cdomilebaTa Teoriis elementebi

$1. Tvlis poziciuri sistemebi

kompiuterze ama Tu im algoriTmis realizaciisas, Cveulebriv, ganvixilavT

ricxvebis or klass: mTel ricxvebs (Integer constants) da namdvil ricxvebs, e.i.
ricxvebs, romlebic warmodgenili arian moZravmZimian formatSi (floating-point
numbers). cxadia, mTeli ricxvebi warmoadgenen namdvili ricxvebis simravlis
qvesimravles, magram kompiuteris mexsierebaSi isini sxvadasxvanairad
warmodgebian. ganvixiloT mokled TiToeuli es klasi.
a) mTeli ricxvebi. naturaluri n ricxvi kompiuterSi warmodgeba
Semdegnairad:
L
n =  2 i −1 bi ,A (1.1)
i =1

sadac bi (i = 1,2,..., L) ricxvebi iReben mniSvnelobebs 0 an 1. es warmoadgens

arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvis Canawers Tvlis poziciur sistemaSi, romlis fuZea
2 da mas uwodeben ricxvis orobiT warmodgenas. cifrebs 0 da 1, romlebic
gamoiyeneba (1.1) warmodgenaSi, uwodeben bitebs (warmodgeba terminidan binary
digit _ orobiTi cifri).
(1.1) saxiT warmodgenili ricxvebis simravle aRvniSnoT Z L simboloTi.
advili dasamtkicebelia, rom Tu naturalur ricxvs warmovadgenT (1.1) saxiT,
maSin es warmodgena erTaderTia da piriqiT, nebismier (1.1) warmodgenas Seesabameba
erTaderTi naturaluri ricxvi. rac Seexeba uaryofiTi mTeli ricxvis
warmodgenis formats, is gansxvavdeba dadebiTi ricxvis warmodgenisagan.
uaryofiTi mTeli ricxvi kompiuteris mexsierebaSi warmodgeba specialur
formatSi, romelsac ewodeba damatebiTi kodi. is miiReba Sesabamisi mopirdapire
dadebiTi ricxvis warmodgenaSi 0-is 1-iT SecvliT, xolo 1-is 0-iT SecvliT da
miRebuli ricxvisaTvis 1-is mimatebiT. rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi
ricxvis warmodgenis dros pirveli biti gamoiyeneba ricxvis niSnisaTvis.
dadebiTi ricxvis SemTxvevaSi es aris 0, uaryofiTis SemTxvevaSi – 1. amrigad,
yvelaze didi ricxvi, romelic SeiZleba Caiweros kompiuteris mexsierebis
ujredSi, iqneba:
L
M =  2 i −1 = 2 L − 1 .M
i =1
kompiuterSi ricxvebis warmosadgenad gamoiyeneba bitebis gansazRvruli
raodenoba. 8 biti qmnis erT baits, xolo mTeli ricxvis warmosadgenad
gamoiyeneba 2 an 4 baiti. 2 baitiani ricxvebis SemTxvevaSi M = 215 − 1 = 32767 , xolo
4 baitiani ricxvebis dros _ M = 2 31 − 1 = 2147483647 . amrigad, Z L simravleSi
arsebobs udidesi mTeli ricxvi M . Z simravlis elementebi, romlebic moduliT
aRematebian am M ricxvs, manqanuri usasrulobaa da maTi warmodgena kompiuteris
mexsierebaSi SeuZlebelia.
b) namdvili ricxvebi. namdvili ricxvis cneba aris Tanamedrove maTematikis
erT-erTi fundamenturi cneba. garkveuli, zogjer principuli siZneleebi
warmoiSoba kompiuterze gamoTvlebisas, radgan Cven saqme gveqneba ara namdvil
ricxvTa R simravlesTan, aramed mis garkveul qvesimravlesTan (amasTan,
SevniSnoT rom es qvesimravle damokidebulia kompiuteris tipze).
 ZiriTadi sirTule isaa, rom Cven gvixdeba nebismieri namdvili ricxvis
aproqsimacia iseTi ricxvis saSualebiT, romelic Seicavs Tanrigebis sasrul
raodenobas. am mizniT SemuSavebuli iyo sxvadasxva meTodi. amJamad, namdvili
ricxvebis aproqsimaciisaTvis TiTqmis yvela kompiuterSi gamoiyeneba erTi da
igive meTodi _ es aris ricxvebis warmodgena moZravmZimian formatSi. A
ricxvebis Caweris yvelaze srulyofili principia is, riTac vsargeblobT
ricxvebis aTobiT sistemaSi warmodgenisas. cnobilia, rom nebismieri
arauaryofiTi x ricxvi SeiZleba CavweroT Semdegi xarisxovani mwkrivis
saSualebiT:
x = a n 10 n + a n −110 n −1 + ... + a110 + a0 + a −110 −1 + a −2 10 −2 + ...,
sadac a i koeficientebs SeuZliaT miiRon mniSvnelobebi 0,1,2,..,9. aqedan
gamomdinareobs x ricxvis Semdegi Canaweri:
x = an an−1 ...a1a0 , a−1a−2 ...
sruliad analogiurad SeiZleba warmovadginoT uaryofiTi ricxvebic.
davafiqsiroT raime naturaluri ricxvi p  1 da arauaryofiTi mTeli
ricxvebi  0 ,  1 ,..., p −1 . nebismieri ricxvi SeiZleba warmovadginoT
x = bn p n + bn −1 p n −1 + ... + b1 p + b0 + b−1 p −1 + b−2 p −2 + ..., an
(
x = − bn p n + bn −1 p n −1 + ... + b1 p + b0 + b−1 p −1 + b−2 p −2 + ... ) (1.2)
saxiT, sadac yovel bi koeficients SeuZlia miiRos erT-erTi mniSvneloba  i -dan
(i = 1,2,..., p − 1) . aTobiT sistemaSi ricxvebis Caweris analogiurad, es ricxvi
SeiZleba warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:
x = bn bn−1 ...b1b0 , b−1b−2 ... an x = −bn bn−1 ...b1b0 , b−1b−2 ... . (1.3)
Tvlis zemoT aRweril sistemas uwodeben poziciur sistemas. es saxelwodeba
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom (1.3) CanawerSi TiToeuli bi ricxvi asrulebs im rols,
rac gansazRvrulia mis mier dakavebuli poziciiT. p ricxvs ewodeba Tvlis
sistemis fuZe, xolo  0 ,  1 ,..., p −1 ricxvebs _ bazisuri ricxvebi. samarTliania
Semdegi
Teorema 1.1. Tu bazisuri ricxvebi qmnian erTobliobas 0,1,..., p − 1 , maSin
nebismieri namdvili ricxvi SeiZleba warmovadginoT (1.2), an rac igivea (1.3) saxiT.
kompiuteris mexsierebis ujreds ar SeuZlia Seicavdes bazisuri elementebis
usasrulo simravles. amitom ariTmetikul Tu sxva saxis operaciebs is asrulebs
mxolod sasrul aTwiladebze. es aris mniSvnelovani daskvna, romelsac emyareba
manqanuri ariTmetikis ZiriTadi principebi. ariTmetikuli operaciebis
Sesrulebis unificirebis moTxovnam, rac aucilebelia kompiuteris
muSaobisaTvis, moiTxova kompiuteris mexsierebaSi ricxvebis warmodgenis
unificireba. rogorc aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove kompiuterebSi gamoiyeneba ricxvebis
warmodgena moZravmZimian formatSi. A
moZravmZimian formatSi warmodgenili ricxvebis G simravle xasiaTdeba
oTxi parametriT:  fuZiT, Tanrigebis t raodenobiT da xarisxis maCveneblis
mniSvnelobebis intervaliT [ L, U ] . yoveli x  G ricxvi SeiZleba warmovadginoT
( )
x = + d1  −1 + d 2  −2 + ... + d t  −t  l an
(
x = − d1  −1 + d 2  −2 + ... + d t  −t  l ) (1.4)
saxiT, sadac mTeli ricxvebi d1 , d 2 ,..., d t akmayofileben utolobas
0  d i   − 1 (i = 1,2,..., t ) da L  l  U . Tu x ricxvis (1.4) saxiT warmodgenaSi d1  0
, maSin amboben rom ricxvi warmodgenilia normalizebuli saxiT. mTel e ricxvs
uwodeben ricxvis rigs, xolo f = (d1  −1 + d 2  −2 + ... + d t  −t ) ricxvs _ mantisas.
SevniSnoT, rom aranulovani ricxvisaTvis Tu d1 = 0 , maSin l rigis cvlilebis
saSualebiT aranulovani x -saTvis yovelTvis SegviZlia mivaRwioT, rom x
ricxvis (1.4) saxiT warmodgenaSi d1 koeficienti gansxvavebuli iyos nulisagan.
Tu x ricxvi warmodgenilia normalizebuli saxiT, maSin samarTliania Semdegi
Sefaseba:
 −1  f  1 .
G sasruli simravlea. amitom Tu namdvili ricxvi moduliT aRemateba G
simravlis udides elements, maSin am ricxvis kompiuterSi zustad warmodgena
SeuZlebelia. igive daskvna samarTliania im namdvili ricxvebis mimarTac,
romelTa modulic ufro mcirea, vidre G simravlis umciresi dadebiTi ricxvi.
da bolos, G simravlis nebismieri ricxvi axdens namdvil ricxvTa simravlidan
ara erTi ricxvis, aramed mTeli intervalis aproqsimacias.
vTqvaT, x namdvili ricxvia, romelic ekuTvnis m, M  Sualeds, sadac m
aris G simravlis umciresi ricxvi, xolo M _ udidesi ricxvi. aRvniSnoT fl (x )
simboloTi G simravlis is elementi, romlisTvisac minimalur mniSvnelobas
miiRebs sxvaoba x − fl ( x ). SevniSnoT, rom Tu es minimumi miiRweva G simravlis
ori ricxvisaTvis, maSin fl (x ) -s SeiZleba mivaniWoT am ori ricxvidan erT-erTis
(sul erTia romlis) mniSvneloba. mtkicdeba, rom samarTliania Semdegi Sefaseba:
fl ( x ) − x 1 1−t
  . (1.5)
x 2
ganvixiloT namdvili ricxvi 0,1. rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, es ricxvi
xSirad gamoiyeneba bevri algoriTmis realizaciis dros. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, kompiuterSi gamoiyeneba Tvlis orobiTi poziciuri sistema
(romlisTvisac  = 2 ). moviyvanoT am ricxvis orobiTi Canaweri:
0,110 = 0,000110011001100   2 = 0,0(0011)2 .
amrigad, 0,1 orobiT sistemaSi warmodgeba usasrulo perioduli aTwiladis
saxiT. Tu mZimis Semdeg SemovifarglebiT t TanrigiT da SevkrebT aT aseT
wilads, maSin jami ar iqneba 1-is toli.