GRADE 13

BIOLOGY IV TOTAL MARKS: 100

NAME_________________________________________

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1 (a) The water potential of mammalian blood needs to be maintained within narrow limits so that cells function
efficiently. This process is called osmoregulation.
The relative medullary thickness (RMT) indicates the proportion of a kidney that is composed of medullary tissue.

Table 1.1 shows the relationship between the RMT and the concentration of urine produced by four mammals from
different habitats.
Table 1.1

(i) Name the parts of the nephron that are located in the medulla.
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(ii) Name a hormone involved in osmoregulation.
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(iii) Describe the relationship between the RMT and the concentration of urine produced and explain the differences
between the data for the beaver and the kangaroo rat.
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(b) The warthog, Phacochoerus africanus, is a member of the pig family. The warthog lives in dry savannah areas of sub-
Saharan Africa. A warthog and a human have similar values of RMT and concentration of urine. A human can survive
only a few days without drinking water, whereas a warthog can live for several months without drinking water. Suggest
how a warthog is able to survive several months without drinking water.
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2 (a) The effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis can be investigated using a cut shoot of a pond
plant. The apparatus used in the investigation is shown in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1
The light intensity can be changed by placing the lamp at different distances from the pond plant.
(i) Apparatus X, shown in Fig. 2.1, is a thin glass container filled with water. Explain the function of apparatus
X
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(ii) Before completing the assembly of the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1, sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to
the water surrounding the pond plant in the test-tube. Explain why sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to the
water surrounding the pond plant in the test-tube.
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(iii) Name the gas collected in the test-tube. ............................................................................................. [1]
(b) The investigation was carried out with the lamp at distances of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm from the pond
plant. For each of these distances, the air bubble in the capillary tube was initially positioned at 0 cm on the
scale and, after 5 minutes, the distance moved by the air bubble was measured. The rate of movement of the
air bubble was then calculated.
The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

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 Fig. 2.2
(i) With reference to Fig. 2.2, describe the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and light intensity.
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(ii) Further investigations showed that at distances of less than 10 cm, the rate of movement of the air bubble
was the same as at 10 cm. Explain why there was no change in the rate of movement of the air bubble at
distances less than 10 cm.
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(c) Some of the light energy absorbed by the pond plant is used in cyclic photophosphorylation. Outline the
process of cyclic photophosphorylation.
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[Total: 13]
3 Respiration is a process that results in the synthesis of ATP. The ATP can be used within the cell for energy-requiring
reactions and processes.
There are four stages in aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
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(a) The ATP synthesised in respiration can be used to make larger and more complex biological molecules from smaller
molecules.
Name the type of reaction that occurs when larger more complex biological molecules are made from smaller molecules.
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(b) The first part of glycolysis uses ATP. Explain why ATP is needed in the first part of glycolysis.
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(c) State the precise locations of substrate-linked phosphorylation reactions in aerobic respiration.
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(d) Explain what happens to pyruvate in the link reaction in aerobic respiration.
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(e) Chemiosmosis is a process that occurs in mitochondria during aerobic respiration and in chloroplasts during
photosynthesis. Describe the differences between the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and the
process of chemiosmosis in chloroplasts.
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[Total: 9]
4 (a) Meiosis is described as reduction division. Explain why meiosis is necessary in the life cycle of a sexually
reproducing organism.
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(b) Plants need mineral ions to grow and develop. For example, plants need phosphates and a deficiency
inhibits cell division and root growth. Mutations in individuals of some plant populations allow them to survive in
mineral-deficient soils.
(i) Name two examples of environmental conditions that affect plant phenotype, other than mineral deficiency.
For each example, describe how it affects the phenotype.

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(ii) Explain why mutations are important in selection.

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(c) A study compared root growth of thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, in two different soil types:
• full nutrient
• low phosphate.

Two different populations of thale cress were used:

• thale cress with a functional enzyme X
• thale cress, with a non-functional enzyme X.

30 seedlings from each population were placed in each type of soil and left to grow for seven days. At the start
all seedlings had a root of the same length. After seven days, the length of this root was measured again for
each seedling.

The mean final root length and standard deviation was calculated for each population of thale cress.
The mean final root lengths are shown in Fig. 4.1.

soil type
Fig. 4.1
With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe the effect of the low phosphate soil type compared to the full nutrient soil
type on root growth, for both populations of thale cress.

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(d) The null hypothesis states there is no significant difference between the mean final root lengths of the two
populations of thale cress grown in low phosphate soil type.
A t-test can be carried out to compare these two means. The critical value for t at the p = 0.05 significance level
is 2.00.
Table 3.1

(i) Fig. 4.2 shows the formula for calculating the value of t.

Fig. 4.2

Use the formula in Fig. 4.2 to calculate the value of t.

Show your working.

t = ............................................................[2]

(ii) Use your calculated value of t to explain whether the null hypothesis should be accepted or rejected.
accept or reject ........................................
explanation .............................................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 13]

5 (a) Explain the meaning of the term biodiversity.

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(b) The Javan gibbon, Hylobates moloch, is an endangered species. Javan gibbons live in fragmented patches
of undisturbed forest in western Java, Indonesia. Habitat loss has reduced the population of wild gibbons to
around 4500 individuals.
(i) Suggest why the separation of their habitat into small fragments, rather than a single large area, poses a
threat to the long-term survival of this species.
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(ii) Several zoos in Java keep Javan gibbons, but few of these are involved in breeding programmes.
Suggest how, other than through captive breeding programmes, zoos in Java could contribute to the
conservation of the Javan gibbon.
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[Total: 8]
6 The role of sensory receptor cells in mammals is to detect stimuli and generate action potentials in sensory neurones.
Human taste buds on the tongue contain chemoreceptor cells. Different chemoreceptor cells respond to different chemical
stimuli. Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of chemoreceptor cells in a taste bud.

Fig. 6.1
(a) Name the structures in the region Y and describe their function in a chemoreceptor cell.

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(b) When a sugar molecule binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface membrane of cell A, calcium ions are released
into the cytoplasm of the cell by the endoplasmic reticulum. Explain how the release of calcium ions will lead to an action
potential being generated in sensory neurone B.
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[Total: 9]
7 Fig. 7.1 shows a mammalian neuromuscular junction.

Fig. 7.1
(a) (i) On Fig. 7.1, use label lines and letters to label each of the following parts:
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A – a region containing only actin
B – a region containing both actin and myosin. [2]

(ii) Outline how an action potential arriving at this neuromuscular junction can result in depolarisation of the
sarcolemma.
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(b) Table 7.1 shows some of the events occurring during muscle contraction. They are not listed in the correct
order.
Table 7.1

Complete Table 7.2 to show the correct order of the events. Two of the events have been completed for you.

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 Table 7.2

[4]
[Total: 10]
8 (a) The Malayan tapir, Tapirus indicus, lives in the rainforest of South East Asia. Fig. 8.1 shows a Malayan tapir and her
calf.

Fig. 8.1
On the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, the Malayan tapir is
categorised as endangered and could become extinct. One problem is the illegal trade in the Malayan tapir. Apart from
illegal trading, suggest and explain reasons why the Malayan tapir has become endangered and could become extinct.
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(b) The trade in Malayan tapirs is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
Suggest ways by which CITES attempts to regulate the trade in wild fauna and flora.
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(c) Many endangered species, such as the Malayan tapir, are protected in zoos. Outline the role of zoos in the conservation
of endangered species.
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[Total: 9]
9 (a) The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, usually has red eyes. A gene for eye colour has four alleles: red, apricot,
honey and white. Define the terms gene and allele.
gene .......................................................................................................................................................................
allele .......................................................................................................................................................................
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(b) • The allele for red eyes, CR, is dominant to the other three alleles.
• The allele for apricot eyes, CA, is dominant to the allele for honey eyes, CH.
• The allele for white eyes, CW, is recessive to the other three alleles.

Construct a genetic diagram to show the genotypes, phenotypes and ratio of the offspring from a cross between a fruit fly
with red eyes, CRCH, and a fruit fly with apricot eyes, CACW.

parents phenotypes red eyes apricot eyes

parents genotypes CRCH CACW

gametes

offspring genotypes

offspring phenotypes

ratio [5]
(c) Describe how you would carry out a test cross and use it to determine the genotype of a red eyed fruit fly.

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[Total: 10]
10 (a) Insulin has an important role in the maintenance of blood glucose concentration. An investigation measured how
blood glucose concentration and blood insulin concentration changed after a glucose-rich meal had been eaten. The results
are shown in Fig. 10.1.

Fig. 10.1

(i) Describe and explain how the results shown in Fig. 10.1 indicate a relationship between blood glucose concentration
and blood insulin concentration after the consumption of a glucose-rich meal.

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(ii) Suggest and explain how the results shown in Fig. 10.1 would change if the meal was mostly starch rather than
glucose.

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(b) Glucagon is synthesised by cells in the pancreas known as alpha (α) cells. Glucagon binds to G-protein-coupled
receptors in the cell surface membrane of liver cells. This results in the activation of G-proteins.
Outline the sequence of events occurring within the cell after the activation of G-proteins that helps to restore the blood
glucose concentration to its set point.

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[Total: 10]

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