,ka; f.dúhka ms<sn| j
f;dauia yd iakeksla m¾fhaCIKhla isÿl< w;r fuh tu ld,fha
f.dúhka hejQ fm!oa.,sl ,sms 764 la úu¾Ykhg n÷ka lsÍfuls' Tjqka
fuu m¾fhaCIKh lf<a hqfrdamhg yd weußldjg ixl%uKh ùfuka
miq we;s jQ kd.ÍlrKh jeks m%Yak fidhd ne,Su i|yd h'
iudc b;sydih ms<sn| j lreKq fiùfï § jeo.;a jk ;j;a
uQ,dY%hls" pdßld igyka¦ úúO úfoaYslfhda ,xldjg meñKshy' Tjqka
w;r mdyshka NsCIqj" yshqx idx NsCIqj" frdnÜ fkdlaia" weia' uyskao ysñ
jekakka m%Odk;ajfhys,d ie,lsh yels h' fudjqka ,xldfõ iudcuh
miqìu yodrd isxy, NdIdj ms<sn| j mq¿,a wjfndaOhla o ,nd mq¿,a jQ
tu ±kqu f,ALk .; lf<a h' tfuka u frdnÜ fkdlaia ,xldfõ
isrlrefjl= f,i È.= l,la Ôj;a úh' fudyq isxy, bf.k f.k isxy,
Ôú;h ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .;af;a h' isxy, pdß;% jdß;%
wd.u ms<sn| j yeiSÍï rgdjka fjo fyolï wdÈh ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqu
f,aLk .; lf<a h' ta ;=<ska tl, iudcuh miqìu ms<sn| j mq¿,a
±kqula wmg ,nd.; yels h'
b;sydifha mdúÉÑ lr we;s jpk o iudc úoHd uQ,dY%hka f,i
wmg ms<s.ekSug isÿfõ' zzmsßfjkZZ hk jpkh j¾;udkfha mdúÉÑ
jk w¾:hg jvd mq¿,a w¾:hlska w;S;fha § mdúÉÑ jQ nj fmfka'
tkï" zzmsßfjkZZ hk kduh idudkHfhka NsCIQka /iaj ys| idlÉPd
mj;ajk ia:dkhg o" tfia u idudkH ia:dkhg o hkqfjka jHjydr
jkq nj merKs ,shú,sj,ska .uH fõ' úydr hkq idudkHfhka NsCIQkaf.a
125
jdiia:dkhg jHjydr kduhls' wm fmr fn!oaO isoaOia:dk wdÈh
ms<sn| j l;d lsÍfï § j¾;udkhg jvd mq¿,a f;areula Tiafia iudc
úoHd;aul j tfoi ne,sh yels h'
iudc úoHdj hkq iudch ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqula ,nd .ekSu kï ta
ld,jljdkqj ;=< ta ta iudc p¾hdjka fln÷ ùo ta ta iSudjka ;=<
j¾;udk iudc ;;a;ajhka fln÷jkafka o hkak ms<snò j fidhd
ne,Sfï § wmg uQ,dY%j, Wmfhda.s;dj meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu uQ,dY% w;r
jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka ,sÅ; uQ,dY% h' ta ksid iudc úoHd m¾fhaIK ;=<
§ ,sÅ; uQ,dY%j,ska ,efnk msájy, ukdj .uHudk fõ'
7'3 o;a; /ia lsÍu
m¾fhaIKhlg wjYH o;a; wmg bfí fkd,efí' tAjd m¾fhaIlhd

úiska tl;= lr .; hq;= h' úúO WmlrK Ndú; lr o;a; /ia lsÍu
wjYH h' o;a; /ia lsÍu ixls¾K ls%hdj,shla fõ' wjYH o;a;
y÷kd .ekSu" tA i|yd wjYH WmlrK ms<sfh< lsÍu" tu WmlrK
ls%hd;aul fldg wjYH o;a; /ia lsÍu" f;dr;=re njg tajd m;a
lsÍu" jd¾;d lsÍu wdÈh o;a; /ia lsÍfï ls%hdj,shg wh;a fõ' fuu
iuia; ls%hdj,sh WmlrKlrKh Înstrumentation) f,i *Ekafl,a yd
fjd,ka (Fraenkel"Wallen, 1993) m%ldY lrhs' .=ma;df.a (Gupta 1993)
woyig wkqj o;a; /ia lsÍu hkq wOHhkh lrkq ,nk .eg¨
ms<sn| j Bg wÞ< j f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï ls%hdj,shhs' m¾fhaIKhg
wÞ< o;a; tl;= lr .ekSu i|yd m¾fhaIlhd wkq.ukh lrk l%u
Ys,am o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u f,i ^.=Kfialr 1996& úiska fmkajd foa'
fuu woyiaj,g wkqj o;a; /ia lrk WmlrK ie,iqï lsÍu"
f;dard .ekSu yd mßmd,kh we;=<;a ls%hdj,sh o;a; /ia lsÍu f,i
i|yka l< yels h' hïlsis .eg¿jla wOHhkh lsÍug wjYH úúOdldr
f;dr;=re wÞ< l%u Wmfhda.S lrf.k ksjerÈ j imhd .ekSu o;a; /ia
lsÍu fõ'
126
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq
wOHhkhl § ;u wOHhk wruqKg wÞ< f;dr;=re muKla /ia
lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' tfia u wjYH o;a; /ia
fkdlsÍu fuka u wkjYH o;a; tl;= lsÍu o wOHhkfhka ,nd.kakd
ks.uk idOdrŒhlrKh lsÍu flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,efí'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § uQ,sl jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
;=kla fiakdër yd jkisxy fmkajd § ;sfí'
i. m%udKj;a o;a; ;sfí ± hs ks.ukh lsÍu
ii. ±k isá o;a; ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Su
iii. m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl uq,dY% .eUqßka yeoEÍu
^fiakdër" jkisxy" 2004(74&

.eg¨fõ iajNdjh yd wruqKg wÞ< j o;a; /ia lsÍu ie,iqï
fkdl<fyd;a" we;eïúg m¾fhaIlhdg o;a; /ia lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh kSri
tlla ùug o mq¿jk' ta ;udg wjYH o;a; ,nd .ekSug wmyiq ùu hs'
m¾fhaIKfha iajNdjh wkqj o o;a; /ia lsÍu úúO fõ' tu ksid
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § ;ud wkq.ukh lrk m¾fhaIK m%fõYh flfrys o
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' WÞyrK f,i iólaIK ls%hdj,shl §
m%Yakdj,S" ksÍlaIK" iïuqL idlÉPd jeks l%u o;a; /ia lsÍug fhdÞ
.; yels jqj o ft;sydisl m¾fhaIKj, § f,aLk mÍlaIdj yd m%d:ñl
uQ,dY% weiqßka o;a; /ia lsÍug isÿ fõ'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq ms<sn| ú.%yhla my;
j.=fjka ±lafõ'
127
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
lreKq wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= wdldrh
1' m¾fhaIK .eg¨jg m¾fhaIKfhka wOHhkh lsÍug

wÞ< /ia lsÍu n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk .eg¨j,g wÞ<
lreKq muKla /ia lsÍu wjYH h'
WÞ(- YS% ,xldfõ mdi,aj, YsIH
úkh msßySu wOHhkh lrkafka kï
mdi,aj, mj;sk fjk;a .eg¨j,g
wÞ< f;dr;=re tl;= fkdlsÍug j.
n,d.; hq;= h'
2' o;a; /ia lrk WmlrKj,g wÞ< m%Yakdj,S" ksÍlaIK m;s%ld" ie,iqï
Wmfoia meyeÈ,s j yd ksYaÑ; j ,ehsia;= jeks WmlrKj, § m%;spdrlhdg
bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu' meyeÈ,s j Wmfoia ,nd§u wjYH h'
m%Yakdj,shg ms<s;=re ,nd fok
wdldrh meyeÈ,s fkdue;s jqjfyd;a
,efnk m%;spdr wiïmQ¾K úh yels h'
3' o;a; /ia lrk WmlrK ksrjq,a j o;a; /ia lsÍug ,nd fok WmlrK
yd meyeÈ,s j úh hq;= h' ilia lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s j bÈßm;a
lsÍu flfrys o ie<ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
m%Yakdj,shla ilia lsÍfï § flá ir,
fuka u wjYH lreKq muKla ,nd .;
yels jk fia ilia lsÍu wjYH h'
4' Ndú; lrk NdIdj jHdl+, fkdùu' o;a; /ia lsÍfï § Ndú; lrk jpk
ir, yd meyeÈ,s ùu o wjYH h'
m%;spdr ,nd§ug wmyiq" foìä f;areï
iys; w¾: úrys; jpk fkdfh§ug
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
5' m%;spdrlhkaf.a jhi yd wOHdmk o;a; /ia lsÍfï § m%;spdrlhkaf.a
uÜgu jhi yd wOHdmk uÜgu flfrys o
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' jeäysáfhl=f.ka
,nd .kakd f;dr;=re wjqreÿ 10 l
<ufhl=f.ka ,nd .; fkdyels h'
128
6' m%;spdr ,nd .; yels úl,am l%u ;ud wfmalaId lrk l%uh ls%h;aul
lsÍug fkdyels jqjfyd;a tA i|yd
.;yels úl,am ls%hd ud¾. flfrys o
o;a; /ia lsÍug m%:u wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;= h' WÞyrK f,i iïuqL
idlÉPd u.ska o;a; ,nd .ekSug
ie,iqï l< o" th fkdyels jQ úg
m%Yakdj,s u.ska o;a; /ia lsÍu'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § m¾fhaIlhd wkq.ukh lrk WmlrKfha

iajdNdjh" ,nd .; hq;= o;a;j, iajNdjh" o;a; ,nd .kakd ksheÈfha
m%udKh yd tys úisÍu wkq.ukh l< yels úl,am l%u Ys,am" o;a;
/ia lsÍfï§ u;=úh yels ndOdjka yd iSud" o;a; úYaf,aIKhlrK
wdldrh" ,nd .kakd ks.uk" idudkHlrKh" ck.ykfha iajNdjh wd§
jYfhka lreKq /ila ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj meyeÈ,s h'
tfia uQ,sl ie,iqfï § l%uj;a j lghq;= fkdlsÍfuka m¾fhaIKh
w;ru. weKysàu mjd isÿúh yels h'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § u;=úh yels .eg¨

o;a; /ia lsÍu ie,iqï lrk wjia:dfõ § u m¾fhaIlhd u;=úh
yels .eg¨ flfrys o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj by; olajd we;' we;eïúg
wfmalaIs; m%;spdr ,nd .; fkdyels ùu fuys § uqyqK§ug isÿjk m%Odk
.eg¨jla fõ' tfia u ys;du;du jerÈ m%;spdr ,nd§u o ;j;a .eg¨jls'
WÞyrK f,i m%;spdrlhkaf.a wdÞhï uÜgï úuiSul § wi;H m%;spdr
,nd fok nj ±lsh yels h'
m¾fhaIK ls%hdj,sfha § m¾fhaIlhka o;a; /ia lsÍu wdYs%; j
uqyqK fok .eg¨ 2'1 rEm igyfkka ±lafõ'
129
2'1 rEm igyk - o;a; /ia lsÍfï§ u;=úh yels .eg¨
ksheÈh úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr isàu
wOHhkhg wjYH ksheÈh ,nd .ekSfï

wmyiqj WÞ(- hqo m%foaYj,g we;=¿ úh
fkdyels ùu
.eg¨jg wÞ< fkdjk f;dr;=re bÈßm;a
o
lsÍu
;a
; ys;du;d u wi;H f;dr;=re ,nd §u
ksÍlaIKh lrk nj ±k.;a úg wdrEV

/
lr .;a p¾hdjka m%o¾Ykh lsÍu
ia
m%;spdr ,nd§u m%;slafIam lsÍu
lS
Í wjir ,nd .ekSfï wmyiq;d
fï
we;eï f;dr;=re úkdY ù ;sîu WÞ(-
fi,a,sms jeks foa
.e
g f;dr;=re nyq, ùu fyda ysÕùu
¨
fok ,o Wmfoia m%;spdrlhkag
fkdjegySu
ksheÈfha wOHdmk uÜgu
jeä ld,hla .; úh yels ùu WÞ(-

ksÍlaIK" iïuqL idlÉPd
130
o;a; /ia lsÍu ie,iqï lsÍfï § u;=úh yels ndOl ms<sn|j
Wml,amkh fldg tA i|yd úl,am ls%hd ud¾. ie,iqï lsÍu o wjYH fõ'
WÞyrK f,i iïuqL mÍlaIKh i|yd f;dard .;a ksheÈhla tA i|yd
fhdÞ .; fkdyels jqjfyd;a ;eme,a m%Yakdj,shla ud¾.fhka f;dr;=re
,nd.ekSug lghq;= lsÍu ±laúh yels h'
o;a; /ia lsÍu wdrïNfha § mek kÕsk m%Yak lsysmhla fõ'
ia:dkh ms<sn| o;a; /ia lrkqfha fldfyka o@

.eg¨ fld;kska o@ Wod(- mka;s ldurfhka
o fjf<|fmdf<ka o@ wd§ f,i
o;a; /ia lrkqfha l=uk fj,djl

o;a; /ia lsÍfï m%Yak
ld,h ms<sn| .eg¨ o@ lskï wjia:djl § o@ WÞ(- Wfoa"

iji" u<f.orl §" b.ekaùu lrk
úg" úfõl ld,fha § wd§ f,i
jdr .Kk ms<sn| o;a; lS jrla ,nd .; hq;= o hkak

.eg¨ Wod(- fojrla" udihla" b.ekaùula
kï mdvï lShla ksÍlaIKh
lrkafka o hkak'
mqoa.,hka ms<sn| o;a; /ia lrkafka ljqreka o@ Wod(-

.eg¨ m¾fhaIlhdu úiska o@
m¾fhaIK iyhlhka fhdÞ .kafka o
wd§ f,i
^.=Kfialr 1996&
m¾fhaIlfhl=g by; i|yka .eg¨ ms<sn| j ksrjq,a yd meyeÈ,s
wjfndaOhla fkd;sîu u.ska ,nd .kakd o;a; ;=<ska wÞ< m¾fhaIKhg
wys;lr n,mEï we;súh yels h' tu ksid ,nd .kakd o;a; b;du
ksjerÈ fhda.H WmlrK wdYs%; j ,nd .ekSug;a wOHhk .eg¨jg wÞ<
ksheÈfha yelshdj" .=Kdx." wdl,am wd§ f,i ,nd .; hq;= f;dr;=re
ksjerÈ j ,nd .ekSug;a m¾fhaIlhd Wkkaÿúh hq;= h'
131
2'3 o;a; /ia lsÍfï WmlrKj, .=Kdx.
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § m%Yakdj,s" ksÍËK m;s%ld" iïuqL idlÉPd
i,iqï" mßudK o¾Yl wd§ úúO WmlrK Ndú; l< yels h' fuu
WmlrK Ndú;hg fmr tAjdfha .=Kdx. úuiSu o wjYH fõ' fodaI
iys; WmlrKhlska .kakd ñkqï o fodaI iys; nj wuq;=fjka lsj hq;=
fkdfõ' o;a; /ia lsÍfï WmlrKj, m%Odk .=Kdx. 04 la ;sìh hq;=
nj *%Ekafl,a yd fjd,ka fmkajd fohs'
1 2
j,x.=;djla úYajiH;djla
;sîu ;sîu
WmlrKj,
;sìh hq;=
.=Kdx.
3 4
jdia;úl m%dfhda.sl
Ndjhla njla
;sîu ;sîu
j,x.=;dj
j,x.=;dj hkq wÞ< ùu f,i o ye¢kaúh yels h' fhdÞ .kakd
WmlrK yd tA ;=<ska ,nd .kakd o;a; .eg¨jg wÞ< úh hq;= h'
WÞyrK f,i udkj jxY wOHhkh hgf;a lrkq ,nk wOHhkhl §
m¾fhaIlhd u m¾fhaIK N+ñfha /£ isg ksÍlaIKh lsÍu wjYH h'
tjeks ksÍlaIKfha § ;udg wjYH lreKq muKla ksÍlaIKh l< hq;=
h' mqoa., wdl,am ms<sn| iólaIKhl § wdl,amj,g mßndysr lreKq
,nd .ekSu j,x.=Ndjh wvqùug fya;= úh yels h' tfia u úIhhl
idOk uÜgï mÍCIdj ms<sn| j idOdrK ks.ukj,g t<ôh fkdyels
fõ kï tys§ o j,x.=;djla we;ehs ms<s.; fkdyels h'
úYajiH;dj
tla jrla ,nd .kakd ñkqï ;j;a wjia:djl tu ñkqu u ,nd
.ekSfï § tA iEu wjia:djl § u iudk m%;sM, ,efí kï tys §
132
úiajdikSh;ajhla we;ehs lsj yels h' WÞyrK f,i m%Yakdj,shla §
tl mdi,l YsIHhskaf.ka ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re ;j;a mdi,lg tu
m%Yakdj,sh u ÿkaúg m<uq f;dr;=rej,g iudk;djla ±laùu .; yels h'
tys§ tu m%Yakdj,sh fukau ,nd .;a o;a; o úYajiH;djlska hqla; hehs
i|yka l< yels h'
jdia;úl nj
mqoa., noaO núka f;dr j úIhdkqnoaO ùu jdia;úl nj f,i
i|yka l< yels h' o;a; ,nd .ekSfï § mQ¾j úksYaphkaf.ka f;dr j
lghq;= l< hq;= h' hï mdi,la ms<sn| j m¾fhaIlhd ;=< wmeye§ula
we;súg tu wdh;kh ms<sn| j m¾fhaIlhd lrk ksÍlaIK yd tA
wdYs%; j ,nd .kakd o;a; w.;s.dó fõ' tfia w.;s.dñ fkdù wOHhkh
lrk .eg¨jg úIhhg wruqKg wÞ< j uOHia: j o;a; /ia lsÍu
jdia;úl nj fõ'
m%dfhda.sl nj
wOHhkhla i|yd o;a; /ia lsÍfï § Ndú; lrk ñkqï
WmlrKj, m%dfhda.sl nj flfrys o ie,ls,su;a ùu wjYH h' ;uka
ms<sfh, lrk m%Yakdj,s fyda ksÍlaIK m;%sldj ls%hd;aul l< fkdyels
kï tys § m%dfhda.sl njla we;ehs m%ldY l< fkdyels h' WÞyrK f,i
wêl úhoula ord ilia lrk m%Yakdj,shlg wOHhk ksheÈhg ms<s;=re
§ug wmyiq kï tys m%dfhda.sl njla fkdue;' ÿIalr .ul .eñhka
Wfoid bx.S%is udOHfhka ilia lrk m%Yakdj,shla óg ksoiqka fõ' tu
ksid o;a; /ia lsÍfï § ksheÈfha iajNdjh" ñkqï WmlrK fnÞ yeÍfï
myiqj" .;jk ld,h" jehjk úhou" bka isÿjk wjdisÞhl ;;a;ajhka"
ks.ukj,g t<öug we;s yelshdj wd§ lreKq ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= fõ'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § tla WmlrKhla uÕska muKla o;a; ,nd
.ekSfuka úYajiH;dj yd j,x.=;dj ySk ùug bvlv ;sfí' tu
ksid tlu ldrKh ms<sn| oDIaáfldaK lsysmhlska o;a; ,nd .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ' WÞyrK f,i mdi,l m%pKavldÍ YsIHfhl= ms<sn| j lrk
m%f;Hl wOHhkhl § .=rejrhdf.ka ,nd .kakd jd¾;dj,ska muKla
iEySug m;a fkdù" ksÍlaIKh" iïuqL idlÉPd" wdl,am" mßudK jeks
l%u Ys,am o Ndú; lsÍu m%fhdackj;a fõ' th ;s%fldaKlrKh f,i
m¾fhaIK idys;Hfha § ye¢kafõ'
133
iudf,dapkh
o;a; /ia lsÍu fyj;a WmlrKlrKh ms<sn| j fuu
mßÉfþofha § idlÉPd lrk ,§' tys§ o;a; ,nd .ekSug WmlrK
ie,iqï lsÍu" f;dard .ekSu" mßmd,kh" jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu we;=<;a
iuia; ls%hdj,sh o;a; /ia lsÍu f,i y÷kd .kakd ,§' o;a; /ia
lsÍfï § .eg¨jg wÞ< o;a; muKla /ia lsÍu WmlrK i|yd meyeÈ,s
yd ksYaÑ; Wmfoia ,nd §u" Ndú; lrk NdIdj jHdl+, fkdùu"
m%;spdrlhkaf.a iajNdjh ie,lSu" m%;spdr ,nd .; yels úl,am l%u
Ndú;d lsÍu" ck.ykfha fyda ksheÈfha úisÍu jeks idOl flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj o wkdjrKh úh'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï § úúO .eg¨j,g uqyqK §ug m¾fhaIlhdg
isÿúh yels w;r tA i|yd mQ¾j iqÞkula ;sîu o wjYHh' ld,h" ia:dkh"
mqoa.,hka ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re jeks lafIa;% ;=<ska ndOl u;=úh yels h'
o;a; /ia lsÍfï WmlrK j,x.=;dj úYajiH;dj jdia;úl nj yd
m%dfhda.sl nj hk .=Kdx.j,ska iukaú; úh hq;= nj o olakg ,enq‚'
b.kqï ls%hdldrlï
01' —o;a; /ia lsÍu hkq ls%hdjka /il tl;=jls˜ idlÉPd lrkak'
02' o;a; /ia lsÍfï § m¾fhaIlfhl= wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
03' o;a; /ia lsÍfï § u;=úh yels .eg¨ idlÉPd lrkak'
04' o;a; /ia lsÍfï § u;=úh yels .eg¨ 3la i|yd úi÷ï fhdackd
lrkak'
05' o;a; /ia lsÍfï § WmlrKj, ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. WÞyrK weiqßka
ú.%y lrkak'
134
7'4 ir, iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKhl ksr; j jd¾;djla bÈßm;a lsÍu
fuys § m<uqj Tn úiska l< hq;= jkafka wOHhkhg wNsfm%aß;
fËa;%h ms<sn| úuid ne,Su h' tkï ud;Dld fiùug fmr ,shd m<
fldg we;s m¾fhaIK fmd; m; ms<sn| j lshjd lsishï ±kqula we;s
lr .ekSuhs' m¾fhaIK fmd;m; lshùu ;=<ska wod< m¾fhaIK ld¾hh
ms<sn| W.;a ±kqula f.dvk`.d .; yels h' ta i|yd mqia;ld,h ukd
msájy,la fõ' Èkm;d mqia;ld,hg f.dia m; fmd; mßYS,kh ta i|yd
jeo.;a h' lshùfuka nqoaêh msìfok w;r tu`.ska is;kakg fm<fò'
is;kakg neß whg m¾fhaIK lsÍu wmyiq h' idudkHfhka
wOHdmk l%shdj,sh u.ska m%Odk fiajd 03 la isÿfõ' tkï"
1' wOHhkh
2' m¾fhaIKj, ksr; ùu
3' bka ,nd .kakd ±kqu rgg yd f,dalhdg odhdo lsÍu
hkqfjks'
Ôjl ffjoH pß; l:dfõ o ir, m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõYhla
±lafõ' Ôjlf.a .=rejrhd Tyqg ffjoH úoHdj W.kajd fufia
mjik ,§' fï kqjr jgd weúo T!IOhlg fkd.kakd .ila" uq,la"
me<hla" fld<hla we;akï wrf.k tkak' ta wkqj Ôjl iEu ;ek u
fidhd ne¨jo kuq;a fnfy;lg fkd.kakd fohla Tyqg yuqjqfKa
ke;' Ôjlg Tyqf.a .=rejrhd fï ÿkafka m%dfhda.sl wNHdihls' tkï
W.;a foa m%dfhda.sl j fhdod .kak yels o lshd ne,Su hs' ta wkqj Tn isÿ
lsÍug wfmaCIs; ir, iudc úoHd m¾fhaIK ld¾hh o tn÷ fohls' Tn
W.;a foa m%dfhda.sl j m%fhdackhg .; yels o hkak fuu m¾fhaIK
ld¾hfhka úuid n,kq ,efí'
ta wkqj fuys § ir, iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKhl kshe,Su i|yd
wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr lsysmhla úuid n,uq'
² .eg¿j y÷kd .ekSu
² .eg¿j ú.%y lsÍu
² WmkHdi ^Wml,amk& f.dvke.Su
² m¾fhaIK wruqKq y÷kd .ekSu
² ksheÈh y÷kd .ekSu
135
² l%ufõoh fhdackd lsÍu
² jvd iqÿiq l%ufõohla f;dard f.k th l%shd;aul lsÍu
² o;a; /ia lsÍu
² o;a; úYaf,aIKh
² ld, rduqj
² ks.ukh yd fhdackd
fuys § Tnf.a m¾fhaIK ld¾hh i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .; yels
ir, ud;Dld lsysmhla WodyrK f,i ±laúh yels h'
1' oyï mdi,g u,a /f.k tk <uqka f.a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh ms<sn|
wOHhkhla
2' m%dÖk wOHdmkhg fhduqjk NslaIQka jykafiaf.a wkd.; wfmaËdj
ms<sn| wOHhkhla
3' fmdaod is,a iudoka ùu i|yd úydrhg meñfKk msßif.a iudc

;;a;ajh ms<sn| wOHhkh
4' .ï m%foaYh ms<sn| i|yka jk mqrdjD; ms<sn| wOHhkhla
5' msßfjka wOHdmkh ms<sn| msßfjka NslaIQka olajk wdl,amh ms<sn|

wOHhkhla
fuys § úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= ldrKhla iïnkaOfhka

lreKq úuid ne,Su o jeo.;a fõ' tkï m¾fhaIKhg wod, ld, rduqj"
ilid .ekSu iïnkaOj hs'
m¾fhaIK fhdackdjla l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ld, ;SrKh lsÍu
wksjd¾hfhka u úh hq;a;ls' m¾fhaIKhg wod< idys;Hh iudf,dapkfha
mgka jd¾;dj bÈßm;a lsÍu olajd jQ ish¨ l%shdldrlï iïmsKavkh
fldg ld,jljdkqj iys; j bÈßm;a lsÍu l< hq;= h' fujeks ld,
igykla Ndú; lsÍu u`.ska fhdað; wOHhkh l%udkql+,j;a" wLKavj;a"
ksjerÈj;a lr f.k hd yels w;r m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj wfmaCIs; ld,hg
bÈßm;a lsÍug yels h' ld, igyk ieliSfï § isria ;Srej,ska ld,
136
mrdih o ;sria ;Srej,ska ld¾hfldgia o ±laùug mq¿jk'
ld, igyfka wka;¾.; ld¾h fldgia iEu m¾fhaIKhlg u iudk
fkdfõ' m¾fhaIK i|yd fËa;% iólaIK mej;sh yels w;r u we;eï
tajdg tfia fkdúh yels h' ta ksid m¾fhaIlhd úiska lsÍug wfmaCIs;
wOHhkfha ieleiau ksrjq,a j bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' my; ±lafjk ld,
igyk iudÔh úoHd úIhhka i|yd fhdod .; yels ld, igykls'
m¾fhaIK ld, igyk
2014....................................
Tlaf;daïn¾
iema;eïn¾
fkdjeïn¾
fmnrjdß
foieïn¾
wf.daia;=
ckjdß
wfma%,a
ud¾;=
uehs
cqks
cQ,s
1' idys;H
.fõIKh
2' m¾fhaIK ie,eiau
ieliSu" ixfYdaOkh yd
wkqu; lr .ekSu
3' /ia lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq

o;a; y÷kd .ekSu
4' ksheÈ f;dard .ekSu
yd kshuqlrKh
5' lafIa;% ióËKh

6' o;a; f.dkq lsÍu
yd úYaf,aIKh
7' jd¾;djla ieliSu

m¾fhaIK jd¾;d ieliSu
jd¾;djla bÈßm;a fkdlrkafka kï m¾fhaK isÿ fkdl<dla
fuka ie,lsh yels nj m¾fhaIlhkaf.a fmdÿ woyi fõ' m¾fhaIK
jd¾;dj tmuKgu jeo.;a wx.hls'
137
jd¾;d ieliSfï § fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lSmhls'
² NdId ú,dih
² meg,s,s rys; jvd È.= fkdjQ jdlH Ndú;h
² wkjYH msrjqï mo rys; nj
² mqoa.,ssl ye`.Sï fkdj m¾fhaIK wkdjrK mokï jQ ;d¾lsl;ajh
² j¾Kkd úrys; nj
² j.=" rEm igyka" m%ia;drj, ksjerÈ ia:dk.; lsÍu
m¾fhaIK ksnkaOh fyj;a jd¾;djla ilia lsÍfuka wk;=re j
th M,odhs j Ndú; l< yels md¾Yajj, wjOdkhg fhduq lsÍu o b;d
jeo.;a l¾;jHhls' fkdtfia kï m¾fhaIK wkdjrKfhka isÿjk
iudc fufyjrla fkdue;s fõ' tfuka u fndfydaúg tla m¾fhaIKhla
ksid ;jÿrg;a .eUqßka wOHhkhg ,laúh hq;= kj m¾fhaIK .eg¨
fyda ys±ia wkdjrKh ùu fndfydaúg isÿjkakls' ;u m¾fhaIK
jd¾;dfjka o tjeks kj biõ ms<sn| mßYS,l wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu o
ksnkaOfha wjidk ks.uk u.ska isÿ l< yels h'
iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKj, ksr; ùu ;rula ÿIalr f,i fmkS .sh
o th b;d rij;a kj ±kqï wkdjrKh jk w.kd l%shdkaú;hla nj
fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfuka u jd¾;djl t<sfkd±la jQ m¾fhaIKhla
iudchg M,odhs fohla fkdjk njo fuys§ jgyd .; hq;= h'
wNHdih
1' iudc m¾fhaIKhl m%Odk mshjr kï lrkak'

2' Tn wOHhkhg leu;s iudc úoHd;aul úIh fCIa;%hla kï lr
thg wod< f;dr;=re uQ,dY% y÷kajd fokak'
3' m¾fhaIK o;a; /ia lsÍfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= uQ,sl lreKq

fudkjdo@
4' Tnf.a msßfjk$mkai, wdY%s;j isÿl< yels iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKhl

ksr;j jd¾;djla bÈßm;a lrkak'
138

Piriven Vsamaja Vidyawa 5 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Piriven Vsamaja Vidyawa 5 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 iudc úoHdj ye¢kaùu

1'1 iudc úoHdj ks¾jpk wdY%s; j y÷kd .ekSu

1'3 iudc úoHd ±kqu iudÔh jHjydrj, § Wmfhda.s lr.; hq;=

1'4 fn!oaO iudc úoHdj úIhhla f,i y÷kd .ekSu

1' iudc úoHdj hkq l=ula ±hs ks¾jpk weiqßka y÷kajkak'

hdka;s%l taldnoaO;dj kï ,CIKh olakg ,efnkafka Y%u

tAldêm;s md,lfhl= hgf;a mej;s idïm%odhsl iudchla zrKldó

1' iudc mßKduh hkq l=ula ± hs y÷kajd fokak'

2'2 kQ;k iudc fjkiaùu

we;eï idOlj, n,mEu ksid iudchl iq¿ fjkialula flá

zz taflk fNdaf. N+[afchH - oaùys lïux mfhdacfha

3'1 —ixialD;sh˜ iudc úoHd;aul oDIaaá fldaKfhka ks¾jpk

3'2 ixialD;shg wdfõ‚l úúO ,CIK

3'2'3 ixialD;sl ,e.au (Cultural lag)

fN!;sl ixialD;sh (Material Culture)

3'3 ixialD;sh mqoa., yeisÍu fmdaIKh yd j¾Okh flfrys we;s

1' ixialD;sh ms<sn| ks¾jpk weiqßka tys iajNdjh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula

3' ixialD;sh yd iudch w;r ne£u flfrys n,mdk idOl 3 ls' tu

4' fn!oaO ixialD;sh fjkiaùu flfrys kQ;k n,mEu fln÷fõ ± hs

4'1 Y%S ,xld iudch iy tys mßKduh

4'4 iudc idOdrK;ajh" hqla;sh i|yd fn!oaO iudc

ima; wmßydksh O¾u Tiafia iudc.; we.hqï yd idrO¾u

fï wkqj nqÿ oyu b;d meyeÈ,s f,i iudc idOdrK;ajh yd

2' merKs iudcfha mej;s lDIsld¾ñl Ôjk rgdj uQ,sl jQ iudc

4' merKs iudch;a kQ;k iudch;a w;r mj;sk iuúiu;d olajñka

o`vqjï ,;a isrlrejka fufia j¾. l< yels h'

2' w;S; iudc md,k rgdj ffk;sl wdêm;Hh olajd mßKduh jQ

3' ,xldfõ l%shd;aul tla tla wêlrK wdh;k kï lr tajdfha wêldß

4' Ndjkdj ;=<ska isÿjk is; md,kh ksrdhdifhkau ukd iudc

6'1 iudc m%Yak y÷kd .ekSu

jfhdajDoaO iudc wmpdr

ú/lshdj ishÈú kid

udkisl .‚ld u;aøjH

fuu tla tla mshjrla ;jÿrg;a iqúfYaIS j l%shdldrlïj,g

7'3 o;a; /ia lsÍu

m¾fhaIKhlg wjYH o;a; wmg bfí fkd,efí' tAjd m¾fhaIlhd

lreKq wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= wdldrh

1' m¾fhaIK .eg¨jg m¾fhaIKfhka wOHhkh lsÍug

o;a; /ia lsÍfï § m¾fhaIlhd wkq.ukh lrk WmlrKfha

o;a; /ia lsÍfï § u;=úh yels .eg¨

ksheÈh úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr isàu

wOHhkhg wjYH ksheÈh ,nd .ekSfï

ksÍlaIKh lrk nj ±k.;a úg wdrEV

ksheÈfha wOHdmk uÜgu

jeä ld,hla .; úh yels ùu WÞ(-

ia:dkh ms<sn| o;a; /ia lrkqfha fldfyka o@

o;a; /ia lrkqfha l=uk fj,djl

ld,h ms<sn| .eg¨ o@ lskï wjia:djl § o@ WÞ(- Wfoa"

jdr .Kk ms<sn| o;a; lS jrla ,nd .; hq;= o hkak

mqoa.,hka ms<sn| o;a; /ia lrkafka ljqreka o@ Wod(-

3' fmdaod is,a iudoka ùu i|yd úydrhg meñfKk msßif.a iudc

4' .ï m%foaYh ms<sn| i|yka jk mqrdjD; ms<sn| wOHhkhla

5' msßfjka wOHdmkh ms<sn| msßfjka NslaIQka olajk wdl,amh ms<sn|

fuys § úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= ldrKhla iïnkaOfhka

m¾fhaIK ld, igyk

3' /ia lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq

5' lafIa;% ióËKh

7' jd¾;djla ieliSu

1' iudc m¾fhaIKhl m%Odk mshjr kï lrkak'

3' m¾fhaIK o;a; /ia lsÍfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= uQ,sl lreKq

4' Tnf.a msßfjk$mkai, wdY%s;j isÿl< yels iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKhl

You might also like