Introduction to Internet of Things(IOT)

22ETC15H

Semester – 1
Module -I

Dr. N Jayanthi, Asst. Professor, Dept of CSE

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 1

Introduction
⚫ Networking

◦ Networking refers to the linking of computers and

communication network devices which are referred to as
hosts, these hosts interconnect through a network which can
be Internet or Intranet and each device have unique device
identifiers which can be Internet protocol, IP addresses and
media access control or MAC addresses.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 2

Introduction
⚫ These hosts may be connected by a single path or
through multiple paths for sending and receiving data.

⚫ The data transferred between the hosts may be text,

images, or videos, which are typically in the form of
binary bit streams.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 3

Introduction
⚫ These hosts may be connected by a single path or
through multiple paths for sending and receiving data.
The data transferred between the hosts may be text,
images, or videos, which are typically in the form of
binary bit streams .

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 4

Network types
⚫ Based on

◦ Type of connection
◦ Physical Topology
◦ Reach of the networks

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 5

Type of Connection
⚫ Point-to-Point
⚫ Point-to-Multipoint

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 6

Type of Connection
⚫ Point-to-Point

◦ Used to establish direct connection between 2 hosts

◦ eg remote control to TV or AC

Host B
Host A

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 7

Type of Connection
⚫ Point-to-Multipoint

◦ The multipoint connection is a connection established

between more than two devices. In multipoint connection, a
single link is shared by multiple devices. 

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 8

Type of Connection
⚫ Point-to-Multipoint
◦ Channel or Link is shared in two ways
● Spatially eg FDMA
● Temporally eg TDMA

FDMA - Frequency division multiple access

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 9

Physical Topology
⚫ Depending on the physical manner in which
communication paths are connected between hosts
there are 4 topologies

◦ Star
◦ Mesh
◦ Bus
◦ Ring

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 10

Physical Topology - Star

⚫ Point-to-point connection
⚫ All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central
device, known as hub device

Advantages
Easy to install and reconfigure.
Disadvantage
Break in host can risk the breaking of the entire network

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 11

Physical Topology - Star

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 12

Physical Topology - Mesh

⚫ The mesh topology has a unique network design in

which each computer on the network connects to every
other.
⚫ Point-to-point
⚫ N hosts n(n-1)/2 links
Advantages
⚫ It is robust, security and privacy, reduce data load

Disadvantage
⚫ Installation and configuration are difficult.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 13

Physical Topology - Mesh

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 14

Physical Topology - Bus
⚫ Point-to-multipoint
⚫ Designed in such a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable known as a backbone
cable.
⚫ Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by
drop cable or directly connected to the backbone cable.
⚫ Used in organizations
⚫ Restriction on length of the bus and number of hosts
connected.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 15

Physical Topology - Bus

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 16

Physical Topology - Bus

Advantages
⚫ Easy Installation and cheap

⚫ Disadvantage

⚫ If the common cable fails, then the whole system will

crash down.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 17

Physical Topology - Ring

⚫ Point-to-point
⚫ It forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two
neighboring devices.
⚫ A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with
a large number of nodes
⚫ To prevent data loss repeaters are used in the
network.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 18

Physical Topology - Ring

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 19

Physical Topology - Ring
⚫ Advantage
◦ Cheap to install and expand.
⚫ Disadvantage
◦ The failure of a single node in the network can cause the
entire network to fail.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 20

Network Reachability
⚫ Four types
◦ PAN: Personal Area Network
◦ LAN: Local Area Network
◦ MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
◦ WAN: Wide Area Network

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 21

PAN: Personal Area Network
⚫ It is the smallest network of computers.
⚫ Individual usage
⚫ Bluetooth or other infrared-enabled
⚫ It has a few-metre range of connectivity.
⚫ Low range and low power
◦ Eg
◦ Wireless headphones, speakers , laptops , smartphones ,
keyboards, mouse and printer

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 22

LAN: Local Area Network
⚫ Linked-wire or wireless
⚫ Buildings-Organizations-Campuses
⚫ Data access rate - 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps
⚫ Components used are
◦ Servers
◦ Hubs
◦ Routers
◦ Switches
◦ Terminals
◦ Computers
⚫ Mbps - Megabits per second (Mbps) are units of
Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 23
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
⚫ The size of the Metropolitan area network is larger
than LANs and smaller than WANs.
⚫ Connects-Organizations or buildings within a given
geographic location or city.
⚫ Costly
⚫ Components used – modems and cables
⚫ Eg Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 24

WAN: Wide Area Network
⚫ Very large area, such as a state or an entire country 
⚫ Data rate is in the order of fraction of LAN data rate
⚫ Public switched telephones or satellite based links
⚫ More errors and noise
⚫ Very costly
⚫ Fault tolerant will be low

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 25

Layered Network Models
⚫ The intercommunication between hosts in any
computer network is built upon the premise of various
task-specific layers.
⚫ Two of the most commonly accepted and used
traditional layered network models are
◦ OSI or open system interconnect model
◦ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP) (TCP/IP).

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 26

OSI Model
⚫ Seven Layers
◦ 1) Physical layer
◦ 2) Data link layer
◦ 3) Network layer
◦ 4) Transport layer
◦ 5) Session layer
◦ 6) Presentation layer
◦ 7) Application layer.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 27

OSI Model - Physical layer
⚫ layer 1 of the OSI model
⚫ Responsible -Electrical and Mechanical Operations
⚫ Operations
◦ Issues Relating To Signal Generation
◦ Signal Transfer
◦ Voltages
◦ The Layout Of Cables
◦ Physical Port Layout
◦ Line Impedances (physical characteristics and dimensions
such as diameter and separation between the conductors)
◦ Signal Loss
Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 28
OSI Model - Physical layer
⚫ Responsible for the
◦ Topological Layout -Star, Mesh, Bus, Or Ring
◦ Communication Mode - Simplex, Duplex, Full Duplex
◦ Bit Rate Control Operations
⚫ Protocol Data Unit - Symbol

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 29

OSI Model - Data link layer
⚫ media layer and layer 2 of the OSI model
⚫ concerned
◦ Establishment and Termination of the connection
◦ Detection and Correction of errors during communication

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 30

OSI Model - Data link layer
⚫ Two sub-layers
◦ Medium access control (MAC)
◦ logical link control (LLC).

⚫ MAC is responsible for

◦ Access control and permissions for connecting networked
devices

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 31

OSI Model - Data link layer
⚫ LLC is mainly tasked with
◦ Error Checking
◦ Flow Control
◦ Frame Synchronization

⚫ Protocol Data Unit - frame.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 32

OSI Model - Network layer
⚫ This layer is a media layer and layer 3 of the OSI
model.
⚫ Its task routing data - logical paths called virtual
circuits.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 33

OSI Model - Network layer
⚫ The Primary Tasks of this layer include
◦ Addressing
◦ Sequencing Of Packets
◦ Congestion Control
◦ Error Handling
◦ Internetworking
⚫ Protocol Data - packet.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 34

OSI Model - Transport layer
⚫ This is layer 4 of the OSI model and is a host layer.
⚫ Tasked with end-to-end error recovery and flow
control -transfer of data
⚫ Acknowledgments
⚫ No acknowledgment -erroneous data segment -re-sent
⚫ Protocol data unit - segment or datagram

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 35

OSI Model - Session layer
⚫ This is the OSI model’s layer 5 and is a host layer
⚫ It is responsible for establishing, controlling, and
terminating of communication between networked
hosts
⚫ The session layer sees full utilization during operations
such as remote procedure calls and remote sessions
⚫ The protocol data unit associated with this layer is
referred to as data

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 36

OSI Model - Presentation layer
⚫ This layer is a host layer and layer 6 of the OSI model.
⚫ It is mainly responsible for data format conversions
and encryption
⚫ Also referred to as the syntax layer.
⚫ The protocol data unit associated with this layer is
referred to as data.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 37

OSI Model - Application layer
⚫ This is layer 7 of the OSI model and is a host layer.
⚫ accessible - end-user through software APIs and
terminals
⚫ Applications such as
◦ file transfers
◦ FTP (file transfer protocol)
◦ e-mails

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 38

OSI Model - Application layer
⚫ The application layer deals with
◦ User authentication
◦ Identification of communication hosts
◦ Quality of service
◦ Privacy
⚫ The protocol data unit associated with this layer is
referred to as data

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 39

OSI Model

Protocol Data Units (PDU):

Data

Data

Data

Segment

Packet

Frame

Symbol

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 40

OSI Model

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 41

Internet protocol suite
⚫ Another conceptual framework - communication and
networked systems on the Internet.
⚫ Predates the OSI model
⚫ Four levels
◦ 1) Link Layer
◦ 2) Internet Layer
◦ 3) Transport Layer
◦ 4) Application layer

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 42

Internet protocol suite
⚫ This collection of protocols TCP/IP protocol suite

⚫ Foundation technologies of this suite are

◦ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
◦ Internet protocol(IP)

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 43

TCP/IP - Link Layer
⚫ First and base layer - network interface layer.
⚫ Collective physical and data link layer of the OSI model.
⚫ Transmission of TCP/IP packets over the physical
medium.
⚫ Used with a wide range of technologies such as the
Ethernet , wireless LAN, and the asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM)

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 44

TCP/IP - Internet Layer
⚫ Layer 2 of the TCP/IP protocol suite
⚫ Network layer of the OSI model.
⚫ It is responsible for addressing, address translation, data
packaging, data disassembly and assembly, routing, and
packet delivery tracking operations.
⚫ Some Core Protocols
◦ Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
◦ Internet Protocol (IP)
◦ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
◦ Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 45

TCP/IP - Transport Layer

⚫ Layer 3 of the TCP/IP protocol suite

⚫ Transport layer of the OSI model.
⚫ This layer is tasked - error control, flow control,
congestion control, segmentation, and addressing in an
end-to-end manner
⚫ It is also independent of the underlying network.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 46

TCP/IP - Transport Layer
⚫ Core protocols
◦ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
◦ User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

⚫ These protocols provide connection-oriented or

connectionless services between two or more hosts or
networked devices

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 47

TCP/IP - Application Layer

⚫ Layer 4 of the TCP/IP protocol suite

⚫ Collective functionalities of the OSI model’s session,
presentation, and application layers.
⚫ End-user to access the services - defines the protocols
for the transfer of data.

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 48

TCP/IP - Application Layer

⚫ Core Protocols –
◦ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
◦ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
◦ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
◦ Domain Name System (DNS)
◦ Routing Information Protocol (RIP),
◦ Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 49

TCP/IP

Dr N Jayanthi, Dept Of CSE, CMRIT 50