2.1.

3 Water supply worldwide and in Africa

According to UNESCO (2006), every person needs 20 to 50 liters of potable water a days for
basic needs: drinking, cooking and cleaning, but more than one in six does not have access to
such amount of potable water. Africa has the lowest total water supply coverage of any region,
with only 62% of the population having access to improved water supply (JMP, 2010)
Table 2.1: water coverage by region, 2000
Region Water supply %
Africa 62
Asia 81
Latin America and Caribbean 85
Ocean 88
Europe 96
North America 100
Sources WHO/UNICEF, 2000

However some scholar suggested that the provision of water supply in developing countries
may not be sufficient because of (a) high population growth (b) conflict and political instability
(c) low priority given to water and sanitation program (Thompson et al., 2000)
2.1.4 Water Supply in Ethiopian context
World Bank group stated that though Ethiopia is often required to as “water tower” of Africa
only a quarter of the country’s population have improved access to water sources. Ethiopia has
been characterized by limited access to safe drinking water. In 1990 for instance, only 19% of
the country population had access to safe a drinking water supply (MOFED, 2008). By 2007
this figure had reached 52%.
Table 2:2 percentages of Ethiopia population with access to safe drinking water
Year 1996 1998 2000 2004 2006 2007

Rural 10.0 14.0 17.0 25 41.2 46.4

Urban 72.0 84.0 92.0 92.0 78.8 82.0

Total 19.0 24.0 28.0 36.0 47.3 52.5

Source; MOFED, 2007

Ethiopia’s water coverage’s is the lowest in the world. The water supply coverage 22% of which
the rural coverage is only 11% (JMP, 2010) the country low health status, high population
growth and low literacy rate bring to bear a heavy burden on the states in increases delivery for
water, health, education and other social services. The data take from UNICEF and who show
most subs Sahara Africa country have the lowest coverage of water of any world region, Ethiopia
water supply coverage is the lowest (JMP, 2010).

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2.2 Empirical literature review

2.2.1 Water Demand Studies

Urban water user can be grouped into consumer categories namely commercially, industrially,
institutional and residential. While each of these ends uses are important in context of network
security. Residential water uses is special relevant because domestic consumption implies direct
human contact with water and inevitable exposure to water born constituents.
Residential domestic is the largest components of municipal water uses consuming on averages
65% of the treated public supply. Residential water uses is usually split into domestic (indoor)
and land escape (outdoor) demands. Indoor water uses composed of
Nearly 60% of the indoor water uses occur in the bathroom neglecting lakes, water use at typical
single family residences is intermittent with inflow from the mainline occurring for only a small
percentage of the time. Outdoor water use, divan primary by land escape irrigation, exhibit a
strong seasonal pattern with s

2.2.2. Factor influencing Water demands

2.2.2.1 Climates
It is reasonable to assume that water was influenced the composition of water. More water had
been consumed in hot weather and less during rainy season. Howe and Lina Weaver (2000)
estimated a sprinkling demand model where the specifically took into account summer
precipitation and maximizing daily evaporation.

2.2.2.2 Household demographic and other characteristic

Individually difference between household influences their water demands. , household size is
important, like the house size and access to appliances (shower, bathroom, washing machines
etc…). Are also relevant (Barkatullah (2002)), Renzetti (2002) public transformation information
campaigns, the supply of water saving technology etc may also influences household water
consumption. In modeling consumption a distraction is also made between indoor and outdoor
uses. This specification can also accommodate the distinction between basic uses and additional
uses of water (for pools, lawn, washing cars and etc…).

2.2.2.3 Income
Income is a main determinant of consumption. Renwick and Green (2005) uses median
household income for each of the water agencies included in their study based on aggregated
water data .Barkatullah (2002) uses income and property values as indicators of the budget
available for household (1999) the averages gross household income. Guantilake et al, (2001)
uses household income data.

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2.2.2.4 Pricing
If the marginal prices differ from the averages prices there exist an implicit lump sum transfer
linked to the purchases of water many study uses (ISP). Rate structure premium which is defined
as non negative subsidy, the between what the bill would have been had consumer paid for all
unit of consumption at the marginal prices and the actual water bill paid Barkatullah estimated a
marginal prices elasticity coefficient of -0.21.indicating inelastic water demand. Her estimate
reflected high sensitivity to her estimation methods.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study area

sawula is a town and separate woreda in central Ethiopia. Located in SNNP of regional state,
530km southwest of Addis Ababa, it has a latitude and longitude of 8°17′N 37°47′E with an
elevation between 1910 and 1935 meters above sea level it surrounded by oydaworeda and it was
part of former dembagofaworeda. sawula is the administrative center of gofa Zone.
sawula town has 36 administrative Kebeles. During this year period the total estimated
population of the town was 36584, of whom 20292were men and 16292 were women or 13650
house hold was living in town. From these total population 18340 was unable to meet the current
demand. Hence high leakage problem and high population growth aggravated the water problem
of the town (WWSA, 2015). The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian
Orthodox Christianity, with 42.31% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while
48.17% of the populations were Protestant, 7.78% were Muslim and catholic 1.34%.

3.2 Sources of data

The study was used both primary and secondary sources. The study was obtained primary data
from distributed the questionery and secondary data from sawula town Water supply office ,
existing documents, books, journals, reports, and others sources from sectorial offices and other
relevant organizations /bureaus .

The sawulastown is classified inSerty six kebeles administrative. In our survey the researchers
include all the Kebeles. Note that we obtained estimated number of population exist in the town
as of October 2020 from statistical abstract and expected total number of households live in the

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town and average number of persons per household from the municipality. Then, sampled
households will be selected from all kebele using simple random sampling procedure.

3.3 Sampling Techniques

A simple random sampling using a proportional basis of households in sawula town was used.
The simple random sampling was used because of the income status of households are on
average equal as per information from municipal of the town and to avoid selection bias. The
town consists of SERTY six kebeles, and all are include in the survey. Even tough, the study is
benefit from higher sample size but due to insufficient funding and lack of enough time the
sample could not be increased. Thus, the total sample size of the survey is 100 sample
households

To determine the sample size we followed the YAMANE (1967) a simplified formula.

n = N/1+N(e)2
Where,n = sample size

N = population size

e = error term
The number of population in Sawla town is 36584 The error term is 10% are assumed on our
study
n =36584 /1+36584 (0.1)2

n =0.1994548
3.4 Methods of Data Collection

The study was used both a face-to face interview and questionnaires.

4
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