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Mechanical Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete with Glass Powder

Substitute

Article  in  Procedia Engineering · December 2015

DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.082

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ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 617 – 622

The 5th International Conference of Euro Asia Civil Engineering Forum (EACEF-5)

Mechanical behavior of reactive powder concrete

with glass powder substitute
Widodo Kushartomoa, Ika Balib, , Budi Sulaimana
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jl. Letjen. S. Parman No.1, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
b
Department of Construction Engineering & Management, Podomoro University, Jl. Letjen. S. Parman Kav.28, Jakarta 11470, Indonesia

Abstract

As reported in literature, the Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) with quartz powder substitute has a high compressive strength of
180 MPa and has a fairly high tensile strength. That research used the RPC with quartz powder to cement ratio of 30% and steam
curing technique in an autoclave temperature of 250ºC. Concerning the use of local and recycled material, in this study, the quartz
powder is substituted by glass powder from the waste glass shards material of housing industry. The objective of this study is to
investigate the influence of glass powder in the mechanical behavior of RPC. The mechanical behavior is examined by the tests of
compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. The RPC uses glass powder that grained to micron meter size
with the content as much as 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement mass, and the maximum temperature of steam curing is 95ºC. The
results indicated that the use of glass powder in this study was good enough to replace quartz powder in RPC. The maximum
compressive strength value that can be achieved in this study is 136 MPa for the RPC with the glass powder content of 20%.
© 2015
© 2015TheTheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Published by by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of The 5th International Conference of Euro Asia Civil Engineering
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of The 5th International Conference of Euro Asia Civil Engineering
Forum (EACEF-5).
Forum (EACEF-5)
Keywords: Reactive Powder Concrete, glass powder, quartz powder, mechanical behavior, compressive strength

1. Introduction

Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) strength can be characterized on the composition of its constituent materials and
calcium-silicate-hydrates (CSH). Stabilization of RPC strength can be done by adding quartz powder as one of the
main constituent components. Currently, the RPC with quartz powder to cement ratio of 30% and steam curing

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-21-29200456; fax: +62-21-29200455.

E-mail address:ikabali@yahoo.com

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of The 5th International Conference of Euro Asia Civil Engineering Forum (EACEF-5)
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.082
618 Widodo Kushartomo et al. / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 617 – 622

technique in an autoclave temperature of 250ºC, can reach a high compressive strength of 180 MPa and has a fairly
high tensile strength [1].
For the substitution of quartz powder in the RPC, the glass particles demonstrated sufficient technical properties,
such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. Another advantage, the glass particles has
an active pozzolanic material due to the amorphous silica as the glass-making material. When it is mixed with calcium
from portlandite (Ca(OH)2), will form a second form of CSH, which improves the properties of concrete [2].
In this study, the objective of introducing the glass powder in the RPC is to verify the improvement of mechanical
behavior of RPC such as its compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. And concerning the use
of local and recycled material, glass powder from the waste glass shards material of housing industry is used.

2. Reactive Powder Concrete

Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is a concrete made of powder materials that are experiencing a second binding
reaction, after binding the water with cement. A comparison of physical, mechanical, and durability data from RPC
and HPC (High Performance Concrete) shows that RPC has better strength (both compressive and flexural strength)
and have a permeability which is smaller than the HPC.
RPC was developed in 1994 in France as a new category of high strength composite concrete. The RPC has a
compressive strength of 120-200 MPa and a flexural strength of 30-60 MPa. If required, RPC can reach strengths of
200 MPa with apply special conditions, such as high temperature treatment and external pressures before and when
setting [3]. The RPC is now widely used that is concrete with quartz powder mixture in it. In Indonesia, the supply of
quartz powder is limited, therefore the production cost of RPC with quartz powder content is fairly large. In this study,
glass powder is proposed to be used as substitution of quartz powder.
According to Bentur and Mindess [4], the addition of fibers into concrete can improve two factors: the strength and
toughness or hardness of the composite material. In this RPC, the fiber is used in the form of steel fiber where the goal
is to get the optimum value of the compressive strength of concrete. Moreover, the addition of fiber is intended to
prevent the occurrence of cracks in the concrete in the area as a result of the tensile loading [5].
Properties comparison between quartz powder and glass powder i.e. the constituent element of quartz is SiO2
(silicon dioxide), while glass is made of silica, soda ash (Na2CO3), and limestone (CaCO3 or MgCO3). The hardeness
level of quartz and glass (a type of glass used for glass windows) are 7 of mohs scale and 5.5 of mohs scale,
respectively. Based on its formation, quartz is formed naturally (igneous) and the glass is formed by manufacturing
process. If compared with quartz powder, glass powder is a material that has properties almost like quartz powder
itself.

3. Methodology

The RPC in this study uses glass powder from the waste glass shards material that grained to micron meter size
with the content as much as 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement mass. The gradation of glass powder used consisted of
0.075 mm size as much as 20%,0.150 mm size by 35%, and 0.250 mm size by 45%. Proportion of mix design of RPC
with glass powder content of 10%, 20%, and 30% can be seen in Table 1. The main materials are used included PPC
(Portland Pozzolana Cement), water, glass powder, silica fume, superplasticizer (type F), silica sand (0.3-0.5 mm),
and steel fiber.
For the curing procedure, the specimens with age of 1 day are removed from concrete molds and soaked in a tub
filled with water for 3 days, then the steam process is carried out for 10-12 hours in sealed vat with temperature of
95ºC. After the specimens have concrete age of 14 days, the test of specimens are conducted in order to get the
compressive strength, flexural strength and its split tensile strength.
 Widodo Kushartomo et al. / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 617 – 622 619

Table 1. Proportion of mix design†

Glass powder content (kg)

No. Material
10% 20% 30%
1 Water 4.008 3.873 3.747
2 Cement (PPC) 20.040 19.365 18.734
3 Silica sand 22.044 21.301 20.607
4 Silica fume 5.010 4.841 4.683
5 Superplaticizer 0.602 0.581 0.562
6 Glass powder 2.004 3.873 5.620
7 Steel fiber 2.665 2.665 2.665
(volume of 1.5%)
†
Volume of 0.023 m3

4. Results and discussions

The specimens of RPC with the glass powder content of 10%, 20% and 30% consist of 15 cylinder specimens for
compressive strength test, 9 cylinder specimens for split tensile strength test, and 6 beam specimens for flexural
strength test. The dimension of cylinders is diameter (Ø) of 10 cm and height of 20 cm, and the beams size is 10 cm
x 10 cm x 40 cm.
The average of concrete compressive strength test results can be seen from Table 2 and Fig. 1. As indicated in
Table 2 and Fig. 1, the maximum of the average of compressive strength value is 136.1 MPa for the RPC with glass
powder of 20%. The glass powder in concrete has a role similar to silica fume in the binding process or pozzolanic
reaction. Since the binding process takes second reaction (Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 Æ C-S-HII) that occurs in the cement paste,
so it can be said with a percentage of 20% glass powder in the mix design has a SiO2 content possibly similar to
Ca(OH)2 so that pozzolanic reaction that occurs is the maximum.
Table 2 and Fig. 2 show average of concrete split tensile strength test results and the maximum value is 17.8 MPa
for the RPC with glass powder of 20%. For the average of concrete flexural strength test results, the maximum value
is 23.2 MPa also for the RPC with glass powder of 20% (Table 2 and Fig. 3). The compressive strength test, split
tensile strength test, and flexural test of specimen can be seen in Fig. 4, Fig. 5, and Fig. 6, respectively.

Table 2. Test results for concrete age of 14 days

Glass Specimen Average Specimen Average Specimen Average

No. powder compressive split tensile flexural
content
Øu h strength Øu h strength buhu" strength
(mm) (MPa) (mm) (MPa) (mm) (MPa)
Cylinder Cylinder Beam
1 10% 100x200 97.4 100x200 14.5 100x100x40 20.3
2 20% 100x200 136.1 100x200 17.8 100x100x40 23.2
3 30% 100x200 83.9 100x200 16.6 0
100x100x40 22.6
0
620 Widodo Kushartomo et al. / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 617 – 622

150

Compressive Strength (MPa)

125

100

75

50

25

0
10 20 30
Glass powder content (%)

Fig. 1. Average of compressive strength of RPC with glass powder

20
Split tensile strength (MPa)

15

10

0
10 20 30
Glass powder content (%)

Fig. 2. Average of split tensile strength of RPC with glass powder

24

23
Flexural strength (MPa)

22

21

20

19

18
10 20 30
Glass powder content (%)

Fig. 3. Average of flexural strength of RPC with glass powder

Widodo Kushartomo et al. / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 617 – 622 621

Fig. 4. Compressive strength test.

Fig. 5. Split tensile strength test.

Fig. 6. Flexural strength test

622 Widodo Kushartomo et al. / Procedia Engineering 125 (2015) 617 – 622

5. Conclusion

After the experiments were carried out and comparing of RPC with glass powder of 10%, 20% and 30%, conclusion
can be made as follows. The maximum of average of compressive strength value that can be achieved in this study is
136 MPa for the RPC with glass powder of 20%. The RPC with glass powder of 20% indicates also the maximum of
average of split tensile strength value of 17.8 MPa and the average of flexural strength value of 23.2 MPa. The use of
glass powder of 20% of the mass of cement in this study is quite good to substitute the quartz powder in the RPC in
order to improve its mechanical behavior.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta, and Podomoro University, Jakarta for the supports
in this study.

References

[1] W. Kushartomo, Stabilization of Reactive Powder Concrete Strength Using Quartz Powder, Doctoral Dissertation, Tarumanagara University,
Jakarta, 2014 (in Bahasa).
[2] H. Du, and K. H. Tan, Concrete with Recycled Glass as Fine Aggregates, ACI Materials Journal, Jan-Feb 2014, pp. 47-57.
[3] P. Richard, and M. H. Cheyrezy, Reactive Powder Concretes with High Ductility and 200-800 MPa Compressive Strength, in Mehta, P.K.
(Ed.), Concrete Technology: Past, Present and Future, Proceedings of the V. Mohan Malhotra Symposium, Detroit: Victoria Wieczorek, ACI
SP 144-24, 1994, pp. 507-518.
[4] A. Bentur, and S. Mindess, Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites. New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1990.
[5] P. Soroushian, and Z. Bayasi, Concept of Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University,
Michigan, 1987.

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