Exercise no.

7 Bone and Muscles

General Objective: To be able to discuss the microscopic structures of bone and muscle and their
importance in our body.

Specific objective: 1. To be able to identify the different parts of bone and muscle microscopically.

2. To be able to discuss the functions of bone.

3. To be able to differentiate between skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.

I. Discuss bone.

Bone is a connective tissue where the extracellular matrix has been hardened to accommodate
a supporting function. Bone serves essential roles in the body, including locomotion, soft tissue support
and protection, calcium and phosphate storage, and bone marrow storage. It is a mineralized connective
tissue that shows different types of cells such as osteoblasts, bone lining cells, osteocytes, and
osteoclasts (Florencio-Silva, et al., 2015). Osteoblasts are cuboidal cells found along the bone surface
and account for 4–6 percent of total resident bone cells. They are best known for their bone formation
function. On the other hand, bone lining cells are dormant flat-shaped osteoblasts that cover the
surfaces of bones where neither bone resorption nor bone formation occurs. Osteoclasts are
multinucleated terminally differentiated cells that develop from mononuclear cells of the
hematopoietic stem cell lineage under several factors. Osteocytes are the most abundant and long-lived
cells, accounting for 90-95 percent of all bone cells. Unlike osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are
defined by their functions during bone formation and resorption, osteocytes were defined by their
morphology and location earlier.

According to Takizawa, bone is divided into two structurally and functionally distinct types:
compact and trabecular bone. Compact bone, also known as cortical bone, primarily serves a
mechanical function. This is the bone to which ligaments and tendons are attached. It is usually thick
and dense. On the other hand, trabecular bone, also known as cancellous bone or spongy bone,
primarily serves a metabolic function. This thin and porous bone is found between layers of compact
bone. The bone marrow is located within the trabeculae.

According to Brelje and Sorenson, there are two processes that result in bone formation. The
first process is the intramembranous ossification, which begins during fetal development with
mesenchymal cell differentiation into osteoblasts and the secretion of osteoid, which undergoes
calcification to produce bone. The mandible, clavicles, and most flat bones of the skull are formed during
this process. The second process is the endochondral ossification, which is the replacement of the
hyaline cartilage model developed during fetal development. It happens during the development of
most bones and at epiphyseal plates, which allow long bones to grow in length.
II. Draw the compact bone and identify the following structures:

a. Cement line c. Central canal

b. Interstitial lamellae d. osteon

III. Discuss muscle.

A muscle is a group of tissues that contract together to generate force. A muscle is made up of
fibers of muscle cells surrounded by protective tissue, which are bundled together with many more
fibers, all of which are surrounded by thick protective tissue (Lodish, et al., 2007). According to Brelje
and Sorenson, muscle is classified into three different types based from their function and structure.
The first type is the skeletal muscle which is primarily responsible for skeleton movement, as well as
body organs such as the globe of the eye and the tongue. Because it is a voluntary muscle, it is under
conscious control. Skeletal muscle is trained to contract quickly and forcefully for a short period. The
second type is the smooth muscle which is designed for slow, sustained, low-force contractions.
Instead of motor units, all cells within a smooth muscle mass contract at the same time. Smooth muscle
is naturally contractile, and it can be influenced by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and local
metabolites. The last type is the cardiac muscle which shares many similarities with skeletal and
smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, produces strong contractions. It does, however,
have the same mechanisms as smooth muscle to initiate continuous contraction. The rate and force of
contraction are not controlled by the conscious mind but are influenced by the autonomic nervous
system and hormones.

IV. Differentiate skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle according to the following:

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

1.Location of
Periphery of the cell Center Center
nucleus
 2.Striations Striated Not Striated Striated

3. Movement of
Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
muscles

V. Draw and label the following muscle tissues:

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

References
Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G., Sasso-Cerri, E., Simões, M., & Cerri, P. (2015). Biology of Bone Tissue:
Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells. BioMed Research International.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/421746

Hancock, R. (2016). CHAPTER 5 1. appositional growth lacunae articular cartilage ossification canaliculi
osteoblasts comminuted fracture osteoclasts compact bone osteocytes. Retrieved from
SlidePlayer: https://slideplayer.com/slide/10081887/

Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, A., Krieger, M., Scott, M., Bretscher, A., . . . Matsudaira, P. (2007). Molecular
Cell Biology. New York: Freeman and Company.

Muscle Tissue. (2017). Retrieved from Basicmedical Key: https://basicmedicalkey.com/muscle-tissue-4/

Takizawa, P. (n.d.). Histology. Retrieved from Histology at Yale:

http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/bone_lab.php