Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and

Technology, Topi, Pakistan

ME203
Circuits and Electronic Devices

Lecture No: 27

Instructor
Dr. Abid Imran
------Faculty of Mechanical Engineering------ Fall Semester
1 2020
Content

• MOSFET
• E-type (enhancement/ depletion mode)
• D-type (enhancement/ depletion mode)
• Number systems
Metal
Oxide
Semiconductor
Field
Effect
Transistor
The MOSFET – Enhancement MOSFET (E-MOSFET)
• The E-MOSFET operates only in the enhancement mode and has no depletion mode.
• For n-channel device, a positive gate voltage above threshold value are needed
E-MOSFET Transfer Characteristic
• The E-MOSFET for all practical purposes does not conduct until VGS reaches the threshold voltage (VGS(th)).
• ID when it is when conducting can be determined by the formulas below.
• K = ID(on) /(VGS - VGS(th))2 ID = K(VGS - VGS(th))2

• An n-channel device requires a positive gate-to-source voltage,

• and a p-channel device requires a negative gate-to-source voltage.
Ex. 7-9 The data sheet for a 2N7008 E-MOSFET gives ID(on)= 500 mA (minimum) at VGS = 10 V and VGS(th) = 1 V.
Determine the drain current for VGS = 5 V.

First, solve for K using Equation,

I D ( on) 500 mA 500 mA

K    6. 17 mA / V 2

(VGS  VGS ( th) ) 2 10 V  1V  2 81V 2

Next, using the value of K, calculate ID for VGS = 5 V.

I D  K (VGS  VGS (th ) ) 2

 (6.17 mA / V 2 )(5V  1V ) 2  98.7 mA
E-MOSFET Bias

• E-MOSFETs must have a VGS greater than the threshold value,

VGS(th), zero bias cannot be used

Where

I D  K (VGS  VGS (th ) ) 2

• The purpose is to make the gate voltage more positive

than the source by an amount exceeding VGS(th).
E-MOSFET Bias : Example
Determine VGS and VDS for the E-MOSFET circuit in Figure Assume this
particular MOSFET has minimum values of ID(on) = 200 mA at VGS = 4 V
and VGS(th) = 2 V.
• Find the value of VGS

• Find the value of K

• By using K, find the value ID current

• Finally
The MOSFET – Depletion
MOSFET
• The D-MOSFET can be operated in either of two modes – the depletion mode or enhancement mode – and is
sometimes called a depletion/enhancement MOSFET.
• The n-channel MOSFET operates in the depletion mode when a negative gate-to-source voltage is applied
and in the enhancement mode when a positive gate-to-source voltage is applied.

• These devices are

generally operated
in the depletion
mode.
The MOSFET – Depletion MOSFET
• Depletion Mode With a negative gate voltage, the negative charges on the gate repel conduction electrons
from the channel, leaving positive ions in their place.
• Thereby, the n channel is depleted of some of its electrons, thus decreasing the channel conductivity.
• At sufficiently negative gate-to-source voltage, VGS(off), the channel is totally depleted and drain current is zero.

• The point on the curves where VGS = 0 corresponds to IDSS. The point where ID = 0 corresponds to VGS(off).
MOSFET Characteristics and Parameters:
Drain Characteristics
• VGS = 0 corresponds to IDSS. The point where ID = 0 corresponds to VGS(off).
ExFor a certain D-MOSFET, IDSS = 10 mA and VGS(off) = - 8 V.
(a) Is this an n-channel or a p-channel?
(b) Calculate ID at VGS = - 3 V
(c) Calculate ID at VGS = + 3 V.

(a) The device has a negative VGS(off);

therefore, it is a n-channel MOSFET.
2 2
 VGS    3V 

(b) I D  I DSS 1   (10 mA)1    3.91 mA
 V    8V 
 GS ( off ) 

2
  3V 
(c )   
I D  10 mA 1    18.9 mA
  8V 
MOSFET Biasing – D-
MOSFET Bias
The three ways to bias a MOSFET are zero-bias, voltage-divider bias, and drain-feedback bias.
For D-MOSFET zero biasing as the name implies has no applied bias voltage to the gate. The input voltage
swings it into depletion and enhancement mode.

Since VGS = 0, ID = IDSS

as indicated.

VDS = VDD - IDSSRD

Ex. 7-10 Determine the drain-to-source voltage in the circuit of Figure. The MOSFET data sheet gives V GS(off) =
- 8 V and IDSS = 12 mA.

Since ID = IDSS = 12 mA,

the drain-to-source voltage is 560 Ω

VDS = VDD – IDSSRD

_
= 18 V – (12 mA)(560Ω)
= 11.28 V
MΩ
Digital
Circuits
 Fundamental
• An analog* quantity is one having continuous values.
• A digital quantity is one having a discrete set of values

• The real world is analog!

• Most things that can be
measured quantitatively
occur in nature in analog
form.
• Examples: air
temperature, pressure,
distance, sound.
Binary system

• Digit: A symbol used to express a quantity.

• Digital: Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set of discrete
values as opposed to continuous value.
• The two-state number system is called binary system
• Its two digits are 0 and 1. Each of the two digits is called a bit, which is a
contraction of the words binary digit.

• Positive Logic System: 0 and 1 are represented by two different voltage

levels.
• 1 is represented by the higher voltage level (HIGH)
• 0 is represented by the lower voltage level (LOW)
Logic level
• The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called
logic levels.
• Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and
another voltage level represents a LOW.
• In a practical, a HIGH can be any voltage between a
specified minimum value and a specified maximum
value. Likewise, a LOW

• For example, the HIGH input values may range from 2 V to 5

V
• LOW input values may range from 0 V to 0.8 V.
• If a voltage of 2.5 V is applied, the circuit will accept it as a
HIGH or binary 1. If a voltage of 0.5 V is applied, the circuit
will accept it as a LOW or binary 0.
• For this type of circuit, voltages between 0.8 V and 2 V are
unacceptable.
Digital Wave form
characteristics

Periodic wave Non-Periodic wave

• A periodic wave is one that repeat itself after specific interval called period.

• The frequency is the rate at which a signal repeat itself and measured in hertz.

• The frequency of a signal(waveform) is the reciprocal of period.

Digital Wave form characteristics
• The duty cycle is the ratio of pulse width to period of waveform.

Example: Find the, period, frequency, and duty cycle of the given waveform
• Period
𝑇  =10 𝑚𝑠

• Frequency

• Duty cycle
 Decimal and Binary number system
• The binary number system is another way to represent quantities.
• It is less complicated than the decimal system because the binary system has only
two digits.
• The decimal system with its ten digits is a base-ten system; the binary system with its
two digits is a base-two system.
• The two binary digits (bits) are 1 and 0
Binary number system

 • The column weights of binary numbers are powers of two

that increase from right to left beginning with

• For fractional binary numbers

 Binary to Decimal conversion
Example:

6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Solution:  ¿ 1× 2 +1× 2 + 0× 2 +1 × 2 +1 × 2 +0 × 2 +1× 2

 ¿ 6 4 +32+ 8+4+1=109

Example:
Solution:
Decimal to Binary conversion
Decimal to Binary conversion
Hexadecimal numbers

• The hexadecimal number system has a base

of sixteen;
• it is composed of 16 numeric and alphabetic
characters.
• each hexadecimal digit represents a 4-bit
binary number.
Hexadecimal to binary conversion
BOOK: Electronic Devices, electron flow version.
SECTIONS: 8-6, 8-7

Relevant examples.

28