Factors that influence TAR UC Kampar students intention to participate sport event in

Kampar

NAME : STUDENT ID:

Yong Wai Hou 21AJR05426
Leong Pei Kuan 21AJR05414
Ghoh Siew Qin 21AJR05411

PERAK BRANCH CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HOSPITALITY

BKTE3324
INDUSTRY PROJECT
Academic Year
2022/2023
Programme:

Bachelor of Tourism Management (Honours) Event Management

Research Project (100%)

Supervisor : Co-Supervisor:
Ms Woo Foong Mei Ms Farah Amalina

(26.9.2022)

0
 APPROVAL

I, the undersigned, certified that

Yong Wai Hou 21AJR05426

Leong Pei Kuan 21AJR05414

Ghoh Siew Qin 21AJR05411

Candidates for the BACHELOR OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT (HONOURS)

EVENT MANAGEMENT have presented their project paper of the following title

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TARUC KAMPAR STUDENT

INTENTION TO PARTICIPATE SPORT EVENT IN KAMPAR

(As it appears on the title page and front cover of the project paper) that

the project paper is acceptable in the form and content and that a satisfactory

knowledge of the field is covered by the project paper.

___________________________ ____________________________
(Ms Woo Foong Mei) (Ms Farah Amalina)
Programme Leader Lecturer
Department of Social Science And Department of Social Science And
Hospitality Perak Branch Campus Hospitality Perak Branch Campus
Tunku Abdul Rahman University Tunku Abdul Rahman University
College College
DATE: 23/09/2022 DATE:23/09/2022
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the research project is based on our original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged.

Yong Leong
_____________________________ _____________________________
(Yong Wai Hou) (Leong Pei Kuan)
(21AJR05426) (21AJR05414)
Date: 22/09/2022 Date: 22/09/2022

Ghoh
_____________________________
(Ghow Siew Qin)
(21AJR05411)
Date: 22/09/2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to convey our greatest appreciation to our supervisors, Ms. Saras Woo
Foong Mei and Ms. Farah Amalina, for their constant supervision, advise, and knowledge
sharing during this study process. We could not have successfully completed this study without
their advice. Our research and the authoring of this research were aided by their advice. During
this time period, we obtained fresh expertise and a wealth of information that will be useful in
the future from our superviors.

In addition, we would like to show our gratitude to the members of the team who
contributed the most to completing the research project and submitting it on time. Furthermore,
we would like to thank our parents for their spiritual and financial assistance.

In addition, we would like to thank Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC)
for providing us with the chance to conduct this study with access to an abundance of academic
resources. In addition, we would like to thank all the professors and everyone who has directly or
indirectly assisted us in completing this report. Last but not least, we would like to thank
everyone who took the time and made the effort to complete this survey.
 ABSTRACT

This study examines the link between the theory of planned behaviour and TAR

UC Kampar students' intentions to participate in sport events in Kampar. This

study surveyed TAR UC Kampar students in Kampar via the use of questionnaires.

Through regression analysis, the acquired data were analysed and the hypothesis

was tested. All IV (Attitude, Subjective norms, Perceived Behavioural Controls)

exhibit strong positive associations with DV, as seen by the test results (Intention).

Consequently, all hypotheses are accepted. In addition, future planning of sporting

events is improved by using the questionnaire data acquired in this research.

Finally, numerous suggestions for future research were made to address the

limitations of this study.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of Research 1-2
1.1 Statement of problems 3
1.2 Research Question 4
1.3 Research Hypotheses 5
1.4 Research Objectives 6
1.5 Significance/ Relevance of Research 7
1.6 Scope and Limitations of Research 8
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 9 - 10
1.8 Summary 11

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction 12
2.1 Attitude 13 - 14
2.2 Subjective Norms 15
2.3 Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) 16
2.4 Intention 17
2.5 Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) 18
2.6 Formation of the theoretical framework of the study 19 -20
2.7 Summary 21

CHAPTER 3:METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction 22
3.1 Research Design 23
3.2 Research Subjects
3.2.1 Population Subject 24
3.2.2 Sample Subject 25
3.2.3 Sampling Procedure 26
3.2.4 Demographic Characteristics 27
3.3 Research Instrument 28 - 32
3.3.1 Validity 33
3.3.2 Pilot Test 34
 3.3.3 Reliability Test 35
3.4 Research Procedure 36
3.5 Methods of Collecting Data 37
3.6 Methods of Analysing Data 38
3.7 Summary 39

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT

4.0 Introduction 40
4.1. Demographic Profile 41
4.1.1 Gender 42
4.1.2 Age 43
4.1.3 Monthly Allowance 44
4.2 Descriptive Statistics 45
4.3 Reliability Analysis 46
4.4 Pearson Correlation Analysis 47 - 50
4.5 Summary 51

CHAPTER 5:DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction 52
5.1 Discussion 52
5.1.1 Demographic 53 - 54
5.1.2 Attitude 54-55
5.1.3 Subjective Norms 56 - 57
5.1.4 Perceived Behavioural Control 57 - 58
5.1.5 Conclusion 58
5.2 Implication of study 59
5.2.1 Theoretical Implication 59
5.2.2 Practical Implication 59 - 60
5.3 Suggestions 61
5.4 Conclusion 62

REFERENCES 63 - 66
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Krejcie & Morgan(1970) Sample Size Table

Table 3.2 Results on Reliability Test for Pilot Studies

Table 4.1 Descriptive statistic of the respondents’ demographic profile

Table 4.2 Descriptive statistics

Table 4.3 Reliability coefficient of the variable in this study

Table 4.4 Rules of thumb on correlation coefficient size

Table 4.5 Pearson correlation matrix for all variables

Table 4.6 Pearson correlation matrix for attitude

Table 5.1 Attitude

Table 5.2 Subjective Norms

Table 5.3 Perceived Behavioural Control

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 The theoretical framework in this study

Figure 4.1 Gender

Figure 4.2 Age

Figure 4.3 Monthly Allowance

 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019

IV Independent Variables

DV Dependent Variable

SPSS Statistics Package for the Social Science.

TAR UC Tunku Abdul Rahman University College

 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of Study

Global sport events, international sport events, national sport events, and regional sport

events are all examples of these mega or signature events. Particularly mega-sport and global

sport events, are increasingly being used by cities as an image-building strategy since they can

attract large audiences from both domestic and international markets and produce global

television exposure (Liu & Gratton, 2010). For example, the FIFA Football World Cup, Olympic

Games, Rugby World Cup and Super Bowl.

Currently, Malaysia is known for organising several world-class sport events for

economic growth, for example Formula One Championship Car Racing (F1) was held in

Malaysia (Mapjabil et al., 2015). The fact that sport events in Malaysia attract tourists is well

established. Malaysia is currently known for hosting a number of world-class sport events,

including the Royal Langkawi International Regatta, the Ironman Triathlon and the FEI Show

Jumping World Cup. All of these world-class athletic events have significant economic and

social benefits. Sports as a tourist attraction benefit from the duration of the events, considerable

promotional coverage in print and electronic media, sponsorship from a variety of domestic and

foreign corporations, and economic possibilities presented to local citizens during the event

(Gratton et al., 2005).

Beside the international sport event in Malaysia, there are also some local events in

different towns. In Kampar, they also host Kampar Maze Run, Kampar Majesty Ride, Kampar

River Festival, and TARCian Run. Kampar communities promote sport, recreation and tourism

1
opportunities to make full use of their recreational facilities and to expand and diversify their

local economy.

2
1.1 Problem Statement

Students in Malaysia have more opportunities to participate in sport events compared to

the past. They are given more choices of sport activities according to their preferences and

hobbies. Sport events have grown significantly over the years as a result of the government of

Malaysia's effort to sponsor other types of sport event organisers to develop the sport event.

(Yusof, 2007)

In Malaysia, college and university students aged 18 to 25 or above have a low level of

physical activity, while 61.5 percent have an average level of physical activity (Dan et al., 2011).

Although the government has spent a large allocation of funding to encourage sports and

physical activities, participation of students in physical activities in Malaysia is still low (Yusof,

2007). This has indicated that many of the university students have a low interest in participating

in sport events. According to Sur & Afshin 2018, tennagers who are in low activity level will

cause heart disease, obesity and unhealthy in future.

With the change of the times, students are seldom active in sport events during the study

period, since it involves lack of time (Takahashi et al., 1991). These time and content constraints

jeopardise student engagement in sports and physical exercise, particularly if they are not

physically active during their spare time. Additionally, due to the cheap cost, lack of

transportation, and familiarity of the environment, the colleges or universities setting may be

more appealing to young people than community sports ground and sport events for sports and

physical exercise (De Meester et al., 2014). Therefore, this study is to determine the factors that

influence TAR UC Perak Branch student’s intention to participate in sport events.

3
1.2 Research Question

From the problem statement derived three (3) research questions:

1. Is there any relationship between attitude and TAR UC Perak Branch students’ intention

to participate in sport events in Kampar?

2. Is there any relationship between subjective norms and TAR UC Perak Branch students’

intention to participate in sport events in Kampar?

3. Is there any relationship between perceived behavioural control and TAR UC Perak

Branch students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar?

4
1.3 Research Hypotheses

The hypothesis has developed in this study.

H1: There is a significant relationship between attitudes and TAR UC Kampar students' intention

to participate in sport events in Kampar.

H2: There is a significant relationship between subjective norms and TAR UC Kampar students'

intention to participate in sport events in Kampar.

H3: There is a significant relationship between perceived behavioural control and TAR UC

Kampar students' intention to participate in sport events in Kampar.

5
1.4 Research Objectives

RO1: To investigate the relationship between attitudes and TAR UC Kampar students' intention

to participate in sport events in Kampar.

RO2: To investigate the relationship between subjective norms and TAR UC Kampar students'

intention to participate in sport events in Kampar.

RO3: To investigate the relationship between perceived behavioural control and TAR UC

Kampar students' intention to participate in sport events in Kampar.

6
1.5 Significance/Relevance of Research

The results from this research are intended to be helpful to TAR UC , all sport events

organisers in Kampar which also benefit TAR UC Kampar students' activities, entertainment and

self-improvement. TAR UC Kampar event organiser and event marketers may utilise this

research to build and improve their event marketing strategies for current and future projects.

Moreover, the university college in Kampar may utilise this research to determine the intention

of students' on sport events in order to help to conduct students' favourable sport events since the

successful development of sport events in Kampar involves an in-depth understanding of the

factors influencing TAR UC Kampar students' intention. In practice, the findings of this research

will aid in determining the true factors influencing TAR UC Kampar students' intentions to

participate in sport events.

7
1.6 Scope and Limitations of Research

Scope

The scope of this research is limited under a small area called Kampar by having TAR

UC Kampar students as the main target for the research. Furthermore, sport events are the centre

of attention throughout the whole research.

Limitation

The limitation of this research is the students are less exposed to sports because of the

health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Not only that, students lack sport events. The

occurrence of this will lead to a reduction in our research opportunities and hinder the

responsiveness of the students we collect. Thus, this reason is also a barrier for us to obtain

information about TAR UC Kampar students.

8
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

The following key terms were defined and referred to specifically to ensure a mutual

common understanding of the terms mentioned in this study:

Attitude

Attitude is the extent to which a person has a favourable or unfavourable appraisal of a given

behaviour (Ajzen, 1991).

Subjective Norms

Subjective norms are formed through the interaction of normative ideas and incentive to conform

(Krueger et al., 2000).

Perceived Behavioural Control

The perceived behavioural control is the presence of sufficient resources and the ability to

control barriers (Ajzen & Madden, 1986).

Intention

In essence, intentions can be conceived of as goal states in the expectancy value tradition that are

the result of a conscious process that takes time, requires some deliberation and focuses on

consequences (Ajzen, 1991).

9
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (Perak Branch)

A Tunku Abdul Rahman University College branch located in Kampar and Perak states.

Sport events

Sport events are an athletic endeavour involving talent or physical aptitude, typically one that is

competitive in nature. (Robert Wood,2022).

10
1.8 Summary

The sport event in Global, Malaysia and Kampar was discussed in this chapter. The

problem statement and the questions for this study also clearly stated out. Moreover, the research

objective and hypothesis is also stated out. Lastly is the discussion about the significance and

limitation of the study and the operational definition of terms which points out the contribution

of this study.

11
 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter explains dependent variables (students‟ intention to participate in sport

events) and independent variables (attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control).

The relevant theoretical models for the study and effect of independent variables to dependent

variables is also discussed in this chapter. This chapter also includes theoretical framework and

hypotheses.

12
2.1 Attitude

When evaluating things, people, or events, attitudes are evaluations that are either

positive or negative. They serve as a reflection of one's feelings (Robbins, 2021). In general, a

positive attitude will result in a change that is appropriate for that behaviour (Fazio &

Powell, 1989). According to Hogg and Vaughan (2006), attitude is a non-observable structure

that guides people's behaviours. Attitudes may undergo a variety of adjustments during human

life. While an individual's immediate environment has a significant influence on the formation of

his or her attitudes, particularly during the first years of life, these attitudes may undergo a series

of changes over time, depending on the individual's level of knowledge, socialisation processes,

and life experiences (Inceoglu & Fleck, 2010).

In the majority of the research, attitudes toward a conduct seemed to be a greater

predictor of intention (Goudas & Biddle, 1994). Sport event organisers play a critical role in

shaping and developing attitudes regarding sport events (Balyan et al., 2012). With the goal of

expanding student involvement in sport events, providing sufficient opportunities and facilities,

as well as orienting and inspiring students toward sport, will have a beneficial influence on their

views about sport events (Balyan et al., 2012). Offering sport opportunities to students,

especially in areas formerly inaccessible to them due to space constraints, is critical for both the

development of positive attitudes and social development. The absence of these facilities and

orientations will have a detrimental influence on university students' motivation to engage in

physical activity (Bushman et al., 2014). A series of research conducted by Mahony and

Moorman (2000) found that individuals were more inclined to watch their favourite sports event

on television than the most famous sports event in Malaysia. These findings are consistent with

13
Funk et al.’s (2000) assertion that "a sports man who participated sport event would be

anticipated to have an intense, extreme, significant, backed by substantial knowledge and

experience, and strongly held attitude toward that event". Thus, attitudes and intentions have

significant, positive links.

14
2.2 Subjective Norms

Subjective norms are the conviction that the majority of people either approve or

disapprove of the activity. It has to do with a person's opinions about whether peers and

significant others believe the individual should indulge in the behaviour (Wayne. W, 2019).

However, the descriptive component depicts the conduct of the others which influences the

performance of the individual (Ajzen I. , 1991). Family members, coworkers, physicians, and

colleagues are frequently significant persons who give helpful advice for others to take action.

From the previous research, people’s engagement in sports activities may not only fulfill

their pleasure demands but also meet the social needs of talking with others. For instance, the

participant could have influential other individuals such as their spouse, or parents as the

significant person alongside him or her. Therefore, to convince him or her to attend the event, he

or she may engage in the event jointly. In this scenario, subjective norms are thought to influence

attendees' intentions to participate in activities, but attitudes and perceived behavioural control

are seen to be more outstanding (Hagger, Chatzisarantis, & Biddle, 2022).

15
2.3 Perceived behavioural control (PBC)

Perceived behavioural control relates to an individual's assessment of the difficulty or

ease of doing the activity of interest. Perceived behavioural control changes between contexts

and behaviours, resulting in situation-dependent perceptions of behavioural control (Wayne. W,

2019). Indeed, some acts are outside one's volitional control, and by including perceived

behavioural control into their reasoning, they can more precisely account for a broader range of

behaviours (Ajzen, 1991). Prior conduct acts as a distal antecedent so that attitudes, subjective

norms, and perceived behaviour control evolve depending on previous behaviour (Ajzen, 1991;

2002). In this way, the intention and behaviour of TAR UC Kampar students whether they intend

to participate in Kampar sports events are influenced and cognition. Additionally, previous

behaviour will operate as a mediator rather than a distal antecedent. Suppose individuals acquire

unfavourable opinions about a sport even though they have never participated in the activity. In

this case, negative attitudes are expected to affect their previous participation in the sport as well

as their intentions to participate in the sport in the future. Perceived behavioural control changes

across diverse settings and activities, resulting in a person having variable views of behavioural

control depending on the scenario (LaMorte, 2019).

16
2.4 Intention

The definition of intention, also known as intent, is a state of mind that reflects a person's

willingness and commitment to carry out future duties and acts (Kevin Mangelschots, 2019). The

intended intentions are the closest indicator of actual participation. Intentions are believed to

capture the motivating variables that drive action, they are indications of how hard individuals

are willing to try and how much effort they intend to put in to execute the activity (Ajzen, 1991,

p. 181).

When behavioural, normative, or control beliefs are the target of an intervention, the

resulting changes in attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of behavioural control may be

successful in influencing intentions in the desired direction (Ajzen I. ,2019). Though intentions

were more significantly correlated with attitudes and subjective standards than with perceived

behavioural control. Speculating that a person's intention to take part in a Kampar sports event

will be positively associated with their past activity (Bentler & Speckart, 1979, 1981).

17
2.5 Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) considers a person's attitude, social expectations,

and sense of control as reliable indicators of their behavioural intentions (Keiba L. Shaw, 2016).

The “Theory of Planned Behaviour” (TPB) by (Ajzen,1991) is one of the most used theories for

studying and predicting behaviour and human reaction (Ajzen, 2001). This theory is also

extensively employed by several hospitality and tourism researchers to analyse events and

festivals (Pannilage & Lin, 1970). The expression of an act is chosen by the desire of the person

to engage in it (influenced by the value the individual sets on the action) and the sense that the

activity is under his/her control. Theory of Planned Behaviour refers to the idea that the

possibilities and resources necessary for the effective execution of the act are accessible, for

example, “I can simply visit an event and take part in”. According to the Theory of Planned

Behaviour model, that behavioural purpose is a consequence of attitude, subjective norms, and

perceived behavioural control (Ajzen I. , 1991). Even if subjective norms and perceived

individual behaviour control have an impact on the target future behaviour, this influence only

comes from behaviour intention. In this research, the factors that influence TAR UC Kampar

students' intention to participate in sport events in Kampar are attitudes, subjective norm and

perceived behavioural control derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).

18
2.6 Formation of the theoretical framework of the study

Figure 2.1 : The theoretical framework in this study

In this study, the variables are being selected after study of literature review. The three

independent variables serve as attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control while

the dependent variable is TAR UC student’s intention to participate in sport events.

(Armitage, 2005) reported that all three constructs in TPB explained the increased probability of

an individual involving in sport event if participant possesses positive effects (attitude), if there

is social pressure to participate sport event (subjective norms) and if he believes he will succeed

in the event (perceived social control).

19
Hence, the hypothesis of the study is then suggested as below:

H1-There is a significant relationship between attitudes and TAR UC Kampar students' intention

to participate in sport events in Kampar.

H2-There is a significant relationship between subjective norms and has a positive effect on

intention to attend the sport event in Kampar.

H3-There is significant perceived behavioural control related to the intention to attend sport

events in Kampar.

20
2.7 Summary

This chapter reviewed many books, journals and articles that related to the factors that

influence TAR UC students' intentions to participate in sport events. This chapter also examined

the dependent variable (intention) and independent variables (attitude, subjective norms and

perceived behaviour control), and the relevant theoretical models. The study also proposed a

theoretical framework and developed the hypotheses to investigate the relationship between the

independent variables (attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control) and the

dependent variable (TAR UC Kampar students' intention to participate in sport events).

21
 CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter explains the research design, its process and specifies the methodology that

has been used in conducting the research. Research processes include defining and selecting the

variables, identifying target population, sample size and developing research instruments. This

chapter also further discusses the procedures of collecting, coding and recording data of this

research.

22
3.1 Research Design

The measurement of phenomena and quantitative properties as well as their correlations is

referred to as quantitative research. In this study, quantitative research will be more suited

because it delivers more accurate results than qualitative data research. Students' intention to

participate in sport events in Kampar with attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control

behaviour. Nominal and ordinal scales were employed in this research.

The nominal scale assigns values to objects for the sake of categorising and identifying

them (Zikmund et al., 2009), but the values have no inherent significance (Ndukwu, 2020). In

this study, for example, the gender of the respondents was inquired about (Figure 3.1). There are

no numbers or quantities being measured or rated while the answer is determined. These scales

will be used in Section 1 in the questionnaire.

A ranking scale in which objects were sorted and measured in some order is known as an

ordinal scale (Zikmund et al., 2009). The order of the variables is crucial, but it does not take into

account the differences in the values (Ndukwu, 2020). This study's example of an ordinal scale is

shown in Figure 3.2. For each construct, a five-point Likert scale is employed to determine the

respondent's view on the statement. The opinions are in numerical order and labelled (1: strongly

disagree, 2: disagree, 3: neutral, 4: agree, 5: strongly agree). The numerals are order labels, but

the value difference has no relevance. This scale has been used in Section 2, Section 3, Section 4

and Section 5 in the questionnaire.

23
3.2 Research Subjects

3.2.1 Population Subjects

TAR UC, there are many branches located in Malaysia, the research population that suits

the analysis for the study is the university students of TAR UC Perak Branch that are located in

Kampar. The total number of TAR UC Kampar is 1100 (TAR UC, 2022). We select these TAR

UC students because they are more active in sport events and they are willing to challenge in

these sport events.

24
3.2.2 Sample Subjects

As referring to the study done by Krejcie and Morgan (1970), a minimum sample size of

285 will be needed to generalise the total population of 1100 shown in table 2. Hence, a

minimum 285 questionnaires will be distributed to TAR UC Kampar for actual research.

N S

950 274

1000 278

1100 285

Table 3.1: Krejcie & Morgan(1970) Sample Size Table

25
3.2.3 Sampling Procedure

According to the report, convenience sampling was the sampling technique applied to this

research. Convenience sampling is the most prevalent type of nonprobabilistic sampling, owing

to its widespread usage. Convenience sampling is a technique for collecting samples that are

conveniently accessible near a location or Internet service (Sudman, 2022). This sampling

method is suit for the study, due to we can collect the target sample of this study through

distributed a QR code of survery form in TAR UC Kampar. We visit the faculty of TAR UC

Kampar to get the population we need.

26
3.2.4 Demographic Characteristics of the Sample And Justification

The demographic characteristics of the samples we report reflect the composition of the

population in terms of age, sex, and allowances. The demographic age we reported is the average

age of 18 to 24 or above including the case of late graduates. Regarding the gender of the

respondents, there was a slight predominance of males and females. The range of allowances for

university students were around below RM250 to RM1001 above per month (Richard Hartung,

2017).

27
3.3 Research Instrument

To fulfil the objective of this study, a set of self-administered questionnaires will be

distributed to the target respondents. The questionnaire comprises of 5 section:

Demographic profile (Section 1), Attitude (Section 2), Subjective norms (Section 3), perceived

behavioural control (Section 4), and intention that influence TAR UC Kampar student’s intention

to participate in the sport event (Section 5).

All the questions and constructs were adapted and derived from past literature in the

relevant field. The questions asked in the Section 2, Section 3, Section 4 and Section 5 of the

questionnaire are listed in:

28
Questions used in the questionnaire:

Factors that influence the TAR UC Kampar student’s intention to participate sport event

Sources Original items Adopted items

Section 2 Attitude

1 Cunningha For me, attending Saudi soccer games I think participate sport

m, & Kwon, in the stadium during the King Cup of event would be

2003 Champions 2012 would be entertaining.

entertaining.

2 Cunningha For me, attending Saudi soccer games I think participate sport

m, & Kwon, in the stadium during the King Cup of event would be Valuable.

2003 Champions 2012 would be valuable.

3 Cunningha For me, attending Saudi soccer games I think participate sport

m, & Kwon, in the stadium during the King Cup of event would be pleasant.

2003 Champions 2012 would be pleasant.

4 Cunningha For me, attending Saudi soccer games I think participate sport

m, & Kwon, in the stadium during the King Cup of event would be

2003 Champions 2012 would be comfortable.

comfortable.

5 Cunningha For me, attending Saudi soccer games I think participate sport

m, & Kwon, in the stadium during the King Cup of event would be exciting.

29
 2003 Champions 2012 would be exciting.

Section 3 Subjective Norms

1 Harris and My parents encourage me. My parents encourages me

Halpin, to participate in sport

2002 events.

2 Harris and My family encourages me. My family encourages me

Halpin, to participate in sport

2002 events.

3 Cunningha My friends are likely to attend a My friends are likely to

m, & Kwon, men’s hockey game this season. participate in sport events

2003 this year.

4 Cunningha Close people to me are likely to People close to me are

m, & Kwon, attend this event. likely to participate sport

2003 events.

5 Cunningha Attending a men’s hockey game with Participating sport event

m, & Kwon, family would be something I would with family would be

2003 like to do. something i would like to

do.

Section 4 Perceived Behavioural

Control

30
1 Cunningha It would be difficult for me to have It would be difficult for me

m, & Kwon, the time to go to a men's hockey game to have the time to go to

2003 this season. participate sport events this

year.

2 Cunningha I do not have the money available to I have money to participate

m, & Kwon, go to a men’s hockey game this in sport events.

2003 season.

3 Jeong et al., I am confident that if I want, I can I am confident that if I

2021 attend a sports match at a stadium want, I can participate in

when the stadium is open to sport events when the sport

spectators. event is open to register.

4 Jeong et al., Whether or not I attend a sports match It is my choice to register

2021 at a stadium is completely up to me sport events.

when the stadium is open to

spectators.

5 Cunningha The importance of the game would The importance of the

m, & Kwon, determine my attendance of these sport event would

2003 games. determine my

participation in the sport

events.

Section 5 Intention

31
1 Cunningha Attending a men’s hockey game is Participating in sports

m, & Kwon, something I plan to do. events is something I plan

2003 to do.

2 Cunningha I will try to attend a men’s hockey I will try to participate

m, & Kwon, game. sport events.

2003

3 Cunningha I intend to attend a men’s hockey I intend to participate sport

m, & Kwon, game. events.

2003

4 Cunningha I plan to attend a hockey game in the I plan to participate in

m, & Kwon, future. sport events in the future.

2003

5 Hagger et I desire to attend a soccer game. I desire to participate in

al., 2001 sport events.

32
3.3.1 Validity

Validity test is how well an instrument measures the particular concept it intends to

measure (Sekaran & Bougie, 2013). Researchers use content validity to ensure the measures

include adequate and representative sets of instruments that tap the concept (Saunders, Lewis, &

Thornhill, 2016). The content validity is done by Mr. Zazrul Afiq Bin Zazlan, lecturer in TAR

UC Kampar.

33
3.3.2 Pilot Test

To examine the potential problems of the research method, a pilot test has been

conducted on a small group of respondents before distributing the questionnaires. There were 30

sets of questionnaires distributed. SPSS program has run to test the reliability of the

questionnaires.

34
3.3.3 Reliability Test

Table 3.2 shows the results on the reliability test for Pilot Study. Each of the constructs

was being tested separately. The coefficient alpha could be ranges in few values. Alpha ≥ 0.9 is

excellent, 0.8 to < 0.9 is very good, 0.7 to < 0.8 is good, 0.6 to < 0.7 is moderate, and less than

0.6 is poor reliability (Hair et al., 2003).

Table below shows the outcomes:

Variables Number of item (N) Cronbach’s Alpha

Attitude 5 0.900

Subjective norms 5 0.811

Perceived behavioural control 5 0.780

Intention 5 0.892

Table 3.2: Results on Reliability Test for Pilot Studies

Results of the pilot study shows that Cronbach’s Alpha value of attitude, subjective

norms and perceived behavioural control are 0.905, 0.811 and 0.780, which show good

reliability. The intention has Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.892, which shows very good

reliability. In this study, all the questions were adopted because no respondents were unclear

about the questions. As the result of this pilot test, researchers adopted it to actual.

35
3.4 Research Procedure

In April 2022, we started to create a questionnaire for pilot tests, followed by distributing

the questionnaire to a lecturer to verify the validity. We distributed the real questionnaire form to

TAR UC Kampar via the questionnaire link for the pilot test. Lastly, we collected all the

questionnaires distributed and used SPSS Version 27 software to analyze the data for the pilot

test.

36
3.5 Methods of Collecting Data

The questionnaire has been printed in hard copy and distributed to TAR UC Kampar from

20 July 2022 after a week (27 July 2022). We distributed the google form of a questionnaire form

to social communication groups of the university. The society president will help to distribute the

e-google form in their social group to fulfill the questionnaire in an online method. The students

had been given time to answer all the questions in the questionnaire. Once the data is collected,

the results will be keyed into the SPSS Statistics 27 for analysis purposes.

37
3.6 Methods of Analysing Data

The data collected through survey questionnaires will be analysed to determine if they

fulfilled the study's objectives. The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

version 27 is used to analyse the obtained data.

Descriptive analysis is one of the techniques used to examine the data that has been

gathered. Descriptive analysis is mostly used to describe quantitative data in research (Counts,

2021). This research summarised the key characteristics of data in a few ways, including central

tendency, variability, and dispersion (Counts, 2021). After getting the data, the statistics are

shown using tables, graphs, and charts. Additionally, this research considers variables such as

age, gender, race, and others.

The inferential analysis is the most often used quantitative tool for testing hypotheses in

research studies (Bhandari, 2020). If any conclusion is formed, it must be in a probabilistic

manner. Additionally, it may be used to assess an argument's credibility and to explain study

phenomena. In this research, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Analysis is used.

38
3.7 Summary

This chapter had discussed the design of the study, research subjects, population subjects,

sample subjects, sampling procedure, a method to collect data, sampling design, the research

instrument, processing of the data and also the analysis of data.

39
 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT

4.0 Introduction

This chapter goes into data analysis and study findings based on a sample size of 291

respondents. The statistical program SPSS version 27 is used in the analysis method. The

demographic profile of the respondents is highlighted first in this chapter. This study used a

variety of statistical methodologies, including descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and

Pearson's correlation. The collected data and statistical approaches yielded the following

findings.

40
4.1 Demographic Profile

In the demographic section, there were three items listed and analysed using the

descriptive statistics that includes gender, age and monthly allowance. With a total number 291

respondents, the results gained are presented in the table below.

Table 4.1: Descriptive statistic of the respondents’ demographic profile

Profiles Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Gender Male 131 45.0

Female 160 55.0

Age 18 - 19 72 24.7

20-21 115 39.5

22-23 70 24.1

24 or above 34 11.7

Monthly Allowance (RM) Below 250 91 31.3

251 - 500 62 21.3

501 - 750 65 22.3

751 - 1,000 45 15.5

Above 1,001 28 9.6

41
4.1.1 Gender

Gender

Figure 4.1 Gender

Figure 4.1 displays the gender distribution of respondents in this research. The majority

(55.7% ) are female students with 129 respondents, followed by male students (44.3%) with 162

respondents.

42
4.1.2 Age

Age

Figure 4.2 : Age

As shown in the above Figure 4.2, The majority of the 291 responders (39.5%) were

between the ages of 20 and 21 years old. There were 115 responses, with 72 (24.7%) between the

ages of 18 and 19, and 70 (24.1%) between the ages of 22 and 23. Only 24 responders (24.1%)

were aged 24 and above.

43
4.1.3 Monthly Allowance

Monthly Allowance

Figure 4.3 Monthly Allowance

Figure 4.3 shows that, 91 respondents (31.3%) had allowances less than RM250, 22

respondents (22%), between RM501 and RM750, 62 respondents (21.3%) had allowances

between RM 251 and RM 500, 46 respondents (15.8%) had allowances between RM 751 and

RM 1000, and 28 respondents (9.6%) had allowances greater than RM 1001.

44
4.2 Descriptive Statistics

Table 4.2: Descriptive statistics

Variable N Mean Standard Deviation

Attitude 291 3.75 1.160

Subjective Norm 291 3.77 1.147

Perceived Behavioural Control 291 3.72 1.100

Intention 291 3.76 1.169

Table 4.2 displays descriptive statistics for all factors, including attitude, subjective norm,

perceived behavioural control, and intention. The highest mean is 3.77 for the subjective norm.

In addition, the intention is 3.76 and the attitude is 3.75 thus the conclusion follows. In contrast,

the perceived behavioural control has a minimal mean of 3.72.

Additionally, the standard deviation quantifies data relative to the mean. The intention

has the greatest standard deviation, at 1.169, but the attitude has a standard deviation of 1.160.

Consequently, 1.147 subjective norms follow. Lastly, perceived behavioural control has the

lowest standard deviation score, which is 1.100

45
4.3 Reliability Analysis

Table 4.3: Reliability coefficient of the variable in this study

Variables Number of items Cronbach’s Alpha

Attitude 5 .975

Subjective Norm 5 .956

Perceived Behavioural 5 .939

Control

Intention 5 .974

Note: N=291

According to Table 4.4, the Cronbach's alpha for the first independent variable of attitude

is 0.975, Consequently, it may be used in this research since the value is more than.9, indicating

that it has an outstanding dependability based on the Rule of Thumb. The dependability

coefficient for the second independent variable, subjective norm, was 0.956%. Due to the fact

that the value exceeds 0.90, the dependability is exceptional. The third variable independent of

perceived behavioural control is 0.939. Therefore, it may be approved due to the fact that the

value is more than.9 and it has outstanding dependability. The coefficient of reliability for

dependent variables related to intention is 0.978. Cronbach's alpha values for the internal

consistency of all study variables were deemed excellent and acceptable, based on the results as a

whole. In this study, there was no missing value in the reliability analysis. Due to the usage of

Google Forms, this is the case. As an online survey, Google Forms was used, and only TAR UC

students were permitted to reply.

46
4.4 Pearson Correlation Analysis

When the data are ready for analysis, the research is ready to test the hypotheses that

were developed for this research. In this study, the hypotheses were tested using the Pearson

Correlation matrix. Pearson correlation is employed to examine the relationship between the

independent variables (IVs) and the dependent variable (DVs). Pearson product-moment

correlation coefficient analysis will show the direction, strength, and significance of the bivariate

relationships among all the variables that were calculated at an interval or ratio level (Sekaran &

Bougie, 2013).

The acceptable value of Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is ranging from -1 to 1. The

strength of the relationship can be determined via the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). If the r

value is 0, it means no relationship between two variables and if the r value is 1, then it can be

explained as perfect positive correlation, while if the r value is -1, it can be explained as negative

correlation. According to the study of Cohen (1988), the r value can explain the strength of the

relationship. Besides, when the significance level (Sig.2-tailed) value is lower than or equal 0.01,

which means there are statistically significant correlations between two variables. Table 4.5

provides further information about correlation coefficient size. The result of correlation analysis

was shown below in Table 4.6 to Table 4.8.

47
Table 4.4: Rules of thumb on correlation coefficient size

Coefficient Range Strength of Correlation

0.90 – 1.00 Very strong

0.70 – 0.89 Strong

0.40 – 0.69 Moderate

0.10 – 0.39 Weak

0.00 – 0.10 Negligible

48
4.4.1 Research Question 1: Is there any relationship between attitude and TAR UC Perak

Branch students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar?

Table 4.5: Pearson correlation matrix for all variables

Variables Attitude Subjective Perceived Intentio

Norm Behaviour n

al Control

IV: Pearson 1 .902** .877** .892**

Correlation
Attitude

Sig. (2-tailed) <.001 <.001 <.001

IV: Pearson .902** 1 .876** .863**

Subjective Correlation
Norm

Sig. (2-tailed) <.001 <.001 <.001

IV: Pearson .877** .876** 1 .891**

Correlation
Perceived
Behavioural
Sig. (2-tailed) <.001 <.001 <.001
Control

49
 DV:
Pearson .892** .863** .891** 1
Intention
Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed) <.001 <.001 <.001

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 4.5 indicated the correlation coefficient of the independent variables (Attitude, Subjective

Norms, Perceived Behavioural Control) and the dependent variable (Intention) of this research.

Hypothesis 1:

There is a significant relationship between attitudes and TAR UC Kampar students' intention to

participate in sport events in Kampar

Hypothesis 2:

There is a significant relationship between subjective norms and TAR UC Kampar students'
intention to participate in sport events in Kampar.

Hypothesis 3:

There is significant perceived behavioural control TAR UC Kampar students' intention to

participate in sport events in Kampar.

Table 4.5 showed that there is a significant correlation between attitude, subjective

norms, perceived behavioural control and attendees’ intention to participate in sport events in

Kampar. Since the value of 0.00 is lesser than 0.01 there is a significant relationship between all

the variables. The result of Attitude toward Intention will be: The value of r = 0.892, p < 0.01.

50
The result of Subjective Norms toward Intention will be: The value of r = 0.863, p < 0.01 The

result of Perceived Behavioural Control toward Intention will be: The value of r = 0.891, p <

0.01. Based on Table 4.4, all the variables have high positive correlation. Therefore, all the

hypotheses of this research have been accepted.

51
4.5 Summary

In this chapter , only 291 questionnaires had been analysed. The analysis includes
descriptive statistics, reliability testing and person correction analysis. The analyses used were
meant to ease the study in responding to the research questions and the hypothesis. Lastly , the
(H1 to H3) had been accepted, which means there is a significant relationship between the three
independent variables which is attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control and a
dependent variable is intention.

52
 CHAPTER 5 : DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter comes out with the overview of the study, which includes five sections such
as the summary of discussion and findings of three research questions, implication of the study,
suggestion for future study and conclusion.

5.1 Discussion

The main objective of the research is to investigate the Factors that influence TAR UC
Kampar students' intentions to participate in sport events in Kampar. The result represented in
Chapter 4 shows the three independent variables had a significant relationship with the TAR UC
Kampar students’ intention to participate in sport events. Besides that, the three hypotheses
stated in Chapter 1 were accepted. The summary of discussion and findings for the three research
questions of this research are discussed in the following section.

The research question is shown below:

Research Question 1: Is there any relationship between attitude and TAR UC Perak Branch

students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar?

Research Question 2: Is there any relationship between perceived behavioural control and TAR

UC Perak Branch students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar?

Research Question 3: Is there any relationship between subjective norms and TAR UC Perak

Branch students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar?

53
5.1.1 Demographic

This study consists of 291 respondents in this research. There 162 (55.7%) respondents

were female while male consisted of 129 (44.3%) respondents. In this research, the age of the

respondents is mostly 20 to 21 years old, which covers 39.5% of the respondents. This is because

this range of age is the most active in sports, and they further develop their critical thinking skills

and form relationships based on shared values and belief systems. At the same time, another

reason that this range shows the most result to this research is that TAR UC Kampar has the most

students in this range of age. This age of student might be a degree or diploma course which is

offered by TAR UC Kampar. The respondents of this study consist of 91 respondents (31.3%)

who had allowances less than RM 250. It shows that most of the respondents didn't have much

allowances received from their relatives, those respondents may possibly intend to participate in

any sport event but they didn't actively due to the money issues.

Besides that, the highest times of the respondents who had participated in a sports event

in Kampar were 291 respondents (94.8 %). This research decided to use the sample of the

respondents that had never participated in a sports event in Kampar. This method of the

proceeding at least partly decreases the selection of respondents in the overall degree to which

various groups of the respondents practise the different types of sports. It shows that the response

of those 291 respondents is also important in this research.

Even though the person never attends any event in Kampar, he or she can be influenced

by the independent variables and have the intention to attend a sport event in kampar. The

attitudes of a person are based on both facts and values. The attitude to behaviour is governed by

54
the norms we possess and these create an intention. The attitudes formed will be external, as will

the norms to an extent, though both are accessed and processed in a way specific to the context

and the individual.

55
5.1.2 Attitude

Table 5.1 Attitude

Hypotheses Result Supported

H1: There is a significant relationship between Yes

r = 0.892
attitudes and TAR UC Kampar students' intention

to participate in sport events in Kampar. p < 0.01

Table 5.1 shows attitude has a positive result and has significant relationship with

intention to participate in a sports event in Kampar, which is the correlation is r = 0.892 with

corresponding p-value of < 0.01 based on 291 respondents. The statistical significance of the

difference that was found increases with decreasing p-value. Statistical significance is commonly

defined as a p-value of 0.05 or less (White, Balasubramaniam, Nayak & Barnett, 2022).

Therefore, in this study, attitude is found to be an important variable to affect the

intention. Based on the research, the event attendees’ motivation for attending an event has a

significant positive effect on their attitude toward participating in the event (Pannilage & Lin,

1970). According to Funk et al.’s (2000), anticipated that people who have an intense, extreme,

significant, backed by substantial knowledge and experience and think participating in sport

events is valuable and pleasurable, are strongly held attitudes toward the intention to participate

in sport events. Thus, attitudes and intentions have significant, positive links. Therefore, it can be

claimed that TAR UC Kampar students like to participate in sport events since they feel valuable

and pleasurable while doing so.

56
5.1.3 Subjective Norm

Table 5.2 Subjective Norm

Hypotheses Result Supported

H2: There is a significant relationship between Yes

r = 0.863
subjective norms and has a positive effect on

intention to attend the sport event in Kampar. p < 0.01

Table 5.2 shows the subjective norm has a positive result and has significant relationship

with intention to participate in a sports event in Kampar, which is the correlation is r= 0.863 with

corresponding p-value of < 0.01 based on 291 respondents.

Subjective norm was found to have a positive and significant correlation with intention

that is 0.863 with corresponding p-value of < 0.01 based on 291 respondents. Subjective norms

can influence the TAR UC student’s intention to participate in a sport event in Kampar. This is

the presumption that the majority of people agree or disagree with the activities. Whether a

person's friends and other key people think they should participate in the event depends on their

ideals (LaMorte, 2019). According to the previous study, people's engagement in sports events

can satisfy their demand for social interaction as well as their desire for enjoyment (Pannilage &

Lin, 1970). Moreover, the participant could also have other key people in their life, such as their

spouse, parents, peer friend or mentor. They might participate in the sport event together to

persuade the other person to participate together in the sport event.

In simple terms, people affected by an important person think he or she should

participate in sport events. The impact of friends or family members was important enough to

affect their intention to participate in sport events.

57
5.1.4 Perceived Behavioural Control

Table 5.3 Perceived Behavioural Control

Hypotheses Result Supported

H3: There is significant perceived behavioural Yes

r = 0.891
control related to the intention to attend sport events

in Kampar. p < 0.01

Table 5.3 shows perceived behavioural control has a positive result and has significant

relationship with intention to participate in sport events in Kampar, which is the correlation is r=

0.891 with corresponding p-value of < 0.01 based on 291 respondents.

Based on the result of the above shows that, perceived behaviour control will influence

students to participate in sport events and it is important for them. According to LaMorte, 2019,

personal behaviour control refers to a person's awareness of the simplicity or complexity of

carrying out an activity of interest. A person's sense of behaviour control changes depending on

the scenario because perceived behaviour control is affected differently by different situations

and behaviours. For instance, people might consider the possibility that they might have

unfavourable attitudes such as wasting time, wasting money and others about a sport despite

never having engaged in it. In this situation, it is anticipated that unfavourable sentiments will

have an impact on the intention of both their current and future intents to engage in the sport

event. Behavioural control is seen differently in various contexts and activities, which might

impact an individual to have different perceptions of behavioural control toward the intention

depending on the circumstance.

58
5.1.5 Conclusion

Following the discussion and findings, it was discovered that TAR UC Kampar students'

intentions to participate in sport events in Kampar were highly impacted by the three aspects of

attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. In other words, the Factors that

influence TAR UC Kampar students' intention to participate in sports events in Kampar were

accurately predicted by the TPB model that was utilised in this study.

59
5.3 Implication of the study

Based on the aforementioned discussion, the result of this study provides both theoretical

and practical implications.

5.3.1 Theoretical Implications

The discoveries from this research suggest that there were three positive relationships

between attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control Factors that influence TAR

UC Kampar students' intention to participate in sport events in Kampar. This study can

contribute to the literature review by providing more knowledge in the research about the factors

that influence TAR UC Kampar students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar to the

future researcher or the institution that there are lack of research such as secondary school in

Kampar that want to attract college and university student in sport events.

5.3.2 Practical Implications

This study was significant for the event industry in Kampar such as event planners to

know their clients' intentions for sport events. This study also helps event planners to generate

suitable events for TAR UC Kampar students. The event planner can directly focus on what the

student is aware of and want and focus on it. As a result of participants being more drawn to the

event's activities and their prior participation in events with similar characteristics such as

attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, which are crucial elements of

60
research for the event industry. Additionally, because the support and opinions of the

participant's friends and family are crucial to them while deciding whether or not to participate in

the event, subjective norms are also significant. The event planner can focus on how to plan their

event activities to attract University students and also make a good reputation for the event.

61
5.4 Suggestions

Some recommendations can be made in light of the findings and debate. First, future

research might concentrate on additional Kampar-area educational institutions. Those institutions

can include University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Westlake International School and Sekolah

Menengah Kebangsaan Sentosa. It is because sport events in Kampar also can open to the public

in the future, the study of future might not only focusing on TAR UC students. So, the study of

future about the sport event, the demographic of the sample can be others besides TAR UC

students. Secondly, Kampar residents could become the respondents in future studies. This is

because the residents have the potential to participate in sport events. Thirdly, future research can

use a qualitative survey approach to know the student' intention to participate in sport events by

conducting interviews. The respondent could provide a more lucid response as a result.

62
5.5 Conclusion

In conclusion, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control had a positive

influence on TAR UC Kampar students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar. The

results of the study demonstrated the relationship between attitude, subjective norm, and

perceived behavioural control with respect to TAR UC Kampar students’ intention to participate

in sport events in Kampar. It is crucial for event organisers to offer something during sport events

that will draw more college or university students. The event planner may use this research as

their information and they might provide some unique and intriguing ideas in their future project.

This study will provide the organiser with a better understanding of college or university

students’ intention to participate in sport events in Kampar, and help them develop more

appealing and long-lasting sport events so they may continue to compete in Kampar.

63
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Appendix
Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire
Section A : Demographic profile
1.Gender
( ) Male
( ) Female

2. Age
( ) 18 - 19 years old
( ) 20 - 21 years old
( ) 22- 23 years old
( ) 24 years old or aboe

3.Monthly Allowance
( ) Below RM250
( ) RM251 - RM500
( ) RM501 - RM750
( ) RM751 - RM1,000
( ) Above RM 1,001

Section B: Attitude
Attitude Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

1 I think 1 2 3 4 5
participate
sport event
would be
entertainin
g.
2 I think 1 2 3 4 5
participate
sport event
would be
valuable.

3 I think 1 2 3 4 5
participate
sport
event
would be
pleasant.
services

68
4 I think 1 2 3 4 5
participate
sport event
would be
comfortabl
e.

5 I think 1 2 3 4 5
participate
sport event
would be
exciting.

61
Section C: Subjective Norms
Subjective Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Norms
1 My 1 2 3 4 5
parents
encourage
s me to
participate
in sport
events.

2 My family 1 2 3 4 5
encourage
s me to
participate
in sport
events.

3 My friends 1 2 3 4 5
are likely
to
participate
in sport
event this

69
 year.
4 People 1 2 3 4 5
who are
close to
me are
likely to
participate
sport
events.
5 Participati 1 2 3 4 5
ng sport
event with
family
would be
something
i would
like to do.

Section D: Perceived Behavioural Control

Responsive Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
ness
1 It would 1 2 3 4 5
be
difficult
for me to
have the
time to go
to
participate
sport
event this
year.
2 I have 1 2 3 4 5
money to
participate
in sport
events.

70
3 I am 1 2 3 4 5
confident
that if I
want, I
can
participat
e a sport
event
when the
sport
event for
registrati
on.
4 It is my 1 2 3 4 5
choice to
register a
sport
event.

5 The 1 2 3 4 5
importanc
e of the
sport
event
would
determine
my
participati
on in the
sport
events.

71
Section E: Intention
Assurance Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

1 Participat 1 2 3 4 5
ing in
sports
events is
somethin
g I plan
to do.
2 I will try 1 2 3 4 5
to
participate
sport
events.

3 I intend to 1 2 3 4 5
participate
sport
events.
4 I plan to 1 2 3 4 5
participate
in a sport
event in
the future.

5 I desire to 1 2 3 4 5
participate
in sport
events.

72