Introduction to Boolean Algebra and

Logic Circuits

Dr Adarsh Rag S
Department of ECE
Contact: 8951172344

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 Topics to be covered

▪ Boolean Algebra and Logic Circuits:

Binary numbers, Number Base Conversion, octal & Hexa Decimal

Numbers, Complements, Basic definitions, Axiomatic Definition of
Boolean Algebra, Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra,
Boolean Functions, Canonical and Standard Forms, Other Logic
Operations, Digital Logic Gates (Text 2: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,2.1, 2.2, 2.3,
2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7).

▪ Combinational logic: Introduction, Design procedure, Adders-

Half adder, Full adder (Text 2:4.1,4.2, 4.3)

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 Number Systems

Decimal

Hexa- Number Binary

decimal System

Octal

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 Number Systems

▪ Decimal Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 10. Available

symbols to represent numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

▪ Binary Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 2. Available

symbols to represent numbers are 0,1

▪ Octal Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 8. Available

symbols to represent numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

▪ Hexa-Decimal Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 16.

Available symbols to represent numbers are
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

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 Number Conversion

Decimal

Binary

Octal

Hexa-
decimal

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 Number Conversion
Absolute
▪ Decimal to Binary Fraction
value value
conversion conversion

MSD ( Most Significant Digit ) is same as MSB ( Most Significant Bit )

LSD ( Least Significant Digit ) is same as LSB ( Least Significant Bit )
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 Number Conversion
Absolute
▪ Decimal to Octal Fraction
value value
conversion conversion

MSD ( Most Significant Digit ) is same as MSB ( Most Significant Bit )

LSD ( Least Significant Digit ) is same as LSB ( Least Significant Bit )
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 Number Conversion
Absolute ▪ Decimal to Hexa-decimal Fraction
value value
conversion conversion

MSD ( Most Significant Digit ) is same as MSB ( Most Significant Bit )

LSD ( Least Significant Digit ) is same as LSB ( Least Significant Bit )
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 Number Conversion

Binary
Octal

Hexa-
decimal

Decimal

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 Number Conversion

Binary to Decimal

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 Number Conversion

Octal to Decimal

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 Number Conversion

Hexa-decimal to Decimal

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 Number Conversion
Multiply with place value and ADD

Hexa-
Binary Octal Decimal
decimal

LSB MSB
Integer Decimal

MSB
LSB
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 Number Conversion

Binary

Octal

Decimal

Hexa-
decimal

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 Number Conversion

Binary to Octal Octal to Binary

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 Number Conversion

Binary

Octal

Decimal

Hexa-
decimal

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 Number Conversion

Binary to Hexadecimal Hexadecimal to Binary

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 Number Conversion

Octal

Binary

Decimal

Hexa-
decimal

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 Number Conversion

Octal to Hexadecimal

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 Number Conversion

Hexadecimal to Octal

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 Exercise for Students- Cross verify the below table

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 Binary Operations

Binary
Numbers

Signed Unsigned

Sign
1’s 2’s
Magnitude
Complement Complement
Form

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 Binary Operations
• Binary Addition
a. 1’s Complement Method
• Binary Subtraction
b. 2’s Complement Method
• Binary Multiplication
• Binary Division
Binary Addition

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 Binary Operations
Binary Addition

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 Binary Operations
Binary Addition

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 Binary Operations
Binary Addition

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 Binary Operations
Binary Addition

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 Binary Operations

Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples

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 Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples

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 Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples

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 Binary Operations

Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples

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 Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples

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 Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples

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 Binary Operations: Summary
Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples

Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples

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 Complements

Complements

Diminished Radix
Radix
(r-1)’s
r’s complement
complement

Base: r
Base (r) r’s complement (r-1)’s complement
2 2’s complement 1’s complement
10 10’s complement 9’s complement

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 Diminished Radix Complements

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 Diminished Radix Complements
Number: N
Base: r
Having: n digits
𝑟 − 1 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑟 𝑛 − 1 − N

Base (r) r-1 (r-1)’s complement

2𝑛 − 1 − N
2 1 2𝑛 : 1 followed by n 0’s
2𝑛 − 1: n 1’s

Base (r) r-1 (r-1)’s complement

10𝑛 − 1 − N
10 9 10𝑛 : 1 followed by n 0’s
10𝑛 − 1: n 9’s

𝑟 − 1 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 of octal or hexadecimal number: subtract each number from

7 or F(15) respectively
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 Radix Complements

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 Radix Complements

Number: N
Base: r
Having: n digits

𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑟 𝑛 − N
= 𝑟𝑛 − 1 − N + 1

𝑟 − 1′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 1

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 Examples

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 Examples

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 Examples

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 Axioms of Boolean Algebra
Axiom
The sets of logical expressions are known as Axioms or postulates of
Boolean Algebra. An axiom is nothing more than the definition of three
basic logic operations (AND, OR, and NOT).

▪ +denotes the Logical OR operation

▪ . denotes the Logical AND operation
▪ ! denotes the Logical NOT operation
▪ 0 and 1 denotes the Logical False and True respectively
▪ 0+1 = 1
▪ 0.0 = 0
▪ 1+0 = 1
▪ 0.1 = 0
▪ 1+1 = 1
▪ 1.0 = 0
▪ !0=1
▪ 1.1 = 1
▪ !1=0
▪ 0+0 = 0

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 Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra

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 Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra

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 Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra

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 Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra

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 Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra

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 Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra

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 Complement of a function

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 Complement of a function

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 Complement of a function

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 Boolean functions

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 Boolean functions

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 Algebraic Manipulation
▪ Boolean function: each literal is the input to a gate and each term is
implemented with a gate
▪ Literal minimisation
▪ No specific rules

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 Canonical and Standard forms
Minterms and Maxterms

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 Canonical and Standard forms

Any Boolean function can be expressed as sum of minterms; sum = OR

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 Canonical and Standard forms

▪ Any Boolean function can be expressed as product of maxterms;

product = AND

▪ Boolean function expressed as product of maxterms or sum of

minterms is said to be in canonical form

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 Sum of Minterms

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 Sum of Minterms

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 Other Logic Operations

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 Other Logic Operations

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 Digital Logic Gates

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 Digital Logic Gates

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 Extension to multiple inputs

A gate can be extended to have multiple inputs if the binary

operation it represent is commutative and associative

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 Combinational logic: Introduction
▪ Combinational Logic Circuits are the circuits whose
output at any instant of time depends only on present
inputs.
▪ The combinational circuits are memoryless.

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 Design Procedure

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 Adders

Half adder
Adders
Full adder

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 Half Adder

▪ Half adder is a combinational logic circuit with two

inputs and two outputs.
▪ The half adder circuit is designed to add two single bit
binary numbers say A and B.
▪ It is the basic building block for addition of two single bit
numbers.
▪ This circuit has two outputs sum and carry.

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 Half Adder

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 Half Adder: Various implementation

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 Full Adder

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 Full Adder

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 Full Adder

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 Full Adder

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 Full Adder

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 Thank you

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