Name: ANDI RAIHAN MAHARDIKA RAMADHAN

Student Number: 2305004

From : Indonesia
Subject Lecture:日本水産事情 (Nihonsuisanjijyou)
Report of the 2nd class

1. Indonesian Fishery Industry and the difference with Japan

The fishing industry in Indonesia is increasing. Many seas and rivers in Indonesia provide various
types of fish. People in Indonesia like to catch fish and also process it for sale in the market. This industry
has made people in Indonesia richer. The fishing industry includes initiatives or activities related to
harvesting, breeding, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing, or selling fish and fish
products. This commercial activity aims to deliver fish and other seafood products for human
consumption or use as raw materials in other industrial processes. The fishery is determined by fishing
activity. Fish are usually caught in the wild. Fishing techniques include hand gathering, splashing, netting,
angling, and trapping. The fishing industry consists of many independent operators who sell their
products as separate posts for fish processing plants.
Fishing vessels working for commercial fleets, some of them belong to processing companies. The
fishing industry includes commercial fishing, farming, processing, products, and marketing. Indonesia is
the country with the most significant fishery potential. With such great potential, it becomes one of the
primary considerations for carrying out appropriate industrial fisheries planning steps. Indonesia is a
country where two-thirds of its territory is sea and has enormous fishery natural resource potential. It is
estimated that the potential for sustainable fish is around 6.1 million to 6.7 million tons per year. So far,
this fishery potential has yet to be explored optimally and is estimated to have only reached 56% of its
potential. One industry that can develop from fisheries resources is the fish canning industry. Even
though it has yet to be utilized optimally, Indonesia's exports have been produced to the main markets of
the United States, Japan, and the European Union. In the last five years, canned fish exports have
fluctuated, increasing from 25,911 tons in 1996 to 37,565 tons in 2001. Previously, in 2000, exports had
reached 45,041 tons. Meanwhile, foreign exchange earned from the export of canned fish peaked in 1998
with a volume of 40,484 tonnes and was shown to be US$ 104.98 million, while in 2001, the export value
was around US$ 86.1 million. The fishing industry is an activity or business carried out in the fishery
sector to achieve goals using package technology.
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world with 17,504 islands and a coastline of
104,000 km2 (Bakosurtanal, 2006). The total sea area of Indonesia is around 3.544 million km 2 (Marine
and Fisheries in Figures 2010) or around 70% of Indonesia's territory. This situation places the fisheries
sector as one of the real potential sectors in Indonesia. The economic potential of resources in the
fisheries sector is estimated at US$ 82 billion per year. This potential includes: capture fishery potential of
US$ 15.1 billion per year, marine cultivation potential of US$ 46.7 billion per year, potential for public
fisheries of US$ 1.1 billion per year, pond cultivation potential of US$ 10 billion per year, the potential for
freshwater aquaculture is US$ 5.2 billion per year, and the potential for marine biotechnology is US$ 4
billion per year. Apart from that, other potentials can also be managed, such as non-renewable
resources, so that they can make a real contribution to Indonesia's development.
Various fishing methods exist for Inland Openwater Capture Fisheries in Indonesia. Based on those
statistics, fishing methods in Indonesia consist of hook and lines (Long line, hook, and lines), gill nets (drift
gill net, set gill net), lift nets, traps (guiding barrier, stow net, portable trap, other traps), casts, and and
others (Muroami, Cast net, Harpoon, etc.). Various fishing methods exist for marine capture fisheries in
Indonesia. Based on these statistics, collectors, and gears (Seaweed collectors, Seaweed collectors, sea
cucumber gears, and Crab gears), fishing gear in Indonesia consists of hook and lines (Tuna long line,
Other drift long line, Set long line, Set bottom long line, Set bottom long line, Troll line, Hand lines,
Vertical line, Squid jigger, and Other lines), gill net ( Drift gill net, Encircling gill net, Shrimp entangling gill
net, Set gill net, dan Trammel nets), trap (Guiding barrier, Stow net, Portable trap, Other surprises), seine
net (Pelagic danish seine, Pelagic danish seine, dan Beach seine), lift net (Boat/raft lift net, Boat/raft lift
net, Scoop net, Shore lift net, dan Other lift nets), purse seine, trawl (double rigs shrimp trawl, Stern
shrimp trawl, Beam trawl, and Fish net).
On the 2009 FAO Year Book report, Indonesia's capture fisheries production until 2007 was
ranked 3rd in the world, with capture fisheries production in the 2003-2007 period experiencing an
average production increase of 1.54%. Besides that, Indonesia is also a world aquaculture producer. Until
2007, Indonesian aquaculture production in the world was in 4th place, with an average annual increase
in production since 2003 reaching 8.79%. It allowed Indonesia to become the world's largest producer of
fishery products due to the continued growth in the contribution of Indonesian fishery products to the
world in 2004-2009.
Portable traps decreased by 32.79%, and the guiding barrier increased by 30.39%, While the cast
nets had the lowest decrease, falling by 7.79% than the year before. Most fishing gear operated in inland
open water were hook and line in Indonesia, which mainly used portable traps. The stow net had the
highest decrease in the last two year periods, which decreased by 59.27%. Then followed by other gears,
which fell by 56.42%; the number of inland open-water fishing units in 2010 recorded 538,855 units,
which decreased by 24.61% from the amount in 2009. it had reduced All types of fishing gear than the
year before. At the same time, the number of other traps had the highest decrease, which fell by 75.29%
than the year early. The squid jigger, stow net, and fish net also had high enough increases that increased
118.64%, 98.75%, and 75.79%, respectively. The number of marine fishing units in 2010 was 947,220
units. The number of scoop nets had the highest increase in 2009, which increased by 179.75%. The
number of fishing units in 2009 - 2010 decreased to 21.33%. The number of marine fishing units
decreased to 19.34%, and the number of inland open-water fishing units decreased to 24.61%.

Types of fishing gear used by the fishing industry in Indonesia

1. Gill nets
Gill nets are fishing nets with a rectangular shape, having the same size mesh throughout the entire
net, the width of the net is shorter compared to the length in other words. The number of mesh depths is
less than the number of mesh sizes in net length. A float is attached to the top of the net sheet and a
sinker is attached to the bottom. By using two forces in opposite directions, namely the buoyancy of the
buoy which moves upwards and the weight and weight of the net which moves downwards, the net will
be stretched.

Figure 1. Gillnet fishing gear

 The operation of the gill nets is carried out by blocking the swimming direction of a school of
pelagic or demersal fish which are the target of fishing so that they become entangled in the nets.
Operations are carried out on the surface, in the middle or at the bottom of the waters, generally to catch
pelagic and demersal fish depending on the type of gill net. Gill nets are operated permanently, drifted,
coiled or fixed on the surface, in the middle or at the bottom of the waters. There are gill nets that are
one layer or layered. Layered gill nets are generally operated on the bottom of the water generally
catching demersal fish.
At the time of setting, the ship is directed to the center and then the bottom fishing nets are
installed by the Ship's Crew (ABK). The bottom gill net is installed perpendicular to the current so that
later it will can block schools of fish that have previously been fitted with FADs, and the schools of fish are
attracted and then gather around FADs or light fishing and are finally caught because they become
entangled in the operculum (gill cover) or by bouncing. After the settings have been made and there are
enough fish that have been collected, holling is carried out by pulling the bottom gill net from the bottom
of the waters to the surface (the net is pulled over the ship). After all the catches and nets are pulled up,
then sorting activities are carried out.

Figure 2. Gill net fishing gear operation in Indonesia

2. Hand Line
Ulur fishing line (Hand Line) is a type of fishing gear used by traditional fishermen to catch fish in the
sea. Hand line is the simplest type of fishing line. Consisting of fishing line, fishing line and ballast or bait.
The fishing grounds (fishing ground) for operating handlines are quite open and varied so that handlines
can be operated around the surface to the bottom of the waters, around coastal waters and in the deep
sea. The hand line used by fishermen on the boat is coping hand line and antic hand line. Coping fishing
line consists of several components, namely fishing line, towing line, killi-killi, top line, fishing line, and
ballast. Hand line is a traditional fishing gear for catching fish. In addition to its simple construction,
operation does not require large capital, the development of hand line fisheries has not experienced
much significant progress when compared to other fishing gear. On the other hand, in order to increase
catch production, it is necessary to develop hand line fisheries. One of the development efforts is carried
out by modifying existing fishing gear.
 Figure 3. Hand Line fishing gear operation in Indonesia

The main structures of hand line are fishing line, fishing line, weight and bait. Hand line fishing
gear is a fishing gear that is often used by traditional fishermen. While the construction of hand line
coping gear is:
a. Fishing line reeling
The fishing line reel used is round in shape made of plastic and wood. The use of fishing line reeling
aims to facilitate the process of operating the fishing gear so that the rope does not get tangled and can
be reeled up after the fishing operation is complete and then stored for reuse during operation.
b. Towing Rope
Towing rope is a rope that is used made of monofilament, larger in size than the base rope. The rope
used is numbered 60 with a length of 100-150 meters. Monofilament.
c. Swivel
Swivel is part of a handline which is useful for connecting and to prevent the towing line and bottom
line from being spun or tangled when operating the fishing gear. The spools used are made of stainless
steel, so they can last a long time.
d. Basic Rope
The bottom rope used has a smaller size than the size of the towing rope which is numbered 40. The
use of a smaller rope is intended so that the rope is not visible when it is in the water. The length of the
rope is 8-10 meters.
e. Hook
The hooks used to catch fish vary in size according to the size of the fish to be caught. The hooks used
to catch fish consist of 2 hooks, namely hooks no. 5 and no. 6. The main hook is numbered 5 and the troll
line is numbered 6. Meanwhile, the size of the hook varies according to the size of the fish caught. One of
them is mackerel, a fish that has very sharp teeth, so to prevent the line from breaking when the bait is
eaten by the fish, the hook is tied with steel number 18 and the length of the steel is around 8-10 cm.

f. Ballast
 The ballast used in hand line has the function of accelerating the descent of the fishing line to the
bottom of the water and keeping the fishing rod upright while in the water. The weight is attached to the
rope which is located at the very end of a hand line.

3. Long Line
The long line consists of a series of main lines, buoy lines where on the main line at a certain distance
there are several branch lines that are shorter and smaller in meter in diameter, and at the end of this
branch line a baited fishing line is attached. There are several types of long lines. There are those that are
installed on the bottom of the water and are fixed for a certain period of time known as fixed longlines or
bottom long lines or long line sets which are usually used to catch demarsal fish. There are also drifting
longlines which are commonly called drip long lines, usually used to catch pelagic fish.

Figure 4. Long Line fishing gear operation in Indonesia

4. Purse Seine
Ring ukat (Purse seine) is a fishing gear from a net that is operated by circling a school of fish until the
tool is shaped like a bowl at the end of the fishing process. This fishing gear is used to catch schooling
pelagic fish. The way the purse seine operates is by circling a school of fish, then the purse line is pulled
to and from the boat so that the net resembles a bowl. Furthermore, the catch is transferred to the ship
using a scoop or scoop. Purse seine is also called trawl or bag net, because the shape of the net when
operated resembles a bag. This fishing gear is also called a drawstring net, because at the bottom of the
net is equipped with a drawstring which functions to unite the bottom of the net during operation by
pulling the drawstring. The characteristic of the purse seine lies in the ring and the purse line or
drawstring. This fishing gear has the characteristic of the upper line being shorter than the lower line,
while the fishing gear belonging to this group such as the lampara has the upper line which is longer than
the bottom line. Purse seine is grouped into groups surrounding nets. There are two types of Purse seine,
namely American type Purse seine and Japanese type Purse seine. The American type purse seine is
rectangular in shape with the pocket forming part located at the edge of the net. The Japanese type
purse seine is rectangular in shape with the bottom of the net in the shape of a circular arc and the bag
forming part is located in the middle of the net.
 Figure 5. Purse Seine fishing gear operation in Indonesia

Based on the shape of the main net, purse seine is divided into three, namely rectangular shape,
trapezoidal shape, and curved shape. In general, fishing with purse seine is carried out at night, but some
are operated during the day. Fish collection in the purse seine fishing area uses FADs and some uses
lights. In general, the lowering (setting) is carried out twice during one night of operation, which is carried
out at dusk and in the morning/dawn, except in certain circumstances the frequency of catching can be
reduced or increased. The fishing area for purse seine gear is a large open area, the bottom must be free
of rocks and coral or skeletons shipwreck. This is because the fish that are the target of purse seines are
grouped fish that live pelagic or on the surface, such as small pelagic fish (mackerel, gliding, selar,
bentong, lemuru, slengser and others).

5. Bagan (Lift net)

Bagan (Lift net) is a type of traditional fishing gear from Indonesia used by fishermen to catch
small pelagic fish. Based on the method of operation, the nets are grouped into lift nets, but because they
use light to collect fish, they are also called light fishing. Baggage nets are installed by sticking the body
frame into the water so that it can only plant the position of the traps once and cannot be moved during
the fishing season. The Bagan step capture operation was carried out at night. Most use light that comes
from petromax, although some use electric lights.

Figure 6. Lift Net operation in Indonesia

 The net operation Bagan (Lift net) begins with lowering or sinking the Baggage nets into the
waters to a certain depth. Then the petromax lamp is turned on to attract fish to gather around the chart.
If a group of fish has accumulated in the center of the light, some of the lights are raised or turned off so
that the group of concluded has not spread again. After the group of fish is collected ideally, the Baggage
nets are lifted slowly. When the Baggage nets approach the surface, the catching speed is further
increased, then the fish are caught using a shovel. The following process of Hauling is pulling the Baggage
nets; this process begins by rotating the roller slowly; this is done so that the fish are not shocked and
escape from the Baggage nets. The rotation of the roller is further accelerated when the Baggage nets
approach the surface of the water; this aims to reduce the number of fish that escape because the fish
know that a foreign object is moving towards it. The roller rotates until the Baggage nets frame touches
the floor/top frame.

The difference between the Indonesian and Japanese fishing industries

The fishing methods widely used by the fishing industry in Indonesia, at sea the most commonly
used fishing methods are hook and line and gill nets. As for the deep sea waters of Indonesia, the
methods most widely used are gill nets, hook and line, and traps. In contrast to Japan, the fishing
methods used are Set nets and Pull nets. Japan has a fishing method called 棒 受 け 網 漁 (Stick Seine
Fishing). This method is a little unique; the boat has two lights. Then to catch fish, one of the lights on the
side of the ship is turned on. Then after the fish have gathered, the lights are turned off, the lights
opposite has turned on, and Luring schools of fish with the boat's light, when the fish get close, turn off
the right side light, turn on the fish light on the left side where there is a net, the fish will enter the net.
here is a net to catch the fish that will gather, then rotate the net with a winch. Lift nets from Indonesia
and fishing trawlers from Japan use lights to collect fish. Japan also has a torch (fire) and bird fishing
methods, I have never found this fishing method in Indonesia. The Indonesian fishing industry has a
fishing gear called a bagan; the shape of this tool resembles a box; in operation, it often uses lights to
attract fish. Catching fish with bagan that is hauling pulling baggage nets; this process begins by slowly
rotating the roller; Has done so that the fish are not shocked and get out of the net Baggage. The rotation
of the rollers further accelerates as Baggage's net approaches the surface of the water; this aims to
reduce the number of fish that escape because the fish know that a foreign object is moving towards it.
The rollers rotate until the net frame of the Baggage touches the floor/upper frame.
 2. The difference between the utilization of marine fishery products in Indonesia and the utilization
of marine fishery products in Japan
Fish canning or canned fish industry in Indonesia until December 2005 was registered as many as 74
companies, of which around 41 companies were still carrying out production activities, meaning 57.74%
were still active and 46.67% canned fish and lamb industries were no longer involved in producing. Of the
41 canned fish companies still actively growing and marketing their products, 31 are local companies, and
ten have imported brands. Of the 31 local companies, 26 already have their factories, and the remaining
five do not have their factories, only companies that hold certain brands that share canned fish
production with other companies.
This fish processing industry group can be described based on KLUI (Classification of Indonesian
Business Groups), namely as follows:
KLUI
INFORMATION
5 DIGITS
Fish canning industry and other aquatic biota: like Fish would be sardines in a can,
31141
shrimp in cans and the like
Salting/drying industry for fish and other aquatic biota, such as: salted tembang fish,
31142
salted anchovies, salted shrimp, salted squid and the like
Smoked fish and other aquatic biota industry, such as smoked milkfish, smoked
31143
skipjack and the like
Fish freezing industry and other aquatic biota, such as frozen milkfish, frozen tuna, and
31144
the like
Industry for pemindangan fish and other aquatic biota, boiled milkfish, boiled tuna,
31145
and the like
Other preservation processing industries for fish and other biota: fish meal, shrimp
31149
meal, seaweed, shrimp paste, petis and the like

KLUI 31141, Fish canning industry and other aquatic biota in Indonesia are receiving raw
materials, racking, pre-cooking, cooling, removing fish heads and skins, cleaning the meat, cutting, filling
into cans, adding the medium, closing cans, sterilizing, cooling and ripening cans, labeling, and packing.
Tuna canning companies classify their canned tuna products. As an example of the classification of
canned fish products produced by a canned tuna canning company in Indonesia, they are as follows:
1) TANS (Tuna Albacore Natural Solid) is a canned tuna product made from albacore tuna with solid and
flake meat using salt water as the medium.
2) TANC (Tuna Albacore Natural Chunk) is a canned tuna product made from albacore tuna with layer,
chunk, and flake meat using salt water as the medium.
3) TWNC (Tuna White Natural Chunk) is a canned tuna product made from baby tuna, or SSWM (Sub
Standard White Meat) with meat in layers, chunks, and flakes using salt water as the medium.
4) TYNC (Yellowfin Tuna Natural Chunk) is a canned tuna product made from yellowfin tuna with layer,
chunk, and flake meat using medium salt water.
5) THS (Hot Spicy Tuna) is a canned tuna product made from yellowfin tuna with meat cut into pieces ±
2 cm long, ± 0.5 cm wide, using medium cooking spices. This product is marketed locally and is
usually used in making Pizza Hut.
6) SJNC (Skip Jack Natural Chunk), a canned tuna product made from skipjack tuna with layers, chunks,
and flakes using medium brine, is marketed locally.
7) SJNC (Skip Jack Natural Chunk), a canned tuna product made from skipjack tuna with layer, chunk,
and flake meat using medium salt water, marketed locally.
 KLUI 31142, Indonesia's Industry for salting/drying fish and other aquatic biota. Fish salting methods
can group into three types: dry salting, wet salting, and kench salting.
KLUI 31143, Smoked fish and other aquatic biota industry in Indonesia. Smoked fish (drying)
techniques are carried out to maintain fish's durability by using wood fuel as a smoke producer. By
smoking, heat is generated, which causes a reduction in the water content of the fish and results in the
inhibition of the activity of microorganisms. The process of processing smoked fish is a series of processes
starting from salting or adding other spices, drying, heating, and smoking.
KLUI 31144, Fish freezing industry and other aquatic biota in Indonesia. Preservation of fish
(finned/Pisces) through a freezing process, such as frozen milkfish, frozen tuna/skipjack, and frozen
snapper. It includes frozen whole or cut fish (fillet, loin, pocket, steak, chunk, brown meat). This activity
does not include efforts to cool fish with ice to maintain the freshness of the fish.
KLUI 31145, Industry for pemindangan fish and other aquatic biota, Pemindangan is an effort to
preserve and process fish using salting and heating techniques. This processing is done by boiling or
heating the fish in a salty atmosphere for a specific time in a container. The container is used as a
place for fish during boiling or heating and as packaging during transportation and marketing. The
types of fish commonly used as raw materials for the marinade are seawater fish, namely little tuna
(Euthynnus spp.), Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus spp.), mackerel (Scomber spp.), mackerel scad
(Decapterus spp.) and freshwater fish such as goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) and brackish water fish, namely milkfish (Chanos chanos).
KL31149, Other preservation processing industries for fish and other biotas in Indonesia are fish
meal, shrimp meal, seaweed, shrimp paste, petis, soy sauce, etc. (Directorate General of Agro and
Chemical Industry Department of Industry, Jakarta, 2009).
Apart from being divided into the six industries above, fishery products can also be divided based on
how they are processed as follows: Traditionally processed fish, namely fish that are processed
traditionally, for example salted fish, pindang fish, boiled mackerel, smoked fish, spicy fish, shrimp paste
and soy sauce. This fish is processed by salting, boiling, and smoke techniques. Modern processed fish is
fish processed in a modern way, for example canned fish, fish gel, frozen fish, fillets, fish sticks, and fish
steaks.

The similarities and differences in the utilization of Indonesian and Japanese fishery products are as
follows:
Similaritas:
The fishery processing industry for using fishery products in Indonesia and Japan has similarities.
In Indonesia, the utilization of fishery products using the boiled then dried method is called
pemindangan, that method has similarities with the Niboshi method, only the pronunciation is different.
Indonesia and Japan have fishery processing industries such as frozen products, smoked products, salted
products, drying products, and flour or shavings products.
Differences:
The difference in the utilization of Indonesian and Japanese fishery products lies in 練り 製品 .
Japan has a fairly large 練り製品, while Indonesia does not yet have fish production on a large scale.
Apart from the above, there are also other differences. Indonesia also utilizes fishery products by
canning. Whereas in Japan, I saw wrongly in the learning materials in power point, I didn't find anything
about fish canning. Canning means the permanent preservation of food, in hermetically sealed containers
(of metal, glass, thermostable plastic or multilayer flexible bags) by means of a heat agent. Heating is the
main factor for destroying microorganisms and permanent sealing to prevent re-infection. Canned fish is
fish that has been processed, sealed in an airtight container such as a tightly closed can, and exposed to
heat. Canning is a method of preserving food, and the typical (long) consumption range is 1 – 5 years.
Based on the method of processing, canning of fishery products in Indonesia can be divided into several
types, namely boiling in salt water, oil, tomato sauce and seasoning. Distribution of canned products on
the basis of the form of canned materials, raw or cooked beforehand. The process of canning fishery
products includes raw material preparation, filling, exhausting, sterilization, cooling and labelling. Fish
canning or canned fish industry in Indonesia until December 2005 was registered as many as 74
companies, of which around 41 companies were still carrying out production activities, meaning 57.74%
were still active and 46.67% canned fish and lamb industries were no longer active in producing. Of the
41 canned fish companies that are still actively producing and marketing their products, 31 are local
companies and 10 companies with imported brands. Of the 31 local companies, 26 companies already
have their own factories and the remaining 5 companies do not have their own factories, only companies
that hold certain brands that share canned fish production with other companies (Naiu et al., 2018).
Apart from canning, Indonesia also utilizes fishery products by drying and enzymatic methods. The
product examples are as follows:

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that mainly consists of water and has many types of aquatic
biota, so Indonesia produces a lot of fishery products. Indonesia Product fishery examples are as follows:
1) Smoked fish
Smoked fish is one of the animal fishery products that humans widely consume. Fish have complete
nutritional content, such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Product processing is
carried out by hot smoking; the process of smoking fish where it is smoked is placed relatively close to
the source of smoke. The temperature is around 70-100 oC, and the duration of high smoking is 2-4 hours.
Hot smoking uses a relatively high smoking temperature, which is 80-90oC. Because the temperature is
high, the smoking time is shorter, 3-8 hours, and some even only 2 hours. Through high temperatures,
fish meat becomes cooked and needs to be processed before eating. High smoking temperatures cause
enzymes to become inactive to prevent spoilage.

Figure 7. Smoked Fish Indonesia

2) Shredded fish
One of the processed fishery products in Indonesia is fish floss. Shredded is a dry food with a
distinctive shape made of boiled, sliced, seasoned, fried, and pressed meat. Shredded fish production is
an alternative to fish processing to diversify fishery products and anticipates abundant fish catches during
harvest. Shredded fish is a processed food seasoned and processed by boiling and frying. Shredded fish is
also suitable for consumption as a complement to bread or a side dish.
 Figure 8. Shredded Fish Indonesia
Making fish floss is relatively easy, and the equipment needed is relatively simple, so making this
fishery product instead does not require a significant investment cost. Therefore, processing shredded
fish can be done on a small scale. It makes this business very potential to be developed in many regions in
Indonesia which have abundant marine fisheries resources.

3) Fish Meatball
Fish meatball market potential in Indonesia to abroad, such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and
Canada, is relatively high. If the quality of fish balls is good, it can be a promising business. Can obtain
High-quality fish balls from good handling of raw materials to marketing. Fish meatballs are a form of
fishery product processing that uses fish meat as an essential ingredient with the addition of tapioca flour
and seasonings with a smooth round shape with a compact, elastic, and chewy texture. Meatballs has
generally made from beef, and consumer tastes develop along with advances in science and technology.
Meatballs made from fish raw materials include mackerel fish balls.

Figure 9. Meatball Fish Indonesia

4) Terasi
Shrimp paste is among the most common cooking spices in various Indonesian cuisines. This
seasoning made from shrimp or fish has a delicious and flavorful taste and aroma. Because of the
character of shrimp paste, this cooking spice functions as a natural food flavoring.
 Figure 10. Terasi
The fermentation process is similar to decay, but fermentation produces substances that give a
specific taste and aroma that people like. Have can feel this taste and smell in spicy fish, shrimp paste,
fish sauce, patis, etc. The raw material for making shrimp paste apart from using reborn shrimp in recent
years, factories have used small fish such as anchovies or by-caught fish (trash fish) as raw materials for
making shrimp paste to anticipate the scarcity of available reborn shrimp as the primary raw material for
making shrimp paste.

About fishmeal:
The main source of fish feed protein generally still relies on the use of fish meal. Fish meal is a
determining factor for the quality of artificial feed and a source of animal protein which is widely used in
the manufacture of fish feed. Based on data from the Indonesian Feed Producers Association (GPMT) in
2012, the demand for fish meal in Indonesia was around 100,000-120,000 tons per year. As much as
75,000–80,000 tons of which were met from imports and the remainder from local sources (Setyono et
al., 2020). Based on data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (2010), Indonesia imported
65,601 tons of fish meal in 2009 (Setyono et al., 2020). Indonesia and Japan have similarities as fishmeal
producing countries. The use of marine fishery products in Indonesia for fish meal only produces around
40,000 tons of fish meal while in Japan, the use of marine fishery products for fish meal is around 200,000
tons. These numbers are very different.

Reference:
Directorate General of Agro and Chemical Industrydepartment of Industry. 2009. Roadmap for the
Development of the Seafood Processing Industry. Jakarta.