American Democracy Now 3rd Edition Harrison Test Bank 1

Chapter 9 Elections, Campaigns, and Voting
American Democracy Now 3rd Edition Harrison

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American Democracy Now

Chapter 9: Elections, Campaigns, and Voting
Multiple-Choice Questions:
1. Direct forms of political participation include
a. voting.
b. volunteering on a campaign.
c. running for office.
d. answering Internet political surveys.
e. volunteering on a campaign, running for office, and voting.
Answer: e
Critical Thinking: Understand
Difficulty: 1
Text Answer Hint: Political Participation: Engaging Individuals, Shaping Polities
Page: 268
Teaching Emphasis: Elections, Campaigns, and Voting
2. Which of the following is the best example of grassroots organizing?

a. fund-raising
b. candidate selection
c. drafting the party’s platform
d. GOTV activities
e. All these answers are correct.
Answer: e
Difficulty: 1
Text Answer Hint: Political Participation: Engaging Individuals, Shaping Polities
Page: 268
3. Identify the correct chronological order among the following, starting with which comes first.
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a. primary election, general election, candidate nomination

b. candidate nomination, primary election, general election
c. primary election, candidate nomination, general election
d. general election, candidate nomination, primary election
e. general election, primary election, candidate nomination
Answer: c
Critical Thinking: Analyze
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Elections in the United States
Page: 269
4. All of the following are influential factors in general election competitiveness EXCEPT
a. the presence of incumbency.
b. the strength of incumbency.
c. party competition.
d. candidate party affiliation.
e. level of office.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page: 269
5. Which of the following statements about who can vote in primary elections is the most
accurate?
a. All registered voters can vote in primary elections.
b. Only registered party members are eligible to vote in primary elections.
c. Who can vote in primary elections varies from state to state.
d. All citizens can vote in primary elections, regardless of registration status or party affiliation.
e. Only popularly nominated delegates can vote in primaries.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page: 269
6. In U.S. presidential primaries, who decides which candidate receives the national party
nomination?
a. party-registered voters
b. local party leaders
c. state party organizations
d. national party leaders
e. locally-selected delegates
Answer: e
Difficulty: 3
Page: 269
7. Which year saw both parties make significant reforms that increased party–voter influence
for candidate selection?
a. 1948
b. 1960
c. 1968
d. 1972
e. 1988
Answer: c
Critical Thinking: Remember
Difficulty: 2
Page: 269-270
8. Today, party voters select delegates at state party meetings known as

a. caucuses.
b. congresses.
c. secretariats.
d. commissions.
e. GOTV rallies.
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page: 270
9. Who can vote in an open primary election?

a. anyone, even unregistered voters
b. any registered voter of any party, and independents
c. any registered voter of any party except independents
d. only registered voters of members of that party
e. only preapproved registered voters of members of that party
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page: 270
10. Who can vote in a closed primary election?

a. anyone, even unregistered voters
b. any registered voter of any party, and independents
c. any registered voter of any party except independents
d. only registered voters of members of that party
e. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 270
11. Which of these groups controls the timing of primary elections?

a. registered voters
b. national party organizations
c. the states
d. the Federal Election Commission
e. the Supreme Court
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page: 270
12. In which month is Super Tuesday, the day on which most presidential primary elections take
place?
a. February
b. March
c. October
d. November
e. June
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page: 270
13. In the United States, most general elections are held in what month?
a. February
b. March
c. October
d. November
e. June
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 271
14. In general elections for Congress, how many votes must a candidate receive in order to win?
a. 50 percent of the vote
b. a majority of the vote
c. the most votes
d. 50 percent of the vote, plus one
e. a preponderance of the votes
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page: 271
15. In many states, what percentage of votes must a candidate receive in a general election to
avoid a runoff election?
a. 50 percent
b. 55 percent
c. 60 percent
d. 65 percent
e. 70 percent
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page: 272
16. What technology has facilitated the use of instant runoff elections?
a. computers
b. mobile technologies and devices
c. cellular phones
d. computerized voting machines
e. touch-screen voting portals
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 272
17. In a referendum, voters in a state can vote for or against a measure proposed by whom?
a. citizens
b. interest groups
c. county governments
d. state legislatures
e. state Supreme Courts
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 272
18. Which groups typically sponsor initiatives, or initiative petitions?

a. citizens’ groups
b. interest groups
c. county governments
d. state legislatures
e. citizens’ and interest groups
Answer: e

Difficulty: 2
Page: 272
19. Which of the following best describes a proposition?

a. a special election
b. a proposed measure
c. a referendum
d. an instant runoff election
e. a winner-take-all election
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page: 272
20. What type of election allows voters to cut an officeholder’s term short?
a. recall election
b. runoff election
c. instant runoff election
d. primary election
e. runoff primary election
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page: 272
21. All of the following are true about balloting in the United States EXCEPT that
a. the secret ballot is used.
b. the government prepares the ballot.
c. when balloting is complete, the ballots are counted by government officials.
d. methods of balloting are constitutionally stipulated.
e. the Australian ballot is used.
Answer: d

Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: The Act of Voting
Page: 273
22. During the presidential election of 2000, which state’s voting system came under enormous
scrutiny because of paper perforations known as chads?
a. California
b. New York
c. South Carolina
d. Florida
e. Ohio
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 273
23. Which type of ballot generally leads to the coattail effect, where down-ballot candidates
benefit from the popularity of those listed above them?
a. party-column ballot
b. Australian ballot
c. butterfly ballot
d. office-block ballot
e. absentee ballot
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page: 274
24. Which of the following is an effect of the office-block ballot?

a. Candidates for lower-level offices are more likely to benefit from the popularity of a top-of-
ticket nominee.
b. Voters are less likely to know which party the candidates represent.
c. Voters are more likely to split their ticket.
d. The secrecy of the ballot is more difficult to maintain.
e. Voters are more likely to vote absentee.

Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page: 274
25. Due to the popularity of voting by mail, which state has recently abandoned voting in polling
places on Election Day?
a. Washington
b. California
c. Oregon
d. Idaho
e. Nevada
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page: 275
26. All of the following are factors cited by some scholars as disadvantages of voting by mail
EXCEPT
a. a lack of access to late information about candidates.
b. that it may undermine feelings of civic engagement.
c. that chances of fraud are increased.
d. that it leads to a reduction of privacy.
e. a likely decrease in voter participation.
Answer: e
Difficulty: 2
Page: 275
27. Which of the following best describes what motivates individuals to run for office?
a. a sense of civic responsibility
b. party loyalty and allegiance
c. desire for financial and personal gain
d. personal goals and a desire for greater name recognition
e. civic responsibility, party allegiance, personal goals, and desire for greater name recognition
Answer: e

Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Running for Office: The Choice to Run
Page: 275
28. What age limit for presidential office is codified by Article I of the Constitution?
a. at least 25 years old
b. at least 28 years old
c. at least 30 years old
d. at least 35 years old
e. at least 38 years old
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 276
29. What age limit for senatorial office is codified by Article I of the Constitution?
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page: 276
30. What age limit for election to the House of Representatives is codified by Article I of the
Constitution?
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page: 276
31. Which of the following describes a factor or factors in determining eligibility and
qualifications for elected office at the state level?
a. citizenship
b. residency
c. age
d. place of birth, and gender
e. age, residency, and citizenship
Answer: e
Difficulty: 2
Page: 276
32. All of the following are considered informal qualifications for federal office EXCEPT
a. possession of a college degree.
b. considerable professional experience.
c. strong communications skills.
d. age and gender.
e. ethnicity and religious affiliation.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 277
33. Today, most political campaigns are conducted and managed by

a. party volunteers.
b. unpaid campaign consultants.
c. paid campaign consultants.
d. local electoral officials.
e. political party organizations.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: The Nature of Political Campaigns Today

Page: 277
34. Which of the following conducts focus groups to determine candidate strengths and
weaknesses?
a. campaign manager
b. pollster
c. fundraising consultant
d. media consultant
e. campaign strategist
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: The Nature of Political Campaigns Today
Page: 278
35. Efforts to limit the influence of money on political campaigns started after
a. the Supreme Court’s ruling in Citizens United v. The Federal Election Commission during
Barack Obama’s presidency.
b. the Teapot Dome scandal during Warren Harding’s presidency.
c. passage of the McCain-Feingold legislation during George W. Bush’s presidency.
d. passage of the Hatch Act during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
e. Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act during Richard Nixon’s presidency.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Money and Politics
Page: 280
36. Which anticorruption reform is also known as the Hatch Act of 1939?
a. Federal Corrupt Practices Act
b. Political Activities Act
c. Federal Election Campaign Act
d. Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act
e. McCain-Feingold Act
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page: 280
37. Lacking in the original legislation, what was the most important provision in the 1974
amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act?
a. a voluntary tax return check-off for qualified presidential candidates
b. limits on campaign expenditures
c. creation of an enforcement mechanism
d. limits on campaign finances
e. public financing for all candidates
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page: 280-281
38. What is the major significance of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Buckley v. Valeo?
a. All political expenditures are protected by the First Amendment.
b. PACs can legally coordinate expenditures with political campaigns.
c. A PAC’s contributions to a political candidate cannot be limited.
d. Congress can limit overall campaign spending.
e. Independent expenditures are protected by law against limitations.
Answer: e
Difficulty: 3
Page: 281
39. Contributions to political parties designated for so-called party-building activities are known
as
a. PAC donations.
b. soft money.
c. independent expenditures.
d. grants-in-kind.
e. extra-campaign contributions.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page: 281
40. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the McCain-Feingold Act in McConnell v.
the Federal Election Commission. What portion of that act did the Supreme Court invalidate
in its 2007 ruling in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.?
a. ban on independent expenditures
b. ban on limits to overall campaign expenditures
c. ban on issue-based ads within the 30- and 60-day election window
d. limitations on advertisements and donations from corporations and labor unions
e. restriction on public funding of political candidates
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page: 282
41. Tax-exempt groups that raise money for political activities are known as ________.
a. 527s
b. 501c3s
c. 502s
d. 501c4s
e. 521s
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page: 282
42. Which of the following is a major result of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Citizens United v.
Federal Election Commission?
a. decreased importance of money in politics
b. growth of the Super PACs
c. candidates having a more difficult time soliciting individual donors
d. decreased influence of traditional PACs
e. All of these answers are correct.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page: 283-284
43. How many electors are there in the Electoral College?

a. 100
b. 103
c. 435
d. 535
e. 538
Answer: e
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Presidential Campaigns
Page: 285
44. Which of these factors is most important in determining voter participation?

a. age
b. income level
c. education level
d. gender
e. ethnicity
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Who Votes? Factors in Voter Participation
Page: 286
45. Which of the following statements about age and voting in the United States is most
accurate?
a. Because of initiatives like MTV’s Rock the Vote, young people are more likely to vote than
the middle-aged.
b. The youth turnout rate for President Obama’s 2008 election broke turnout-rate records.
c. Since the 2008 presidential election, youth turnout rates have continued to rise.
d. Eighteen-year-olds were first given the right to vote in 1972.
e. As Americans age, they are less likely to vote.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Who Votes? Factors in Voter Participation

Page: 287-288
46. A voter who evaluates candidates based on the candidates’ positions and votes for the
candidate that best represent his or her views is a(n)
a. retrospective voter.
b. salient voter.
c. issues voter.
d. prospective voter.
e. absentee voter
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: How Voters Decide
Page: 289
47. On which of these types of issues are voters willing to base their vote?
a. party-based issues
b. personal issues
c. liberty issues
d. salient issues
e. controversial issues
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page: 290
48. Over the last few years, political campaigns have grown
a. increasingly positive.
b. somewhat more positive.
c. neither positive nor negative.
d. somewhat more negative.
e. increasingly negative.
Answer: e
Difficulty: 2
Page: 290
49. In the United States, the length of presidential campaigns tends to lead to voter fatigue. How
long do presidential campaigns in the United States generally last?
a. over three years
b. over one year
c. up to a year
d. six to nine months
e. three to six months
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Why Some People Do Not Vote
Page: 291
50. What theory states that making the conscious choice not to vote is rational and logical?
a. rational abstention thesis
b. voter fatigue thesis
c. cumulative cost thesis
d. rational actor thesis
e. nonvoter rationalization thesis
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Text Answer Hint: Why Some People Do Not Vote
Page: 292
Essay Questions:
51. Outline how elections offer opportunities for citizen involvement in the political process.
Answer: Elections offer citizens a wealth of opportunities for citizen involvement. Members of
political parties recruit candidates to run for elections. Volunteers organize campaign events,
including fundraisers, rallies, and neighborhood leafleting; phone-bank volunteers try to
persuade others to participate, and other volunteers focus on GOTV (get out the vote) activities
such as voter registration drives and provision of absentee ballots.
52. Define a caucus, and explain its function in elections.
Answer: A caucus is a meeting of party members that is held to select delegates to national
political party conventions. Caucuses often place restrictions on their selected delegates that
require them to pledge their vote for a specific candidate, although this pledge is not legally
binding.
53. Compare and contrast open and closed primary elections.

Answer: Two types of primary election are used in the United States. The main difference lies in
who can vote in each contest. In an open primary election, any registered voter can vote in any
party’s primary, as can independent voters. Parties’ ballots are available in the voting booth, and
the voter selects his or her preferences. In contrast, a closed primary limits voting to members of
that party only. In some states, voters must declare their party affiliation up to 60 days in
advance to be eligible to vote.
54. Explain the difference between a referendum and an initiative.

Answer: Although both referendums and initiatives allow citizens to directly decide policy
questions, they are quite different in structure and process. A referendum is an election in which
voters in a state can vote for or against a measure proposed by the state legislature. In contrast,
an initiative, or initiative petition, is a citizen-sponsored proposal that seeks either new or
amended legislation, or a state constitutional amendment. These measures are placed on the
ballot if 10 percent or more of the voters in the previous election sign a petition agreeing to its
placement.
55. Outline and discuss the key features of the Australian ballot system.
Answer: The Australian ballot system is the type of secret ballot used in elections in the United
States. This secret ballot is prepared by the government, distributed to all eligible voters, and,
once balloting is completed, counted by government officials in an unbiased fashion, without
corruption or regard to individual preferences.
56. Identify the chief advantages of absentee voting.

Answer: Absentee voting is a long-standing tradition that allows voters to vote in advance by
mail when circumstances prevent voting in person. Advantages of the system include an easier
voting process and experience, reduced election costs, and perhaps more representative elected
officials due to higher voter turnout.
57. Outline the four types of motivation generally in play when individuals run for political
office.
Answer: Political scientists have identified four major types of motivation that encourage
individuals to run for political office. These include: a sense of civic responsibility, or an
obligation to govern; a sense of party loyalty, to fill the need for parties to run viable candidates;
personal goals, and an interest in office-holding as a career; and interest in increasing personal
name recognition, often for business reasons.
58. Discuss the increased use of, and various functions performed by, political consultants in
recent elections.
Answer: As campaigns have become more expensive and complex, political consultants have
become important parts of recent election campaigns. Professionals, who often maintain partisan
loyalties throughout their careers, may serve as campaign managers, campaign strategists, fund-
raising consultants, or media consultants. Consultants focus on getting their candidates elected,
and are usually well compensated for their services.
59. Outline how new technologies have changed the conduct of political campaigns in recent
years.
Answer: With contemporary technologies providing unprecedented access to information for
most citizens, political parties and individual candidates have been quick to utilize these
technologies, such as the Internet, blogs, social media, and the 24-hour news cycle to further
their political interests. Today, candidates use all these technologies, as well as campaign
websites, to raise money, galvanize supporters, and attract new voters to their cause.
60. Explain the relationship between party competitiveness and voter turnout.
Answer: Researchers have demonstrated a connection between party competitiveness and voter
turnout. This is due to voters’ perception that in tight races, their votes count for more than in a
race where the result is a foregone conclusion. Competitive races also draw increased media
attention, increasing voter awareness and encouraging the perception among voters that every
vote counts.

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Chapter 9 Elections, Campaigns, and Voting

American Democracy Now 3rd Edition Harrison

American Democracy Now

2. Which of the following is the best example of grassroots organizing?

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 1

a. primary election, general election, candidate nomination

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 2

8. Today, party voters select delegates at state party meetings known as

9. Who can vote in an open primary election?

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 3

10. Who can vote in a closed primary election?

11. Which of these groups controls the timing of primary elections?

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 4

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 5

18. Which groups typically sponsor initiatives, or initiative petitions?

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 6

Critical Thinking: Understand

19. Which of the following best describes a proposition?

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 7

Critical Thinking: Understand

24. Which of the following is an effect of the office-block ballot?

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 8

e. Voters are more likely to vote absentee.

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 9

Critical Thinking: Understand

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 10

33. Today, most political campaigns are conducted and managed by

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 11

Text Answer Hint: The Nature of Political Campaigns Today

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 12

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 13

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 14

43. How many electors are there in the Electoral College?

44. Which of these factors is most important in determining voter participation?

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 15

Text Answer Hint: Who Votes? Factors in Voter Participation

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 16

Teaching Emphasis: Elections, Campaigns, and Voting

52. Define a caucus, and explain its function in elections.

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 17

53. Compare and contrast open and closed primary elections.

54. Explain the difference between a referendum and an initiative.

56. Identify the chief advantages of absentee voting.

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 18

Harrison: American Democracy Now, 3e TB-9 | 19

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