American Corrections 10th Edition Clear

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CHAPTER 10
Incarceration

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Explain how today’s prisons are linked to the past.

2. Discuss the goals of incarceration.
3. Be familiar with the organization of incarceration.
4. Discuss the factors that influence the classification of prisons.
5. Explain who is in prison.

KEY TERMS
Custodial model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes security, discipline, and order.

Rehabilitation model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes the provision of treatment programs
designed to reform the offender.

Reintegration model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties to family
and the community as a method of reform, in recognition of the fact that the offender will be
returning to the community.

Radial design

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An architectural plan by which a prison is constructed in the form of a wheel, with “spokes”
radiating from a central core.

Telephone-pole design
An architectural plan for a prison, calling for a long central corridor crossed at regular intervals
by structures containing the prison’s functional areas.

Courtyard style
An architectural design by which the functional units of a prison are housed in separate buildings
constructed on four sides of an open square.

Campus style
An architectural design by which the functional units of a prison are individually housed in a
complex of buildings surrounded by a fence.

Maximum-security prison
A prison designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end,
it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of inmates and visitors.

Medium-security prison
A prison designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence, but in which restrictions on
inmates and visitors are less rigid than in maximum-security facilities.

Minimum-security prison
A prison designed and organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent
with the concept of incarceration.

CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Links to the Past
A. Most correctional facilities are still in rural areas in line with Quaker beliefs
that offenders could be redeemed only if removed from city distractions.
B. The 1940s and 1950s image of the ‘big house’ is still imprinted on most
Americans’ minds: a walled prison with large, tiered cell blocks, a yard, shops,
and industries.
1. The South did not conform to this model.
2. Racial segregation was maintained.
3. Prisoners were used as farm labor.
C. The rehabilitative model of the 1960s and 1970s.
1. Treatment programs administered.
D. During the past 40 years the prison population has changed.
1. There has been a major increase in the number of African American and
Hispanic American inmates.
2. More inmates come from urban areas.
3. More inmates have been convicted of drug-related and violent offenses.
4. Former street gangs regroup inside prisons and have raised levels of
violence in many institutions.

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5. The rise of public employee unions have improved working conditions,

safety procedures, and training.
E. Current focus of corrections has shifted to crime control, which emphasizes
the importance of incarceration.

II. The Goals of Incarceration

A. Three models of incarceration have been prominent since the early 1940s.
1. The custodial model – based on the assumption that prisoners have been
incarcerated for the protection of society and emphasizes security,
discipline, and order subordinating the prisoner to the authority of the
warden. This model was prevalent in corrections before World War II and
dominates most maximum-security institutions today.
2. The rehabilitation model – developed in the 1950s, it emphasizes
treatment programs to reform the offender.
3. The reintegration model – linked to the structures and goals of community
corrections, it emphasizes maintaining offender ties to family and
community.
B. Correctional institutions that conform to each of these models can be found,
but most prisons are mainly custodial.

III. Organization for Incarceration

A. Statistics.
1. Prisons are operated by all 50 states and the federal government.
2. There are 1,292 confinement facilities; 92 percent are run by the states.
3. 47% in South
4. 20% in Midwest
5. 18.5% in West
6. 14.5 in Northeast
B. Federal Bureau of Prisons.
1. Jurisdiction of federal criminal law is restricted to crimes involving
interstate commerce, certain serious felonies such as bank robbery,
violation of other federal laws and crimes committed on federal property.
2. Since the “war on drugs” in the 1980s, drug offenders in federal prisons
make up about 50.7 percent of the inmate population.
3. Federal prisoners are often a more sophisticated breed of criminal, from a
higher socioeconomic class, than the typical state prisoner.
4. Over 56,000—about 27 percent—of federal inmates are citizens of other
countries.
5. Federal sentencing guidelines have increased the probability of
imprisonment substantially.
6. The bureau of prison is highly centralized with a staff of over 35,000 who
supervise more than 195,000 prisoners.
7. The bureau operates 102 confinement facilities.
8. The federal government does not have enough space to house most people
accused of violating the federal criminal law, so about two-thirds of

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pretrial detainees are housed in state or local facilities on a contractual

basis.
9. The federal system has enjoyed a good reputation and has been viewed as
an innovator in the field of corrections.
C. State Prison Systems.
1. States vary considerably in how they organize corrections.
2. The executive branch of each state government administers its prisons.
3. The total capacity of a state’s prisons reflects the size of the state’s
population.
4. Sentencing practices, legislative appropriations for corrections, and
politics can also affect incarceration rates.
5. States vary considerably in the number, size, type, and location of
correctional facilities.

IV. The Design and Classification of Prisons

A. Form follows function: the design of a structure should serve its purpose.
1. During the penitentiary era, institutions were to promote penance.
2. When prison industry became the focus, a different design enhanced the
efficiency of workshops.
3. When punishment held sway, emphasis was on the fortress-like edifice
that ensures security.
4. During the rehabilitation era, new prisons were built in styles thought to
promote treatment goals.
B. Today’s design – There are four basic models found in America’s prisons.
1. Radial Design: Eastern, Auburn, Leavenworth, Radway, and Trenton.
2. Telephone-Pole Design: most commonly used for maximum security
prisons: Graterford, Marion, Somers, Jackson.
3. Courtyard Style: some of the newer facilities are the courtyard style.
4. Campus Style: long used for juvenile or women’s facilities.
5. Today prison construction is greatly influenced by cost.
C. Location of Prisons: As in the past, most are located in rural areas.
1. Even though most prison inmates come from cities and reintegration has
been the prime correctional goal, new institutions are still being built in
the countryside.
2. Rural whites are hired to guard urban blacks.
3. Many citizens believe that serious offenders should be incarcerated, but
not in their community (NIMBY syndrome).
4. Some economically depressed areas have welcomed prisons to bring in
jobs and revitalize the local economy.
D. Classification of Prisons.
1. Maximum Security Prison – closed custody prisons hold 38 percent of
inmates); usually an awesome edifice with high stone walls studded with
guard towers; designed to prevent escapes and to deter prisoners from
harming each other.

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2. Medium Security Prison: hold 43 percent of inmates; externally they

resemble the maximum security prison, but organized on a different basis
and atmosphere is less rigid and tense.
3. Minimum Security Prison: holds 19 percent of prisoners, the least violent
offenders; lacks tower guards and walls.
4. Super-Max prisons do exist in 40 states. They house over 20,000 inmates
who are the most disruptive, violent, and incorrigible.
E. Private Prisons.
1. U.S. taxpayers spend approximately $38.2 billion annually on prisons.
2. Many jurisdictions contract with private companies to furnish food and
medical services, educational and vocational training and other services.
3. Now, governments hire corporations to house prisoner in privately owned
facilities.
4. By the end of 2009, privately operated facilities housed 129,336inmates.
5. The private prison business is dominated by the Corrections Corporation
of America.
6. Problems with private facilities.
a. Differences in programming.
b. Costs.
c. Accountability.
d. Legal issues.
7. Corrections is a multibillion dollar government-funded enterprise that
purchases supplies, materials, and services from the private sector.
8. Private entrepreneurs argue that they can build and run prisons at least as
effectively, safely, and humanely as any level of government can, at a profit
and a lower cost to taxpayers.
9. Private prison corporations need to fill their cells in order to be profitable.
10. Liability of Guards—the U.S. Supreme Court said that private prison
guards did not have legal protection under Section 1983 and are fully
liable for their actions when they violate a protected right.
11. There are fears that the private corporations will press to maintain high
occupancy and will be interested in skimming off the best inmates, leaving
the troublesome ones to the public correctional system.

V. Who is in Prison
A. The age, education, and criminal history of the inmate population influence
how correctional institutions function.
B. Data on the characteristics of prisoners is limited (figure 10.5).
1. A majority of prisoners are men aged of 25–44.
2. Majority are members of minority groups.
3. Approximately 40 percent have not completed high school.
4. 44 percent of prisoners are rearrested with the first year of release.
5. Four additional factors affect correctional operations
a. Increase in elder inmates
b. Prisoners with HIV/AIDS
c. Mentally ill
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d. Long-term prisoners
C. Elderly prisoners – An increasing number of prison inmates are older than 55
and have housing, medical, program, and release service needs that differ
from the average inmate.
1. In the general population, special housing accommodations should be
made.
2. The elderly are more likely to develop chronic illnesses such as heart
disease, stroke, and cancer.
3. Prison work assignments must be tailored to fit their physical and mental
abilities.
4. Preparation for release to community supervision or to hospice services
require time and special efforts.
5. As people get older they become less dangerous.
D. Prisoners with HIV/AIDS: In the coming years, AIDS in expected to be the
leading cause of death among men aged 25 to 44. The rate of confirmed AIDS
cases in state and federal prisons is 2.5 times higher than the rate in the total
U.S. population.
1. In 2008 there were 21,987 state and federal inmates either infects with
HIV or had AIDS The high rate of infection among inmates can be
explained by the prisoners’ “high risk” behaviors.
2. Only 24 states test all new inmates for HIV.
E. Mentally Ill Prisoners: Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill
began in the 1960s; new antipsychotic drugs made treating patients in the
community seem more humane and less expensive than long-term
hospitalization.
1. Community treatment only works if the drugs are taken and clinics and
halfway houses exist to assist the mentally ill.
2. Homelessness is the most public sign of the lack of programs for the
mentally ill.
3. With the expansion of prisons and greater emphasis on public order
offenses, arrest and incarceration have become the price many pay for
their illness.
F. Long Term Inmates – more prisoners serve long sentences in the United
States than in any other Western nation.
1. Harsh sentencing policies of the last 30 years—three-strikes, mandatory
minimums, truth-in-sentencing—the amount of time served is increasing.
2. From 2003-8 inmates serving a natural life sentence increased by 22
percent; this is an estimate $1 million per person.
3. Long-term prisoners generally are not seen as control problems.
4. Administrators must find ways of making long-term prison life livable.
5. 310,000 prisoners are currently serving at least 20 year sentences.
6. Each life sentence costs taxpayers an estimated $1 million.
7. Severe depression, feelings of hopelessness, and other health problems
are common among long-termers.
8. Long term inmates are charged with less disciplinary infractions that
short term inmates.
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SUMMARY
Prisons today have larger populations, different types of prisoners, and more ambitious
goals than those in the 1950s. Three models of incarceration have been prominent during the past
two decades: custody, rehabilitation, and reintegration. The Federal Bureau of Prisons is
responsible for operating prisons that house federal prisoners, a large number of whom are drug
offenders and citizens of countries other than the United States. State prisons are operated by the
executive branch of government and vary considerably in how they are organized and the
number of inmates they house. The private sector has long played a role in American corrections.
A controversial form of such involvement entails contracting with governmental authorities to
house state inmates in private prisons. Land costs and political factors influence decisions on
prison placement. Most prisons are located in rural areas and architectural design varies.
Correctional institutions are classified as maximum, medium, or minimum security. The higher
the security level, the tighter the rules for prisoners and the more restricted their movements. Get
tough sentencing policies, such as three-strikes, have increased the number of long-term
prisoners in American prisons. Elderly prisoners, inmates with mental health problems and those
with HIV/AIDS pose a number of challenges to corrections officials, including housing
accommodations and medical care. Since their advent in the 1970s questions have been raised as
to whether private prisons are more cost-effective than public prisons. Until recently research on
this question has been lacking. As state’s deal with severe budgetary problems the future of
private prisons is uncertain.

MEDIA LINKS
The Federal Bureau of Prisons website is listed at http://www.bop.gov.

Information about Washington’s Department of Corrections is found at the corresponding

website listed at http://www.doc.wa.gov.

Learn about Virginia’s super-max prison at the corresponding website listed at

http://www.vadoc.state.va.us/facilities/western/redonion/default.shtm.

Read about how the North Carolina Department of Correction classifies and assigns inmates
to different custody levels at http://www.doc.state.nc.us/dop/custody.htm.

The web link for the Corrections Corporation of America is found at http://www.cca.com/.

Information about prison hospice programs for terminally ill inmates can be found at the
corresponding website listed at http://www.npha.org.

To learn more about research on elder inmates visit

http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/04/older-inmate-population-
grows-puts-strain-on-system.html.

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CRITICAL THINKING ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS

1. If you are near a prison organize a visit for the class. Ask students to write about the
experience of being in a prison. Have them discuss what they saw and how they feel
about it.

2. Assign students to a group and identify each group with a particular prison design.
Allow the students to research this design, where it currently is used within your
state and the pros/cons to this particular design. Discuss this in class.

3. Ask students to visit the Eastern State Penitentiary (ESP) website to learn the
history of their design. Determine some of the reasons it closed, how it could/could
not still be effective today and discuss this in class. If at all possible, view the video
purchased through ESP on their prison.

4. Divide the class into two sections. Organize a classroom debate in which one side
advocates for private prisons and the other against them. They must address
logistical and moral issues.

5. Have each student interview five people they know and ask them to identify the
goal/s of incarceration. Have the students report their findings back to the class. Do
they notice any trends? Do the public’s aims match the systems? Their own
opinions? Each other?

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