INTRODUCTION TO

METABOLISM
 OBJECTIVE

- Exposure to the knowledge of metabolic pathways in

diverse microorganisms

- Understand mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic

metabolism
Exposure
Exposure to
to the
the knowledge
knowledge of
of
metabolic
metabolic pathways
pathways
 Metabolism
 Step by step process by which cells take nutrients from
their environment and convert them into sufficient
cellular components to double their mass and then
become two cells.
Chemical reaction  biochemical reaction
Catalyzed by : enzyme

 2 types:

Anabolism Catabolism
 Metabolism
 Refer to the sum of all chemical reactions
within a living organism.
 Chemical reaction = either release energy
or require energy = energy balancing act.
 In living cell, the enzyme regulated
chemical reaction that release energy are
generally the ones involved in
CATABOLISM.
 Catabolism
 Catabolism – the breakdown of complex organic
compounds into simpler ones.
 These reactions are called catabolic/degrative
reaction.
 Are generally hydrolytic reactions (reaction that
use water and in which chemical bonds are
broken.
 Are exergonic (produce more energy than they
consume).
 Example – cells break sugars into carbon dioxide
and water.
 Anabolism
 The enzyme regulated energy requiring reactions are
mostly involved in anabolism, the building complex
organic molecules from simpler one.
 These reaction are called anabolic or biosynthetic
reactions.
 Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis
reaction (reaction that release water).
 Are endergonic – consume more energy than they
produce.
 Example – formation of proteins from amino acids,
nucleic acids from nucleotides and polysaccharides from
simple sugar.
 These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for
cell growth.
 Anabolism Catabolism

• reaction that require energy •reactions that release energy

to synthesize complex by breaking complex
molecules from simpler ones molecules into simpler ones
that can be reused as building
blocks.
• needed for growth, • provides an organism with
reproduction and repair of energy for its life processes,
cellular structures including movement, transport
and the synthesis of complex
molecules.
 This coupling of energy requiring and energy
releasing reaction is made possible through the
molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Adenosin diphosphate (ADP)
 When the terminal phosphate group is split from
ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed
and energy is released to drive anabolic
reactions.

ATP ADP + p i+ energy

 1)
1) Oxidation-
Oxidation- Reduction
Reduction (Redox)
(Redox) Reaction
Reaction

 Involved with the electron transfer from

one atom or molecule to another
Oxidation
An atom or molecules loses the electron or H atom is lost
Reduction
An atom or molecule gains an electron or addition of H atom.
Molecules in redox reaction:
NAD+ to NADH
FAD to FADH2
5 Metabolic task
Bringing nutrients into cell

Catabolism

Biosynthesis

Polymerization

Assembly
Understand
Understand mechanisms
mechanisms of
of aerobic
aerobic
and
and anaerobic
anaerobic metabolism
metabolism
 Metabolic pathway
 Sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reaction
occuring in a cell.

 Are determined by its enzymes, which are in turn

determined by the cell’s genetic makeup.
 Hypothetical pathway that converts starting material A to
end product F in a series of five steps:

First step – conversion of

molecule A to molecule B.
The curve arrow
indicated that the
reduction of
coenzyme NAD+
to NADH is coupled
to that reaction.
The electron and
protons come from
molecule A.
Third Step – the two arrows in step 3 – show a •Fifth step, the curved
coupling of two reactions. arrow leading from O2
As C is converted to D, ADP is converted indicated that O2 is reactant
to ATP; the energy needed comes from C
in the reaction.
as it transforms into D.
The reaction converting D to E is readily
reversible, as indicated by the double
arrow.
 Carbohydrate catabolism
 Most microbe oxidize carbohydrate as their
primary source of cellular energy.

 Carbohydrate catabolism – breakdown of

carbohydrate molecules to produce energy.

 Glucose is the most common carbohydrate

energy source used by cells.

 Microbe – also can catabolize various lipids and

proteins for energy proteins.
 To produce energy from glucose, microbe
use two general processes:
 1) cellular respiration (Aerobic
( condition
in cell)
 2) fermentation (For
( anaerobic
condition only

 Both processes start with the same first

step – GLYCOLISIS (happen in all cell)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
 Occurs in the cytosol of prokaryotes and
eukaryote.
 Either in absent or presence of Oxygen
 Ten reaction involved
each glucose (6 C)  2 pyruvates (3 C)
 Type of ATP produced in cytosol is called
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
- phosphate is coming from another molecules
and being given to ADP
The respiration of
glucose typically occurs
in three principal AEROBIC
Typically- initial step
stages : glycolisis, the RESPIRATION
is also glycolysis,
krebs cycle and electron
however once
transport chain
glycolysis has taken
(system).
place, the pyruvic
acids is converted
1) Glycolysis is into one or more
oxidation of glucose different product,
to pyruvic acids with depending on the
the production of cell type
some ATP and
energy containing
NADH
2) The kreb cycle is
the oxidation of acetyl
CoA (a derivative of
pyruvic acid) to ANAEROBIC
carbon dioxide, with RESPIRATION
the production of
some ATP, energy
containing NADH and
another reduced
electron carrrier,
FADH2(the reduced
form of flavin adenine 3) In the electron transport chain
dinucleotide) (system), NADH and FADH2 are
oxidized, contributing the electron
they have been carried from the
Aerobic Respiration
glucose + 2ATP +2 Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+
---------> pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH
 Pyruvate Oxidation
 Oxidized in mitochondria (eukaryote) or cytosol (prokaryote)

 Produce two carbon molecule (acetate) and

attached with coenzyme A

NAD+
Acetyl CoA
NADH + H

CO2
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
 2 carbon acetyl Co A

oxidized

CO2 and H2O

3 NAD+ and 1 FAD

ATP

Citric acid Cycle

Electron
Electron transport
transport and
and chemiosmosis
chemiosmosis
 Series of membrane bound protein in the inner
mitochondial membrane (eukaryote) or plasma
membrane (prokaryote) that pass the donated electron
from one to the next.
 Electron passed to the lower energy levels
Energy given off

Proton concentration gradient

Proton sequestered in the intermembrane space

proton 4 proton

Cytochrome c oxidase
reduce oxygen to H2O
ATP synthases (specific channel)
O2 + 4H++ 4e- ---> 2H2O
ATP

Chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport systems in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Anaerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration
 Do not use oxygen as final electron
acceptor
 Use of inorganic compound (nitrate or
sulphate)
 Have electron transport and chemiosmosis
 Fermentation
 Cell donate the hydrogen atoms generated
by glycolysis to organic molecules derived
from original nutrient
 No electron transport chain in the
fermentation

Carbohydrate + NADH ---> Reduced carbohydrate + NAD+

Glycolysis process
Pyruvic acid to Lactic acid

Lactase dehydrogenase
NADH ------------------- NAD+

Fermentation:
2 ATP per glucose

Aerobic respiration:
36-38 ATP

Pyruvic acid to alcohol

 Bringing nutrients into cell
Obtain nutrient from environment

Transport across cell membrane

Cells concentrate the nutrient within cytoplasm

Microb use many different nutrients so that

many biochemical reaction are needed to bring nutrient
into the cell
 Catabolism
 Converts nutrients into a group of organic
compounds
Starting points to synthesize all other cellular
components

produce precursor metabolites ( 12 such starter

compound)
Produces ATP (compound that store metabolic energy)

Reducing energy (compounds that participate in various

essential reductive biochemical reactions)
Biosynthesis
 Make all the small molecule cell needed
(including building blocks of macromolecules)
from precursor metabolites.
 Use ATP and reducing power
Polymerization
 Building blocks (monomers) produce in task
three are chemically hooked together
(polymerized)

Produce cell’s macromolecules

( protein, RNA, DNA, polysaccarides and peptidoglycan.
Assembly
 Some macromolecules are assembled to
make cellular organelles.

Cell’s wall, membranes, ribosomes, flagella and pili

 The Generation of ATP
 Phosphorylation – The addition of group
phosphate (P) to a chemical compound
 Organism use three mechanisms of
phosphorylation to generate ATP from
ADP.
1) Substrate level phosphorylation
2) Oxidative phosphorylation
3) Photophosphorylation
Anaerobic and Aerobic metabolism
 How cell make ATP: Energy-Releasing
Pathways
Oxidation- Reduction (Redox) Reaction
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Regulation of cycles
 Coenzyme
 Coenzyme may assist the enzyme by accepting atoms removed from the
substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate.
 Some coenzymes act as electron carriers, removing electrons from the
substrate and donating them to other molecules in subsequent reactions.
 Two of the most important coenzyme in cellular metabolism are
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
 (NAD+) – catabolic – energy yielding

 NADP+) – anabolic – energy requiring

 FMN – flavin mononucleotide

 FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide
 CoA – coenzyme A – synthesis and breakdown fats; kreb cycle
 Cofactor – (forming a bridge between enzyme and substrate) example –
Mg 2+
The END