contents

vi
Strks intn-.duction
viii
Ho" to ust.' this book
X
Al'kt10" ·1ro~'mt.'nts
1
t Repn-sentation of d ata 2
1J T~~-s of d.un
3
1..:: Rqm.~··ntation of discrete data: stem-und-lcnfdiugmms
6
1.3 Rcpn.~ntatio.n of continuous data: histograms
13
1.4 Rt.'{ln."Selltation of '-'ontinuous data: cumulutive m--:quency graphs
20
l.5 Compming difle.rent datu representations
24
End-of-chapter review e.xercise l
26
1 , l easures of central tendency
28
:u The mode and the modal class
30
2.2 Themean
42
1.3 The median
51
End -of-chapter review exercise 2

3 :\leasures of variation 54
3. l The range 55
32 The interquartile range and percentiles 56
3.3 Variance and standard deviation 65
End-of-chapter review exercise 3 83

Cross-topic review exercise 1 86

4 Probability 90
4. lExperiments, events and outcomes 91
4.2 Mutually exclusive events and the addition law 94
4.3 Independent events and tl1e multiplication law 100
4 .4 Conditional probability 108
4.5 Dependent events and conditional probability
112
End-of-chapter review exercise 4 118

5 Permutations and combinations

122
5. l The factorial function
124
5.2 Permutations
125
 5.3 Combinations
135
S.4 Problem soh·ing with pennutations and combinations
13g
End-of-chapter review exercise 5
143

Cro~s-topic re,ie" exercise 2 146

6 Probability distributions 149

6.1 Discrete random variables 150

6.2 Probability distributions 150

6.3 Expectation and variance of a discrete random variable 156
162
End-of-chapter review exercise 6
165
7 The binomial and geometric distlibutions
166
7.1 The binomial distribution 175
7.2 The geometric distribution 185
End-of-chapter review exercise 7
187
8 The normal distribution 188

I
8.1 Continuous random variables 193

8.2 The normal distribution 205

8.3 Modelling with the normal distribution 208
8.4 The normal approximation to the binomial distribution 215

End-of-chapter review exercise 8

247
Cross-topic review exercise 3 220
Practice exam-style paper 222
The standard normal distribution function 22J
Answers 245
Glossary

Index