Modeling and Analysis of Earth Air Heat
Exchanger (EAHE)
Ayush Ranjan
Mechanical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
ayushranjan_2k19ae017@dtu.ac.in
Ritik Meena
Mechanical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
ritikmeena_2k19ae047@dtu.ac.in
Abstract— The Earth Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) is an eco-
friendly cooling system that harnesses the consistent
temperature of the earth to condition outdoor air prior to its
entry into a building. By doing so, it reduces the need for
mechanical cooling. This research centers on the modeling and
examination of EAHE systems, with the aim of assessing their
performance and potential energy savings. The modeling
approach entails constructing a mathematical model grounded
in heat transfer principles to simulate the exchange of heat
between the outdoor air and the surrounding ground. The
model takes several factors into consideration, including airflow
rates, ground properties, and meteorological conditions, in
order to accurately predict the thermal effectiveness of the
EAHE system. The analysis of the EAHE system involves
evaluating its cooling capacity, energy savings, and the
reduction in indoor air temperature. Various parameters, such
as pipe length, diameter, and depth, as well as climatic
conditions, are taken into account to investigate their impact on
the system's performance.
Keywords— Earth-to-air heat exchanger, Experiment,
Vertically buried tubes, Numerical model. (key words)
I. INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand for energy-efficient and
sustainable building cooling systems has driven the
development of passive cooling technologies such as the Earth
Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) [1]. An EAHE system utilizes
the stable temperature of the earth to precondition outdoor air
before it enters a building, reducing the reliance on
mechanical cooling and minimizing energy consumption.
Modeling and analysis play a crucial role in understanding the
performance and potential of EAHE systems [2]. By
developing mathematical models and conducting
comprehensive analyses, researchers and engineers can
evaluate system efficiency, optimize design parameters, and
assess the energy-saving potential of EAHE technology
systems contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions and
mitigate the environmental impact of buildings.
However, several challenges need to be considered in the
modeling and analysis of EAHE systems. Ground temperature
variation, soil properties, and system maintenance are among
the factors that can influence system performance and need to
be carefully assessed. By conducting a comprehensive
analysis of EAHE systems, this study aims to provide valuable
insights for researchers, engineers, and building professionals.
Ayush Ranjan
Mechanical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
ayushranjan_2k19ae016@dtu.ac.in
Roop Lal
Mechanical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India
rooplalrana@dce.ac.in
The findings of this research can contribute to the
optimization of system design, operation, and control
strategies for EAHE systems, enabling wider adoption of this
sustainable cooling technology in residential, commercial, and
industrial buildings. Overall, the modeling and analysis of
EAHE systems play a crucial role in understanding their
performance, energy-saving potential, and environmental
benefits. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge base
in this field and promote the implementation of sustainable
and energy-efficient cooling solutions in the building sector.
II. BACKGROND
The increasing focus on sustainability and energy
efficiency in the building sector has led to the exploration of
innovative cooling technologies. One such technology is the
Earth Air to Heat Exchanger (EAHE), which utilizes the
earth's stable temperature to provide pre-conditioned outdoor
air for cooling purposes.
The concept of EAHE systems is based on the principle
that the temperature of earth remains relatively constant
throughout every year, usually between 9 to 14 degrees
Celsius, depending on the location. By utilizing this stable
temperature, EAHE systems can significantly reduces the
cooling load of buildings, leading to energy savings and
lower environmental impact.
Overall, the modeling and analysis of EAHE systems
provide valuable insights into their performance
characteristics, energy-saving potential, and environmental
benefits. This research field aims to optimize system design,
improve system efficiency, and facilitate the wider adoption
of EAHE technology as a sustainable and energy-efficient
cooling solution in buildings.
III. METHODOLOGY
The study seeks to examine how earth air heat exchangers
perform in terms of thermodynamics and energy efficiency
across various climatic conditions and design factors.
• Perform a thorough examination of available
literature and scholarly articles pertaining to earth
air heat exchangers, encompassing their design
 principles, operational mechanisms, and approaches
for evaluating performance.
• Data Collection: Collect pertinent data concerning
the prevailing climatic conditions, soil attributes,
building specifications, and energy usage patterns
within the designated area.
• Development of Mathematical Model: A
mathematical model is constructed that elucidates
the heat transfer phenomena transpiring within the
system of the EAHE. Take into account variables
including soil heat conduction, heat transfer within
the air channels, and the influence of thermal
storage.
• Experimental Setup: Establish a tangible prototype
of the system to authenticate mathematical models
and capture performance metrics. Incorporate
temperature and flow rate sensors to acquire real-
time data during the experimentation process.
• Data Analysis: Conduct a thorough examination of
the data gathered from the tangible prototype and
employ statistical analysis techniques to assess the
effectiveness of the system. Compare outcomes
obtained from the experimentation with the
projected results of the mathematical model.
• Sensitivity Analysis: Conduct an evaluation of
sensitivity by adjusting design parameters such as
pipe depth, length, and diameter to determine their
influence on system performance and energy
efficiency.
• Simulation Studies: Employ computer simulations
and modeling software to replicate the operation of
the system across various climatic conditions and
system configurations. Compare outcomes obtained
from the simulations with experimental data and
projections of models.
• Performance Evaluation: Evaluate thermal
efficiency of the system by considering its heating
and cooling capabilities, efficiency, and
enhancement of indoor air quality. Compare the
performance of the system with that of traditional
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems.
• Optimization and Recommendations: Utilizing the
discoveries made, pinpoint prospective
enhancements and optimization techniques for earth
air heat exchangers. Offer suggestions for refining
the design and presenting operational guidelines to
amplify their efficiency and efficacy.
• Conclusion and Reporting: Summarize the
outcomes of the study, derive conclusions, and
compile a comprehensive report that documents the
purpose, methodology, findings, and
recommendations derived from the modeling and
analysis of the EAHE9.
IV. DESIGN STAGE
The primary objective of the experimental investigation
was to assess and compare the performance of two distinct
designs, with the intention of evaluating their efficiency and
effectiveness, namely a simple pipe and a pipe with fins, in
terms of temperature difference in an EAHE system. The
setup consisted of a controlled environment where both
designs were exposed to the same operating conditions,
including the airflow rate and inlet temperature. Temperature
measurements were taken at various points throughout the
length of the EAHE system to analyze the temperature
distribution and quantify the temperature difference between
the inlet pipe and outlet pipe. Set up a controlled environment
where both the simple pipe and the pipe with fins can be
tested simultaneously.
Ensure the operating conditions, such as airflow rate and
inlet temperature, are the same for both designs. Fabricate the
simple pipe and the pipe with fins according to the specified
dimensions and materials. The simple pipe consists of a
straight pipe, while the pipe with fins has additional fin
structures attached to the outer surface of the pipe. Determine
the points along the length of the EAHE system where
temperature measurements will be taken. These measurement
locations should cover both the inlet and outlet sections of the
system, as well as intermediate points to analyze the
temperature distribution. Use suitable data acquisition
equipment to ensure accurate and synchronized
measurements of the temperature. Start the airflow through
the EAHE system and allow it to stabilize.
Measure and record the temperature at each of the
predetermined locations simultaneously for both the simple
pipe and the pipe with fins. Analyze the collected temperature
data to compare the performance of the two designs.
Calculate the temperature difference between the inlet and the
outlet for each design. Compare the temperature profiles
along the length of EAHE system for both designs to evaluate
the temperature distribution. Perform statistical analysis on
the collected data to assess the significance of any observed
differences between the simple pipe and the pipe with fins.
This analysis can involve techniques such as t-tests or
analysis of variance (ANOVA) for determining the statistical
significance of the temperature differences. Summarize and
interpret the results obtained from the experimental
investigation. Compare the temperature differences and
profiles between the simple pipe and the pipe with fins to
assess the impact of the fin plates design on the performance
of the EAHE system. Draw conclusions based on the findings
and identify any design advantages or limitations.
Fig. 1. Simulation of Normal Design with Boundary Conditions
 B. Temperature Distribution Analysis
To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying the
temperature difference, a detailed analysis of the temperature
distribution along the length of the EAHE system was
performed. The analysis revealed that the pipe with fins design
facilitated efficient heat transfer from the air to the fluid
passing through the system.
The presence of fins in the design contributed to an
increased surface area, enabling enhanced convective heat
transfer. As the air flowed across the fins, heat was transferred
more effectively to the fluid. Consequently, the fluid exiting
Fig. 2. Simulation of Pipe with Fins Design with Boundary Conditions the EAHE system experienced a lower temperature, indicating
a more efficient heat transfer process.
TABLE I: Table of Material Details
Kinematic Thermal Specific Density
viscosity (𝑣) conductivity heat
(𝑘) (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3)
(𝑗/(𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑘 ))

Copper - 401 W/(mk) 385 8960

2
Air 1.529e-5 𝑚 /𝑠 - 1004 1.196
Soil - 0.8 W/(mk) 750 2240

TABLE II: Table of Material Details

Velocity type Velocity Temperature

Inlet Fixed value 4 m/s 40℃ Fig. 4. Complete Simulation of Normal Design

Outlet - - -
Soil - - 20℃

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Temperature Difference Comparison

The results of the experiment demonstrated a significant Fig. 5. Temp. Diff. After Simulation of Normal Design
disparity in the temperature difference between the two
designs. The pipe with fins design exhibited a considerably
lower temperature difference compared to the simple pipe
results of the experiment demonstrated a significant disparity
in the temperature difference between the two designs. The
pipe with fins design exhibited a considerably lower
temperature difference compared to the simple pipe.

Fig. 6 Complete Simulation of Fins Plates Design

Fig. 3. Temp. Difference on both Simulations


Fig. 7. Temp. Diff. After Simulation of Fins Plates Design
C. Effect of Depth of Tube
The temperature of ground is influenced by outside
climate conditions, as well as the water content and thermal
properties of the soil. The temperature of soil experiences
fluctuations, but it eventually stabilizes at a certain depth,
maintaining a consistent value throughout the year. Based on
the findings in Figure 8, it can be inferred that this
temperature stabilizes beyond a depth of 1.5 meters.
Therefore, it is advisable to consider a depth greater than 3.5
meters, as shallower depths are not justified.
Fig. 8. Temp. Difference with Depth
VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the comparison of a simple pipe design and
a pipe with fins design in an Enhanced Air-Heating Exchanger
(EAHE) system has revealed significant differences in
temperature difference and heat transfer efficiency. The pipe
with fins design demonstrated superior performance,
achieving a lower temperature difference and enhanced heat
transfer characteristics.
The incorporation of fins in the pipe design provided
increased surface area, promoting more efficient convective
heat transfer between the air and the fluid. This enhancement
in heat transfer efficiency can be attributed to the improved
convective heat transfer coefficient and the disruption of the
boundary layer near the pipe surface. The fins effectively
increased the contact area between the air and the fluid,
facilitating greater heat exchange and reducing the thermal
resistance.
These findings have important implications for the design
and optimization of EAHE systems, as well as for various
industries where heat recovery and energy efficiency are
crucial. The implementation of the pipe with fins design can
lead to significant energy savings and reduced carbon
emissions by maximizing heat transfer efficiency and
minimizing the temperature difference across the system.
VII. IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH
The findings of this study have important implications for
the design and optimization of EAHE systems. The
incorporation of fins in the pipe design offers a practical and
effective approach to enhance heat transfer performance,
resulting in lower temperature differences and improved
energy efficiency. By minimizing the temperature difference,
the EAHE system can achieve a higher level of heat recovery,
thereby contributing to reduced energy consumption and
increased sustainability. This has significant implications for
various industries where efficient heat recovery is crucial,
such as HVAC systems, industrial processes, and renewable
energy systems.
Future research can build upon these findings by
investigating the optimal fin geometry, spacing, and material
selection to maximize heat transfer efficiency in the pipe with
fins design. Moreover, it is crucial to investigate the effects of
operational factors, including airflow rate and fluid velocity,
on the performance of the finned pipe design. This analysis is
necessary to assess their influence on the temperature
difference and overall system performance.
Furthermore, comprehensive studies on the economic
viability and cost-effectiveness of implementing the pipe with
fins design in real-world applications are warranted.
Assessing the long-term benefits, including energy savings
and reduced carbon emissions, will provide a holistic
understanding of the potential advantages of this design.
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