264 Basic Electronics

For a Binary System

Binary 2- 2 2
24 Exponential Value of Position
1/8 1/16 Integer Value of Position
Point 1/2 1/4
7.3 Binary to Decimal Conversion
The decimal equivalent of a number written in binary 1s found by addino
ng the
values.
products of the absolute and positional
Problem 1 What is the decimal equivalent of binary number 11001.01u?
(Annual 1986, B.U.)
Ans 1
10 0 1 .01
- 1/8
- 1x2= 1/4
0x2 0
1x2=1
Ox2 = 0
0x2= 0
1x2=8
-1x2- 16
Ans.: 25 3/8
Problem 2
(110011) = (?)1o
(March 99, V.T.U.)

1 1 0 01

-1x2 = 1
-1x2' = 2
-0x2'= o
-0x2 = 0
-1x2 = 16
-1x2 = 32
Ans 51

7.4 Conversion of Decimal to

Numeric data is entered as input to theBinary
then converted by the computer itself to computer, in standard decimal form and
produced as output, it is again converted atobinary representation. Before the dald
decimal form.
 Digital Electronics 265

Whole Numbers : The procedure

ic successive division by the base, Problem13 Convert 186 to binary
keeping the remainder from each Solution:
The string of
division.
remainders,
reading from the bottom is the desired 2 186
number.
2 93
46
b) Fractions: To convert decimal to 2 23
another numerical system (e.g. binary), 2 11
the fraction is multiplied by the new
base (in this case 2) and saving at each 2 5

multiplication the integral digit resulting

from the multiplication. This process is
continued (multiply only the fraction
2
0
remaining) until the fraction becomes
zero or until sufficient accuracy is wollotAnswer : 10111010
obtained. The integral digits form the
new fraction, reading from top to
bottom.

Problem 4
Convert decimal 0.75 to
Problem 5 Convert decimal 0.31
to binary (to 6 places of decimal).
binary.
Solution Solution:

Integer Fracton Integer Fractlon

0.31
0.75 2 x

0 0.62
O.50 2
x2
0.24
00
Ans : 0.1l
2 X

0.48
2
0 0.96

0.92
2 x

0.84
Ans:0.010011

number 65.45 into binary number (upto

Problem 66
Problem Convert the decimal (Annual 1986, B.U.))
places of decimal).
266 Basic Electronics

ii) Fraction
Solution: i) Whole Number
Integer Fractlon
0.45
65
2 x
2L 32 0 0.90
16
2 X
0.80
8 0 2 X

0 1 0.60
2 X
0.20
0 2
0 0.40
0
2
0 - 0.80

2 X

Ans: 1000001.0111001
0.60

Problem 7 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

i) 24 (ii) 65 (iii) 106 (Annual 1988, B.U.)
Solution of (i): Solution of (i) : Solution of (ii):
2 24 2 65 2 106
2 12 2 32 2 53
26 0
2 16 2 26

23 0 2 8 2 13 0
4 0
26
21 2 2 0
23 0

Ans: 11000 21 21-

0
Ans: 1000001 Ans: 1101010
7.5 Octal Number System
The Octal System is formed
by grouping bits in groups of 3. This
base of 8, using the absolute
values from 0 system has à
exactly the same physical meaning as decimalthrough 7. The digits 0 through 7 have
each positional value is a factor of numbers. In the decimal systen
value is 10; in the binary number system, each
factor of 2. In the Octal
positional value is a factorposi0oila
a
system, each of 8.
Positional Values
82 8 80 In Exponential Form
64 8
In Decimal Form
In the Octal
Numbering System, numbers are written
digits in a specific location are the
in a sequence
zero and l to the next exhausted. Then we initialize unu th
position. the given posiuO
 268 Basic Electronics

the following
on:
Octal to Decimal converslon: X 327.
Problem 8
Problem Perform
(Annual 1988, B.U)
X.
Here we have to find the value of
Solution :
8 8

64 8
3
7x1 = 7

2x8 16
3 x64 192
Answer :X = 215

Problem 9 Encode the following Octal numbers to decimal equlvalents .

1) 34.125 (2) 567 (3) 4673 (Annual 1989, B.U.)

Solution of (1):

8 1.1/8 1/64 1/512

4 2 5
5x 1/512 = 5/512
2x 1/64 = 2/64

1 x 1/8 =" 1/8

4x1 = 4
3x8 24
Answer: 2885/512 28.166
Solution of (i) :
Solution of (iil) :

8 8
8 8 8
64 8
512 64 8
5 6 6
7x1 = 3
7 3x1
6x8 48 7x8 56
384
5x 64= 320 6x 64 =

Answer = 375 4x512 = 2048

Answer = 2491
 Digital Electronics 269

Problem 10 Find the decimal value of Octal 103.45

64

0 3.
5x

4x

1x3 = 3
8x0 0
Ix64 = 64

67.37 or 67.57810
64
Problem 11 Perform the following: (204.2)= 1 0 = ?
(Aug/Sep 99, V.T.U.)
64 8 1
2 0 4 2

2x 0.25
4x1 4

0x8 0

2 x64 = 128

132 25 or 132.2510
7.7 Conversion of Decimal Numbers to Octal Numbers
Instead of dividing by 2 as in the case of binary numbers, we divide by 8
Cthe base of octal numbers), writing down the remainders with each division.
The remainders, when read down to up give the desired octal number.
Problem 12 Perform the following Octal to Decimal conversion:
(1)654, X, (2) X 89010 (Annual 1988, B.U.)
Solution of (1) : Solution of (2)
8 654 8 890
3 81 6 8 111-2
8 10- 1 8 13 7
8 2 - 5

0- 0 1
1216 Ans:X = 1572
Ans: X =
 270 Basic ElectronicsS

3 places).
in decimal to octal (upto
Convert 0.23
Problem 13
Solution Integer Fractlon
0.23
8 X

0.84
8 X

0.72
8X
5 0.76
Ans:0.165

7.8 Conversion of Binary Numbers to Octal Numbers and

vice-versa
To convert a binary number to octal we begin at the binary point and blockoff
groups of three binary digits. Then we replace each group of three binary digits with
its equivalent octal digit. The digit will range from 0 to 7.
To convert from octal to binary, we replace the octal digit with the equivalent
three binary digits.
In the of fractional part, we start at the
case
point, adding more zeros,
if necessary, to complete the last set of three.

Problem 14 Convert the following octal numbers to

i) 34
binary numbers:
ii) 567 (ii) 482 Suppl. 1987
i) Octal 3 4 ii) Octal 5 6 7
Ans: Binary: 011 100
Ans Binary: 101 110 111
iii) 482 is not an octal number as
any digit in a octal number cannot exceed 7
(the 2nd digit is 8). Hence this
question cannot be solved.
Problem 15 Convert octal 65.73 into
binary.
Solution
Ans:
Octal 6 5. 7 3 oe o colaevno0 t
Binary: 110 101.111 011
Problem 16 Convert Binary
Solution: Breaking up the 1111011011011.11011
above binary
to octal.

Binary 001 | 111 number into groups of 3 digits

Octal 011 |
1 011
7 011
|110 110
3 3
. / o

Answer: 17333.66, 3 6 6
7.9 Hexadecimal Number
of
We have seen that
a System
computer uses
perform arithmetic operations. binary numbers rather thanan decimal numbers
can be made to This is
should be aware correspond
that it is not
to the because deciiuaand
on-off state of the two binary number
and 0
we
position to represent feasible for the computer circuits. How ever,

relatively small numbers.computer to utilize an entire storage

utilize an en ld
While the decimal 23 use
uld use
w
 Digital Electronics 271

two storage positions, one for 2 and one for 3, its binary
Decimal| Hexadecimal
equivalent 10111 would utilize five storage positions.
0 0
Thus, to have the computer store a single binary digit in'
one storage position means that inefficient use is made 2 2
of a large storage capability.
We have earlier seen that the computer can group
together three binary digits to produce a single digit in
the octal system. Here we will see that four binary digits
can similarly be grouped together to produce a single
digit in the base 16 or Hexadecimal Number System. 8
computers that represent data in base 16, each storage 9 9
position can store two hexadecimal digits with each such 10 A
digit corresponding to four binary digits. 11 B
In base 10, there are ten unique digits 0 to 9; in base 2 12 C
there are two unique digits 0 and 1; in base 8 there are 13 D
eight unique digits 0 to 7; in base 16 there are sixteen 14 E
unique digits. They are represented as shown. 15 F

7.10 Conversion of Hexadecimal Numbers to Decimal Numbers

Since the Hexadecimal Numbering System has a base
16, each positional value can be expressed as a factor of
16, as given aside
16 16 16 16
4096 256 16 1
Problem 17 Convert 10 in hexadecimal to equivalent decimal.

16 16 Conversion is done as in the earlier

16 1 mentioned numbering systems.
When performing arithmetic operations
0x1 = 0 with the hexadecimal digits A to F, we just
1x16 = 16 convert them to their decimal counterparts
Answer = 1610 (10 to 15 respectively).

Problem 18 Convert AF in Hexadecimal to equivalent Decimal.

16 16
16 1
A F
(10) (15)
15x1 15
10x 16 = 160

Answer = 175
 272 Basic Electronics

to equlvalent
decimal.
Problem 19 Convert B6A in hexadecimal

256 16 1
B 6 A
(11) (10)
10x 1 10
6x 16 96
-11 x 256 = 2816

Answer = 2922

Problem 20 Convert (3A1.4), to equivalent decimal.

16 16 16 16
256 16 1/16
3 A 4

(10) 4x 1/16 4/16

1x1 1
10x 16 160
3 x256 768
Answer = 929 4/16
= 929 1/4

Problem 21 (ABC) = ()10 (March 99, V.T.U.)

A B C
(10) (11) (12)

-1212x 16= 12
-11x 16'= 176
10x 16 = 2560
Ans 2748

7.11 Conversion of Decimal Numbers to Hexadecimal Numbers

a) Whole Numbers This conversion is done in a similar fashion to those in the
case of
binary and octal numbers, except that the number is divided by 16.
Problem 22 Convert Decimal 246 to Hexadecinmal

16 246 Remainder
16 15 156
0 15 (F)
Answer: F6
 Digital Electronics 273

6) Fractions: The conversion method is similar to the other two number systems
except that multiplication is done by 16.

Problem 23 Problem 24
Convert 0.75 to hexadecimal Convert 0.31 to hexadecimal

Integer Fraction Integer Fraction

0.75 0.31
16 x 16 x
12(C)-0.00 4 0.96
Answer = 0.C 16 X

15(F)- 0.36
Answer = 0.4F

Problem 25
i) Convert Decimal 342.56 to Hexadecimal.

(a) (b)
16 342 Remainder Integer Fraction
16 2 1 6 0.56
16 16 0.8 F16
0 0.96
16
15(F) 0.36
Ans: 156.8F16

Problem 26 Find the Hexadecimal value of decimal 3516.

Solution
16 3516
16 219 12
1613- 11 CB
0 13 D

Thus (3516)10 (DBC)18

7.12 Conversion of Binary Numbers to Hexadecimal Numbers
and vice versa
To convert a binary number to hexadecimal, we begin at the binary point and
block off groups of four binary digits. Then we replace each group of four binary
digits with its equivalent hexadecimal digit. This digit will range from 0 to 15 (F).
To convert from hexadecimal to binary, we replace the hexadecimal digit with
the equivalent four binary digits.
In the case of the fractional part, we start at the binary point, adding more zeros,
if necessary, to complete the last set of four.
In order to facilitate conversion the following table is drawn for ready reference.
 274 Basic Electronics

Decimal Hexadecimal Binary

0000
0001
2 2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
1000
9 1001
10 A 1010
11 B 1011
12 Cl o 02 1100
13 D 1101
14 E 1110
15 F 1111

Problem 27 Convert these binary numbers into hexadecimal numbers

1) 10001100 (2) 00110111 (Annual 1987, B.U.)
Solution of (1): Solution of (2):
Binary 1000 1100 Binary.00 0011 0111
Hexadecimal 3 7
Hexadecimal 8 C msb Answer 3716
3716
Answer :
8C16
8C16

Problem 28 Convert these binary numbers into hexadecimal numbers:

1) 11101000 (2) 11001110 (3) 11010110 (Annual 1988, B.U.)
Solution of (1): Solution of (2):
Binary 1110 1000
Binary 1100 1110
Hexadecimal E 8 Hexadecimal C E
Answer
E816 Answer CE6
3) Binary 1101 0110
Hexadecimal D 6
Answer
:D66
Problem 29 Convert 11010.01101 binary to the
Making sets of four digits, before and after theequivalent hexadecimal in
Section 7.12). binary point (as mentione
Binary 0001 1010 0110 1000
Hexadecimal 1 A 6 8
Answer
1A.68,
 Digital Electronics 275

Problem 30 Convert EC in hexadecimal to binary.

Hexadecimal E C
Binary 1110 1100 (Answer)
Problem 31 Convert E 8 D 6 in hexadecimal to binary and decimal.
Solution : Hexadecimal: E 8 D 6
Ans. Binary 1110 1000 1101 0110
E 8 D 6

6x16 6x1 =
6
Dx 16 = 13x 16 208
8x 16= 8x 256 = 2048

Ex 16 = 14x 4096 = 57344

Answer =
59606 (Decimal)
Problem 32 Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into binary numbers
1) E5 (11) B4D (i1) 7AF4 Suppl 1987, B.U.
i)E 5 Hexadecimal
1110 0101 Binary (Answer)
ii) B 4 D Hexadecimal
1011 0100 1101 Binary (Answer)
ii) 7 A F 4 Hexadecimal
0111 1010 1111 0100 Binary (Answer)
Problen 33 Convert (156.8F)i to Binary.
Hexadecimal 1 5 6 F
Binary 0001 0101 0110 1000 1111
Problem 34 Convert (ABCD)6 to Binary and Octal. July/Aug 2003 V.T.U)
Hexadecimal A B C D
Binary 1010 1011 1100 1101
We now break up the above binary number into groups of 3 digits as follows.
Binary 001 111 001 101
Octal 1 7 5
Ans 125715,

Problem 35 1) Convert (1C00),6s into Octal form. bAn

(1c00) = (0001 1100 0000 0000)

In order to convert to Octal form two zeros have to be added on the LHS to
complete a 3-bit group. Thus we have
276 Basic Electronics

= (000 001 110 000 000 000)

= (016000),
Therefore (1 C00) (16000)
) Convert (304), into Hexadecimal form. bs nolt
(304), =
(011 000
100)
In order to convert to Hexadecimal form three zeros have to be added to the LH
to complete a 4-bit group. Thus, we have
= (0000 1100 0100)
= (0C4)16
= (C4) 16
Therefore (304) =
(C4)16
Problem 36 (532.65)10 = (?)16 = (?)2
) (ABCD),6= (),= (? (Aug/Sep 99, V.T.U.)
1) 532.65
Conversion to Hexadecimal is done thus
O10 6111

16 532 0.65
16 33 16x 00ftfor
162 10(A)- 0.40
16 x
6 0.40
Answer: (214.A6)6
o3 d
Now, convert this into decimal
we
as follows lomiosboxoH
Hexadecimal 2 A 6 Csald
Binary 0010 0001 0100 (Ans) s
1010 0110
i) (ABCD)16 yobersH
Hexadecimal A B
Binary 1010 1011
C
1100
D aend wor
1101
Octal 001
(Ans)
010 101 111 001
Octal 101
1 2 5 7 1 5
7.13 Binary Addition
or
(125715), (Ans)
Computer circuits do not possess
Before decimal numbers; they
understanding
add binary numbers. how a
computer performs arithmetic possess binary num bers.
and division. Binary addition is the key to we have to
learn notion
There are 4 basic binary subtraction, mulupi
cases of
binary addition
 Digital Electronics 277

1) 0 0 = 0
2) 01 =1 CoA
3) 1 0 = 1
4) 1+1 = 10 (zero, with a carry of 1)

Problem 37 Convert decimal numbers 13 and 10 into blnary, add them, and
reconvert into decimal.
Solution: Decimal Binary
13 1101
10 1010
23 10111
Inunit's position: 1 0 1
In 2's position 01 = 1
In 4's position 1 0 1
In8's position 11 =
=10
Problem 38 Convert 3.25, and 5.75, into binary, carry out the binary addition
and reconvert the result into decimal.
Solution 310112 0.25,0.01, 3.25111.01,
5101012: 0.75,0 = 0.112 5.75,101.11,
FED CBA
1 1.01
1 0 111
1 0 0 1. 0 0
The sequence of operations, columnwise is described below:
In Column :1+1 = 0 with a carry of 1

In Column B:0+1 + 1 (carry from A)

= 1 +1 (carry from A)
= 0 with a carry of 1

In Columnn C:11+1(carry from B)

= 0+1 (carry from B) with carry of 1
= 1 with a carry of l

In Columnn D:1+0 + 1 (carry from C)

=1+1(carry from C)
= 0 with a carry of 1

In Column E:11 (carry from D)

= 0 with a carry of 1

In Columnn F:1 (carry from E)

Also the result, 1001, =
910 Answer)
 Digital Electronics 279

2) Proceed as in addition.
3) Cross offthe high order
or leftmost digit (a 1 when the number is positive)
and add a l to the total (end-around-carry).
Problem 41 1101,- 1000, = (?),

Binary Decimal
1 1 0 1 Minuend
- 1 000 Subtrahend

Complement the subtrahend

Thus 0111; and add it to minuend

I101:Minuend
+01 1 1: Complemented subtrahend to
XO100

01 0 1 Ans: 101, (or 5,

Problem 42 11101,
-

11000, =
(?),
Binary Decimal1
1 11101 Minuend 29
- 1 10 0 0 Subtrahend 2 4
? 5
1110 1 Minuend
+0 0 1 11 Complemented subtrahend
XO 0 1 00

0010 Ans 101, = 510

method used by the computer,

This procedure for subtraction, which is the
is called complementation and end-around-cary.
subtrahend or number to be subtracted, is always
In the above examples, the
smaller than the minuend.
we modify step 3.
, however, the subtrahend is larger than the minuend,
minuend : The rules for this are
11) Where the subtrahend is larger than the
1) Complement the subtrahend
2) Proceed as in addition
negative sign in front ofthe answer.
3) Complement the result and placea
 280 Basic Electronics

Problem 43 11000, 11101, = (?),

Binary Decimal

1 00 0 Minuend 24
-11101 Subtrahend 29
-5
Repeat the Minuend 110 0 0
Complement of Subtrahend:0 0 010+
Result 11 0 1 0
Complement Result
and place negative sign : -0 0 10 1
Ans :-101, or
-510
Problem 44 1101- 11001

Binary Decimal
1 1 01 Minuend 13
- 110 01: Subtrahend 25
? - 12
Minuend 0 1 1 01
Complement of Subtrahend 0 0 1 1 0 + IoE
Result 10 0 1 1
Complement Result and put -ve sign - 0 1 1 0 0 = - 1100 (Ans.)

-1210
Problem 45 Use the 1's complement to perform the following subtractions
(1) 1111 - 1011 (2) 110011 - 100101
(Annual 1987, B.U.)
Solution: 1) Binary Decimal
Minuend 1 1 1 15
Subtrahend -1 0 1 1 -11
? 4
Minuend 1111
Complement Subtrahend 0 1 0 0 +
Result of Addition 1 1 1
End-around-Carry
010 0
Ans: 100, =
410
2) Binary Decimal
Minuend 51
Subtrahend - 1 0 0 101 - 37

? 14
 Digital Electronics 281

Minuend 1 1 00 1 1
Complement Subtrahend 01 1 0 1 0 +
Result of Addition
1 DO 110 1
End-around-Carry
Ans: 1110, = 141o

Problem
Solutionn
46 Subtract (10001), from (10011), using 1's complement arithmetic.
l's complement of Subtrahend:01 1 10
Minuend 10 0 11 +
(carry) K O 0 0 01

O00T0
Ans:(10),
Problem 47 Perform the subtraction (A - B) using l's complement,
where A = 1011 1001 and B = 0000 1011.
Solution:
Number 'A' (Minuend) 10 1 1 10 0 1 +
l's Complement of 'B' (Subtrahend) 1111 10100
(carry K1 0 10 1 1 0 1
+
Result 101 0 1 1 1 0
(A B) = 1010 1110

Problem 48 1011 -

1001 (March 99, V.T.U.)

Minuend
1 0 11
l's complement of Subtrahend:01 1 0 +
O0 0 1
1 +

0 010
Ans: 10,

c) Subtraction using 2's Complement

The 2's complement is found by adding 1 to the LSB (Least Significant Bit) of the
l's complement.
LSB

Forexample: 1's complement of 101 = 0 1 0

The 2's complement is 0 11

282 Basic Electronics

Rules for Subtraction using 2's

Complement
1) Determine the 2's complement of subtrahend.
2) Proceed as in addition.
3) If there is a carry, disregard it. (it shows that the result is positive)
4) If there is no cary, answer is negative and is the 2's complement of the
actual magnitude.
Problem 49 Use 2's Complement of perform the subtraction 1101 - 1010

Binary Decimal1
110 Minuend 13

-1 1 0 Subtrahend -10
3
l's Complement of Subtrahend = 0 1 0 1

1+
2's complement 01 1 0
Add this result to the Minuend
1 10 1 Aolavidu s mobo
+0 1 1 0 notho?
*O 0 11
Disregard carry Answer: 0011, =
11, =
310 emio
Problem 50 Use 2's complement to perform the following binary subtractions
1) 1111 1011 (2) 110011 100101 (Annual 1987, B.U.)
1) Decimal
1
1 1 1 Minuend 15
- 1011 Subtrahend - 11
?
dud lo Jnomoioo
l's Complement of Subtrahend 0 1 0 0

2'scomplement 0 1 01
Minuend:1111
2's Comp. of Sub: 0 10 S pniaunoltoetidu
1
O1 0 0
Disregard carry- Ans: 100,
2) Decimal1
1 0 0 1 1 51
o
-

1 0 0 1 0 1
-37
14
 Digital Electronics 283

l's Complement of Subtrahend 0 1 1010

1+
2's complement 01 1 0 1 1
Minuend 1 100 1 1
2's comp. of sub. +01 1 0 1 1
x 0 0 1 110 = 1110, (Ans.)
Disregard carry-
Problem 51 Add the following using 2's complement:
a) +125 and -68 (b) -83 + 16 (Annual 1989, B.UJ.)
Solution:
a) 125 Minuend
68 Subtrahend
57
Convert Minuend and Subtrahend to binary as follows:

2 125 2 68
2 62 2 34
2 31 0 2 17 0
15 2
2 2 0

2 2

1250 1111101, 680 1000100,

Jua galw
Min: 11 1 1 101
Subt
1 0 0 010 0
1's comp. of subtrahend 0111011
1+
2's complement 0111100
Minuend :1111101

2'scomplement of subtrahend 0111 100 +

k0 1 1 1 001
(disregard carry)
Ans: 111001, =
5710
b) Perform the additlon +16 -83 (in 2's complement)
Convert the two above to binary as follows
 284 Basic Electronics

2 83
16 0 2 41
20
2
2 10 0
0
2
1

16,10000, 83 1010011,
Decimal Binary
+16 +100 0 0 Minuend ollulo
- 83 - 10 1 0 0 1 1 Subtrahend
's Complement of subtrahend 0 1 0 1 1 00
1+
2's Complement of Subtrahend 0 101 101
Add Minuend 10 0 0 0 +
Intermediate Result 0 111 101
2's Complement of the above Intermediate Result, along with negative sign, gives
the Answer, as shown below :
's Complement of Intermediate Result 100 0 0 1 0
1+
2's Complement 1000 0 1 1
Ans -1000011, = -67j0

Problem 52 Perform the following subtractlon using 2's complement

1) 1111- 1101 11) 10111 - 10011 iil) 1101 - 1001
i) 1111 - 1101
(July/Aug 2003, V.T.U.)

Solution: The 2's complement is found

Bit) of the l's complement
by adding 1 to the LSB (Least Significant

Binary Decimal
1111 Minuend 15
1 101 Subtrahend -13 ue lo toomslqoS
2
l's complement of Subtrahend 0 010
1+
2's Complement 0 0 1 1
Again, Minuend 1111
2's Complement of Subtrahend
0 011 + btha slt aoho1 1d
0 0 10 s
Disregard Carry
Ans: 10, (Decimal:2)
 Digital Electronics 285

i) 10111 - 10011

Binary Decimal
10 1 1 1 Minuend 23
0 0 1 1 Subtrahend -19
l's Complement of Subtrahend 01 100

2's Complement 01 101

Again Minuend I011
2's Complement of Subtrahend 01101
KO0 100
Disregard Carry.
Ans: 100 (Decimal:4)
il)1101- 1001
Binary Decimal
101 : Minuend 13
100 1 Subtrahend
4
1's Complement of Subtrahend 0110

2's Complement 0 1 11
Again Minuend 1 101
2's Complement of Subtrahend 0111
O1 0 0
Disregard Carry-
gAns: 100, (Decimal: 4)
Problem 53 Subtract (10111), from (10101),, using 2's complement arithmetic.
Binary Decimal1
10 1 0 1 Minuend 21
- 101L Subtrahend -23 t o
?
l's Complement of Subtrahend : 0 1 0 0 0
1+
010 0 1
2's Complement
Minuend 10101
2's complement of Subtrahend 0 1001 +
Intermediate Result 11110
l's complement ofIntermediate Result: 0 0 0001

1
2's complement 00010
Ans:- 10, (decimal -2)
286 Basic Electronics

Problem 54
Subtract 11001 from 10110 using 2's complement arithmetic.
(MQP-4, VTU)
Solution:
Binary Decimal1
Minuend 0 1 10 22
Subtrahend 11001 - 25-3
l's complement of subtrahend 0 0 1 10

1
2's complement of subtrahend 00 1 1 1
1 0 1 10
Add Minuend +

Intermediate Result 1 1101

2's complement of the above Intermediate Result, along with the negative sign,
gives the answer, as shown below
l's complement of Intermediate Result: 0 0 0 1 0
1 +
2's complement 0 00 1 1

Ans:-11, (which is -310

Problem 55
Subtract (11011), from (11101), using 2's complement method.
(Aug/Sep 99, V.T.U.)
Solution:
(11101),-(11011), =?
Minuend 1 1 1 01
Subtrahend 1 1011
's complement ofsubtrahend 0 0 1 0 0

1+
2's complement of subtrahend 00 1 0 1

Minuend 11 101
2's complement of subtrahend 0 0 1
010 1+
O0 0 10
Disregard Carry
Ans: 102