Two phases of Indian National Movement-

1)Moderate

2) Extremist phase

Moderate- economic critic of colonialism.Moderates came from upper echelons and represented their
own sections and often demanded something that could be useful for educated Indians and if we raise
this point as to how the colonial rule should carry out exploitation they would unite the indian masses.

The extremist phase saw the youngsters who came from modern institutions and they became
professionals-jorunalists,teachers etc and joined the INM.They reached beyond the upper echelons of
the society. The sections from the middle class especially the ones who came from modern educational
institutions through regional languages also joined the movement.

The swadeshi movement and home-rule movement.

3)Gandhian phase of INM

-NON-VIOLENCE

Nationalist historians including Bipin Chandra argued that the INM could be classified into three
important stages. If we look at the third phase,when Gandhi became the leader of the nationalist
movement he offered a number of important programmes. In 1920 he offered non-cooperation
movement. Between 1942-1947 Gandhi was nowhere and Congress did not offer any programme.

What prompted British to leave the country if there were no movements between 1942-1947?

-Until 1942 gandhi and congress played a major role and there were spontaneous movements that
happened after 1942 that they couldn’t control.

-Socialists and communists also came into the field.When communist movt was est in 1920,they used to
work underground without revealing their pol idea. After 1940,the colonial govt removed the band and
communist reached out to the masses and to the peasantry and industrial labourers and it was often
violent when they tried to engage the people. Russia played a major role and so these were the two
countries that demanded India’s freedom from British rule.

MKG- A middle class family in Gujarat called Baniya. Kathiawar – Porbandar-His father KG was diwan of
the princely state of porbandar. Gandhi came from a wealthy Baniya family(upper-caste,middle-class).
His father arranged a joint-marriage event and Gandhi along with his siblings got married at the age of
13. He was sent to a local school in Kathiawar and after that he joined in a college but he didn’t
complete the course in the college and he desired to go to London to pursue law. He joined a college in
London. After the law degree, he returned to India and enrolled in the BHC. His career as a lawyer in
Bombay was a failure. He did not compete with others (esp with Brahmins) but later he got an
opportunity from Dada Abdullah (native of Gujarat,Kathiawar) and he was a Muslim merchant and the
latter requested the former to appear for a legal case in S.A.

Colonialism enabled and disabled certain things. Colonialism had created both +ve and –ve impacts like
the upper mobility of the lower caste, migrations by the lower caste from their native place to Burma,sri
lanka,S.A,USA,Canada(19th century colonial india promoted migration) and those who migrated to other
places as indentured labourers bound by colonial laws. The people migrated to S.A (under the control of
British) and like the indian subcontinent Portuguese had established colony then dutch eliminated portu
and then british and French entered S.A.When there was a struggle between f and brit the Brits won and
eliminated latter. S.A became an imp colony of Britain. When S.A came under british they wanted to
trade relations between I.S and SOUTH AFRICA and many people from Madras migrated to sugar
plantations especially people from Madras presidency.In the late 19 th century or second half of the 19th
century, the british discovered many mineral deposits-god,diamonds etc. Many Indians migrated to S.A
(people from U.P,MAHARASHTRA ETC). When british built railways in s.a the brits needed more labourers
so this allowed Indians to migrate from india to S.A. There were 2lakh Indians who resided in the south
African state and in one imp presidency had considerable portion of Indians-Natal province.

Gandhi never understood the inequality in the form of varna or caste system in india but he realized it in
s.a. Natal congress-abdullah became the president-protect rights of Indians in S.A and eliminate the
racial discrimination.

Gandhi became an inspiration among young nationalists in I.S. One moderate leader-gopal Krishna
gokhale-invited him . Gandhi was so inspired by the movements that he saw in India. Indigo was
introduced in the late 18th century by Portugal. Cultivators of Bengal-committed suicide and often lose
their lands.

Experiment-kheda and champaran.

A large number of students and youth participated in the non cooperation movement-when the non
cooperation movement was curtailed in 1922 the situation was entirely different-We had more
youngsters because of the call given by mk Gandhi-non cooperation movement-in order to show their
struggle – when Gandhi suddenly called of the movement- the youngsters were disappointed – vallabhai
patel,c Rajagopalachari-wanted to continue the non cooperation movement- they carried out without
much effect-the group led by cr das,motilal Nehru and others-they wanted to begin a new party called
the Swaraj party. A group of youngsters supported the establishment of it and even though a new party
started – the party was established in support of cr das and motilal Nehru-played an imp role in the
formation of the party. Nationalists from diff provinces-srinivasa iyengar and others also held –
jawaharlal Nehru and subhash Chandra bose were not well known leaders. Both JN and SCB emerged
during civil disobedience movement.

Motilal Nehru and CR Das played a major role-imp pol leaders from various presidencies supported and
therefore their branches established in various regions.

The party came into being because-

Swaraj party came into being to attain dominion status within the colonial rule and also to obtain the
right of framing the consti. The demand came for framing one’s own consti –first time the demand
popped up. Indians did not have right to control the bureaucracy.
They also wanted to organize the peasants and laboring sections in a more systematic manner and the
party was forced to do it. They tried to organize the industrial labourers and agricultural labourers in a
systematic way.

They also wanted to control the local bodies by participating in the elections. –District boards and
municipal corporations. Similalry-they wanted to carry out the propaganda both inside and outside the
country and wanted to establish a federation of Asian countries. They realized that in order to oppose
the colonial rule they had to build a cooperation between the countries colonized by Britain(in Asia).

They wanted to take part in constructing the congress programmes.

The party participated in the election after its foundation and this point in time either directly
orindirectly did not take part in the election and simply waged war against colonial rule by organzising
programmes like non cooperation movement.

The ones who collaborated with the british rule got elected. In Madras presidency-justice party-one of
the imp collaborators of the british. If any british officials visited India,it was the justice party that
released public statements saying that they are welcoming the british. The british were very happy to
have justice party on their side. They wanted to create trouble within the legislature. They wanted to
enter through elections and from 1923 the Swaraj party contested elections and entered in central and
legislative assemblies and often debated and criticized the functions of the colonial gov within legis. The
Swaraj politics did not last long b/c when the president and secretary- cr das and moti Nehru died-the
party ceased its function. It was in their interests that the party continued for some time and scb also
supported this party but after their death it ceased its function and therefore came out of the congress
but still part of the congress.

Radicals

They became socialists and communists in the coming days. In the early 1920s – 1921-1924-propogation
of comm and soc ideas through congress annual sessions-some communist and socialists circulated
communist and socialist pamphlets-according to colonial sources these were written by communists
outside the I.S like the ones who migrated from India to Russia.

The socialist and communist came into being during the time of Swaraj party. Sringaravelu-
Madras,S.A.Dange- Bombay,Muzzafar Ahmed-Kolkata- Communists struggle to start a pol party in the
I.S- many feared to join because of the repression of comm by colonialists. Srirangaravelu-said explicitly
that he was a communist and when he participated in election in 1922-he said he was speaking on the
behalf of communists. No one else revealed their political ideology. The other two carried out their
activities underground. The underground activities prevented them from establishing a party in India.
Therefore,communist movement failed.

Gandhi constructed non-violent mass movement but communist tried to est a party that overthrow
colonialists through violent methods. This was one of the main reasons why the communist movement
failed in India. They did not realize how the colonialists had established everything systematically.
Communist failed to realize the systems of administration which leads to establishment of secret
organizations. The communist failed to est pol parties in 1920s. Howveer, 1927-28 they came up with a
party known as WPP-in Bombay- this presidency witnessed several labour strikes (motivated by
socialists and communists)l
Thiruvika,TV KALYANASUNDARAM,Chakarreyi Shetty-Moderates from Madras- They wanted to
indoctrinate their ideas through humanity rights among the labourers. The communist struggled to est a
pol party and now they came up with wpp and this was a failed one as well. The commu also struggled
to circulate their papers or ideas and it was done secretly and therefore did not reach the masses.

DMK-surpassed communist movement in TN-They wanted to act as socialist and communist- they are
simply a bourgeoisie party.

The early communist parties-the prominent communist leaders never met-there lacked unity. They
fought with each other. They struggled to capture the leadership(the three people). They failed to
understand the nature of colonial rule and what kind of party must be established. The nationalist
historians often criticize the position taken by comm in 1940s. The comm took diff position and they
thought that it is a capitalist war and that a capitalist country wanted to destroy other countries.
However, when Russia got involved it was called the people’s war as Russia was ruled by the labourers
or the labour party-so the communists said they wanted to support the british . Until 1940s the
communist party was a small organization when they gave their support to british they allowed the
communist to go publicly and the ban on them was lifted which helped them to develop their party of
their own CPI and all india … and kisan sabha. After 1940s-they became enemies of congress before they
were on good terms. This happened after comm started supporting the british. In between 1920s and
1940s- there were a lot of imp dev associated with the comm movement.

Sringaravelu who initiated first May day in India. He started the first comm party-Hindustan Labour and
Kisan Party 1923-when he started his party-he appealed other provinces to join the party but they
hesitated and the membership came from tamil region. They tried to labourise the moderate labour
leaders and intitially the latter gave support and then withdrew due to colonial repression. He got
arrested in 1924 and labour leaders claimed they don’t have any relationship with the party.

Alongside the congress’ conference-other conferences also took place-like the socialists. The annual
conf became a meeting place of various parties that had diff pol ideas.

BIPIN CHANDRA AND THE ARTICLES!!

UTILITARIANS-ERIK STONE-AT LEAST THE INTRO.

SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT- KENNETH JONES,ONE MORE BOOK(DK NAME)-MAJOR REFORMERS-

SOCIO RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENT ONE SURE SHOT Q-CHARLES

First module- articles shared on gc- rai’s introduction-mostly intro-

AR DESAI-INTRO AND RELEVANT PORTIONS.

SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF INDIAN NATIONALISM-CLASS CHARACTER OF NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AR

DESAI.

The role of revolutionary nationalists

The third phase unlike the first two phases witnessed involvement of different sections of the Indian
population-diff religious sects, regions, cultural backgrounds. The third phase also witnessed different
political ideologies. The second phase-extremists supported Hindu nationalism of extremist-
socialist,communist,hindu and muslim fundamentalists took part in the NM during the time of Gandhi.
Agri labourers,peasantry,people from marginalized sections, women and children also took part.

A group of nationalists revolutionary nationalists –revolutionary nationalism came into being in the
early 20th century. First as a response to moderate politics- one can divide the rev nationalists in two
phases- early phase-1905-1920 second phase -1920-mid 1930s.

Revolutionary nationalism as an alternative political idea came into being in the early 20 th century-
mostly the failure of moderate politics to satisfy students. First phase of RN –bengal and Bombay played
a major role. In the second phase rev nationalists completely different from the first phase. They did not
come up with mass actions as they did not win trust of the people and did not reach ordinary masses
and confined to upper middle class people or groups of educated Indians. The failure of moderates to
reach people led youngsters to think about alt and politics.Youth in Bengal and Bombay responded to
this failure.

Similarly the 1909 reforms-also facilitated the youngsters to think different and also this was the time
representation of Muslims were introduced leading to communal struggle and ML came into being after
the partition of Bengal. The gov did not accept nationalist demands. Youngsters thought about working
with new ideas.

First phase witnessed individual activities. Mostly within India –individual activities. During the time of
partition-revolutionary ideas began to emerge in Bengal. The partition played a major role. The swadeshi
movement was the first movement that attracted the masses. At this point in time,many youngsters
began to advocate rev ideas.

Bengali weekly-bharinder kumar ghosh,upendra nath baksh- published Bengali weeklies. The point is
here that many newspapers which were published during the first two decades in Bengal began to
propagate violent ideas against the colonial government. Juhaant-bengali weekly-readership of 20k very
quickly. 1906 when this np was found it appealed to the masses . The early revolutionaries greatly
advocated assassination of british officials especially the oppressive british officials and they wanted to
use the colonial court as platform for propaganda.

They completely believed in armed struggle against the british. There were few organisations that came
into being-Abhinav Bharath Society- functioned secretly-mazini charitha 1906-savarkar adapted this and
used these principles among educated youth especially.

Ferguson-savarkaar studied from there and went to London and est a branch in vd savarkar of razini
charitha. Attracted Indians in the UK. Subramanya Iyer became revolutionary.

1909-abhinav bharath society planned asssaaination of dist collector. Abhinsv , Bose also attempted to
assassinate while his travelling, At this point in time America not the colony of british. Lala
hardaya,savarkam and one more person.

Between the years 1908 and 1918 -186 revoltuionaries in the I.S

The sikh and muslim soldiers in the nw region migrated to north America ansd-first they organized mall
–
The weekly newspaper-carried out campaigns-the campaigns acarried out by the paper transformed
many people into warrioris. Wen labourers became loyal soldiers of brti army,now against colonial rule.-
We have to wage a war against them and we do not need quasis. We do not want our ship sunk the time
of worship is over now and it is time to bring nationalist feelings among the migrated labourers. 1,500
REVOLUTIONARIES GOT ARRESTED INCLUDING LALA HARDAYA . After the first world war-many people
got released- and when they got released from the colonial jail they immediately joined non coop movt
started by mk Gandhi and one it was suspended immediately after chauri chaura in 1992 and once again
youngsters got frustrated. Those who did not want to join the Swaraj party-many organizations in the
mid 1920s. After the non cooperation movt-second phase of rev movt-the rev movt in 1920s and 30s
was not confined to programmes by idea spropogated by early revs. Later revs organized various
organisations that of the earlier revs.

EARLIER AND Current REVS-

Earlier- fundamentally differed in the ideological basis- they got inspired from the ideas in Europe

Current- communist,socialist ideas,Russian revolution

The revolutionaries of 1920s and 30s not satisfied with pol freedom but the highlighted eco and social
freedom-now revs diff from earlier revs

SECOND PHASE-YOGESH CHATTERJEE,CHANDRASHEKHARA AZAD,SUKHDEV,RAJGURU,SHIVA

VARMA,BHAGAT CHARAN,JAYADEV PAPPU,BHAGATH SINGH. Punjab,UP,BIHAR region they functioned.

They were greatly influenced by communist ideas and working class politics-now revs.

Article BK SHARMA-Congress,labour and freedom struggle.

Book Sukumar Sen-The working class of india

Key features of the working class-

1)Labour organisations came into being even before the establishment of the indian national congress.

2)In the first phase INC did not pay attention to mobilize the labourers and they failed to understand
that the labour section has a potential force for freedom struggle.

3)It was the socialist and communits who viewed and understood as a potential force for socio-political
change in the indian subcontinent. They mobilized the indian labourers.

4) The labour laws came into being even before the foundation of labour organisations.

The colonial rule witnessed the emergence of new classes in the Indian society –

1)Zamindars
2)The labourers or industrial labourers were also a new class that came into being during the colonial
time.It does not mean there were not labourers in pre-colonial India. They were associated with small
economic activities but industrial labourers is a new class that came into being in the 19 th century
colonial India.

After 1830 charter act free traders or private traders were allowed in the Indian subcontinent esp in the
territories governed by the Britishers and private traders first established plantations tea and coffee and
this witnessed migration of many Indians-People migrated from villages to the cities. Especially railways
introduced in the 1950s and postal telegraph in the 1850s and 60s.

Textile and jute industry came into being in the 1870s,80s and 90s- the three imp cities-bengal,Bombay
and madras- the textile industries and in Kolkata the jute industry came into being. With related to jute
industry and textile industries-foreign capital as well as indian capital.

Labourers faced exploitation in the modern factories esp in the late 19 th and early 20th century in colonial
india. They did not have basic rights and the working conditions in the factories were so pathetic which
resulted in socio-religious movement an dproduced various leaders and people were interested to
organize into organizations.

1st phase- PRE GANDHIAN PHASE

2ND phase- Gandhian Phase

First Phase

-Features of the labour movement or

The philanthropist work or philanthropist leaders limited economic demands and the labour movement
was not politicized but motivated by economic interestsl. Without class consciousness they demanded
some immediate economic relief.

Regional organisations- the absence of national organizations- but there were regional organisations.

Agitations were spontaneous without leaders and any organisations. Often, sporadic ones and not the
ones that lasted for a long time and did not continue for a long time.

Factors for engaging in the labour movt-

1)Bengal- Brahmo social reformer- someone who belongs to brahmo samaj-sasipada Banerjee-He set up
an organization called workman’s club in the 1870. Often this organization is considered as first modern
organization in Bengal. He established a newspaper called ‘Barat Sramajeebi’- Indian Labour(meaning).
This was established to educate the Bengali working class. Similarly in Bombay – Swarabjee Saburjee-
Bengali in Bombay-member of Bombay legislative council and he initiated the first move for propogating
labour class. He introduced a labour bill in the assembly and through it he appealed the Bombay
governor to reduce the working hours of the labourers. The labourers used to work for 16-18 hours and
all of them settled in and around the factories. The labourers were mostly from villages and settled
around industry and the lands were owned by the upper caste and rented out the lands to Dalits and the
lower caste. Cs Krishna,Veeraghavan’s work-In Bombay swarabjee proposed to reduced the working
hours of the labourers but he didn’t get enough support and the bill was defeated. Many philanthropic
leaders in Madras came into being and philanthropist sections helped in mobilizing the labourers. BMC
Mill,Buckingham mill came into being in the 1870s and Carnatic mill in the 1880s. CN Krishna-the bmc
mill- had around 9k workers and chulai mill-2k members and hese were the major mills and 12k was
total workforce.

When congress was established in 1885 the attitude towards the labourers were lukewarm and they
though that if they organized industrial labourers it would affect the economic growth of india and early
nationalists we know supported the britissh so they thought that it will affect the economic growhh the
nationalists were silent and their newspapers of all languages and in English did not support labour
strike.

The swadeshi movement and Home rule movement enabled ordinary people to involve in the freedom
struggle- to keep interest to mobilize the laboring sections-the court rule leaders especially like bp
wadia-annie beasant and mudhaliah were present. The swadeshi movt enabled some extremist people
to to promote indigenous industries- Swadeshi steam navigation company in madras(cheedambara pillai
–he also killed collector)- established by someone. The extremist leaders highlighted eco demands of
labourers.Historians often highlighted.Colonial gov arrested VOC- vachinathan conspired to help voc but
it ended in death of collector.

1st modern registered labour union in Madras-1880-Madras Labour union. PV Kalyanasundara,Annie

Beasant,Wadia were the organizers and small industries came into being-press workers,workers in the
match and cigarette and leather factories were also there. The first organized labour movment came
into being in 1918 one year before Russia saw the working class movt which also enabled emergence of
socialist and communist in 1919s and they had philanthropic leaders and inspired from Russia.
However,there was absence of class. They effectively linked demand of labourers with the struggle.
Ambedkar was critical of the communist because he said communists were interested in looking at class.

First labour organization in madras est in 1918 –they saw a split in 1921 and there was a clear cut split
between caste hindus and until now Dalits were also part of non Brahmin movts against the british but
this strike the untouchable labourers but this strike so a division between Dalits and hindus and the
former faced poverty because of the strike. There was a clear cut division based on caste came about
among madras labourers.

Socialists and communists involved in labourers, comunists confined within the small sections and the
unorganized.

Liquor shops were very famous and It was near the quarters were the labourers lived.

Political part-self respectes emerged in the late 1930s- south indian railway strike during which the self-
respecters and communists esp sringarevelu from madras emerged and workers aaround 1k got
arrested and put in jail. The periyar’s newspaper widely published news related everywhere. During this
time Gandhi became the leader and not interested in mobilizing labour sections and when a nation wide
all india trade union came into being in early 1920s Gandhi did not give his support and some extremists
and ocmmunists initiated –lala lajpat rai)president),chaman lal(secretary) and some communists from
mad and bomb- srirangaravelu became one o the execuitive members. If organizing the laboring section
it will change the nature of non-violence of the freedoms truggle. The method adapted by the peasants
were violent-method-for freedom struggle-gandhi feared the viplent method so he disagreed. Similary
at this point in time the labour movement entered into second phase it is not simply the foreign
capitalistist but indian capitalists also started its industries.Industries set up by foreigners also
considered. Indian capitalists under labourers working but inc did not recognize. Siva rao-andhra,nm
munshi, chakkaiya cittiyar-labour leaders-third man from madras and they functioned in 1920s and
1930s and after that they slowly gained momentum but later they died or gave up.

Sa dande played a major role in 1930s and 1940s-communist and madras-p Ramamurthy became imp
leaders in madras presidency and srivinvasa rao emerged as labour leaders and socilaists and
communists had captured the trade unions of india.

Bipin Chandra’s article-indian peasantry and national integration. This article gives an idea how under
colonial rule indian peasantry witnessed exploitation and important changes.

Peasant movement in India- 1920-1950.

DN Dhanagre- Peasant movement in india

NG RANGA-REVOLUTIONARY PEASANTS

All india kisan sabha- M.A.RUSELL- A HISTORY OF ALL INDIA KISAN SABHA

Peasantry in the 19th century were apolitical and they simply opposed modern institutions which were
established uner the colonial rule and there was a peasant struggle in the 19 th century and it was against
modernization. When nationalist history writing commenced in the late 19 th century onwards they did
not include peasantry labour as potential force of Indian freedom movement. The later nationalist
historians that those who began to write after 1920s and 1930s they included peasant class or laboring
class into the indian history and simply struggled against colonialism or foreign rule. When the Marxist
historians began to write indian history in a Marxist perspective they viewed both the struggles against
colonialism as well as capital mode of production. They did not see the struggle of indian labourers and
peasants as struggle against foreign rule but it was a struggle against capitalistic mode of production.
The laboring section not only opposed foreign rule but indian capitalists and indian landlords. So
struggled against foreign and indian domination.

When subalterns critiqued the previous schools of explanation-the colonialist,nationalists and Marxists.
The subaltern criticized by saying that they were all elitist and di not consider struggles by subalterns.

The institutions that we have today is built by colonialists.Property law came into being and trade law
came into being-colonial government failed to reform personal laws- and why is colonial gov interested
in carrying out reforms in economic related issues and subaltern tried to argue that the nationalists
were elitists and they did not want to change the administrative institutions and colonial courts but they
were quite happy with using the institutions est by the colonialists. Subalterns criticized Marxists
historians – gender disparities amongst the labourers,class differences etc was seen in peasantry as well
and criticzed Marxist historians by pointing out their class limitations and class is not the only difference
that existed. Tribal against colonial rule was a political one-subaltern said and the peasants carried out
struggle in the 20th century early- to question indian landlords,caste oppression and foreign rule as well-
and it was a comprehensive one.
When marginalized people were organized to carry out struggle ti was always violent and therefore it
was a culture of marginalized people-ranajith guha- so mkg-intiatied non-violence.

When gokhale appealed Gandhi there was sth in their mind –gandhi was very conscious about the racial
discrimination which had affected him but he did not struggle against caste oppression.

The ones at the top and the colonialists began to exploit the ones at the bottom.

Heavy land taxes

Revenue system

Legal and political changes

Destruction of indigenous industries

Introduction of commercial crafts

Commercialization of agriculture-presnece of vega and venga- earlier cultivated food grains now indigo.
Peasants were forced to cultivate cotton in the western india.

Disintegration of age old relation between agriculture and industry. India was integrated to become the
subordinate of world capitalism.

BIPIN CHANDRA’S LONG PARAGRAPJHHHHHHHH COMPLETE IT.

Landlordism became the common feature of colonial India. The region were zamindari or ryotwari
system was present. Ryotwari and mahalwari system was introduced as well- exploitative nature of
colonial rule-led to emergence of landlordism and demarcated into ryotwari and mahalwari.
Intermediaries-like merchants,professionals,money-lenders(emergence of prfessionals in 1857 and
including law came into being , universities emerged) became landlords gradually and thus landlordism
was a common feature in the colonial rule-ABSENTEE LANDLORDISM. 70% CULTIVABLE LAND OWNED BY
ZAMINDARS OR LANDLORDS- THIS IS THE GENERAL NATURE OF PEASANTRY IN COLONIAL INDIA. The
emergence of peasant movement can be classified into two

1)Early phase-characterised philanthropic works-how philanhropists came into being to establish labour
unions without labour and class consciousness. Peasant movement in first phase witnessed
philanthropic efforts.
Some Christian missionaries propagate – mobilized agricultural labourers- evangelized them cause they
were in distress-they opened churches and when church bell rings no one turned up and they
understood that agricultural labourers were bonded labourers and have to work for 24 hours.

When Gandhi became the leader of INC, Gandhi bought Indian women to the national platform. This
does not mean that Gandhi and other nationalist leaders accepted the political image of Indian women.

Ways in which social reforms were carried out by the 19 th century elite- The indian educated elite
especially people from the upper echelons of the society, esp men, wanted to reform their society
especially unaccepted and age old practices.

Social reform was a pdt of colonial rule- colonial historians says so.Colonialists wanted reform and
modernize the indian subcontinent.The colonial historians emphasized on the degraded position of
women in the society and took that as an indicator as India’s inferior status in the hierarchy of
civilisations. Nationalist historians wanted to prove this wrong and focused on golden age of pallavas
and cholas. They wanted to highlight the role of the women in ancient period.

Women was treated as a property of men in the early medieval and medieval priod and arrival of
devadasi system in the early medieval period and this indicated the degraded position of women in the
society.

Women were restricted to vedas and brahminical literature

During the Gupta time, Manu clearly explains how women should be oppressed. Manu –women
protected by father, husband and son during diff time period.

Socio-religious reformers of 19th century were preoccupied with certain questions esp sati.

Some historians argue that when nationalist movement came into being nationalism curtailed social
reform activities and after the emer of indian nationalism.

INC came into being in 1887- first nation wide for social reform.

When the social conference functioned between 1887-1895- they thought about reforming the role of
women in the indian society.

Extremists like Tilak wanted to curtail the social reform activities. Social reform activities in India was a
conspiracy theory created by the british to channelize the energy of youngsters. Tilak and others
vehemently attacked social reformers and did not pay attention to social reform issues. The debate
around the consent bill controversy in 1891. 10 – 12 age increase- for marriage- no support from indian
nationalists esp the extremists but debate attracted the attention to many others including.

Shekhar bandhopadhyay-plassey to partition- the proposed reform by trying to restrain the conjugal
rights of husband over a wife…only remaining sight of autonomy for native masculinity. Child bride
became a symbol of hindu glory …by an alien state.
 Moderate allowed indian socialists and social reformers their own separate organizations along with
the congress. Extremists greatly opposed and focus on political reformers.

The revolutionaries were the ones who brought women to the scene.Emerged in the early 20 th century
onwards and it began in Bengal-revolutionary movement. Even before the revolutionaries some
nationalists especially – bankim Chandra Chatterjee-vande mataram-hail indian women. It’s a way to
counter-argue the colonialists. When he wrote song in –anandamarg-1882. Tagore- sung the song- at
the all india congress-became a simple of protext during swadeshi movement and home-rule
movement. Kali worship began one of the important symbols and this came into being along with the
nationalist struggle and became prominent during the swadeshi movement. Abinandranath Tagore- first
painted the bharath matha. The painting and the song vande mataram began symbols of anti-colonial
protest and emerged during swadeshi movement. All the nationalists promoted this idea called mother
india.

As extremist came in strength in Bengal the nationalists accommodated the aspect of motherhood in
order to oppose the concept of fatherland in Europe(brits fatherland).

The swadeshi movement was the first movement that brought indian women into public against the
colonial rule. Bengali women participated in the boycott movement esp boycotting foreign rules. One
imp struggle they carried out during boycott movement was crushing bangle brought from Europe. Iyt
was a symbol of protest.

Bengali women also involved in revolutionary movements. When the revolutionaries carried out secret
activities and women played imp role as well by serving as secret messenger by transport of weapons.
The home rule movement played an imp role in bringing mid class woman to –annie beasant(leader of
philo society,leader of home rule movement-first women rpes of inc, sarojini naidu0. Annie encouraged
mid class woman. Similarly sarojini graduated from London and quickly involved in nationalist
movement and attended several meeting and became the president of indian national congress in 1925.

Vehemently attacked Varma sharma dharma- most people-gandhi supported it though.

Gandhi did not support women’s employment and education but he constructed programmes that
involved women-salt satyagraha. Women is p

1921-more than 1k women organized- to oppose the arrival of prince of wales.

Women were arrested first but Gandhi forced to appeal towards indian women and he highlighted their
role.

Women –mistress,passive,not breadwinner,keeper and distributor while men –

Gandhi did not support women empowerment in true sense and did not talk about equality of women in
the private space. Gandhi and nationalists did not want to see any changes happening in the private
space.

First oeasant organization as started by women in thanjore region. All India women’s association was
one of them. WOMEN IN MODERN INDA.
Second mass movement initiated under the leadership of Gandhi- Civil disobedience movement-

Colonial rule followed the rule of law and not the law of jungle.

Non cooperation movement- initiated by mk Gandhi to arouse consciousness among the masses- it
attracted the attention of a wider section.

Split in the congress- A group of people – those who supported the changes and wanted to start a
separate pol party called Swaraj party- both regional and central level- wanted to pose challenges
against the british in the assemblies. Some youngsters were part of revolutionary parties and carried out
revolutionary parties. Socialist and communist- dissatisfied with curtailment of non-cooperation
movement- so-1)THERE WAS A SPLIT IN THE CONGRESS

2)THE CONGRESS ALSO WITNESSED DIVIDE – THE GAP BETWEEN CONGRESS AND MUSLIM LEAGUE
WIDENED- BOTH ML AND CONGRESS CAME TOGETHER AND FOUGHT AGAINST THE COLONIAL RULE.
When muslims gave the khilafat movement-the alliance got broken and this leads to communal
violence- especially in north india-north west province,Bengal and up. The congress men often carried
out agitations in front of the musim mosques and sang many songs-bhakti poems in front of the masses
which resulted in counter attacks. Communal violence became one of the features of the 1920s. Gandhi
was arrested in non-cooperation movement and got released in 1924. When he was released from
prison- constructive programme- aimed to promote some ideas – anticaste and anti-untouchability
ideas. The imp point here is that gandhi’s constructive programmes never touched hindu-muslim unity.
Communal violence was carried out throughout north india. There were many important causes which
facilitated the second mass movement- 1930. F

-GREAT DEPRESSION- LATE 1920S-AFTER WORLD WAR 1 – INDIAN ECONOMY UNDER THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT WITNESSED CRISIS- According to bipin Chandra this is the third phase of colonial rule
with foreign capital and indian capital. The decrease of cash crops affected reach peasants – esp jute
from Bengal and cotton from western india which greatly affected the rich peasants- The imp conseq of
eco crisis- sought spontaneous struggle and nationalists used this opportunity to mobilize the nationalist
struggle

-After the world war indian subcontinent saw the emergence of capitalist class in the most systematic
way.The colonial government even though they were not interested to impose-government was forced
to levy taxes on import goods and helped indian capitalists in the textile border of bobmay to mobilize
themselves and led to emergence of indias capitalistic class. This class emerged- through organization –
Ifederation of indian chambers of commerce and industries- est by INDIAN CAPITALISTS. People like gd
birla- purushuttom das thakurdas- greatly supported nationalist class to oppose. India’s capitalist class
supported congress – financially- came from indian capitalist class.

-After the curtailment of non-cooperation movement, the influence of Gandhi reduced and now the
revolutionaries and the core changes- the socialist and communist- did not accept Gandhi as a national
leader- Gandhi managed through constructive programmes- in Gujarat region in western india-which
enabled Gandhi to regain his influence. Gandhi reemerged as a national leader after the constructive
programme and bardoli satyagraha which was visible in 1928 through annual congress of inck. When
this was organized in Kolkata many accepted gandhi’s leadership and other imp reasons or causes which
enabled the announcement of civil disob movement in 1930-there was a meeting between Irwin the
viceroy and Gandhi in 1929- viceroy of india – lord Irwin-wanted to reconcile with congress and esp with
Gandhi and wanted to set up new set of pol reforms in india and in order to discuss these reforms he
wanted to organize meetings with indian pol parties. The round table conf – in order to upheld
meetings- Irwin appealed Gandhi to attend this conf- Gandhi in return proposed 11 demands to lord
Irwin if Gandhi wanted to support and participate in the meeting, among the 11 points majority
reflected issues related to rich peasants and capitalistic class. The imp point was- salt tax- abolition of it
was one imp point among the 11 points. Ultimately lord Irwin did not accept – the eleven demands put
forth by mk Gandhi. Meanwhile the next section in 1929- met at Lahore- this session was imp than other
causes. The revolutionaries,oscialists and communists-dominated this session. The spokesperson of rev
idea was Jawaharlal Nehru and subhash chandrabose- Lahore at 1929- the overwhelmi g presence
forced other nationalists to support purna Swaraj or complete independence. The socialists wanted to
pass the same resolution. The resolution was defeated- the overwhelming presence of revolutionaries-
the socialists and communists headed by Nehru and bose- president of the congress opportunity to pass
the resolution- 1929 annual congress that took place in Lahore. Once again the youngsters of indian
subcontinent came into force. Even before Gandhi announced launch of the movement, youngsetrs had
stated other movements.

Second mass movement- 1930- civil disobedience movement-

Economic crisis of world war I motivated people to come and join the nationalist movement.

Failure of Ganhi-Irwin Pact

The civil disobedience movement adapted many programmes -1920- boycotting schools and colleges est
by colonialists, boycotting foreign named roads. CDM adapted some new programme- this is the first
time congress announced chief objective- attaining Poorna Swaraj/complete independence. Congress
gave a call to refuse taxes or colonial laws especially the salt law.

The ancient rulers starting from the mauryas, the guptas, pratikars,delhi sultans,Mughals all levied salt
tax. Unlike othe others the colonial government monopolized salt production and imposed heavy taxes
in order to support salt import from Britain esp in the 1920s-salt tax was increasing heavily- annually salt
yielded more than 100 million rupees. Gandhi quickly recognized this burden on people and came with
specific programmes to break the colonial salt law. When Gandhi announced CDB the students
boycotted schools, college students boycotted colleges, picketing in front of toddy shops and shops
were foreign clothes were sold. Gandhi initiated salt march. Gandhi announced salt march- dandi- in
coastal village and selected 78 volunteers, Gandhi himself selected all the 78 and along with them he
walked towards DANDI-400kms. On the way people welcomed the rally especially woman welcomed the
volunteers along with Gandhi. Many movements were carried out by local leaders. RAJAGOPALACHARI-
TRICHY TO VEDARANYAM SALT MARCH. Camp trained how to face lathi charge- camp training. Leaders
from Andhra carried out salt march in Madras – most of the people in madras presidency were from the
tmil region. Coastal areas of kerala and Karnataka also salt march was carried out.

A new feature of cdb –massiv business support- they provided the finance and supported the boycott
movement. The value of imported cloth from 26 million dollar to 30 million dollar in 1930. The other imp
feature- large scale women’s participation- staff during dandi march-1000s flocked in to hear Gandhi.
Once movement was launched they were also involved. These women belonged to the trading families
of Bengal (bandhopadhyay).

The other imp feature was since the capitalistic class participated in the cdb, the working class alienated
with the cdm. Working class from rural population-gave the support- during the time of cdb. Unlike
1920, non-cooperation movement-remained within the urban centres, the cdb reached the rural areas
further. However, the movement was called off twice. When the talk was initiated between Gandhi and
Irwin -1930-immediately after cdb-gandhi was invited for the round table conference. Gandhi started
civil d m after failure of round table conference. Gandhi’s attitude towards the movt disabled youngsters
to trust Gandhi and congress.

THREE ROUNDTABLE CONFERENCES-

Indian viceroy Irwin approached Gandhi to discuss the pol reforms for the indian subcontinent when the
first roundtable conference was initiated

SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER-SECOND ROUNDTABLE CONFERENCE-1931

NOVEMEBER 1932- CONGRESS INITIATED THE CDM- CONGRESS DID NOT TAKE PART IN THE FIRST
ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE – THERE WERE 90 DELEGATES IN THE CONFERENCE-16 DELEGATES
REPRESNTED INDIAN PARTIES, SOME REPRESENTED PRINCELY STATES OTHER DELEGATES REPRES
VARIOUS SECTIONS OF IND POP- MUSLIMS,CHRISTIANS,PARSIS,SIKHS,ANGLO-
INDIANS,EUROPEANS,INDIAN LABOURERS,WOMEN, LOWER CASTE OR DEPRESSED CLASS. REPRES WAS
GIVEN TO UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER TRIBAL OR MARGINALIZED SECTIONS.

JUSTICE PARTY AND MUSLIM LEAGURE ALSO TOOK PART IN THE CONFERENCE-REPRES WAS GIVEN
BASED ON RELIGION,CASTE,LANGUAGE ETC.

Federal structure of legislature- pol reform-2)provincial consti 3)rights of the minorities

Deefence services,franchise,executive responsibilities etc.

Unlike Congress and Gandhi-the lower caste or depressed classes participated in the Congress-all the
three roundtable conferences. Since from the first conference he emphasized separate electorate for
depressed classes since from the first conference.

When Christian missionaries started the education – they occupied many admini positions in the bottom
level –many lower caste-migration from rural area to urban areas-happened in the second half of the
19th century- Mass level religious conversion happened in the second half of the 19 th century- helped
lower caste to organize themselves. Arundhatiya maharajasabha, nadyar maharajasabha-non-brahmin
lower caste,baniyar mahajanasabha- came to being in 19 th century. These organizations accelerated
when colonial gov introduced rep politics. The caste organizations used to organize conferences and
passed resolutions demanding that repress should increase.

Lower caste- there were many caste groups which included many lower castes. Arundhathiyar,
parayar(north tamilnadu and palla(south tamilnadu) started their own organizations. Namasudra
movement- in Bengal, Nambiindu movement(U.P). Throughout india – there were two groups-mc raja
and the others –joined with congress. The distinction between ambedkar’s group and mc raja’s group
played a role-separate electorate demand came in to the forefront.

The congress-major pol party-they did not take part in the proceedings. British gov asked the viceroy
Irwin to bring congress to the round table conference. When congress initiated cdm- Gandhi got
arrested and many others as well.Irwin released pol prisoners and had a convo with Gandhi. Gandhi
accepted to participate in round table conference-Hindu Mahasabha.

When ambedkar was demanding separate electorate- Gandhi began to oppose- The untouchables were
part of the Hindu society – if you give communal repress or separate electorate-Gandhi feared the
numerical strength of the hindu community-since the untouchables were numerically 20% and
contributed that much to the hindu pop-he feared the weakening of numerical strength so he opposed
separate electorate for untouchables. Opposed communal representations of mulsims and
untouchables. British gov decided after 2 nd round table conference-decided to go with the communal
award for including the untouchables- ambedkar was determined to get the representation- ambedkar
argued untouchables were not part of the hindu society.

British government decided to give communal awards to the untouchables as well. However,it was not
announced publicly.

3rd round table conference organized- congress boycotted this- all the three round table conferences
were failures. They did not take any concrete steps to decide the pol feature of the indian subcontinent.
Communal award in 1932- Ramsebh McDonald- 16 th august 1932- august offer or communal award.
According to this announcement- the muslims, Christians and other marginalized groups including Dalits
will get separate electorate-Certain constituencies were allotted for Dalits- were the Dalits can context –
the other communities were not able to vote-only Dalits can vote to select dalit candidates. Similarly the
lower caste can vote in the public or general constituencies- they had two votes- upper class candidates
only the dalit can select, Dalits participated in the general constituency wherein they select the other
candidates. The separate electorate system was not upsetted by Gandhi. This was the first time- 3% of
seat was reserved for women- in the legis assemblies. Dalits,Christians,muslims,anglo-indians-some seat
reserved for labourers,landlors,intdustrial people- Gandhi opposed sep electorate for untouchables.

Gandhi – erwada jail- congress is not going to accept this-until this is revoked- he announced fast unto
death. Gandhi announced his fasting in the jail- many nationalist leaders forced ambedkar to accept
gandhi’s demand- now ambedkar was in a difficult situation.
This agreement- poona pact. Caste associations in the indian subcontinent- between Gandhi and
ambedkar-how the poona pact was observed by other organizations- especially the hindu mahasabha-
two imp groups 1)led by ambedkar and 2) led by mc raja  even mc raja indirectly forced ambedkar to
sign the pact-even before the poona pact mc raja- agreed common electorate instead of separate
electorate-mc raja made one agreement with hindu mahasabha president-bs munje- they had a pact-
wherein mc raja agreed and gave up separate electorate demands and agreed to general one. General
system-seats were reserved for Dalits so everyone can vote- all the caste can vote. Throughout the
indian subcontinent,around 150 seats were reserved for the lower caste –higher than sep electorates’,
Depressed class got only 71 and now they got 150 and at some point in time the nationalists agreed
including hindu mahasabha when they realized the increase of seats. After few years-the nationalists
began to debate about- in Bengal 30 reserved seats were given to untouchables,similarly in madras-30,
if we go through the agreement between poona pact between Gandhi and ambedkar-important points-
how number of seats increased.Once again ambedkar- was forced to give up his demand in order to
save Gandhi. There were imp features- imp points associated with the poona pact- in order to
understand the debates around poona pact-how the nationalist or caste organizations-depressed class
associations took part in the debate- Swaraj basu – the poona pact and the issue of dalit representation.
He covered the all the depressed class associations in the indian subcontinent.

Even the british gov at some poine in time they began to say sth against the poona pact.

INA- Role played by the INA- INA did not witness a communal polarization but it was a secular attempt
to free India. INA- the muslims were having an overwhelming majority.Non-violent actions.

Kayastha Family-middle class background- subhash Chandra bose- the family he belonged to helped him
to participate in public activities. After formal education he joined the presidency college of Kolkata in
the early 20th century. The early 20th centur colonial Bengal witnessed rev activities due to that subhash
Chandra bose travelled for rev activities and quickly became rev. He carried out many struggled in
presidency college- he was fond of revolutionary organization-due to his active role in the student movt
and rev activities the college administration took some stem and rusticated from college and found
other college in Kolkata and completed BA degree. Subhash was sent to London after his BA Degree to
continue higher studies- but it did not go very well. Subhash Chandran involved in freedom struggle- he
already took part in rev activities in Bengal but frustrated with the gandhian way of politics esp when
non-coop movt was called off by Gandhi- Many youngsters turned towards socialist and communist
politics-however he did not join socialist and communist organization till 1934. Occasionally he
participated in the gandhian movt he with subhash Chandra bose and Nehru became imp leader in the
INC and once again he joined the gandhian nationalist when he announced in 1930.. He organized
strikes and agitations during 1930 CDB.

New classes-capitalistic class and rich peasantry-joined hands with nationalist movt at this point in time
and created class differences among the congress. Subhash Chandra bose not simply the pol freedom
but adv complete independence- social and economic indep as well.

In 1934 he became the leader of the newly est of congress socialist party- socialist and communist
wanted to function together-congress soclialst party formed in 1934- regulated agricultural and labour
movement- Nehru and bose became two pillars of socialist-communist movement in India.

He travelled widely throughout the country- Election happened in 1937- congress presidential election –
when Gandhi became the leader – unlike the moderate time if we had to become rpes we need to
conduct the elections. The presidents were simply proposed by Gandhi for next one year. During the
time of 1937 when Gandhi proposed one congressman from Andhra – pattabi sitharamaiya- his book
first to be written on INC. Gandhi supported him for presidential candidature –socialist communist on
the other hand supported sc- firing campaign – it is virtually my defeat and it is not the defeat of
pattambi sitharamaiiya and therefore want to lead the movement and involved in some constructive
activities. ONE AGENDA WAS TO CARRY OUT CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAMME-ELECTION REVEALED TWO
THINGS-DIVIDE WITHIN THE CONGRESS ESPECIALLY THE RIGHT AND THE LEFT (communist and socialist).

The ideological domination of socialist in congress- shekhar bandhopadhyay says- when the war broke
out in europe the congress was vacillating in its response. The Indians were losing a rare opportunity for
they must take adv of the empire’s weakest movement. When disciplinary actions were taken against
him- it was the result of right consolidation- the hesitation to initiate the movement- of same right wing
leaders out of touch with new forces and social elements. He tried to argue – right and left faction in the
congress- Subhash Chandra bose frust with gandhian politics and wanted to start a new pol party in
1939- and he started all india forward black- one particular caste from tn supported this party-
muthuramalinga thevar they played a major role in recruiting tamilians into INA.Subhash Chandra bose
arrested and kept under house arrest under the defence of india act and they went to Germany. SCB
thought that Germany could help india’s independence and wanted to construct army through which he
wanted to defeat colonial gov and with the intention reached Germany via central asia Germany. SCB
very quickly found that Germany was not interested to promote his cost but scb managed to organize
one small organization indian league in Germany . When he organized this Germany wanted to use the
same league/ organization in order to attack Russia and he had sympathy with Russian politics and
therefore he quit from Germany and wanted to go to japan which waged war against London and other
countries- subhash Chandra bose’s attention towards japan. 1942 subhash Chandra bose left Germany
through german submarine and it left southeast asia and landed in Singapore.

The idea of INA formation was first conceived by an indian mohan singh – not idea of scb-the est of ina
was idea of mohan singh- when second world war commenced a branch of british army was sent to
Singapore in order to support japan but it managed to capture british army and captured
American,indian and brit soldiers. After defeat approached japan asking them to help to construct indian
army against brit-japan was so interested to encourage Indians to start civilian organizations- against
british –mohan singh managed to start the INA –very quicly after this defeat there were around 20k
Indians that joined INA.However, there were controverises between japan army and due to that they
quit from INA leadership at the same time subhash Chandra bose reached Singapore and suggested
their leadership and became leader of INA. When they became leader o INA-one more rev- rash Bihari
ghose- reached japan early 20th century due to revolutionary activities in Bengal therefore exiled to
japan so he met subhash Chandra bose and became one of the army generals of the INA.

He formed an alternative government and forming the alternative governments were one of the imp
agendas of quit india movement- established provincial government of free India. Government had two
capitals- Burma and Singapore were the two capitals of the government. The imp objective was to
overthrow the foreign rule. After est alternative gov very quickly organized the army and a channel to
communicate easily to ina soldiers.

Some ppl still keeps the radio equipments used to communicate with subhash Chandra bose- azad hind
radio-through this radio channel he communicated with mk Gandhi. In 1944 – addressed Gandhi-
Subhash Chandra bose said india’s last war of independence has began father of our nation in this holy
war we ask for your blessing and good wishes. Even though he had controversial opinions with Gandhi
way of struggle0 he opted for alt gov-part of wuit india movt-some states like Bengal, up and
Maharashtra carried out the movt following the alternative forms of the government. Subhas Chandra
bose also started the alt gov and communicated with mk Gandhi and sought blessings for movt. After
subhash Chandra bose reorganized ina and recruited many soldiers to the army by visiting many south
Asian countries these were the places where they went and settled during the colonial times- merchants
and traders financially supported ina with the help of migrated Indians ina was rejuvenated. Even
though ina was not allowed to wage war- the INA will wage war against colonial gov- if congress or
Gandhi gives permission they can carry war against the colonial gov. When japan further marched
towards indian subcontinent the ina also joined hands with the indian army and ina soldiers had gotten
arrested when the second world war came to an end the ina action in the outside of the indian
subcontinent did not play a considerable role but after second world war when they wanted to launch
trials in the indian subcontinent it played a good role betettter than what they did outside the indian
subcont- widespread protest was created and among the indian soldiers in the british army. Indian
soldiers in the british army revolted against the ina.

Royal indian navy- article regarding ina

Communalism 1 and communalism 2 – bipin Chandra

4 important sources-

1. 3 chapters-bipin Chandra- struggle for india’s independence- chapters dealing with

communalism
2. Bipin Chandra-communalism in modern india- complete idea- first chapter deals with what is
communalism – rest of the chapter- how communalism came into being
3. RS Sharma- communalism and india’s past
 4. Salim Mishra – communalism in modern india- how the historians- colonialists and nationalists-
how they interpreted communalism- historiography of communalism

Meaning of communalism in indian context- what are the percepions of different schools of historians
on the idea of communalism.

Identities became legitimized after colonialism even though these existed before the colonial period.

Majority of the indian historians who came into being after mid 20 th century accept that communalism is
a modern phenomenon and is created by a new socio political and cultural development developed
during the colonial time. Whenever we refer to colonialism- the historians often mean that to relate or
problems in the relationship of hindus and muslims-other religions are not talked about. In south india
communalism- is not simply religious but also includes caste. Communalism- a modern political
ideology- expressing a narrow sectarian interest or communal sectarian politics. Communalism is the
belief that (bipin Chandra) because a group of people follow a particular religion as a result have
common social political and economic interest- a group of people-within the group of people- common
interest-social economic and political interest. It is the belief that in India hindus,mulsims and Christians
form different and distinct communities which are independently or separately structures or
consolidated.

All the followers of a religion does not only share a common communal interest but also a common
secular interest- common political,social and cultural interest. One the religious interest- common
political and cultural interest. Indians inevitably had seen such interest –the spectacles through religious
groupin and based a sense of identity based on religion.

Communalism is a false consciousness. It is a modern phenomenon but it is constructed- not organic in

the pre-colonial time. Communalism-false consciousness. Nationalist historian and colonial historians-
contributed or constructed-communal identity or communal history. Imperialist way of history writing-
1)the indian society was a stagnant one and the colonial historians often emphasized that indian history
is full of foreign invasions 3)indian rulers were autocratic and had complete power(Despotic ruler). The
basic division within the society was religion they have emphasized the religion in indian society which
has reflected the priodization.When mill was writing- the history of british india-3 volumes-beginning of
18th century- hindu india,muslim india,british india-contradictory with earlier writes who engaged in
collecting sources and emphasized imp values with indian civilization. When the colonial government
and trade relations and wanted reconstruct indian history-colonial historians-from james mill began to
write india’s past as a degraded one. There are certain aspects related to today’s class-their emphasis on
religion- studied and understood the point that-none of the rulers claimed as hindu or muslim empire
not even the vijayanagara empire even though historians try to point out that vijayanagara empire was a
hindu empire. Nationalist historians argue that vijayanagara empire was a resistance to muslim rule- but
the ones in the 20th century said abt the cosmopolitican culture

People coexisted in the pre-indian society. Colonial historians used the word communalism in order to
refer to this.

Next stage is regional history writing- nationalist history writing gave placeto
Maratha,sikh history helped in writing about communal – they portarayed these were the rulers ancd
considered.

The historians 1930s and 1940s began to consider that communalism is a modern phenomenon and
they also highlighted that communalism as a political idea constructed by colonial rule in order to
perpetuate colonial rule they constructed colonialism.

KB Krishnan who often pointed out that colonialism was a product of colonialists but not colonialists,
feudal,capitalists of feudal society- therefore a group of forces.

In order to undermine harmony that existed in the pre-colonial India-some others who emerged in the
1940s highlighted that the social,economic and cultural aspect of colonialism. BIPIN CHANDRA,KN
PANICKER AND HARBANS MUKHIYA-SOME PEOPLE WHO VIEWED COMMUNALISM IN A
COMPREHENSIVE TERM. Bipin Chandra quite categorically said that there was hardly any communalism
in the last quarter of the 19th century- communal consciousness-false consciousness (similar to classical
use of it in global communalism). There was a certain objective reality developing in the course of 19 th
century- a fasle consciousness- also became popular among many people. This historians emerged in the
1930s and 1940s –communalism-projected to undermine harmony in the pre-colonial time. Bahadur
shah head of the 1857 revolt. Hindus , muslims and Sikhs joined hands with INA to oppose colonial rule.
Similarly the muslim reformers of 19th century highlighted Syed ahmed khan- in 1884- he said that do
you not know in inhabited this land?

Communalism was not present in the pre colonial history- This does not mean that religion was not
present in the indian history. Religion played many roles in regulating society in different time periods
since their origin.

Religion was in the use of both privileged and non-privileged societies(rs sharma)- when privileged
groups or social classes found it difficult to maintain their power and privileges based on an unequal
share of their produce made by artisans and others makes superstitious measures to collect taxes.

The creation of free and equal human beings- religions is used and elaborated by privileged and
unprivileged- religious ideology of privileged classes-turn into dominant ideology ingrained in the
masses. The privileged used religion as a power weapon to establish their social and cultural status.
Religion played the same role in the capitalist societies in modern times as it did in ancient times. The
vedic religion or brahminic religion -2nd millennium bc onwards played the role- brahminic religion
cultures associated- in order to understand Buddhism,Jainism and other religion texts came into being in
the 5th century BCE-we discussed in length about how Buddhism came into being-

Animal sacrifice- thousands of animals killed in yagas- in 6 th century there was a need to expand
agriculture- agaricultarists had began to use iron weapons for the first time. Many areas can be brought
under agriculture and we can use iron tools in the cultivating process- animal husbandry was needed for
agriculture production. Buddhism and Jainism came into being in order to protect animals. Early
medieval-gupta empire in north pallava in south- during that time – the brahminic religion took the idea
of cow protection from the Buddhist and jain religion –very skillfully promoted- Brahmin= cow
protection. This period witnessed formation of states- social stratification in society- first time state
began to emerge-brahmins came into prominence and both pallava and gupta rulers provided land to
brahmins. The bhakti movement propogated brahminical values- unlike bhakthi movement of north
india.

Christianity came into being- to reduce hostilities between slaves and masters- ideological level
(equality) at practical level-social discrimination was protected- When buddhsim and jainsim came into
being against brahminical religion they never questioned the varna system. Christian religion never
questioned the idea of slavery. Islam- came into being 6 th century AD- followers of different regional
beliefs-many Arabian tribal populations united and became muslims. Religion regulated society- religion
was a basic unit –emergence of communalism in precolonial india.

If we agree communalism is a modern concept-then who were responsible for emergence and growth of
communalism in modern india- colonialists alone contributed- who were the others? Nationalist
historians- colonial rule since state had some responsibility- even one idea cannot develop without it.
The colonial state is very important-then we have nationalist movement-indian national congress-
communal sentiments in modern India-religious fundamentalists-both hindus and muslims- HINDU
MAHASABHA,RSS AND MULSIM LEAGUE IN PRE INDEPENDENT INDIA.

Immediate consequence of communalism- partition-communal tension and communal riots.

How nationalistic politics played a role in communalism?

The two important goals of national congress- leading the anti-colonial struggle and national
consciousness. Pre-colonial India-explained in a detailed manner nation building was an important goal
of indian national congress. The congress got victory or first goal – leading to anticolonial struggle- led to
india’s independence. INC completely failed in the nation building process. The congress completely
failed in the nation building process. INC carried out struggle or mobilized indian population- second and
third phase- the moderate phase,extremist phase and the gandhian phase-no water tight compartments
between these three phases. Tilak employed in public politics from 1886-but actively from 1880s
onwards. Gandhi reached indian subcontinent in 1918 and took leadership from 1920 onwards.

The phases were created to understand various features associated with different phases. After the
establishment of indian national congress-colonial rule wanted to use the divide and rule policy to split
the indian population. Indian nationalists introduced nationalism using hindu religion-one of the
important elements in the indian nationalist movement- Tilak was the one who used the religious
festivals or politicized the religious festivals in order to arose nationalist feelings amongst the hindus.

Tilak carried out two important festivals- ganesha and shiva festival. 1890s the private practice of
ganesha and shivaji festival became public festivals. Festivals utilized to gather masses.

Dhananjay Kheer-wrote biography of tilak-important historian who contributed a lot- To Maharashtra

said in a brilliant article shivaji was a symbol of courage, self respect,heroism and nobility and a great
figure in modern history who immortalized Maharashtra and IndiaIt was not in the hands of human
beings to create …

Consequence of religious festivals- communalism

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee- muslims were foreigners he considered therefore hindus got alone fight for
the freedom. The nationalists repeatedly muslims as foreigners which alienated muslims from
nationalist movement. On the other hand the indian nationalist movement also facilitated rise of hindu
fundamentalist organisations especially the hindu sabha – 2 nd decade of the 20th century and rss in the
next decade of the 20th century.

In order to understand the role played by muslims it is to pertinent to analyse their socio-economic
status- colonialists and muslims in two phases- EARLY PHASE-muslims were the imp rivalries of the eng
east india company. They had a hostile attitude towards eng east india at the same time eng east india
company managed to establish good relationship with Indians- why did they have hostile attitude
towards English east india company and they were responsible for the decline of the Mughal empire.
They lost their influence in India which resulted in the degraded economic position in the indian society
at the same time the educate Indians – muslims did not show any interest in the English education
introduced by colnialists and Christian missionaries. Hindu social reforms of benga, and madras
strongely believed colonial gov will help in dev of india. Muslims viewed the colonial gov as the foreign
government.The important goal of the first phase was over throw the colonial rule- the educated Indians
in this time-the colonial gov would help in india’s development. India muslims failed to organize indo-
msulism reform movements. Raja ram mohan roy, phule,dhayanand saraswati, Ishwar Chandra
vidyasagar- various socio-religious reform movements but muslims were able to organize one or two.
The socio-economic degraded form of muslims helped them to oppose colonial rule in the first phase
but the things began to change after establishment of INC in 1888. In the very first meeting there were
73 delegated- the subscription increased into 5k,6k, 7k. The eec wanted to curtail the influence of INC-
divide and rule policy which aimed to eliminate the people from marginalized sections and the
minorities. The English east india company was completely- comfortable to use minorities- this time
muslim leaders realized that the hindus were the beneficiaries of indian education. The second stage –
the educated hindus disillusioned with colonial gov they wanted to wage war against col gov and now
musims wanted to support and hindus wanted to oppose it was the opposite. Next imp stage was- lord
Curzon divided Bengal to east and west Bengal which was considered communald division of the people
in Bengal. East Bengal-muslims west Bengal-hindu majority. Even though they tried to unite the people-
divide the people- a group of muslims especially from east Bengal- Some mulsims began to believe-
supported the imp conseq creation of muslim league in 1906- all india muslim league – was established
in 1906 the very next year and the leaders came from east Bengal.One important leader agha khan- was
a zamindar-mulsim zamindar and people who initiated muslim league drawn from upper middle class
and middle class of muslims. One of the objectives of muslim league was to promote loyalty to the
british or the british government and to protect their political interest of the muslim population. These
were two important objectives or goal of the muslim league in india. Muslim league supported or
created by the colonial government. The immediate result was that after the establishment of muslim
league- they had separate sessions- 1908 the annual session of the muslim league demanded the
colonial govt to sanction communal repress first put forth by muslim league in 1908. In the very next
year the colonial government passed an act in the british parliament- minto- marley reforms- the
communal reforms were sanctioned. The colonial state promoted communalism- demands put forth by
the minorities and opposed the demands put forth on the other hand. Whenever muslim league came
up with demands- they readily accepted the demands or did not.
When the demand was accepted by the colonial government- the muslim league became a major party-
until 1909 it was a simple party- there were couple of zamindars leading the party were taking part in
the proceedings now a considerable section of indian muslims joined the party and it became a mass
party. At the same time there were many muslims who supported the indian national congress.Maulana
Mohammed Ali-who only did not simply support inc-carrying out nationalist muslims. Even mohammed
ali jinnah had two memberships – both in the congress and the muslim league-he highlighted the
nationalist demands- he also explained the demands put forth by the muslim league in the nationalist
platform. Due to his role indian nationalist movement witnessed joint movements. In 1920 when Gandhi
announced non-cooperation movement- joined hands with inc-due to role played by mohammed ali
jinnah- Raksha bandhanw as introduced to show solidarity between muslim and hindus.

Simon boycott movement- carried out protest- inc. The muslim league never accepted the idea of
separation of Pakistan until 1937. Mohammed ali jinnah never accepted the idea even though many
people in the muslim league demanded separation. In 1937 inc came victorious on one hand on the
other hand the muslim league got nothint-the defeat of muslim league enabled muslim leaders the
demand of Pakistan and 1937 election onwards they lost their faith in indian population-how did they
vote communally – they began to emphasize a separate Pakistan and they carried out relationship with
indian national congress. When colonial gov announced hthey re going to transfer power ml started
direct action many other parties did not support immediate transfer of power to Indians unless settling
issues in india. The non-brahmin party did not support transfer to Indians the power.even Sikhs did not
support immediate transfer as they wanted to separate nation. ML announced in direct action resulted
in communal violenece- Indian subcontinent first time large amount communalism –women were raped
and many people murdered.

DURING THE 1909 ACT MUSLIMS GOT COMMUNAL REPRESENTATION DURING 1919 IT WAS EXTENDED
TO OTHER COMMUNITIES MOST IMPORTANTLY SCHEDULED CASTES- THIS IS HOW THEY PROMOTED
COMMUNAL FEELINGS IN THE 20TH CENTURY.

Congress alone got more than 200 seats muslims got around only around 70 seats and muslim
league began to think that it is not going to work- taking part in the legislature. The imperial
government was formed with Nehru and at this point in time Nehru was virtually leader and
Gandhi did not involve in congress politics- except for quit india movement- Gandhi did not take
part in any meetings. 5 representatives from congress, 5 repres from msulim league and 4 other
from other minority sections- Parsis,Christians, other depressed classes. Nehru became the pm
and under him there were 30 members.When congress nominated one muslim-zakir Hussain-
nominee of the congress..this nomination of congress was opposed by muslim league- the
muslim league was the only party that represented muslims. The congress rejected the demand
put forth by muslim league which permitted alienation of ml from the government they also did
not take part in the constituent assembly rather they announced direct action in 1946. Especially
jinnah-fight for separate Pakistan. Jinnah gave the call immediately the first day of violence
witnessed nearly 1000s of murders-communal violence lasted for 10-15 days roughly. After the
call, the congress began to realize united nation is not possible. They began to think separate
Pakistan- sardar vallabhai patel was the first nationalist leader in the congress to agreed separate
for Pakistan when there was a congress working committee meeting and spoke in the meeting
that – now we can see Pakistan is working in Punjab, Bengal and northwest province. It is out of
hand and recognize the demand. The independence act 1947 first announced partition and
transfer of power from Britain to Indians.

The british was also thinking that the partition was the failure of the two communities-failure to
come with a unanimous stand. It was a complete failure of hindus and muslims to come with one
stand. The power struggle between the congress and the muslim league disabled unity in india-
who is going to be the head of power- this is what the british were thinking, The radicals –
socialist and communist-took part in the indian national movement- became a major opponent in
independent india.The radical view was that independence was finally achieved through mass
struggle. Especially the laboring section,peasantry and other working class. The independence
was a conseq of mass action esp between 1945 and 1947- during that time congress never
initiated a mass programme. The bourgeois leadership of the congress frightened about mass
struggles resulted to compromise with colonialist. So that they agreed partition for their self
interest the nation paid the price- Radical view of independence as well as the patition. Duality
between independence and partititon.The congress failed in second task which was nation
building which resulted in alienation of muslims and others. The communal violence since 1946
onwards-not simply muslims- mahatma Gandhi was murdered due to communal feelings among
hindus.

The british wanted to escape from the responsibilities. No need to take any responsibilities for all
this nonsense that was going on. Huge violence across indian subcontinent partition and other
violences. British wanted to escape from the responsibility and make the congress accept all the
responsibilities. Border committees and mountbatten plan- it was all carried out in a few days-
without any understanding- the partition was carried out. Even many other English officials were
thinking that the partition should be carried out in a proper manner.
June 1947- Nehru,mountbatten,jinnah- Pakistan and india –division announced.

Borders announced on 17th of august.

15 million migrated.

World War 2-India took part-leaders of congress objected to -2.5 million Indians served in the army
during the war.

The sectarian did not attract people still nationalist interest was the driving force.

The communal identities both caste and religious identities were the immediate consequences of census
operation by the colonial government. The INC was responsible for promoting indian communalism in its
own platform. Most extremists were hindu fundamentalists-he politicized religious festivals.
Similarly,others lala lajpat rai and others- greatly promoted hindu fundamentalist ideas in the national
platform. Alienation of muslims from national platform especially after 1920. Up to 1920-there were
cooperations between inc and msulim league. Lucknow pact-1960-allowed congress mulsim league
alliance once again. Non-cooperation movement in 1920.

Khilafat and non-cooperation movement went simultaneously. Hindu fundamentalists and religious
organizations came into being and this year they witnessed one book published by BD savarkar-who is a
Hindu in 1923- and also the hindu mahasabha came into being in 1915 and rss was established in 1925.
Nationalist history writing facilitated communal feelings in the indian population. They did not question
the colonialist arguments and colonial past. ALtekar and rc majumdar- they agreed to the colonial
argument- 1) muslims foreigner, 2)Mughal empire and delhi sultanate time in medieval india was
degraded 3) sati was issue,sati was actually practiced from gupta period onwards- 4 th and 5th century AD.
Hindu nationaliss portrayed gupta-golden age but how sati was part of it was not mentioned.

They utilized the golden age and dark age and they often remarked the medieval period as dark age. So
the characters pointed by colonial historians – in rdoer to disqualify indian values- nationalist historians
began to point out the muslim period. The very idea-majority,minority etc came into during colonial
period. New developments that affected orthodox hindu and hindu nationalists especially in the time of
second phase of inc. The struggles between Maratha shivaji and Mughals, Rajput v. Mughals, Sikhs v.
Mughals highlighted. All these struggles were highlighted to show the presence of nationalism in the
medieval period. Nationalism as a concept came into being even before the modern period. Shivaji and
Rajput warriors became symbols of hindu identity which again enabled the nationalist historians to
highlight misrepresent the peasant struggles. The class struggles- that happened during colonial period-
permanent settlement and other policies- created tensions among agricultural labourers and tenants.
The clashes – class tensions- were pointed as communal classes by nationalist historians- how msulim
peasants revolted against hindu nationalists. Peasant and landlord-how the muslim peasants- how they
revolted against hindu nationalists in Malabar. Nationalist historians provided basis for the emergence
for hindu fundamentalist organisations for the turn of the 20 th century-caste,religion and community-
came into being in 1890s,1900s. In order to understand the relationship between nationalism and
communalist organizations- Khaki shirts and saffron flags-book- how the nationalist organisations
enabled the emergence of communal organisations especially hindu mahasabha rss in india. It maybe
conceded that there is an area of overlap of personnel between hindu communalism an mainstream
nationalism.

Periyar not interested to join non-brahmin movement in 1920 but after he left congress he started self-
respect movement instead of joining justice party from 1925 onwards the people who intiated self
respect the justice members were more orthodox and self respect people were progressive people and
they were radical part of the non-brahmin movt and he started first with inc , then he started sr movt
but it was failure because of the overwhelming majority of justice members in sr. Those who organized
sr in the diff parts of tn were the same people who initiated justice party. The indian national congress
was the main pol platform were many pol parties- had their own pol ideas- came together and fought
for india’s freedom. However, the overwhelming majority of hindu orthodox nationalists enabled small
pol organization-turn on 1920s onwards. In 1920- Gandhi initiated non cooperation movt enabled hindu
fundamentalists to start communal organizations. This is actually-rss itself provides acct of its own
origin- the rss publications says as to how rss came into being. Change was coming over the country-the
aftermath of the non-cooperation movement had come to dr.g bedkewal –who initiated communal
organizations second decade of 20th century. Indian muslims had proved themselves-muslims first,
Indians secondarily-when khilafat given up in turkey they withdrew from the allied movement from
national indep. The whole atmosphere scarred with mulsim statements- allahuakbar and not bharath
matha ki jai. There were muslim riots in banu, kovat,multan,Nagpur,Kanpur etc. These were not hindu
muslim riots but were muslim riots because in every single case – they would go on the offensive and
culminate in the mapilla atrocity- force conversion,rape etc was end of it. Dr. g wondered- is it khilafat
or akhilafat? The hindus were nation in bharat and Hindutva was rashtriyatawaab. There was no escape
from the logic of facts and hindu youth had to be organized on the basis of personal character and
absolute love of the motherland and there was no other way. With five friends he started day to day
programme of rss – vijayadashmi day of 1925.
Bipin chandr-a hindu fundamentalist ideas came into being from the partition of Bengal- the partition of
Bengal simply enabled establishment of m.l and hindu fundamentalist organizations. They wanted to
curtail influence of inc and began to develop a strong strength from 1890s onwards. This was the time
tilak and others began to organize whereas religious festivals-posed few challenges to inc. The
immediate result was creation of the muslim league. He did not have any mass base- very handful of
muslims supported the party. Very quickly they put forth the deman in 1907 and the colonial
government accepted the reforms. The government sanction fo separate electorate for muslims
arounsed them to communicate about hindu community. Many communal organizatiosn in the name of
hindu mahasabhas-punjab was the first place-hindu mahasabha established in 1909-mintomarley
reform. Bengal Bombay bihar and u.p many hindu mahasabha branches. So the hindu mahasabha
branches were organized and established by hindu nationalists. Mahdan,LALA LAJPAT RAI HELPED TO
ESTABLISH HINDU MAHASABHAS IN NORTH INDIA. Hindu mahasabbha played a major role in settling
hindus. They wanted unite non-muslim and non-christian population and drive away muslims b/c no
unity among hindus. The non Brahmin section began to repress themselves- non Brahmin organisations
in Maharashtra,justice party. The Dalits came up with their on organization. To unite hindus- non
brahmins w/ brahmins. Therefore- the poona pact – murjey and others played a major role to settle
issues between Gandhi and ambedkar. Many Hindu nationalist- established all the hindu organizations
began to curtail participation in hindu nationalist movements after 1920s onwards- they did not take
part in the cdb in the 1930. They did not take part. Similarly- when Gandhi announced quit india movt in
1940 they did not take part in the nationalist struggle against british in fact they supported the colonial
govt- esp relationship with muslim league. Onward they propogated ideas to oppose muslims in india.
1937 election in which congress came as victorious and occupied almost 90% of the seats and ml and
others got less than 3%. The hindu organizations thought about their own development.

The hindu mahasabha came forward to make alliance with the muslim league . Hondu mahasabha
formed temporary government- dual position of hindu organisations. VD savarkar- went to foreign in
order to pursue higher studies- he became an extremist. When vd savarkar captured by colonial police
he was punished and sent to Andaman prison. When he was a prisoner in Andaman he gave apology
letter to colonial governemt- Hereafter he wont involve in the nationalist movement against the british
and after this apology letter he was released from prisoner. Key player who established hindu
mahasabha and became key player. Hindu mahasabha- led some of his leaders-assassinate Gandhi in
1948.

The rss founded by hindu mahasabha members rss was established in 1925. The people who established
rss- were from hindu mahasabha. Especially there was a meeting in 1925 and the meeting was called
vijayadashmi meeting- hindu mahasabha member- began to highlight hindu festivals and there was a
meeting in 1925- 5 mahasabha members participated among the 5 ..4 were doctors.

Emergence of hindu communalist organization-

Hindu Mahasabha established in the year 1915- In 1909- the MM reforem offered separate electorate
for muslims which forced a group f orthodox hindus to start separate communal organisations for their
own representation. Rashtraswayamsevak Sangh-especially the effort of hindu upper caste leaders-the
divisions within the hindu community was established in order to settle down issues between various
sections of hindus. Both the rss and hindu mahasabha wanted to strengthen the new identity came into
being called the hindu identity. The hindus were in majority and muslims were in minority and no
communal riots in Maharashtra- why did hindu leaders establish rss in Nagpur Maharashtra. There was
strong powerful non-brahmin politics in maharahstra and rss wanted 2 forge hindu identity. The lower
caste movement was also very powerful- when ambedkar decided to leave lower caste in Maharashtra-
they began to represent their own politics in Maharashtra. In 1880s and 1890s- tilak and others initiated
shivaji festival-It is difficult to establish rss in Maharashtra in order to arouse hindu sentiments.

There were 5 hindumahasabha mmbers- hedgewaal-5 members organized a meeting in 1925- the name
was given later. It was not simply the name but even the flag they adapted-saffron flag and it is believed
the colour of flag was used by shivaji and ram. They adopted the flag and tried to mobilize school
children esp aged between 12 and 15 in order to strengthen their organization. The imp goal of rss at
this point in time making india into hindu rashtra. Therefore,when they tried to mobilize school children-
playgrounds became training centres of rss. ORGANIZERS OF RSS RETOLD SHIVAJI STORIES ONCE AGAIN.
They retold shivaji stories to the youngsters and also adapted a slogan-bharath matha ki jai- imp slogan
of rss in the late 1920s and 30s- even though the rss began to function as an organization it did not
involve the nationalist movement. Maharashtra witnessed communal riots after establishment of rss.
After 1927-the numerical strength of rss began to develop. Let muslims look upon ram as hero and the
communal problems will be over. How did hindu communal organizations develop in diff phases

Communal sentiments began to emerge since 1870s onwards esp hindu zamindars and hindu
moneylenders and middle class professionals were interested in creating communal tensions to gain out
of it. Communal sentiments aroused communal sentiments against muslims in india. They first accepte
colonial view of indian history and highlighted tyrannical rule of muslims in india. In order to get out of
the muslim tyrannical rule, one solution was supporting hindu communalism. Hindu zamindars and
profesionals highlighted some points-picked up language controversy, argued hindi was language of
india and urdu was foreign so muslims can speak. The congress initiated supported propogation of hindi
through hindu prachaar sabha and hindu communists supported. Periyrar followers tatend congress
meeting and Rserved seats in legislative assem

Second phase of cummnaisl- the Punjab hidnu maahab=dui=ring thime oflucknowpact and ono- arya
smaj supported- mparticpated in the muslim meetings- often he visited many muslim religious places-
mulsim leaders entered into hindut emples- during that time communal politics was pushed once again.
Non coop movt was called off and called off by gandhiji.

Hindu muslim came to an end because of their self interest. – necommunal prganizations were
established and so this is the time when hindus felt communalism. Purifiying movts were carried out
by ,uslims. The imp objective f hindu mahasabha and rss –mainrenance,protection and promotion of
hindu race,culure,civiltsation. Extreme communalksts-when bd savarka bcam lader of hindu mahsabaha
and ms golwakar leader of rss. In order to understand rss

Hindu mahasbbha will acocomodate only non Christian and non muslim population.

Consequcnes of extreme communalism- communal riots after 1937- esp hindu muslim riots in noterth
leads to assassination of hindus. Rss organized attack on lads

Embezzled that he had no scrips no stamins to stand his ownlegs ans to fight for independence.

Greatest treason on our society. Gandhi was the one who propogated hindu mulsim in 1940s and rss
targeted Gandhi against porpoganda for tn unity.
Three chapters in bipin Chandra book

Khaki shirts