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Managing Sports Events-A Comparative Study of Sports Activities at Different

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Thesis · December 2021
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Managing Sports Events-A Comparative Study of Sports
Activities at Different Levels with respect to Selected
Districts of Chhattisgarh
Thesis
Submitted to
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G)
For Award of the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In
MANAGEMENT
Under the Faculty of Management Studies
Supervisor Co-Supervisor Research Scholar

Dr. A. K. Srivastava Dr. Rajeev Choudhary Jaya Chandra
Professor & Director Professor
Institute of Management SOS in Physical education
Pt. R. S. U. Raipur Pt. R. S. U. Raipur
Research Centre
Institute of Management
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, C.G. (India)
2021
CONTENTS
Topic Page No.

CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION 1-17
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 History of Indian Sports in Ancient India 2
1.1.2 History of Indian Sports during the British Era 3
1.1.3 Contribution of India to the world of Sports 3
1.1.4 Contribution of Chhattisgarh to the world of Sports 3-4
1.2 Growth of Sports and Sporting bodies in Chhattisgarh 4-6
1.3 Sports in Chhattisgarh 6-9
1.3.1 Traditional Sports of Chhattisgarh 6-7
1.3.2 Adventure Sports in Chhattisgarh 7-9
1.4 Sports Venues in Chhattisgarh. 9-11
1.5 Sports Persons from Chhattisgarh 11-12
1.6 SAI Training Centers in Chhattisgarh. 12-13
1.7 Role of the Corporate Sector in Infrastructure Development 13-14
1.8 Role of Governing Bodies in developing the Sports in Chhattisgarh. 14-15
1.9 Problem Discussion 15-16
1.10 Justification of the study 16
1.11 Purpose 16
1.12 Chapterisation 16-17
CHAPTER- 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 18-41

2.1 Studies Related to Sports Management 19-26
2.2 Studies Related to Sports Event Management 26-37
2.3 Relationship Between Sports Event Management and Result 37-40
2.3.1 Studies in Abroad 37-39
2.3.2 Studies in India 39-40
2.4 Gap Identified in Literature 40-41
CHAPTER- 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 42-48

3.1 Research Questions 43
3.2 Objectives of the Study 43
3.3 Hypothesis of the Study 44
3.4 Research Variables 44-45
3.5 Research Methods 45-48
3.5.1 Research Plan 46
3.5.1.1 Research Design 46
3.5.1.2 Survey Instrument 46
3.5.1.3 Statistical Tool Used 46-47
3.5.1.4 Data Collection Method 47
3.5.2 Sample Plan 47-48
3.5.2.1 Sample Population 47
3.5.2.2 Sample Design 48
3.5.2.3 Sample Unit 48
3.5.2.4 Sample Location 48
3.5.2.5 Sample Size 48
CHAPTER-4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 49-94
CHAPTER-5 RESULTS AND FINDINGS 95-106
CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSION, SUGGESTIONS, LIMITATIONS

AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 107-110
6.1 Conclusion 108
6.2 Suggestions for Sports Event Organizers 109
6.3 Limitations 110
6.4 Directions for future Work 110
REFERENCES 111-127
ANNEXURE 128
Questionnaire 129-136
Research Paper
List of Tables Page No.
Table 1 Details related with the nature of management in 51
various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
Table 2 Chi square for the comparison of four categorical 51
responses (aided, unaided, autonomous and fully
government) in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
state
Table 3 Details related with the nature of college in various 52
sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
Table 4 Chi square for the comparison of two categorical 52
responses (Women College, Co-educational College) in
various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state
Table 5 Findings related to “institutes participating in inter- 53-57
collegiate tournaments” in different sports events
(Football, Volleyball, Basketball, Squash, Kabaddi,
Gymnastics, Lawn tennis, Cricket, Badminton,
Swimming, Chess, Athletics, Others) and responses
(Yes and No)
Table 6 Chi square showing the association between games 60
(Football, Volleyball, Basketball, Squash, Kabaddi,
Gymnastics, Lawn tennis, Cricket, Badminton,
Swimming, Chess, Athletics, Others) and responses
(Yes and No) related to “institutes participating in
inter-collegiate tournaments”
Table 7 Details related to imparting training in various sports 61
institutes of Chhattisgarh
Table 8 Trend Analysis of money spent on training and 62

participation of sports in five different financial years.
Table 9 Linear, quadratic, cubic and order 4 in relation to the 62
money spent on participation of sports in five different
financial years
Table 10 Details related to Result of Participation in the last five 63
financial years
Table 11 Details related to awareness about Govt/Non-Govt. 64
Schemes in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
state
Table 12 Details related with schemes availed by various 65
government and non-government colleges for the
promotion of sports in the state.
responses (yes, no) in various sports institutes of
Chhattisgarh state
Table 14 Details related to sufficiency of funds in various sports 66
institutes of Chhattisgarh state
responses (Yes, No) in various sports institutes of
Chhattisgarh state
Table 16 Details related with training through specialized 67
coaches in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
state
Table 17 Chi Square for the comparison of two categorical 67
Chhattisgarh state
Table 18 Findings related to “Sources of Income” for running the 68-69
regular physical education or sports program in various
colleges (Sports Fees, Donations from parents,
Sponsorships from Industrial houses, Sponsorships
from well-wishers, Government grants, Any other) and
responses (Yes and No)
Table 19 Chi square to find out the association between sources 70
of income (Sports Fees, Donations from parents,
Sponsorships from Industrial houses, Sponsorships
from well-wishers, Government grants, Any other) and
responses (Yes and No
Table 20 Findings related to “permanent infrastructure/facilities” 70-73
for different sports (Football, Athletics Badminton,
Volleyball, Hockey, Archery, Basketball, Table Tennis,
Gymnasium, Cricket, Handball, Wrestling) and
responses (Yes and No)
Table 21 Chi square to find out the association between 76

infrastructure facilities of various games (Football,
Athletics Badminton, Volleyball, Hockey, Archery,
Basketball, Table Tennis, Gymnasium, Cricket,
Handball, Wrestling) and responses (Yes and No)
related to “permanent infrastructure”
Table 22 Trend analysis of money spent on construction of new 77

sports infrastructure

amount spent on construction of new sports
infrastructure and facilities in five different financial
years.
Table 24 Trend analysis on amount spent on maintenance of the 78

sports infrastructure and facilities
amount spent on maintenance of sports infrastructure
and facilities in five different financial years
Table 26 Details related with regular coaching imparted by 80
various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
Table 27 Details related with providing training only prior to 81
competitions in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
state
Chhattisgarh state
Table 29 Details of training by renowned experts in various 82
sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state
Chhattisgarh state
Table 31 Trend Analysis of money spent on training of sports in 83
five different financial years
money spent on training in sports in five different
financial years
Table 33 Trend Analysis of money spent on team transportation 84
in five different financial years
Table 34 Linear, quadratic, cubic and order 4 trend in relation to 84
the money spent on team transportation in five different
financial years
Table 35 Details related with sports equipment storage in various 85

responses (Yes, No) in various of sports institutes of
Chhattisgarh state
Table 37 Details related with interdepartmental matches 86
organized in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
state
Chhattisgarh state
Table 39 Trend Analysis on number of days a sports event is 87
being organized
Table 40 Linear, quadratic and cubic in relation to the number of 87
days in organizing a sports event
Table 41 Trend Analysis of money spent on organizing sports in 88
five different financial years
money spent on participation of sports in five different
financial years.
Table 43 Two- way ANOVA table representing the comparison 89

of participation in different games, levels and their
interaction
Table 44 Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to compare paired means in 90-92

relation to participation in different games
Table 45 Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to compare paired means in 94

relation to different levels of participation
Abbreviations
COA - Chhattisgarh Olympic Association

CGAA - Chhattisgarh Athletic Association
SOA - State Olympic Association
BCCI - Board of Control for Cricket in India
CM - Chief Minister
SAI - Sports Authority of India
SRC - SAI Regional Centre
COE - Centre of Excellence
STC - SAI Training Centre
SAG - Special Area Games
SPDA - Sports Project Development Area
SNIPES - Society for National Institute of Physical Education and Sports
BALCO - Bharat Aluminium Company Limited
NTPC - National Thermal Power Corporation Limited
SAIL - Steel Authority of India Limited
IPL - Indian Premiere League
PPP - Public Private Partnership
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation
SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility
VSC - Virtual Sport Community
JSE - Johannesburg Stock Exchange
EPS - Earnings Per Share
FIFA - Federation Internationale de Football Association
SWOT - Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats
ANOVA - Analysis of Variance
M.D - Mean Deviation
Preface
The thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a Doctor of

Philosophy Degree of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. It comprises
a study of “Managing Sports Events-A Comparative Study of Sports Activities at Different
Levels with respect to Selected Districts of Chhattisgarh”
The thesis begins with an abstract which is followed by a short introduction in chapter
1, which summarizes the aim and purpose with the thesis with little introduction of sports
management and sports event management and summary of chapters. It also discusses the
history of sports and the contribution made by India and Chhattisgarh in the field of sports. In
chapter 2 the studies related to sports management and sports event management is thoroughly
mentioned. This chapter covers the studies that link sports event management with the various
variables like cost, sponsorship, government aid and duration of an event. These studies are
categorized into two parts- studies conducted in abroad and studies conducted in India.
Chapter 3 deals with the research methodology which describes the various components like
research questions, research objectives, research hypothesis, research variables, research plan,
and sample plan. Chapter 4 begins with the brief introduction of analytical tools used in the
study. This is followed by thorough explanation of data analysis. Chapter five confers the
result of the study. Recommendation is given to the sports event organizers on the basis of the
results of the study. The last chapter concludes and summarizes the whole research.
Bibliography provides the references of wide range of literature, studies and reports referred
in the study. Finally, the thesis ends with the enclosure of questionnaire attached.
The thesis involves elementary discussion of the research terms like research design,
sample design, sample unit, sample population etc. to make readers understand the concept
before going through the chapters.
The important feature of this thesis is the tabular representation of analysis and results.
This table wise representation simplifies and makes the result easy to understand by the
readers. This study will answer some basic research questions associated with sports event
management. This research provides implications to sports event organizers of Chhattisgarh
to be followed to increase the chance of winning in any sports event. This study will help
students and scholars to conduct similar research in the future.
Sports event management is a concept that is completely new in the field of

management and almost every organization associated with sports are focusing towards this
concept. Hence, this research is a significant work with the personal involvement with the
objective to make noteworthy contribution in the field of research.
I am grateful to my guide, co-guide and teachers who have corresponded with me

about various aspects of conducting the research. All suggested corrections and changes have
been given careful consideration. Dr. A. K. Srivastava, Professor and Director, Institute of
Management, Pt. R. S. U. Raipur, being my guide and Dr. Rajeev Choudhary, Professor, SOS
in Physical Education, being my co-guide, pointed out some errors and made many
suggestions for improvement. I am thankful for everyone who helped me to conduct and
complete this research with their valuable guidance and cooperation.
Jaya Chandra
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1
Managing Sports Events-A Comparative Study of Sports Activities at
Different Levels with respect to Selected Districts of Chhattisgarh
Chapter 1: Introduction
Sports is very essential in the life of every human being. It keeps them fit, fine and
also improves the personality of peoples. Sports help to keep all our organ alert and our
heart also becomes stronger by regular playing of some types of sports. Sport aims to
improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and
entertainment for spectators. Sports are always played under government rules which helps
to serve fair competition. Nowadays, technology is being utilized to judge the fair game for
winners.
Sport enables the people to live with positive attitude. Sports can be played in both
indoor and outdoor, many indoor games like chess, carrom helps to improve the mind and
thinking capacity but the sports which are played in outdoor like football, cricket, kabaddi
etc. helps to improve the physical strength. So, sports should be played by everyone because
it helps us in developing a good physical and mental health
Generally, sports are praised for its numerous benefits which include: bridging the
cultural and ethnic gap, improving on health and fitness, creating opportunities for
employments and businesses to flourish, fostering teamwork and fair competition,
contributing to the cross-cultural dialogue and ensuring peaceful-coexistence.
1.1.1 History of Indian Sports in ancient India
India has a rich heritage of various sports activities various archaeological

excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, The Vedic literature, The Ramayana and The
Mahabharata also support this. Games like chess, martial art of judo, polo was originated in
India and was transferred to foreign countries.
2
1.1.2 History of Indian Sports during the British Era
During the British era the very first game that was introduced in India was Cricket.
Before independence only elites were able to learn cricket in school while the other people
i.e., the grassroot audience learned the game through replication. During the colonial period,
British India participated in six Olympic Games and won medals in the field of hockey.
Later on, in 1927 Dorabji Tata with the support of Dr. A.G. Nohren laid the foundation of
Indian Olympic Association in 1927.
1.1.3 Contribution of India to the world of Sports
Apart from the concept of zero and the rudimentary theory of atoms. India had made
a lot many contributions to the world in the field of sports as well. The most prominent
amongst them are:
a) Chess or ‘Chaturanga’- Chess or ‘Chaturanga’ means ‘four divisions’ or ‘four
corps. It was found that this game was invented in ancient India by the Gupta
dynasty.
b) Kabaddi-India had also made a significant contribution in the world-famous sport

Kabaddi. It is believed that Kabaddi was developed in ancient India and was played
fondly by the Yadavas, an ancient community residing on the western side of the
country.
c) Wrestling or ‘Pehlwani’-Earlier known as ‘Malla-Yudha’ was also contested in

ancient India. It is believed that wrestling has been practiced as early as 5th
millennium B.C.
Apart from these, other sports like Kho-Kho, Carrom, and martial arts forms
like Kalarippayattu also find in India.
1.1.4 Contribution of Chhattisgarh to the world of Sports
Chhattisgarh which is known for its rich art and culture has also made a significant
contribution in the field of sports. All those games that are played in India are played in
3
Chhattisgarh also. The traditional games of Chhattisgarh include Kho-Kho, Tug of War,
Pari-Pakhra, Archery.
Chhattisgarh state is also known as the state of tribal people as the majority of the
people residing in Chhattisgarh is constituted by the tribal people only. Among all the tribes
Baigas and Gonds of Achanakmar region are called as archers by birth, they use to do the
hunting of different animals until Achanakmar is made a biosphere reserve. In this way we
can conclude that Archery is one of the sports that belongs to Chhattisgarh.
1.2 Growth of sports and sporting bodies in Chhattisgarh

The Chhattisgarh state is trying to be called as the sporting powerhouse of the
country by achieving world-class excellence center and infrastructure for various games
with quality training facilities. Chhattisgarh’s government is taking all initiative to upgrade
the level of sports in the region. Various programs have been launched in this regard.
Upcoming sports venues and stadiums across the state is the certification of the honest
approach of the Chhattisgarh government. Chhattisgarh Olympic association, Chhattisgarh
Hockey Association, Chhattisgarh Athletic Association, Chhattisgarh Pradesh Basketball
Association, Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh, are some of the sporting bodies that play an
important role in upbringing sports talents of the state.
1.2.1 Chhattisgarh Olympic Association.
Chhattisgarh Olympic Association affiliated to the Indian Olympic Association is the

authorizing body that organizes and arranges different tournaments in an efficient, effective
and systematic manner. They play an important role in developing a coordination between
the government and sports organization. The association plays a vital role in providing
opportunities to the teenagers and youth of the state so that they can excel in what they can
do.
1.2.2 Chhattisgarh Football Association
Chhattisgarh Football association is the state governing body of football in

Chhattisgarh established in the year 2000.It is affiliated with the all-India football
federation, the national governing body. Chhattisgarh’s football team represents the state of
4
Chhattisgarh in the Santosh trophy which is an annual Indian football tournament conducted
by the state as well as by the government institutions. The state gets filled with happiness
when it comes to playing the game football. A lot of training centers are there that offer
football coaching and makes sure that the game is played and cherished throughout the state
1.2.3 Chhattisgarh Athletics Association
Chhattisgarh Athletics Association has a rich heritage and an unbreakable record in

more than sixteen years of its existence. Association provides training to athletes so that they
could participate and won medal in national championships. The Chhattisgarh Athletic
Association is continuously engaged in organizing various state events and few national
championships.
1.2.4 Chhattisgarh Hockey Association
Chhattisgarh Hockey Association is affiliated with Hockey India and has received
the recognition from Sports and Youth welfare, Department of Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh
Hockey Association is an apex body of the state that organizes and conducts hockey in
Chhattisgarh state for both men and women.
1.2.5 Chhattisgarh Basketball Association
Chhattisgarh Basketball Association is affiliated with the Basketball Federation of

India and was established in the year 2000. The main objective of Basketball Association is
to improve the performance of players at national and international level. In last 20 years,
this sport has contributed the bulk of medal haul and has earned 43 Gold,14 Silver and 21
Bronze medals at the national level.
1.2.6 Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh
Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh is the authoritative body of all the cricket activities
in the Chhattisgarh state. From 2016 onwards Chhattisgarh cricket team has taken its
affiliation from the Board of Control for Cricket in India. At present Chhattisgarh State
Cricket Association is an associate member of BCCI like Sikkim cricket association,
Manipur cricket association and Bihar cricket association, it organizes and conducts an inter
district tournament for all the age groups. Nineteen teams from eighteen districts participate
5
annually. Annual grant of Rs seventy-five lakh is provided to Chhattisgarh State Cricket
Sangh by BCCI
1.2.7 Chhattisgarh Table Tennis Association
The Table Tennis Federation of India, the Chhattisgarh Olympic Association, and the
Sports and Youth Welfare Department of Chhattisgarh all have recognized the Chhattisgarh
Table Tennis Association as a registered organization under the "Firms and Societies
Registration Act."
The Chhattisgarh Table Tennis Association has been actively engaged in the development of
table tennis in various districts of the Chhattisgarh state through its District Table Tennis
Associations, and the association is continuously organizing various training camps, District,
State, and National level Championships to provide opportunities to players.
1.2.8 Chhattisgarh Archery Association
Chhattisgarh Archery Association is founded with a view to provide all the

appropriate facilities with modern training to boost up the skill level of young archers.
Under “One State, One Game” initiative Chhattisgarh is selected for archery training. Under
this, states will be provided additional facilities, sports training along with enhanced
exposure for sports persons for the specific game, Besides, sports persons will be provided
additional support in terms of sports techniques and sports science.
1.3 Sports in Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh state has a robust culture of sports. All those sports that are played all
over India are played in Chhattisgarh. Football, hockey, cricket, basketball, kabaddi,
volleyball, badminton, and practically every other sport played in India are all played in
Chhattisgarh. Traditional and Adventurous sports activities too are practiced all
over Chhattisgarh.
1.3.1 Traditional Sports of Chhattisgarh
Traditional folk games or rural games are those games whose traditions are
thousands of years old; they have been transferred from one generation to the next, playing
6
for the entertainment of the players. Due to the ease of being played by the common people,
the number of materials and players in them is not planned and decided based on quick
achievement. It includes games like tug of war, pari-pakhra, ulanbanti, kheelamar, falli, kho-
kho, kabaddi, banti, bhaura, Archery etc.
a) Archery: Archery is one of the most important traditional game of Chhattisgarh

which has been recognized by the ministry of sports. The State of Chhattisgarh
has been selected for Archery under the Centre's “One State One Game
initiative” to enhance the possibilities of India in Olympics 2024.
b) Pari-Pakhra: Pari-Pakhra is one of the traditional games of Chhattisgarh in

which there is no limitation for the number of children that can play the game
and also no such equipment is used in this game. If said pari it means the child
can move freely.
c) Falli: In this game four boxes or divisions are made, and four stones are used, the
one who is having it can move freely in the box and have to distribute the stones
to the remaining members present in the boxes. Once the stones get distributed
the children moves in a single box. It’s called falli because while moving in the
boxes the children are supposed to say falli.
d) Banti: Banti is usually played in summer. In this game small size marbles of
circle shape are used. It’s a game that can be played with any number of players.
At present one can see this game when we move on to the rural region.
1.3.2 Adventure Sports in Chhattisgarh
Adventure sports are those sports activities which are performed in Land, Water and Air
involving a high degree of risk. Mountain biking, rock climbing, kayaking, fishing, and
camping are examples of adventure sports. Adventure sports are not for everyone. Only a
few people have the ability to train for and complete it. The state of Chhattisgarh provides a
variety of modern adventurous sports such as bungee jumping, trekking, and Go Karting
Adventure.
7
a) Adventure Jeep Safari in Udanti Sitanadi Sanctuary in Chhattisgarh: The
best thing to do in Chhattisgarh is to go to Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary. A jeep
safari may be taken to explore the Sanctuary, which is both fascinating and safe
due to the numerous animals present there. The Asiatic wild buffalo, which has
been designated as an endangered species, are found in this Sanctuary. Apart
from this, there are 120 bird species and around 20 mammal species can be found
here. The flora that encircles the Sitanadi Sanctuary is also worth seeing,
including the various types such as peninsular Sal, Teak, and Bamboo. Sitanadi
Wildlife Sanctuary is perfect place for nature lovers.
b) Adventure in Bungee Jumping in Chhattisgarh: Jagdalpur is a fantastic spot

for nature enthusiasts because it is located in the wilderness. Natural flora and
fauna are abundant in Jagdalpur. As a result, it's an excellent spot for bungee
jumping. Bungee jumping is not recommended for weak heart. Bungee Jumping
in Jagdalpur is one of the best in India, and is considered one of the daring sports
in Chhattisgarh. As the location is enjoyable one can go and enjoy at any time of
the year, but October to March is the best time to go Bungee Jumping. The jump
would be around 30 meters tall on an average.
c) Adventure Go Karting in Chhattisgarh: In Chhattisgarh, go karting is one of

the most popular adventure sports. Go karting is a thrilling adventure that people
of all ages may enjoy. Bungee jumping appeals to daring adventurers only
whereas go karting is suitable for all those people who want to have fun. The best
place to go karting is Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
d) Adventure Trekking in Chhattisgarh: Trekking is a great adventure sports in

Chhattisgarh to enjoy nature. Mountaineering, rock climbing, and hilly cycling
are all options. This hike path is government-approved and well-maintained and
is located close to Raipur. Trekking here is great fun for anyone who wants to get
away from the city's hustle. Hiking in the same location is an option for those
who prefer a less adventurous activity than trekking. Furthermore, if you go with
a group, you can enjoy camping in between mountain treks.
8
e) Adventure Kayaking in Chhattisgarh: Chhattisgarh is an unexplored
whitewater paradise. While people flock in Rishikesh for rafting and kayaking,
Chhattisgarh is some place that is equally beautiful but underrated. Kayaking is
the most exciting adventure sports in Chhattisgarh. Whitewater kayaking and
canoeing is perfect for the backpackers, the adventurous souls, the travellers, the
nature lovers.
f) Adventure boating in Chhattisgarh: The bottom of Chitrakoot Falls is one of

the exciting and adventurous places to go and enjoy by doing boating, rafting,
and kayaking. Boating is a better alternative than other water sports for those
who are visiting this beautiful state with their family. Boating in this area,
whether by paddle boat or motorboat, is a fantastic experience. The stunning
scenery and landscape that surrounds this wonderful location are sure to delight
you. The spectacular adventure sports in Chhattisgarh take place between
October and March.
1.4 Sports Venues in Chhattisgarh
The Chhattisgarh state promotes all types of sports. To come at par with other states
Chhattisgarh state has also upgraded himself and has created various sports venues which
includes Shaheed Veer Narayan International Cricket Stadium, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
International Hockey Stadium, International Hockey Stadium, Rajnandgaon, Jayanti
Stadium, Balbir Singh Juneja Indoor Stadium.
a) Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium- Raipur
International Cricket Stadium, also known as Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh
International Cricket Stadium, is one of the best cricket grounds in the country. This
stadium is the second largest in India. Many matches are played at this stadium,
including the Indian Premier League (IPL). This stadium also hosted the T20
matches of the 2014 champion’s league for 2014.
b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Hockey Stadium-Sardar Vallabh Bhai

Patel Hockey Stadium is also known as Raipur International Hockey Stadium. It’s
the second international blueturf hockey stadium after Rajnandgaon, which was
9
dedicated to public in August 2014. The first match played at the stadium was
between India men's national field hockey team and Australia men's national field
hockey team on 19 November 2015.
c) International Hockey Stadium, Rajnandgaon- Rajnandgaon International Hockey

Stadium was the first International Astroturf Hockey Stadium spread over an area of
nearly 9.5 acres, and built at an estimated cost of 22 crores was dedicated to public in
January 2014 by state Governor Shekhar Dutt and chief minister Dr. Raman Singh.
The exhibition match was between the Governor’s Eleven and the CM’s Eleven.
These teams comprised of some of the best international players, that included Indian
hockey men’s squad skipper, Sardara Singh, Harjot Singh, Affan Yousuf, Lalit
Upadhyay and others. This stadium is built as a pioneer for bringing in the sports
activities of the state to a national as well as international level.
d) Digvijay Stadium - Digvijay Stadium is one of the best stadiums in India, built by
Raja Digvijay Singh of Rajnandgaon. This is the stadium where the Ranji Trophy is
held. It is one of the proudest stadiums in the area. Chhattisgarh is known not only
for its literary and architectural beauty, but also for its sporting activities.
e) Raja Raghuraj Singh Stadium-Raja Raghuraj Singh Stadium is a cricket ground

is Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. The stadium has hosted three Ranji matches in 1978, 1979
and 1981 between Madhya Pradesh Cricket Team against Vidarbha Cricket
Team and two games against Railways Cricket Team.
f) Jayanti Stadium- Jayanti Stadium is located in Bhilai and is a multifunctional

stadium. This stadium has all the facilities of a domestic cricket stadium. The
stadium can be used for aa other sports as well. The most commonly played sports in
the stadium are hockey and football. This place is full of vibrancy for all kinds of
sports. The stadium allows all kinds of sports whether it is national or international.
g) Balbir Singh Juneja Indoor Stadium -Balbir Singh Juneja Indoor Stadium is an
Indoor stadium in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The stadium is the only indoor stadium in
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city and was named after Balbir Singh Juneja who was born in the city with capacity
of 4,000. It is owned and managed by Raipur Municipal Corporation. The stadium
has facilities for games like basketball, volleyball, tennis, squash, table-tennis,
badminton, and gymnastics.
1.5 Sports Persons from Chhattisgarh
a) Sanand Salil Mitra-Sanand Salil Mitra born on May 5,1983 is the proprietor and
owner of VAYAM-Visionaries and Entrepreneurs an Indian Archery Pioneer
Organization. He is an international archer and twice national gold medalist in
archery, he is a state and national awardee with performance in the national archery
circuit, since his debut in 2005.
b) Leslie Walter Claudius-Leslie Walter Claudius was an Indian hockey player from
Bilaspur. He was conferred upon many awards like Padmashri in 1971, Bharat
Gaurav award instituted by east Bengal club in 2011.He was one of six all time
hockey greats who was honored in this manner.
c) Renuka Yadav-Renuka Yadav is from Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh, which

has also been called “the hockey nursery of India”. She is the first woman from
Chhattisgarh to qualify for Olympics. She is amongst the youngest members of the
national women’s hockey team that qualified for Rio Olympics 2016.
d) Saba Anjum Karim-Saba Anjum Karim is from Durg and is being coached by
Tanveer Akil. She represented India in many international tournaments like Asian
game October 2002, Asia Cup feb 2004, Delhi common wealth games 2002 and
2006.She is honored with Arjuna award by the president of India. She was also
awarded with Padmashri, the fourth highest civilian award of India in 2015.
e) Rustam Sarang-Rustam Sarang was born on 12 December 1988 in Raipur district of

Chhattisgarh. He is an Indian weightlifter. He gained seventh position in the men’s
62 kg weight class at 2014 common wealth games at Glasgow.
f) Abhimanyu Chauhan- Abhimanyu Ravindra Pal Singh Chauhan (born 29

December 1986 in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India) is an Indian cricketer who plays
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for Chhattisgarh in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed middle-order batsman and
right-arm medium-fast bowler.
g) Amandeep Khare-Amandeep Narayan Khare (born 5 August 1997) is an Indian

cricketer who plays for Chhattisgarh Cricket Team. He made his first-class debut for
Chhattisgarh in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy on 6 October 2016. He made
his Twenty20 debut for Chhattisgarh in the 2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20
Tournament on 29 January 2017. In October 2019, he was named in India A's squad
for the 2019-20 Deodhar Trophy.
1.6 SAI Training Centers in Chhattisgarh.
The Sports Authority of India began with the council framed to have the 1982 Asian
Games in New Delhi. On 25 January 1984, "Sports Authority of India" was built up as an
enlisted society by the "Division of Sports"" of Government of India's Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports. SAI is an apex national sports body of India meant for the development
of sports in India. SAI has 2 Sports Academic institutions, 10 "SAI Regional Centre’s
(SRC), 14 "Centre of Excellence" (COE/COX), 56 "Sports Training Centres" (STC) and 20
"Special Area Games" (SAG). In addition, SAI also manages Netaji Subhash High Altitude
Training Centre (Shilaroo, Himachal Pradesh) as well as 5 stadiums in the national capital of
Delhi, such as Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (also serves as national head office of SAI), Indira
Gandhi Arena, Dhyan Chand National Stadium, SPM Swimming Pool Complex and Dr.
Karni Singh Shooting Range.
Two "SAI Sports Academic" institutions are Netaji Subhas National Institute of
Sports (at Patiala in Punjab) and Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (at
Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala), conducting research and running certificate to PhD level
courses in physical education and sports medicine.
STC Scheme was formed after a comprehensive study by the Governing body of SAI
in its meeting held on 25th July 1995, STC was formed after merging the two schemes i.e.,
Sports Project Development Area Scheme (SPDA) and the sports Hostel Scheme of the
SNIPES Board. The primarily motive of STC scheme was grooming of the junior level
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sports persons between the age group of 14 to 21. Later on, the criteria for age group were
changed to 12 to 18 yrs.
Primary targets were to make it feasible for the central government and state
government to work together for sports development efforts through incorporation of
different schemes and correcting the existing regional imbalances in sports infrastructure
within a state. Enable SAI to nurture junior sports talent scientifically who had gained
excellence at Sub-Junior level under NSTC Scheme and accept them into the STC’s /Centers
of Excellence for more scientific and in-depth coaching on a long-term basis. Chhattisgarh
has two SAI training centers one at Raipur and another at Rajnandgaon and following
disciplines are covered in it Archery, badminton. football, judo, Volleyball, watersports,
weightlifting, hockey etc. Every year the SAI training centre conducts the skill test in sports
related with different sports categories and then their entire expenditure is beared by
government like those of sports tool kit, fooding and hostel facility etc.
1.7 Role of the Corporate Sector in Infrastructure Development
Corporate needs to look beyond what will get them more bang for their buck and
choose to fund projects which will have a greater impact in sports development in India. To
that end, they need to realize that sports help children in as many ways as healthcare,
education and other training. In Chhattisgarh Bhilai Steel Plant, a public sector unit has
contributed a lot for the development of sports infrastructure and sports persons likewise
many other industries like BALCO, NTPC, Jindal Steel and Power has also contributed in
development of sports infrastructure in their region.
Contribution of SAIL and Bhilai Steel Plant for the development of sports in Bhilai:
SAIL has made a lot of efforts to promote sports in India. Among the six sport academies set
up by the Sail, the Athletics academy in Bhilai meant for boys resulted in producing many
successful athletes in our country. Sail also undertakes the sponsorships for various sporting
activities in and around Bhilai. The handball and the hockey academies have produced
several successful players at the national level. SAIL also contributes in the development of
sports infrastructure by providing facilities like sports material and also by organizing
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tournaments. SAIL has also established Day Scholar Training Centers for training in
different sports like athletics, hockey, football and boxing in Bhilai.
In addition to the above-mentioned games Bhilai Steel Plant under the guidance of
SAIL, promotes the following sports in the steel city-athletics, badminton, chess, basketball,
body building, gymnastics, kabaddi, karate, kho-kho etc.
BALCO: BALCO was incorporated in the year 1965 as the first public sector undertaking.
Later on, in 2001 Government of India disinvested 511 shares of BALCO to Starlite
Industries Limited a subsidiary of Vedanta Limited.
BALCO undertake the sponsorships for various sporting activities in and around
Korba. BALCO also contributes in the development of sports infrastructure by developing
the expert club which is equipped with gymnasium. a swimming club, badminton, table
tennis, carrom, billiards etc.
Jindal Steel and Power Company Limited-The company encourages sports by providing
various sports facilities to the local youths, sponsorships are given to the sports persons to
compete in National and International levels. Sports like kabaddi, cricket, volleyball is
encouraged with coaching facilities for nurturing young talent and assisting in formation of
youth sports.
1.8 Role of governing bodies in developing the sports in Chhattisgarh.
The Sports and Youth Welfare department of Chhattisgarh has been working very
hard to supply all the amenities to all the talented sportspersons and youth of the state in
various events related to them by making appropriate use of existing financial and
administrative resources. The main objective behind the constitution of this authority is to
make policy decisions in the field of sports, good coordination with sports department,
decisions regarding National and International level events as well as financial assistance
under the sports development schemes of the Government of India.
With an aim to enhance the talent of rural sportspersons the rural area sports practice
scheme has been launched, this scheme will make them aware of sports and the various
opportunities associated with sport. Under this, in three-gram panchayats of each
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development block sports practice centers are being set up. State-of-the-art sports
infrastructure has been erected in the state. Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International
Cricket Stadium situated at Parsada Naya Raipur is an excellent example of world-class
infrastructure. This stadium is the second largest stadium in India, having an audience
capacity of 60 thousand. In this stadium, 04 IPL and 08 Champions League T20 matches
have been successfully organized and conducted by B.C.C.I. This massive sports
infrastructure comprises of outdoor stadium, indoor stadium, athletic track, synthetic surface
hockey ground and indoor hall are being constructed for indoor games.
The state is working on its youth policy (yuva niti) which will be a true reflection of
aspirations, their needs, vision for a holistic approach to channelize their talent and skill.
Yuva Niti is meant to harness the talent of youth and sports persons to the fullest from
remotest corner of the state to habitats in the dense forest to villages to urban area. State is
planning to organize a state level “Talent Hunt” to identity talent in sports as well as in other
areas and this resource mapping will be done through public, private partnership (PPP)
model.
Various steps taken by Chhattisgarh government to develop sports.
• A pension scheme for the sports persons who are above 60 yrs. old and taken part in
Olympics, Common Wealth Games or Asiad.
• An accident insurance for the players.
• To provide financial assistance to the sportspersons for various sports activities
Mukhyamantri Khiladi Protsahan Yojana will be started in the state.
• The Rajiv Yuva Mitan Club Scheme will be implemented by the Sports Youth and
Welfare Department of Chhattisgarh. Rajiv Yuva Mitan Clubs will be formed at the
Gram Panchayat level and in Urban bodies for leadership capacity building and skill
development among the youths in the state.
1.9 Problem Discussion
Today, sports event management has become a need of the time as many sports
events are being organized every year and proper implication provide amazing experiences
for athletes and fans by bringing together the necessary employees, equipment, and
15
facilities. It also enables to understand and put forward the different aspects of
management which is needed while organizing any sports event. The research exposed that a
good sports management offers many chances to resolve intriguing challenges while
making an invaluable contribution to the world of sports.
Hence, sports event management helps sports event organizers to know and apply the
organizational principles of a sport event.
1.10 Justification of the study
In this competitive era, where all the states want to give their best performance in
sports activities organized At National and International Level. In this situation, an idea has
been developed in the mind of the researcher to analyze the factors which may contribute in
the better performance and may increase their success rate. In Chhattisgarh, there is a wide
scope to conduct the study which will make a comparative analysis of sports activities at
different levels. Since very few studies have been conducted in this field, it prompts the
researcher to conduct this study.
1.11 Purpose
The purpose of this research is to make a comparative analysis of sports activities at

various levels with respect to selected districts of Chhattisgarh. This study is expected to
investigate the impact of the following factors i.e., cost, sponsorship, government aid and
duration of an event on sports activities and its management. In order to achieve this purpose
an alternative hypothesis are framed and are going to be tested.
1.12 Chapterisations
The study is conducted in six chapters:
Chapter-1 is concerned towards the introduction of the sports. Historical evolution of sports
in India and its contribution to the world is also discussed. It also explains the sports in
Chhattisgarh and the role of the governing bodies in the development of sports. It also
outlines briefly the problem statement, justification of study, purpose and ends with
chapterisation of the thesis.
16
Chapter-2 is devoted to extensive review of literature. A review of literature on the studies
related to sports management and sports event management in India as well as in foreign
context. At last, the gap of the literature was discussed.
Chapter-3 discusses and explains the research methodology covering research questions,
hypothesis, research design, sample design, survey instrument, procedure for data collection,
data analysis, limitation of the study and directions for future research.
Chapter-4 thoroughly describes the analysis and interpretations of data. This section
discusses the analysis and results relating to key variables and its impact on sports
management.
Chapter-5 discusses results, findings and suggestions to sports event organizers.
Chpater-6 deals with the conclusion, limitations, suggestions and directions for future
research work.
17
CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
18
Chapter-2: Literature Review
The review of literature is a groundwork based upon the various studies and the
relevant literature related with the studies conducted by the researchers, scholars and
academicians. It is the pre-requisite to conduct sound research and it provide insight and
directions to conduct the research in a prescribed manner. Researcher has gone through
various studies related with the sports event management. This review of literature also
consists of empirical and theoretical studies related to sports event management. An attempt
has been made to find out the various parameters to be considered to conduct the study.
These studies are categorized into two parts-studies conducted in abroad and studies
conducted in India.
2.1 Studies related to Sports Management.
Title - Sport Management in Emerging Economy.
Author - Ivan wallan tertuliano, Eric Matheus Rocha Lima, Vivian de oleveira, Bruna Alves
Santana.
Objectives - To investigate the influence of the size of the squad on the performance of club
in the national league first division.
To investigate the influence of the expenditure on the football and the performance of clubs
in the national league first division.
Method - Data were collected from 34 clubs which were classified into two groups on the
basis of the classification of the clubs in the league: G1 consists of those clubs that finished
the season among the top 10 while G2 clubs are those that finished the season between 11th
and 20th positions. For the second part of the analysis groups were formed by using the
criteria for training group G1 was formed by 10 clubs with the largest no. of squads and G2
included 10 clubs with smaller squads.
Descriptive and inferential analysis were used to meet the objective of the study. For
cross group analysis, Mann Whitney U test and intra group analysis using Pearson
19
correlation were used. All the analysis were performed with the assistance of IBM SPSS
statistics, version 20.
Results - Results suggest that the highest number of members on the team is not crucial for
achieving the highest positions in the league i.e., the size of the squad is not a determining
factor for the maintenance of the highest positions in the league whereas a relation exists
between the expenditure and the performance of football clubs, the clubs with the highest
spending on football were the clubs with the best and safety ratings in championships.
Conclusion - It is concluded from the above study that the number of candidates doesn’t
determine the success of any event whereas it’s the relation that exists between the
expenditure and the performance of football clubs, the clubs with the highest spending on
football were the clubs with the best and safety ratings in championships.
Title - A Financial Management Tool for Sport Federations
Author - Mathiere winand, Thierry Zintz, Jeroen Scheerder.
Objective - The aim of this paper is to evolve a method to manage financial performance of
sport federations. It impels thinking about the requirements for non-profit sport
organizations to develop financial performance indicators and management to survive and
grow.
Method - Adapting the Ritchie and Koloclinsky model of correlation analysis through
financial ratios within the sport federation context, the paper develops a framework for
financial performance indicators and management to survive and grow.
Result - Using Principal component analysis, six financial performance related categories
were developed i.e., public funds dependence, financial balance, of resources, financial
budget, member services investment and elite service investment. All these six financial
indicators form the base of a dynamic strategic management tool where financial categories
are related to each other.
Conclusion - It is concluded from the study that in order to have proper financial
management the following six things i.e., public funds dependence, financial balance of
20
resources, financial budget, member services investment and elite service investment should
be taken proper care of.
Title - Empirical Evidence of Stakeholders’ Management in Sports Clubs: The Impact

of The Board of Directors.
Author - Marc Esteve, Francesco, Di Lorenzo, Eduard Ingles and Nuria Puig.
Objective - To study the relation between the dedication of board members and the financial
and non-financial resources they can obtain from stakeholders.
Method - The universe for this study consists of 8285 Catalonian sports clubs. The study
sample was calculated using three criteria to ensure that the results were representative: a)
geographic distribution across the four provinces of Catalonia; b) club size and structural
complexity; and c) the number of sport modalities offered by the club. Using these
parameters, a group of 1,000 clubs were randomly selected. Face-to-face delivery of the
questionnaire helped to achieve an unusually high response rate (97%). The data for this
study have been gathered from 978 face to face interviews.
Result - The study revealed that there exists a strong correlation between the dedication of
board members and the financial resources they can obtain from stakeholders as the level of
significance is found to be p>0.01. According to these results, clubs with more dedicated
Boards of Directors will benefit from increased financial contributions.
Conclusion - The main conclusion of this article is that the stakeholder management is an
important matter for sports organizations. Empirical evidence shows that stakeholders are
linked to the financial and non-financial contributions that non-profit organisation are likely
to receive from sports organisation. Sport organization administrators need to build good
relationships with their external investors in order to attract more resources from them
effectively.
Title - An Evaluation of Sport Management Student Preparedness: Recommendations

for Adapting Curriculum to Meet Industry Needs.
Author - Jaime R.Decuca and Jessica Braunstein Minkove.
21
Objectives - The objective of this study is both theoretical and practical, seeking (a) to
analyze the preparation of sports management students for realistic experiences in their
college (i.e., field experience, internship) and post collegiate (i.e., graduate school) and (b)
to provide guidance to academicians structuring sport management program and curricula.
Method - This work investigated the subject of student preparedness through a mixed-
method analysis based on data collected over four consecutive semesters (fall 2012, winter
2013, spring 2013, and summer 2013) from undergraduate sport management students at
one U.S. university located in the mid-Atlantic area and their internship site supervisors.
Both quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed, with the emergence of several themes.
Result – A comprehensive analysis of the different data sources led to the development and
identification of three main themes: (1) academic development, focusing on what
components of the curriculum best prepared students for their internships and future careers;
(2) experiential development, demonstrating the importance of practical experience and the
internship process for students’ future careers and general industry preparedness; and (3)
professional development, recognizing the need for students to be presented with
opportunities to improve their personal and industry-related skills and competencies.
Conclusion - It can be concluded from the study that there is a need for curriculum changes
and the ability to harness campus and industry resources to improve student preparedness.
Title - Attitudes of Sports Development and Sports Management Undergraduate

Students Towards Entrepreneurship.
Author - Paul Jones, Amanda Jones
Objective - The objective of this study is to explore the attitudes and experience of sports
development and sports management student towards entrepreneurship education,
highlighting best practices from a pedagogical perspective.
Method - Overall, 122 students from the University of Glamorgan having a degree in Sports
Development and Sports Management were involved in semi-structured interviews between
2011 and 2013. Participating students are drawn on a random sample basis from cohorts of
undergraduate programs, although a gender-specific distribution was allowed (Jones et al.,
22
2011b). After their first year of study, each student was interviewed individually by a
member of the research team on a face-to-face basis for about 30 minutes. An equal sex split
of 60 males and 62 females’ students were interviewed all between the age of 18 to 32.
Result - The result of the present study showed that sports development and sports
management students are entrepreneurial by nature. Indeed, many of the students work
within a self-employed context to support their undergraduate studies.
Conclusion - In conclusion, the results reinforce the importance of entrepreneurship

education to non-Business disciplines. In the case of Sports Development and Sports
Management it can be imparted through relevant work experience, guest lecturers from
sports entrepreneurs and use of sporting businesses as case histories.
Title - Ethical Considerations in Sports Management: The Involvement of Children in

Competitive Sport.
Author - Nicos Kartakoullis
Objective - The aim of this paper is to address the various issues resulting from youth
involvement in high-level sport, as there are mixed feelings about such participation in
highly competitive high-level sport programmes. In addition, it explains the fundamental
issues related to this issue, proposes points and raises issues that could be resolved by
discussion.
Method - Secondary method has been used for collection and analysis of data regarding the
fact related with the involvement of children in competitive sport.
Result - In this paper the researcher found that when young athletes participate in any mega
event then conflict arises in their mind regarding the high expectations from parents and
coaches and because of this they develop a truly “professional attitude” means they started
giving value to winning and ther are ready to pursue all means required to acheieve their
goal. The ancient greek believed that sporting ethos can be developed only through
education of the youth.
Conclusion - According to Dr. Rogge, sport ethics won't be enforced by law, it's about
people and their consciences (the knowledge within oneself of the decision one should make
23
between right and wrong). Ethics is an evaluative concept. And the world is going to
change. According to the Council of Europe, therefore, when dealing with young athletes,
hit-level sport or top sport requires extreme caution from the authorities concerned about all
aspects relevant to the young athlete's physical, emotional and moral integrity.
Title - Sports Participation Versus Consumer Expenditure on Sports: Different

Determinants and Strategies in Sports Management.
Author - Fernando Lera Lopez and Manuel Rapun Garate.
Objective - To identify and compare the demographic and sociocultural background

variables and economic factors which will help in determining the frequency of sports
participation and consumer expenditure on sports.
Method - The study was conducted through survey questionnaire method. Combining
information about sorts participation and sports consumption using a random stratified by
gender, age and degree of urbanisation. Least square regression was used for analyzing the
data.
Result - Sex, education and income rates have been shown to affect the amount of money
spent on sport. This is supported by the previous finding that men are spending more money
on sport than women (Mander & Kropman, 1987; Ohl, 1991; Lamb et al., 1992; Taks et al.,
1995; Gouguet, 1998). Men spend more on sports than women on average between 100 and
119 euros / year.Education's positive impact is corroborated (see Michon et al., 1987;
Bartolucci, 1997; Andreff & Nys, 2001; Villalba, 2002), with individuals with higher
education spending a total of 28/39 euros / year more on sport. With respect to income the
result shows that increase in income increases the purchase intention of consumers.
Conclusion - It is concluded that the variables such as gender, age or occupation influence
the sports participation while consumer expenditure on sports is mainly decided by gender,
income level, age and education. Therefore, strategies adopted for encouraging committed
participants should be revised.
Title - Effects of Internship Satisfaction on The Pursuit of Employment in Sport

Management.
24
Author - Gi-Yong Koo, Michael J.Diacin, Jam Khojasteh, Anthony W.Dixon.
Objective - To The purpose of this study, therefore, was twofold: (1) investigate the
satisfaction of student-interns with characteristics of the internship experience and (2)
investigate the effect of student’s satisfaction with their internship and their subsequent
intentions to pursue employment in the sport management field.
Method - The participants for this study consisted of sport management undergraduate
students from two large state universities in the south eastern portion of the United States.
At the time of data collection, students were engaged in their internship and worked within
the field of sport management in different areas. Participants are involved in advertising,
marketing, communication, and management internships. A total of 474 students were
invited to participate in the data collection cycle of nine semesters at the two universities.
Data was collected by mail and was analyzed using IBM SPSS 20.1 and EQS 6.1. version.
Result - With regard to the satisfaction rate of the participants with their internship, the
results revealed satisfaction with the three characteristics assessed for this study (skill
growth, task significance, and networking). Participants shared satisfaction with the
opportunities they had during the internship to develop skills. In addition, participants
reported satisfaction with the tasks they were assigned. Lastly, participants were satisfied
with opportunities to build professional relationships.
Conclusion - Internship is a key element the professional development of students majoring

in sport management. Therefore, efforts should be made to develop that will lead to a
satisfying internship experience. This will serve as the first step for a rewarding career in the
field of sports management.
Title - Communication Problem in Professional Sports: The Case of Greece.
Author - Laios Athanasios.
Objective - The purpose of this study is to find out the communication barriers that exists
between players and coaches in professional sports and suggesting methods of improving
the communication process.
25
Method - The sample for the study consists of 24 professional coaches from four different
professional team of sports in Greece. In total, they were ten football coaches, eight
basketball coaches, five volleyball coaches, and three handball coaches. All subjects were
male. Coaches who participated in the study served at the highest level (i.e. in the
professional league of football). The research method was built from a literature review that
focused on major communication issues within small groups (Daft, 2000; Laios, 1999; Alder
and Rodman, 1994; Koontz and Weihrich, 1990; Duck, 1993). Five Variables were
considered showing the problems in communication. Coaches were then asked to indicate
the main communication problem.
Result - A total of 24 professional coaches were asked about any communication problems
between themselves and the players. Ten coaches (41.67 per cent) considered external
factors the main problem. Six coaches (25.00 per cent) considered limited time the main
problem. Four coaches (16.67 per cent) considered language the main problem. Three
coaches (12.50 per cent) considered perception a problem and one coach (4.16 per cent)
considered the negative attitudes a problem.
Conclusion - It is concluded from the study that communication between players and
coaches in professional sports plays a very significant role. Therefore, all these
communication barriers should be controlled especially when their teams are playing away.
2.2 Studies related to Sports Event Management.
Title - Success Factors of International Sporting Events in Different Regions of Europe
Author - Gabriella Cserhati and Reka Polak
Objective - To determine the success factors of international sporting events in order to

define areas that play a crucial role in the successful organisation.
Method - Empirical research was carried out for defining the success factors of international
sporting events. In order to have an extensive database the general secretaries of organizing
committees of all World and European Championships organized between 2000 and 2008 to
take part in the questionnaire. The organizers of world and European Championships held in
Austria, The Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Switzerland
26
participated in the survey. Altogether 104 completed questionnaires were received and were
analyzed by using the SPSS tool.
Result - During the factor analysis of success factors of international sporting events six
clusters were separated and the following six main factors were identified. These identified
factors are –contract strategy, leadership, objective and task planning, organisational culture,
cooperation and communication and partnership. These six factors determine the success of
any international sporting events. Among the identified factor’s objective and task planning
and contract strategy expresses the task-oriented approach of management, while the other
factors: leadership, organisational culture, co-operation & communication and partnership
represent relation-oriented areas. The results of the analysis confirmed the assumptions of
the study, according to which not only the technical, task-oriented factors are essential in
organising successful sport events but also soft, human oriented factors are determining.
Conclusion - According to our results beside the essential technical and task-oriented areas
the human aspects of organisation, the partnerships, coordination and communication are
all-important factors. Especially in countries of East-Central Europe, where organisers have
to pay more attention on selection, control of partners as well as on continuous
communication with them in order to assure accurate performance in time.
Title - Volunteer Motivation, Satisfaction and Management at an Elite Sporting

Competition.
Author - Jocelyn M. Farrell, Margaret E-Johnson, G-David Twynam (1998)
Objective - The purpose of this study was to investigate attributes of motivation and the
relative importance of these motivations. Satisfaction with facilities and operations, work
assignments, interactions with other volunteers, and supervision is examined for volunteers
at an elite women's curling competition, the Scott Tournament of Hearts, held in Thunder
Bay, Ontario, in February 1996.
Method - To achieve these purpose 300 volunteers was undertaken as sample for study
from the Scott Tournament of Hearts, the Canadian women curling championships held in
Thunder Bay in March 1996.Volunteer motivation was studied on the basis of following 3
categories suggested by Caldwell and Andereck (1994) i.e purposive incentives, solidary
27
incentives and material incentives and were examined using a 5-point Likert Scale. Three
scales were used to examine level of satisfaction with volunteer experience, site facilities,
and organization.
Result - The study revealed that the strongest motive for volunteer is purposive incentives,
followed by solidary incentives and material incentives while respondents' satisfaction with
the facilities was varied in some cases satisfaction was quite high for several items, low
satisfaction was indicated for bathroom availability, availability of food on site, air quality
of the Heart Stop Lounge, and parking availability.
Conclusion - This research concludes that volunteer satisfaction doesn’t mean experience
only rather it is also related to their satisfaction with the facilities and the organization of the
event. These are the domains over which managers have considerable control. In order to
ensure volunteer satisfaction remains high throughout the event and to encourage
commitment to volunteer for future events, managers need to pay attention to these
attributes that influence volunteer satisfaction with their experience at the event.
Title - Beyond Retrospective Assessment Sport Event Economic Impact Studies as a

Management Tool for Informing Event Organization.
Author – Angel Barajas, Dennis Coates, Paterio Sanchez-Fernandez.
Objective - To determine the economic impact of a two-day event, the Rally Ourense, in
Spain and also to learn how to manage a mega event in a better way so that it could be
beneficial for the host cities.
Method – To fulfil the purpose of the study the Authors have collected data by Survey
Method for the three consecutive years i.e., 2009, 2010, 2011 for more accurate inferences
about the impact of the event. Around 500 people participated in the survey at different
stages of an event. The survey respondents were chosen randomly from every fifth person
participating in the event avoiding a group of respondents. Researchers tries to assess the
economic impact by considering the following different agents i.e., spectators, competitor,
media and organizers.
28
Result - The result depicts that Ourense Rally creates direct economic impact on the city.
The biggest impact is created by the spectators as there is decrease in number of spectators
and their spending. This decline was explained by the fall in average income of the non local
persons attending the rally. Therefore, in order to create more value, organizers should focus
their efforts on attracting more spectators from out of town and in increasing the spending
done while attending the event.
Conclusion - It can be concluded from the study that in order to increase the number of
spectators following two things should be thought about firstly the number of spectators and
secondly their daily average expenditure studying these two things the economic impact of
the event can be swayed and accordingly policies can be framed. Therefore, organizers and
policy makers should design programs so as to attract more spectators during the celebration
of the Rally.
Title - Quality of Sporting Events: Validation of the EVENTQUAL Scale
Authors - Ferran Calabuig-Moren, Josep crespo-Hervas, Vicente Prado-Gasco, Javier

Mundina- Gomez, Irena Valatine, Aleksas Stanislovaitis.
Objective - The aim of this study is the validation of a scale that measures the spectators’
perceptions of service quality in sporting events through Structural Equation Modelling
(SEM).
Method - A self-administered questionnaire was prepared containing 22 statements and was

collected from the spectators who attended a major sporting event whose age lies between
16 to 78 yrs. Initially the sample size was 2,164 that reduces to 2,154 spectators After
separating the questionnaire of those sample whose age lies under 16 yrs. The sample was
broken randomly into 3 parts, to test the stability of the proposed model: M1-703,M2-
713,M3-740 .To conduct the statistical analysis of the data, SPSS 18 was used.
Result - The result shows that a favorable economic impact can be created by organizing
and conducting sports event and the impact can also be increased by making some simple
changes in the structure of an event.
29
Conclusion - It is concluded that the EVENTQUAL scale has shown strong index of
validity and reliability, and its extension to other sporting events must take into account
minor adjustments to its specific characteristics. The validation of the model, however, is a
continuous process that accumulates evidence in various contexts and samples. In this phase,
it is important to examine the different relationships within the quality of service,
satisfaction and future expectations of the spectator, so that the debate on dimensionality and
its significance through predicting future behaviours is far from its conclusion.
Title - Gender, Age and Race as Predictors of Sports Viewing Behavior of Sports
Management Undergraduate
Author - Ashley K.Gibson and Dan Drane.
Objective - The purpose of this study was to determine whether demographic variables like
age, gender or race could predict the frequency of viewing behaviors of sport related media
for undergraduate sport management students.
Method - Data is collected from 55 students pursuing sport management program from the
university of the south eastern united states. The survey questionnaire was divided into two
categories:1. reading behaviors of sport media, which addresses the time spent on journals
articles, magazine articles, newspaper articles, books and Internet resources. 2.viewing
behaviors of sport media, which addressed the amount of time spent on watching sports
network, sports movies, local sports coverage and national sports coverage. Multiple linear
regression method was used for analyzing the data collected through questionnaire.
Result - The analysis found that only one predictor, “gender” was statistically significant in
predicting the frequency of viewing sport networks among the sample.
Title - Public Subsidies for Sports Clubs in Germany: Funding Regulations Vs.
Empirical Evidence
Author - Svenja Feiler, Pamela Wicker and Christoph Breuer
Objective - The purpose of this study is to investigate whether sport policy funding
objectives at different levels of government in Germany are correlated with the actual
receipt of grants by voluntary sport clubs. In other words, this research analyzes whether
30
there is financial reward for the participation of sports clubs in various areas sponsored by
the state.
Method - This paper is based on a three-wave balanced panel dataset from an online sports
club survey in Germany (n= 1275). Three Heckman selection models were used to
determine whether the procurement of support from sports organizations, governments, and
communities influenced the fulfillment of different funding principles.
Result - The result shows that fulfillment of funding requirements is compensated in various
ways: while some government regulations are expressed in receiving grants, others are not.
In general, competitive sport and youth development activities, which are conventional club
emphasis and public funding, are financially supported, while health sport, a new funding
sector, is not, despite of various government initiatives for promoting health-enhancing sport
offerings.
Conclusion- Thus it can be concluded that public funding is being given for clubs that meet
the funding requirements in a number of areas. Such areas provide public support for key
aspects of sport related to professional and elite sport, i.e., the conventional sources of
funding. In line with this result, there is public funding for youth development, which is also
a core function of VSCs. Therefore, VSCs ' conventional expertise in developing young
athletes, competitive sport, and squad members continue to be a major focus of public
support.
Title - Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility Performance in Professional Football

and Its Impact on Fan-Based Patronage Intentions an Example from Chinese Football
Author - Dongfeng Liu, Rob Wilson and Daniel Plumley, Xiaofeng Chen.
Objective - The aim of this study is to examine fans ' perceptions of the corporate social
responsibility (CSR) activities of a professional football club, in particular whether or not
perceived CSR results are likely to influence fans ' patronage intentions in relation to a
football club.
Methodology – The paper uses as a case study for data analysis the example of a
professional football club in China. Research was performed by measuring descriptive
31
statistics and exploratory factor research based on a sample of 451 home team supporters.
Regression analysis was carried out to assess the effect of perceived CSR quality on the
sponsorship intention of fans.
Result – The result revealed that factor 3 ("CSR to consumer and employee") and factor 4
("Community development and community education") are substantially predictive of all
three variables of patronage intention, i.e., repeat purchase, word-of-mouth and consumption
of merchandise. Therefore, factor 2 ("charity") would also influence the desire to buy goods,
but would have no impact on other dimensions.
Conclusion - It can be concluded that CSR remains difficult to quantify and is made up of
many different variables, particularly when applied to sports industry our study found that if
football clubs want to use CSR strategically for optimizing investment than these two fields
“CSR to customer and Employee” and “Community development and youth education”
should be paid more attention to affect their patronage intention.
Title - The Relationship Between Sports Sponsorships and Corporate Financial

Returns in South Africa
Author - Julian Blake and Sonja Fourie, Michael Goldman
Objective - The aim of this paper is to understand whether financial returns in South Africa
from firms with sports sponsorship are significantly different from those without. This work
was carried out on the listed companies Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) which
continuously funded sport for a period of two years between 2000 and 2015. A qualitative
approach was used to evaluate share price, sales, and earnings growth, comparing companies
that did not adopt sport sponsorship strategies with those that did.
Methodology - A qualitative approach was used to evaluate share price, sales, and earnings
growth, comparing companies that did not adopt sport sponsorship strategies with those that
did. The population consisted of JSE-listed Main Board and alternative exchange companies
that engaged in the given time frame in any form of consistent sport sponsorship. A sample
of 40 companies in South Africa were extracted that have been consistent sponsors of sport
during the period 2000 to mid-2015 and was analyzed using t-test.
32
Result – The result shows that during the time studied, companies involved in sport
sponsorship did not experience an improved share price or revenue growth beyond those
companies not involved in sport sponsorship. Nevertheless, as a whole, sports sponsorship
companies have achieved higher income growth (EPS) than non-sports sponsoring
companies.
Conclusion - It is concluded that there may be a multitude of different targets for companies
involved in sports sponsorship, with higher sales not the sole target but the sponsorship of
sports is considered to be helpful in achieving a broad range of outcomes that are likely to
contribute to improved profitability.
Title - Challenges and Key Factors in Planning Legacies of Mega Sporting Events
Lessons Learned from London, Sochi, And Rio De Janeiro
Author - Simona Azzali
Objective - The aim of this paper is to identify replicable best practices and positive
examples used in mega-events to turn event sites and venues into livable public open spaces
(POS) that the local community enjoys.
Method - Three cities have been chosen for this investigation: London, Sochi and Rio de
Janeiro. London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, with a particular focus on Queen
Elizabeth Park, the Olympic Park. Sochi hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics as well as some
of the FIFA World Cup games in 2018. The 2016 Summer Olympics and also part of the
2014 FIFAWorld Cup was hosted by Rio de Janeiro. That case was investigated using a
technique consisting of expert interviews, site visits, and bidding book review and post-
event documents to test the accuracy of commitments and legacies.
Result - The research identified a system of six major elements that define and compare the
long-term use of event sites and sport facilities and outlined some of the main attributes to
consider in order to turn sporting event sites into livable and pleasant open spaces. This
structure is intended to be used as a roadmap to produce sustainable activities and long-term
legacies and to identify a strategy to improve mega-sport events planning.
33
Conclusion - The paper examined three contemporary sporting events with the goal of
defining best practices to optimize post-event use of sports venues and their locations.
Nevertheless, the investigation led to a list of specific attributes being generated in the form
of opposite words that need to be carefully considered when scheduling event sites and sport
venues. The list included the following factors: temporary versus permanent, new versus
existing infrastructure, local needs versus needs for activities, convergence versus
separation, public versus private, and low versus high vulnerability to unplanned or
unforeseen incidents.
Title - Sponsor Networks and Business Relations Orchestrated by Team Sport Clubs
Author - Ulrik Wagner, H. Thomas R. Persson, Marie Overbye,
Objective - This research investigates the motives and intentions of organizations to become
partners and how they benefit from this networking interaction by examining sponsorship
networks affiliated with two Danish team sports clubs–the Premier League football club and
the second-division handball club.
Method - Two online surveys were conducted during the autumn and winter of 2013/14
(N=116) with companies affiliated with the networks. Within current sponsorship literature,
business network analysis, and social capital theory, the questionnaire was theoretically
anchored.
Result - The result shows that business logic was the dominant reason for joining the
network. Since entering the network, a large proportion of respondents reported having
increased their number of company (32%) and social (26%) relationships with other network
members.
In addition, 37 percent of respondents reported having entered into business

agreements with companies outside the network through network connections, promoting
ideas of bridging social capital. More than half of the respondents (59%) chose to do
business with members of the network rather than non-members.
Conclusion - This study provide insight into corporate motives, the use of networks and the
potential outcomes of business-to-business partnerships in sport environments that are not
34
related to large-scale international sporting events but in settings that have a regular impact
on the local and regional business landscape. Our results suggest that firms are primarily
engaged for business reasons in sponsor networks.
Title - Event Leveraging of Mega Sport Events: A SWOT Analysis Approach
Author - Kostas Karadakis and Kiki Kaplanidou, George Karlis
Objective - The objective of this study is to recognize the strengths, weakness, opportunities
and threats (SWOT) that a host city may encounter to use for future strategy planning and
event leveraging.
Method - Tere were five telephone interviews with Athens Olympic Games officials.
The sample consisted of 30 officials in specific administrative positions from the Athens 200
4 Olympic Games, all of whom were approached to participate in the study. Four questions
related to the SWOT organizing the Olympic Games were posed to respondents. The
collected responses have been transcribed and analyzed using a content analysis method.
Result - The result suggest that the strength lies in getting some infrastructures in place,
volunteers, a strong economy and a good political standing. Weaknesses were caused by a
lack of resources, country size, unpredictable political and economic stability. Opportunities
included tourism industry growth, business development, quality of life improvement, the
use of post-event legacies, and infrastructure improvement and development. Threats
included the event's price, pollution, relying on the event to rejuvenate the economy and
residents ' displacement.
Conclusion- In this paper, the SWOT analysis laid the foundation for strategic planning for
prospective host cities and other key players in the tourism industry while taking into
account the weaknesses and problems that host cities have faced. It can also assist all
stakeholders involved in the procurement, planning. execution and post-game management
to plan and prepare for the long-term needs of the host city much more effectively.
Title - Chinese Super League: Attendance, Pricing and Team Performance
35
Author - Nicholas M Watanabe, Brian Soebbing,
Objective – The objective of this study is to identify the impact of team performance, price
dispersion-with multiple ticket prices for a single event, and market characteristics on the
attendance of fans. Considering the scope of the Chinese Super League, this study takes into
account the multiple strategies so as to increase the demand for sport in relation to factors on
and off the field of play.
Method–This study uses the concept of economic demand to analyze consumer interest in
price-related sporting events. Data was collected from 697 matches and then Regression
analysis is used to predict outcomes from match-level data covering multiple seasons using
econometric modelling.
Result – The result from linear regressions suggests that use of multi-tiered pricing for
sporting events does not significantly enhance demand but it is also found that consumers
are responsive to matches against rival teams and powerful opponents.
Conclusion - The findings help to develop an understanding of how team performance and
pricing are key components of achieving organizational goals in sport. Strategies can be
formed from this to help stakeholders and managers in improving the performance f the
organization.
Title - Sports Events and their Socio-Economic Impact on Residents and Perceptions of
The Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon.
Author - Kamilla Swart.
Objective - The purpose of this paper is to assess residents’ perceptions of community

involvement and economic benefits of the isuzu berg river canoe marathon.
Method - 200 resident surveys were conducted, the method of sampling adopted was a
stratified convenience sampling approach. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS s/w.
36
Results - The results indicate that majority of residents perceive that event creates job and
increases economic activity and it also helps in creating better social interaction and helps in
developing community cohesion.
Conclusion - It can be concluded from the study that sports events do create socio-economic
impact among residents by creating better social interaction and helps in developing
community cohesion.
Studies Conducted in Abroad
Title - Association Between Personality, Sports Participation and Athletic Success. A

Comparison of Big Five in Sporting and Non-Sporting Adults.
Author - Patrizia stera, Dario Baretta, Andrea Greco,Marco D’Addario, Dario Monzani
Objective - To study whether the big five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness,
conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness) vary or remains same among diverse
sports populations.
Method - The participants for this study consists of Italian Male Athletes and non-athletes.
Athletes competing at national level are categorized as High-Level Athletes and those
competing at regional level were categorized as low-level athletes. Snowball sampling
method was used for collecting data and was analyzed using M-Plus 7.3 and an exploratory
structure equation modelling approach is adopted to test measurement invariance and mean
difference among group.
Result - The result depicts that those high-level athletes who had experienced the most
success in their sports scored higher than non-athletes in each personality dimensions that is
they showed higher agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional agreeableness with an
exception of openness whereas less successful athletes scored higher than non-athletes only
in extraversion and agreeableness.
Conclusion - It is concluded from the study that personality differences exists between male
athletes and non-male athletes, between high level and low level athletes. The findings of
this study suggests that this big five personality traits can help to distinguish various levels
of athletic involvement and achievement.
37
Title - A Comparison of Constraints to Participation in Intramural Sports Between
International and Non-International Students.
Author - Robbie Shifman,Katelyn Moss, Giselle D’Andrade,Jessica Eiches and Scott

Forrester
Objective - The objective of this study was to examine whether there exista significant
difference between international and non-international students in the intrapersonal,
interpersonal and structural constraints they face while participating in intramural sports or
college campus.
Method - The data for the study was collected from 292 students by using survey monkey
mode and was analyzed using SPSS 18. The instrument used to measure interpersonal,
intrapersonal and structural constraints was based on Crawford et.al’s (1991) hierarchical
model of leisure constraints. This tool measured the perceived constraints using a 5-point
Likert Scale.
Result -The result depicts that those international students who has participated in
intramural sports reported significantly higher interpersonal and intrapersonal constraints
when they are compared with non-intramural students.
Conclusion - It can be concluded from the study that interpersonal and structural constraints
affect international students.
Title - Comparison of Sports Tourists and Local’s Motivation to Participate in A

Running Event.
Author - Thomas J.Aicher, Kostas Karadakis, Melfy Eddosary
Objective - The objective of this study is studied in two parts. Firstly, the researchers want
to study the difference between resident and sport tourists’ motivations to participates in a
mid-scale running events and secondly to measure the validation of scale of kaplanidou and
vogt to measure meanings people attach to sports events.
Method - The researcher collected data from Marathon participants through online
questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of sports motivation scale II, sports event
evaluation scale and demographics.
38
Result - The result showed that no differences in motivation and meanings attached to the
event exists between sports tourists and residents. However, differences in participation
exists.
Conclusion - It can be concluded from the study that participants want to experience
stimulation was the greatest source of motivation, they participate for the enjoyment or
excitement the event provides.
Studies Conducted in India
Title - Achievement Motivation and Risk Taking among the Sports Students and Non-
Sports Students.
Author - M.S.Vasanth and Sekar Deepika,Palanichamy Thamiselvan, Palanichamy

Senthivadivel
Objective - To estimate the level of achievement motivation amidst the college going sports
students and non-sports students and the impact on their risk-taking behaviour.
Method - A total number of 100 college going sports students and non-sports students were
selected as a sample through convenient sampling method from a well reputed institution.
After getting consent from the students, they were given a socio demographic sheet followed
by achievement motivation scale and the domain specific risk-taking scale. These tests were
administered individually for each sample.
Result – The result of this study shows that there exists a significant relationship between
the achievement motivation and risk-taking behavior of college going sports students and
non-sports students.
Conclusion - It is concluded from the study that there exists a significant relationship
between the achievement motivation and risk-taking behavior of college going sports
students and non-sports students. The present study is carried with small sample size in
future the study can be made with some other variables and with a large sample size.
39
Title - The Role of Major-Sport Event Cricket with Respect to Consumer Perception
and Attitude towards Ambush Marketing.
Author - Sunita Kumar, Vijayss Agawane
Objective - The objective of this study is classified under two heads-Firstly To understand
the sports enthusiast attitude towards the practice of sports enthusiast attitude towards the
practice of Ambush marketing and secondly to analyze whether ambush advertisement have
a positive effect on sports enthusiast minds and on their purchase decisions.
Method - Questionnaire was used as an instrument for collection of data 443 people who
have watched world cup 2011 were selected as sample through convenience sampling
method. The analysis of data was carried out using SPSS 16.0
Result – The result of this study shows that even if the people were sport enthusiast, they
were unable to recall more than three sponsors. Similarly for question number two many
sports enthusiasts agree that ambush marketing have a positive effect on sports enthusiast
mind and also on their purchase decisions.
Conclusion - It can be concluded from the study that people who prefer ambush marketing
are mainly youngsters. Ambush marketing have to focus more on television medium for
implementing their ambush marketing strategies.
Gap Identified in the Literature
A research gap is a missing or omitted aspect or part in the existing research studies. It
shows that the researcher is trying to fulfil the gap present in the existing research through
this research which gives worth to the conduction of research. The identified gap in the
existing literature which serves as guide to conduct the future research is following:
1.First, there is a dearth of studies which shows the management practices carried out in any
event particularly in sports event sector. In abroad also very few studies are conducted in
sports event management practices but it is more than that conducted in India.
40
2.Second, if we take into account those studies, majority of the studies are associated with
general event management practices and did not consider the sports event management
practices specifically.
3.Third, the variable identified and considered in this study have not been studied earlier.
Therefore, this research has been conducted to fill the gap in light of above lacuna or gap
through extensive review of literatures.
41
CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
42
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Research Methodology is a blueprint which is followed to complete the study. To

conduct the study the procedure followed while conducting the research is explained. The
sequence covered under research methodology implemented for the study is ordered as:
research questions, objectives of the study, hypothesis of the study, research variables,
research methodology, statistical tools used, data collection method and sample plan.
3.1 Research Questions
According to the data on sports management practices of different sports events,

following research questions arose, which served as the basis to formulate the research
objectives of the study.
1.What steps should be taken to develop awareness about sports events organized in
Chhattisgarh?
2.What are the various factors that are related in organizing various sports events?
3.What is the level of participation of sports of Chhattisgarh at national and international

level?
4.How can sports activities be evaluated via SWOT analysis among sports personnel?
3.2 Objectives of the Study
The following objectives were formulated for the present study:
1.To develop awareness about sports events organized in Chhattisgarh.
2.To analyze and compare various factors related to sports events via. cost, sponsorship,
government aid and duration of an event of selected districts of Chhattisgarh.
3.To determine participation of sports of Chhattisgarh at national and international level.
4.To evaluate sports activities via SWOT analysis among sports personnel.
43
3.3 Hypothesis of the Study
Research Hypothesis is a predictive statement about the possible outcome of a

research. For the purpose of the study following alternative hypothesis are framed:
Formulated hypotheses are -
1. H1: It was hypothesized that there shall be significant positive impact of cost on
management of sports events.
2. H2: It was hypothesized that there shall be significant positive impact of sponsorship
on management of sports events.
3. H3: It was hypothesized that there shall be significant positive impact of government
aid on management of sports events.
4. H4: It was hypothesized that there shall be significant positive impact of duration of
an event on management of sports events.
5. H5: It was hypothesized that there shall be significant impact of games on

participation of players.
6. H6: It was hypothesized that there shall be significant impact of levels on

participation of players.
7. H7: It was hypothesized that there shall be significant joint impact of games and
levels on participation of players
3.4 Variables Used for the Study
For the purpose of the study, four variables were identified i.e., cost, sponsorship,
government aid and duration of an event all these four variables were considered as
independent variable and sports event was considered as dependent variable. All these four
variables are explained below-
44
3.4.1 Cost
Cost is the monetary value that has been spent while organizing a sports event and it
is identified as one of the factors to be studied to know whether the cost for organizing an
event is that factor or not which helps in successful organization of an event.
3.4.2 Sponsorship
Sponsorship is when a company commits money or resources to a nonprofit event or

program in exchange for specific promotional benefits. At its core, sponsorship is an
exchange of money for services. Sponsorship is another factor that has been identified for
the present study.
3.4.3 Government Aid
Government Aid means the benefit or the assistance that government provides while
organizing any event. Government aid is another variable that is used in the present study
for determining whether any assistance from government determines the success or failure
of any sports event or not.
3.4.4 Duration of an Event
Duration of an event means the time duration allotted for carrying any sports event at
district level, national level, university level and international level. It is identified as
another factor for the present study.
3.5 Research Methods
Research methodology helps to conduct the study in systematic manner and provides
a systematic approach to conduct the research initiate from identification of the problem and
end up in providing deliberate solution along with strategic suggestions by means of
scientific tools and techniques. This study has been planned to be conducted on the
organizers of sports event. The opinion of the sports officers has been taken up to make a
comparative study of sports management activities at different levels with respect to selected
districts of Chhattisgarh. A suitable research methodology has been planned in order to
45
accomplish the matter of research and objectives. It comprises of research plan and sample
plan.
3.5.1 Research Plan
Research plan is the foremost part of the researcher’s planned research explaining its
importance and how it will be conducted. It is a guideline which instructs the researcher
about how to move towards research and achieve objectives. It consists of research design,
survey instrument, statistical tool used, data collection method, sample plan, sample design,
sample unit and sample size.
3.5.1.1 Research Design
Research Design is “a blueprint for conducting a study with maximum control over
factors that may interfere with the validity of the findings” (Burns and Grove, 2003).
Research design is proposed for solving research problem or testing the research hypothesis
(polit et. al, 2001). This study is based on the information collected through the opinions of
the respondents. Both quantitative and qualitative data have been used for data collection.
In this study descriptive research design is used. Descriptive research describes the
existing data for drawing the various factors of sports management activities.
3.5.1.2 Survey instrument
Structured questionnaire was used as a survey instrument to collect the primary data
from respondents for the purpose of this study. A questionnaire consists of a series of
questions about a given topic to be asked to the respondents to receive statistical useful
information. A properly framed and responsibly administered questionnaire is crucial for
gathering a wide range of information from a large number of respondents. Hence, direct
interview method is used for collecting data from the respondents.
3.5.1.3 Statistical Tools Used
To fulfill the purpose of this research the researcher has used three tools for the analysis of
the data.
1.Chi-square test was used for testing the relationship between categorical variables.
46
2.Two-way ANOVA was used to understand the interaction between the two independent
variables on the dependent variables.
3.Trend Analysis was used to predict the trend of sports events in the five financial years
with respect to training, amount spent on infrastructure, amount spent on maintenance of
sports infrastructure.
3.5.1.4 Data Collection Method
Data collection is the process of gathering information about the interest variables to
get a solution of the research problems, hypothesis testing enables the researcher to evaluate
the outcomes in a systematic manner. Sources of date can be classified into primary and
secondary sources. The primary data was collected from the respondents through
questionnaire method. Secondary data is collected from previous literature of the equivalent
field to spot the variables of sports management.
Questionnaire was used as an instrument for collection of data from the respondents.
Direct personal interview is used for collection of data from the sports officers. The
questionnaire is divided into two parts. First part contains the demographic information
about the respondents. Second part consists of questions related with various variables i.e.,
cost, sponsorship, government aid and duration of an event.
3.5.2 Sample Plan
The sample plan includes the selection of the research approach and research
instruments for data collection. Sample plan is the process of identifying and obtaining a
sample. This plan includes defining sample population, sampling design, sample unit,
sample unit, sample location and sample size.
3.5.2.1 Sample Population
A population is a well-defined collection of individuals comprises of similar

characteristics. The population to which the researchers can apply their conclusions is
known as accessible population. It is a population from where sample is drawn by the
researcher and it is also known as study population. The sample population of this study
consists of the sports officers from various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
47
3.5.2.2 Sample Design
Convenient sampling method was used for collection of the data. The data was
collected from sports officers working in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh. For
collection of data six government universities and its affiliated colleges were selected that
are located in different districts of Chhattisgarh.
3.5.2.3 Sample Unit
A sample unit is the group of potential research participants or respondents from

which the sample may ultimately be selected and the sample size may be determined. The
sample unit for this study was seventy-eight sports officers that are working in various
sports institutes of Chhattisgarh.
3.5.2.4 Sample Location
The data was collected from seventy-eight colleges of Chhattisgarh who are
affiliated with five government universities of Chhattisgarh i.e., from Pt. Ravishankar
Shukla University, Hemchand Yadav University, Sant Gahiraguru University, Shri Atal
Bihari Vajpayee University and from Guru Ghasidas University, Central University
3.5.2.5 Sample Size
Sample size means selecting a group of population from the general population that
is considered as a representative of the real population. In this research work seventy-eight
subjects were selected for the collection of data.
48
CHAPTER – 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION
49
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation
Research Plan and Sample Plan of Research Methodology paved the way for data
collection. Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring and
analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. Questionnaire
was used as an instrument for collection of data from the respondents. Direct personal
interview was used for collection of data from the sports officers. The questionnaire was
divided into two parts. First part contains the demographic information about the
respondents. Second part consists of questions related with the topic of the study. Collected
data was analyzed through Chi square test, Two- way ANOVA and Trend Analysis.
Analytical Tools
1.Chi-square test was used for testing the relationship between categorical variables.
2.Two-way ANOVA was used to understand the interaction between the two independent
variables on the dependent variables.
3.Trend Analysis was used to predict the trend of sports events in the five financial years
with respect to training, amount spent on infrastructure, amount spent on maintenance of
sports infrastructure.
50
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Table - 1
Details related with the nature of management in various sports institutes of
Chhattisgarh
Nature of Management Observed Frequency Expected Frequency Residual
Aided 5 19.5 -14.5
Unaided 45 19.5 25.5
Autonomous 2 19.5 -17.5
Fully Government 26 19.5 6.5
Total 78
Table 1 shows the findings related to the nature of management in various sports
institutes of Chhattisgarh.
The observed frequencies are 5, 45, 2, 26 for aided, unaided, autonomous and fully
government respectively i.e., 5 sports institutes were found aided, 45 were unaided, 2 were
found autonomous and 26 sports institutes were found fully government.
Table - 2
Chi square for the comparison of four categorical responses (aided, unaided,
autonomous and fully government) in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state
Chi-Square Value 62.00
Degree of freedom 3
Significance level 0.00
0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
19.5.
51
Table 2 represents that the observed chi square value is 62.00 and is found to be
significant at 0.01 level of significance (p < 0.01). This shows that significant difference
exists in nature of management in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
Table - 3
Details related with the nature of college in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
Nature of College Observed Frequency Expected Frequency Residual
Only for Women 7 39.0 -32.0
Co-educational 71 39.0 32.0
Total 78
Table 3 shows the findings related to the nature of college in various sports institutes
of Chhattisgarh.
The observed frequencies are 7 and 71 for women and co-educational respectively
i.e., 7 sports institutes were only for girls while 71 sports institutes were co-educational.
Table - 4
Chi square for the comparison of two categorical responses (Women College, Co-
educational College) in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state
Degree of freedom 1
significant (p < 0.01). This shows that significant difference exists in nature of college in
52
Table - 5
Findings related to “Institutes Participating in Inter-Collegiate Tournaments” in

different sports events (Football, Volleyball, Basketball, Squash, Kabaddi, Gymnastics,
Lawn tennis, Cricket, Badminton, Swimming, Chess, Athletics, Others) and responses
(Yes and No)
Games * Responses Crosstabulation
Responses
Yes No Total
GAMES FOOTBALL Count 67 11 78
Expected Count 64.7 13.3 78.0
% Within Games 85.9% 14.1% 100.0%
% Within
6.9% 5.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 5.7% .9% 6.7%
VOLLEYBALL Count 76 2 78
% Within Games 97.4% 2.6% 100.0%
% Within
7.8% 1.0% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 6.5% .2% 6.7%
BASKETBALL Count 72 6 78
% Within Games 92.3% 7.7% 100.0%
% Within
7.4% 3.0% 6.7%
Responses
53
% Of Total 6.2% .5% 6.7%
SQUASH Count 73 5 78
% Within Games 93.6% 6.4% 100.0%
% Within
7.5% 2.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 6.2% .4% 6.7%
KABADDI Count 78 0 78
% Within Games 100.0% .0% 100.0%
% Within
8.0% .0% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 6.7% .0% 6.7%
GYMNASTIC Count 9 69 78
% Within Games 11.5% 88.5% 100.0%
% Within
.9% 34.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total .8% 5.9% 6.7%
LAWN TENNIS Count 70 8 78
% Within Games 89.7% 10.3% 100.0%
% Within
7.2% 4.0% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 6.0% .7% 6.7%
54
CRICKET Count 69 9 78
% Within Games 88.5% 11.5% 100.0%
% Within
7.1% 4.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 5.9% .8% 6.7%
KHO-KHO Count 72 6 78
% Within Games 92.3% 7.7% 100.0%
% Within
7.4% 3.0% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 6.2% .5% 6.7%
ARCHERY Count 63 15 78
% Within Games 80.8% 19.2% 100.0%
% Within
6.5% 7.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 5.4% 1.3% 6.7%
BADMINTON Count 59 19 78
% Within Games 75.6% 24.4% 100.0%
% Within
6.1% 9.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 5.0% 1.6% 6.7%
SWIMMING Count 43 35 78
55
% Within Games 55.1% 44.9% 100.0%
% Within
4.4% 17.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 3.7% 3.0% 6.7%
CHESS Count 76 2 78
% Within Games 97.4% 2.6% 100.0%
% Within
7.8% 1.0% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 6.5% .2% 6.7%
ATHLETICS Count 78 0 78
% Within Games 100.0% .0% 100.0%
% Within
8.0% .0% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 6.7% .0% 6.7%
OTHERS Count 65 13 78
% Within Games 83.3% 16.7% 100.0%
% Within
6.7% 6.5% 6.7%
Responses
% Of Total 5.6% 1.1% 6.7%
TOTAL Count 970 200 1170
Expected Count 970.0 200.0 1170.0
56
% Within Games 82.9% 17.1% 100.0%
% Within
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Responses
% Of Total 82.9% 17.1% 100.0%
Table 5 shows the findings related to responses received for fifteen different sports
In case of football observed responses are 67 and 11 respectively for Yes and No
(Total 78). The expected count is found 64.7 and 13.3 respectively for Yes and No (Total
78). 85.9% and 14.1% is found percentage within games (Total 100%). On the other hand,
6.9% and 5.5% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total
6.7%). In case of the total percentage 5.7% is observed for yes and 0.9% is observed for No
(Total 6.7%).
In case of volleyball observed responses are 76 and 2 respectively for Yes and No
6.7%). In case of the total percentage 6.5% is observed for Yes and 0.2% is observed for No
(Total 6.7%).
In case of basketball observed responses are 72 and 6 respectively for Yes and No
(Total 6.7%).
In case of squash observed responses are 73 and 5 respectively for Yes and No (Total
78). The expected count is found 64.7 and 13.3 respectively for Yes and No (Total 78).
93.6% and 6.4% is found percentage within games (Total 100%). On the other hand, 7.5%
57
and 2.5% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total 6.7%). In
case of the total percentage 6.2% is observed for Yes and 0.4% is observed for No (Total
6.7%).
In case of kabaddi observed responses are 78 and 0 respectively for Yes and No
(Total 78). The expected count is found 64.7 and 13.3 respectively for yes and no (Total 78).
100% and 0% is found percentage within games (Total 100%). On the other hand, 8.0% and
0% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total 6.7%). In case
of the total percentage 6.7% is observed for Yes and 0% is observed for No (Total 6.7%).
In case of gymnastic observed responses are 9 and 69 respectively for Yes and No
0.9% and 34.5% is found percentage within responses for Yes and no respectively (Total
(Total 6.7%).
In case of lawn tennis observed responses are 70 and 8 respectively for Yes and No
78). 89.7 % and 10.3% is found percentage within games (Total 100%). On the other hand,
(Total 6.7%).
In case of cricket observed responses are 69 and 9 respectively for Yes and No
(Total 78). The expected count is observed 64.7 and 13.3 respectively for Yes and No (Total
(Total 6.7%).
In case of Kho-Kho observed responses are 72 and 6 respectively for Yes and No
92.3 % and 7.7% is found percentage within games (Total 100%). On the other hand, 7.4%
58
6.7%).
In case of archery observed responses are 63 and 15 respectively for Yes and No
80.8 % and 19.2% is found percentage within games (Total 100%). On the other hand, 6.5%
and 7.5% is found percentage within responses for Yes and no respectively (Total 6.7%). In
6.7%).
In case of badminton observed responses are 59 and 19 respectively for Yes and No
(Total 6.7%).
In case of swimming observed responses are 43 and 35 respectively for Yes and No
and 17.5% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total 6.7%).
In case of the total percentage 3.7% is observed for Yes and 3.0% is observed for No (Total
6.7%).
In case of chess observed responses are 76 and 2 respectively for Yes and No (Total
78). The expected count is found 64.7 and 13.3 respectively for yes and no (Total 78).
6.7%).
In case of athletics observed responses are 78 and 0 respectively for Yes and No
59
100% and 0% is found percentage within games (Total 100%). On the other hand, 8.0% and
0% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total 6.7%). In case
of the total percentage 6.7% is observed for Yes and 0% is observed for No (Total 6.7%).
In case of other observed responses are 65 and 13 respectively for Yes and No (Total
78). The expected count is found 64.7 and 13.3 respectively for yes and no (Total 78).
6.7%).
Table - 6
Chi square showing the association between games (Football, Volleyball, Basketball,
Squash, Kabaddi, Gymnastics, Lawn tennis, Cricket, Badminton, Swimming, Chess,
Athletics, Others) and responses (Yes and No) related to “institutes participating in
inter-collegiate tournaments”
Chi-Square Tests
Value Degree of Asymptotic Significance.
freedom (Two-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 402.14 14 .00

Likelihood Ratio 344.08 14 .00
Linear-by-Linear Association .775 1 .38
N of Valid Cases 1170
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 13.33.
significant (p<0.01) at 0.01 level of significance. This shows that significant association
exists between the games and responses.
60
Table - 7
Details related to imparting training in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
S. No Impart Training Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 78 100
2 No 0 0
Total 78 100
It was found from the above table and graph that majority of the respondents i.e., 78
sports officers stated yes, they impart training to their sports students while the number of
Sports Officers who said no was found to be nil.
61
Table - 8
Trend Analysis of money spent on training and participation of sports in five different
financial years.
Source Type III Sum of Value of Mean Square F Sig.

Squares degree of Value Value
freedom
factor1 2893487.179 4 723371.795 2.243 .064
Error(factor1) 99338512.821 308 322527.639
Table 8 reveal insignificant trend in relation to the money spent on sports training
and participation since f value of 2.243 (p = 0.064, p > 0.05) is insignificant at 0.05 level of
significance. On the basis of findings, it is concluded that money spent on training and
participation is found to be equal in all the five financial years.
Table - 9
Linear, Quadratic, Cubic and Order 4 in relation to the money spent on participation
of sports in five different financial years.
Source factor Type III Sum df Mean Square F Sig.

of Squares
Linear 2102884.615 1 2102884.615 5.929 .087
factor Quadratic 540741.758 1 540741.758 1.169 .283

Cubic 92628.205 1 92628.205 .284 .595
Order 4 157232.601 1 157232.601 1.068 .305
Linear 27312115.385 77 354702.797
Quadratic 35607115.385 77 462430.070
Error(factor) Cubic 25082371.795 77 325745.088
Order 4 11336910.256 77 147232.601
62
Table 9 reveals that insignificant linear (f value=5.929, p = 0.087, p > 0.05),
quadratic (f value=1.169, p = 0.283, p > 0.05), cubic (f value = 0.284, p = 0.595, p > 0.05)
and fourth order (f value= 1.068, p = 0.305, p < 0.05) trend was found in relation to the
money spent on sports training and participation.
Table - 10
Details related with the result of participation in the last five financial years (2013-
2018)
Games 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Football 20 18 24 20 19
Volleyball 28 18 27 26 16
Basketball 16 32 26 32 28
Cricket 34 45 23 22 28
Athletics 2 4 0 5 8
Hockey 34 22 21 12 32
Table Tennis 20 25 15 12 10
Handball 10 13 15 23 20
Badminton 20 10 11 15 25
Wrestling 8 4 5 2 5
Lawn Tennis 11 10 9 0 0
The above table represents the result of participation in the last five financial years
from the year 2013 to 2018 for the game football it is found as 20, 18, 24, 20 and 19, for
volleyball it is 28, 18, 27, 26, 16, for basketball it is 16, 32, 26, 32, 28, for cricket it is 34,
45, 23, 22, 28, for Athletics it is found to be 2, 4, 0, 5, 8 , for hockey it is 34, 22, 21, 12, 10,
for table tennis it is 20,25,15, 23, 20respectively.for table tennis it is 20, 25, 25, 12, 32. For
handball it is 10, 13, 15, 23, 20. For badminton it is 20, 10, 11, 15, 25, for wrestling it is 8, 4,
5, 2, 5, for lawn tennis it is 11, 10, 9, 0, 0 .
63
Table-11
Details related to awareness about government and non-government schemes in
various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state
Awareness about Govt/Non-

S. No Govt. Schemes Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 78 100
2 No 0 0
Total 78 100
It was found from the above table and graph that majority of the respondents i.e., 78
sports officers stated yes, they are aware of the various government and non-government
schemes devised for the promotion of sports in the state while the number of respondents
who said no was found to be nil.
64
Table-12
Details related with schemes availed by various government and non-government
colleges for the promotion of sports in the state.
Government/Non- Observed Expected Frequency Residual

Government Schemes Frequency
Availed
Yes 2 39.0 -37.0
No 76 39.0 37.0
Total 78
Table 12 shows the findings related to the schemes availed by various government
and non-government colleges for the promotion of sports in the state
The observed frequencies are 2, 76 for yes and no respectively i.e., 2 sports institutes
have availed the scheme while 76 sports institutes answered no which means they haven’t
availed any such government or non-government schemes.
Table-13
Chi square for the comparison of two categorical responses (yes, no) in various sports
Chi-Square 70.205
Degree of Freedom 1
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
39.0.
significant (p < 0.01) at 0.01 level of significance. This shows that significant difference
exists in schemes availed by various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
65
Table -14
Details related to sufficiency of funds in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state
Response related to Sufficiency of Observed Expected

funds Frequency Frequency Residual
Yes 57 39.0 18.0
No 21 39.0 -18.0
Total 78
Table 14 shows the findings related to “funds available for sports department are
sufficient or not sufficient” for organizing sports activities efficiently.
The observed frequencies are 57 and 21 for yes and no respectively i.e., 57 sports
institutes says that the available funds are sufficient while 21 sports institutes responded that
available funds are not enough for conducting sports events efficiently.
Table -15
Chi square for the comparison of two categorical responses (Yes, No) in various sports
Degree of freedom 1
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
39.0.
significant at 0.01 level of significance (p < 0.01). This shows that significant difference
exists among the responses found in different sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
66
Table - 16
Details related with training through specialized coaches in various sports institutes of
Chhattisgarh state
Responses related to training Observed Expected
through Specialized Coaches Frequency Frequency Residual
Yes 6 39.0 -33.0
No 72 39.0 33.0
Total 78
Table 16 shows the findings related to training through specialized coaches in

The observed Frequencies are found to be 6,72 respectively for the responses yes and
no respectively i.e., 6 sports institutes provide training through specialized coaches while 72
sports institutes won’t seek the need of training through specialized coaches.
Table-17
Chi Square for the comparison of two categorical responses (Yes, No) in various sports
Degree of freedom 1
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 39.0.
significant at 0.01 level of significance (p <0.01). This shows that significant difference
exists among the responses found in different sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
67
Table -18
Findings related to “Sources of Income” for running the regular physical education or
sports program in various colleges (Sports Fees, Donations from parents, Sponsorships
from Industrial houses, Sponsorships from well-wishers, Government grants, Any
other) and responses (Yes and No)
Responses
Yes Total
Source of Sports Fees Count 78 78

Income
Expected Count 78.0 78.0
% within Source of income 100.0% 100.0%
% within Responses 96.3% 96.3%
% of Total 96.3% 96.3%
Sponsorships Count 1 1
from Industries
% of Total 1.2% 1.2%
Government Count 2 2
Grants
% of Total 2.5% 2.5%
Total Count 81 81
68
% of Total 100.0% 100.0%
Table 18 shows the relationship related to various sources of income in case of sports
fees observed responses are 78 and 0 respectively for yes and no (Total 78). The expected
count is found 78 and 0 respectively for yes and no (Total 78). 100% is found percentage
within source of income (Total 100%). On the other hand, 100% and 0% is found percentage
within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total 6.7%). In case of the total percentage
1.2% is observed for Yes and 0% is observed for No (Total 1.2%).
In case of sponsorship from industries observed responses are 1 and 0 respectively

for Yes and No (Total 1). The expected count is observed 1 and 0 respectively for yes and
no (Total 1). 100% is found percentage within source of income (Total 100%). On the other
hand, 1.2% and 0% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total
1.2%). In case of the total percentage 1.2% is observed for Yes and 0% is observed for No
(Total 1.2%).
In case of government grant observed responses are 2 and 0 respectively for Yes and
No (Total 2). The expected count is observed 2 and 0 respectively for Yes and No (Total 2).
100% is found percentage within source of income (Total 100%). On the other hand, 2.5%
and 0% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No respectively (Total 2.5%). In
case of the total percentage 2.5% is observed for Yes and 0% is observed for No (Total
2.5%).
69
Table -19
Chi square to find out the association between sources of income (Sports Fees,
Donations from parents, Sponsorships from Industrial houses, Sponsorships from well-
wishers, Government grants, Any other) and responses (Yes and No).
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (Two-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 162.00 4 0.00
Likelihood Ratio 29.48 4 0.00
Linear-by-Linear
73.59 1 0.00
Association
N of Valid Cases 81
a. 8 cells (88.9%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .01.
significant at 0.01 level of significance (p<0.01). This shows that significant association
exists between the source of income and responses.
Table -20
Findings related to “permanent infrastructure/facilities” for different sports (Football,

Athletics Badminton, Volleyball, Hockey, Archery, Basketball, Table Tennis,
Gymnasium, Cricket, Handball, Wrestling) and responses (Yes and No)
Yes No Total
Infrastructure FOOTBALL Count 56 22 78

Facilities
% within Infrastructure
71.8% 28.2% 100.0%
facilities
% within Responses 8.6% 7.8% 8.3%
% of Total 6.0% 2.4% 8.3%
ATHLETICS Count 67 11 78
70
85.9% 14.1% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 7.2% 1.2% 8.3%
BADMINTON Count 59 19 78
75.6% 24.4% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 6.3% 2.0% 8.3%
VOLLEYBALL Count 73 5 78
93.6% 6.4% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 7.8% .5% 8.3%
HOCKEY Count 67 11 78
85.9% 14.1% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 7.2% 1.2% 8.3%
ARCHERY Count 42 36 78
71
53.8% 46.2% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 4.5% 3.8% 8.3%
BASKETBALL Count 59 19 78
75.6% 24.4% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 6.3% 2.0% 8.3%
TABLE Count 68 10 78
TENNIS
87.2% 12.8% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 7.3% 1.1% 8.3%
GYMNASIUM Count 12 66 78
15.4% 84.6% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 1.3% 7.1% 8.3%
CRICKET Count 75 3 78
72
96.2% 3.8% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 8.0% .3% 8.3%
HANDBALL Count 67 11 78
85.9% 14.1% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 7.2% 1.2% 8.3%
WRESTLING Count 9 69 78
11.5% 88.5% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 1.0% 7.4% 8.3%
TOTAL Count 654 282 936
69.9% 30.1% 100.0%
facilities
% of Total 69.9% 30.1% 100.0%
Table 20 shows the relationship related to infrastructural facilities related to 12

different sports in case of football observed responses are 56 and 22 respectively for Yes and
No (Total 78). The expected count is found 54.5 and 23.5 respectively for yes and no (Total
73
78). 71.8% and 28.2% is found percentage within infrastructure facilities (Total 100%). On
the other hand, 8.6% and 7.8% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No
respectively (Total 8.3%). In case of the total percentage 6.0% is observed for Yes and 2.4%
is observed for No (Total 8.3%).
In case of athletics observed responses are 67 and 11 respectively for Yes and No
In case of badminton observed responses are 59 and 19 respectively for Yes and No
(Total 78). The expected count is observed 54.5 and 23.5 respectively for yes and no (Total
In case of volleyball observed responses are 73 and 5 respectively for Yes and No
respectively (Total 8.3%). In case of the total percentage 7.8% is observed for yes and 0.5%
In case of hockey observed responses are 67 and 11 respectively for Yes and No
In case of archery observed responses are 42 and 36 respectively for Yes and No
74
In case of basketball observed responses are 59 and 19 respectively for Yes and No
the other hand, 9.0% and 6.7% is found percentage within responses for Yes and no
In case of table tennis observed responses are 68 and 10 respectively for Yes and No
In case of gymnasium observed responses are 12 and 66 respectively for Yes and No
is observed for No (Total 8.3%)
In case of cricket observed responses are 75 and 3 respectively for Yes and No
96.2% and 3.8% is found percentage within infrastructure facilities (Total 100%). On the
other hand, 11.5% and 1.1% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No
In case of handball observed responses are 67 and 11 respectively for Yes and No
75
other hand, 10.2% and 3.9% is found percentage within responses for Yes and No
In case of wrestling observed responses are 9 and 69 respectively for Yes and No
other hand, 1.4% and 24.5% is found percentage within responses for Yes and no
is observed for No (Total 8.3%)
Table-21
Chi square to find out the association between infrastructure facilities of various games
(Football, Athletics Badminton, Volleyball, Hockey, Archery, Basketball, Table Tennis,
Gymnasium, Cricket, Handball, Wrestling) and responses (Yes and No) related to
“permanent infrastructure”
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.343E2a 11 0.00
Likelihood Ratio 336.402 11 0.00
Linear-by-Linear
50.637 1 0.00
Association
N of Valid Cases 936
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 23.50.
Table-21 represents that the observed chi square value is 3.34 and is found to be
significant (p<0.01). This shows that significant association exists between the permanent
infrastructure and responses.
76
Table-22
Trend analysis of money spent on construction of new sports infrastructure
Source Type III Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
Factor 47147948.718 4 11786987.179 5.441 0.00
Error(factor) 667264051.282 308 2166441.725
Table 22 reveals that significant trend is found in relation to the amount spent on
construction of new sports infrastructure in the last five financial years since f value of 5.441
(p = 0.000, p < 0.05) is significant at 0.05 level of significance. On the basis of findings, it is
concluded that money spent on construction of new sports infrastructure is found to be equal
in all the five financial years.
Table-23
Linear, quadratic, cubic and order 4 in relation to the amount spent on construction of
new sports infrastructure and facilities in five different financial years.
Source factor Type III Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
Linear 4538782.051 1 4538782.051 2.457 0.121
Quadratic 40731510.989 1 40731510.989 18.675 0.000

factor
Cubic 1115705.128 1 1115705.128 0.473 0.494
Order 4 761950.549 1 761950.549 0.334 0.565
Linear 142262217.949 77 1847561.272
Error(facto Quadratic 167946346.154 77 2181121.379

r) Cubic 181543294.872 77 2357705.128
Order 4 175512192.308 77 2279379.121
77
Table 23 reveals that insignificant linear (f value=2.457, p = 0.121, p > 0.05), cubic
(f value=0.473, p = 0.494, p > 0.05) and fourth order (f value=0.334, p = 0.565, p > 0.05)
trend whereas significant trend is found in quadratic (f value=18.675, p = 0.00, p < 0.05) in
relation to the amount spent on construction of new sports infrastructure and facilities.
Table-24
Trend analysis on amount spent on maintenance of the sports infrastructure and
facilities.
Source Type III Sum of df Mean F Sig.

Squares Square
Factor Sphericity Assumed 21605395.103 4 5401348.776 3.237 0.013
Error(facto
Sphericity Assumed 514010419.297 308 1668864.998
r)
Table 24 reveals that insignificant trend is found in relation to the amount spent on
maintenance of infrastructure and sports facilities in the last five financial years since f value
of 3.237 (p = 0.013, p > 0.05) is insignificant at 0.05 level of significance. On the basis of
findings, it is concluded that money spent on maintenance of the sports facilities is found to
be equal in all the five financial years.
78
Table-25
Linear, quadratic, cubic and order 4 in relation to the amount spent on maintenance of
sports infrastructure and facilities in five different financial years.
Source factor Type III Sum Df Mean Square F Sig.

of Squares
Linear 13680098.467 1 13680098.467 4.578 0.036
Quadratic 3906040.385 1 3906040.385 2.708 0.104

Factor
Cubic 3157358.815 1 3157358.815 2.117 0.150
Order 4 861897.436 1 861897.436 1.144 0.288
Linear 230080654.733 77 2988060.451
Quadratic 111081086.187 77 1442611.509

Error(facto
r1)
Cubic 114853316.985 77 1491601.519
Order 4 57995361.393 77 753186.512

quadratic (f value=2.708, p = 0.104, p > 0.05), cubic (f value=2.117, p = 0.150, p > 0.05)
and fourth order (f value=1.144, p = 0.288, p > 0.05) trend is found in relation to the amount
spent on maintenance of sports infrastructure and facilities.
79
Table - 26
Details related with regular coaching imparted by various sports institutes of
Chhattisgarh state.
S. No Regular Training Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 0 0
2 No 78 100
Total 78 100
It was found from the above table and graph that majority of the sports officers i.e., 78 said
that yes, they impart regular training while the number of sports officers who said no was
nil.
80
Table 27
Details related with providing training only prior to competitions in various sports
Responses related to
regular training Observed frequency Expected frequency Residual
Yes 30 39.0 -9.0
No 48 39.0 9.0
Total 78
Table 27 shows the findings related to providing training to college players only
prior to competitions.
The Observed frequencies are 30,48 respectively for the responses yes and no i.e 30
sports institutes imparts training only prior to competitions while 48 sports institutes are
such that they do not provide any such specialized training before competition.
Table - 28
Chi-Square value 4.154
Degree of freedom 1
39.0.
Table 28 reveals that the observed chi square value is 4.154 and is found
insignificant as (p >0.01). This shows that no significant difference exists among the
responses found in different sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
81
Table 29
Details of training by renowned experts in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh
state
Responses related to training

by renowned experts. Observed frequency Expected frequency Residual
Yes 3 39.0 -36.0
No 75 39.0 36.0
Total 78
Table 29 shows the findings related with the training given by renowned experts in
The Observed frequencies are 3 and 75 for the responses yes and no respectively i.e., 3
sports institutes are such that they invite renowned experts for training while 75 are such that
they won’t invite experts for providing specialized training.
Table 30
Degree of freedom 1
39.0.
significant as (p <0.01). This shows that significant difference exists related to training in
82
Table – 31
Trend Analysis of money spent on training of sports in five different financial years.
Source Type III Sum df Mean F Sig.

of Squares Square
factor Sphericity Assumed 2359641.026 4 589910.256 2.012 .093
Error(factor) Sphericity Assumed 90288358.974 308 293144.023
Table 31 reveals that insignificant trend is found in relation to the money spent on
sports training since f value of 2.012 (p = 0.093, p > 0.05) is insignificant at 0.05 level of
significance. On the basis of findings, it is concluded that money spent on training and is
found to be equal in all the five financial years.
Table – 32
Linear, Quadratic, Cubic and Order 4 in relation to the money spent on training in
sports in five different financial years.
Source factor1 Type III Sum df Mean Square F Sig.
of Squares
Linear 1146166.667 1 1146166.667 2.969 .089
Quadratic 341108.059 1 341108.059 .940 .335

factor
Cubic 57551.282 1 57551.282 .186 .668
Order 4 814815.018 1 814815.018 7.147 .009
Linear 29724833.333 77 386036.797
Quadratic 27943891.941 77 362907.688

Error(factor)
Cubic 23841448.718 77 309629.204
Order 4 8778184.982 77 114002.402
Table 32 reveals that insignificant linear (p = 0.089, p > 0.05), quadratic (p = 0.335,
p > 0.05), cubic (p = 0.668, p > 0.05) trend was found in relation to the money spent on
sports training whereas in fourth order (p = 0.009, p > 0.05) significant trend was found in
relation to the money spent on sports participation and training.
83
Table - 33
Trend Analysis of money spent on team transportation in five different financial years.
Source Type III Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.
Squares
Factor Sphericity Assumed 859572057.436 4 214893014.359 0.92 0.45
Error(factor) Sphericity Assumed 72130430422.564 308 234189709.164
team transportation since f value of 0.92 (p = 0.45, p > 0.05) is insignificant at 0.05 level of
significance. On the basis of findings, it is concluded that money spent on team
transportation was found to be equal in all the five financial years.
Table - 34
Linear, quadratic, cubic and order 4 trend in relation to the money spent on team
transportation in five different financial years.
Source factor Type III Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
Linear 448417677.051 1 448417677.051 .976 .326
Quadratic 293791472.619 1 293791472.619 .887 .349

factor
Cubic 91519426.154 1 91519426.154 .738 .393
Order 4 25843481.612 1 25843481.612 1.173 .282
Linear 35390718132.949 77 459619716.012
Quadratic 25494814105.952 77 331101481.895

Error(factor)
Cubic 9549013813.846 77 124013166.414
Order 4 1695884369.817 77 22024472.335

Table 34 reveals that insignificant linear (f value = 0.976, p = 0.326, p > 0.05),
quadratic (f value=0.887, p=0.349, p>0.05), cubic (f value =0.738, p = 0.393, p > 0.05) and
fourth order (f value = 1.173, p = 0.282, p > 0.05) trend was found in relation to the money
spent on sports participation.
84
Table 35
Details related with sports equipment storage in various sports institutes of
Chhattisgarh state
Stores for sports

equipment Observed frequency Expected frequency Residual
Yes 9 39.0 -30.0
No 69 39.0 30.0
Total 78
Table 35 shows the findings related to the presence of sports store in various sports
institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
The observed frequencies are 9 and 69 for the responses yes and no respectively i.e.,
only 9 sports institutes have sports equipment store while 69 don’t have any sports
equipment store.
Table 36
Chi square for the comparison of two categorical responses (Yes, No) in various of
Degree of freedom 1
39.0.
Table 36 reveals that the observed chi square value is 46.15 and is found to be
significant (p<0.01). This shows that significant difference exists among the different sports
institutes of Chhattisgarh state related to store for sports equipment.
85
Table 37
Details related with interdepartmental matches organized in various sports institutes

of Chhattisgarh state
Responses related to organizing

Interdepartmental matches Observed frequency Expected frequency Residual
Yes 25 39.0 -14.0
No 53 39.0 14.0
Total 78
Table 37 reveals the information related with the interdepartmental matches

organized in various sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state.
The observed frequencies are 25 and 53 for the responses yes and no respectively
i.e., 25 sports institutes conduct interdepartmental matches while 53 sports institutes don’t
organize interdepartmental matches.
Table 38
Degree of freedom 1
39.0.
insignificant which means that different sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state usually
conduct interdepartmental matches.
86
Table-39
Trend Analysis on number of days a sports event is being organized.
Source Type III Df Mean F Sig.
Sum of Square
Squares
Sphericity
factor 1189.821 3 396.607 1882.028 .000
Assumed
Sphericity
Error(factor) 48.679 231 .211
Assumed
Table 39 reveals that significant trend is found in relation to the number of days in
organizing sports event since f value of 1882.028 (p = 0.000, p < 0.05) is significant at 0.05
level of significance. On the basis of findings, it is concluded that number of days varies in
organizing different sports events.
Table – 40
Linear, Quadratic and Cubic in relation to the number of days in organizing a sports
event
Source factor Type III Sum df Mean Square F Sig.
of Squares
Linear 124.103 1 124.103 663.72 0.00
factor Quadratic 794.885 1 794.885 4187.78 0.00
Cubic 270.833 1 270.833 1060.381 0.00
Linear 14.397 77 .187
Error(factor) Quadratic 14.615 77 .190
Cubic 19.667 77 .255
Table 40 reveals that significant linear (f value = 663.72, p = 0.00, p < 0.05),
quadratic (f value=4187.78, p=0.00, p<0.05) and cubic (f value =1060.38, p = 0.00, p <
0.05) cubic trend is found in relation to the number of days in organizing a sports event.
87
Table - 41
Trend Analysis of money spent on organizing sports in five different financial years.
Source Type III Df Mean F Sig.
Sum of Square
Squares
factor 1.920 4 .480 .083 .987
Error (factor) 207.680 36 5.769
organizing sports events since f value of 0.083 (p = 0.987, p > 0.05) is insignificant at 0.05
level of significance. On the basis of findings, it is concluded that money spent on training is
found to be equal in all the five financial years
Table - 42
Linear, Quadratic, Cubic and Order 4 in relation to the money spent on participation
of sports in five different financial years.
Source factor Type III Df Mean F Sig.

Sum of Square
Squares
Linear .810 1 .810 .114 .743
Quadratic .007 1 .007 .001 .979
factor
Cubic .640 1 .640 .174 .687
Order 4 .463 1 .463 .213 .655
Linear 63.890 9 7.099
Error Quadratic 91.064 9 10.118

(factor) Cubic 33.160 9 3.684
Order 4 19.566 9 2.174

quadratic (f value=0.001, p = 0.979, p > 0.05), cubic (f value=0.174, p = 0.687, p > 0.05),
88
and fourth order (f value=0.213, p = 0.655, p > 0.05), trend is found in relation to the money
spent on organizing sports event.
Table – 43
Two- way ANOVA table representing the comparison of participation in different

games, levels and their interaction
Source Type III Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
Corrected Model 175294.882a 31 5654.674 7547.257 .000
Intercept 15522.553 1 15522.553 20717.853 .000
GAMES 8034.207 10 803.421 1072.320 .000
LEVEL 10304.960 2 5152.480 6876.983 .000
GAMES * LEVEL 13183.665 19 693.877 926.113 .000
Error 4586.071 6121 .749
Total 842601.000 6153
Corrected Total 179880.953 6152
The above table represents the result related to comparison of participation in

different games, levels and their interaction (joint impact).
In case of games, significant difference was found among different games since F-
value of 1072.32 was found significant (p<0.01) at 0.01 level of significance. Hence it is
concluded that significant impact of games on participation of players is found.
In case of levels, significant difference was found among different levels since F-
concluded that significant impact of different levels on participation is found.
89
Significant interaction (Joint impact) of level and games on participation is found since F-
concluded that significant interaction (joint impact) of different games and levels on
participation is found.
Table-44
Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to compare paired means in relation to participation in different
games
(I) GAMES (J) GAMES Mean Std. Sig. 95% Confidence

Difference Error Interval
(I-J)
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
FOOTBALL VOLLEYBALL 2.7861* 0.03452 0 2.6383 2.9339*
BASKETBALL 4.0808* 0.03913 0 3.9133 4.2482*
CRICKET -1.5411* 0.03478 0 -1.69 -1.3922*
ATHLETICS 8.2406* 0.04343 0 8.0547 8.4265*
HOCKEY -.5711* 0.07215 0 -0.8799 -.2622*
TABLE 9.7005* 0.08492 0 9.337 10.0640*

TENNIS
HANDBALL 3.0085* 0.04208 0 2.8284 3.1886*
BADMINTON 8.9637* 0.11716 0 8.4622 9.4652*
WRESTLING 11.7005* 0.22479 0 10.7383 12.6627*
LAWN 11.1672* 0.08785 0 10.7912 11.5432*
TENNIS
VOLLEYBALL BASKETBALL 1.2947* 0.0395 0 1.1256 1.4637*
CRICKET -4.3272* 0.0352 0 -4.4779 -4.1765*

ATHLETICS 5.4545* 0.04377 0 5.2671 5.6419*
HOCKEY -3.3572* 0.07236 0 -3.6669 -3.0475*
TABLE 6.9144* 0.08509 0 6.5502 7.2787*
TENNIS
90
HANDBALL .2224* 0.04243 0.002 0.0408 .4040*
BADMINTON 6.1776* 0.11728 0 5.6756 6.6796*
WRESTLING 8.9144* 0.22485 0 7.9519 9.8769*
LAWN 8.3811* 0.08801 0 8.0044 8.7578*
TENNIS
BASKETBALL CRICKET -5.6218* 0.03973 0 -5.7919 -5.4518*
ATHLETICS 4.1598* 0.04749 0 3.9566 4.3631*

HOCKEY -4.6518* 0.07466 0 -4.9714 -4.3322*
TABLE 5.6198* 0.08706 0 5.2471 5.9924*

TENNIS
HANDBALL -1.0723* 0.04625 0 -1.2703 -.8743*
BADMINTON 4.8829* 0.11872 0 4.3748 5.3911*
WRESTLING 7.6198* 0.22561 0 6.6541 8.5855*
LAWN 7.0864* 0.08992 0 6.7015 7.4713*
TENNIS
CRICKET ATHLETICS 9.7817* 0.04398 0 9.5934 9.9699*
HOCKEY .9700* 0.07248 0 0.6598 1.2803*
TABLE 11.2416* 0.0852 0 10.8769 11.6063*
TENNIS
HANDBALL 4.5495* 0.04264 0 4.367 4.7320*
BADMINTON 10.5048* 0.11736 0 10.0024 11.0071*
WRESTLING 13.2416* 0.22489 0 12.279 14.2043*
LAWN 12.7083* 0.08811 0 12.3311 13.0854*
TENNIS
ATHLETICS HOCKEY -8.8117* 0.07701 0 -9.1413 -8.4820*
TABLE 1.4599* 0.08908 0 1.0786 1.8412*
TENNIS
91
HANDBALL -5.2321* 0.04995 0 -5.4459 -5.0183*
BADMINTON .7231* 0.12021 0 0.2085 1.2376*
WRESTLING 3.4599* 0.22639 0 2.4909 4.4290*
LAWN 2.9266* 0.09187 0 2.5333 3.3199*
TENNIS
HOCKEY TABLE 10.2716* 0.10609 0 9.8175 10.7257*
TENNIS
HANDBALL 3.5795* 0.07625 0 3.2532 3.9059*
BADMINTON 9.5348* 0.1333 0 8.9642 10.1054*
WRESTLING 12.2716* 0.23361 0 11.2716 13.2716*
LAWN 11.7383* 0.10845 0 11.2741 12.2025*
TENNIS
TABLE TENNIS HANDBALL -6.6921* 0.08843 0 -7.0706 -6.3135*
BADMINTON -.7368* 0.14062 0.002 -1.3388 -.1349*
WRESTLING 2.0000* 0.23786 0 0.9818 3.0182*
LAWN 1.4667* 0.11733 0 0.9644 1.9689*
TENNIS
HANDBALL BADMINTON 5.9552* 0.11972 0 5.4427 6.4677*
WRESTLING 8.6921* 0.22614 0 7.7241 9.6600*
LAWN 8.1587* 0.09124 0 7.7682 8.5493*
TENNIS
BADMINTON WRESTLING 2.7368* 0.25118 0 1.6617 3.8120*
LAWN 2.2035* 0.14241 0 1.5939 2.8131*
TENNIS
WRESTLING LAWN -.5333* 0.23892 0.892 -1.556 .4894*
TENNIS
It is evident from the above table that significant difference exists between Football
and Volleyball (M.D = 2.7861,p = 0.00); Football and Basketball (M.D = 4.0808, p =
0.00);Football and Cricket (M.D = -1.5411, p = 0.00); Football and Athletics (M.D = 8.24,
92
p=0.00); Football and Hockey (M.D = -0.5711, p=0.00); Football and Table Tennis (M.D =
9.7005,p = 0.00); Football and Handball (M.D = 3.0085, p = 0.00); Football and Badminton
(M.D = 8.9637, p = 0.00); Football and Wrestling (M.D = 11.7007, p = 0.00); Football and
Lawn Tennis (M.D= 11.1672, p = 0.00)
Volleyball and Basketball (M.D = 1.2947, p = 0.00); Volleyball and Cricket (M.D =
-4.3272, p=0.00); Volleyball and Athletics (M.D = 5.4545, p=0.00); Volleyball and Hockey
(M.D = -3.352, p = 0.00); Volleyball and Table tennis (M.D = 6.9144, p = 0.00); Volleyball
and Handball (M.D = 0.2224, p = 0.00); Volleyball and Badminton (M.D = 6.1776, p =
0.00); Volleyball and Wrestling (M.D = 8.9144, p = 0.00); Volleyball and Lawn Tennis
(M.D = 8.3811, p = 0.00)
Basketball and Cricket (M.D = -5.6218, p = 0.00); Basketball and Athletics (M.D =
4.1598, p = 0.00); Basketball and Hockey (M.D = -4.6518, p = 0.00); Basketball and Table
Tennis (M.D = 5.6198, p = 0.00); Basketball and Handball (M.D = -1.0723, p = 0.00);
Basketball and Badminton (M.D = 4.8829, p = 0.00); Basketball and Wrestling (M.D =
7.6198, p = 0.00); Basketball and Lawn Tennis (M.D = 7.0864, p = 0.00)
Athletics and Hockey (M.D = -8.8117, p = 0.00); Athletics and Table Tennis (M.D =
1.4599, p = 0.00); Athletics and Handball (M.D = -5.2321, p = 0.00); Athletics and
Badminton (M.D = 0.7231, p=0.00); Athletics and Wrestling (M.D = 3.4599, p = 0.00);
Athletics and Lawn Tennis (M.D = 2.9266, p = 0.00)
Hockey and Table Tennis (M.D =10.2716, p = 0.00); Hockey and Handball (M.D =
3.5795, p = 0.00; Hockey and Badminton (M.D = 9.5348, p = 0.00); Hockey and Wrestling
(M.D = 12.2716, p = 0.00); Hockey and Lawn Tennis (M.D = 11.7383, p = 0.00)
Table Tennis and Handball (M.D = -6.6921, p = 0.00); Table Tennis and Badminton
(M.D = -0.7368, p = 0.00); Table Tennis and Wrestling (M.D = 2.0000, p = 0.00); Table
Tennis and Lawn Tennis (M.D = 1.4667, p = 0.00)
Handball and Badminton (M.D = 5.9552, p = 0.00); Handball and Wrestling (M.D =
8.6921, p = 0.00); Handball and Lawn Tennis (M.D = 8.1587, p = 0.00)
93
On the other hand, insignificant difference exists between the paired means of
Wrestling and Lawn Tennis (M. D. = -0.5333, p = 0.892). It can be concluded from the
above results that the games affects the participation of players
Table-45
Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to compare paired means in relation to different levels of

participation
(I) LEVEL (J) LEVEL Mean Std. Sig. 95%

Differen Error Confidence
ce (I-J) Interval
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
STATE LEVEL 9.5055* 0.0311 0.00 9.4294* 9.5817

INTERCOLLEGE UNIVERSITY
LEVEL LEVEL 10.8149* 0.04146 0.00 10.7134* 10.9164
UNIVERSITY
STATE LEVEL
LEVEL 1.3094* 0.04868 0.00 1.1902* 1.4286
The above table reveals the results related to the comparison of paired means of
different levels on participation of players. Significant difference was found between
intercollege level and state level; intercollege level and university level; state level and
university level as the value of p<0.01 (p=0.00). Hence, it can be concluded that levels in
sports have a significant impact on participation of players.
94
CHAPTER – 5
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
95
Chapter 5: Results and Findings
5.1 Results
The previous chapter is concerned towards data analysis and interpretation in which
framed hypotheses are tested and collected data are analyzed. The analysis of data, furnishes
some outcomes which is discussed in results and findings in this chapter. To facilitate
analysis Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-21) was used. Results and Findings
are presented objective wise
5.1.1 Results related to objective one:
The vision of ‘Khelbo – Jeetbo – Gadhbo Nava Chhattisgarh’ is now turning into reality.
Ultramodern sports facilities are now being developed at an accelerated pace for the
sportspersons and sports admirers of Chhattisgarh. With its expedited sports infrastructure
advancement, Chhattisgarh is establishing its remarkable and unique character in the sports
world. Sportspersons can now be benefitted with the world class sports training in the state
itself. Under the supervision of Chief Minister and Sports Minister, both the traditional and
modern sports are being promoted in the state and many effective measures are being taken
to polish the talents of sportspersons. To develop awareness in sports following policies are
framed and implemented in the state of Chhattisgarh:
a) Sports and Youth Welfare Department of Chhattisgarh- The schemes of the

government of India and the state government are being duly implemented by the
department of sports and youth welfare. With the available financial and
administrative resources, sports and youth welfare department is running all the
activities in the entire state of Chhattisgarh smoothly. It will be the endeavor of the
department to provide more opportunities and facilities to all the talented
sportspersons and youth of the state in various activities related to them by making
proper use of available financial and administrative resources. For this purpose, the
non-hostel sports academy Raipur of hockey and archery is being operated. The
hostel sports academy of hockey and archery will also be launched in Raipur, the
96
hostel sports academy of hockey and archery will also be launched in Raipur, the
capital of Chhattisgarh state. The Sports and Youth Welfare Department of
Chhattisgarh keeps on updating their website so as to create awareness about the
various sports events organized in Chhattisgarh.
b) Promotion of Sports through Fit India Movement-The main objective of fit India
movement is to create awareness amongst all the citizens of India about fitness and
its importance in daily life through sports, yogasan, cycling or any other physical
activity. To preserve and promote indigenous sports in the country under indigenous
games & martial arts scheme, sports authority of India has adopted 10 schools to
provide regular training to the talented sportspersons in the discipline of
kalaripayattu, silambam, kabaddi, archery, mallakhamb, mukna, thang-ta,
khomlainai & gatka. Presently, 128 trainees (73 boys & 55 girls) are being trained
under these centers. Similarly, to promote wrestling the Indian traditional sports, SAI
have also adopted 48 akharas under NSTC scheme across the country. Presently, 766
talented wrestlers (677 boys & 89 girls) are being trained in these akharas.
c) Khelo India Scheme- Khelo India Scheme has been implemented by Govt. of India
for promoting rural and indigenous/ tribal sports through identification of talent,
provision of grant to meet expenditure on equipment, apparel, coaches training
programme, infrastructure development, salary for national sports federation
appointed coaches and scholarships for meritorious trainees recommended by NSF.
Presently, under the scheme mallakhamb, kalaripayattu, gatka and thang-ta sports
disciplines have been identified for support as per the decision taken by government.
The scheme strives to promote “sports for all” as well as “sports for excellence”.
d) Sports Talent Search Portal- Sports talent search portal spot the best talent from
the young population of the country. All interested citizens can apply online using
the portal for various schemes of the sports authority of India (SAI). The portal
allows young people to upload their achievements. Applicants who get shortlisted
are then called for trials and the qualified candidate then get the opportunity to take
part in the schemes of the sports authority of India (SAI).
e) National Sports Development Fund- National Sports Development Fund (NSDF)

was established in 1998 under the charitable endowments act 1890.It was notified by
97
government of India in November, 1998.The purpose of creation is to impart
momentum and flexibility to sports. The fund helps sportspersons excel by providing
them opportunities to train under coaches of international repute with technical,
scientific and psychological support and giving them exposure to international
competitions. The fund also provides financial assistance for development of
infrastructure and other activities for promotion of sports. Role of the fund is
supplementary to the overall policy and activities of the department of sports in
achieving excellence in sports. It was under the charitable endowment act,1890 to
administer the funds for sports activities, tournaments, competitions, infrastructure
and training of sports persons.
f) Formation of Sports Development Authority: Sports Development Authority was
constituted for the promotion and enhancement of sports facilities in the state various
modern sports academies have been opened for the promotion of sports activities in
the state. These academies operate under the supervision of Chhattisgarh Sports
Development Authority. Earlier there were numerous underutilized sports ground
and infrastructure which are now made available to the sportspersons.
g) Foundation laying of the Tennis Sports academy in the Capital City:
Chhattisgarh government has laid the foundation stone for the construction of tennis
sports academy in Raipur. Along with residential hockey academy in the capital
Raipur, the swimming, wrestling and athlete excellence center in Nyayadhani
Bilaspur, the sports persons and sports devotees of the state will no longer be
required to go outside the state for training. With the endeavors of the state many
sports institutions have received recognition from SAI.
h) Special emphasis on Sports Training: Facilitating world class sports training
amenities to the budding talent of state is the main concern of the Chhattisgarh
Government. In the same sequence arrangements are being made to recruit coaches
for different sports in the state soon. Directorate of sports and youth welfare
department has also finalized to take the support of coaches residing outside the state
which will help the sportspersons to perform their level best.
98
5.1.2 Results related to objective two:
a) The statistical analysis of the data reveals that insignificant trend is found in relation
to the money spent on sports participation since f value of 0.083 (p = 0.987, p >
0.05) is insignificant at 0.05 level of significance. On the basis of findings, it is
concluded that money spent on participation is found to be equal in all the five
financial years. Also, an insignificant linear (f value=0.114, p = 0.743, p > 0.05),
quadratic (f value=0.001, p = 0.979, p > 0.05), cubic (f value=0.174, p = 0.687, p >
0.05) and fourth order (f value=0.213, p = 0.655, p > 0.05) trend is found in relation
to the money spent on sports participation.
b) The statistical analysis of the data clearly indicates the significant association
between sponsorship (source of income) and sports events as the observed chi square
value is 0.00 and is found to be significant (p<0.01) at 0.01 level of significance
which represents the association between sponsorship and sports.
c) Percentage method was applied to get the information regarding government aid. It
was found that none of the colleges has availed any such government grants for
organizing sports events.
d) The statistical analysis of the data reveals that significant trend is found in relation to
the number of days in organizing sports event since f value of 1882.028 (p = 0.000, p
< 0.05) is significant at 0.05 level of significance. On the basis of findings, it is
concluded that number of days varies in organizing different sports events. Also, a
significant linear (f value = 663.722, p = 0.000, p < 0.05), quadratic (f
value=4187.787, p=0.000, p<0.05), cubic (f value =1060.381, p = 0.000, p < 0.05)
and fourth order (f value = 1.173, p = 0.282, p > 0.05) trend is found in relation to
the number of days in organizing a sports event.
5.1.3 Results related to objective three:
a) Two-way ANOVA was conducted to know the impact of different games on

participation of players. The empirical investigation conducted for the study
depicts that in case of games, significant difference was found among
different games since F-value of 1072.32 was found significant (p<0.01) at
99
0.01 level of significance. Hence it is concluded that significant impact of
games on participation of players is found.
b) Two-way ANOVA was conducted to know the impact of different levels on

participation of players. The results of the study shows that in case of levels,
significant difference was found among different levels since F-value of
6876.98 was found significant (p<0.05) at 0.05 level of significance. Hence it
is concluded that significant impact of different levels on participation is
found.
c) Two-way ANOVA was conducted to know the joint impact of different
levels and games on participation of players. The results of the study depicts
significant interaction (Joint impact) of level and games on participation
since F-value of 926.113 was found significant (p<0.05) at 0.05 level of
significance. Hence it is concluded that significant interaction (joint impact)
of different games and levels on participation is found which means games
and levels both have significant positive impact on achievement at national
and international level competitions.
5.1.4 Results related to objective four:
SWOT stands for Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats. Strength and
weakness are considered as the internal factors while opportunities and threats are
considered as the external factors. The researcher has done SWOT analysis so as to identify
the factors in which more attention is needed to make the sports events more successful. The
following points are identified while making SWOT Analysis of Sports events of
Chhattisgarh State.
Strengths: Strengths are an integral part of an organization, the traits that give it a
competitive advantage. Following are the strengths that the researcher has found in any
sports institutes of Chhattisgarh state:
a) Training-The aim of any sports training is to achieve maximum individual or team

efficiency in a selected sports discipline. Training is considered as one of the
strengths as amongst seventy-eight sports officers everyone said yes, they impart
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training to their sports students throughout the year also they provide training
through specialized coaches as the results of the chi-square test of independence
indicated a statistically significant difference between the observed and expected
frequency value as chi square value is 55.846 at 0.01 level of significance
(χ2=55.846, p<0.01)
b) Sufficient Funding-Funds help sportspersons excel by providing them opportunities

to train under coaches of international/national repute with technical, scientific and
psychological support and giving them exposure to national and international
competition. Availability of sufficient fund is considered as one of the strengths as
amongst seventy-eight sports officers fifty-seven said yes, they have sufficient fund
and also the results of the chi square test depict a statistically significant difference
between the observed and expected frequency as observed chi square value is 16.61
and is found to be significant at 0.01 level of significance (χ2=16.61, p<0.01)
c) Infrastructure Facilities-Infrastructure is the basic foundation or underlying

framework of an organization or system. In India, sports are organized, managed,
marketed and supported mainly by the government and private industries.
Participation of sports depends on availability of sports infrastructure and equipment.
The researcher has used two-way ANOVA to gather information about infrastructure
facilities and found that the chi square values as 3.34 at 0.01 level of significance.
The results depict that out of twelve games that were considered for the research
work the sports institutes have permanent infrastructure facilities for ten games i.e.,
football, athletics, badminton, volleyball, hockey, archery, basketball, table tennis,
cricket, handball whereas in case of gymnasium and wrestling they are lacking
behind in case of infrastructure facilities.
d) Sports equipment storage: Sports equipment storage is very much essential to keep
them functional. Keeping your sports equipment maintained, cleaned and properly
stored will not only save your time and money but will also keep them functional.
The researcher has found the sports equipment storage as a strength as amongst
seventy-eight subjects sixty-nine sports officers said yes, they have proper storage
facility for their sports equipment.
101
Weaknesses: Weaknesses are negative factors that detract from your strengths. These are
things that you might need to improve on to be competitive.
a) Government schemes not availed: The SAI is the leading sports body of the
country which will spearhead India’s sporting ambitions and develop the
environment to nurture the sports culture in the country and sporting excellence.
Several schemes are run by government for the promotion of sports in the state but
amongst the seventy-eight sports institutes none of the colleges has availed any such
government schemes which is granted by government for the promotion of sports.
b) Lack of sponsorships: Sponsorships have become a requisite component of

marketing strategy. In Chhattisgarh, Bhilai Steel Plant, South Eastern Coal Fields
Limited, Bharat Aluminium and company limited are there but the sponsorships
given by them for conducting or for nurturing sports is very few. Out of the seventy-
eight sports officers only one said yes that they get sponsorship from industries or
has availed any such sponsorship. Therefore, the researcher has considered it as
another weakness of this research work.
c) Lack of expert training: Expert recommended training is valid and tailored to

specific individual or team needs this training helps to keep players motivated,
establish team and individual goals and improve performance. The researcher has
found that out of seventy-eight sports officers seventy-five said no and only three
sports officers said yes hence, lack of expert training is another weakness of this
research work.
Opportunities: Opportunities are external factors in your business environment that are
likely to contribute to your success.
a) Government policies favoring the practice of mass sports-Government policies

favoring the practice of mass sports will unpack the hidden talents present in
different states at rural and urban level. This in turn will lead to a healthier nation
and to a wider pool of people from where one can get the champions of the future.
Sports policy in India is still evolving, there are some issues that have more
pertinence and relevance than others but still policy makers believe that elite success
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can act as a catalyst to increase participation. At present governments policies on
sports reflects governments commitment for increased effectiveness of the sports
system and enable Chhattisgarh athletes to move to the forefront of international
sports.
b) Financial assistance-The State of Chhattisgarh ranks one of the best state in terms
of prize money to sportspersons by the state government. For the purpose of
promoting sports activities in the state, the department provides financial assistance
to various state sports associations, district sports associations and non-government
sports organizations operating in the state the recognition and financial assistance
rules has been released keeping in mind the current requirement of the players and
sports association in which the amount of grant and other financial assistance has
been increased.
c) Sports scholarship-Sports scholarship received by the sportspersons of Chhattisgarh

from Chhattisgarh government varies. The scholarship received at district level is
senior Rs 3000, junior-Rs 2400, sub-junior-1800 and for state level it is senior Rs
3600, junior-Rs 3000, sub-junior- Rs 2400.This scholarship is transferred directly to
the athlete’s bank account. It is being provided for the promotion of indigenous
sports.
d) Revenue generation-Sports administrators are not primarily motivated by a desire

for profit but rather a great desire to improve sporting performance. Greater income
allows clubs/teams to attract experienced coaches and players, improve sporting
facilities, purchase better equipment’s to improve results. Sports greatly differ in
their ability to generate income. The main factors that determine how well a sport
can generate income includes entertainment value followed by the extent of national
and international participation, the cultural status attached to the sport and also the
prominence of sport in the sport system.
Threats: Threats are external factors that you have no control over. You may want to
consider putting in place contingency plans for dealing with them if they occur.
103
a) Environmental threats such as pollution and traffic-Sports event organizers
should consider some precautions and mitigating actions while organizing sports
events like to minimize undesirable effects of air pollution perform a detailed study
of air quality before deciding on the location of a sport event and moreover should
avoid the use of fossil fueled vehicles and machinery inside a sport arena.
b) Security-Sports event organizers face a variety of security concerns while

organizing any sports event or game. Terrorism is on top of the list followed by
attempted assault, seismic instability, theft, contamination of food or water. Many of
these security issues can be resolved by designing a high-tech security operational
procedure so as to enhance the overall safety. At present larger stadiums and venues
work with a team of security professionals to analyze and improve safety on site.
c) Displacement of local citizens-Displacement is a determining feature of a mega

event as major sporting and cultural events gets transferred to a new venue and a new
city after every event. People are forcefully dislocated from the host cities because
major sports events cause social dislocation. Displacement of local citizens is
considered as another weakness as when the displacement occurs then those
displaced citizens strive for their livelihood, for their sustainability.
5.2 Findings:
Sports event management has become a critical component nowadays as many sports
organizations face an array of performance pressure from the organization’s members, from
the general public and from the government. It has become a big challenge before the
organizers to manage sports event successfully. To resolve the problems and to fulfill the
expectations of the public and government sports organizers are making use of sports
management. Hence this study deals with investigating the various sports event management
variables and its impact on performance at different levels.
On the basis of studies conducted on sports event management there are several
variables considered for conducting similar type of studies, but this study is conducted on
104
the specific variables of sports event management which were not considered by the earlier
researchers.
As per the objectives of the study and on identified variables which are tested
through hypothesis, following are the findings-
5.2.1 Cost and its impact on sports event management

The first hypothesis of the study is associated with the impact of cost on
management of any sports event. The researcher has measured the impact of cost through
the expenditure incurred on training, infrastructure, transportation and cost incurred on
organizing an event. The results from the empirical investigation rejects the hypothesis.
Hence it can be said that cost doesn’t have any significant impact on sports management.
5.2.2 Sponsorship and its impact on sports event management

The results shows that sponsorship has significant impact on sports event
management. Therefore, second hypothesis H2 is accepted. Hence more sponsorships from
various sectors can help sports organizers in providing more facilities to sports persons like
in purchasing kit, expert training can be provided which in turn will increase the chances of
success in any event.
5.2.3 Government aid and its impact on sports event management

The third hypothesis deals with the impact of government grant on management of
any sports event. Results from this empirical investigation is according to our hypothesis
which states that government grant has significant impact in management of sports events.
Hence our hypothesis H3 was accepted. Government grants for sports acts like a supplement
which assist sportspersons or team to move to an elite level.
5.2.4 Duration of an event

The fourth hypothesis is concerned to measure whether the number of days remains
the same or it varies for every sports events. Results from this empirical investigation
supports the hypothesis and depicts that number of days of every sports event varies.
Therefore, our fourth hypothesis H4 was accepted.
105
5.2.5 Games and its impact on participation
The impact of games on participation is analyzed. The result of the empirical
investigation shows that the fifth hypothesis, which states that games have significant
positive impact on participation is accepted. Therefore, fifth hypothesis H5 is accepted. The
result confirmed that different types of games influence the chances of participation.
5.2.6 Levels and its impact on participation

The sixth hypothesis deals with the impact of different levels
(district/national/international) on participation. Result from this empirical investigation is
according to the sixth hypothesis, which states that levels have significant positive impact on
participation. Therefore, fifth hypothesis H5 is accepted.
5.2.7 Joint impact of levels and games on participation

The seventh hypothesis is concerned towards the study of joint impact of games and
levels on participation. The result from the empirical investigation depicts that games and
levels both have significant impact on participation. Therefore, our hypothesis H6 is
accepted.
106
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION, SUGGESTIONS,
LIMITATIONS AND DIRECTIONS
FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
107
Chapter 6: Conclusion, Suggestions, Limitations and Directions for Future
Work
6.1 Conclusion
• It was concluded that management of sports in different sports events were

functioning through well laid out organizational set up, line of control, stated
objectives, measurable outcomes and periodical evaluations and feedback which
are considered most vital considerations for effective management of sports.
• It was concluded that the training provided by the sports officers enables those
students and their talents blossom.
• It was concluded that with some better coaching strategies, the colleges can produce
a number of international level sportspersons apart from national and state
achievements.
• It was concluded from the study that colleges need to make more use of different
types of grants allots in sports by the central and state government.
• It was concluded that strong budgetary provision is required for meeting various
expenses like purchasing sports equipment, for supplementary diet of sportsmen, for
meeting the medical expenses of the injured sportsmen, travelling expenses.
• It was concluded from the study that participation of the sportsmen is restricted to
district level, state level and national level only none of the sportsmen were able to
qualify and play for international level.
• The state of Chhattisgarh has world class sports infrastructure which can help in
nurturing the young talents of Chhattisgarh state.
• It was concluded that efforts are being made and rules are framed for hunting the
talent present in the rural regions.
108
6.2 Suggestions
• It is suggested that specialized expert training should be provided to the

sportspersons so as increase their performance skill and this in turn will increase the
success rate of any sportsperson in any sports event organized at district, national
and international level.
• It is suggested that mandatory insurance/medi-claim cover should be provided for the
welfare of sportspersons when they are representing the state at national and
international level.
• It is also suggested that the budgetary provision for providing facilities to the
sportsperson should be made adequately by every university and financial assistance
should be enhanced in terms of scholarships for the outstanding sportspersons of the
state.
• On the basis of observation, it is recommended that the administrative staff at centers
should be provided as per the approved strength and structure by each state.
• It is also recommended that more effort should be made for the active placement of
all those sportspersons who are representing our state at national and international
level.
• It was also observed that there is a need for proper storing arrangements of sports
equipment’s and goods. It is therefore suggested that as per the nature of equipment
proper storing facility should be provided so as to enhance the life span of the
equipment.
• It is recommended that the outstanding sportspersons should be identified by the
states for annual report of ministries, federation and concerned authority and
publication of sports and general magazines should be facilitated for better
promotion of the sportspersons.
109
6.3 Limitations
• Financial resource allocation is meagre in India when the state of Chhattisgarh is
compared with other states of India.
• Social and economic inequalities have a negative impact on the sports culture as
well. Denial of access to sports infrastructure due to poverty, concentration of
stadiums and other sport avenues only in cities, lack of encouragement to girls to
participate in sports have impaired the development of a positive sports culture in the
state.
• Lack of infrastructure is one of the most important factors for the apathy of the sports
in Chhattisgarh. Since infrastructure is necessary for training and organizing games,
its non-availability and its access to only a few sections of the society have adversely
impacted the sport participation and the quality of sports persons.
• Lack of sponsorship is another important factor for the backwardness of sports in
Chhattisgarh. It is because of this smaller number of sponsors in Chhattisgarh that
many big sports events are not being organized at a massive level.
• Sports is confined to the urban sector only because of which the people residing in
rural areas are unable to utilize their talent in sports sector. Efforts must be made by
government to grab the talent residing in rural areas.
• Data was collected from college sports officers only not from universities and
therefore it is also one of the limitations of this study.
6.4 Directions for future research work
• Similar studies may be undertaken on those states who are excelled in achievements
like Haryana, Haryana State may be compared with Chhattisgarh state, the findings
of this would be helpful to suggest suitable modifications in the training centers of
various colleges for improvement in achievement.
• Separate researches can be undertaken to compare the facilities and management of
public and private colleges of Chhattisgarh state.
• Research can be conducted on the title of similar nature by considering some other
variables that are not covered in this research work.
110
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127
ANNEXURE
(QUESTIONNAIRE AND RESEARCH

PAPERS)
128
Annexure
Title of the Study: Managing Sports Events - A Comparative Study of Sports Activities at
Different Levels with respect to Selected Districts of Chhattisgarh.
▪ Name of the Researcher: Jaya Chandra
▪ Name of the Guide: Dr.A.K.Srivastava (Director and Professor of Institute of
Management)
▪ Name of Co-Guide: Dr.Rajeev Choudhary (Dean and Professor of SOS in Physical
Education)
Instructions for filling of the Questionnaire:
Please fill in the questionnaire completely
Please mark (√) against correct answers wherever necessary
Demographic Information of the Institution:
PART- A
1. Name of the Officer/Official Person:
2. Designation:
3. Name of the College:
4. Year of Establishment:
5. Name of the University to which it is affiliated:
PART-B
1. Nature of Management:
a) Aided ( )
b) Unaided ( )
c) Autonomous ( )
d) Fully Government ( )
2. Nature of the college:

a) Only for Men ( )
b) Only for Women ( )
c) Co- educational ( )
129
3. In which of the following events your institute participates in intercollegiate
tournaments:
Football ( ) Squash ( ) Badminton ( )
Volleyball ( ) Lawn Tennis ( ) Swimming ( )
Basketball ( ) Cricket ( ) Chess ( )
Squash ( ) Kho-Kho ( ) Gymnastics ( )
Kabaddi ( ) Archery ( ) Others ( )
1. Do your institute impart training in above mentioned games:

Yes ( ) No ( )
2. If yes, kindly state the amount spent on providing training and participation in inter-
collegiate tournament for last five financial years
S. No. Year Amount spent on training

1 2013-2014
2 2014-2015
3 2015-2016
4 2016-2017
5 2017-2018
3. State the result of participation for last five financial years
S. No. Year Result of Participation

1 2013-2014
2 2014-2015
3 2015-2016
4 2016-2017
5 2017-2018
130
4. Are you aware of the different schemes devised by Government / non- government
agencies for promotion of sports in the State?
Yes ( ) No ( )
.
5. Has your college availed any of the schemes of Government/ non- governmental
agencies for development of sports at your college?
Yes ( ) No ( )
6. Do you feel that the funds available for sports department in your college are
sufficient for conducting sports activities efficiently?
Yes ( ) No ( )
7. Do you seek the help of specialized coaches for imparting advanced training to the
college players?
Yes ( ) No ( )
8. What is your source of income for running the regular physical education or sports
program at your college? (please mark ( ) against the source mentioned below)
i) Sports Fees /Gymkhana Fees
ii) Donations from parents and public donors.
iii) Sponsorships from Industrial houses.
iv) Sponsorships from well wishers
v) Government grants
vi) Any Other
9. Do you have permanent infrastructure/facilities?
Football ( ) Volleyball ( ) Basketball ( ) Cricket ( )

Athletics ( ) Hockey ( ) TableTennis ( ) Handball ( )
Badminton ( ) Archery ( ) Gymnasium ( ) Wrestling ( )
131
10. Mention the amount spent on construction of new infrastructure in the last five
financial years
S. No. Year Amount spent on Infrastructure

1 2013-2014
2 2014-2015
3 2015-2016
4 2016-2017
5 2017-2018
11. Mention the amount spent on maintenance of the sports infrastructure and facilities
S. No. Year Amount spent on maintenance of new infrastructure

1 2013-2014
2 2014-2015
3 2015-2016
4 2016-2017
5 2017-2018
12. Does your institute provide regular coaching and training program?
Yes ( ) No ( )
13. Does the coaching and training programme are organized only prior to
competitions?
Yes ( ) No ( )
14. Does the organization invite renowned experts for coaching and training?
Yes ( ) No ( )
132
18. Mention the amount spent on team transportation per year?
S. No Year Amount spent on Infrastructure

1 2013-2014
2 2014-2015
3 2015-2016
4 2016-2017
5 2017-2018
19. Does the organization have sports store for sports equipments?
Yes ( ) No ( )
20. Does the organization conduct interdepartmental matches?
Yes ( ) No ( )
21. For how many days a sports event is being organized?
S. No Event Duration
1 District Level
2 University Level/National Level
3 International Level
22. Mention the amount spent in organizing an event?
S. No Event Amount Spent

1 District Level
2 University Level/National Level
3 International Level
133
23. Players participated in National and International tournaments/Events (2013 to 2018)
Senior Category
Year 2013-2014
University International
S. No Name of the game District Level Level/National Level Level
1 Football
2 Volleyball
3 Basketball
4 Cricket
5 Athletics
6 Hockey
7 Table Tennis
8 Handball
9 Badminton
10 Squash
11 Lawn Tennis
2014-2015
1 Footballs
2 Volleyball
3 Basketball
4 Cricket
5 Athletics
6 Hockey
7 Table Tennis
8 Handball
9 Badminton
10 Squash
11 Lawn Tennis
134
2015-16
1 Football
2 Volleyball
3 Basketball
4 Cricket
5 Athletics
6 Hockey
7 Table Tennis
8 Handball
9 Badminton
10 Squash
11 Lawn Tennis
2016-17
1 Football
2 Volleyball
3 Basketball
4 Cricket
5 Athletics
6 Hockey
7 Table Tennis
8 Handball
9 Badminton
10 Squash
11 Lawn Tennis
135
2017-18
1 Football
2 Volleyball
3 Basketball
4 Cricket
5 Athletics
6 Hockey
7 Table Tennis
8 Handball
9 Badminton
10 Squash
11 Lawn Tennis
136
National journal of Physical Education and Sports Science
Volume 4, Number 2, November 2018
ISSN: 2348-4713
The Role of Social Influence in Purchasing Sports Apparel
Jaya Chandra 1, Dr. A. K. Srivastava 2,Dr. Rajeev Choudhary 3
1. Research Scholar, Institute of Management, Pt. R.S.University,Raipur,Chhattisgarh

2. Director and Professor,Institute of Management, Pt. R.S.University, Raipur,Chhattisgarh
3. Professor and HOD,SOS in Physical Education, Pt. R.S.University, Raipur,Chhattisgarh
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to derive the relationship between social influence
and purchase intention of consumers of sports apparel. Researcher adopted a
survey method approach for collection of data. Questionnaire was used as an
instrument for collection of data. Data were analyzed using chi-square to test the
hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance using SPSS version 16. Results
derived from this study shows that social influence and purchase intention of
consumers of sports apparel are dependent on each other.
Keywords: Sports Apparel, Social Influence, Consumer behaviour
1.Introduction outside sports use. Sports apparel companies

Sport is a widespread form of recreation and have responded by spending large amounts
always plays an important role in the social life of advertising dollars to influence consumer
of many people across the countries. Sport has choice. This is led by global brands including
grown remarkably over the past few years and Nike and Adidas. A large number of new
is now becoming an important part of economy. entrants, for example Li-Ning from China, are
Playing sport, attending live sport events and also spending advertising dollars to gain brand
purchasing sporting apparels are the main awareness and market share.
parts of sport economy. Besides these, there Sports apparel is selected on the basis of various
are millions of people who watch sport events product attributes like fit, aesthetics, design
on television every day and also attend major and the material used. Other than product
sporting events and hence create a huge market attributes, consumer choice is also influenced
for sport companies. by other situational and demographic factor.
Demand for sports apparel is driven by an In some cases, the choice of a particular brand,
increase in sports participation among the type or colour of sports apparel can serve as
general population and the growing acceptance a mean to create an identity for the wearer
of sports apparel in daily wear. Besides athletes and an indication of membership in a group.
who are buying sports apparel to enhance Consequently, sports apparel companies have
their performance in sporting activities, other sought to communicate both product attributes
consumers are also buying sports apparel for and the desirability of their brands in social
ISSN: 2348-4713
settings in their advertisements. informational influence will also affect the

2. Literature Review consumer choice especially among those who
Consumers buying decisions gets affected by are highly involved in sports.
the social influence as humans learn to rely 3.Research Methodology
upon others’ perception and judgment the more 3.1 Purpose of the Study
uncertain a person is about the correctness of his The study intends to bring out the fact that
own judgment, the more likely he is susceptible whether social intention and purchase intention
to social influences in making his judgment. of consumers towards sports apparel are
(Burnkrant and Cousineau 1975, Deutsch and independent to each other or not.
Gerard 1955). 3.2 Research Objective
Social influence can be classified into To identify whether social influence and
informational and normative social influence. purchase intention of consumers towards sports
Informational social influence is defined as an apparel are independent to each other.
influence to accept information obtained from 3.3 Hypothesis
others as an evidence about reality while making It was hypothesized that social influence and
any purchasing decision (Deutsch and Gerard purchase intention towards sports apparel are
1955). On the other hand, normative social independent to each other.
influence is defined as an influence to conform 3.4 Research Design
to the positive expectations of others (Deutsch In this study the researcher used the descriptive
and Gerard 1955). Normative social influence research design. Fifty questionnaires were
can be further categorised into value expressive distributed to college going students.
and utilitarian influences. Value expressive Convenience sampling method was adopted in
reflects the consumer’s desire to enhance self- this study. Data were collected from both primary
image by associating themselves with some and secondary sources. In primary method data
reference group. In contrast, utilitarian influence were collected by using questionnaire making
is reflected through consumers’ attempts to use of the Likert five point scale technique.
comply with the expectations of others to Secondary data were collected from the internet,
achieve rewards or avoid punishments (Bearden newspapers, journals and books.
et al. 1989, Park and Lessig 1977, Burnkrant 4.Data Analysis and Interpretation
and Cousineau 1975).
Brand names play an important role while
making purchase decision in sports apparel.
They not only reflect the choice of the
individual consumer but more importantly, in a
cohesive group, it visibly indicates membership
and shared beliefs of the group (Dickson and
Pollack 2000).
The above discussion showed that social
influence has an effect on consumer behaviour.
In particular, as sports apparel is considered
conspicuous products, social influence in the
form of normative influence is likely to play
a role in the purchase of sports-related goods.
Given that sports apparel is also purchased
for enhancing performance, it is expected that
10
ISSN: 2348-4713
Table-1
Comparison Of Different Responses Related To Sports
Apparel With Respect To Different Questions
S.No Questions Responses

CSV p
SA A N D SD
OV EV OV EV OV EV OV EV OV EV
1 I would search information about various 2 10 28 10 12 10 6 10 2 10 4 0

brands and models from an association
of professionals or an independent group
of experts
2 I seek information from those who work 8 10 28 10 4 10 8 10 2 10 4.32 0.01

in the sports industry on how Brand Aʼs
performance compares to Brand B’s.
3 The brand of sports apparel that I select is 6 10 16 10 16 10 6 10 6 10 12 0.01

influenced by whether the brand is used by
professional athletes.
4 My choice of sports apparel is influenced 8 10 16 10 12 10 4 10 10 10 8 0.09

by other consumersʼ word of mouth
or some evaluation reports from an
independent testing agency
5 My friendsʼ evaluation and preference will 1 10 35 10 6 10 5 10 3 10 4 0

influence my choice.
6 Other peopleʼs recommendation may 6 10 8 10 2 10 26 10 8 10 32.2 0

influence my final decision.
7 The preferences of family members can 6 10 7 10 2 10 27 10 8 10 32.2 0

influence my choice of sports apparel.
8 To satisfy the expectations of classmates 8 10 36 10 4 10 1 10 1 10 4 0

or fellow work associates, my decision to
purchase sports apparel. is influenced by
their preferences
9 I tend to choose those brands or models 4 10 26 10 16 10 2 10 2 10 4 0

that will enhance my image in the others’
eyes.
10 I feel that those who purchase or use 12 10 28 10 8 10 1 10 1 10 4 0

the sports apparel. of a particular brand
or model possess characteristics which I
would like to have.
11 I feel that it would be nice to act like the 2 10 4 10 8 10 28 10 8 10 4 0

type of person whom advertisements show
wearing the sports apparel.of a particular
brand or model.
12 I think that the people who purchase the 8 10 28 10 4 10 8 10 2 10 43.2 0.01

sports apparel. of a particular brand or
model are sometimes admired or respected
by others.
13 Using sports apparel.of a particular brand 2 10 35 10 5 10 5 10 3 10 4 0

or model helps me show others who I am,
or who would like to be (such as a fit and
active person, etc).
11
ISSN: 2348-4713
question the observed and expected frequencies

OV=Observed Value, EV= Expected Value, are 8 & 10; 28 & 10; 4 & 10; 8 & 10; 2 & 10 .
CSV= Chi Square Value, p=Significance level In case of thirteenth question the observed and
Table-1 shows that in case of first question, the expected frequencies are 2 & 10; 35 & 10; 5 &
observed and expected frequencies are 2 & 10; 10; 5 & 10; 3 & 10 respectively for Strongly
28 & 10; 12 & 10; 6 & 10; 2 & 10 respectively Agree (SA),Agree (A),Neutral (N),Disagree
for five selected responses. In case of second it (D),Strongly Disagree (SD).
is 8 & 10; 28 & 10; 4 & 10; 8 & 10; 2 & 10 Obtained values of Chi-Square are 4, 43.2, 12, 8,
respectively. In third question the observed and 4, 32.2, 32.2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 43.2, 4 and are found to
expected values are found to be 6 & 10; 16 & be significant at 0.05 level for question number
10; 16 & 10; 6 & 10; 6 & 10 respectively. In 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 as the level
fourth question it is found to be 8 & 10; 16 & of significance in these questions are significant
10; 12 & 10; 4 & 10; 10 & 10 respectively. In (p < 0.05, p = 0.00). On this basis, it may be
case of fifth question, the observed and expected concluded that significant difference was found
frequencies are 1 & 10; 35 & 10; 6 & 10; 5 & among the responses of respondents in relation
10; 3&10 respectively. In case of sixth, observed to twelve questions.
and expected frequencies are 6 & 10; 8& 10; Therefore our formulated hypothesis is found
2 & 10; 26 & 10; 8 & 10; In seventh question to be incorrect in this case and we can say
the observed and expected frequencies are 6 & that social influence and purchase intention
10;7& 10; 2 & 10; 27 & 10; 8 & 10 respectively. of consumers of sports apparel are dependent
In case of eighth question the observed and on each other while in question number 4,
expected frequencies are found to be 6 & 10;7 formulated hypothesis is found to be correct as
& 10;2 & 10; 27 & 10;8 & 10 respectively. In the chi-square value is 8.00 and it is significant
ninth question the the observed and expected at. 05 level of significance (p>0.05, p=0.09).
frequencies are 4 & 10; 26 & 10;16 & 10;2 & Conclusion
10;2 & 10 respectively. In tenth question the In this study, it was found that the consumer’s
observed and expected frequencies are 12 & social class plays a significant positive role in
10;28 & 10;8 & 10;1 & 10;1 & 10 repectively. the behaviour of consumers of sports products.
In eleventh question the observed and expected It was the most important factor affecting
frequencies are 2 & 10;4 & 10;8 & 10;28 & sporting consumer behaviour.
10;8& 10 respectively. In case of twelfth However, as the respondents in this study are
12
ISSN: 2348-4713
limited to a convenience sample of relatively

young adults, it is possible that individuals with
different demographics may behave differently.
Hence, this remains a limitation of this study
and warrants future study involving a more
representative sample.
References
• Leng, H.K. (2015) The Role of Social Influence in
Purchasing Sports Apparel: Athen Journal of Sport, -
Volume 3, Issue 4– Pages 276-284
• Bearden, W. O., Netemeyer, R. G., and Teel, J. E. (1989).
Measurement of consumer susceptibility to interpersonal
influence. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 473-481.
• Yoon S-J, Choi Y-G (2005) Determinants of successful
sports advertisements: The effects of advertisement type,
product type and sports model. The Journal of Brand
Management 12(3): 191-205.
13
Celebrity Endorsement and Purchase Intention of Consumers
Towards Sports Apparel
Jaya Chandra
Research Scholar, Institute of Management, Pt. R.S.University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh
Abstract
This paper seeks to analyze the relationship between celebrity endorsement and purchase
intention of consumers of sports apparel. Research design used for the study was a survey
method approach. Fifty (50) respondents were selected for the study through convenience
sampling method. Questionnaire is used as an instrument for collection of data. Data collected
were analyzed using chi-square to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance using
SPSS version 16. Results derived from this study shows that there exists a relationship between
celebrity endorsement and purchase intention of consumers of sports apparel.
Keywords: Celebrity, Purchase intention, Sports Apparel
Introduction
Our market is flooded with completely different variety of brands attempting to carve
out house for itself within the minds of shoppers each firm is attempting to seek out a hook in
their brands that may connect quicker to the viewers. Therefore, the challenge before
the trafficker is to induct all potential measures to influence, encourage and instill needs amongst
the client through an efficient advertising campaign. Most of the individuals daily come
across through lots of advertisements by the media so individuals become passionless towards all
the promotional material practices. Its marketers and advertisers are trying to discover a
knob which will grasp the consumer’s thought. In today’s era, individuals usually neglect all
those advertisements thar are displayed in Tv, newspapers, magazines etc. Therefore, they are
trying to use Endorsement as promotional material to catch the attention of people.
According to oxford Dictionary Endorsement means “the act of giving one’s public approval”
Endorsements are a form of advertising that uses famous personalities or celebrities who
command a high degree of acceptance, faith, recognition or acquaintance amongst the people.
Such individuals make a use of their names or images to promote a product or service. Therefore,
Indian Companies are making use of celebrities of various areas, for example Cricketers,
Bollywood celebrities and other sports persons to endorse their brands.
Literature Review
Celebrity
McCracken, (1989) has defined Celebrity as a person who has gained name, fame within specific
country, within a region and also who are able to gain the attention of masses.
Silvera and Austad,( 2004) Celebrities are the people who enjoy public acceptance by a large
share of a certain group of individuals because of their distinct features ..
Celebrity Endorsement
Atkin and Block (1983) has defined Celebrity Endorsement as a form of advertising campaign
that make use of famous personalities and in their study they concluded that Celebrity
Endorsement develops a positive purchasing attitude in the minds of the customers.
Okonkwo (2013) in his study concluded that celebrity endorsement helps in recalling the image
and name of the brand which in turn increases the sales of the product. Celebrity endorsements
can encourage repeat purchases as a result of consumers wishing to imitate the celebrity
representing the brands.
Purchase Intention
Baig (2012) in his research work conducted on the University Students concluded that Celebrity
Endorsement has an impact on purchase intention of customers. As a result many companies are
now making associations with the Sport Hero’s and are doing well as compared to their
Competitors.
Chavanat, Martinent and Ferrand (2009) carried out their research work on the Fans of FIFA
World Cup which was sponsored by ADIDAS. Their study concluded that their exists a strong
and positive relationship between the sponsorship and purchase intention of the Consumers.
Research Methodology
Research Objectives
• To assess whether advertising campaigns using celebrities increase the recall rate of
advertisement.
• To find whether celebrity endorsement influences purchasing intentions of the
consumers.
Hypothesis
It was hypothesized that there shall not be any significant Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on
consumers purchase intention.
Significance of the study

1. The study will help to understand the relationship between celebrity endorsement and
Consumer Purchase Intention.
2. The result of this study can be used by all those corporate who are potentially involved in
Celebrity endorsement.
Results
Table 1: Observed and expected frequencies obtained with chi-square value in relation to
different questions related with Impact of Sponsorship on Brand Image
Responses
S.No Questions SA A N D SD
OV EV OV EV OV EV OV EV OV EV CSV p
1 I prefer brands/products that are endorsed by celebrities 2 10 28 10 12 10 6 10 2 10 4 0
I remember brands/products by the celebrity that
2 endorses it. 8 10 28 10 4 10 8 10 2 10 4.32 0.01
I often refer/relate to a brand/product based on the
3 celebrity that endorses it. 6 10 16 10 16 10 6 10 6 10 12 0.01
I have bought a product because it was endorsed by a
4 celebrity I admire. 8 10 16 10 12 10 4 10 10 10 8 0.09
I am aware of certain brands only because they are
5 endorsed by a celebrity. 1 10 35 10 6 10 5 10 3 10 4 0
I am more likely to buy a brand based on the type of
6 celebrity who endorses it. 6 10 8 10 2 10 26 10 8 10 32.2 0
7 Products endorsed by celebrities are of good quality 6 10 7 10 2 10 27 10 8 10 32.2 0
Rumours about celebrities have an impact on their
8 credibility and persuasiveness in endorsements 8 10 36 10 4 10 1 10 1 10 4 0
I would stop buying a product if the celebrity endorsing
9 it was involved in a scandal 4 10 26 10 16 10 2 10 2 10 4 0
10 it is not credible and trustworthy 12 10 28 10 8 10 1 10 1 10 4 0
I would buy a product if the celebrity endorsing it was
11 good looking and sexy 2 10 4 10 8 10 28 10 8 10 4 0
12 a man 8 10 28 10 4 10 8 10 2 10 43.2 0.01
13 positively famous and successful 2 10 35 10 5 10 5 10 3 10 4 0
OV=Observed Value, EV= Expected Value, CSV= Chi Square Value, p=Significance level
Table 1 shows that in case of first question, the observed and expected frequencies are 2 & 10;
28 & 10; 12 & 10; 6 & 10; 2 & 10 respectively for five selected responses. In case of second it is
8 & 10; 28 & 10; 4 & 10; 8 & 10; 2 & 10 respectively. In third question the observed and
expected values are found to be 6 & 10; 16 & 10; 16 & 10; 6 & 10; 6 & 10 respectively. In fourth
question it is found to be 8 & 10; 16 & 10; 12 & 10; 4 & 10; 10 & 10 respectively. In case of
fifth question, the observed and expected frequencies are 1 & 10; 35 & 10; 6 & 10;5 & 10; 3&10
respectively. In case of sixth, observed and expected frequencies are 6 & 10; 8& 10; 2 & 10; 26
& 10; 8 & 10; In seventh question the observed and expected frequencies are 6 & 10;7& 10; 2 &
10; 27 & 10; 8 & 10 respectively. In case of eighth question the observed and expected
frequencies are found to be 6 & 10;7 & 10;2 & 10; 27 & 10;8 & 10 respectively. In ninth
question the the observed and expected frequencies are 4 & 10; 26 & 10;16 & 10;2 & 10;2 & 10
respectively. In tenth question the observed and expected frequencies are 12 & 10;28 & 10;8 &
10;1 & 10;1 & 10 respectively. In eleventh question the observed and expected frequencies are 2
& 10;4 & 10;8 & 10;28 & 10;8& 10 respectively. In case of twelfth question the observed and
expected frequencies are 8 & 10; 28 & 10; 4 & 10; 8 & 10; 2 & 10. In case of thirteenth question
the observed and expected frequencies are 2 & 10; 35 & 10; 5 & 10; 5 & 10; 3 & 10 respectively
for Strongly Agree (SA),Agree (A),Neutral (N),Disagree (D),Strongly Disagree (SD).
Values of Chi-Square are 4,43.2,12,8,4,32.2,32.2,4,4,4,4,43.2,4and are found to be significant at
0.05 level for question number 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 as the level of significance in these
questions are significant (p < 0.05, p = 0.00). On this basis, it may be concluded that significant
difference was found among the responses of respondents in relation to twelve questions i.e.
1.I prefer brands/products that are endorsed by celebrities,2. I remember brands/products by the
celebrity that endorses it.,3. I often refer/relate to a brand/product based on the celebrity that
endorses it.,5. I am aware of certain brands only because they are endorsed by a celebrity., 6. I
am more likely to buy a brand based on the type of celebrity who endorses it. ,7. Products
endorsed by celebrities are of good quality ,8. Rumours about celebrities have an impact on their
credibility and persuasiveness in endorsements.,9. I would stop buying a product if the celebrity
endorsing it was involved in a scandal ,10. I would stop buying a product if the celebrity
endorsing it is not credible and trustworthy ,11. I would buy a product if the celebrity endorsing
it was good looking and sexy,12. I would buy a product if the celebrity endorsing it was a
man,13. I would buy a product if the celebrity endorsing it was positively famous and successful
Therefore, formulated hypothesis is found to be incorrect in this case and we can say that there
exists e relationship between celebrity endorsement and purchase intention of consumers of
sports apparel. While in question number 4, formulated hypothesis is found to be correct as the
chi-square value is 8.00 and it is significant at. 05 level of significance (p>0.05, p=0.09).
Conclusion
In today’s environment celebrity endorsement is acting as one of the important advertising tools
for fulfilling the objectives of a company. It is concluded from the report that there exists a
relationship between the celebrity endorsement and purchase intention of consumers. Those
business organizations who are engaged in celebrity endorsement can influence the demand of
the customers more effectively as compared to different promoting tools.
References
• Pugazhenthi, A.(2014),” Study on the influence of celebrity endorsement over the

perception and purchase intention of college students”
• Patel. Pratik C (2015) ,“Measuring consumers attitude towards celebrity endorsement
with special reference to film stars versus sports stars as celebrity endorsers”
• Chung, Y.C.Kevin.; Derdenger, T.P.; and Srinivasan, Kannan. (2013), “Economic value
of Celebrity Endorsements: Tiger woods’ Impact on Sales of Nike golf balls”, Vol.32,
o No.2, March, pp.271-293.
• Jain, Vipul. (2011), “Celebrity endorsement and its impact on sales-A Research Analysis
carried out in India”, Global journal of management and business research, Vol.11, No.4,
March, pp.68-84.
• Mukherjee, Debiprasad. (2009), “Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on brand image”,
ssrn.
• Randhawa, Anmol.;and Khan, J.Ahmed.(2014), “Impact of celebrity endorsement on
consumer buying behaviour”, International journal of business management, Vol.1, No.2,
pp.170-188.
International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering ISSN NO : 2249-7455
Impact of celebrity endorsement on purchase intention of consumers

towards sports apparel
Jaya Chandra 1 , Dr. A. K. Srivastava 2 ,Dr. Rajeev Choudhary 3

1 Research Scholar, Institute of Management, Pt.
R.S.University,Raipur,Chhattisgarh
2 Director and Professor,Institute of Management, Pt. R.S.University,
Raipur,Chhattisgarh
3 Professor and HOD,SOS in Physical Education, Pt. R.S.University,
Raipur,Chhattisgarh
Abstract
This purpose of this paper is to derive the relationship between celebrity
endorsement and purchase intention of consumers of sports apparel. Researcher
adopted a survey method approach for collection of data. Questionnaire is used as an
instrument for collection of data. Data were analyzed using chi-square to test the
hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance using SPSS version 16. Results derived
from this study shows that celebrity endorsement and purchase intention of
consumers of sports apparel are dependent on each other.
Keywords-Sports Apparel, Purchase intention, Celebrity
1.Introduction
Our market is flooded with completely different variety of brands attempting to carve
out house for itself within the minds of shoppers each firm is attempting to seek out a
hook in their brands that may connect quicker to the viewers. Therefore, the challenge
before the trafficker is to induct all potential measures to
influence, encourage and instill needs amongst the client through an efficient
advertising campaign. Most of the individuals daily come across through lots of
advertisements by the media so individuals become passionless towards all
the promotional material practices. Its marketers and advertisers are trying to discover
a knob which will grasp the consumer’s thought. In today’s era, individuals usually
neglect all those advertisements thar are displayed in Tv, newspapers, magazines
etc..Therefore they are trying to use Endorsement as promotional material to catch the
attention of people.
According to oxford Dictionary Endorsement means “the act of giving one’s public
approval” Endorsements are a form of advertising that uses famous personalities or
celebrities who command a high degree of acceptance, faith, recognition or
acquaintance amongst the people. Such individuals make a use of their names or
images to promote a product or service. Therefore Indian Companies are making use
of celebrities of various areas , for example Cricketers, Bollywood celebrities and
other sports persons to endorse their brands.
Volume IX, Issue III, MARCH/2019 Page No: 361

2. Literature Review
2.1 Celebrity
McCracken, (1989) has defined Celebrity as a person who has gained name, fame
within specific country, within a region and also who are able to gain the attention of
masses.
Silvera and Austad,( 2004) Celebrities are the people who enjoy public acceptance by
a large share of a certain group of individuals because of their distinct features ..
2.2 Celebrity Endorsement
Atkin and Block (1983) has defined Celebrity Endorsement as a form of advertising
campaign that make use of famous personalities and in their study they concluded
that Celebrity Endorsement develops a positive purchasing attitude in the minds of the
customers.
Okonkwo (2013) in his study concluded that celebrity endorsement helps in recalling
the image and name of the brand which inturn increases the sales of the product.
Celebrity endorsements can encourage repeat purchases as a result of consumers
wishing to imitate the celebrity representing the brands.
2.3 Purchase Intention

Baig (2012) in his research work carried on the University Students disserted that
Celebrity Endorsement affects the purchase intention of customers. Thus numerous
organizations are presently making tie ups with the celebrities and are doing great
when contrasted with their Competitors.
Chavanat, Martinent and Ferrand (2009) completed their research work on the Fans of
FIFA World Cup which was supported by ADIDAS. Their examination reasoned that
their exists a solid and positive connection between the sponsorship and buy goal of
the Consumers.
2.4 Empirical Studies related with celebrity brand endorsement and consumers
purchase intention of sports apparel.
Giridhar (2012)-In his study analyzed that the factors that motivatemthe purchase
intention of consumers.The findings of his study shows that celebrity endorsement
enhances the product influence and creates awareness among consumers.
Boopathi and Chaudhari (2013)-In his study showed that how the celebrity
endorsement affects the mindset of children which in turn affects or changes the
mindset of parents.
3.Research Methodology
3.1 Purpose of the study

The study intends to bring out the fact that whether celebrity brand endorsement and
purchase intention of consumers towards sports apparel are independent to each other
or not.
3.2 Research Objectives

· To identify whether celebrity brand endorsement and purchase intention of
consumers towards sports apparel are independent to each other.

· To give suggestions to develop effective purchase intention through celebrity

brand endorsement for sports apparel.
·
3.3 Hypothesis
It was hypothesized that celebrity brand endorsement and purchase intention towards
sports apparel are independent to each other.
3.4 Research Design

In this study the researcher has used the descriptive research design.50 questionnaires
were distributed to college going students. Convenience sampling method is adopted
in this study. Data is collected from both primary and secondary sources. In primary
method data is collected by using questionnaire making use of the Likert five point
scale technique. Secondary data was collected from the internet, newspapers, journals
and books.
4.Data Analysis and Interpretation

Table 1: Observed and expected frequencies obtained with chi-square value in
relation to different questions related with celebrity brand endorsement and purchase
intention towards sports apparel are independent to each other
OV=Observed Value, EV= Expected Value, CSV= Chi Square Value, p=Significance level
Responses
S .No Questions SA A N D SD
OV EV OV EV OV EV OV EV OV EV CS V p
1 I prefer brands/products that are endorsed by celebrities 2 10 28 10 12 10 6 10 2 10 4 0
I remember brands/products by the celebrity that
2 endorses it. 8 10 28 10 4 10 8 10 2 10 4.32 0.01
I often refer/relate to a brand/product based on the
3 celebrity that endorses it. 6 10 16 10 16 10 6 10 6 10 12 0.01
I have bought a product because it was endorsed by a
4 celebrity I admire. 8 10 16 10 12 10 4 10 10 10 8 0.09
I am aware of certain brands only because they are
5 endorsed by a celebrity. 1 10 35 10 6 10 5 10 3 10 4 0
I am more likely to buy a brand based on the type of
6 celebrity who endorses it. 6 10 8 10 2 10 26 10 8 10 32.2 0
7 Products endorsed by celebrities are of good quality 6 10 7 10 2 10 27 10 8 10 32.2 0
Rumours about celebrities have an impact on their
8 credibility and persuasiveness in endorsements 8 10 36 10 4 10 1 10 1 10 4 0
9 it was involved in a scandal 4 10 26 10 16 10 2 10 2 10 4 0
10 it is not credible and trustworthy 12 10 28 10 8 10 1 10 1 10 4 0
11 good looking and sexy 2 10 4 10 8 10 28 10 8 10 4 0
12 a man 8 10 28 10 4 10 8 10 2 10 43.2 0.01
13 positively famous and successful 2 10 35 10 5 10 5 10 3 10 4 0
Table 1 shows that in case of first question, the observed and expected frequencies are
2 & 10; 28 & 10; 12 & 10; 6 & 10; 2 & 10 respectively for five selected responses. In
case of second it is 8 & 10; 28 & 10; 4 & 10; 8 & 10; 2 & 10 respectively. In third

question the observed and expected values are found to be 6 & 10; 16 & 10; 16 & 10;
6 & 10; 6 & 10 respectively. In fourth question it is found to be 8 & 10; 16 & 10; 12
& 10; 4 & 10; 10 & 10 respectively. In case of fifth question, the observed and
expected frequencies are 1 & 10; 35 & 10; 6 & 10;5 & 10; 3&10 respectively. In case
of sixth, observed and expected frequencies are 6 & 10; 8& 10; 2 & 10; 26 & 10; 8 &
10; In seventh question the observed and expected frequencies are 6 & 10;7& 10; 2 &
10; 27 & 10; 8 & 10 respectively. In case of eighth question the observed and
expected frequencies are found to be 6 & 10;7 & 10;2 & 10; 27 & 10;8 & 10
respectively.In ninth question the the observed and expected frequencies are 4 & 10;
26 & 10;16 & 10;2 & 10;2 & 10 respectively.In tenth question the observed and
expected frequencies are 12 & 10;28 & 10;8 & 10;1 & 10;1 & 10 repectively. In
eleventh question the observed and expected frequencies are 2 & 10;4 & 10;8 &
10;28 & 10;8& 10 respectively.In case of twelfth question the observed and expected
frequencies are 8 & 10; 28 & 10; 4 & 10; 8 & 10; 2 & 10 . In case of thirteenth
question the observed and expected frequencies are 2 & 10; 35 & 10; 5 & 10; 5 & 10;
3 & 10 respectively for Strongly Agree (SA),Agree (A),Neutral (N),Disagree
(D),Strongly Disagree (SD).
Values of Chi-Square are 4,43.2,12,8,4,32.2,32.2,4,4,4,4,43.2,4and are found to be
significant at 0.05 level for question number 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 as the level of
significance in these questions are significant (p < 0.05, p = 0.00). On this basis, it
may be concluded that significant difference was found among the responses of
respondents in relation to twelve questions.
Therefore our formulated hypothesis is found to be incorrect in this case and we can
say that celebrity endorsement and purchase intention of consumers of sports apparel
are dependent aon each other.while in question number 4, formulated hypothesis is
found to be correct as the chi-square value is 8.00 and it is significant at. 05 level of
significance (p>0.05, p=0.09).
Suggestions
· Care must be taken while selecting a celebrity for endorsement. Celebrity with
any kind of negative exposure will leave a negative impact on the item.
· Single celebrity should be used to endorse single brand so as to avoid
confusions over multiple brand.
· Celebrities who has gained expertise in sports should endorse sports apparel
because consumers purchase intention gets influenced by such an expertise.
Conclusions
In today’s environment celebrity endorsement is acting as one of the important
advertising tool for fulfilling the objectives of a company. It is concluded from the
result that the celebrity endorsement and purchase intention of consumers of sports
apparel are dependent on each other. Those business organizations who are engaged
in celebrity endorsement can influence the demand of the customers more effectively
as compared to different promoting tools.

References
[1] India. Global journal of management and business research ,11(4), pp.68-84.
[2] Kaur,S. , Garg,A.(2016) Celebrity Endorsement and buying behaviour: A study of Punjab
university students. International journal of Research Granthalaya,4(11) ,pp.1-15
[3] Kamins,M.A.(1989).Celebrity and non celebrity advertising in a two-sided
context.Journal of Advertising Research, 29(3),pp.34-42
[4] Atkin, C., & Block, M. (1983). Effectiveness of celebrity endorsers. Journal of
Advertising Research, 23(1), pp.57-61

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Managing Sports Events-A Comparative Study of Sports Activities at Different

Thesis · December 2021

Jaya Chandra Dr Rajeev Choudhary

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Under the Faculty of Management Studies

Supervisor Co-Supervisor Research Scholar

Topic Page No.

CHAPTER- 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 18-41

CHAPTER- 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 42-48

CHAPTER-4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 49-94

CHAPTER-5 RESULTS AND FINDINGS 95-106

CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSION, SUGGESTIONS, LIMITATIONS

Table 8 Trend Analysis of money spent on training and 62

Table 21 Chi square to find out the association between 76

Table 22 Trend analysis of money spent on construction of new 77

Table 23 Linear, quadratic, cubic and order 4 in relation to the 77

Table 24 Trend analysis on amount spent on maintenance of the 78

Table 36 Chi square for the comparison of two categorical 85

Table 43 Two- way ANOVA table representing the comparison 89

Table 44 Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to compare paired means in 90-92

Table 45 Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to compare paired means in 94

COA - Chhattisgarh Olympic Association

The thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a Doctor of

Sports event management is a concept that is completely new in the field of

I am grateful to my guide, co-guide and teachers who have corresponded with me

1.1.1 History of Indian Sports in ancient India

India has a rich heritage of various sports activities various archaeological

1.1.3 Contribution of India to the world of Sports

b) Kabaddi-India had also made a significant contribution in the world-famous sport

c) Wrestling or ‘Pehlwani’-Earlier known as ‘Malla-Yudha’ was also contested in

1.1.4 Contribution of Chhattisgarh to the world of Sports

1.2 Growth of sports and sporting bodies in Chhattisgarh

1.2.1 Chhattisgarh Olympic Association.

Chhattisgarh Olympic Association affiliated to the Indian Olympic Association is the

1.2.2 Chhattisgarh Football Association

Chhattisgarh Football association is the state governing body of football in

1.2.3 Chhattisgarh Athletics Association

Chhattisgarh Athletics Association has a rich heritage and an unbreakable record in

1.2.4 Chhattisgarh Hockey Association

1.2.5 Chhattisgarh Basketball Association

Chhattisgarh Basketball Association is affiliated with the Basketball Federation of

1.2.6 Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh

1.2.7 Chhattisgarh Table Tennis Association

1.2.8 Chhattisgarh Archery Association

Chhattisgarh Archery Association is founded with a view to provide all the

1.3 Sports in Chhattisgarh

1.3.1 Traditional Sports of Chhattisgarh

a) Archery: Archery is one of the most important traditional game of Chhattisgarh

b) Pari-Pakhra: Pari-Pakhra is one of the traditional games of Chhattisgarh in

1.3.2 Adventure Sports in Chhattisgarh

b) Adventure in Bungee Jumping in Chhattisgarh: Jagdalpur is a fantastic spot

c) Adventure Go Karting in Chhattisgarh: In Chhattisgarh, go karting is one of

d) Adventure Trekking in Chhattisgarh: Trekking is a great adventure sports in

f) Adventure boating in Chhattisgarh: The bottom of Chitrakoot Falls is one of

1.4 Sports Venues in Chhattisgarh

b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Hockey Stadium-Sardar Vallabh Bhai

c) International Hockey Stadium, Rajnandgaon- Rajnandgaon International Hockey

e) Raja Raghuraj Singh Stadium-Raja Raghuraj Singh Stadium is a cricket ground

f) Jayanti Stadium- Jayanti Stadium is located in Bhilai and is a multifunctional

1.5 Sports Persons from Chhattisgarh

c) Renuka Yadav-Renuka Yadav is from Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh, which