Data validation:

We use two types of questionnaires for data collection

1)Questionnaire where question names are associated
with their respective variables and easy to identify
their belongings.
2)Questionnaire where questions names are uniform
and no idea is there that which question is
associated with which variable?
In case of first type of questionnaire we have to start
with the data validation in-terms of response
reliabilities.
Reliability:
The cross validation or internal consistency/
connection among the items/ questions belonging to
one variable is called their reliability. It is measured by
“Cronbach’s Aplha”. If the value of “Cronbach’s Alpha
become 0.5 or more then that variable is called a
reliable variable and allowed to use in data analysis.
Otherwise, the reliability is to be achieved by removing
unreliable item/ question from that variable.
In SPSS:
Analyze ------> Scale --------> Reliability Analysis
 Results report

Case Processing Summary

N %
Cases Valid 382 99.5
Excludeda 2 .5
Total 384 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the
procedure.

This tables shows that the questionnaire was filled by

384 respondents. From them 2 left the response for
their perception. Therefore, perception will be
computed from the responses of 382 respondents.

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
 .859 4

This table shows that there were asked 4 questions to

evaluate the perception of the respondents and their
responses are reliable to use in data analysis
(Cronbach’s alpha > 0.5)

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.483 5

This table shows that there were asked 5 questions to

evaluate the happiness of the respondents and their
responses are unreliable to use in data analysis
(Cronbach’s alpha < 0.5)
In this case (unreliable) redo the reliability analysis
with some more information. For this purpose, we will
press “Statistics button” and check on the “Scale if
item deleted” option.

Item-Total Statistics
Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Correlation Deleted
Happiness 15.1811 15.001 .488 .354
Joy_2 15.1522 14.850 .509 .344
Joy_3 15.1024 14.950 .510 .347
Joy_4 14.9213 15.025 .568 .340
Joy_5 14.2257 10.102 .032 .908
 We have to look in the last column of the above table
to identify the unreliable or outlier variable. We have
to search for the maximum value in this column. This
table shows that the reliability can achieve up to 0.908
if Joy_5 is excluded from this variable.
We conclude that the reliability of the variable
happiness is 0.908 which is good (> 0.5) with 4 items/
questions.
For Loyalty

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.088 2

Item-Total Statistics
Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Correlation Deleted
Loyality 5.1230 2.470 .052 .
L2 2.1832 .901 .052 .

Transformation of Variables:
After validation of reliability, we have to transform or
construct the variables with desired names to use
them in analysis and report their findings. This process
is called transformation. In SPSS this can be done using
path
Transform ----------> Compute variable