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Bone Tissue Regeneration and Fracture Repair: An Analysis of Kyndall's Accident

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Bone Tissue Regeneration and Fracture Repair: An Analysis of Kyndall's Accident

1. Describe the bone cells that are involved in the generation of bone tissue

Osteogenic cells are undifferentiated organisms from early-stage mesenchyme that lead

to most of the other bone cell types. Some of them mature into osteoblasts as they continue to

expand.

Osteoblasts are cells that form bones and support the mineralization of the natural parts

of bones. Osteogenesis is the process by which bones are formed. In the endosteum and inner

layer of the periosteum, osteoblasts form rows that resemble a cuboidal epithelium. Because they

are nonmitotic, the osteogenic cells are the only source of new osteoblasts. Stress and breaks

accelerate the mitosis of those cells, which causes an unexpected ascent in the number of

osteoblasts, which then, at that point, support or revamp the bone (Schlesinger et al., 2020).

Osteocytes serve a variety of purposes. Some add to the homeostatic support of bone

thickness and calcium and phosphate particle focuses in the blood by resorbing bone network

while others store it. Maybe significantly more critically, they are strain sensors. Sensory cilia on

osteocytes become active in response to stress, releasing signals that control bone remodelling,

or changes in the shape and density of the bone.

Osteoclasts are cells that degrade bone on the surface of the bones. They originate from

the same stem cells found in blood cells and bone marrow. Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and

osteoblasts are examples of osteogenic cells. Osteoclasts differ from one another in many ways.

The osteoclast's side that is in contact with the bone's surface has a ruffled border due to

numerous deep plasma membrane infoldings that both increase the osteoclast's surface area and
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bone resorption efficiency. Resorption coves that osteoclasts scratch into the outer layer of the

bone act as their home.

Describe the steps of fracture repair

The biological process of repairing a fracture consists of several stages: hematoma

formation, inflammation, callus formation, callus ossification, and bone remodelling.

1. Formation of hematoma: Following a break, veins inside the bone and encompassing

tissues burst, prompting the development of a hematoma (limited blood clump) at the crack site

(Howell et al., 2021). The hematoma serves as a temporary scaffold for the various processes of

subsequent repair.

2. Inflammation: An inflammatory response is sparked by the immune response within

hours of the fracture. The hematoma is invaded by inflammatory cells like neutrophils and

macrophages to remove debris and start the healing process.

3. Formation of a callus: Within a few days, fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells relocate

to the break site, making a delicate granulation tissue called the callus (Sarah & Ardeshir, 2018).

The callus acts as a temporary bridge between the bone ends, stabilizing the fracture.

4. Callus ossification: Synthesizing new bone tissue is how osteoblasts inside the callus

bring about its ossification. The soft callus is converted into a hard, bony callus composed of

woven bone during this process.

5. Bone remodelling: Over some time, there is remodelling in bony callus as a result of

which extra bones are dissolved by osteoclasts leading to restoring original shape and strength

(Bahney et al., 2018). Several months to years may be needed for this process, which depends on

both the individual's age and the type of fracture.

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2. The physician indicated that Kyndall was lucky because the fracture

occurred about 3 inches below the epiphyseal plate. Why is this important?

What are some possible outcomes if the epiphyseal plate had been damaged?

The epiphyseal plate or growth plate can be found close to both ends of long bones and is

responsible for their longitudinal development (Setiawati & Rahardjo, 2019). The location of

Kyndall's fracture about 3 inches beneath the crucial epiphyseal plate may impact her future bone

development. Epiphyseal plate damage might cause growth disruptions such as unequal limb

lengths or angular deformities. Rarely, premature closure of the epiphyseal plate may cause

stunted growth and abnormal bone development.

3. What type of fracture do you think occurred and why?

The fracture, in my opinion, was a stress fracture. I think it was a fall that happened by

mistake because of something else. Samaila et al. (2021) notes that "stress fractures are caused

by abnormal traumas to a bone, such as fractures sustained in falls, athletic activities, vehicle

accidents, and military combat." This supports my side of the narrative since it demonstrates how

frequently accidents, namely falls, result in stress fractures. I think the stress fracture was

brought on by her falling from the bike next to the dog.

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References

Bahney, C. S., Zondervan, R. L., Allison, P., Theologis, A., Ashley, J. W., Ahn, J., Miclau, T.,

Marcucio, R. S., & Hankenson, K. D. (2018). Cellular Biology of Fracture Healing.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 37(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24170

Howell, M., Loera, S., Tickner, A., Maydick-Youngberg, D., Faust, E., Martin, S., Teleten, O.,

Bryant, R., Sandman, D., Greenstein, E., Bauer, K., Miles, J., Barsun, A., Schank, J.,

& Kirkland-Kyhn, H. (2021). Practice dilemmas: Conditions that mimic pressure

ulcers/injuries— to be or not to be? Wound Management & Prevention, 67(2), 12–38.

https://doi.org/10.25270/wmp.2021.2.1238

Sarah, A.-H., & Ardeshir, B. (2018). Soft and hard tissue repair. Scott-Brown’s

Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 93–105.

https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203731031-10

Schlesinger, P. H., Blair, H. C., Beer Stolz, D., Riazanski, V., Ray, E. C., Tourkova, I. L., &

Nelson, D. J. (2020). Cellular and extracellular matrix of bone, with principles of

synthesis and dependency of mineral deposition on cell membrane transport. American

Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 318(1).

https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00120.2019

Samaila, E., Colò, G., Rava, A., Negri, S., Valentini, R., Felli, L., & Magnan, B. (2021).

Effectiveness of corticosteroid injections in Civinini–Morton’s Syndrome: A Systematic

Review. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 27(4), 357–365.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2020.05.001

Setiawati, R., & Rahardjo, P. (2019). Bone Development and Growth. Osteogenesis and Bone

Regeneration. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82452