1350 V o l .3 4 N o .6 JI A N G Jinyang et al: Desi gn of E co- f r i endl y U l tr a - hi gh P er f or ma nce wi th ...

DOI https: //doi. org/10.1007/s11595-018-2198-4

Design of Eco-friendly Ultra-high Performance Concrete

with Supplementary Cementitious Materials
and Coarse Aggregate

JIANG Jinyang1, ZHOU Wenjing1, CHU Hongyan2, WANG Fengjuan1,

WANG Liguo1, FENG Taotao1, GUO Dong3
( 1 . School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, N anj ing 2 1 1 1 8 9 , C hina; 2 . C ollege of C ivil Engineering, N anj ing
F orestry University, N anj ing 21037, C hina; .3 N aval I nstitute of Engineering D esign and R esearch, P L A , B eij ing 107, C hina)

Abstract: A i mi ng to i nv esti g a te th e mi x d esi g n o f eco - f r i end l y U H P C wi th sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s

and coarser aggregates, we comprehensively studied the workability, microstructure, porosity, compressive strength, flexural
str eng th , a nd Y o ung ’ s mo du l us o f U H P C . R el a ti on sh i p b etween com p r essi v e str eng th a nd Y ou ng ’ s mo d ul us wa s ob ta i ned ev en-
tually. It is found that the compressive strength, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus of UHPC increase by 19.01%, 10.81%,
and 5.99%, respectively, when 40wt% cement is replaced with supplementary cementitious materials. T he r el a ti ons hi p be tween
com pr essi ve str engt h a nd Y oung’ s modul us of U H P C i s a n expone nti a l f or m.
Key words: ul tr a - h i g h p er f o r ma nce co ncr ete; eco - f r i end l y ; p o r o si ty ; co mp r essi v e str eng th ; f l ex ur a l
str engt ;h Y oung’ s modul us

1 Introduction f o r th e p r o d ucti o n o f U H P C . R o ssi [3] ca r r i ed o ut a n

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), as
a new k i nd o f cementi ti o us co mp o si tes, h a s sel f -
co nso l i d a ti ng p r o p er ty , h i g h mech a ni ca l str eng th ,
sup er i o r d ur a b i l i ty , a nd l o w p er mea b i l i ty [1], wh i ch
i s b ei ng used i n co nstr ucti o n to d a y . H o wev er , th er e
a r e mo r e r eq ui r ements th a t h a v e b een p r o p o sed
f o r cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s, such a s co st ef f i ci ency ,
d ur a b i l i ty , l o ng ser v i ce l i f e, a nd susta i na b i l i ty . A b o ut
40% of total energy consumption is due to the
construction and building sector in the European Union,
and about 70% of the total material flow is caused by
the building industry in central European countries[2],
wh i ch i nd i ca tes th e i mp o r ta nce o f susta i na b i l i ty i n
th e co nstr ucti o n a nd b ui l d i ng secto r . A cco r d i ng l y , th e
susta i na b i l i ty o f cementi ti o us co mp o si tes h a s a ttr a cted
ex tensi v e a ttenti o n i n r ecent y ea r s, a nd h a s b eco me
a h o t to p i c i n th e co nstr ucti o n a nd b ui l d i ng ma ter i a l s
i ndus tr y .
I n g ener a l , a l a r g e a mo unt o f cement i s used
© W uh a n U ni v er si ty o f T ech no l o g y a nd S p r i ng er - V er l a g G mb H
Germany, Part of Springer Nature 2018
(Received: Oct. 20, 2018; Accepted: Dec. 11, 2018)
J I A N G J i ny a ng ( 蒋金洋): Ph D; Prof.; E-mail: jiangjinyang16@
163.com
F unde d by the N a ti ona l N a tur a l S ci ence F ounda ti on of C hi na ,
China (No.51438003) and the National Key R&D Program of
China, China (2018YFC0705400)
i nv esti g a ti o n o f th e mech a ni ca l p r o p er ti es o f ul tr a - h i g h -
performance cement-based composites with 1 050 kg/
m3 cement. Ei-Dieb[4] d esi g ned a n ul tr a - h i g h - str eng th
self-compacting concrete with about 900 kg/m3 cement
and 135 kg/m 3 si l i ca f ume. P a r k et al [5] stud i ed th e
effects of hybrid fibres on mechanical behavior of ultra-
h i g h p er f o r ma nce h y b r i d f i b er r ei nf o r ced co ncr ete,
in which about 1 000 kg/m3 o f b i nd er wa s uti l i z ed .
C o mp a r ed to no r ma l co ncr ete, th e cement co ntent i n
UHPC is usually between 900 and 1 100 kg/m3, whi ch
i s a b o ut two ti mes mo r e th a n th a t i n no r ma l co ncr ete.
The cement industry is responsible for 5%-8% of the
to ta l a nth r o p o g eni c C O 2 emi ssi o ns[6-9]. The high figure
ma i nl y r esul ts f r o m th e d e- a ci d i f i ca ti o n o f l i mesto ne.
T h us, a co nsi d er a b l e wa y to r ed uce th e env i r o nmenta l
i mp a ct o f U H P C l i es i n th e p a r ti a l sub sti tuti o n o f
cement by l ess ener gy i ntensi ve mi ner a l a dm i xt ur e.
C ur r entl y , p a r ti a l sub sti tute o f cement b y
sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s i s a n ef f ecti v e
wa y to d ea l wi th env i r o nmenta l i ssues o f U H P C .
T a y eh et al[10] used 768 kg/m3 cement and 192 kg/m3
si l i ca f ume to p r o d uce ul tr a - h i g h p er f o r ma nce f i b er
co ncr ete a s a r ep a i r ma ter i a l . H a ssa n et al[11] ca r r i ed
o ut a n ex p er i menta l i nv esti g a ti o n o n th e mech a ni ca l
p r o p er ti es o f U H P C , i n wh i ch th e co ntent o f cement,
g r o und g r a nul a ted b l a st f ur na ce sl a g , a nd si l i ca f ume
is 657, 418, and 119 kg/m3, r esp ecti v el y . W u et al[12]
p r esented a stud y o n sta ti c a nd d y na mi c co mp r essi v e
 Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. www.jwutms.net Dec. 2019
p r o p er ti es o f U H P C , a nd th e co ntent o f cement, sl a g ,
and silica fume in the paper is 472, 315, and 262 kg/
m3, r espe cti ve l y . I n a di ti on, the r e i s usua l l y no coa r se
a g g r eg a te co nta i ned i n U H P C . T h e use o f th e co a r se
a g g r eg a tes l ea d no t o nl y to th e d ecr ea se i n cementi ti o us
p a ste v o l ume f r a cti o n, b ut a l so to so me ch a ng es i n
mech a ni ca l p r o p er ti es. A l th o ug h so me i nv esti g a ti o ns
i nd i ca te th a t i t i s p o ssi b l e to r ep l a ce p a r ti a l a mo unts
o f cement i n U H P C wi th sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us
ma ter i a l s wi th o ut si g ni f i ca ntl y d ecr ea si ng th e
p er f o r ma nce o f U H P C , h o w to a ch i ev e a r ea so na b l e
b a l a nce b etween th e b i nd er co ntent a nd th e p r o p er ti es
of U H P C i s sti l l que sti ona bl e.
U p to no w, a l a r g e a mo unt o f i nv esti g a ti o ns
h a v e b een ca r r i ed o ut to und er sta nd th e p r o p er ti es
o f co ncr ete co nta i ni ng sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us
ma ter i a l s[12-21]. M o et al[22] suggested the use of fly ash
a nd g r o und g r a nul a ted b l a st f ur na ce sl a g to r ed uce
co st i n co ncr ete p r o d ucti o n. T h e f i nd i ng s o f S h a f i g h
et al [23] i nd i ca ted th a t th e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f
concrete containing fly ash decreases with the increase
of fly ash content. Berndt[24] co ncl ud ed th a t co mb i ned
use of 25vol% of fly ash and 15vol%-25vol% of
g r o und g r a nul a ted b l a st f ur na ce sl a g i n co ncr ete l ea d
to a sl i g h tl y l o wer o r si mi l a r co mp r essi v e str eng th
co mp a r ed to co ncr ete co nta i ni ng no sup p l ementa r y
cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s. T h e ex p er i menta l r esul ts o f
Z h a o et al [25] sh o wed th a t th e Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f
concrete containing fly ash decreases with the increase
i n th e f l y a sh co ntent. T h e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f
co ncr ete i s o ne o f th e cr uci a l p a r a meter s to d eter mi ne
the l oa di ng tha t ca n be a pl i ed to cons tr ucti on membe r .
I n a d d i ti o n, Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f co ncr ete i s a no th er k ey
pa r a meter s used to de si gn the conc r ete str uctur es, si nce
it quantifies the concrete’s ability to deform elastically.
H o wev er , th e k no wl ed g e co ncer ni ng th e mech a ni ca l
pr ope r ti es a nd envi r onm enta l i ssues of conc r ete i s sti l l
v er y sca r ce, a nd need s to b e up d a ted , ex p eci a l l y f o r
U H P C .
I n g ener a l , co a r se a g g r eg a te i s ex cl ud ed i n mo st
of U H P C mi xt ur e pr opr ti ons i n or de r to mi ni mi z e the
i nter f a ci a l tr a nsi ti on z one be tween the pa ste ma tr i x a nd
co a r se a g g r eg a te a nd to i ncr ea se h o mo g enei ty i n th e
ma ter i a l p r o p er ti es. S o me r esea r ch er s h a v e a ttemp ted
to a d o p t co a r se a g g r eg a tes i n U H P C so a s to r ed uce
i ts p r o d ucti o n co st a nd a uto g eno us sh r i nk a g e [26-29].
W i l l e a nd C o tul i o [30] p o i nted o ut th a t a d o p ti ng co a r se
a g g r eg a tes i n U H P C co ul d enh a nce co st ef f i ci ency .
S a h ma r a n et al[31] ca r r i ed o ut a n i nv esti g a ti o n o n th e
ef f ects o f co a r ser f i ne a g g r eg a tes wi th ma x i mum si z e
1351
of 2.38 mm in engineered cementitious composites
o n mech a ni ca l p r o p er ti es, a nd co ncl ud i ng th a t th e
p r o p er uti l i z a ti o n o f co a r ser f i ne a g g r eg a tes i n th i s
ki nd of conc r ete ca n a l so a chi eve com pa r a bl e or be tter
mech a ni ca l p r o p er ti es. N ev er th el ess, th e ma x i mum
p a r ti cl e si z e o f co a r se a g g r eg a te used i n U H P C i s
usua l l y l ess th a n 5 mm i n th e cur r ent stud y , a nd th e
a p p l i ca b i l i ty o f co a r se a g g r eg a te wi th l a r g er si z e i n
U H P C shoul d be i nve sti ga ted.
T h e ma i n p ur p o se o f th i s wo r k i s to i nv esti g a te
th e mi x d esi g n o f eco - f r i end l y U H P C wi th
sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s a nd co a r se
aggregate. In the paper, 40wt% cement was replaced
with fly ash and silica fume, and a large amount (about
25vol%) of coarse aggregate with maximum size of
12 mm was used in the UHPC. 3 different kinds of
f i ne a g g r eg a tes wa s uti l i z ed , a nd th ei r ef f ects o n th e
mecha ni ca l pr ope r ti es of U H P C wer e a l so studi ed. T he
f r esh p r o p er ty , mi cr o str uctur e, p o r o si ty , co mp r essi v e
str eng th , f l ex ur a l str eng th , a nd Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us
o f U H P C wi th d i f f er ent k i nd o f f i ne a g g r eg a tes
wer e co mp r eh ensi v el y i nv esti g a ted . I n a d d i ti o n, th e
r el a ti ons hi p be tween com pr essi ve str engt h a nd Y o ung’ s
modul us wa s obt a i ned.
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
S i l i ca f ume a nd C l a ss I f l y a sh ( eq ui v a l ent
to ASTM C 618 Class F fly ash) were used as
sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s i n th e p a p er .
T h e ch emi ca l co mp o si ti o n o f cement a nd f l y a sh a r e
shown in Table 1. The SiO2 cont ent i n si l i ca f ume wa s
higher than 99.00wt%. The specific surface of cement
and silica fume was 362.20 m2/kg and 2.79×104 m2/kg,
respectively. The specific gravity of cement and silica
fume was 3.15 and 2.22, respectively. The compressive
strength of cement mortar (water/cement/sand=1:2:6)
at 28 days was 62.8 MPa.
S i l i ca sa nd, ma nuf a ctur ed sa nd, a nd na tur a l r i ve r
sa nd wa s used a s f i ne a g g r eg a tes, a nd th e ma x i mum
p a r ti cl e si z e o f si l i ca sa nd , ma nuf a ctur ed sa nd , a nd
natural river sand was 5, 3, and 5 mm, respectively.
Crushed basalt stone with a size of 2.5-12 mm was
uti l i z ed a s co a r se a g g r eg a te. T h e ma x i mum p a r ti cl e
size of coarse aggregate was 12 mm in the study, which
ext ends r ecentl y publ i she d wor k [32] wi th ma xi mum si z e
of 5m m i n the pr odu cti on of U H P C . T he si eve a na l ys i s
of fine aggregates is presented in Fig.1.
A sup er p l a sti ci z er o f p o l y ca r b o x y l a te o b ta i ned
1352 V o l .3 4 N o .6 JI A N G Jinyang et al: Desi gn of E co- f r i endl y U l tr a - hi gh P er f or ma nce wi th ...

f r o m l o ca l sup p l i er wa s used to g a i n a sa ti sf a cto r y wer e ca st. T h e sp eci mens wer e co v er ed wi th p l a sti c

f l ui d i ty o f U H P C . S o l i d co ntent a nd wa ter - r ed uci ng sheets after casting and were cured about 48 hours at
rate of the superplasticizer were 40.0% and 33.9%, a mb i ent co nd i ti o n, a f ter wh i ch p o i nt th e sp eci mens
respectively. End-hooked steel fibres with 0.35 mm in wer e d emo l d ed . A nd th en th e sp eci mens wer e cur ed
diameter and 20 mm in length was incorporated, and in a standard room with a temperature of 21±1 ℃ a nd
the tensile strength of the fibres was about 3000 MPa. relative humidity of above 95% for curing over 28
C a O expa nsi ve a ge nt wa s a l so uti l i z ed i n the study , a nd days. 10 cubic, 5 prismatic (size: 100 mm × 100 mm ×
its content was 5wt% of cement. 300 mm), and 5 prismatic (size: 100 mm × 100 mm ×
400 mm) specimens were prepared for each mixture.
Table 1 Chemical compositions of cement and fly ash/wt%
I n o r d er to o b ta i n a h o mo g eno us mi x tur e, th e cement,
M a ter i a l s C ement F l y a sh fly ash, and silica fume were mixed using a mixer for
C a O 64.70 8.38 5 mi n, a f ter th a t th ese b i nd er s wer e mi x ed wi th f i ne
S iO 2 20.40 47.96 a g g r eg a te f o r 5 mi n, a nd th en th e co a r se a g g r eg a te
A l 2O 3 4.70 30.46 wa s a d d ed to th e mi x er mi x i ng f o r 5 mi n, a f ter wh i ch
F e 2O 3 3.38 5.91 p o i nt th e d r y ma ter i a l s wer e mi x ed wi th wa ter a nd
M gO 0.87 2.60 superplasticizer for 10 min, and the steel fibre were
S O 3 1.88 1.32 added to the mixer finally mixing for 5 min. It should
K2O 0.83 1.61 b e no ted th a t th e sup er p l a sti ci z er wa s mi x ed ev enl y
N a 2O 1.76 wi th a p a r t o f wa ter , a nd th en th e mi x ed so l uti o n wa s
L os s 3.24 a d d ed to th e d r y ma ter i a l s. A nd th e r est o f wa ter wa s
firstly used to flush the mixed solution container, before
i t wa s a de d t o t he mi xe r .
Table 2 Mixtures of UHPC/(kg/m3)
M i xt ur e RSU0 RSU1 M S U 2 SSU3
C ement 946.0 463.8 466.2 466.2
F l y a sh 231.9 233.1 233.1
S i l i ca f ume 77.3 77.7 77.7
R i ve r sa nd 662.2 695.7
M a nuf a ctur ed s a nd 777.0
S i l i ca sa nd 699.2
Fig.1 Sieve analysis of the fine aggregates Basalt stone 643.3 734.4 738.2 738.1
W a ter 189.2 154.6 155.4 155.4
2.2 Specimen preparation S upe r pl a sti ci z er 18.9 17.0 17.9 17.1
T h e mi x p r o p o r ti o ns o f U H P C a r e sh o wn i n Expensive agent 47.3 23.2 23.3 23.3
T a b l e 2. T h e v o l ume f r a cti o n o f steel f i b r e i n U H P C Steel fibre 195.0 195.0 195.0 195.0
was 2.5%. The weight percent of expensive agent in
all the mixtures was 5% of cement. In RSU0 mixture, 2.3 Testing methods
the vol ume f r a cti on of cement, r i ve r sa nd, ba sa l t stone , 2.3.1 Fresh property
wa ter + sup er p l a sti ci z er , a nd ex p ensi v e a g ent wa s T h e s l u m p f l o w o f U H P C wa s m e a sur ed
30.6%, 24.4%, 21.7%, 20.8%, and 1.5%, respectively. according to the Chinese standard GB/T 50080-2002.
In RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 mixtures, the volume 2.3.2 Compressive strength
fraction of binder (cement, fly ash, and silica fume), A uni v er sa l testi ng ma ch i ne wa s used to d eter mi ne
f i ne a g g r eg a te ( r i v er sa nd , ma nuf a ctur ed sa nd , o r th e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f U H P C . T h e l o a d i ng r a te
silica sand), coarse aggregate (basalt stone), water was set as 0.80 MPa/s in the compressive strength test.
+ superplasticizer, and expensive agent was 30.6%, 2.3.3 Flexural strength
26.5%, 24.9%, 17.3%, and 0.7%, respectively. The flexural strength of UHPC was tested with a
A ccor di ng to the mi x pr opr ti ons show n i n T a bl e four-point bending loading configuration, and the space
2, the cubic (size: 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm) and between loading points is 1/3 of the clear span which
prismatic (size: 100 mm × 100 mm × 300 mm, and generates a region of no shear. In the flexural strength
100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm) specimens of UHPC test, the specimens were subjected to pure bending
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. www.jwutms.net Dec. 2019
between two loading points that were spacing 100 mm.
th e sp eci mens wer e sup p o r ted b y two meta l l i c r o l l er
spacing at 300 mm. The flexural testing setup is shown
i n F i g.2.
F i g.2 F l exur a l testi ng s etup
2.3.4 Young’s modulus
T h e Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f U H P C wa s d eter mi ned
b y th e uni v er sa l testi ng ma ch i ne eq ui p p ed wi th a
mi cr o - d ef o r ma ti o n testi ng setup wi th th e l o a d i ng r a te
of 0.8 MPa/s.
2.3.5 Microstructure
I n o r d er to d etect th e mi cr o str uctur e o f U H P C , a
FEI 3D environmental scanning electronic microscopy
(ESEM) was used to take micrographs of UHPC in the
pa pe r .
2.3.6 Porosity
A Micromeritics AutoPore IV 9510 mercury
intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was used to determine the
p o r o si ty o f U H P C . A n X - C T , a l o ng wi th V G S tud i o
MAX 2.1 analysis software, was also utilized to study
three-dimensional (3D) pore structure distributions of
U H P C .
A l l th e mech a ni ca l p r o p er ti es ( co mp r essi v e
strength, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus) of
th e U H P C wer e mea sur ed a cco r d i ng to th e C h i nese
standard GB/T 50081-2002. It should be highlighted
tha t a t l ea st thr ee r epl i ca ted mea sur ements wer e tested
on the porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength,
a nd Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us ex p er i ments o f U H P C so a s to
i mpr ove the a ccur a cy of expe r i menta l r esul ts. O nl y the
a ve r a ge va l ues wer e r epor ted i n the pa pe r .
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Workability of fresh concrete
T h e sl ump test r esul ts o f U H P C a r e sh o wn i n
Table 3.
As it can be seen in the Table 3, the slump flow of
RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 was lower than that of RSU0,
which is attributed to the finer particle size and higher
1353
surface area of silica fume than cement. These findings
a r e i n a gr eement wi th pr evi ous studi es[33, 34]. T he sl ump
flow of MSU2 was the lowest, because the surface of
ma nuf a ctur ed sa nd i s r o ug h est co mp a r ed to r i v er sa nd
a nd si l i ca sa nd . I n a d d i ti o n, th e a d d i ti o n o f f l y a sh
could improve the fluidity of UHPC due to its spherical
sh a p e a nd smo o th sur f a ce[35]. T h ese r esul ts i nd i ca ted
th a t si l i ca f ume h a d a mo r e si g ni f i ca nt ef f ect o n th e
overall workability of UHPC than fly ash.
Table 3 Slump flow of UHPC/mm
M i xt ur e RSU0 RSU1 M S U 2 SSU3
Slump flow 450 415 365 415
3.2 Compressive strength
The compressive strengths of RSU0, RSU1,
MSU2, and SSU3 at the curing age of 28 days are
illustrated in Fig.3.
Fig.3 Compressive strengths of different kinds of UHPC at 28 days
The compressive strength of RSU0, RSU1,
MSU2, and SSU3 at the curing age of 28 days are
123.6, 147.1, 154.3, and 154.1 MPa, respectively,
which followed the sequence: MSU2 > SSU3 > RSU1>
RSU0, as shown in Fig. 3. The compressive strength of
RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 was always higher than that
of RSU0 at the curing age of 28 days, which suggested
th a t th e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f U H P C wa s i ncr ea sed
wh en th e cement wa s p a r ti a l l y r ep l a ced wi th si l i ca
fume and fly ash. The compressive strength of RSU1
was 19.01% higher than that of RSU0, although 40wt%
cement wa s r ep l a ced wi th f l y a sh a nd si l i ca f ume i n
RUS1. This was probably because that the porosity of
U H P C wa s r ed uced d ue to th e a d d i ti o n o f si l i ca f ume
and fly ash. Siddique[36] reported that the fly ash leads
to a r educ ti on i n the por os i ty o f the conc r ete, r esul ti ng
i n a h i g h er co mp r essi v e str eng th . O n th e wh o l e,
th e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f U H P C wa s i ncr ea sed
with the decrease of porosity (Fig.9(a)) in the work,
th e r esul t o f wh i ch wa s i n l i ne wi th th e f i nd i ng s o f
1354 V o l .3 4 N o .6 JI A N G Jinyang et al: Desi gn of E co- f r i endl y U l tr a - hi gh P er f or ma nce wi th ...

S i d d i q ue[37]. Regarding the effect of fine aggregate on cur ve of ea ch U H P C spe ci men wa s nea r l y l i nea r up to
th e com pr essi ve str engt h of U H P C , i t wa s evi de nt tha t th e ma x i mum a nd th en f a i l ed i n a p l a sti c ma nner , d ue
th e com pr essi ve str engt h of U H P C wi th di f f er ent ki nds to the addition of steel fibers.
of fine aggregates followed the sequence: manufactured
sand (MSU2)> silica sand (SSU3) > river sand (RSU1),
wh i ch sug g ested th a t a d o p ti ng ma nuf a ctur ed sa nd
co ntr i b uted to i mp r o v i ng th e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f
U H P C .
3.3 Flexural strength
The flexural strengths of RSU0, RSU1, MSU2,
and SSU3 at the curing age of 28 days are presented in
Fig.4.

Fig.5 Load-deflection relationships of the UHPC

According to Bazant[38], th e f r a ctur e ener g y ca n

be defined as the energy required for crack growth in
co ncr ete ma ter i a l s. T h e f r a ctur e ener g y i s ca l cul a ted
f r om the equa ti ons a s f ol l ow s:

P 0=4M0/l (1)

Fig.4 Flexural strength of different kinds of UHPC at 28 days

WF =W0+ 2P 0d0 (2)
At the curing of 28 days, the flexural strengths of whe r e, d0 i s the ma xi mum mi d- spa n di spl a cement; l i s
RSU0, RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 are 14.8, 16.4, 19.0, the di sta nce be tween two suppor ts a t bot tom ; M0 i s the
and 21.1 MPa, respectively, following the sequence: mom ent ca used by the sel f - wei ght of the spe ci men; W0
SSU3 > MSU2 > RSU1> RSU0, as shown in Fig.4. i s the wor k done by the a pl i ed l oa d whi ch i s the a r ea
The flexural strengths of RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 are enclosed by the load-deflection curve.
invariably higher than that of RSU0 at the curing age H ence, the f r a ctur e ener gy ca n be ca l cul a ted f r om
of 28 days, which indicated that the flexural strength the f ol l ow i ng e qua ti on,
of U H P C wa s i mpr ove d whe n the cement wa s p a r ti a l l y
replaced with silica fume and fly ash. Though 40wt% G F =WF /S (3)
cement wa s r ep l a ced wi th f l y a sh a nd si l i ca f ume i n wh er e, G F i s th e f r a ctur e ener g y , a nd S i s th e cr o ss
RUS1, the flexural strength of RSU1 was 10.81% secti ona l a r ea of the spe ci men.
higher than that of RSU0. The porosity of UHPC was
Table 4 Fracture energy of UHPC/(kJ/m3)
reduced due to the addition of silica fume and fly ash.
M i xt ur e RSU0 RSU1 M S U 2 SSU3
T h e f l ex ur a l str eng th o f U H P C wa s i ncr ea sed wi th
Slump flow 138.0 157.7 159.3 161.0
the decrease of porosity (Fig.9(a)) in the study. As for
the effect of fine aggregate on the flexural strength of
UHPC, it was clear that the flexural strength of UHPC According to the Eqs.(1)-(3), the fracture
wi th d i f f er ent k i nd s o f f i ne a g g r eg a tes f o l l o wed th e ener g i es o f a l l sp eci mens co ul d b e d eter mi ned , a nd
sequence: silica sand (SSU3) > manufactured sand listed in Table 4. The fracture energies of RSU0,
(MSU2) > river sand (RSU1), the result of which was RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 are 138.0, 159.3, 157.7, and
no t ex a ctl y th e sa me wi th th e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f 161.0 kJ/m 3, r esp ecti v el y , f o l l o wi ng th e seq uence:
U H P C a s menti o ned a b o v e. T h i s r esul t sh o wed th a t SSU3 > MSU2 > RSU1 > RSU0, as shown in Table
th e use o f si l i ca sa nd wa s co nd uci v e to enh a nci ng th e 4. The fracture energies of RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3
flexural strength of UHPC. was always higher than that of RSU0, which suggested
T y p i ca l l o a d - d ef l ecti o n cur es o f U H P C sp eci - th a t th e p l a sti ci ty o f U H P C wa s i mp r o v ed wh en th e
mens a r e i l l ustr a ted i n F i g .5 . T h e l o a d - d i sp l a cement cement was partially replaced with silica fume and fly
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. www.jwutms.net Dec. 2019 1355

a sh . I n a d d i ti o n, th e ch a ng i ng tr end o f f r a ctur e ener g y r ep l a ced wi th si l i ca f ume a nd f l y a sh . T h e Y o ung ’ s

of UHPC was accordant with that of flexural strength modulus of RSU1 was 5.99% higher than that of
(Fig.4). RSU0, although 40wt% cement was replaced with fly
3.4 Young’s modulus ash and silica fume in RUS1. This was because that
The Young’s moduli of RSU0, RSU1, MSU2, the por os i ty of U H P C wa s r educ ed due to the a d di ti on
and SSU3 at the curing age of 28 days are presented in of silica fume and fly ash. Pedro et al[39] sugge sted tha t
Fig.6. the i ncor por a ti o n of si l i ca f ume i n U H P C ca n enha nce
the Young’s modulus of UHPC, either by densification
o f th e ma tr i x , i ncr ea si ng i ts sti f f ness, o r b y i mp r o v i ng
the i nter f a ci a l tr a nsi ti on z one , whi ch ca n r educ e mi cr o
cr a ck s f o r ma ti o n a t l o wer str ess l ev el . T h e Y o ung ’ s
mo d ul us o f U H P C wa s i ncr ea sed wi th th e d ecr ea se
of porosity (Fig.9(a)) in the study. As for the effect
o f f i ne a g g r eg a te o n th e Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f U H P C ,
i t wa s ev i d ent th a t th e Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f U H P C
wi th d i f f er ent k i nd s o f f i ne a g g r eg a tes f o l l o wed th e
sequence: silica sand (SSU3) > manufactured sand
Fig.6 Young’s moduli of different kinds of UHPC at 28 days (MSU2)> river sand (RSU1), the result of which was

The Young’s moduli of RSU0, RSU1, MSU2,

and SSU3 at the curing age of 28 days are 48.4, 51.3,
54.0, and 54.2 GPa, respectively, which followed the
sequence: SSU3 > MSU2 > RSU1> RSU0, as shown
in Fig.6. The changing trend of Young’s modulus was
consistent with that of the flexural strength of UHPC.
The Young’s moduli of RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 are
invariably higher than that of RSU0 at the curing age
of 28 days, which indicated that the Young’s modulus Fig.7 Relationship between compressive strength and Young’s
of U H P C wa s i mpr ove d whe n the cement wa s p a r ti a l l y modul us of U H P C

Fig.8 Micrographs of UHPC at the curing age of 28 days

1356 V o l .3 4 N o .6 JI A N G Jinyang et al: Desi gn of E co- f r i endl y U l tr a - hi gh P er f or ma nce wi th ...

a cco r d a nce wi th th e f l ex ur a l str eng th o f U H P C a s cement was partially replaced with silica fume and fly
menti o ned a b o v e. T h e ex p er i menta l r esul t i nd i ca ted ash. Therefore, the incorporation of silica fume and fly
th a t usi ng o f si l i ca sa nd co nd uced to i ncr ea se th e a sh i n U H P C coul d not onl y r educ e the envi r onm enta l
Y oung’ s modul us of U H P C . i mpa ct but a l so e nha nce the mi cr os tr uctur e of U H P C .
3.5 Relationship between compressive 3.7 Porosity
strength and Young’s modulus T h e p o r o si ti es a nd p o r e si z e d i str i b uti o ns o f
T h e r el a ti o nsh i p b etween co mp r essi v e str eng th RSU0, RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 at the curing age of 28
and Young’s modulus of UHPC is shown in Fig.7. days are shown in Fig.9.
As illustrated in Fig.7, with the increase of
co mp r essi v e str eng th , th e Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f U H P C
i ncr ea sed g r a d ua l l y . T h e co mp r essi v e str eng th o f
U H P C ha d a str ong cor r el a ti on to i ts Y o ung’ s modul us,
a nd th e r el a ti o nsh i p b etween co mp r essi v e str eng th
a nd Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f U H P C co ul d b e d escr i b ed
by an exponential form (the full curve in Fig.7). The
expone nti a l f or m coul d be expr essed by a n equ a ti on a s
f ol l ow s:

E=47.940 96+1.262 18×10-5 ×e0.084 94 fc (4)

wh er e, E i s th e Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us i n G P a , a nd fc i s th e
com pr essi ve str engt h i n M P a .
T h e R - sq ua r e o f th e ex p o nenti a l f i tti ng wa s
0.9937, which indicated that the fitting result agreed
very well with the experimental data, and that Eq.(4)
co ul d b e used to a ccess th e Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f
U H P C i n th e ter m o f co mp r essi v e str eng th . I t sh o ul d
b e h i g h l i g h ted th a t th e emp i r i ca l f o r mul a ma y no t
a ccur a tel y ca pt ur e th e be ha vi o r of U H P C wi th d i f f er ent
co mp o si ti o ns ( eg, different fine and coarse aggregates
types or particle size).
3.6 Microstructure
The ESEM images of RSU0, RSU1, MSU2, and
SSU3 at the curing age of 28 days are presented in
Fig.8.
The matrix of RSU0 displayed a continuous
mi cr o str uctur e wi th so me mi cr o cr a ck s, a s i l l ustr a ted
in Fig.8. A few number of micro cracks were also
detected in the matrix of RSU1, the result of which
was in line with the findings of Meng and Khayat[40].
However, the matrices of MSU2 and SSU3 exhibited
a co nti nuo us mi cr o str uctur e wi th o ut mi cr o cr a ck s,
th e r esul t o f wh i ch wa s co nsi stent wi th sa cr i f i ci a l
co ncr ete a t a mb i ent temp er a tur e [41] a nd U H P C [42].
Due to the addition of silica fume, there were a lot Fig.9 Porosity (a), pore size distribution (b), and cumulative pore
o f sp h er i ca l si l i ca f ume p a r ti cl es i n th e ma tr i ces o f volume (c) of different kinds of UHPC at 28 days
U H P C wi th si l i ca f ume, a s i s v i v i d l y d ep i cted i n th e
micrographs of RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3. In addition, At the curing age of 28 days, the porosity of
the matrices of MSU2 and SSU3 were more compact RSU0, RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 was 2.60%, 2.41%,
than those of RSU0 and RSU1, which indicated that 2.31%, and 2.27%, respectively, which followed the
th e mi cr o str uctur e o f U H P C co ul d b e i mp r o v ed i f th e sequence: RSU0 > RSU1 > MSU2> SSU3, as shown
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. www.jwutms.net Dec. 2019 1357

Fig.10 X-CT test results of UHPC: (a) 3D porous structure of UHPC and (b) 2D slice images of UHPC

in Fig.9(a). The porosity of UHPC was lower than
th a t o f h i g h - str eng th co ncr ete[43, 44] a t th e cur i ng a g e
of 28 days. The porosity of RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3
was invariably lower than that of RSU0 at the curing
age of 28 days, which suggested that the porosity of
U H P C wa s d ecr ea sed wh en th e cement wa s p a r ti a l l y
replaced with silica fume and fly ash. Though 40wt%
cement wa s r ep l a ced wi th f l y a sh a nd si l i ca f ume i n
RUS1, the porosity of RSU1 was 7.31% lower than
that of RSU0. As for the effect of fine aggregate on
the por os i ty of U H P C , i t wa s cl ea r tha t the por os i ty of
UHPC with different kinds of fine aggregates followed
the sequence: river sand (RSU1) > manufactured
sand (MSU2)> silica sand (SSU3), which indicated
th a t usi ng si l i ca sa nd h el p ed to r ed uce th e p o r o si ty o f
U H P C .
As regards the pore size distribution of RSU0,
RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3, there were multi peaks in
different kinds UHPC, as presented in Fig.9(b). The
ch a ng i ng tr end o f p o r e si z e d i a meter o f U H P C wa s
1358 V o l .3 4 N o .6 JI A N G Jinyang et al: Desi gn of
accordant with that of the sacrificial concrete at ambient
tempe r a tur e[45]. I n a di ti on, th e cha ngi ng tr ends of por e
si z e d i a meter o f d i f f er ent k i nd s o f U H P C wer e f a i r l y
close to each other. Fig.9(c) shows the cumulative pore
volumes of RSU0, RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3. It can be
seen tha t the cha ngi ng t r end of cumul a ti ve por e vol ume
o f U H P C wa s b a si ca l l y th e to ea ch o th er , wh i ch wa s
co nsi stent wi th th e r esul ts o f p o r e si z e d i str i b uti o n
of UHPC (Fig.9(b)). According to Meng et al[46], th e
p o r e si z e d i str i b uti o n i n cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s ca n b e
divided into three groups, that is, micropores (<10 nm),
capillary pores (10-5,000 nm), and macropores (>5,000
nm). The porosity of different kinds of pores for RSU0,
RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 could be calculated by the
results of Fig.9(c), and the porosity of three kinds of
p o r es f o r d i f f er ent U H P C wa s summa r i z ed i n T a b l e
5. The macropores of SSU3 was smaller than that of
RSU0, RSU1, and MSU2, which could explain the
porosity of SSU3 was smallest of the four kinds of
U H P C , a nd co ul d a l so el uci d a te th e r ea so n wh y th e
mechanical strength (compressive strength and flexural
strength) and Young’s modulus of SSU3 was higher
than those of RSU0, RSU1, and MSU2.
Table 5 Porosities of three kinds of pores for different UHPC
M i cr op r es C a pi l l a r y por es M a cr opr es T ot a l
M i xt ur e
(<10 nm) (10-5,000 nm) (>5,000 nm) por os i ty
RSU0 0.6046 1.5333 1.7638 3.9017
RSU1 0 0.5284 1.8788 2.4072
M S U 2 0 0.7266 1.5863 2.3129
SSU3 0 1.0057 0.7626 1.7683
T o f ur the r i nve sti ga te the por e str uctur e of U H P C
from 3D visualization, the 3D pore structure of RSU0,
RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 was conducted via X-CT and
the 3D pore structure of different kinds of UHPC are
shown in Fig.10. As shown in Fig.10, there are some
b i g p o r es i n th e ma tr i x o f U H P C . T h i s wa s b eca use
the por es tha t coul d be de tected by X - C T wer e ma i nl y
h a r mf ul h o l es d ue to th e l i mi ta ti o n o f r eso l uti o n o f
X -C T .
I n summa r y , th i s ex p er i menta l r esea r ch
p r o v i d ed a p r el i mi na r y d a ta b a se f o r th e sui ta b i l i ty
o f sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s a nd co a r se
aggregate with maximum particle size of 12 mm in
th e p r o d ucti o n o f U H P C . T h e f i nd i ng s d emo nstr a ted
th a t sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us ma ter i a l s a nd co a r se
a g g r eg a te co ul d b e successf ul l y a p p l i ed to d ev el o p
U H P C h a v i ng mech a ni ca l p r o p er ti es co mp a r a b l e wi th
thos e of the cor r espondi ng typi ca l U H P C . F or a be tter
und er sta nd i ng o f th e mech a ni sm o f h i g h Y o ung ’ s
E co- f r i endl y U l tr a - hi gh P er f or ma nce wi th ...
mo d ul us a nd mech a ni ca l str eng th ( co mp r essi v e str eng th
and flexural strength), further research is needed.
4 Conclusions
T h i s i nv esti g a ti o n co ncer ns th e mi x d esi g n o f
eco - f r i end l y U H P C wi th sup p l ementa r y cementi ti o us
materials and coarse aggregate. In the paper, 40wt%
cement wa s r ep l a ced wi th f l y a sh a nd si l i ca f ume. A
large amount (about 25vol%) of coarse aggregate with
maximum size of 12 mm was also added to the UHPC.
3 different kind of fine aggregates was used, and their
ef f ects o n th e mech a ni ca l p r o p er ti es o f U H P C wer e
a l so co mp r eh ensi v el y stud i ed . T h e ma i n co ncl usi o ns
a r e dr a wn a s f ol l ow s:
a) Silica fume has a more significant effect on the
overall workability of UHPC than fly ash. The incorpo-
ration of silica fume and fly ash in UHPC can not only
r ed uce th e env i r o nmenta l i mp a ct b ut a l so enh a nce th e
mi cr os tr uctur e of U H P C .
b) The porosities of RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 are
invariably lower than that of RSU0 at the curing age of
28 days, which suggests that the porosity of UHPC is
d ecr ea sed wh en th e cement i s p a r ti a l l y r ep l a ced wi th
silica fume and fly ash. The porosity of UHPC reduces
by 7.31% when 40wt% cement is replaced with fly ash
a nd s i l i ca f ume.
c) The compressive strengths, flexural strengths,
and Young’s moduli of RSU1, MSU2, and SSU3 are
always higher than those of RSU0 at the curing age of
28 days, which suggests that the compressive strength,
f l ex ur a l str eng th , a nd Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f U H P C a r e
i ncr ea sed wh en th e cement i s p a r ti a l l y r ep l a ced wi th
silica fume and fly ash. The compressive strength, flex-
ur a l str engt h, a nd Y oung’ s modul us of U H P C i ncr ea ses
by 19.01%, 10.81%, and 5.99%, respectively, when
40wt% cement is replaced with fly ash and silica fume.
d) The fracture energies of RSU1, MSU2, and
SSU3 are always higher than that of RSU0, which
sugge sts tha t the pl a sti ci ty of U H P C i s i mpr ove d whe n
the cement is partially replaced with silica fume and fly
a sh. A dopt i ng si l i ca sa nd he l pe d to r educ e the po r os i ty
and to enhace the flexural strength and Young’s modu-
l us of U H P C , but usi ng ma nuf a ctur ed sa nd cont r i but es
to i mpr ovi ng t he com pr essi ve str engt h of U H P C .
e) The relationship between compressive strength
a nd Y o ung ’ s mo d ul us o f U H P C ca n b e d escr i b ed b y
a n expone nti a l f or m. I n pr a cti ce, the empi r i ca l f or mul a
ca n pr ovi de a conve ni ent meth od to a ccess the Y oung’ s
 Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. www.jwutms.net Dec. 2019
modul us of U H P C i n the ter m of com pr essi ve str engt h.
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