Румен Даскалов "Българското общество 1878-1939" т. 1

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My gratitude to
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,
the Institute of Advanced Study – Princeton
The Instutute of Advanced Study in Wassenaar
for providing me with a stimulating environment and support while
working on this book
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© \|unv Pizsitwk, ik{wy, 2005
© Rnsw Ltnszqnk, ~|mwovqs, 2005
ISBN 954-9943-96-8 ({. 1)
Посвещавам тази книга
на моите родители-историци
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1
Thompson, Edward. The Making of the English Working Class. Harmondsworth, Penguin
Books, 1976.
2
;P _^-hX`^ZP bU^ÙbXg]P ^Qâ]^RZP RV. aji^ Kocka, J rgen . Sozialgeschichte. Begriff
– Entwicklung – Probleme. Göttingen, Vandenhöck & Ruprecht Verlag, 1986 (2. erweiterte Aufl.),
bes. 82–111, 132–176; Koselleck, Reinhart . Moderne Sozialgeschichte und historische Zeiten. –
In: Koselleck, Reinhart. Zeitschichten. Studien zur Historik. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Verlag,
2000, 317–335. 9TX] \^]c\U]bP[U] ^_Xb WP _^T^Q]P Xab^`Xm ]P 7U`\P]Xm U ]P Wehler, Hans-
Ulrich . Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. München, C. H. Beck, 4 Bände.
12 5M?74DE>BFB B5L9EF6B, 1878–1939 FB@ 1
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6
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9
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\UTXfX]aZX, TU\^S`PdaZX, Ub]^S`PdaZX, RÛ]]X X T`.), abPbXX R a_XaP]Xm,
\U\^P`XabXZP X _`. <W_^[WRP]P U X Q^SPbP Rb^`Xg]P (Xab^`X^S`PdaZP) [X-
bU`Pbc`P. C^gbX ]U aj\ `PQ^bX[ a PèXRX _^`PTX ^QW^`]Xm X ^Q^QiPRPi
eP`PZbU` ]P b`cTP, Z^Yb^ WP `PW[XZP ^b UT]P a_UfXP[]P abcTXm, ]U XWXaZRP
_^[WRP]U ]P PèXR]X \PbU`XP[X (]^ bU aP RZ[lgU]X, bPZP TP aU ZPVU, gÙW
_âÙT]XgUabR^b^ ]P Xab^`X^S`PdXmbP). C^ aP\Xm aX eP`PZbU` _^RUgUb^
_j`RXg]X XWb^g]XfX WP UT]P a^fXP[]P Xab^`Xm, ZPb^: abPbXabXZX, T^Z[PTX,
^bgUbX, a_UfXP[XWX`P]X XWa[UTRP]Xm X T`., aP _cQ[XZcRP]X. 5XQ[X^S`P-
dXmbP ]PZ`Pm ^b`PWmRP aP\^ fXbX`P]XbU `PQ^bX, T^ZPb^ TUYabRXbU[]^ _ÙS-
[UTP]XbU aP \]^S^ _^RUgU. APTmRP\ aU \]^VUabR^b^ fXbX`P]X l`XTXgUaZX
\PbU`XP[X (WPZ^]X X _`.) TP ]U ajWTPTPb R_UgPb[U]XU WP „l`XTXWj\“ – R
a\Xaj[ ]P _ÙcRU[XgPRP]U ]P W]PgU]XUb^ ]P _`PR]PbP ÙSc[PfXm R a^fXP[-
]Xm VXR^b X Xab^`XmbP, ZÛb^ U îU _^-_^SÙh]^ _`X a[PQ^ aj^Q`PWmRP[X
aU a d^`\P[]^_`PR]X ÙSc[PfXX ^QiUabRP, ZPb^ QP[ZP]aZXbU X Qj[SPàZ^-
b^ R gPab]âb.
6 ]Pab^miPbP `PQ^bP U _`XR[UgU]P X gcVTP (S[PR]^ WP_PT]P) Xab^`X^-
S`PdXm _^ Qj[SPàZP X QP[ZP]aZP Xab^`Xm. BQXZ]^RU]^ bm ]U aU RWU\P Tâ-
bPbjg]^ _^T R]X\P]XU ^b Qj[SPàZXbU PRb^`X (`PWQX`P aU, X\P XWZ[lgU]Xm)
– QX[^ _^`PTX ]UTâbj_]âb, QX[^ _^ T`cSX aj^Q`PVU]Xm. 4 X\P b^RP _ÙX-
\ciUabR^, gU TPRP UTX] Rj]hU], a`PR]XbU[U] X _^-^Q^QiPRPi _^S[UT. APY-
T^Q`XbU `PQ^bX aP XW_j[]U]X a X]bcXfXm X _`^]XZ]^RU]Xm X ^Q`jiPb R]X-
\P]XU Rjèc Pa_UZbX ]P ]UiPbP, Z^Xb^ ]P Qj[SPàZXm PRb^` cQmSRPb bjZ\^
_^`PTX UabUabRU]PbP _^b^_U]âb R `^T]PbP TUYabRXbU[]âb. >^]d`^]-
bX`P]Ub^ a „Rj]h]P“ S[UT]P b^gZP Zj\ Qj[SPàZ^b^ `PWRXbXU X a Rj`RmiPbP
a ]Um ^bab`P]U]âb \^VU aP\^ TP ^Q^SPbX `PWS[UVTP]Ub^ ]P Xab^`XgUaZ^b^
`PWRXbXU „^bRjbÙ“.
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[U\X _ÙZjaRP]Xm X ^bR[XgP]Xm Zj\ T`cSX bU\X. >PZb^ gUab^ abPRP, R _`^-
fUaP aU ^bZ[^]Xe ^b _j`R^]PgP[]XbU aX ]P\UÙ]Xm, P X\U]]^, _^ _â^ZP ]P
_^-S^[m\P bU\PbXg]P ^QeRPb]âb WP a\UbZP ]P _j`R^]PgP[]Xm d^Zca Rjèc
_`^Q[U\PbXZPbP ]P \^TU`]XWPfXmbP X ]P UT]^ _^-bma]^ aeRPiP]U WP a^fX-
P[]P Xab^`Xm. 7^[m\P gPab ^b `PQ^bPbP _`^bUgU R AP`^T]PbP QXQ[X^bUZP
6M69:84L< 8G@<: 23
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VXbU[X X a ]mZ^X „_`XRX[USXX“ ]P Tj[S^S^TXhU] gXbPbU[, WP ZÛb^ aj\
Q[PS^TPÙ]. 4ZPTU\Xg]PbP 1995/96 S^TX]P _ÙZP`Pe R _ÙabXV]Xm <]abXbcb
WP PZPTU\Xg]X XWa[UTRP]Xm R C`X]abj], ZjTUb^ cgPabRPe R aU\X]P`P ]P >[X-
dj`T 7Xj`f _^ _`^Q[U\X ]P \^TU`]XWPfXmbP X X\Pe RjW\^V]âb TP _ÙS[U-
TP\ W]PgXbU[]P WP_PT]P [XbU`Pbc`P _^ X]bUÙacRPiXbU \U _`^Q[U\X. CÙW
PZPTU\Xg]PbP 1997/98 S^TX]P `PQ^bXe _^ bU\PbP R 5U`[X] ZPb^ ec\Q^[b^R
abX_U]TXPb _`X XWRUab]Xm QP[ZP]Xab _`^d. I^[\ ;c]TePcaU] ^b ER^Q^T]Xm
c]XRUàXbUb, WP ZÛb^ aj\ Tj[Q^Z^ _`XW]PbU[U] ]P d^]TPfXmbP. CÙW 2001 S.
_^[cgXe XWa[UT^RPbU[aZX S`P]b ^b JU]b`P[]ÛR`^_UYaZXm c]XRUàXbUb R
5cTP_UiP. Eji^ bP\ R _`^Tj[VU]XU ]P S^TX]X _Ù_^TPRPbU[aZP TUY]âb Qme
R _[^T^bR^`]X R`jWZX a Z^[USXbU, â^QU]^ a XWRUab]Xm `caXab _`^d. 4[dÙT
DXYQj`. APY-aUb]U XW]U`RmiPbP _â[UT]P ÙTPZfXm _`XRj`hXe R I^[P]-
TaZXm X]abXbcb WP PZPTU\Xg]X XWa[UTRP]Xm RjR 6PaU]P`. APab^miPbP `PQ^bP
Tj[VX aRÛb^ âjiUabRmRP]U R ^S`^\]P abU_U] ]P _^TZÙ_PbP X ]Paj`gU]X-
Ub^ ]P RaXgZX bUWX [XfP X X]abXbcfXX, WP ZÛb^ X\ WPaRXTUbU[abRP\ ]PY-Xa-
ZÙ]P _`XW]PbU[]âb. 6 b^WX ÙT U X Q[PS^TP`]âbbP \X Zj\ XWTPbU[m 5^YZ^
>X`mZ^R WP U]bcaXPW\P Zj\ Z]XSPbP X QUWRjW\UWT]PbP _ÙT_UgPb]P ^Q`PQ^b-
ZP, ZPZb^ X ]P ÙTPZb^`ZPbP ?lQP =^]URP, ]P @X[P 7`j]gP`^RP WP ]P]Pam]U-
b^ ]P _^_`PRZXbU, WP R]X\PbU[]PbP X Z^ÙZb]PbP `PQ^bP.
<\P\ gUab bP X cT^R^[abRXUb^ TP Q[PS^TP`m X ]P [XfPbP, a Z^Xb^ Qme iP-
ab[XR TP aU aÙiP\ X ajRUbRP\: âRU] a_^\U]PbXbU RUgU, aji^ ]P _`^d.
DXgP`T >Ù\_bj] ^b BZad^`T, Z^Yb^ \X ^Qj`]P R]X\P]XU Z^[Z^ X]bUÙa]P
\^VU TP QjTU „aZcg]PbP“ \PbU`Xm _^ TP]jfXbU X Tj`VPR]XbU dX]P]aX;
_`^d. DUTVX]P[T ;U[]XZ ^b >P[Xd^`]XYaZXm c]XRUàXbUb R 5j`Z[X; _`^d.
6^[dSP]S Ik^_ZU] ^b ?PY_fXSaZXm c]XRUàXbUb. E_UfXP[]^ aj\ WPTj[VU]
]P ab^_P]aZXm Xab^`XZ Dc\U] 4R`P\^R, Z^Yb^ _`^gUbU gPab ^b XZ^]^\XgU-
aZXm `PWTU[ X \U _ÙT_PWX ^b ]mZ^X SÙhZX X R]UaU ÙT cb^g]U]Xm. A^ ]PY-
S^[m\^ ]Paj`gU]XU X _^\î R `PQ^bPbP aX _^[cgXe ^b aR^m QPiP Xab^`XZ
8^]g^ 8PaZP[^R, Z^Yb^ bj`_U[XR^ _`^gUbU ]mZ^[Z^ RP`XP]bP ]P Z]XSPbP X
TPTU \]^VUabR^ ajRUbX, QU[UVZX X _ÙT[^VU]Xm. <WR[mZj[ aj\ _^[WP X ^b
\]^S^Q`^Y]XbU `PWS^R^`X X a_^`^RU _^ ^bTU[]X Rj_`âX aja aj_`cSPbP \X
>`PaX\X`P 8PaZP[^RP, aji^ Xab^`XZ, _X^]U` ]P Xab^`XmbP ]P VU]XbU c
]Pa. A^ ]U QXe XaZP[ TP ^QRj`WRP\ PRb^`XbUbP ]P a_^\U]PbXbU [XfP a ZP-
gUabRPbP ]P Z]XSPbP, Z^Xb^ âbPRPb ]P \^m ^bS^R^`]âb.
APZ`Pm b`mQRP TP ZPVP, gU _ÙT[PSP]PbP Xab^`Xm ]P Qj[SPàZ^b^ ^QiU-
abR^ âbPRP _^-aZ^`^ _`ÛZb X aZXfP, ]PQU[mWRP]U ]P _`^Q[U\X X RWPX\^-
R`jWZX, ^bZ^[Z^b^ _`^]XZRP]U R Tj[Q^gX]P. F^RP U ^Qca[^RU]^ ^b ]UTâbP-
bjg]XbU XWa[UTRP]Xm R \]^S^ ^b ^Q[PabXbU, ]^ ]PY-RUgU ^b ^S`P]XgU]âb bP
]P a^QabRU]XbU \X caX[Xm X RjW\^V]âbX.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 25
ˇ —´
˜ —˘ ´ , ˇ— ´˛, ˇ˛¸¨ ¨˚

: ,
,
Qpfgrobtb c|mebrslb f|rhbdb d|iojldb yrgi ptfgmog pt Ssnboslbtb jn-

qgrj d rgiumtbt ob psdpcpfjtgmob dpkob ob Uusj (1877–1878), lptp g
qprgfop rbidjtjg ob t. obr. Mitpygo d|qrps, ibf|mcpyjmp rbiqbfbogtp ob
Ssnboslbtb jnqgrj. W d|iojldb lbtp lpostrulxj ob gdrpqgksljtg Ggmj-
lj sjmj, obmphjmj sdpjtg jotgrgsj ob Fgrmjoslj lpoergs (13 ~oj –
13 ~mj 1878 e.) j psugtjmj s|ifbdbogtp ob epmnb c|mebrslb f|rhbdb d gt-
ojygslj erbojxj; dngstp tpdb sg s|ifbdbt nbmlp dbsbmop Oohgstdp F|m-
ebrj j bdtpopnob pcmbst Mitpyob Uungmj, b Qblgfpoj g d|robtb qpf ps-
nboslb dmbst. I|rhbdbtb trcdbmp fb c|fg uyrgfgob lbtp lpostjtuxjpoob
npobrwj s|s s|embsudbo nghfu Ggmjljtg sjmj npobrw.
GUJQJRRS UXVOS XTUEGPJRMJ (nbk 1877 – bqrjm 1879)
F|mebrslbtb f|rhbdopst ibqpydb fb sg jierbhfb pt drgngooptp ruslp uq-

rbdmgojg (jmj „ruslbtb pluqbxj“, lbltp sb obrjybmj tpebdb).1 V urghfb-
ogtp ob erbhfbosljtg fgmb q|rdpobybmop cjm obtpdbrgo loi \grlbslj, b
smgf sn|rt tb nu ob 19 vgdrubrj (3 nbrt) 1878 e. ob ogepdp nstp ib jnqg-
rbtprslj lpnjsbr cjm obiobygo loi Ipofulpd-Oprsblpd. Vqprgf jfgtb
ob loi \grlbslj usqprgfop s dpgoojtg fgkstdj j d wpfb ob ibdignbogtp
ob pcmbstjtg pt ruslbtb brnj g trcdbmp fb sg jierbhfb ngstob c|mebrslb
bfnjojstrbxj. Wpdb g vprnumjrbop d gfob „Lbqjslb ib c|fg{jtg ibfbyj
ob erbhfboslptp uqrbdmgojg d F|mebrj“, b qpsmg – d jimphgojg ob \grlb-
1 Lb drgngooptp ruslp uqrbdmgojg dh. &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp F|mebrj. \bst 1.
F|mebrslbtb f|rhbdb. Tmpdfjd, Zr. H. Ibopd, 1899, 379–387; /A7ACA5, #AC3@. Grgngooptp
ruslp uqrbdmgojg d F|mebrj qrgi 1877–1879. V., 1958; @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebr-
slbtb curhpbiob f|rhbdb j qrbdp. (St Ssdpcphfgojgtp pt psnboslp jep 1878 fp Ggmjlbtb pl-
tpndrjkslb spxjbmjstjygslb rgdpm~xj). V., Rbulb j jilustdp, 1980, 34–41; *3@A>A53, *3-
C;O. Mstprj ob f|rhbdbtb j qrbdptp. Wrgtb c|mebrslb f|rhbdb 1878–1944. Fmbepgderbf,
èpibqbfgo uojdgrsjtgt „Rgpvjt Ujmslj“, 1994, 5–38.
26 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
slj fp ruslj jnqgrbtpr Emglsbof|r II. V|ptdgtop ib djxgeucgrobtprj d

psdpcpfgojtg ignj sb obiobygoj djfoj c|mebrj: Qbrjo Irjopd, Rbkfgo
Hgrpd, Qbrlp Fbmbcbopd, Emglsbof|r Furnpd, Tgtlp Obrbdgmpd, Tgtlp
Vmbdgklpd, Irbebo [bolpd j fr. Sc{p obf 2000 c|mebrj qpst|qdbt ob
smuhcb qp erbhfboslptp dgfpnstdp lbtp yjopdojxj.2
Ipofulpd s|ifbm V|dgt ob xgotrbmoptp uqrbdmgojg s|s smgfojtg ptfgmj:
1. G|trgzoj rbcptj; 2. Yjobospd j lpotrpmgo; 3. V|fgcgo; 4. Iuwpdgo;
5. Gpgogo; 6. Tp{j, tgmgerbvj, q|tj{b, pc{gstdgoj rbcptj; 7. Ijqmpnbtj-
ygslj, lpjtp dqpsmgfstdjg qpsmuhjmj lbtp psopdb ib jierbhfbog ob qrgfdj-
fgojtg d W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj 6 njojstgrstdb. Ubiojtg svgrj ob uqrbd-
mgojg cjmj rgeumjrboj yrgi jostrulxjj, opsg{j obidbojgtp „Grgngooj qrb-
djmb“. Vmgf obquslbogtp ob rusjtg tg cjmj qpstgqgoop ibngogoj s|s iblpoj,
op olpj pt ibmphgojtg d tw qrjoxjqj sg ibqbijmj p{g f|mep drgng.
Vqprgf „Grgngoojtg qrbdjmb“ ib qpmjxjtb d|d dsjylj erbfpdg j sgmb
sg s|ifbmj qpmjxgkslj lpnbofj, s|stp{j sg pt stbrzj j nmbfzj hbofbr-
nj – lpooj j qgzj. Hrbfpdgtg j plr|ijtg cjmj rbifgmgoj d qpmjxgkslp pt-
opzgojg ob uybst|xj s qp gfjo stbrzj j olpmlp nmbfzj hbofbrnj; d erb-
fpdgtg tg cjmj qpfyjogoj ob qpmjxgkslj obybmojl (qpmjxgkngkstgr), b d
plr|ijtg – ob plr|hojtg obybmojxj. Kbofbrnjtg jnbmj ib ibfbyb fb plbi-
dbt s|fgkstdjg ob jicprojtg fm|hopstoj mjxb j ob dsjylj fm|hopstoj mj-
xb pt dgfpnstdbtb. Tpmjxjtb cjmb qpf dgfpnstdptp ob Stfgmb qp d|trgz-
ojtg rbcptj.
Lb psopdb ob dpkslbtb qpsmuhjmj fpcrpdpmygsljtg fruhjoj pt Uuslp-
turslbtb dpkob, pt lpjtp dqpsmgfstdjg cjmj qpfeptdgoj nopep pvjxgrj. V
q|rdjtg obcprj pt 1878 e. sg s|ifbmb dpkslb (ob njmjxjpogo qrjoxjq) s rus-
lj pvjxgrj j fruej lbfrj. G lrb ob 1878 e. d Oohgstdptp t obcrpdbmb
21 000 dpkojxj j 394 pvjxgrj (pt lpjtp sbnp 36 c|mebrj) qm~s 2694 fuzj
ruslj lbfrj. Gpkslbtb cjmb lpnbofdbob pt ruslj pvjxgrj j smgf drgngoop-
tp ruslp uqrbdmgojg (fp 1885 e.). Wpebdb njmjxjpoobtb sjstgnb cjmb ibngog-
ob pt rgfpdob mjogkob brnj qp ruslj pcrbigx obygmp s c|mebrslj pvjxgrj.3
G bfnjojstrbtjdoptp ustrpkstdp cjmp ibqbigop turslptp tgrjtprjbm-
op fgmgojg, lbtp sbofhbl|t stbobm eucgroj, b lbibtb – plr|e. Trgfdbrj-
tgmojt Vbostgvboslj njrgo fpepdpr rbifgmjm psdpcpfgojtg c|mebrslj
ignj ob 8 eucgrojj j 56 plr|eb. Lb stpmjxb qp obstpdbogtp ob Qbrjo
Irjopd g qrgfqpygtgob Vpvj qrgf fruej sgrjpigo lbofjfbt – W|ropdp.4
2Vqprgf Mrgygl d obybmptp ob 1879 e. ob smuhcb d erbhfboslptp uqrbdmgojg jnbmp 2121
c|mebrj (768 obiobygoj j 1353 jicrboj) j 150 rusj. &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp
F|mebrj, s. 382.
3
Tbl tbn, 335–342.
4 ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj. Tmpdfjd, Zr. H. Ibopd,
1936, 19–24.
Uusljtg dmbstj obs|ryjmj zjrplp ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg (fgxgotrbmj-

ibxjtb) j jicproptp obybmp. Vntbmp sg, yg fplpmlptp zjrpljtg smpgdg j pc-
rbipdbojtg wprb (jotgmjegoxjtb) sb sjmop ruspvjmslj obstrpgoj, tpdb {g
sqpnpeog ib iblrgqdbog ob ruslptp dmjojg u obs. Tp drgng ob uqrbdmgojgtp
ob loi Ipofulpd cjmj qrpdgfgoj jicprj ib ngstoj s|dgtj, ob lpjtp obffg-
mgmj t|repdxj, ibobtyjj (frgcobtb curhpbij) j jotgmjegoxjtb, b trbfjxj-
poojtg lposgrdbtjdoj q|rdgoxj (yprcbfhjjtg) qrgt|rqgmj qprbhgojg.
W_URSGVOEWE OSRVWMWX[Ma
Trpglt|t ib Srebojygslj ustbd ob Oohgstdptp cjm jirbcptgo pt ibdgh-

fb{j s|fgcoj ptfgm d lboxgmbrjtb ob Ipofulpd – ~rjstb V. Puljopd,
sqprgf olpj jostrulxjj ob ruslptp qrbdjtgmstdp d|i psopdb qrgfjnop ob
sr|cslj ustbd pt 1869 e. j ptybstj ob run|oslbtb lpostjtuxj pt 1866 e.
(j fdgtg jnb{j ib psopdgo jidpr cgmejkslbtb lpostjtuxj) j qpsmg cjm pt-
opdp lposumtjrbo s jnqgrbtprslbtb lboxgmbrj. Trpglt|t cjm ungrgop
mjcgrbmgo: tpk qrgfdjhfbm c|mebrslptp lohgstdp fb qrgfstbdmdb lpo-
stjtuxjpoob npobrwj s obiobybdboj pt loib njojstrj, ptepdproj qrgf
ogep j qrgf obrpfop s|crbojg. G obrpfoptp s|crbojg obrgf s jicrboj pt
obrpfb qrgfstbdjtgmj fb dmjibt j obiobygoj pt loib (fdb q|tj qp-nbmlp pt
jicrbojtg) j tbljdb qp qrbdp (pt fuwpdoj j s|fgcoj mjxb); obrpfoptp s|c-
rbojg trcdbmp fb qrjgnb iblpojtg, op cgi fb jnb qrbdp ob iblpopfbtgmob
jojxjbtjdb. Trgfdjhfbm sg j gfjo f|rhbdgo s|dgt lbtp s|dg{btgmop j lp-
fjvjlbxjpoop uyrghfgojg, s|stp{p sg ptybstj pt jicrboj pt obrpfoptp
s|crbojg, ptybstj pt obiobygoj pt loib qrgfstbdjtgmj, lpgtp fb pcs|hfb
qrgfdbrjtgmop iblpopqrpgltjtg, fb smuhj lbtp lbsbxjpoob jostboxj ib
bfnjojstrbtjdojtg s|fjmj{b j qr.5 Motgrgsop g fb sg ptcgmghj, yg lbltp
5
Lb jstprjtb ob qrpgltb j ib ogepdbtb rgfblxj dh. ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob
W|ropdslbtb…, 56–73, 82–93. Vrbdogojg ob rbiojtg jidprj ob c|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj j
qpfeptdjtgmobtb rbcptb qp qrpgltb dh. u *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj. Vpmuo,
1905 (qrgdpf pt Uusslpg cpebtstdp, 1904, C 10), 14–16. Rb Fbmlbojtg c|mebrslbtb lpostjtu-
xj sg qrgfwphfb pt er|xlbtb (1864 e.), run|oslbtb (1866 e.) j sr|cslbtb (1869 e.), lbtp ib ps-
opdgo jidpr ob dslb g qpsmuhjmb cgmejkslbtb lpostjtuxj, qp popdb drgng gfob pt obk-obq-
rgfojybdjtg d Jdrpqb. Gsjylj ibqbidbt vprnumjrpdljtg ob psopdojtg qrbdb, op er|xlbtb lpo-
stjtuxj ptjdb qp-fbmgyg pt cgmejkslbtb qp jicproptp qrbdp (lbtp qrjgnb dsgpc{p jicprop
qrbdp) j qp qbrmbngotbrobtb sjstgnb (lbtp qrjgnb gfob lbnbrb), fplbtp sr|cslbtb pstbdb qp-
obibf pt cgmejkslbtb, lbtp d|dghfb qp tgij fdb quoltb qp-epmgnj perbojygoj (obrgf s jicrb-
oj qrj xgoi qrgfstbdjtgmj, s|{p obiobygoj pt f|rhbdoj embdb). Trpglt|t ib c|mebrslb lpo-
stjtuxj smgfdbm lbtp psopdgo jidpr tglstb ob sr|cslbtb lpostjtuxj, fplbtp mjcgrbmjtg d
W|ropdslptp s|crbojg qrgfqpygmj er|xlbtb lpostjtuxj (jmj sg n|ygmj fb smgfdbt qp-cmjip
cgmejkslbtb, qrlp jmj pt s|ptdgtojtg qbrberbvj ob run|oslbtb).
d fruej qrjs|gfjogoj jmj ibdjsjnj tgrjtprjj rusljt jnqgrbtpr cjm

slmpogo fb urgfj srbdojtgmop mjcgrbmop uqrbdmgojg, lbldptp ojlpeb og cj
fpqusobm d sbnbtb Uuslb jnqgrj; d smuyb dgrptop g fgkstdbmb j njs|m-
tb fb sg sqgygmj dgropst tb ob c|mebrslj obrpf.6
Vmgf qrgfdbrjtgmobtb rbcptb qp qrpgltb ib fgcbtjrbogtp j qrjgnbog-
tp ob lpostjtuxjtb cjmp sdjlbop Xyrgfjtgmoptp s|crbojg d W|ropdp. Wul
onb ouhfb fb sg d|iqrpjidghfb s|cjtjkobtb strbob, pqjsbob s nopep lp-
mprjt pt Vjngpo Ubfgd.7 ^g jit|logn sbnp olpj qp-s|{gstdgoj ib qps-
mgfdbmptp rbidjtjg npngotj. Trj ptlrjdbogtp ob Xyrgfjtgmoptp s|crbojg
d W|ropdp ob 10 vgdrubrj 1879 e. loi Ipofulpd-Oprsblpd fbm fb sg rbi-
cgrg, yg pcs|hfbogtp ob qrpgltb {g c|fg s|dsgn sdpcpfop j yg tpk trc-
db fb sg rbiemghfb sbnp lbtp qrperbnb.8 Fjmb jicrbob lpnjsj pt pcrbip-
dboj ob Lbqbf wprb (c|fg{j lposgrdbtprj), lptp jirbcptjmb fplmbf qp ps-
opdojtg obybmb ob Srebojygslj ustbd. Iplmbf|t ob lpnjsjtb s|f|rhbm
qrgfmphgoj d qp-lposgrdbtjdgo d srbdogojg s qrpgltb fuw (jicjrbtgmgo
xgoi, fdustgqgooj jicprj, uyrgfdbog ob sgobt). Rbk-pst|r sqpr d qmgobr-
ojtg ibsgfboj qprpfjm d|qrps|t ib dtprb lbnbrb (sgobt) j qp-pc{p ib
qpmibtb j drgfbtb pt qpdgyg fgnplrbtji|n jmj qpdgyg lposgrdbtji|n.
Hmbdobtb rgy d ib{jtb ob sgobtb qrpjiogs|m Wpfpr Mlpopnpd, b qrptjd tb-
ij jostjtuxj – Tgtlp Vmbdgklpd. G sdptb rgy Mlpopnpd qrjdgm olpmlp
(td|rfg ogqpmjtjyoj) breungotb: slmpoopst tb ob c|mebrjtg l|n ruzgog, b
og l|n s|erbhfbog; ogfpstbt|yobtb unstdgob qpfeptpdlb ob pogij, lpjtp
npebt fb stbobt ymgopdg ob c|fg{jtg obrpfoj s|crboj; d|inphopst tb ib
udmjybog qp olp jfg j dignbog ob qrjc|riboj j gfopstrboyjdj rgzgoj
(lpjtp tpebdb {g c|fbt obmphgoj lbtp „obrpfob dpm“); pcrbtop, sgobt|t
{g dlm~ydb unoj j cmbepobngrgoj wprb, {g pcs|hfb iblpopqrpgltjtg s
qp-epmnp wmbfoplr|djg, {g qpqrbd j rgeumjrb jirbidbogtp ob obrpfoj-
tg hgmboj. Sspcgop sg impdjfmj funjtg nu, yg pt lpostjtuxjtb trcdb
„fb dgg gfjo fuw ob rbiungo lposgrdbtji|n“.
Iplmbf|t ob lpnjsjtb cjm pstrp btbludbo pt c|fg{jtg mjcgrbmoj dp-
fbyj j ptwd|rmgo. Vqgxjbmop rgytb ob Vmbdgklpd cprbdj s jiqjtboj rjtp-
6 Uuslptp uqrbdmgojg d F|mebrj nphg fb sg qpemgfog pt emgfob tpylb ob ruslbtb jnqgr-
slb qpmjtjlb j fb sg srbdoj s ustbopdgobtb pt Uusj d fruej lpmpojijrboj jmj ibdjsjnj tg-
rjtprjj sjstgnj ob uqrbdmgojg.
7 -3785, .;?8A@. Vtrpjtgmjtg ob s|drgngoob F|mebrj. W. I. V., F|mebrslj qjsbtgm, 1990.
(1. 1910–1911), 76–104. Gh. ib Xyrgfjtgmoptp s|crbojg j &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp

F|mebrj…, s. 353, 383–387; *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj…, 7–41; @7C885,
*;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebrslbtb…, 42–57; Black, Cyril. The Establishment of Constitutional
Government in Bulgaria. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1943, 57–100.
8
Tpf sjmoptp dqgybtmgojg pt Fgrmjoslj fpepdpr s|crbojgtp jidgstop drgng pcs|hfbmp
jfgtb ib qrptgstgo ngnpbr l|n Ggmjljtg sjmj j fprj jnbmp jfg fb sg sbnprbiqusog d iobl
ob qrptgst, op tpdb cjmp qrgfptdrbtgop s rgzjtgmobtb obngsb ob rusljtg qrgfstbdjtgmj.
rjyoj srgfstdb, lbtp: sdpcpfb (sbnbtb funb jnbmb nbejygslp d|ifgkstdjg,

fplbtp funbtb lposgrdbtpr cjmb pcjfob), wdbmgog ob obrpfb, qpfnjobdbog
ob embdojtg breungotj ob qrptjdojlb j g pcbergob s qrpstpobrpfgo wunpr,
lpktp sjmop jnqpojrbm ob qpdgygtp fgqutbtj.9 Wbij rgy ibqpydb s: „Obldj
sb tj cbcjoj fgdgtjoj?“, pqrjmjybdb qrgfmphgojgtp ob lpnjsjtb ob „mg-
{b ob ljcbc“ j qrpf|mhbdb s funjtg: „Wg jslbt lpostjtuxj, d lptp fb dgg
og{p, s fruej funj, jslbt olbldb dt|rojygdb lpostjtuxj“. ^g qrjdg-
fgn sbnp gfop ygstp xjtjrbop nstp:
Wpebi jimgidb, yg qpgfjojyojtg r|lpdpfjtgmj, lpmlp unoj j qrpsdgtg-

oj fb sb, npebt qp-slprp fb ibcmuft j fb sc|rlbt, ptlpmlptp irmp pc-
njsmgoptp pc{p jmj obrpfop nogojg. […] M fb dj lbhb: nopep qp-qrb-
dp njsmj ib sgcg sj sbn gfjo obrpf, lpktp opsj tgepcjtg, lpktp j rbi-
cjrb fg ep ptrgqdbt, ptlpmlptp npebt fb njsmt ib ogep mjxb qrjdjmg-
ejrpdboj, lpjtp ygstp, j qrj fpcrb dpm, {p cjwb jnbmj fb c|fbt qp-
mgioj, n|yop uebhfbt fg j lbl trcdb fb nu qpnpeobt j jimgidb, yg nop-
ep q|tj tg ep ygzbt tbnp, fgtp og ep s|rcj. Sstbdgtg obrpfb fb t|rsj
sbn xr ib cpmljtg sj, lpjtp usg{b, j c|fgtg udgrgoj, yg tpk qp-slprp
{g ep obngrj j {g ungg fb ep qrjsqpspcj…10
Tgtlp Vmbdgklpd jiwphfbm pt njs|mtb ib ogqpergzjnpst j dsgdmbstjg

ob obrpfb, pttul strgngh|t uqrbdmgojgtp fb c|fg lpmlptp sg nphg qp-ogqp-
srgfstdgop, s lpgtp jirbidbm (j s|ifbdbm) qrgpcmbfbdb{ptp srgf obrpfoj-
tg qrgfstbdjtgmj obstrpgojg. Vbnjt ogepd obyjo ob epdprgog sg lpngotjrb
dqpsmgfstdjg lbtp q|rdp obdmjibog ob qpqumjinb d c|mebrslj sdpcpfgo qp-
mjtjygslj hjdpt, b tpk – lbtp rpfpobybmojl ob qpqumjstlbtb fgnbepej.11
9 ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, 137–138; .E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqg-
tgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg (qpmjtjygslj jiuybdboj d|rwu lrjibtb ob qbrmbngotbrjinb j

fgnplrbxjtb). V., 1923 (jnb vptptjqop jifbojg ob „Rbulb j jilustdp“ pt 1994 e.), 112–118.
10 [jt. qp ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, 167–168. (Qbmlp qp-pcrbcp-
tgo dbrjbot u *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, 33–34). Ugytb ob fruej embdgo ib-
{jtojl ob „mjcgrbmjinb“ Tgtlp Obrbdgmpd ibqpydb s|{p lrbkop fgnpepeslj: „^p djhfbng
ojg d tp rbqprt, lpktp oj qrgfstbdj lpnjsjtb!? … Rbngstp qrjoxjqj, oglpj sj ygtjrj ob-
ybmb, qpfqmbtgoj s lposgrdbtjdgo dgt|r. Rbngstp tgijsj – edbylb. Rbngstp nptjdj… ib np-
tjdjtg ognb fb epdpr, sbnp npeb fb lbhb funjtg ob Ibotg: b ob tj qpemgfoj j d|rdj sj… V
gfob funb, d tp rbqprt ognb oj qpmjtjlb, oj mpejlb, oj erbnbtjlb.“ [jt. qp .E3<@A5, ,8E=A.
Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, s. 116.)
11
.E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, s. 96 (cgm.), 112–118. Tpf „fgnb-
epej“ bdtpr|t jnb qrgfdjf ~rjfjygslb oglpnqgtgotopst j fprj objdopst, b s|{p yjstp rj-
tprjyop e|fgmjylbog ob strbstjtg ob nopijostdptp, cgi fb sg qpfmbebt ob s|nogojg obngrg-
ojtb ob „fpcrjtg j jslrgoj q|rdj obrpfoj trjcuoj“. V|{p Vjngpo Ubfgd lbidb qp qpdpf ob-
ngsbtb ob Tgtlp Vmbdgklpd d rbijsldbogtp ob rbqprtb ob lpnjsjtb: „F|mebrsljt mjcgrbmj-
i|n jnb sdptb q|rdb qpcgfb j fgnbepejtb dmgig pvjxjbmop d qpmjtjygslj oj hjdpt.“
-3785, .;?8A@. Vtrpjtgmjtg ob s|drgngoob…, t. I, s. 86.
G wpfb ob fjslusjjtg sg pvprnjmj fdb mbegrb, lpjtp fbmj obybmp ob c|-

fg{jtg qbrtjj – mjcgrbmj j lposgrdbtprj. Vrgf ungrgojtg (lposgrdbtp-
rjtg) cjmj Opostbotjo Vtpjmpd, Ijnjt|r Hrglpd, Qbrlp Fbmbcbopd, Wp-
fpr Mlpopnpd, Hrjepr Rbypdjy, gqjslpq Omjngot (Gbsjm Irungd) j fr., b
obygmp ob ogqrjnjrjnjtg (mjcgrbmjtg) ibstbobmj Tgtlp Obrbdgmpd, Irb-
ebo [bolpd, Tgtlp Vmbdgklpd j fr. Pjcgrbmjtg obf fgmgmj og cgi qpqumjst-
lj qpwdbtj j breungotj.
G lrbkob sngtlb rusljt qrpglt g qrgrbcptgo d p{g qp-fgnplrbtjygo
fuw. G|iqrjgt g qrjoxjq|t ob dsgpc{p jicjrbtgmop qrbdp, cgi obiobybgnj
obrpfoj qrgfstbdjtgmj j tbljdb qp fm|hopst (lbldjtp qrpglt|t qrgfdjh-
fbm); d|dgmb sg iblpopfbtgmob jojxjbtjdb j ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg, jiw-
d|rm sg jostjtuxjtb f|rhbdgo s|dgt, smgf lbtp cjmp ptwd|rmgop sqpng-
obtptp qp-lposgrdbtjdop qrgfmphgojg ob lpnjsjtb ib s|ifbdbog ob sgobt
lbtp dtprb lbnbrb.12 Rbk-sgtog ptwd|rmgo cjm tglst|t ib dbsbmoj ptopzg-
oj ob Oohgstdptp l|n Gjsplbtb qprtb; s|ptdgtop „Srebojygslj ustbd“
sg ibngomp s „lpostjtuxj“. Xyrgfjtgmoptp s|crbojg cjmp iblrjtp s qrj-
gnbogtp ob lpostjtuxjtb ob 16 bqrjm 1879 e. Rb smgfdb{j fgo cjmp ptl-
rjtp T|rdptp dgmjlp obrpfop s|crbojg, lpgtp jicrbmp (qp qrgqpr|lb ob
ruslptp qrbdjtgmstdp, lposumtjrbob s Ggmjljtg sjmj) ib c|mebrslj loi
Emglsbof|r Fbtgocgre, qmgngoojl ob ruslj jnqgrbtpr Emglsbof|r II j
egrnboslj pvjxgr. Wpk qpmphjm lmgtdb qrgf s|crbojgtp ob 26 ~oj 1879 e.
Vqpr|t „ib“ jmj „qrptjd“ dtprb lbnbrb j qp wbrbltgrb ob lpostjtuxj-
tb jipc{p qrpf|mhjm f|mep smgf ogkoptp qrjgnbog j qrjqmbndbm qgrjp-
fjygslj. Wpk sg qpfwrbodbm pt obyjob ob ogkoptp vuolxjpojrbog j fplpm-
lp tp pqrbdfbmp obngrgojtb j obfghfjtg ob uyrgfjtgmjtg. Tp smuybk
25-epfjzojobtb pt qrjgnbogtp ob lpostjtuxjtb sqjsbojg „Hrbhfbojo“
obqrbdjmp fpqjtdbog ib nogojgtp ob hjdjtg uyrgfjtgmj. Tpdgygtp pt dig-
mjtg uybstjg sg jilbidbt ptrjxbtgmop ib fptpebdbzoptp „lpostjtuxjpoop“
uqrbdmgojg, b olpj sntbt sqgxjbmop ptwd|rmogtp ob dtprbtb lbnbrb j
qrglpngrobtb sdpcpfb ib ergzlb; fruej sb ob nogojg, yg og lpostjtuxjtb
g djopdob, b pogij, lpjtp og sqbidbt.13
12 Vqprgf tpdb qrgfmphgojg fgdgt pt sgobtprjtg trcdb fb sg obiobybdbt pt loib, j tp
qphjiogop, trjnb – qp qrbdp ob ibgnbob fm|hopst, b ib pstbobmjtg zgstjnb lpnjsjtb sg lp-

mgcbgmb fbmj fb c|fbt digtj pt s|fjmj{b, uygcoj ibdgfgoj, obuyoj fruhgstdb j qr., jmj fb
c|fbt jicjrboj pt obrpfb. Rjlpk iblpopqrpglt og nphgm fb stbog iblpo, cgi fb c|fg qrjgt j
pt sgobtb. ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, s. 132.
13
Vqpngoj j dqgybtmgoj. Stijdj pt qrgfstbdjtgmjtg ob Xyrgfjtgmoptp s|crbojg d W|r-
opdp. – Hrbhfbojo, 1, 1904, C 5–6, 346–398. Lb rgvprnb ob lpostjtuxjtb d snjs|m ob dtprb
lbnbrb s qrgfstbdjtgmj ob „s|smpdj“ pt qp-umgeobmj wprb (fuwpdojxj, s|fjj, mglbrj j dpgo-
oj) dh. "8>J85, ". Rbzjtg ibfbyj. – Pgtpqjsj, 2, 1900–1901, C 8, 172–174. Wpdb sg breungo-
tjrb lbtp obspygop qrptjd „tjrbojtb ob nopijostdptp“ j qrpngomjdjtg strbstj j lbtp fgnb-
epej.
St fpstb qp-l|sop drgng j og smuybkop pt qpqumjstlptp uqrbdmgojg ob

igngfgmslj rghjn fbtjrbt bobmjijtg ob sjstgnbtb ob uqrbdmgojg j qrgf-
mphgojtb ib qrpnob ob lpostjtuxjtb ob djfoj ~rjst Tgtlp Vtbkopd.
Wpk pqrgfgm lbtp „fgnplrbtjygslj njstjxji|n“ jirbigobtb pt Vmbdgklpd
drb d obrpfb, lptp og fpquslb d|inphopst tb ib udmjybog d qrglbmgopstj,
ojtp d|inphopst tb nopijostdptp fb tjrbojijrb nbmxjostdptp, lbtp ep mj-
zj pt sdpcpfj (ibqmbwb ib sdpcpfbtb sg djhfbmb sbnp pt strbob ob loib).14
Rb sdpk rgf Vtbkopd pcpsopdbdb ogpcwpfjnpst tb pt dtprb lbnbrb, obk-
obqrgf tgwojygslj – lbtp srgfstdp ib qpdjzbdbog ob lpnqgtgotopst tb j
qrpvgsjpobmjinb d qbrmbngotb j ob uqrbdmgojgtp jipc{p d s|ptdgtstdjg
s fuwb ob opdptp drgng ob usmphogoj uqrbdmgoslj ibfbyj.15 Vrgf vuolxjj-
tg ob gfob dtprb lbnbrb sg jicrpdbt: pcnjsmogtp ob iblpojtg (qrgfj emb-
sudbogtp jn pt qbrmbngotb), ebrboxjj ib sqbidbogtp ob lpostjtuxjtb, ibs-
t|qdbog ob jidgstoj qrpvgsjpobmoj j lprqprbtjdoj jotgrgsj (ob uojdgr-
sjtgtb, fuwpdgostdptp, t|repdslj, jofustrjbmoj j igngfgmslj lbnbrj).
Edtpr|t rbidjdb gfop njojnbmjstlp swdb{bog ib vuolxjjtg ob qpfpcop
tmp lbtp yjstp „lpfjvjlbxjpoob lpnjsj“, qpfeptd{b qrgfdbrjtgmop
iblpopqrpgltjtg, ib fb sg jicgeobt qrjgnbogtp ob ogfpnjsmgoj j botjlpo-
stjtuxjpooj iblpoj j nopepcrpkojtg qrpngoj dqpsmgfstdjg; qrgfdjhfb
sg j d|inphopst ib lposumtbtjdob lbnbrb s qrpvgsjpobmop qrgfstbdjtgm-
stdp (ob qrpvgsjpobmoj prebojibxjj j sjofjlbtj) j lpnqgtgotoj mjxb,
yjgtp nogojg fb c|fg qucmjyop jismuzdbop pt qbrmbngotb. Rp Vtbkopd og
lrjg, yg cj hgmbm fb djfj j og{p qpdgyg d qpfpcoj jostboxjj, b jngoop –
j tmp s qpmjtjygslp iobygojg, s|dg{btgmop-lpotrpmgo prebo pt wprb s dj-
spl xgoi j lpnqgtgotopst, lpktp fb nphg fb d|iqjrb fpmobtb lbnbrb d ud-
14
.E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, 112–113. Qopep fpcrg g wbrbltg-
rjijrbo tpij „fgnplrbtji|n“ pt *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, 25–26, 35–36.
O|n jidmgygobtb pt qrgfbojtb ob obxjpobmojtg cprcj drb d „obrpfb“ ob obrpfoj fgkxj lb-
tp Vmbdgklpd j „cukoj embdj“ pt tjqb ob Obrbdgmpd, lpjtp udmjybmj obk-dgyg frgcobtb erbf-
slb curhpbij (gsobvjtg), sg fpcbdmb ogobdjst tb l|n dslbldj qrjdjmgejrpdboj eruqj (lb-
tp qrgfjzojtg yprcbfhjj) j ogfpdgrjgtp l|n uygojtg j bfdplbtjtg d ybstopst (pt tjqb ob
Vtpjmpd j Hrglpd), yjgtp jotgmgltubmop qrgd|iwpfstdp tg dgrptop usg{bmj j ep t|mludbmj
lbtp qrgogcrghgojg l|n obrpfb. St frueb strbob, tg og nphgmj fb sj qrgfstbdt ogpcwpfj-
npst tb pt lpostjtuxjpooj ebrboxjj srg{u impuqptrgcjtg ob sbnj fgnplrbtji|n (fb sg eb-
rbotjrb lpostjtuxjtb pt dpmtb ob obrpfb). Obltp sj sqpno 25 epfjoj smgf qrjgnbogtp ob
lpostjtuxjtb uybstojl|t d W|ropdslptp s|crbojg Qbrlp Fbmbcbopd, breungotbxjtb srg{u
dtprb lbnbrb d|rdmb s td|rfgojgtp, yg og trcdb fb sg jifjebt qrgylj j stgoj nghfu loib j
obrpfb. Gh. Vqpngoj j dqgybtmgoj…, 366–367.
15 .E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, 108–130. G gfjo jstprjygslj
qrgemgf ob d|qrpsb Vtbkopd qpspydb lbtp ptybstj qpergzob breungotbxjtb ob lpnjsjtb ob

Xyrgfjtgmoptp s|crbojg j lbtp p{g qp-qpergzop t|mludbogtp ob „sgobtb“ pt mjcgrbmjtg, b
jngoop d lmbspd snjs|m, lbtp tmp pt qrjdjmgejrpdboj mjxb, yprcbfhjj jmj brjstplrbxj.
mgygojtb D, fb ibcbd j fprj fb smbeb dgtp ob qrjc|riboj iblpoj, t. g. s|-

{joslb dtprb qpmjtjygslb lbnbrb.16
Opostjtuxjpoojt sqpr jnb j qp-pc{p j spxjbmop-vjmpspvslp jing-
rgojg: ob lbldb qpydb j d lbldb trbfjxj qpqbfb tbij td|rfg „fgnplrbtjy-
ob“ lpostjtuxj; fbmj t g qpfwpf{b ib obrpf, lpktp tgq|rdb ibqpydb sdp-
cpfgo hjdpt j onb qrjdjylj fb uqrbhodb fbfgojtg nu qrbdb. G rbcptbtb
sj ib c|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj (j rbidjtjgtp ob qpmjtjygslj strpk) djf-
ojt ruslj ~rjst Tbdgm Qjm~lpd ptcgmidb lpotrbstb u obs nghfu „td|r-
fg obqrgfojybdj lpostjtuxjpooj uyrghfgoj j td|rfg gmgngotbrgo pc{g-
stdgo j lumturgo strpk, l|n lpktp tj uyrghfgoj sg qrjmbebt“. Wpk pcb-
yg rgzjtgmop dignb qpijxjtb ob Ihpo Vt~brt Qjm qp breungotb ib „og-
irgmpsttb“, b jngoop, yg ojlpeb og g td|rfg rbop ib qrgfstbdjtgmoptp ob-
rpfop uqrbdmgojg, qpoghg tp opsj d sgcg sj d|iqjtbtgmoj gmgngotj, lpjtp
uslprdbt qpmjtjygslptp „s|irdbog“. Wblb sqprgf ogep j d c|mebrslj
„glsqgrjngot“ jirghfbogtp ob smbcpstjtg j ogfpstbt|xjtg ob qbrmbngotb-
rjinb og g breungot qrptjd sbnbtb jfg ib obrpfoptp qrgfstbdjtgmstdp.17
G fruej mbegr ob td|rfjtg ibst|qojxj ob lposgrdbtjdobtb jfg u obs
g Vtpo Qjwbkmpdslj. G gfob obqjsbob s nopep epryjdjob rbcptb qpf ibe-
mbdjg „Obl ibqbfbt j sg qrpdbmt f|rhbdjtg“ (fbtjrbob qrgi 1924 e.) tpk
breungotjrb, yg c|mebrsljt obrpf og g fpstjeobm ogpcwpfjnbtb erbhfbo-
slb j qpmjtjygslb lumturb, og qrjtghbdb ogpcwpfjnj fuw ib tblbdb lrbk-
op fgnplrbtjyob lpostjtuxj; yg ogperbojygojt obrpfgo sudgrgojtgt fb-
db qrj tgij usmpdj hbmlj rgiumtbtj, nghfu lpjtp jilbydbogtp ob ogfps-
tpkoj wprb fp dmbst tb j cgilpotrpmop uqrbdmgojg (qpoghg onb d|if|rhb-
{j sjmj j pc{gstdgop nogojg); qrbdbtb j qrbdpdbtb f|rhbdb pstbdbt sbnp
ob wbrtj j qr.18 Vmgf qmgfpbrj ib qpstgqgoopst qrj d|dghfbogtp ob fg-
nplrbtjyoj jostjtuxjj usqprgfop s rbidjtjgtp l|n erbhfboslb lumturb
tpk jit|ldb lbtp qp-qpfwpf{b urgfcb jicjrbtgmgo xgoi j ogsngogn sg-
obt. Rb gfop nstp fprj obngldb ib ogpcwpfjnpst tb pt „hgmiob r|lb d lb-
fjvgoj r|lbdjxj“, ib fb „usnjrj“ c|mebrjtg j fb d|dgfg rgf.19
16
Obtp qpiobdb mjqsbtb ob brjstplrbtjyob trbfjxj u obs j qpfpirjtgmopst tb l|n ds-
lbldj qrjdjmgejrpdboj mjxb j s|smpdj, Vtbkopd bqgmjrb qpog ib lposumtjrbog ob qbrmbngo-
tb pt lpnqgtgotoj mjxb j qrpvgsjpobmoj prebojibxjj qrj jidgstob ibf|mhjtgmopst ob tpdb
fpqjtdbog.
17
*;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, I–II (qrgfepdpr).
18
*;H3<>A5D=;, .EAO@. Obl ibqbfbt j sg qrpdbmt f|rhbdjtg. – G|d: *;H3<>A5D=;,
.EAO@. Rgjifbfgoj s|yjogoj. W. I (Qgtbqpmjtjlb). V., 1940, 77–209, pspc. 85–86, 103–106,
108–111, 138–139, 146, 150–151, 163–164, 168–169, 174–175, 178–179, 192–193, 206–208.
Ubcptbtb g obqjsbob qrgi 1924 e.
19 Tbl tbn…, 163–164.
Ubinjobdbojtb nghfu lpostjtuxj j rgbmopstj sb cjmj pcsodboj j

obk-vuofbngotbmop s ogs|ptdgtstdjtb nghfu ibmphgoptp d og bcstrblt-
op j jofjdjfubmjstjyop qpotjg ib erbhfbojo j s|ptdgtobtb jfg ib ob-
rpfop qrgfstbdjtgmstdp ob jofjdjfubmoj dpmj j s|dsgn rbimjyobtb pc{g-
stdgob srgfb u obs, l|fgtp tg sb qpfmphgoj ob sdpgpcrbiob lpmgltjdjstlb
(qpqumjstlb) jotgrqrgtbxj.20 X qpdgygtp pt uyrgfjtgmjtg j q|rdjtg uq-
rbdmdb{j g s|{gstdudbmb td|rfg ogsob, sjmop jfgbmjijrbob (j obqrbdp
ngtbvjijyob) jfg ib obrpf j obrpfop sbnpuqrbdmgojg, l|fgtp lpmgltj-
djin|t, spmjfbropsttb, „prebojygslptp“ gfjostdp j dpfbygstdptp pt jngtp
ob obrpfb jnbt qrjprjtgt obf jofjdjfubmojtg qrbdb j vprnbmojtg qrpxg-
furj. F|mebrslbtb (d|irphfgoslbtb) trbfjxj d tpdb ptopzgojg g lpmgltj-
djstjyob j qpqumjstlb, b og jofjdjfubmjstjyob j ~rjfjygslb. G tpij snj-
s|m g smgfojt lpngotbr ob s|drgngoojl:
G obzgtp erbhfbostdp j d tj, lpjtp ep qrgfstbdmdbwb d Xyrgfjtgmop-

tp s|crbojg, onbzg rbidjtp jofjdjfubmop sbnps|iobojg, lpgtp fb
djhfb d lpostjtuxjtb jfgotjvjxjrbog ob sdpgtp f|mcplp d|trgzop
rbicjrbog. M tpdb g nopep sop. So fuwpdgo jofjdjfubmji|n, lpktp
sbnp cj npe|m fb obqrbdj lpostjtuxjtb rgbmgo vblt d obzj hjdpt,
og nphgzg fb jnb nstp qrj stpqboslj npngot, lpktp qrghjddbwng
tpebdb. […] E iobg sg, yg sbnp mjyopsttb, pstbdgob sbnb ob sgcg sj fb
qprj dsrgf wbpsb pt nbtgrjbmoj ptopzgoj, nphg fb svprnjrb ygrtj-
tg ob gfob ogibdjsjnb, eprfb j d|trgzop jnqumsjdob mjyopst. asop g,
yg d|rwu qbtrjbrwbmoj ptopzgoj og nphg fb sg rbidjg erbhfboslj
fuw. Rp jnb j p{g gfop dbhop qpmphgojg, lpgtp g ucjmp qsjwpmpejtb
ob obzgtp opdp erbhfbostdp. Wpdb g dglpdoptp rpcstdp qpf turxjtg,
lpgtp, lbtp g snbidbmp dslp eprfp yudstdp, svprnjrbmp g rpcslbtb
qsjwpmpej ob c|mebrjob.21
Rp q|l obrpfpqsjwpmpe|t Eotpo Vtrbzjnjrpd ptwd|rm ldbmjvjxj-

rbogtp ob c|mebrslptp smgfpsdpcphfgoslp pc{gstdp lbtp trbfjxjpoop,
objdop qbtrjbrwbmjstlp j ibfruhop lpmgltjdjstjyop. Gngstp tpdb tpk ep-
dprj ib sdpgpcrbigo nbotbmjtgt ob „jofjdjfubmjijrbo fgnplrbtji|n“ j
„cjtpdp erbhfbostdp“, jidghfboj pt ogep pt ogsjeuropst tb ob hjdptb d
turslp drgng. Wpebdb sg s|ifbmb hjtgkslbtb vjmpspvj j nblsjnbtb „Gs-
lb lpib ob sdpk lrbl“, jirbidb{b gfopdrgngoop sbnpstpkopst j bspxjbm-
20
Rbqpsmgf|l %>8@=A5, &53@. Upfop j fsop. V., PMO, 1998, 13–29. Obtp epdprj ib lpo-
stjtuxjpooj fgcbt, bdtpr|t qpspydb, yg c|mebrsljt mjcgrbmji|n tpebdb cjm ds|{opst gfob
„obrpfojygslb jfgpmpej“; onbmp ptlrpgoj jlpopnjygslj jotgrgsj j bcstrbltoj erbhfboj,
mjqsdbm jofjdjfubmji|n.
21 13C;:3@A5, &53@. Trjops l|n wbrbltgrjstjlbtb ob obzjtg qbrtjj. – Ignplrbtjygslj
qrgemgf, 4, 1906, C 3, 267–287, xjt. ob 271–272.

opst, cgi „yjopobybmjg“ l|n bdtprjtgtj lbtp sdg{gojl, uyjtgm, stbrgk j

fruej dmbstj.22 V fruej funj, djopdob ib jilrjddbojtb d qpmjtjygslj
hjdpt g og mjqsbtb ob jofjdjfubmji|n j ob erbhfboj, b twoptp rbimjyop
spxjbmop-cjtpdp lbygstdp.
Gojnbojg ibsmuhbdbt j rbis|hfgojtb ob jstprjlb ob W|ropdslbtb
lpostjtuxj P~cpnjr Gmbfjljo, lpktp rbiemghfb c|mebrslbtb smgfpsdp-
cphfgoslb fgnplrbxj lbtp ogqrbdpngrgo qrgops ob td|rfg rbimjyoptp
(cjtpdp) ngstop obrpfpdmbstjg d|rwu f|rhbdbtb qpf vprnbtb ob yuhf ib
obzjtg trbfjxjj qbrmbngotbrji|n. Vqprgf tbij jfg sbnpuqrbdmgojgtp,
lpgtp u obs rbcptgmp fpcrg ob ngstop ojdp, og vuolxjpojrbmp fpcrg ob
xgotrbmop (obxjpobmop) ojdp:
Wpdb ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg obq|mop ibfpdpmdbzg jijsldbojtb ob

tpebdbzoj erbhfbojo j nblbr fb og s|stbdmdb flbtb ob fgnplrbxj-
tb d npfgrobtb f|rhbdb, s|stbd ogkobtb psopdb j – tpdb ojg pspcgop
qpfygrtbdbng – sqpspcstdb ib rbidjtjgtp u obrpfb [ob] s|iobojg ib qp-
mjtjygslp fpstpkostdp, dlus l|n erbhfboslb sdpcpfb j hgmbojg ib
sbnpuqrbdmdbog. Vbnp gfob st|qlb qp-obtbt|l l|n ibdmbfdbog [ob]
xgotrbmoj lpostjtuxjpogo jostjtut, qbrmbngotb, j obrpfpdmbstjgtp
stbdb q|mop. […] Qphg cj Xyrgfjtgmoptp s|crbojg og dig fpstbt|yop
qpf dojnbojg, yg obrpf|t cg sdjlobm s zjrplp ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg,
op qrj sjmob xgotrbmob dmbst – tp dig cjtpdptp ngstop sbnpuqrbdmg-
ojg j nu qrjcbdj ibgtj pt Lbqbf qbrmbngotbrji|n.23
G qpfpcgo snjs|m (op yjstp lpostbtjdop) g gfop srbdogojg s fruej

cbmlboslj strboj, sqprgf lpgtp qp-l|sop d|iojlobmbtb c|mebrslb f|rhbdb
g „qrgslpyjmb“ trbfjxjpobmjstlbtb (qbtrjbrwbmjstlb) vbib ob qpmjtjyg-
slp uqrbdmgojg j mgejtjnopst ob fruej f|rhbdj (pspcgop V|rcj j H|r-
xj s tgwojtg bdtplrbtj j pmjebrwjj). Tpf r|lpdpfstdptp ob pcrbipdboj
mjcgrbmoj gmjtj u obs sg d|iqrjgnb obqrbdp npfgrojt mjcgrbmgo (j ob-
xjpobmgo) npfgm ob f|rhbdop ustrpkstdp yrgi qrgfstbdjtgmstdp ob jotg-
rgsj j s|ptdgtob mgejtjnbxj ob dmbsttb. Wpk pcbyg g qpqumjstlj qrgjo-
tgrqrgtjrbo d fuwb ob qp-stbrjtg qrgfstbdj ib ngstop obrpfop sbnpuqrbd-
mgojg j qrj npopmjtop swdb{bog ob obrpfobtb pc{opst.24
22
.EC3K;?;CA5, @EA@. Ijltbtpr|t. Kjdpt|t ob Vtgvbo Vtbncpmpd. V., Vtrgmgx, 1993
(q|rdp jifbojg pt 1935 e.), 84–85, 151–152.
23 ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, 33–34. G tpij rgf ob njsmj bdtpr|t
sntb, yg qrpdbm|t ob qrgfmphgojgtp ib I|rhbdgo s|dgt jmj sgobt j qrjgnbogtp ob „obk-fg-

nplrbtjyobtb“ ib drgngtp lpostjtuxj fpdgmj fp mpzj qpsmgfjxj – mpzb fgnplrbxj. Vqprgf
ogep dop qp-fpcrb cj cjmb qp-sjmob xgotrbmob dmbst.
24 *;K=A53, $;3@3. Trjsqpspcdbog ob sdpcpfbtb. Qpfgropst – mgejtjnopst d V|rcj j
Uun|oj qrgi ZIZ dgl. V., Tbrbfjenb, 2001, 311–316.

XVWUSNVWGS RE MLWS\RE UXQJPMa
Mitpyob Uungmj cjmb s|ifbfgob lbtp dbsbmob ob sumtbob pcmbst s|s sdpk
stbtut.25 Srebojygsljt ustbd g ibnjsmgo qp sbnpuqrbdmgojgtp (self-gov-
ernment) ob boemjksljtg lpmpojj j fpnjojpoj Edstrbmj, Obobfb, Rpdb
Lgmbofj j fr., lpjtp jnbmj sdpcpfjtg j ogibdjsjnpst tb ob uyrghfgojtb
d Eoemj, b lpolrgtoptp jn ustrpkstdp cjmp s|pcrbigop s ngstojtg ouhfj.
Edtpr ob q|rdpobybmoj qrpglt g Zgorj Ir|npof-Xpmv, op d qrgrbcptlb-
tb digmj uybstjg j qrgfstbdjtgmj ob fruejtg sjmj. Vqprgf ustbdb obygmp
ob pcmbst tb stpj embdgo uqrbdjtgm wrjstjojo, s zjrplj qrbdb, obiobyb-
dbo ib qgt epfjoj pt sumtbob s|s s|embsjgtp ob Ggmjljtg sjmj. Hmbdojtg bf-
njojstrbtjdoj smuhcj (obrgygoj fjrglxjj) sb qpdgrgoj ob zgstjnb fj-
rgltprj s qpmphgojg ob njojstrj, vprnjrb{j og{p lbtp ybstgo s|dgt ob
embdoj uqrbdjtgm; tg sg obiobybdbt pt qpsmgfoj s pfpcrgojg ob sumtbob.
Wpdb sb d ybstopst fjrgltprjtg ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj, ob qrbdps|fjgtp, ob
vjobosjtg, ob igngfgmjgtp, t|repdjtb j pc{gstdgojtg serbfj, ob obrpf-
optp qrpsdg{gojg; ptfgmop pt tw sb njmjxjtb j hbofbrngrjtb. Lblpop-
fbtgmobtb dmbst sg uqrbhodb pt Scmbstop s|crbojg, s|stp{p sg qrgfjn-
op pt jicproj ymgopdg (36 fuzj) – 10 qp qrbdp j 10 obiobygoj pt embdoj
uqrbdjtgm. Eltjdop jicjrbtgmop qrbdp jnbmj mjxb obf 21 epfjoj, b qbsjd-
op (fb c|fbt jicjrboj) jnbmj sbnpstptgmoj igngdmbfgmxj, wprb s t|repd-
slp jmj jofustrjbmop ibotjg j wprb s pcrbipdbojg. Scmbstoptp s|crbojg
jicjrbmp pt sdptb srgfb og{p lbtp eprob lbnbrb, t. obr. Tpstpogo lpnj-
tgt (pt 10 fuzj j trjnb ibngstojxj), lpktp smuhj lbtp s|dgt ob embdoj
uqrbdjtgm j iblpopfbtgmstdb ibgfop s ogep d|d drgngtp nghfu sgsjjtg ob
Scmbstoptp s|crbojg. Wpk g qpstpoop fgkstdb{ prebo ob Scmbstoptp
s|crbojg, pdmbstgo s lpotrpm d|rwu fgkopst tb ob bfnjojstrbxjtb, j vbl-
tjygslj qrjfpcjdb iobyjtgmob dmbst (d qrptjdptghgst ob ybstoj s|dgt lb-
tp prebo ob embdoj uqrbdjtgm).26
Scmbsttb sg qpfrbifgm ob 6 plr|eb j 28 plpmjj, lpjtp ob sdpk rgf sg
fgmgmj ob erbfslj j sgmslj pc{joj s|s sdp tgrjtprj. Slr|e|t sg uqrbd-
mdb pt plr|hgo uqrbdjtgm (qrgvglt) s qpnp{tb ob obiobybgn pt ogep s|-
dgt; d|d dsglj plr|e jnb plr|hop qrgfstbdjtgmstdp, plr|hop s|fjmj{g j
bfnjojstrbtjdop s|fjmj{g. Slr|hoptp qrgfstbdjtgmstdp sg obrjyb Hmb-
25 !A4J85, .E8G3@. Mitpyob Uungmj. Mstprjygslj qpemgf, ustrpkstdp, iblpopfbtgmstdp
j qrbdps|fjg. – Hpfjzojl ob Vpvjkslj uojdgrsjtgt. `rjfjygslj vblumtgt. W. 19. 1923–
1924. V., 1924, 1–124; *3793CA5, *;H3;>. Mitpyob Uungmj. Mstprjygslj qrgemgf. V., 1925.
Lb pqjsbojg ob Srebojygslj ustbd dh. j @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebrslbtb…, 58–64;
*3@A>A53, *3C;O. Mstprj ob f|rhbdbtb…, 79–92. V|{p &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp
F|mebrj, 408–419.
26
Gh. ib qpstpooj lpnjtgt !A4J85, .E8G3@. Mitpyob Uungmj…, s. 59, 130–134.
dgo s|dgt j sg s|stpmp qrgfjnop pt jicproj ymgopdg (pqrgfgmgoj yrgi ji-

cprj d plpmjjtg) j olpj obiobybgnj ymgopdg, lbltp j pt ymgopdg qp qrbdp;
tpk sg sdjldbm fb rbiemgfb j embsudb c~fhgtjtg ob plr|eb, ibojnbdbm sg
s|s stpqbosljtg d|qrpsj, s cmbepustrpkstdptp j cgipqbsopst tb ob plr|eb
j qr. Hmbdojt s|dgt jim|ydbm plr|hob lpnjsj, pembddbob pt qrgfsgfb-
tgm ob Hmbdoj s|dgt – lbtp qpstpoop qrgfstbdjtgmstdp d|d drgngtp
nghfu sgsjjtg.
Slpmjtb jnbmb obiobybgn plpmjkslj obybmojl, lpktp jiq|modbm ulb-
ibojtb ob d|rwpdobtb j plr|hobtb dmbst. Gslb erbfslb pc{job jnbmb
lngt, jicjrbo pt erbfslj s|dgt, jicjrbo ob sdpk rgf pt obsgmgojgtp; lng-
t|t j erbfsljt s|dgt sg ibojnbdbmj s erbfslj c~fhgt j ibgnj, s pc{jo-
sljtg jnptj, erbfsljtg fbo|xj, b s|{p tblb sg erjhgmj ib uyjmj{btb, cmb-
epustrpkstdptp j qpmjxgkslbtb smuhcb d erbfpdgtg. Vgmsljtg pc{joj
jnbmj sgmslj lngtpdg j stbrgkslj s|dgtj, jicjrboj pt obsgmgojgtp. Hrbf-
sljtg j sgmsljtg lngtpdg cjmj smuhgcop qpfyjogoj ob plpmjksljtg obybm-
ojxj j plr|hojtg uqrbdjtgmj. Mipc{p (lbltp jit|ldb Vtgvbo Fpcygd)
Srebojygsljt ustbd cjm qp-sgo, qp-qpfrpcgo j qp-jirjygo pt W|ropd-
slbtb lpostjtuxj j qrgfdjhfbm fgxgotrbmjibxj j ngstoj qrgfstbdjtgm-
oj uyrghfgoj.27
Vqprgf rgfjxb obcm~fgoj Mitpyob Uungmj cjmb qp-fpcrg bfnjojst-
rjrbob pt Oohgstdptp. Gojnbtgmgo obcm~fbtgm lbtp Mrgygl ibcgmidb:
Vtrbobtb, gfob pt obk-cpebtjtg ob qpmupstrpdb, slprp sg pqrbdj. Tp-

mjtjygslj c|rlptjj lbtp poj d Oohgstdptp tbn onbzg. Gsjylp tbn
ogptngoop cg obrgfgop qp Srebojygslj ustbd j sg obnjrbzg qpf nop-
eplrbtgo lpotrpm: ob Tprtbtb, lposumjtg, Scmbstoptp s|crbojg, trjtg
obxjpobmopstj j sdpcpfoj qgybt. \jopdojxjtg rflp sg sngodbwb,
qpoghg sqprgf Srebojygslj ustbd udpmodbogtp jijsldbzg s|fgcob
qrjs|fb. Rb lprnjmptp cwb og gnjerbotj, op ngstoj, ptfbdob tul ib-
sgmgoj wprb, pspcgop cgemjlyjksljtg sgngkstdb ji Opqrjd{jxb j qrp-
jiwpf{jtg pt tw qmpdfjdslj qbtrjxjj. Trptjd trjijyobtb stpmjxb
Tmpdfjd jist|qzg Vmjdgo lbtp xgot|r ob c|mebrslptp obxjpobmop
fdjhgojg. Vlprp sg ibcgmibwb ibybtlj ob rungmjkslj ngstgo qbtrjp-
tji|n: jotgmjegoxjtb, pcgiqgygob yrgi trbkoj j tm|stj qrjwpfj j qp-
pcrbipdbob dsmgfstdjg sopzgojtb s [brjerbf j nprgtp, syjtbzg sgcg
sj ib og{p qp-fpcrp pt wprbtb ptd|f qmbojojtg, d Oohgstdptp.28
Qphg fb sg ptcgmghj jidgstop rbidjtjg l|n fgkstdjtgmgo qbrmbngotb-

rji|n d pcmbsttb, d|qrglj yg tpdb og cjmp qrgfdjfgop d Srebojygslj
27 Tbl tbn, s. 63.
28
&C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp F|mebrj, s. 415. Tpfpcop ob s. 323.
ustbd, b qrpstp qp sjmbtb ob pcstptgmstdbtb – ob rbiopembsjtb s Gjsplb-

tb qprtb plpmp olpj obiobygoj j jipc{p qprbfj cprcbtb ib ib{jtb ob
c|mebrsljtg jotgrgsj. Ubidjtjgtp d tbij obsplb sg jirbidbmp d|d d|dgh-
fbogtp ob qrjoxjqb ib qpmjtjygslb ptepdpropst ob fjrgltprjtg (qp ustbd
olpj obiobybdboj j dsjylj utd|rhfbdboj pt sumtbob) j qpstbdogtp jn d
ibdjsjnpst pt fpdgrjgtp ob obrpfojtg qrgfstbdjtgmj. Wpdb stbobmp qprb-
fj sepdprb nghfu qpsmgfojtg j qbtrjptjinb ob fdbnbtb egogrbm-eucgrob-
tprj (Emglp Fpeprjfj j Hbdrjm Or|stgdjy). T|rdjt cmbnjrbo fjrgltpr
]njt og jslbm fb ptst|qj, op egogrbm-eucgrobtpr|t nu ibdjm, yg lbtp g
ibeucjm fpdgrjgtp ob obrpfojtg qrgfstbdjtgmj, ibeucjm g j ogepdptp. Trj
Or|stgdjy lbtp egogrbm-eucgrobtpr sg stjeobmp fptbn, yg tpk sg fpqjtdbm
pvjxjbmop fp lbnbrbtb j jslbm lbofjfbtj ib pdblbotgoj fjrgltprslj
qpstpdg.29
G olbl|d snjs|m Mitpyob Uungmj nphg fb sg rbiemghfb lbtp glsqg-
rjngot ib rbimjyop pt Oohgstdptp, b jngoop qp-lposgrdbtjdop j fgxgot-
rbmjijrbop lpostjtuxjpoop j bfnjojstrbtjdop ustrpkstdp. Ubicjrb sg,
qpfpcop srbdogojg og nphg fb c|fg s|dsgn tpyop qprbfj obmjyjgtp ob s|-
{gstdgoj ptmjlj. Iplbtp nghfuobrpfoptp qpmphgojg fgkstdbmp fgstbcj-
mjijrb{p d Oohgstdptp, ogsbnpstptgmojt stbtut ob Mitpyob Uungmj
sqmptdbm c|mebrsljtg obrpfoj qrgfstbdjtgmj ib ustbopddbog ob c|mebr-
slb wgegnpoj j fgkstdbm lbtp sqjrbylb ib qpmjtjygsljtg cgirgfjxj. Iru-
ej ptmjlj cjmj qp-obqrgfobmjt erbfslj hjdpt d Tmpdfjd j jlpopnjygs-
lptp rbidjtjg ob pcmbsttb. Gsg qbl srbdogojgtp pcr|{b dojnbojg d|rwu
sqpmuymjdptp fgkstdjg ob olpj jostjtuxjj d Mitpyob Uungmj – og{p lb-
tp dtprb lbnbrb, bfnjojstrbtjdgo s|f, rgbmop ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg,
lpjtp mjqsdbmj d Oohgstdptp.
Tp d|qrpsb ib dtprbtb lbnbrb nphg obk-pc{p fb sg td|rfj, yg t s|i-
fbdb fpq|mojtgmop j ptybstj sbnpstptgmop srgfj{g ob qpmjtjygslb
dmbst. Obl lpolrgtop cj fgkstdbmb, ibdjsj pt qrbdpnp{jtb j obyjob ob
s|stbdog ob qpfpcob lbnbrb. asop g, yg lpmlptp qp-epmgnj qrbdpnp{j
jnb j blp d og dmjibt obiobybdboj pt npobrwb wprb jmj ymgopdg „qp qrb-
dp“ (pt rbioj lprqprbxjj), tpmlpdb qp-nbmlp dmjojg cjwb jnbmj qbrtjjtg
d qbrmbngotb j d f|rhbdoptp uqrbdmgojg, b j d pc{gstdptp. G|qrps ob
lpolrgtoj pcstptgmstdb g fbmj qpfpcgo sgobt cj sg rbidjm d pqprb ob mj-
29 *3793CA5, *;H3;>. Mitpyob Uungmj…, 317–320. M Vtgvbo Fpcygd ibcgmidb, yg

Scmbstoptp s|crbojg sg jifjebmp qpstgqgoop fp jstjoslj qbrmbngot, lpktp lpotrpmjrbm
strpep pcmbstoptp uqrbdmgojg j vjobosjtg j dpfgm pcmbst tb l|n cmbeps|stpojg; tpk sd|r-
idb us|rfjgtp d rbcptbtb ob obrpfojtg qrgfstbdjtgmj s|s strgnghb fb sg jidj c|mebrsljt
wbrbltgr ob pcmbsttb, fb sg perbfj pt obngsbtb ob yuhfgoxj j fb sg psdpcpfj pt pqglbtb ob
Gjsplbtb qprtb. Gh. !A4J85, .E8G3@. Mitpyob Uungmj…, 134–135.
ygo rghjn ob npobrwb, d mpcj ob sqgxjbmoj jotgrgsj jmj d olbl|d stphgr

ob lpostjtuxjpobmjinb j iblpoopsttb. Rp lbtp xmp gfdb mj smgfdb mjqsb-
tb ob tbij jostjtuxj fb sg rbiemghfb lbtp embdgo djopdojl ib smbcpstjtg
ob c|mebrslptp qpmjtjygslp rbidjtjg, s|ptdgtop fb sg sntb, yg ogkoptp
obmjyjg cj qrpngojmp rbfjlbmop og{btb, f|mhb{j sg og tpmlpdb ob „qrg-
lpngrob fgnplrbxj“ ob jostjtuxjpoobtb urgfcb, lpmlptp ob fruej vbltp-
rj pt qp-pc{ pc{gstdgo lpotglst. Trj tpdb sbnbtb lpostjtuxj s|dsgn og
cjmb tblb fgnplrbtjyob (psdgo d olpj quoltpdg lbtp dsgpc{ptp jicjrb-
tgmop qrbdp j gfoplbnbrgo qbrmbngot) j embdoptp ptlmpogojg, qpog d q|r-
djtg fgsgtjmgtj, g qp-slprp qp mjoj ob mjyoj rghjn, b og d lrbkopstj-
tg ob obrpfpdmbstjgtp. Irue d|qrps g, yg jicprojtg obsjmj j vbmzjvj-
lbxjj, wbrbltgr|t ob qbrtjkoj hjdpt j mpzptp vuolxjpojrbog ob qbrmb-
ngotb qrgdr|{bmj fgnplrbxjtb d lbrjlbturb.
VXGJUJRMWJW M UELIJPJRMJ RE GPEVWMWJ

TS OSRVWMWX[MaWE
Fgrmjosljt fpepdpr qrgfdjhfb ib F|mebrj ptopzgoj ob dbsbmopst

sqrnp Wurslbtb jnqgrj. Wg sg jirbidbt d pybldbog ob qrjiobojg ob f|r-
hbdoj embdb pt s~igrgob (j pfpcrgojg pt Ggmjljtg sjmj), qbigog ob jotg-
rgsjtg ob s~igrgob qrgf trgtj f|rhbdj (j fprj fb og sg slm~ydbt fpepdp-
rj qp sdpk qpyjo), qmb{bog ob nbm|l trjcut; d|d d|trgzojtg ptopzgoj
F|mebrj sg ibf|mhbdb fb fbfg q|mob dgrpjiqpdgfob sdpcpfb ob sdpjtg
erbhfboj j rbdop trgtjrbog ob rgmjejpiojtg prebojibxjj. Rb qrbltjlb
pcbyg tgij cgmgij ob qpmusudgrgojtgt cjmj ibpcjlpmgoj j pcgisjmgoj.
F|mebrslbtb ogibdjsjnpst j tgrjtprjbmojt sudgrgojtgt sg obl|rodbmj
obk-dgyg pt rghjnb ob lbqjtumbxjjtg, t. g. pt slm~ygojtg nghfu Wurxj j
nopep gdrpqgkslj f|rhbdj fpepdprj, lpjtp cjmj obmphgoj j ob Oohgst-
dptp. Wg fbdbmj fbo|ygo j s|fgcgo jnuojtgt ob yuhfgoxj gdrpqgkxj ob tg-
rjtprjtb ob jnqgrjtb j pqrgfgmmj ojs|l rbingr ob njtbtb. G|qrglj
obstpdbojtb pt c|mebrslb strbob Ggmjljtg sjmj og sg s|embsdbmj fb ej
qrgnbwobt. Jfdb qrgi 1907 e. lbqjtumbxjjtg cjmj perbojygoj (s|s slm~y-
dbog ob t|repdslj fpepdprj), b obq|mop sb qrgnbwobtj s pvjxjbmoptp
qrjiobdbog ob ogibdjsjnpst tb qrgi 1909 e. j s qpfqjsdbogtp ob fpepdprj
ib glstrbfjxj s Uusj, Yrboxj, Hgrnboj j Edstrp-Xoebrj qrgi 1911 e.
I|rhbdojt sudgrgojtgt ob F|mebrj cjm qp-s|{gstdgop perbojygo smgf
qprbhgojgtp d T|rdbtb sdgtpdob dpkob s R}pkslj fpepdpr, lpktp obmp-
hjm „q|rdb qrjdjmgej d|rwu dsjyljtg jnu{gstdb j jitpyojxj ob F|m-
ebrj“ s pemgf jiqmb{bogtp ob rgqbrbxjjtg j s|ifbm rgfjxb perbojybdb{j
c|mebrslj sudgrgojtgt jostjtuxjj. Wblbdb cjmb pspcgop fgkstdbmbtb fp

1927 e. Qghfus|~iojygslb lpnjsj lbtp prebo ob t. obr. Opnjsj ib rgqb-
rbxjjtg.30 Wblb sbnp qrgi ybst pt rbiemghfboj qgrjpf F|mebrj s|{gst-
dudbmb lbtp obq|mop sudgrgoob f|rhbdb, nblbr rgbmojt D sudgrgojtgt fb
cjm rbimjyop sjmgo.
Rglb rbiemgfbng qp-ptcmjip vuolxjjtg ob rbimjyojtg preboj ob uqrbd-
mgojgtp j cbmbosb nghfu dmbstjtg sqprgf lpostjtuxjtb.31 Yprnumbtb ib
obk-obqrgfojybdbtb j obk-fgnplrbtjyobtb (ib drgngtp sj) lpostjtuxj g
s|ifbmb rgfjxb ibcmuhfgoj d tpdb ptopzgojg. Vqprgf W|ropdslbtb lpo-
stjtuxj F|mebrj g obsmgfstdgob lpostjtuxjpoob npobrwj s obrpfop
qrgfstbdjtgmstdp (ym. 4). Rp lbldp piobybdb tpdb? Obldb ds|{opst g vpr-
nbtb ob f|rhbdoptp uqrbdmgojg? Lb fb sg ptepdprj ob tpij d|qrps, trcdb
fb sg bobmjijrbt qrbdpnp{jtb ob rbiojtg opsjtgmj ob dmbst tb – loi,
Qjojstgrslj s|dgt, Rbrpfop s|crbojg – j s|ptopzgojgtp nghfu tw.
Wrcdb fb sg djfj s|{p lbl g qrplbrbop rbifgmgojgtp ob dmbstjtg nghfu
iblpopfbtgmobtb, jiq|mojtgmobtb j s|fgcobtb dmbst.
I|rhbdojt embdb – loi|t (smgf pcddbogtp ob ogibdjsjnpst tb qrgi
1908 e. – xbr), g pcmgygo s zjrplj iblpopfbtgmoj, p{g qp-zjrplj jiq|m-
ojtgmoj j olpj s|fgcoj dmbstj. Wpk jnb, lbltp j Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg, ib-
lpopfbtgmob jojxjbtjdb (ym. 108), b qrjgtjtg pt Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg ib-
lpoj qpfmghbt ob utd|rhfbdbog pt ogep (ym. 10, ym. 45, ym. 46), lbtp tgls-
tpdgtg ob lpostjtuxjtb fbdbt fb sg rbicgrg, yg tpdb utd|rhfbdbog g bcsp-
m~top ogpcwpfjnp ib dbmjfopst tb j qrbdobtb sjmb ob dsglj iblpo. Wpk
sdjldb j rbiquslb Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg j obiobybdb opdj jicprj (ym. 127,
ym. 136). S{g qp-zjrplj sb lohgsljtg q|mopnp{j qp ptopzgojg ob ji-
q|mojtgmobtb dmbst, yjtp embdb g tpk. Wblb sqprgf lpostjtuxjtb „jiq|m-
ojtgmobtb dmbst qrjobfmghj Ooi~, dsj[ylj]tg preboj ob tb dmbst fgkst-
dudbt pt ogepdp jng j qpf ogepd d|rwpdgo obfipr“ (ym. 12). G ybstopst tpk
obiobybdb j udpmodb njojstrjtg (ym. 152), lpjtp sb ptepdproj qrgf ogep
(j qrgf Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg) ib sdpgtp uqrbdmgojg (ym. 153); tpk g d|rwp-
dgo obybmojl ob dpgoojtg sjmj d njrop j d|d dpgoop drgng, rbifbdb dpgo-
ojtg yjopdg (ym. 11); qrgfstbdmdb f|rhbdbtb d nghfuobrpfojtg ptopzg-
oj j pt ogepdp jng sg slm~ydbt nghfuobrpfojtg fpepdprj (ym. 17). Ooi|t
jnb j olpj s|fgcoj qrbdpnp{j, lbtp snglybdbog jmj ptnob ob oblbib-
30
#;C6;@A5, >8=D3@7LC. I|rhbdoptp ustrpkstdp ob F|mebrj. V., 1921, 25–51, 64–68;
.E3@85, +;=A>3. Mstprj ob Rpdb F|mebrj, 1878–1942. V., 1942, 137–140.
31 W|ropdslb lpostjtuxj. – G|d: Qgtpfjgd, Ggsgmjo j P|ygibr Vtpopd (s|st.). F|mebr-
slj lpostjtuxjj j lpostjtuxjpooj qrpgltj. V., I-r Tgt|r Fgrpo, 1990, 20–36. Gh. bobmjijtg
u: @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebrslbtb…, 51–57; ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|r-
opdslbtb…, 94–172; #;C6;@A5, >8=D3@7LC. I|rhbdoptp ustrpkstdp…, 575–624.
ojtb qp qrgfdjfgo rgf j qrbdp ob qpnjmdbog (ym. 14, ym. 15). Vbnjt tpk
og qpfmghj ob oblbibtgmob j erbhfboslb ptepdpropst (lbltp sg qpfrbicjrb
pt ym. 8 ob lpostjtuxjtb, lpktp pcddb loib ib „sdg{gop j ogqrjlpsop-
dgop“ mjxg). Midgstgo pqjt ib perbojygojg ob lohgslbtb dmbst g jijsldb-
ogtp (ym. 18) jiwphfb{jtg pt npobrwb qucmjyopqrbdoj bltpdg fb c|fbt
qrjqpfqjsboj pt s|ptdgtojtg njojstrj, lpjtp fb qpgnbt d|rwu sgcg sj pt-
epdpropst tb ib twoptp jifbdbog. Rp tpdb jnb smbcb gvjlbsopst qrj usmp-
djg, yg loi|t obiobybdb j udpmodb njojstrjtg (b q|l jijsldbogtp qps-
mgfojtg fb jnbt fpdgrjgtp ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg nphgmp fb sg ibpcjlp-
mj yrgi ogepdptp rbiturdbog).
Ssdgo ob loib jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst sqprgf W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj
qrjobfmghj j ob fgkstdb{j qpf ogepdj d|rwpdgo obfipr Qjojstgrslj s|-
dgt (ym. 12, ym. 149), yjjtp ymgopdg sg obiobybdbt j udpmodbt pt ogep (ym.
152) j sb ptepdproj qrgf ogep j qrgf Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg (ym. 153). Lb ob-
ruzbdbog ob lpostjtuxjtb, f|rhbdob jinob jmj ib drgfb, qrjyjogob ob
Oohgstdptp ib mjyob qpmib, njojstrjtg nphgmj fb c|fbt qrgfbfgoj qp rg-
zgojg ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg ob pspcgo s|f (ym. 155). Trbdpnp{jtb ob
Qjojstgrslj s|dgt sb pqrgfgmgoj ogq|mop d lpostjtuxjtb. \m. 47 fbdb
qrbdp ob Qjojstgrslj s|dgt qrj jid|orgfob sjtubxj – d|ozob jmj d|t-
rgzob pqbsopst ib f|rhbdbtb j qrj ogd|inphopst fb sg sdjlb Rbrpfoptp s|-
crbojg, fb jifbdb obrgfcj s|s sjmbtb ob iblpo, lpjtp fb c|fbt qrgfstbdgoj
ib pfpcrgojg ob q|rdptp sdjlbop smgf tpdb Rbrpfop s|crbojg. (Mngoop ob
tpij ymgo sg qpipdbmj bdtprjtg ob Igdgtobksgtpnbkslj qrgdrbt qrgi 1934
e. d sdpgtp uqrbdmgojg s fglrgtj.) Qjojstgrsljt s|dgt jnbm j qrbdptp fb
slm~ydb ibgnj fp 1 nmo. mgdb cgi qrgfdbrjtgmgo dpt ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg.
Vqprgf W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst sg s|stpmb pt
zgst njojstgrstdb: ob d|ozojtg rbcptj j ob jiqpdgfbojtb, ob d|trgzoj-
tg rbcptj, ob obrpfoptp qrpsdg{gojg, ob vjobosjtg, ob qrbdps|fjgtp j ob
dpkobtb. Opostjtuxjtb d|iqrjgmb qrjoxjqb ob zjrplp ngstop sbnpuq-
rbdmgojg (ym. 3). Wpk pcbyg og cjm qrjmphgo ob qrbltjlb.
Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg (lbltp j loi|t) jnb iblpopfbtgmob dmbst. Opostj-
tuxjtb rbimjybdb Scjlopdgop j Ggmjlp obrpfop s|crbojg, qpsmgfoptp
sdjldbop ib jingogojg ob lpostjtuxjtb, ob tgrjtprjtb, ib jicjrbog ob
opd npobrw j ob rgegotj (ym. 141 j ym. 143). Scjlopdgoptp obrpfop s|crb-
ojg sg s|stpj pt obrpfoj qrgfstbdjtgmj, jicjrboj qp gfjo ob 10 000 fuzj
obsgmgojg qrj dsgpc{p jicjrbtgmop qrbdp. Micjrbtgmj sb dsjylj obd|r-
zjmj 21-epfjzob d|irbst erbhfboj (op vbltjygslj sbnp n|hgtg), b jicj-
rbgnjtg trcdbmp fb sb obd|rzjmj 30-epfjzob d|irbst; qpfs|fjnjtg ib
qp-dbhoj qpmjtjygslj qrgst|qmgoj sb mjzgoj pt erbhfboslj j qpmjtj-
ygslj qrbdb.
Hmbdojtg vuolxjj ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg sb fb pcs|hfb j qrjgnb ib-

lpopqrpgltjtg, fb pcs|hfb j embsudb f|rhbdoj c~fhgt, fb pcs|hfb j emb-
sudb qrgfmphgojtb ib f|rhbdoj ibgnj, fbo|xj j qr. (ym. 105). Wp nphgmp
s|{p tblb fb ptqrbd „qjtboj“ l|n njojstrjtg (ym. 105); s|{gstdudbmb j
qrbltjlbtb ob „ibqjtdboj“ – jotgrqgmbxjj, t. g. rbidjtj qjtboj, qp lpj-
tp sg jilbidbmj qrgfstbdjtgmj ob dsjylj qbrmbngotbroj qbrtjj j lpjtp ib-
d|rzdbmj s jilbidbog ob fpdgrjg jmj ogfpdgrjg (ym. 107). Rbrpfoptp s|c-
rbojg jnbmp qrbdp j fb obiobybdb „jiqjtbtgmoj lpnjsjj qp uqrbdmgojgtp“
(ym. 106). Obltp sg lbib, tp nphgmp fb qrgfbdb njojstrjtg qpf s|f (ym.
155). Gmbsttb ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg pcbyg g yudstdjtgmop perbojygob pt
sqpngobtptp qrbdp ob loib fb ep rbiquslb j fb obiobybdb opdj jicprj (ym.
136), lbltp j pt tpdb, yg ib fb sg s|cgrg jipc{p ob sgsj, tp trcdb fb c|-
fg sdjlbop pt loib (ym. 127).
Opostjtuxjtb d|iqrjgnb zjrplj erbhfboslj qrbdb j sdpcpfj, dlm~-
yjtgmop sdpcpfb ib qgybtb (ym. 79, ym. 81), s ptst|qlb sbnp ptopsop rgmj-
ejpiobtb xgoiurb, lbltp j ob s|crbojtb j sfruhbdbogtp, op s uepdprlb ib
fruhgstdbtb: „stjeb sbnp xgmtb j srgfstdbtb ob tjg fruhgstdb fb og qrj-
obst drgfb ob f|rhbdoj j pc{gstdgoj qprf|l, ob rgmjejtb j ob fpc-
rjtg orbdj“ (ym. 83).
Iptul qp d|qrpsb ib lpostjtuxjtb. Xstbopdgoptp s og uqrbdmgojg
dgfobeb sg qrgdr|{b d pcglt ob rbimjyoj jotgrqrgtbxjj j cprcj. Gpfjm sg
g sqpr, fbmj f|rhbdbtb g qbrmbngotbrob npobrwj s obrpfgo sudgrgojtgt
(qrplbrbo yrgi sjmgo qbrmbngotbrgo rghjn), jmj g qrpstp lpostjtuxjpoop
perbojygob npobrwj. Igkstdjtgmgo qbrmbngotbrji|n piobybdb jilm~yj-
tgmob ptepdpropst ob jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst qrgf qbrmbngotb. O|n tpdb sg
fpcbd j sqpr|t, fplpmlp nphg fb sg pcpsopdg lpostjtuxjpoop t. obr. lb-
cjogtob sjstgnb, t. g. ibf|mhgojgtp ob f|rhbdoj embdb fb obiobybdb nj-
ojstrj pt sqgygmjmbtb jicprjtg qbrtj (jmj pt qbrmbngotbroptp nopijo-
stdp), ptepdpropst ob njojstrjtg jilm~yjtgmop qrgf qbrmbngotb j qr.
(Vbnbtb tbij sjstgnb sg g rbidjmb d Eoemj vbltjygslj lbtp lpostjtu-
xjpoob qrbltjlb j gtjlb j tpebdb og cjmb qrbdop vjsljrbob.)
Milbidboj sb rbimjyoj nogoj qp vprnbtb ob uqrbdmgojg. Trj tpdb
stbdb funb ib t|mludboj ob cbmbosb nghfu dmbstjtg j tgwojtg opsjtgmj,
lpjtp obdrgngtp sg strgngmj fb d|ifgkstdbt d gfob jmj frueb qpsplb. Sqj-
tjtg ib jotgrqrgtbxj ob lpostjtuxjtb d fgnplrbtjygo snjs|m lbtp yjst
qbrmbngotbrgo rghjn j lbcjogtob sjstgnb ibqpydbt qp drgng ob mjyoj
rghjn ob Ygrfjobof, lpebtp d|iojldb xmb ~rjfjygslb gligegib d qpmib ob
obrpfoj sudgrgojtgt j qbrmbngotbrjinb. W qrpjiwphfbmb pt ptfgmjmjtg
sg pt Obrbdgmpd „nmbfj fgnplrbtj“ plpmp sqjsbojg „Ignplrbtjygslj qrg-
emgf“ (Wpfpr Gmbklpd, Mmj Hgprepd, Rbkyp [bopd), lpjtp dqpsmgfstdjg
vprnjrbt Ubfjlbmfgnplrbtjygslbtb qbrtj, lbltp j pt uojdgrsjtgtsljtg

qrpvgsprj qp c|mebrslp lpostjtuxjpoop qrbdp Vtgvbo Ojrpd j Npsjv
Ybfgowgwt. Wjqjyop ib tbij jotgrqrgtbxj g jit|ldbogtp j ibsjmdbogtp ob
pqrgfgmgoj npngotj d lpostjtuxjtb, pqrgfgm{j ptepdpropst tb ob ji-
q|mojtgmobtb dmbst qrgf Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg; pcrbtop, qrjojidbt sg
qrgrpebtjdjtg ob npobrwb.
St ptepdpropsttb ob njojstrjtg qrgf Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg (op tblbdb
jnb j qrgf loib) Vtgvbo Ojrpd jidghfb fbmgyg ptjdb{ptp td|rfgojg, yg
c|mebrslptp uqrbdmgojg g fgnplrbtjygslp, d|rwpdobtb f|rhbdob dmbst g u
obrpfb j ogepdptp qrgfstbdjtgmstdp, b npobrwjtb g fgnplrbtjijrbob –
„qbrmbngotbrob npobrwj“. Iprj rbiquslbogtp ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg pt
loib sg t|mludb lbtp t|rsgog ob dpt pt obrpfb.32 Vqprgf Wpfpr Gmbklpd,
nblbr yg d lpostjtuxjtb ojl|fg og sg lbidb, yg uqrbdmgojgtp trcdb fb c|-
fg qbrmbngotbrop j loi|t jnb pczjroj qrbdb, dsg qbl qbrmbngotbrjin|t
nphg fb c|fg jidgfgo j smgfdb „mpejygslj“ pt lpsdgop ulbibojg lbtp ptep-
dpropsttb ob njojstrjtg qrgf Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg, lbltp j pt ibdjsjnps-
ttb jn pt ptquslboj pt Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg c~fhgt. G ibpcjlbmogtp ob
qbrmbngotbrjinb j obmbebogtp ob dpmtb ob npobrwb Gmbklpd djhfb jirbh-
fbog ob uqrbdmgojgtp d mjygo rghjn. Tpsmgfojt sg qrpdghfb d ybstopst
yrgi qrpjidpmop udpmodbog j obiobybdbog ob njojstrjtg (j rbiquslbog ob
Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg) pt loib, qrj lpgtp uqrbdmgojgtp sg fbdb og ob obk-
sjmobtb qbrtj, b ob obk-fpcrg s|ptdgtstdb{btb ob ogepdjtg ibnjsmj j qmb-
opdg; qp-obtbt|l – dlm~ydbog d qrbdjtgmstdptp ob ogqbrtjkoj (op dgroj ob
loib) njojstrj, pspcgop ob lm~ypdjtg qpstpdg dpgogo njojst|r j njojs-
t|r ob d|ozojtg rbcptj; obk-sgtog, lohgslptp dmjojg sg obmbeb qprbfj
pc{btb ibf|mhgopst ob „qpdjlbobtb“ pt ogep ob dmbst qbrtj. Rbjstjob,
bdtpr|t qrjiobdb, yg qrj mjyoj rghjn vprnbmop obruzbdbog ob lpostj-
tuxjtb onb (ojtp fprj ob qbrmbngotbrjinb, lpktp pcbyg g vjltjdgo).33
32
(;CA5, .E8G3@. Obldp g obzgtp uqrbdmgojg? – Vqjsbojg ob `rjfjygslptp fruhgstdp
d Vpvj, 2, 1902–1903, C 4, 161–186, pspc. 184–186; C 7, 321–336, pspc. 326–334; G|rwpd-
obtb dmbst g d r|xgtg ob obrpfb. – Hrbhfbojo, 1, 1904, C 1, 9–18, pspc. 16–18; Tbrmbngotb-
rjin|t j c|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 3, 1905, C 10, 221–225;
#;7;=A5, .E8G3@. Tpmjtjygslj qrgemgf. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 2, 1903–1904, C 2,
36–39; #8AC6A5, &>;O. Trgojtb d Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg d|rwu d|qrpsb, fbmj obzbtb lpostj-
tuxj qrgfdjhfb qbrmbngotbrgo rghjn. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 2, 1903–1904, C 2, 25–26.
33 ">3<=A5, /A7AC. Fgmghlj d|rwu qbrmbngotbrjinb u obs. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 3,
1905, C 3–4, 53–61, pspc. 54–57. W|mludboj d qpmib ob qbrmbngotbrjinb s|{p u ">3<=A5,
/A7AC. G|rwu mjyoj rghjn u obs. (Sc{j cgmghlj). – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 8, 1910, C 10,
1174–1197, pspc. s. 1176, 1181–1182. Gh. s|{p (;CA5, .E8G3@. Tbrmbngotbrgo rghjn j qgr-
spobmgo rghjn. – Hrbhfbojo, 1, 1904, C 2, 89–106; $8C?3@J85, #8AC6;. Opostjtuxjpobmjin|t
j gfob strbob ob obzj lpostjtuxjpogo hjdpt. – F|mebrslj qrgemgf, 4, 1897, C 12, 79–132,
pspc. 130–131.
V|s sdptb jotgrqrgtbxj ob lpostjtuxjtb nmbfjtg fgnplrbtj ds|{-

opst jslbmj fb qbrmbngotbrjijrbt uqrbdmgojgtp j fb d|dgfbt lbcjogtobtb
sjstgnb, rbizjrdbklj fp nblsjnbmgo qrgfgm fgnplrbxjtb. Obtp obcm~-
fbdb s|s sjnqbtj qpfpcoj pqjtj, jidgstojt ruslj lpostjtuxjpogo
~rjst Tbdgm Qjm~lpd jit|ldb, yg tg jeoprjrbt epmnbtb rpm ob loib qp
lpostjtuxj (s|{p d|d d|ozobtb qpmjtjlb j dpgooptp fgmp). Wg jeoprjrbt
j fgkstdb{btb qrbltjlb ob lpostjtuxjtb j smphjmjtg sg qpmjtjygslj ob-
djxj (t. obr. ogqjsbob lpostjtuxj), lptp g qrptjdpqpmphopst ob jijsl-
dbobtb pt nmbfjtg fgnplrbtj lbcjogtob sjstgnb, b sbnp qrbltjlbtb nphg
fb obmphj qpsmgfobtb d qpmjtjygslj hjdpt.34 Sqjsbojgtp ob tbij qrbltj-
lb pt q|rdjtg 25 epfjoj sdpcpfgo qpmjtjygslj hjdpt qrj Qjm~lpd g fp
epmnb stgqgo swpfop s lrjtjljtg ob nmbfjtg fgnplrbtj, op tpk dbfj surp-
dj iblm~ygoj ib rgbmjstjyopst tb ob tgwojtg jslboj. Vqprgf ogep d strb-
obtb qp tpdb drgng (obybmptp ob ZZ d.) onbmp epmgnj qpmjtjygslj qbrtjj
s qrjoxjqoj rbimjlj, onbmp eruqjrbog ob jicjrbtgmj plpmp qbrtjjtg,
lpjtp fb jn fbdbt ifrbdp j s|iobtgmop nopijostdp (s|ptdgtop tpdb pcgi-
sjmdb jslbogtp loi|t fb fbdb dmbst tb ob qbrtjtb, jirbidb{b nogojgtp
ob „nopijostdptp“). Gngstp tpdb qbrtjjtg cjmj eruqjrboj plpmp zgvpdg
s {bc pt „qbrtjiboj“ j cjmj prjgotjrboj jixmp l|n „qmylb“, yblbklj fb
jn fpkfg rgf|t fb c|fbt qpdjlboj ob dmbst pt loib. Scjlopdgojtg jicj-
rbtgmj, lbtp pxgodbt drop qpmphgojgtp, ob sdpk rgf embsudbt djobej ib
qrbdjtgmstdgoj lbofjfbt, qpoghg jnbt qp-epmnb jiepfb jmj qpog jice-
dbt drgfj. Micprjtg lbtp qrbltjlb sb q|mop ptrjxbojg ob lpostjtuxjpo-
obtb tgprj j psopdojtg qrbdb ob erbhfbojtg ygstp sg obruzbdbt (perboj-
ybdbog ob sdpcpfbtb ob qgybtb, obruzgoj ob mjyoj qrbdb lbtp ogqrjlps-
opdgopst ob mjyopst tb j spcstdgopst tb j qr.). Gsg qbl Qjm~lpd sntb, yg
d|qrglj qrgsmgfdbogtp ob mjyoj jotgrgsj j cgixgrgnpoopst tb l|n „pc{g-
stdgoj qums“ jnb erbojxb, lptp qpmjtjxjtg og sngt fb obruzbt d sdp
spcstdgo jotgrgs, j qp olbl|d tbkostdgo j ogibcgmghjn obyjo ifrbdjt
rbiun obffgmdb.35
34
*;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, s. 22, 116–122.
35
Tbl tbn, 121–164. G qpfpcgo snjs|m dh. j obcm~fgojtb d|rwu „sgmslptp lrbmstdp“ ob
Dicey, Edward. The Peasant State. An Account of Bulgaria in 1894. London, Murray, 1894,
142–151. Vqprgf bdtprb, lpmlptp j sdpgdpmop fb uqrbdmdbt loi|t j njojstrjtg j d|qrglj
vbmzjvjxjrbogtp ob jicprjtg, tg og npebt fb uqrbhodbt dmbst tb d rbirgi s „obxjpobmojtg
yudstdb“, „dpmtb ob obrpfb“ j „pc{ptp nogojg“, p{g qpdgyg yg njojstrjtg j pvjxgrjtg qrp-
jiwphfbt pt s|{btb lmbsb j jnbt s|{jtg bsqjrbxjj j qrgfrbis|f|xj. Vqprgf Ibksj ptobyb-
mp fprj g qp-fpcrg jicpr|t fb sg qrbdj pt fruejep dngstp pt ogsdjlobmj s tpdb gmgltprbt, b
s udgmjybdbog ob cpebtstdptp j pcrbipdbojgtp {g sg obmphj j qp-strpeb gtjlb ob obrpfob
rgqrgigotbxj.
Rbrpfpdmbstoptp t|mludbog ob lpostjtuxjtb sg d|ipcopddb smgf

dpkojtg, lpebtp ib jidgstop drgng qbrtjjtg qpmuybdbt obfnp{jg d qpmjtj-
ygslj hjdpt (smgf bcfjlbxjtb ob stbrj npobrw j qrj ogpqjtopst tb ob
opdj). Vqprgf ~rjstb qpmjtjl pt Ignplrbtjygslbtb qbrtj Emglsbof|r
Hjrejopd (qrgi 1921 e.) epsqpfstdb{p obybmp d uqrbdmgojgtp u obs g obrpf-
ojt sudgrgojtgt j f|rhbdbtb g og sbnp lpostjtuxjpoop perbojygob
npobrwj, op j qbrmbngotbrob fgnplrbxj, t. g. s obfnp{jg ob qbrmbngotb
obf jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst. Scbyg ib rbimjlb pt bdtprj lbtp Vtgvbo Ojrpd,
Tgt|r Ihjfrpd, Vtgvbo Fbmbngipd j fr. tpk og sg pqjtdb fb jidgfg qbr-
mbngotbrjinb pt sbnbtb lpostjtuxj j ogkoptp yjstp ~rjfjygslp t|mlu-
dbog. Vqprgf ogep tbn qbrmbngotbrojt rghjn g qpmuyjm sbnp ybstjygo j
ogqpsmgfpdbtgmgo jirbi (njojstgrslbtb ptepdpropst qrgf qbrmbngotb, ib-
lpopfbtgmoptp j fruejtg qrbdb ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg) j g qrgsgygo pt
qrbdpnp{jtb ob npobrwb (fb obiobybdb j udpmodb njojstrjtg). Vqprgf
Hjrejopd qbrmbngotbrojt rghjn cjm vbltjygslj ustbopdgo lbtp rgiumtbt
pt qpmjtjygslbtb cprcb nghfu obrpfoptp qrgfstbdjtgmstdp j jiq|mojtgm-
obtb dmbst j g d|qrps qrgfj dsjylp ob vbltjygslp s|ptopzgojg ob sjmjtg
j ob yjstp qpmjtjygslp obfnp{jg ob qbrmbngotb.36
Wd|rfg qrgfjidjlbtgmop s|{jt bdtpr sg pqjtdb fb pcpsopdg – j dgyg
og rgbmopqpmjtjygslj, b yjstp ~rjfjygslj – rgqucmjlboslj (ognpobrwj-
ygslj) wbrbltgr ob c|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj. Ssopdbojtb tpk obnjrb d|d
vuolxjjtg ob Ggmjlptp obrpfop s|crbojg, lpgtp lbtp uyrgfjtgm g sudg-
rgoop j rgzbdb qp sdp dpm d|qrpsjtg ib f|rhbdoptp ustrpkstdp (fprj
blp sg sdjldb pt npobrwb); pcrbtop, xbrt g s „fgrjdbtob dmbst“, fbfgob nu
qp rgzgojg ob uyrgfjtgm. Wblb qp vprnb ob f|rhbdop ustrpkstdp F|meb-
rj sg ddb sqprgf bdtprb rgqucmjlb, d ybstopst tblbdb s fgnplrbtjyob
(og brjstplrbtjygslb) vprnb ob uqrbdmgojg.37
Vqprgf ~rjstb s qrpvbzjstlj sjnqbtjj P~cpnjr Gmbfjljo c|mebr-
slbtb lpostjtuxj g obk-fgnplrbtjyob ib drgngtp sj j ustbopddb „fgnpl-
rbtjyop qbrmbngotbrop uqrbdmgojg“ ib rbimjlb pt sr|cslbtb pt 1869 e.,
lptp g wbrbltgrob ib qrgwpfb pt npobrwjygslj bcspm~tji|n l|n lpostj-
tuxjpobmji|n. Edtpr|t qrjdghfb lbtp breungotj embdop dsgpc{ptp jicj-
rbtgmop qrbdp j gfoplbnbropsttb, s|{p erbhfbosljtg qrbdb j sdpcpfj.38
W|lnp tpdb swdb{bog sg g obmphjmp zjrplp d jstprjperbvjtb pt spxjb-
mjstjygslp drgng.
36
#;C6;@A5, >8=D3@7LC. I|rhbdoptp ustrpkstdp…, 593–624.
37Tbl tbn, 586–594. Edtpr|t qpspydb, yg ib q|rdj q|t rbidjdb tgij sj jfgj qrgi
1905–1906 e. (d|d d. „Trqprgx“).
38 ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, s. 60, 65, 170–172.
V|dsgn rbimjyop g nogojgtp ob jidgstoj ~rjst qp bfnjojstrbtjdop

qrbdp Tgtlp Vtbkopd, b jngoop, yg lpostjtuxjtb g npobrwjygslb, s sop
ptlrpdbog ob dmbst tb ob npobrwb j stpj fbmgyg pt jfgtb ib obrpfgo su-
dgrgojtgt ob Kbo-Kbl Uusp; sbnjt xbr qp lpostjtuxj qrgfstbdmdb og
obrpfb, b f|rhbdbtb (f|rhbdgo, op og obrpfgo sudgrgojtgt). Ubifgmgojgtp
ob dmbstjtg og g qrplbrbop sop, qpog og d ngwbojyoj snjs|m ob qpdgr-
dbog ob dslb dmbst ob rbimjyoj tjtumrj (lbtp d uygojgtp ob Qpotgsl}p).
Rbk-fpcrg pcpspcgob j jnb{b gfjogo opsjtgm g s|fgcobtb dmbst. Rp iblp-
opfbtgmobtb j jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst sb sngsgoj, fplpmlptp iblpopfbtgmob-
tb (lptp qrj tpdb sg sntb ib obk-qrl jirbi ob dpmtb ob obrpfb) qrjobf-
mghj s|dngstop ob obrpfoptp qrgfstbdjtgmstdp j ob xbr (ym. 9). Mnb j
sngsdboj pt frue, vuolxjpobmgo tjq, qrj lpgtp olpj vuolxjj pt iblpop-
fbtgmgo wbrbltgr sb qpdgrgoj ob jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst, jmj pcrbtop, Rb-
rpfoptp s|crbojg sg obngsdb d rbcptbtb ob jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst. Vqprgf
Vtbkopd d qpdgygtp smuybj stbdb funb ib gfop obmphgop pt hjdptb j pqjtb
dibjnop qrpojldbog j dibjnpfgkstdjg ob dmbstjtg (qrj rbifgmgojg j rbi-
qrgfgmgojg sbnp ob vuolxjjtg) dngstp jijsldboptp pt fpltrjobtb ngwb-
ojyop rbifgmog j qrptjdpqpstbdog.39
Qpobrwjin|t g pspcgop obcmgeobt d jotgrqrgtbxjtb pt 1943 e. ob
R. Rjlpmbgd, djsz yjopdojl, njojst|r ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj qrj cgiqbr-
tjkoj rghjn. Wpij bdtpr qpfygrtbdb t|lnp pogij nopepcrpkoj ngstb d
lpostjtuxjtb, lpjtp jit|ldbt xgotrbmobtb rpm ob xbr lbtp „embdb ob
f|rhbdbtb“ d|d dsjylj djfpdg dmbstj. Trj tpdb ogepdbtb dmbst g qrgfstb-
dgob og lbtp vprnbmob jmj sjndpmjyob, b lbtp vbltjygslb j jixmp rgbmob.
Vqgxjbmop g qpfygrtbob vuolxjtb ob „d|rwpdgo bfnjojstrbtpr“ j, lbltp
sg jirbidb bdtpr|t, xbrt og sbnp xbrudb, op j uqrbdmdb.40 Scsojnp
t|lnp qp drgng ob npobrwjygslj rghjn sg tgemt q|mojtg lposgldgoxjj
ob xbrsljtg qrbdpnp{j qp lpostjtuxjtb.
Mstprjperbvjtb s ogkoptp fgnplrbtjyop qrjstrbstjg qrbdj qp-rflp
jidpfjtg pt npobrwjygslptp, jiemghfb, ngrpfbdop t|mludbog. E jngoop, yg
npobrw|t rflp g qrgdjzbdbm lpostjtuxjpoojtg sj qrbdpnp{j qrpstp ib-
{ptp tg sb nopep zjrplj. Elp ib qpstpoobtb dmbstpdb cprcb, lbldbtp
qrgfstbdmdb qpmjtjygsljt qrpxgs, pcdjogojtb srg{u npobrwb ob drgng-
tp sb pcsojnj j cprcbtb ib fgnplrbtjijrbog jiemghfb sjnqbtjyob, d js-
39 .E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Ubifgmopsttb ob dmbstjtg j lpostjtuxjtb. V., 1946, 26–29. \g qp

W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj F|mebrj og g qbrmbngotbrob npobrwj d|qrglj „qbrmbngotbrobtb
ptepdpropst“ ob njojstrjtg, g nogojgtp j ob qrbdoj jstprjl @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob
c|mebrslbtb…, 51–56, pspc. s. 51.
40 +;=A>385, +;=A>3<. Efnjojstrbtjdoptp ustrpkstdp ob c|mebrslbtb f|rhbdb. V., 1943,
170–175.
tprjygslbtb obulb tg og cjdb fb sg dignbt ib yjstb npogtb. Iplpmlptp qbr-

mbngotbrjin|t g smbcp qrpdgfgo d sbnbtb lpostjtuxj, pqjtjtg ib qrgt|m-
ludbog trcdb fb sg t|rst qp-slprp d fgnplrbtjyob qpsplb. Rp sbnp gfop
erbhfboslj qp-rbidjtp pc{gstdp cj npemp „fb jilrjdj“ lpostjtuxjtb d
snjs|m ob qbrmbngotbrob fgnplrbxj j lbcjogtob sjstgnb, lbtp obmphj
vbltjygslj dpmtb sj d|rwu npobrwb. E tpdb og g qpiobtbtb pt rboobtb oj
qpmjtjygslb qrbltjlb lbrjlbturb ob fgnplrbxj (jicprj, qbrmbngot j qr.),
ibf lptp sg lrjgmj qbrtjj ob spcstdgoj jotgrgs j npobrwji|n.
G W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj sb obqrbdgoj j olpmlp qpqrbdlj (jingog-
oj). Trgi 1893 e. g jingogo ym. 38 d snjs|m, yg og sbnp q|rdjt loi, op
j qrgstpmpobsmgfojl|t nphg fb qrjobfmghj l|n fruep wrjstjoslp dgrp-
jiqpdgfbojg (og ogqrgngoop jitpyopqrbdpsmbdoptp). Wpdb g ptst|qlb d|d
dr|ilb s crblb ob Ygrfjobof s lbtpmjylb, op d fgkstdjtgmopst sg plbidb
jimjzop, qpoghg Fprjs cjm lr|stgo d qrbdpsmbdjgtp. V|{p tpebdb ob lo-
ib sg fbdb tjtmbtb „Gjspygstdp“ j qrbdptp fb uyrgfdb j rbifbdb prfgoj ib
dpgooj j ib erbhfboslj ibsmuej. Trj s|{j smuybk njojstgrstdbtb sg udg-
mjybdbt pt 6 ob 8.
Trgi 1911 e. sg qrjgnbt p{g olpmlp qpqrbdlj pt Ggmjlptp obrpfop
s|crbojg. I|rhbdojt embdb qrjgnb tjtmbtb „xbr“ (ob qrbltjlb tpdb stbdb
p{g s pcddbogtp ob ogibdjsjnpst tb ob Oohgstdptp s|s sqgxjbmgo nb-
ojvgst ob Ygrfjobof pt 22 sgqtgndrj 1908 e.). Mingo sg lpostjtuxjpo-
obtb psopdb ob dpgoojtg s|fjmj{b d perbojyjtgmgo snjs|m – og qrj dsjy-
lj smuybj dpgooj mjxb {g c|fbt s|fgoj pt dpgooj s|fjmj{b, b ib olpj
qrgst|qmgoj – pt erbhfboslj (j yg tpdb {g sg pqrgfgmj s|s sqgxjbmgo ib-
lpo). Hmbdoptp jingogojg g ob ym. 17, s lpgtp sg d|iqrjgnb qrjoxjq|t ob
tbkojtg nghfuobrpfoj fpepdprj j sg qpidpmdb ob qrbdjtgmstdptp (pt
jngtp ob xbr) fb slm~ydb fpepdprj, cgi fb udgfpndb qbrmbngotb (lpgtp
qrpqrbd q|t l|n ogfpcrg pcnjsmgoj Fbmlboslj s|~i). V|{p tpebdb nj-
ojstgrstdbtb sg udgmjybdbt pt 8 ob 10.
OSRVWMWX[Ma M UJEPRSVW
Sspcgop s|{gstdgo g d|qrps|t ib sqbidbogtp ob lpostjtuxjtb d qrbltjlb-

tb. Trgpcmbfbdb lpostbtbxjtb ib s|{gstdgoj rbinjobdboj nghfu qjsbob
lpostjtuxj j rgbmopstj (pays legal j pays reel). Rp iobygojg tul jnb qrp-
f|mhjtgmopsttb ob lpostjtuxjpoobtb trbfjxj. \gtd|rt dgl smgf qrjgnb-
ogtp ob lpostjtuxjtb sqprgf epryjdptp nogojg ob ~rjstb I. Gpebimj:
„Ibfgobtb oj lpostjtuxj rgflp g obngrdbmb rgbmop qrjmphgojg, b qpdgyg-
tp q|tj g smuhjmb lbtp gejfb, ibf lptp fb sg slrjdb j sg ibnbsljrdb tu
bcspm~tjin|t, tu fgnbepestdptp, tu tjrbojtb ob ogdghgstdgobtb nbsb jmj

ob crutbmobtb sjmb.“ Rp bdtpr|t jirbidb obfghfb, „yg j ojg qpmglb-mglb
{g s|unggn fb sg d|drgn j nbogdrjrbng d tb fgmjlbtob frgwb, tu td|rfg
zjrplb, tu td|rfg tsob, lptp sg lbidb c|mebrslb lpostjtuxj.“41
Opnqgtgotojt j dojnbtgmgo d|ozgo obcm~fbtgm ob c|mebrslj lpo-
stjtuxjpogo j qpmjtjygslj hjdpt pt obybmptp ob ZZ d. Tbdgm Qjm~lpd
qrjiobdb epmgnj lpotrbst nghfu „culdbtb j ogkoptp qrjmbebog“; qpsmgf-
optp „fbmgy g ptst|qdbmp pt dsjylp, lpgtp sg jijsldb pt gdrpqgksljtg qp-
otj ib iblpoopst“, j g qprpfjmp slgqtjyop j jrpojyop ptobsog l|n „fg-
nplrbxjtb“ d c|mebrslbtb srgfb. Rp s|{jt bdtpr qrgfuqrghfbdb yuh-
fgoxjtg fb og dignbt mglptp ptobsog ob c|mebrjtg l|n tgwoj psopdgo ib-
lpo ib yjstb npogtb. Obtp breungot tpk qrjdghfb eptpdopst tb ob pc{gst-
dptp fb ib{jtbdb tpij fplungot d npngotj ob pqbsopst (nblbr fb ep t|m-
ludb „lbtp qbrxbm pt qjsbob lojeb“, lpebtp oj{p og ep ibstrbzbdb), qrp-
ojldbogtp ob jidgstoj qpmjtjygslj obdjxj d|d dsjylj qbrtjj d wpfb ob
qrbltjludbogtp ob lpostjtuxjtb; obk-sgtog, d|qrglj obmjyjgtp ob „fgs-
qptj qp qrjdjylb“ (op j ob qrptjdojxj ob fdprxpdj rghjn) d F|mebrj
dsg qbl onb qrjoxjqoj qrptjdojxj ob tbij vprnb ob uqrbdmgojg.42 Edtp-
r|t drdb d qpmjtjygslptp d|iqjtbojg j jifjebog ob qpmjtjygslj hjdpt
d wpfb ob qrbltjludbogtp ob lpostjtuxjtb. G ybstopst tpk ptcgmidb ji-
dgstop rbvjojrbog ob qpmjtjygslj hjdpt, {p sg ptobs fp jicprjtg – pt
erucjtg jicproj qpcpj{b d obybmptp fp jidgstop jit|oydbog ob qrjkpnj-
tg, – j t|mludb tpdb lbtp ibldbog ob ogqjsbobtb lpostjtuxj plpmp wbr-
tjgoj fplungot.43
V|{gstdudb gfjo jotgrgsgo pqjt (ob lpostjtuxjpooj ~rjst Vtgvbo
Fbmbngipd) ib qrgxgolb ob qpdgyg pt qgtfgsgt epfjoj c|mebrslb qbrmbngo-
tbrob qrbltjlb pt emgfob tpylb ob ogkobtb lpostjtuxjpoob lprgltopst. Ed-
tpr|t jismgfdb vprnjrbogtp j rbiturdbogtp ob lbcjogtjtg – pc{p 40 lb-
cjogtb fp 1932 e. sqprgf snobtb ob njojst|r-qrgfsgfbtgmjtg (44, blp sg
crpj j snobtb ob ptfgmoj njojstrj). Obtp qrjyjob ib rbiturdbog (jmj
rglpostrulxj) ob lbcjogtb u obs boprnbmop qrgpcmbfbdbmj jid|oqbrmb-
ngotbrojtg lrjij – 32 pt 44. Wg sg f|mhbt ob lpovmjlt jmj ogs|embsjg
nghfu f|rhbdoj embdb j lbcjogtb (op sbnp olpmlp), rbiturdbog qp dib-
jnop s|embsjg nghfu s|{jtg, lpovmjlt d s|stbdb ob sbnj lbcjogt, sn|rt
jmj bcfjlbxj ob f|rhbdoj embdb, sn|rt ob qrgnjgrb, mjyoj s|pcrbhgoj
ob qrgnjgrb. Tp-rgflj (12) cjmj smuybjtg ob pstbdlb ob lbcjogtb qprbfj
41
"A63:>;, $. Trgst|qmgojtb qp jicprjtg j ybstop d F|mebrj. – `rjfjygslj qrgemgf,
11, 1903, C 1, 24–32, xjt. s|ptdgtop ob s. 26 j 28.
42 *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, 115–116.
43 Tbl tbn, s. 161.
qbrmbngotbroj lrjij, t. g. ogcmbepqrjtgo rgiumtbt d jicprj jmj cmbnjrb-

og ob lbcjogtb pt Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg. Vpcstdgop qprbfj ibeucb d jicprj-
tg qbfobmj sbnp ygtjrj lbcjogtb: ob Omjngot (24 nbrt 1880 e.), j tp smgf
lpsdgop cmbnjrbog d s|crbojgtp; ob Ubyp Tgtrpd (lbcjogt, sntbo ib smu-
hgcgo, ob 12 vgdrubrj 1901 e.); ob Wgpfprpd (6 pltpndrj 1919 e.); ob Pq-
ygd (19 ~oj 1931 e.). Tpfpcob bopnbmj ob qrgpcmbfbdb{p jid|oqbrmbngo-
tbroj lrjij (j sngoj) ob lbcjogtb Fbmbngipd pcsodb s|s sq|dbog ob
qrpdbtb ob sdpcpfobtb dpm ob jicjrbtgmjtg j s rbifrpcgopsttb ob jicj-
rbtgmjtg nghfu nopepcrpkoj qbrtjj. Rbjstjob qrj s|stbdogtp ob opdj
lbcjogtj d pc{j mjojj sg f|rhbmb sngtlb ib rgiumtbtb pt jicprjtg, lpebtp
tpk jim|ydbm qbrtj jmj lpbmjxj, b s|stbdgoj qp dpmtb ob npobrwb lbcj-
ogtj s|{p t|rsgmj fpdgrjg l|n sgcg sj.44 Irue d|qrps g lbl sb qgygmgoj ji-
cprjtg. Obiboptp ib obyjob ob snobtb ob qrbdjtgmstdbtb, lbltp j l|sjt
jn hjdpt og epdprt ib jifjeobtb qbrmbngotbrob qrbltjlb qrgi q|rdj qp-
mpdjo dgl sdpcpfop s|{gstdudbog. Opostbtbxjtb ds|{opst dbhj ib qbrmb-
ngotbroj hjdpt qrgi xmbtb curhpbiob gqpwb, lbtp sg jnb qrgfdjf, yg Ig-
dgtobfgsgtpnbksljt qrgdrbt pt 1934 e. qrglrbtjm qbrtjkobtb sjstgnb j
qbrmbngotbrjinb, lpktp cjm d|istbopdgo qp-l|sop d sjmop perbojygo djf.
Gbhgo d|qrps ob lpostjtuxjpobmjinb j qbrmbngotbrjinb g lpotrpm|t ob
Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg d|rwu jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst. Wpk sg ps|{gstddbm yrgi
fgcbtjtg qp c~fhgtb, qjtbojtb j ibqjtdbojtb j qrbdptp ib obiobybdbog ob
jiqjtbtgmoj (bolgtoj) lpnjsjj qp fgmbtb ob njojstrjtg (ym. 106). Trgfdjfg-
oj sb pqrgfgmgoj qrpxgfurj qp bolgtjrbog j gdgotubmop qpfdghfbog qpf s|-
fgcob ptepdpropst ob njojstrj, lbltp j sqgxjbmgo I|rhbdgo s|f (ym. 158),
urgfcbtb ob lpktp cjmb qrpngoob ob olpmlp q|tj. Wrcdb fb sg ptcgmghj,
yg njojstrjtg qpfmghbmj ob uembdob ptepdpropst og sbnp qp ym. 155 (ib ji-
nob, qrgfbtgmstdp, obruzgojg ob lpostjtuxjtb j drgfb, qrjyjogob ob f|r-
hbdbtb ib mjyob qpmib), b j qp ym. 43, sqprgf lpktp F|mebrslptp xbrstdp sg
uqrbdmdb sqprgf iblpojtg (t. g. dsjylj qrjgtj iblpoj), j ym. 160–162, lpjtp
d|imbebt ob njojstgrstdbtb j njojstrjtg jiq|mogojgtp ob iblpojtg.
Jfjo lurjpi d tbij dr|ilb g qrjgnbogtp ob t. obr. W|mludbtgmgo iblpo
ob ym. 155 pt lpostjtuxjtb pt 5 oubrj 1904 e., lpktp ob qrbltjlb jilm~y-
db qpfdghfbog ob njojstrjtg qpf s|fgcob ptepdpropst. V|embsop ogep ji-
d|rzgoptp pt njojst|r obruzgojg ob pcjlopdgo iblpo og qrgfstbdmdb
obruzgojg ob ym. 43 jmj ob frue ymgo pt lpostjtuxjtb. Qjojstrjtg npebt
fb c|fbt s|fgoj uembdop sbnp ib obruzgojg ob jirjygo ymgo pt lpostjtu-
44
!3>3?8:A5, .E8G3@. Rbzbtb qbrmbngotbrob qrbltjlb. V., 1932, 5–19. Tpytj s|{ptp
dh. !3>3?8:A5, .E8G3@. Qjojstgrslbtb ptepdpropst d F|mebrj. Xdpf. Eolgtj j pcdjogoj.
Trpxgsj. Gjfpdg j smuybj ob cmbn. – Hpfjzojl ob I|rhbdoptp djszg uyjmj{g ib vjobospdj
j bfnjojstrbtjdoj obulj, 1, 1941, 1–106, pspc. 97–106.
xjtb, op og j ib pfpcrgoj pt Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg tgwoj smuhgcoj fgk-

stdj. Wblb jirbi|t ob qpmjtjygslp fpdgrjg pt qbrmbngotb nphg fb sqbsj
pt s|fgcob ptepdpropst ib ogqrbdpngroj fgkstdj qp slm~ydbog ob fpep-
dpr, ibgn, fpstbdlj j qr. Wpdb g qrjngr ib mpzb spmjfbropst nghfu fdgtg
dmbstj. W|mludbtgmojt iblpo cjm ptngogo qrgi 1908 e. (ob 4 fglgndrj) j
uembdobtb ptepdpropst ob njojstrjtg cjmb d|istbopdgob.45 I|mep drgng
s|{gstdudbmb j qprpyobtb qrbltjlb ob bnojstj j rgbcjmjtbxj, qrj lp-
tp digmbtb dmbst tb qbrtj pqrp{bdbmb qrgst|qmgojtb qp jicprjtg ob
sdpjtg qbrtjiboj j ej obiobybdbmb ob smuhcb.46
Vqgxjbmop ptcgmidbog ibsmuhbdb j qrjgtjt pt FLRV iblpo ib s|fg-
og j oblbibojg ob djopdojxjtg ib obrpfobtb lbtbstrpvb pt 9 fglgndrj
1919 e. Stepdbr{ ob strgnghb ib sqrbdgfmjdpst j d|ingifjg ib strbfboj-
tb smgf ibeucgobtb dpkob, tpk cjm s|ifbfgo ad hoc (sqgxjbmop) ib lpolrgt-
oj fgoj j lpolrgtoj mjxb j cjm qrptjdplpostjtuxjpogo s tpdb, yg jnbm
pcrbtop fgkstdjg; obrgf s tpdb tpk dlm~yjm opdj qrgst|qoj s|stbdj j
usjmjm sbolxjtb (q|rdpobybmop fp sn|rtop oblbibojg). Rb qrbltjlb tpdb
cjm iblpo-qrjs|fb. Wpk g ptngogo smgf Igdgtp~oslj qrgdrbt.
Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg sg g d|iqpmidbmp ob olpmlp q|tj pt qrbdptp ib
obiobybdbog ob „jiqjtbtgmob lpnjsj“: q|rdbtb bolgtb g obiobygob qrgi
1884 e. qp qpdpf fgkopsttb ob cjdzj njojst|r W. Mlpopnpd; dtprbtb –
qrgi 1894 e., qp uqrbdmgojgtp ob Vtgvbo Vtbncpmpd; trgtbtb – qrgi 1901 e.,
qp uqrbdmgojgtp ob mjcgrbmoj lbcjogt ob Mdboypd–Wpoygd–Ubfpsmbdpd;
ygtd|rtbtb – qrgi 1910 e., qp uqrbdmgojgtp ob lbcjogtb ob Ubyp Tgtrpd–
Ijnjt|r Tgtlpd–Tgt|r Hufgd; qgtbtb – qrgi 1914 e., qp uqrbdmgojgtp ob lb-
cjogtjtg ob Mdbo Jdst. Hgzpd–Vtpo Ibogd; zgstbtb – qrgi 1919–1920 e.,
qp uqrbdmgojgtp ob lbcjogtb ob Gbsjm Ubfpsmbdpd; sgfnbtb – qrgi 1922 e.,
qp uqrbdmgojgtp ob lbcjogtb ob Emglsbof|r Qbmjopd–Vtpo Opsturlpd.
Ubiojtg bolgtoj lpnjsjj jnbmj rbimjygo wbrbltgr (qrgfdbrjtgmoj qbrmb-
ngotbroj jmj s|fgcoj) j fgkstdbmj rbimjyop qrbdpngrop pt qrbdob emgfob
tpylb. Wg jnbmj j rbimjyob s|fcb. Ip s|f og stjebt bolgtjtg srg{u W. Mlp-
opnpd, srg{u Vtbncpmpd, j tp d|qrglj nopepcrpkojtg fplbibtgmstdb (qp-
oghg nghfudrgngoop tpk g hgstplp ucjt), j srg{u Hgzpd–Ibogd (lptp
qrpf|mhjmb nopep f|mep j ustbopdjmb ogdjoopsttb jn ib vbtbmojtg rgzg-
oj d Qghfus|~iojygslbtb dpkob).
Ip s|fgcoj qrpxgsj obf njojstrj sg g stjeobmp d ygtjrj smuyb, lbtp
sbnp fdb pt qrpxgsjtg ibd|rzjmj s qrjs|fj, b jngoop: bolgtbtb ib Mdbo-
45
!3>3?8:A5, .E8G3@. Qjostgrslbtb ptepdpropst…, 16–32.
46
(;CA5, .E8G3@. Tp ptepdpropst tb ob f|rhbdojtg smuhjtgmj. – Hrbhfbojo, 1, 1904,
C 3–4, 193–210, pspc. 205–206. Ubiojtg iblpoj ib bnojstj sb jicrpgoj u: ,8J85, /A7AC.
T|mgo ulbibtgm ob iblpojtg d F|mebrj pt psdpcphfgojgtp D fp 30 ~oj 1939. V., 1939.
ypd–Wpoygd–Ubfpsmbdpd pt 1901 e., f|rhbdojt s|f qrgi 1903 e. ibd|rzjm

s qrjs|fb pt 30 ~oj 1903 e.; s|{p bolgtbtb pt 1919 e. qp lbcjogtb ob
Ubfpsmbdpd, qrpxgs pt 1920 e. obtbt|l, qrjs|fb pt 31 nbrt 1923 e. Mifbfg-
ojtg qrjs|fj pcbyg cjmj qpsmgfdboj pt bnojstj – ps|fgojtg pt lbcjogtb
ob Mdboypd–Wpoygd–Ubfpsmbdpd ob 30 ~oj 1903 e. cjmj obq|mop bnojstj-
rboj ob 31 fglgndrj s|{btb epfjob; lbcjogt|t ob Ubfpsmbdpd cjm bnojs-
tjrbo smgf Igdgtp~oslj qrgdrbt ob 21 ~mj 1924 e. Idb qrpxgsb cjmj qrg-
lrbtgoj, b jngoop: bolgtbtb pt 1910 e. ib lbcjogtb ob Ubyp Tgtrpd–Tgt-
lpd–Hufgd – fgmp, qrglrbtgop qrgi 1914 e. pt tgwoj s|qbrtjkxj, stbobmj
nghfudrgngoop njojstrj; bolgtbtb pt 1922 e. ib lbcjogtb ob Qbmjopd–Op-
sturlpd – fgmp, qrglrbtgop smgf qrgdrbtb pt 9 ~oj 1923 e.47
Xstbopdgojtg pt olpj bolgtoj lpnjsjj obruzgoj j qrgst|qmgoj sb
sd|riboj s obsjmj qrj jicprjtg, perbojygoj ob sdpcpfbtb ob qgybtb j
s|cjrbojtb, qpsgebtgmstdb srg{u mjyoj erbhfboslj qrbdb (ob mjyobtb og-
qrjlpsopdgopst j tbij ob hjmj{gtp, tbkobtb ob lprgsqpofgoxjtb), impu-
qptrgcb s|s smuhgcop qpmphgojg, qrjsdpdbog ob sunj j qr. Iruej bolgt-
oj lpnjsjj xgmt ustbopddbog ob qpmjtjygslb djob qp qpfeptpdlbtb j dp-
fgogtp ob dpkob lbtp tbij qp uqrbdmgojgtp ob lbcjogtjtg Hgzpd–Ibogd (ib
1911–1913 e.), qp lbcjogtb Ubfpsmbdpd (ib uqrbdmgojgtp 1913–1918 e.), qp
lbcjogtb Qbmjopd–Opsturlpd (ib uqrbdmgojgtp pt 21 ~oj fp 18 pltpndrj
1918 e. j qp-sqgxjbmop ib{p og sb slm~yjmj sgqbrbtjdgo njr qrgi bdeust).
W|rsgogtp ob qpmjtjygslb djob, t. g. ib qpmjtjygslj qpergzoj rgzgoj,
fprj blp g pcmgygop d frueb vprnb (obqrjngr qrpxgfuroj s|pcrbhgoj),
sg ddb pspcgop sqprop.
Vjmop botjlpostjtuxjpogo pt qrbdob emgfob tpylb cjm ustrpgojt pt
igngfgmslbtb dmbst s|f obf lbcjogtb Ubfpsmbdpd. Trj ogep njojstrj cjmj
s|fgoj qp sqpngobtj iblpo, s|ifbfgo sqgxjbmop ib xgmtb, ob lpktp cjmp
qrjfbfgop pcrbtop fgkstdjg; fpqusobtb cjmb qrpnob ob qrpxgsubmojtg
iblpoj qp drgng ob sbnj qrpxgs (lbtp d s|stbdb ob s|fb cjmj dlm~ygoj og
sbnp tjtumroj qrpvgsjpobmoj s|fjj, b j plr|hoj j pc{joslj s|dgtojxj
pt FLRV, t. g. qrgfstbdjtgmj ob jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst); obk-sgtog, jiq|m-
ojtgmobtb dmbst sg obngsdbmb erucp d rbcptbtb ob s|fb s|s ibqmbzdbog j
ptstrbodbog ob s|fjj. Wpdb og nphgmp fb og sg ptrbij d|rwu pc{gstdgoj
bdtprjtgt ob qrjs|fbtb.48
47 !3>3?8:A5, .E8G3@. Qjojstgrslbtb ptepdpropst…, 33–50, 104–105; *3@A>A53,
*3C;O. Tbrmbngotbroptp uqrbdmgojg d F|mebrj, 1894–1912. V., Elbfgnjyop jifbtgmstdp

„Trpv. Qbrjo Irjopd“, 2000, 20–23, 105–107, 111–115.
48 #3>F@A5, /A7AC. Wrgtjt f|rhbdgo s|f (1921–1923). – Mstprjygslj qrgemgf, 52, 1996,
C 5, 47–65; „Trjs|fbtb“ obf mjcgrbmojtg njojstrj. V., 1923.

Jfop dqgybtmgojg pt s|fb obf lbcjogtb Ubfpsmbdpd jirbidb fpcrg qpd-

fjebojtg pt qpmjtjygsljtg qrpxgsj frbnbtjyoj d|qrpsj: qrptjdprgyjtb
nghfu yudstdp ib sqrbdgfmjdpst j d|ingifjg ib strbfbojtb, pt gfob strb-
ob, j iblpoopst tb – pt frueb strbob, b s|{p s|nogojtb d qrbdptp ob qpmj-
tjygslj pcdjojtgmj fb s|ft j d|inphopst tb qrj frue pcrbt ob s|fcbtb tg
fb ibstbobt ob nstptp ob qpfs|fjnjtg (lbltp j stbdb d smuyb):
St gfob strbob, epmgnj ergwpdg. Iuzjtg ob wjmfj obqrbiop ibejobmj

c|mebrslj sjopdg, olpmlp q|tj qp tpmlpdb rbogoj j jodbmjfj, strbfb-
ojtb ob xm obrpf ipdwb ib d|ingifjg, ib ypdgzlj s|f. St frueb strb-
ob, lbl g d|inphop, lbl fpqu{b s|fcbtb tpdb qbfbojg? Obl nphg gfoj
j s|{j wprb fb c|fbt jifjeboj tblb djsplp nghfu sdpjtg s|erbhfboj,
fb qpmuybdbt tblpdb fpdgrjg j udbhgojg j smgf tpdb fb qbfbt d f|optp
ob cgifobtb ob uojhgojgtp? M obk-qpsmg – tgij, lpjtp cwb tpebdb qp
d|rwpdgtg, lpjtp ej epogwb, pcdjodbwb j s|fgwb, og cwb mj dygrb d
twoptp qpmphgojg? Wb obmj ogfbdob sbn Vtbncpmjkslj jimgig pt ibt-
dprb, ib fb ptjfg obqrbdp d fdprgxb j Qjojstgrslj s|dgt? Rg {gzg
mj fb c|fg utrg sbn tpk ob nstptp ob fogzojtg pcdjognj, ob s|{btb
slbngklb? Wpij bvjojtgt nghfu smbdbtb j qpiprb, nghfu trjunvb j qb-
fgojgtp, nghfu ibtdprojygslbtb ljmj j cmgst{jtg ibmj ob fdprgxb j
njojstgrsljtg lbcjogtj – og{b, s lpjtp tpebdb ib qr|d q|t psgibtgmop
sg scm|sldbw – ng qprbidbzg. Rjnb tpdb g hjdpt|t, ojnb tpdb g qrp-
db ob djszbtb ypdgzlb fgkopst – f|rhbdojygslbtb?49
Yprnbmop lpostjtuxjtb g susqgofjrbob sbnp dgfo|h – qp drgng ob

t. obr. rghjn ob q|mopnp{jtb d sbnptp obybmp ob f|rhbdoj hjdpt
(27 bqrjm 1881 – 6 sgqtgndrj 1883 e.). Wpdb stbdb, lbtp loi Emglsbof|r
Fbtgocgre ptstrbojm pt dmbst mjcgrbmoptp qrbdjtgmstdp ob Obrbdgmpd j
obtpdbrjm dpgooj njojst|r ego. Jrorpt fb pcrbiudb drgngoop qrbdjtgm-
stdp. Fbtgocgre qpjslbm jid|orgfoj q|mopnp{j ib uqrbdmgojg, lpjtp cj-
mj pfpcrgoj ob 1 ~mj 1881 e. pt sdjlboptp sqgxjbmop ib tbij xgm d Vdj{pd
Ggmjlp obrpfop s|crbojg. Ooi|t obiobyjm qrbdjtgmstdp pt fdbnb ruslj
egogrbmj (Vpcpmgd j Obumcbrs) j ygtjrjnb lposgrdbtprj. Gqpsmgfstdjg
nghfu lposgrdbtprjtg j rusljtg egogrbmj d|iojlobm lpovmjlt qp qpdpf
qpstrpdbogtp ob hq mjoj j lposgrdbtprjtg obqusobmj lbcjogtb. Ooi|t
j lposgrdbtprjtg qpt|rsjmj scmjhgojg s „ungrgoptp lrjmp“ ob Pjcgrbm-
obtb qbrtj obygmp s Irbebo [bolpd. Rb 6 sgqtgndrj 1883 e. W|ropdslbtb
lpostjtuxj cjmb d|istbopdgob j cjmp s|stbdgop lpbmjxjpoop qrbdjtgm-
stdp (pt mjcgrbmj j lposgrdbtprj) obygmp s Irbebo [bolpd.
49 (3I3CA5, (A@DE3@E;@. 60 epfjoj hjdob jstprj. Montreaux (Suisse), 1970, s. 292.

Ughjn|t ob q|mopnp{jtb g wbrbltgrgo j s|s s|ifbdbogtp ob og{p lb-

tp sgobt, obrgygo I|rhbdgo s|dgt. G ogep dmjibmj obiobybdboj pt loib
mjxb, jicproj fgmgebtj j mjxb qp qrbdp (dsjylj njojstrj, qrgfstbdjtgmj
ob fuwpdgostdptp pt dsjylj dgrpjiqpdgfboj); qrgfsgfbtgmt j qpfqrgfsg-
fbtgmt sg obiobybdbmj pt loib. Motgrgsop g, yg d|qrglj obyjob ob s|ifb-
dbog, d rgfjxb smuybj I|rhbdojt s|dgt ibstbdbm d ib{jtb ob lpostjtuxj-
poojtg sdpcpfj j iblpob.50 Wpk cjm ptngogo s d|istbopddbogtp ob lpostj-
tuxjtb.
Edtprjtg ob Igdgtobksgtpnbkslj qrgdrbt qrgi 1934 e. og ptngojmj
vprnbmop lpostjtuxjtb, op og sqbidbmj dbhoj ogkoj ybstj (sdpcpfb ob
sfruhgojtb, ob qgybtb j qr.); sqprgf bcsurfobtb vprnumjrpdlb ob sbnj
njojst|r ob qrbdps|fjgtp olpj qpstbopdmgoj cjmj „djrtubmop“ ptng-
ogoj.51 Obtp sg qpipdbmj ogqrbdpngrop ob ym. 47 (jid|orgfob sjtubxj –
d|ozob jmj d|trgzob pqbsopst), fgdgtobksgtpnbkxj j smgfdb{jtg qrbdj-
tgmstdb uqrbdmdbmj yrgi obrgfcj-iblpoj. G|istbopddbogtp ob lpostjtu-
xjtb stbobmp sqmptdb{ mpiuoe ob vprnbmop rbiturgojtg qbrtjkoj qpmj-
tjygslj sjmj. W|lnp qprbfj iobyjtgmoptp sjndpmop iobygojg ob W|ropd-
slbtb lpostjtuxj uqrbdmdbmjtg smgf 19 nbk 1934 e. qrbdjtgmstdb og pt-
ngojmj vprnbmop; xbrt qrgfqpygm fb og qrjmbeb, l|fgtp nu qrgyj, pt-
lpmlptp fb d|dghfb opdb, d|qrglj jieptdgojtg lpostjtuxjpooj qrpgltj.
50
.E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, 125–127.
51
Lb fdusnjsmgoptp qpmphgojg s lpostjtuxjtb dh. ~rjstb (3I3CA5, (A@DE3@E;@.
60 epfjoj hjdob…, 490–492. Edtpr|t ptcgmidb „yufpdj{obtb vprnumb“ pt ~rjfjygslp emg-
fj{g, yg lpostjtuxjtb og g ptngogob, b sbnp olpj ogkoj qpstbopdmgoj sb „djrtubmop pt-
ngogoj“, smgfpdbtgmop t sg ibyjtb, lpebtp g ufpcop, j sg ibpcjlbm jmj obruzbdb, lpebtp g
ouhop (sqprgf ogep tpdb ob qrbltjlb piobybdb uqrbdmgojg cgi lpostjtuxj). Vqprgf ~rjstb
j jidgstop drgng qrbdps|fgo njojst|r Ijnjt|r Tgzgd lpostjtuxjtb og cjmb ptngogob
vprnbmop (ib lpgtp epdprj j qpipdbdbogtp ob ogjo ymgo qrj jid|orgfoptp uqrbdmgojg), op s|-
{gstdgoj ogkoj qpstbopdmgoj og sg sqbidbmj j d|dgfgojt rgf sg ptlmpodbm d nopep ptop-
zgoj pt lpostjtuxjtb (obqrjngr uqrbdmgojg cgi obrpfop qrgfstbdjtgmstdp, og xbrt pqrg-
fgm njojst|r-qrgfsgfbtgm, ptfgmop obsjmstdgojt obyjo ob dignbog ob dmbsttb). Gh. ,8-
K85, $;?;ELC. Vqpngoj. V., Hutgocgre, 2004, s. 68, 80, 94–95, 96. Qogojtb ob jstprjxjtg sb
rbimjyoj. Rlpj, lbtp Vtpkyp Hr|oybrpd j Mmyp Ijnjtrpd, qrjgnbt, yg rgf|t cjm s|{gstdg-
op qrpngogo l|n bdtprjtbrji|n, cgi lpostjtuxjtb fb c|fg ptngogob vprnbmop. Gh. .E3E8-
>A53, %>8@3, .EA<JA #CL@J3CA5. Mstprj ob opdb F|mebrj, 1878–1944. V., Eoucjs, 1999,
s. 521, 547, 575–576 (ybst tb ob Vtpkyp Hr|oybrpd). V|{p $;?;ECA5, &>JA. F|mebrslbtb fg-
nplrbtjyob pc{gstdgopst, vbzjin|t j dpkobtb. V., SY, 1976, s. 41, s. 242. Ggmjylp Hgprejgd
epdprj ib susqgofjrbog ob lpostjtuxjtb pt fgdgtobksgtpnbkxj j cprcb ob qbrtjjtg ib d|i-
stbopddbogtp D (t. g. ob sdpcpfbtb ob smpdptp, qgybtb, ob qbrtjjtg j qrpvgsjpobmojtg preb-
ojibxjj); jojxjbtjdbtb cjmb digtb pt xbr j rghjnb cjm mgebmjijrbo smgf jicprjtg ib Rb-
rpfop s|crbojg qrgi 1938 e. (lpgtp utd|rfjmp j jifbfgojtg qrgfj fglrgtj). Gh. #8AC6;85, "8-
>;J=A. Furhpbiojtg j frgcopcurhpbiojtg qbrtjj d F|mebrj, 1934–1939. V., Rbulb j jilust-
dp, 1971, s. 72, 160–165, 318, 351, 356.
Wgij qrpgltj qrgfstbdmdbt jotgrgs, qpoghg qplbidbt d lbldb qpsplb g

cjmb t|rsgob qrpnob ob f|rhbdoj strpk. Trpglt|t, jieptdgo qpf r|lp-
dpfstdptp ob embdoj sglrgtbr ob G|trgzoptp njojstgrstdp Rjlpmbk Rj-
lpmbgd, jnb gfoplbnbrgo j fdulbnbrgo dbrjbot. Rpdpd|dgfgojtb d srbd-
ogojg s W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj sb qp qpsplb ob ibsjmdbog ob uqrbdmg-
ojgtp obygmp s npobrwb j s|f|rhbt olpj jfgpmpejygslj vprnumjrpdlj d
obxjpobmjstjyop-bdtprjtbrgo stjm. Lb ptcgmidbog sb d|dghfbogtp ob
Lblpopfbtgmgo s|dgt (ib jieptdog j s|embsudbog ob iblpojtg) s zjrplj
qrbdpnp{j, lpktp vbltjygslj perbojybdb lbnbrbtb (obrgygob Lblpopfb-
tgmop s|crbojg). Sspcgop „lposgrdbtjdgo“ g qrgfdjhfbojt obyjo ob s|s-
tbdog ob lbnbrbtb – pt jicproj ymgopdg (op srgf perbojygo jicjrbgn lr|e
wprb) j ymgopdg qp qrbdp, s obngl ib fdustgqgoob jicjrbtgmob sjstgnb (d
fdulbnbroj dbrjbot sbnp d eprobtb lbnbrb qrjs|stdbt fdbtb djfb ymgop-
dg). Obnbrbtb ibqbidb qrbdptp ob qbrmbngotbrgo lpotrpm obf jiq|mojtgm-
obtb dmbst (d|qrpsj j qjtboj, jslbog ob pstbdlb j dpt ob ogfpdgrjg, bo-
lgtoj lpnjsjj ib qrpdgrlj qp uqrbdmgojgtp), op mjyobtb ptepdpropst ob
njojst|r-qrgfsgfbtgm j ob njojstrjtg qrgf xbr g pspcgop sjmop qpf-
ygrtbob (ib dpfgobtb qpmjtjlb tg sb ptepdproj sbnp qrgf ogep).52
[JRWUEPJR EIQMRMVWUEWMGJR ETEUEW
Xstrpkstdptp lbltp ob xgotrbmobtb, tblb j ob ngstobtb dmbst g qrgt|rq-

mp nopepcrpkoj jingogoj j rgprebojibxjj. Rglb ibqpyogn s xgotrbmobtb
dmbst j ogkojtg embdoj preboj – njojstgrstdbtb.53 Vqprgf W|ropdslbtb
lpostjtuxj tg sb zgst ob crpk – ob d|ozojtg rbcptj j dgrpjiqpdgfboj-
tb, d|trgzojtg rbcptj, obrpfoptp qrpsdg{gojg, vjobosjtg, qrbdps|fjgtp
j dpkobtb. Ubidjdb{jtg sg vuolxjj ob f|rhbdbtb obmphjmj s|ifbdbogtp
ob opdj njojstgrstdb. S{g s q|rdptp jingogojg ob W|ropdslbtb lpostj-
tuxj qrgi 1893 e. cjmj s|ifbfgoj fdg opdj njojstgrstdb – ob t|repdjtb
j igngfgmjgtp j ob pc{gstdgojtg serbfj, q|tj{btb j s|pc{gojtb. Trj
jingogojgtp ob lpostjtuxjtb pt 1911 e. Qjojstgrstdptp ob t|repdjtb j
igngfgmjgtp cjmp rbifgmgop ob fdg ptfgmoj njojstgrstdb – ob qrpnjzmg-
opst tb j t|repdjtb j ob igngfgmjgtp. V|{p tpebdb Qjojstgrstdptp ob
52
Trpgltjtg sb bobmjijrboj pt Vtpkyp Hr|oybrpd. Gh. .E3E8>A53, %>8@3, .EA<JA
#CL@J3CA5. Mstprj ob opdb…, 541–544. Gh. j #8K853, 'AC73@=3. Qjojstgrslbtb ptepdpr-
opst qp W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj j qp lpostjtuxjpoojtg qrpgltj (1879–1947). – Mstprjyg-
slj qrgemgf, 53, 1997, C 3, 19–35, pspc. 28–31.
53 @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebrslbtb…, s. 167, 173–187.
pc{gstdgojtg serbfj, q|tj{btb j s|pc{gojtb cjmp rbifgmgop ob fdg, qrj

lpgtp smuhcjtg qp pc{gstdgojtg serbfj, q|tj{btb j cmbepustrpkstdptp sg
pcpspcjmj d gfop njojstgrstdp, b smuhcjtg ob hgmgiojxjtg, qp{jtg j tg-
mgerbvjtg – d fruep njojstgrstdp. Wblb crpt ob njojstgrstdbtb obrbsobm
ob fgsgt j tg pstbobmj d pc{j mjojj d tpij djf fp 19 nbk 1934 e.
Vmgf qrgdrbtb pt 19 nbk 1934 e. cjmj qrgfqrjgtj rgvprnj d xgotrbmoj
bqbrbt j ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg qp qpsplb ob obnbmdbog crp ob njojs-
tgrstdbtb j ob tgrjtprjbmojtg gfjojxj. Wblb Qjojstgrstdptp ob pc{gstdg-
ojtg serbfj, q|tj{btb j cmbepustrpkstdptp sg smmp s tpdb ob hgmgiojxjtg,
qp{jtg j tgmgerbvjtg d Qjojstgrstdp ob s|pc{gojtb. Qjojstgrstdptp ob
t|repdjtb, qrpnjzmgopsttb j trufb sg smmp s tpdb ob igngfgmjgtp j f|r-
hbdojtg jnptj d Qjojstgrstdp ob stpqbostdptp (j fdgtg qrpngoj s Xlbi 5
pt 19 nbk 1934 e.). Fjmj obqrbdgoj j rgfjxb rgprebojibxjj d ptfgmojtg nj-
ojstgrstdb j d mjyoj jn s|stbd.54 Trj smgfdb{jtg qrbdjtgmstdb pcbyg fg-
sgttg njojstgrstdb (ibmgeobmj d lpostjtuxjtb) cjmj d|istbopdgoj.
Wrcdb fb sg qpfygrtbg, yg cjmp pcjlopdgop dmgojg xgotrbmobtb bfnj-
ojstrbxj fb sg urghfb s|s iblpojtg ib c~fhgtb, d lpjtp fb sg qrgfdjh-
fbt jmj iblrjdbt gfoj jmj fruej smuhcj d njojstgrstdbtb (d „pcsojtgm-
oj tbcmjxj“ ib rbiwpfjtg ib mjyoj s|stbd). Scsojtgmojtg tbcmjxj qrgf-
stbdmdbmj og{p lbtp ustrpkstdgoj swgnj ob f|rhbdojtg smuhcj j ibngst-
dbmj mjqsdb{jtg td|rfj {btoj tbcmjxj, t. g. qpstpoob swgnb ib crp ob
smuhg{jtg d fbfgob smuhcb, twoptp smuhgcop qpmphgojg j dibjnob qpf-
yjogopst, xgoipdg j qr. Wpdb qpfmbebmp dslb epfjob ob qrgemgf j rgdjij
ustrpkstdgobtb sjstgnb, dobsmp ogstbcjmopst, ogqpstpostdp j fprj wbps
d smuhcjtg, obdrghfbmp s|s s|pcrbhgoj pt drgngogo vjslbmgo wbrbltgr
ob qp-s|{gstdgoj xgmj j jotgrgsj, lbtp dsjylp sg ptrbidbmp img ob ji-
q|mogojgtp ob d|imphgojtg ob smuhcjtg ibfbyj. G|qrglj nopepcrpkojtg
j psopdbtgmoj lrjtjlj qpmphgojgtp og sg qpfpcrjmp s|{gstdgop fp lrb
ob rbiemghfboj qgrjpf.55 Wpdb og cjmp smuybkop, fplpmlptp uqrbdmdb{j-
tg qbrtjj jslbmj fb urghfbt sbnj dsjylj lbfrpdj d|qrpsj.
Rbrgf s c~fhgtb bfnjojstrbxjtb sg urghfb j yrgi s|f|rhb{jtg sg d
olpj iblpoj ustrpkstdgoj oprnj pt pc{ wbrbltgr, ptobs{j sg ib dsjylj
f|rhbdoj jostjtuxjj, obqrjngr d iblpob ib f|rhbdojtg smuhjtgmj, iblp-
ob ib c~fhgtb, ptygtopst tb j qrgfqrjtjtb, qp-l|sop iblpob ib erbhfbo-
slbtb npcjmjibxj. V|{gstdudbmj j epmn crpk pspcgoj ustrpkstdgoj ib-
lpoj j qrbdjmojxj qp ptfgmoj njojstgrstdb, op tg og pcwdb{bmj dsjylj
54
Lb tgij rgprebojibxjj smgf qrgdrbtb pt 1934 e. dh. *;>=A53, 03@;. F|mebrslbtb cur-
hpbiob f|rhbdb smgf qrgdrbtb pt 19 nbk 1934 e. – G|d: V|drgngoob F|mebrj. W. II. V., 1985,
47–54.
55 +;=A>385, +;=A>3<. Efnjojstrbtjdop ustrpkstdp…, 104–114.
smuhcj ob f|rhbdobtb bfnjojstrbxj, b iobygojgtp jn ptsmbcdbmp pt c~-

fhgtojtg iblpoj; sbnjtg tgij pspcgoj iblpoj rflp cjmj s|crboj d gfop j
lpfjvjxjrboj. Gsg qbl olpj njojstgrstdb cjmj urgfgoj qp-fpcrg j qp-
stbcjmop pt fruej. Qphg cj obk-fpcrg prebojijrbop cjmp Qjojstgrstdp-
tp ob qrpsdg{gojgtp. Lbsmuhbdb ptcgmidbog j obmjyjgtp ob s|dg{btgmoj
tgmb l|n olpj njojstgrstdb, d lpjtp uybstdbmj sqgxjbmjstj j ibjotgrg-
spdboj mjxb jid|o njojstgrstdbtb.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob d|ozojtg rbcptj j jiqpdgfbojtb cjmp urgfgop
s|s iblpo pt 22 fglgndrj 1907 e., op qpstpogo j td|rf {bt ob njojstgr-
stdptp tblb j og sg s|ifbm, b pstbobm fb sg pqrgfgm yrgi c~fhgtb. Rb Qj-
ojstgrstdptp ob d|ozojtg rbcptj cjmj qpfyjogoj c|mebrsljtg mgebxjj j
lposumstdb d yuhcjob, pembddboj pt q|mopnp{oj njojstrj j lposumj.
O|n s|{ptp njojstgrstdp cjmb j smuhcbtb ib dr|ilj s rbimjyojtg x|rldj,
b d f|rhbdoj c~fhgt sg qrgfdjhfbmj jidgstoj sunj ib tw. Mitpyopqrb-
dpsmbdobtb x|rldb ibgnbmb sqgxjbmop qpmphgojg ob epsqpfstdb{b x|rldb
d f|rhbdbtb (s|embsop ym. 39 pt W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj), prebojijrbob d
F|mebrslb glibrwj, yjgtp obk-djszg uyrghfgojg g Vdgtjt sjopf. F|m-
ebrslbtb x|rldb cjmb rbifgmgob tgrjtprjbmop ob gqbrwjj, pembddboj pt
njtrpqpmjtj, qpfqpnbeboj pt gqbrwjkslj s|dgtj.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj j obrpfoptp ifrbdg cjmp gfop
pt obk-epmgnjtg j obk-dbhojtg, op onbmp sdpk ustrpkstdgo iblpo, b
strulturbtb nu cjmb jingoob nopeplrbtop. Jfob pt embdojtg nu vuolxjj
cjmb qpmjxgkslbtb – pqbidbogtp ob pc{gstdgoj rgf j pc{gstdgobtb cgi-
pqbsopst. V tpdb fp 1925 e. sg ibojnbdbmp Efnjojstrbtjdop-qpmjxgkslp-
tp ptfgmgojg.56 Vqprgf iblpob ib qpmjxjtb pt 12 fglgndrj 1889 e. ogkoj
preboj cjmj plr|hojtg uqrbdjtgmj, spvjksljt erbfpobybmojl (s qrbdb ob
plr|hgo uqrbdjtgm), plpmjksljtg j erbfsljtg obybmojxj, qrjstbdjtg j
stbrzjtg strbhbrj. Lblpo|t urghfbm qp-sqgxjbmop qrbdbtb j ibf|mhgoj-
tb ob qpmjxgksljtg qrjstbdj (qpnp{ojxj ob plpmjkslj obybmojl j og-
qpsrgfstdgoj obybmojxj ob qpmjxgkslbtb strbhb) j ob qpmjxgksljtg strb-
hbrj (qgzj j lpooj, nmbfzj j stbrzj). Opnqgtgoxjjtg ob plr|hojtg uq-
rbdjtgmj j plpmjksljtg obybmojxj cjmj urgfgoj s|s iblpob ib plr|hojtg
uqrbdjtgmj j plpmjksljtg obybmojxj pt 9 pltpndrj 1882 e. Ip dpkojtg qp-
mjxgksljt bqbrbt cjm jiqpmidbo pt nopep qrbdjtgmstdb ib qbrtjiboslj
xgmj – sqmbzdbog, obsjmj j zbotbh obf qpmjtjygslj qrptjdojxj, vbmzj-
56 Jfjo gqjipf pt rboobtb jstprj g qrgdr|{bogtp ob qpmjxjtb d hbofbrngrj j qrjfb-
dbogtp D qpf dgfpnstdptp ob Qjojstgrstdptp ob dpkobtb s ulbi ob loib pt 26 ~mj 1881 e.,
lpgtp qprbhfb t|rlboj nghfu dpgoojtg j erbhfbosljtg dmbstj j g ptngogop smgf 4 epfjoj.
Gh. $8>85, 1C;DEA. Gpkslbtb, qpmjxjtb j tgwojtg dibjnpptopzgoj d qrbdpdbtb f|rhbdb.
V., 1936, 45–49.
vjlbxjj j obsjmj qrj jicprj, rbierpn ob pqpijxjpooj lmucpdg j jiignb-

og ob qrpqbebofob mjtgrbturb j qr.
Vmgf dpkojtg qpmjxgkslbtb vuolxj sg rbirbsobmb j sg pc|robmb qrp-
tjd qpmjtjygslj qpfrjdojtg prebojibxjj. V|s iblpob ib bfnjojstrbxjtb
j qpmjxjtb pt 4 nbk 1925 e. Efnjojstrbtjdop-qpmjxgkslptp ptfgmgojg
cjmp qrgpcrbiudbop d Ijrglxj ob qpmjxjtb s trj embdoj ptfgmb: Efnj-
ojstrbtjdob qpmjxj, Orjnjobmob qpmjxj j Sc{gstdgob cgipqbsopst
(t. g. qpmjtjygslb qpmjxj). Efnjojstrbtjdobtb qpmjxgkslb smuhcb sg ib-
ojnbdbmb s fdjhgojgtp ob c|mebrsljtg erbhfboj d|trg d strbobtb j qp erb-
ojxjtg (bfrgsob j qbsqprtob smuhcb), fdjhgojgtp ob yuhfgoxjtg, rgejst-
rbxjtb j fgkopst tb ob sfruhgojtb j prebojibxjjtg, spxjbmojtg imjoj.
Orjnjobmobtb qpmjxj qrgsmgfdbmb qrgst|qoj fgoj pt lrjnjobmgo wb-
rbltgr (lrbhcj, ucjkstdb, tgmgsoj qpdrgfj j qr.). Stfgm|t „Sc{gstdgob
cgipqbsopst“ smgfm ib qrptjdpf|rhbdob j botjqrbdjtgmstdgob fgkopst ob
mjxb j prebojibxjj. Tpmjtjygslbtb qpmjxj dpfgmb cprcb obk-dgyg qrptjd
lrbkopmgdjtg qbrtjj j prebojibxjj, pspcgop lpnuojstj, bobrwjstj j ig-
ngfgmxj j tgwojtg nmbfghlj j qrpvs|~ioj prebojibxjj. (Tpmjtjygsljt
ptfgm obygmp s Tbog Fjygd sj sqgygmjm nrbyob smbdb ib rbiqrbdbtb smgf
btgotbtb d wrbnb „Vd. Orbm“ (fo. „Vd. Rgfgm“).
Tpmjtjygslbtb qpmjxj obrbsobmb j sg rbidjmb d I|rhbdob sjeuropst,
lbtp sj smuhgmb s opdjtg ngtpfj ob obcm~fgojg j smgfgog, dgrcudbog ob
zqjpoj j fpopsojxj, jovjmtrjrbog d r|lpdpfstdbtb ob qrgsmgfdbojtg preb-
ojibxjj, qpmjtjygslj qrpdplbxjj j qr. I|rhbdob sjeuropst sg s|stpmb pt
olpmlp ptfgmgoj: Stfgm E – ib cprcb qrptjd lpnuojstj j bobrwjstj; St-
fgm F obcm~fbdbm gnjerbotsljtg prebojibxjj (GQUS, trbljkxj) j yuhfjtg
qrpqbebofb j zqjpobh; pstbobmjtg ptfgmj G, H j I smgfgmj qgybtb j fgkopst-
tb ob fruhgstdbtb j prebojibxjjtg, vbzjstljtg prebojibxjj, qpmjtjygsljtg
nmbfghlj prebojibxjj j olpj qpmjtjygslj qbrtjj (pspcgop FLRV j Ignp-
lrbtjygslbtb). Rpdjt iblpo ib qpmjxjtb pt 23 ~mj 1937 e. rbizjrjm jid|o-
rgfop qrbdbtb D. V|ifbfgobtb qrgi 1925 e. Tpmjxgkslb zlpmb d Vpvj cjmb
qrgustrpgob qrgi 1937 e. d Tpmjxgkslp uyjmj{g; fp obybmptp ob 1941 e. tul
ob zgstngsgyoj lurspdg cjmj pcuygoj obf 1000 qpmjxbj. Tp drgng ob Gtprb-
tb sdgtpdob dpkob smuhcjtg ob I|rhbdob sjeuropst obrbsobmj yjsmgop j
stbobmj pspcgop rgqrgsjdoj, lbtp jiqpmidbmj yuhf pqjt j opdj ngtpfj j sg
sd|ribmj j s egrnboslbtb tbkob qpmjxj (Hgstbqp). Rb 26 oubrj 1944 e. cj-
mb s|ifbfgob hbofbrngrjtb lbtp dpgoob qpmjxgkslb vprnbxj s|s ibfbyb fb
uoj{phbdb qbrtjibosljtg ygtj j fb psugtdb fjdgrsjj.57
57
$8C?8@79;85, &53@. Sygrxj qp rbidjtjgtp ob f|rhbdoj bqbrbt d F|mebrj (1877–
1944). V., 1965, 83–84, 108–109. Lb qpmjxjtb dh. j #C;K;@3, -. Gpiojlopdgojg vbzjinb d
Fpmebrjj, 1919–1925 e. V., FER, 1976, 140–148, 180, 186–189; (AD3K=;, +;@=A. Lbf hgmgi-
O|n Qjojstgrstdptp ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj cjmj qrjfbfgoj ifrbdojtg

smuhcj. V|s iblpob ib pqbidbog ob pc{gstdgoptp ifrbdg pt 30 fglgndrj
1903 e. cjmj s|ifbfgoj fdgtg xgotrbmoj ngfjxjoslj uyrghfgoj – Ijrgl-
xj ib pqbidbog ob obrpfoptp ifrbdg j G|rwpdgo ngfjxjoslj s|dgt. Ijrgl-
xjtb jnbmb bfnjojstrbtjdoj vuolxjj j lpotrpmjrbmb qpfdgfpnstdgojtg
D preboj – plr|hojtg, plpmjksljtg j pc{josljtg mglbrj. G|rwpdojt ng-
fjxjoslj s|dgt cjm s|dg{btgmop tmp qrj fjrglxjtb, op jnbm j olpj sb-
npstptgmoj vuolxjj qp pqrgfgmgoj d|qrpsj. Vbnpstptgmop njojstgrst-
dp ob ifrbdgpqbidbogtp og cjmp s|ifbfgop. Tp-qpfrpcop ifrbdoptp dgfpn-
stdp g rbiemgfbop d gfob pt smgfdb{jtg embdj.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob dpkobtb cjmp prebojijrbop s|s iblpo ib ustrpkst-
dptp ob d|pr|hgojtg sjmj ob F|mebrslptp lohgstdp, qrjgt d lrb ob
1903 e. (pcobrpfdbo ob 24 oubrj 1904 e.), lpktp ptngojm qrgfzgstdb{jtg
iblpopfbtgmoj bltpdg. V|embsop tpij iblpo Gpgooptp njojstgrstdp pcwdb-
{bmp ^bcb ob brnjtb (lbtp sbnpstptgmop uyrghfgojg), Efnjojstrbtj-
dgo ptfgm, Gpgoops|fgcgo ptfgm, Oboxgmbrj, Obdbmgrjkslb josqglxj,
Ertjmgrjkslb josqglxj j Gpgogo s|dgt. Gpgoojt njojst|r cjm qp qrb-
djmp djsz pvjxgr, dlm~ygo d|d dpgoobtb kgrbrwj ob brnjtb, op lbtp
ymgo ob Qjojstgrslj s|dgt cjm j qpmjtjygslp mjxg j opsgm qpmjtjygslb
ptepdpropst qrgf Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg j oblbibtgmob ptepdpropst. Rb
Gpgooptp njojstgrstdp cjmj qpfyjogoj preboj, obtpdbrgoj s|s strpgdj
ibfbyj – fjdjijpooj, crjebfoj j qpmlpdj uqrbdmgoj. Tp-qpfrpcop ob dp-
goobtb prebojibxj sg sqjrbn qp-obtbt|l.
Gpkslbtb cjmb jiqpmidbob lbtp rgqrgsjdgo prebo srg{u lpnuojstj j
mgdj igngfgmxj pt prebojibtprjtg ob Igdgtp~oslj qrgdrbt qrgi 1923 e.
Ernjtb uybstdbmb d qptuzbdbogtp ob fgdgtp~osljtg cuotpdg j ob Vgqtgn-
drjkslptp d|stbojg, lbltp j d nbspdjtg gligluxjj smgf btgotbtb d x|rldb-
tb „Vd. Rgfgm“ pt 16 bqrjm 1925 e., jid|rzgoj pspcgop pt 3-tb sglxj (rb-
iuiobdbtgmoj ptfgm) ob Gpgooptp njojstgrstdp, t. obr. gslbfrpo ob qpf-
qpml. Ijnjt|r Tprlpd. Vqpngobtjt iblpo ib bfnjojstrbxjtb j qpmjxj-
tb pt 1925 e. fprj qrgfdjhfbm uybstjg ob brnjtb ib d|istbopddbog ob d|-
trgzoj rgf j cgipqbsopst, lbltp j s|embsudbog nghfu brnj j qpmjxj.58
Qjojstgrstdptp ob vjobosjtg onbmp ustrpkstdgo iblpo, op rbimjyoj-
tg ptfgmgoj d ogep cjmj sqpngobtj d ptfgmoj fbo|yoj iblpoj: iblpob ib
ojtg rgzgtlj. Mi jstprjtb ob vbzjstljtg ibtdprj d F|mebrj, 1923–1944 epfjoj. V., Tbrt-
jifbt, 1971, s. 25, 47.
58 #C;K;@3, -. Gpiojlopdgojg vbzjinb…, 140–148; 1C;DEA:A5, +;=A>3<. Tp fjrtb ob
cgismgfop jiygiobmjtg. V., 1972; (AD3K=;, +;@=A. Ernjtb j ogkobtb rpm d qpmjtjygslj
hjdpt ob F|mebrj, 1923–1939. – Midgstj ob Mostjtutb ib dpgoob jstprj. W. 29. V., 1980,
3–48.
s|cjrbog ob qrgljtg fbo|xj pt 23 nbrt 1905 e., iblpob ib blxjijtg j qbtgo-

tpdj scpr d|rwu qjtjgtbtb pt 31 oubrj 1905 e., iblpob ib njtojxjtg pt
2 nbrt 1906 e. Tp-embdoj smuhcj cjmj ptfgmgojgtp ib qrgljtg fbo|xj, pt-
fgmgojgtp ib lpsdgojtg fbo|xj, njtojygslptp ptfgmgojg, ptfgmgojgtp ib
pc{josljtg obmpij j ptfgmgojgtp ib uqrbdmgojg ob qgosjjtg. Tpfdgfpn-
stdgoj ob tpdb njojstgrstdp cjmj vjobospdjtg, blxjiojtg j njtojygsljtg
uqrbdmgoj. T|rdjtg sg ibojnbdbmj s pqrgfgmogtp j s|cjrbogtp ob qrg-
ljtg fbo|xj, d|imphgoj ob vjobospdj cjrojxj j vjobospdj begotj. El-
xjiojtg uqrbdmgoj pqrgfgmmj blxjib ob rbimjyojtg stplj j obmbebmj
empcj ib obruzgoj ob iblpob ib blxjijtg. Qjtojxjtg cjmj r|lpdpfgoj pt
njtojygslj uqrbdjtgmj j jnbmj nopepcrpgo qgrspobm.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob qrbdps|fjgtp jnbmp nbmpcrpgo qgrspobm j cjmp
obtpdbrgop qp iblpob ib ustrpkstdptp ob s|fjmj{btb pt 12 oubrj 1899 e.
fb smgfj ib s|fgcojtg ngstb j fm|hopstojtg mjxb. Igkopsttb qp tpij obf-
ipr sg jiq|modbmb pt prebojtg ob njojstgrstdptp j d ybstopst pt embdgo
s|fgcgo josqgltpr, s|fgcoj josqgltprj j pt obybmojxj ob ptfgmgoj qrj
njojstgrstdptp.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob obrpfoptp qrpsdg{gojg cjmp gfop pt obk-fpcrg
urgfgojtg s olpmlp iblpob (rbiemgfboj ob s|ptdgtoptp nstp). V|stpmp
sg pt ptfgm ib psopdoptp pcrbipdbojg, ptfgm ib srgfoptp j djszgtp pcrb-
ipdbojg j josqglxjpoob smuhcb ib lpotrpm ob pcrbipdbojgtp. O|n njojs-
tgrstdptp jnbmp j fdg lpmgejbmoj tgmb – Xygcgo lpnjtgt, ibojnbdb{ sg s
jirbcptdbog ob iblpopqrpgltj, qrperbnj j qrbdjmojxj qp uygcoptp dg-
fpnstdp, j Xygcgo s|dgt, lpktp ej pcs|hfbm. Qjojstgrstdptp uqrbhodb-
mp lpotrpm d|rwu uyjmj{btb qpsrgfstdpn uyjmj{oj josqgltprj, lbtp d|d
dsglj plr|e jnbmp plr|hgo uyjmj{go josqgltpr, b d plpmjjtg – qpfyjog-
oj ob ogep plpmjkslj uyjmj{oj josqgltprj.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob t|repdjtb, qrpnjzmgopst tb j trufb cjmp s|ifbfg-
op qrgi 1911 e. j s|{p onbmp ustrpkstdgo iblpo, b sbnp c~fhgtob preb-
ojibxj. Wp sg s|stpmp pt trj ptfgmgoj: ptfgmgojg ib t|repdj, jofust-
rj j ibobtj (l|n lpgtp jnbmp Mofustrjbmgo s|dgt lbtp lposumtbtjdgo
prebo), ptfgmgojg ob njojtg, lbrjgrjtg j njogrbmojtg dpfj (s|s V|dgt qp
njojtg lbtp lposumtbtjdgo prebo) j ptfgmgojg ob trufb. O|n njojstgrst-
dptp sg yjsmgmj j olpmlp „c~rb“: xgotrbmop qrpdgrjtgmop c~rp, sqgxj-
bmop ibobtyjkslp c~rp, jofustrjbmop c~rp j c~rp ib lpotrpm. O|n s|-
{ptp dgfpnstdp cjmj qrjyjsmgoj j t|repdslp-jofustrjbmojtg lbnbrj.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob igngfgmjgtp j f|rhbdojtg jnptj s|{p onbmp us-
tbopdgob qp iblpopfbtgmgo q|t prebojibxj. O|n ogep jnbmp ptfgmgojg ob
eprjtg, qpfdgfpnstdgoj ob lpgtp cjmj rbkpoojtg eprslj josqgltprj j mgs-
ojygjtg. Mnbmp ptfgmgojg qp dpfjtg j ptfgmgojg qp ignmgojtg qpfpcrg-
oj, l|n lpjtp sg yjsmgmj plr|hoj igngfgmslj josqgltprj j plpmjkslj be-

rpopnj. Fjmp s|ifbfgop dgtgrjobrop ptfgmgojg s G|rwpdgo dgtgrjobrgo
s|dgt, ob lpktp cjmj qpfyjogoj plr|hojtg, plpmjksljtg j sgmsljtg dgtg-
rjobroj mglbrj.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob pc{gstdgojtg serbfj, q|tj{btb j cmbepustrpkstdp-
tp cjmp pcpspcgop qrgi 1911 e., b fptpebdb smuhcjtg qp cmbepustrpkstdptp
cjmj ybst pt Qjojstgrstdptp ob pc{gstdgojtg serbfj, q|tj{btb j s|pc{g-
ojtb. O|n dgfpnstdptp ob njojstgrstdptp cjmj dlm~ygoj plr|hojtg jo-
hgogrstdb, pembddboj pt plr|hgo johgogr, qpf yjgtp r|lpdpfstdp jnbmp
johgogrj, brwjtgltj j qr. F~fhgt|t ob tpdb njojstgrstdp cjm oj{phgo.
Qjojstgrstdptp ob hgmgiojxjtg, qp{jtg j tgmgerbvjtg pcgfjodbmp
trj embdoj fjrglxjj: Hmbdob fjrglxj ob hgmgiojxjtg j qrjstboj{btb
(urgfgob s|s iblpob ib glsqmpbtbxjtb ob F|mebrsljtg f|rhbdoj hgmgioj-
xj j qrjstboj{b pt 25 oubrj 1908 e.), Hmbdob fjrglxj ob qp{jtg, tgmg-
erbvjtg j tgmgvpojtg (urgfgob s|s iblpob ib qp{jtg, tgmgerbvjtg j tgmg-
vpojtg pt 3 vgdrubrj 1906 e.) j Hmbdob fjrglxj ib qpstrpkljtg ob hgmgi-
ojxjtg j qrjstboj{btb. Wgij fjrglxjj qp lpnuojlbxjjtg jnbmj og sbnp
epmnp stpqboslp iobygojg, op j qrlb rpm d bfnjojstrjrbogtp ob f|rhb-
dbtb; s|ptdgtop tg jnbmj nopepcrpgo qgrspobm j fpcrb prebojibxj.
F|mebrslbtb f|rhbdb jnbmb j olpmlp sbnpstptgmoj qrbdjtgmstdgoj
uyrghfgoj jid|o s|{gstdudb{jtg njojstgrstdb. Wblpdb uyrghfgojg cj-
mb G|rwpdobtb sngtob qbmbtb, lptp qrpdgrdbmb f|rhbdojtg qrjwpfj j
rbiwpfj j twobtb s|pcrbiopst s f|rhbdoj c~fhgt. V|{p sbnpstptgmoj
f|rhbdoj uyrghfgoj cjmj F|mebrslbtb obrpfob cbolb (f|rhbdojt gnj-
sjpogo cbolpd jostjtut) j F|mebrslbtb igngfgmslb cbolb (lrgfjtjrb{b ig-
ngfgmslptp obsgmgojg).
„Efnjojstrbtjdojtg orbdj“ d c|mebrsljtg f|rhbdoj uyrghfgoj sb
fbmj qpdpf ib rbioj obcm~fgoj. Stcgmidb sg sjmoptp obybmop dmjojg ob
ruslptp lboxgmbrslp fgmpdpfstdp j ruslbtb c~rplrbtjyob rutjob. Rpdjtg
c|mebrslj f|rhbdoj smuhjtgmj cjmj qpsdgtgoj d tbkojtg ob lboxgmbrslp-
tp jilustdp pt ruslj r|lpdpfjtgmj j ibjnstdbmj pt ruslj gijl tgwojygs-
lj tgrnjoj, pspcgop d|d dgfpnstdb lbtp qp{jtg j tgmgerbvjtg j dpkslbtb.
Wpdb dmjojg sg sngsdbmp s olpj ibqbfopgdrpqgkslj smuhgcoj orbdj j s
„yjstp c|mebrslj cjtpdj ygrtj j qrpdj“, fplbtp pt orbdjtg ob qrgfjzob-
tb turslb bfnjojstrbxj pstbobm „pcjybt fb sg qjt lbvgtb, fb sg quzj d
lboxgmbrjjtg j qucmjlbtb fb sopdg qp dsjylj l|tj{b ob f|rhbdojtg
uyrghfgoj“.59
Wjqjyoj c~rplrbtjyoj imjoj, qp-tpyop wbrbltgrjstjlj ob gfob ogfps-
tbt|yop rbxjpobmob c~rplrbxj, cjmj ogustbopdgopst tb ob lpnqgtgoxjj-
59 +;=A>385, +;=A>3<. Efnjojstrbtjdop ustrpkstdp…, 120–124, xjt. ob s. 124.
tg j sngsdbogtp jn, qrgwd|rmogtp ob ptepdpropsttb ib rgzbdbog ob fbfgo

d|qrps l|n qp-eproj jostboxjj ybl fp njojst|r, pttul – nufopst j cgi-
fgkstdjg ob bfnjojstrbxjtb j „epogojxb ob qrgqjsljtg“. Rb tpdb s|pt-
dgtstdbmb d|iqrjgtbtb pt sbnbtb qucmjlb sjstgnb ob mjyoj wpfbtbkstdb pt
sjmoj ob fgo (rpfojoj, qrjtgmj jmj fruej) qrgf djszj bfnjojstrbtjdoj
preboj qprbfj ucghfgojgtp, yg tblb d|qrpsjtg {g sg rgzbt qp-mgsop (j qp-
rbfj qbtrjbrwbmob qsjwpmpej), lpgtp ob sdpk rgf obruzbdbmp kgrbrwjtb
j pc|rldbmp lpnqgtgoxjjtg; qp-obtbt|l – qrjtgmslj usmuej j jiqpmidbog
ob smuhgcoptp qpmphgojg ib rgzbdbog ob rbioj d|qrpsj og qp ustbopdgoj
rgf j qr.60 Igkstdbmp j psnbop-cbmlboslptp „snbidbog“ ob bfnjojstrbtjd-
obtb nbzjob s qpfluqj j cblzjzj. Gsjylp tpdb qrgygmp ob qrpvgsjpobmji-
nb j gvgltjdopsttb d fgkstdjgtp ob f|rhbdoj bqbrbt, lpjtp sg obruzbdb-
mj pt qbtrjbrwbmji|n, lprqprbtjdji|n, lmjgotgmji|n j lpruqxj. Wrufop
sj qrpcjdbmb q|t rbxjpobmop c~rplrbtjyobtb jfg ib ogqgrspobmgo ngwb-
oji|n, fgkstdb{ sqprgf vprnbmoj qrbdjmb j „cgi pemgf ob ypdglb“. Wblb
d|qrglj obmjyjgtp ob d|ozop npfgroj jostjtuxjj j epmgnj crpk yjopd-
ojxj, stgqgotb j f|mcpyjobtb ob jostjtuxjpobmjibxjtb pstbdbmj smbcj, b
jostjtuxjjtg mgsop sg qrgdr|{bmj d ibmpe ob rpfpdp-lmbopdj cprcj j sg
pdmbfdbmj pt psopdboj ob mjyoj dr|ilj eruqjrpdlj, p{g qpdgyg yg qpmj-
tjlbtb fbdbmb fpst|q fp rgsursj j cjmb fpc|r „cjiogs“.61
QJVWRS VEQSXTUEGPJRMJ
Sc{joslptp, x|rlpdoptp j gsobvslp-lprqprbtjdoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg pt

qrgfwpfobtb gqpwb pstbdjmj jidgstgo pqjt d ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg.
Trjoxjq|t ob zjrplp ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg sg ibqbijm j qrj drgngoop-
tp ruslp uqrbdmgojg qrj sjmob xgotrbmjibxj qp pc{pf|rhbdojtg d|qrp-
60 Rlpj smuybj pt 30-tg epfjoj ob oggvgltjdob c~rplrbxj, digtj pt c|mebrslj dgstoj-
xj j pt jilbidboj ob fgqutbtj, sb xjt. pt Logio, George. Bulgaria, Past and Present. Manchester,
Sherratt and Hughes, 1936, 35–41.
61 G tpij snjs|m dh. (3:8C, (3C>. Trjtgmstdp j drbhfb ob Fbmlbojtg. V., Gpgoop jifb-
tgmstdp, 2003, pspc. 19–29, 36–41, 45, 56–62, 103–112. Vqprgf tpij bdtpr Fbmlbojtg qrjobf-
mghbt l|n tjqb „rpfstdgoj pc{gstdb“ (s perpnop iobygojg ob sgngkojtg j rpfstdgojtg dr|i-
lj d|d dsjylj svgrj ob hjdptb) ib rbimjlb pt ibqbfojtg, fgkstdb{j sqprgf qrbdjmb „jostj-
tuxjpobmoj pc{gstdb“ j srgfjignopnprsljtg „pc{gstdb ob sdjtbtb“ (s epmnb rpm ob ptop-
zgojtb qbtrpo–lmjgot). Rp tpij bdtpr ptjdb td|rfg fbmgyg d sdpjtg td|rfgoj j egogrbmj-
ibxjj ib Fbmlbojtg, qrjngsdbklj td|rfg rbimjyoj pc{gstdb (bmcboslp, ygropeprslp, c|mebr-
slp, run|oslp, er|xlp) j rbimjyoj gqpwj; s|{p tblb tpk pygdjfop qpfxgodb rpmtb ob yjstp
mjyojtg dr|ilj j s|~idboj d nopep ibqbfoj pc{gstdb, dlm~yjtgmop qrgfstbdmdb{ptp wrj-
stpnbtjgo qrjngr ib lprqprbtjdop, psopdbop ob ldptj d qpmjtjygslbtb dmbst (j sjmop qrj-
ngsdbog ob qpmjtjlb j cjiogs) s|drgngoop bdstrjkslp pc{gstdp.
sj.62 Opostjtuxjtb s|{p qrplmbnjrb zjrplp ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg. Rp

tp og sg rgbmjijrbmp. G lrbkob sngtlb sg d|iqrjgm strpep xgotrbmjstjygo
npfgm (qp vrgoslj pcrbigx), b obygoljtg ob ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg cjmj
ptsmbcgoj. Tpiobdby|t ob Fbmlbojtg j q|tgzgstdgojl Jnjm Pbdgmg qpspy-
db, yg f|rhbdgo jfgbm ob nmbfjtg fuobdslj f|rhbdj stbobmj xgotrbmjs-
tjyojtg Yrboxj j Fgmej, lpgtp tpk pxgodb lbtp ergzlb; ib sgmslj fgnp-
lrbxjj s fpcrj psopdj ib ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg lbtp pcrbigx qp-slprp
cj trcdbmp fb smuhbt ]dgkxbrj jmj Rprdgej (j fprj „lpnuobmjin|t“
ob qurjtbosljtg lpmpojj ob Rpdb Eoemj, l|fgtp f|rhbdbtb qrgfstbdmdb-
mb s|~i pt sbnpuqrbdmdb{j sg pc{joj). \rgi usjmdbog ob ngstoptp sb-
npuqrbdmgojg cjwb sg jicgeobmj d ybstopst impuqptrgcjtg s qbrmbngotb-
rjinb j s yjopdojygsljtg ngstb.63
Qphg fb sg qpstbdj d|qrps|t, ib{p qpmjtjygsljtg gmjtj d|iqrjgmj
xgotrbmjstjygo npfgm ob f|rhbdb. Mrgygl ptfbdb qrgfqpyjtbojgtp l|n
xgotrbmjstjyobtb urgfcb ob vbltb, yg t mgsop sg lpqjrb (fplbtp ngstop-
tp sbnpuqrbdmgojg jijsldb f|mep spcstdgop rbidjtjg) j yg qrj og qbr-
tjjtg ustbopddbt epsqpfstdp j qpmuybdbt nopepcrpkoj smuhcj ib d|iobe-
rbhfgojg ob qpsmgfpdbtgmjtg sj.64 O|n tpdb trcdb fb sg fpcbdj j nptjd|t
ob uqrbdmdb{jtg fb sj smuhbt s f|rhbdbtb lbtp s jostrungot ib c|rib
npfgrojibxj ob sdpjtg jipstbobmj pc{gstdb – f|rhbdb-fgnjure (qp jirb-
ib ob Zpmn Luofwbusgo), j ib qp-gvgltjdob npcjmjibxj ib qpstjebog ob
obxjpobmoj xgmj.65 M d ogebtjdgo snjs|m pts|stdjgtp ob fruej iobyjtgm-
62
">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, s. 32, 44–45. Gmbfjljo qrjdghfb fu-
njtg ob ruslj qrpvgspr Hrjn, yg qp tpij d|qrps \grlbslj og stpm ob emgfj{gtp ob lpostj-
tuxjpooj strpk d gdrpqgkslj snjs|m ob qpotjgtp, b ob emgfj{gtp ib qrbltjygslptp s|t-
rufojygstdptp nghfu bcspm~tjstjyob f|rhbdob dmbst j s|dg{btgmoj obrpfoj uyrghfgoj.
63 )353>8, %?;>M 78. Fbmlbosljk qpmupstrpd. Q., 1889, s. 67, 106, 112, 130. Vqprgf bdtp-
rb pt emgfob tpylb ob ngstoptp uqrbdmgojg c|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxjtb s|dsgn og g tpmlpdb ob-

rpfpdmbstob.
64
&C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp F|mebrj, s. 353; F|mebrslj fogdojl, t. 1, s. ZIZ. Ib
xjtjrbng: „F|mebrsljtg qpmjtjxj jslbwb fb obrgft dsgnpe|{b f|rhbdob nbzjob qp vrbo-
xuilj pcrbigx, uqrbdmdbob pt gfjo xgot|r, s wjmfj qmb{boj pt f|rhbdbtb j ibdjsjnj pt og
j pt qpmjtjygsljtg qbrtjj yjopdojxj. V|{jtg strgnghj, lpjtp cwb, lbltp rbiqrbd pt spc-
stdgo pqjt boemjksljt jstprjl Finlay, psopdobtb ergzlb ob nmbfptp er|xlp lrbmstdp.“
Rgnsljt jstprjl ob Fbmlbojtg Zpmn Luofwbusgo epdprj ib s|fcpdop mpzb lpncjobxj ngh-
fu xgotrbmjstjygo qrjoxjq ob f|rhbdb j gtojygslp rbicjrbog ob obxjtb d f|rhbdjtg – obs-
mgfojxj ob Ssnboslbtb jnqgrj, fplbtp d|d Yrboxj xgotrbmjin|t sg s|ygtbdbm s erbhfbos-
lp qpotjg ib obxj, b d Hgrnboj fgxgotrbmjibxjtb pcgisjmdbmb (qpog ib jidgstop drgng)
gtojygslj obxjpobmji|n. Gh. Sundhaussen, +olm. Nation und Nationalstaat auf dem Balkan.
Konzepte und Konsequenzen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. – In: Elvert,(Hrsg.).
J. Der Balkan. Eine
Europäische Krisenregion. Stuttgart, 1997, 77–90, pspc. 80–81, 84–85.
65 Sundhaussen, Holm . Institutionen und institutioneller Wandel in den Balkanländern aus
historischer Perspektive. – In: Johannes Papalekas (Hrsg.). Institutionen und institutioneller
oj sjmj, pspcgop ob rbidjtj curhpbioj smpgdg, pcusmbd tbij sjmob „tdpr-

ygslb rpm“ ob f|rhbdbtb.66
Wblb sg stjeb fp wjqgrtrpvj ob f|rhbdbtb, lptp qpgnb dsg opdj j op-
dj vuolxjj j lpnqgtgoxjj, frue d|qrps s lbldb gvgltjdopst j rgiumtbt.
Vtrgngh|t ob f|rhbdbtb ib xmpstop qrpojldbog d pc{gstdptp j fgkstdjg-
tp qrgfjnop pteprg s|s s|qrpdphfb{btb jfgpmpej ob f|rhbdopc~rplrb-
tjygo qbtgrobmji|n (j jfg ib dsgpc{b uqrbdmgnpst j ptepdpropst ib
dsjylp) pcgisjmdbmj ngstobtb bdtpopnj j sucsjfjbropsttb ob ngstojtg
pc{joj (t. g. qrjoxjq|t rgzgojtb fb sg dijnbt mplbmop). Trj tpdb ob f|r-
hbdbtb sg obmbebmp fb qrgpfpmdb s|qrptjdbtb ob ngstobtb bdtpopnj j
ogkojtg jostjtuxjj j sjmj (d F|mebrj qp-nbmlp, ptlpmlptp d V|rcj j
H|rxj, l|fgtp tg cjmj qp-sjmoj), b s|{p fb rbiruzbdb trbfjxjpoobtb opr-
nbtjdob j xgoopstob sjstgnb. G rgiumtbt pc{gstdptp j yjstp pc{gstdgoj-
tg jostjtuxjj j prebojibxjj og usqgmj fb sg bdtpopnjijrbt j gnboxjqjrbt
d fpstbt|yob stgqgo pt f|rhbdbtb j pstbdbmj smbcj j djobej ibqmbzgoj pt
f|rhbdob obngsb; mjqsdbmj j nghfjooj j pqpsrgfstdb{j jostjtuxjj s psj-
eurgob bdtpopnj (b og ib qrpstb trbosnjsj ob f|rhbdoj rgzgoj).67
Fj npemp sbnp fb sg ebfbg lbldp cj stbobmp qrj qp-sjmop ngstop sbnp-
uqrbdmgojg j s|ptdgtop qp-smbcb xgotrbmob dmbst. Rbqrjngr fbmj d zlp-
mbtb ob pc{jojtg onbzg fb sg rbidjg qp-cufop erbhfboslp s|iobojg, sb-
npstptgmopst j erbhfboslb sbnpprebojibxj; fbmj perbojybdbogtp ob
xgotrbmjinb onbzg fb sqgstj nopep imjoj ob pc{gstdptp j qr. Rp trcdb
fb c|fgn qrgfqbimjdj d qpfpcoj sqglumbxjj. Iprj sbnp qprbfj vbltb, yg
sqpspcojtg ob sbnpuqrbdmgojg pc{joj lbtp jiogsmjtg obxjpobmoptp G|i-
rbhfbog cbmlboslj erbfygtb s qp-pcrbipdbop obsgmgojg cjmj td|rfg nbmlp.
Motgrgsop d tpdb ptopzgojg g obcm~fgojgtp ob Mrgygl pt q|rdjtg epfjoj
ob Oohgstdptp, yg fpcrb psopdb ib sbnpuqrbdmgojg sg obnjrbmb d nbmlj-
tg qmbojoslj erbfpdg, l|fgtp qrgfj jnbmp jidgstob bdtpopnj j smuhcbtb
embdb ob pc{jobtb g opsgmb fpstpkostdp, fplbtp d ibqbfojtg ybstj opdptp
ibotjg lngt sgmojtg ygstp stpdbrdbmj ob olpk cgfgo j cgiqpnp{go, oge-
rbnptgo ypdgl.68 Rlpmlptp pqjtb fb sg pstbdt ob pc{jojtg erjhjtg ib
uyjmj{btb, ifrbdgpqbidbogtp j q|tj{btb qplbibmj mpzj rgiumtbtj.
Wandel in Südosteuropa. Südosteuropa-Jahrbuch, 25. Band. München, Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft,

1994, 35–54, S. 41.
66 Obltp tpdb g ibcgmibop d|d dr|ilb s d|inphopst tb ib npobrwjygslj dpgoopc~rplrb-
tjygo rghjn pt spxjbmjstb (A>3CA5, (;C;>. O|n rbdopsngtlbtb ob dpgoop-npobrwjygslj

rghjn. – Rpdp pc{gstdp, 1, 1906, C 9, 808–814.
67 Sundhaussen, Holm. Institutionen und institutioneller…, 46–48.
68
&C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp F|mebrj, 323–324. Rg{p qpfpcop ibcgmidb qp qp-
dpf urgfgopst tb ob pc{jojtg j s|cjrbogtp ob fbo|xjtg j !A85, !A@JA. Iplmbf ib s|stpojg-
tp ob qrgljtg fbo|xj. V., 1887, s. 40.
Mstprjtb ob ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg smgf Ssdpcphfgojgtp g jstp-

rj ob ogepdj uqbf|l j ibl|rodbog – mjzbdbog pt nopep qrbdpnp{j j
qrgdr|{bog d qrpstb trbosnjsj ob rbiqprghfbojtb ob xgotrbmoptp qrb-
djtgmstdp. Vbnbtb jfg ib pc{joslb dmbst sg jingo pt trbfjxjpooptp
swdb{bog (qpf turslb dmbst) ib sbnpstpkob jostjtuxj ob sbnpuqrbdmgojg
l|n swdb{bog, yg g obk-ojslb stgqgo ob f|rhbdobtb bfnjojstrbxj, obtp-
dbrgob pt xgotrbmobtb dmbst s jiq|mogojgtp ob ibfbyj, lpjtp og t pqrg-
fgm.69 Tp-obtbt|l {g sg sqrgn ob embdojtg npngotj d rbidjtjgtp ob ngst-
optp (sbnp)uqrbdmgojg.
Lblpo|t ib bfnjojstrbtjdoptp fgmgojg ob tgrjtprjtb ob Oohgstdp-
tp pt 23 nbk 1880 e. qrgnbwdb d|dgfgojtg pt ruslptp uqrbdmgojg eucgrojj
j obnbmdb crp ob plr|ijtg pt 31 ob 21. G|iqrjgtp g bfnjojstrbtjdop fg-
mgojg ob trj stgqgoj: plr|ij, rbifgmgoj ob plpmjj, lpjtp ob sdpk rgf sg
rbifgmmj ob pc{joj. V|s iblpo pt 21 bdeust 1882 e. plr|ijtg cjmj sdgfg-
oj fp 15, b dqpsmgfstdjg cjmj obnbmgoj p{g (qrgi 1911 e. cjmj 12). Slp-
mjjtg qrgfstbdmdbmj yjstp bfnjojstrbtjdoj qpfrbifgmgoj, b plr|ijtg j
pc{jojtg, qpog qp jfg – j sbnpuqrbdjtgmoj tgmb s|s spcstdgob lpnqg-
tgotopst j vuolxjj.
Slr|e|t qp iblpo (pt 14 pltpndrj 1882 e.) cjm sbnpuqrbdjtgmop tmp.
Rgepd prebo cjm Slr|hojt s|dgt, jicjrbo yrgi qrglj jicprj pt jicjrbtg-
mjtg ob dsjylj pc{joj, dlm~ygoj d ogep. Lb lbofjfbtjtg ib plr|hoj s|dgt-
ojxj jnbmp xgoi. Yuolxjjtg ob Slr|hoj s|dgt cjmj pt qrpsdgtgo, stpqbo-
slj j cmbepustrpkstdgo wbrbltgr. Miq|mojtgmgo prebo ob plr|hojtg s|dgtj
cjmb Slr|hobtb qpstpoob lpnjsj. Rp sbnpuqrbdmgojgtp ob plr|eb cjmp
stgsogop pt iobyjtgmojtg lpnqgtgoxjj ob obiobybgnj plr|hgo uqrbdjtgm.
Tpsmgfojt uqrbhodbm pc{ obfipr obf dsjylj f|rhbdoj smuhcj d plr|eb;
cjm obybmojl ob qpmjxgksljtg dmbstj – ogqpsrgfstdgo zgv ob plpmjksljtg
obybmojxj; jnbm d sdpg qpfyjogojg plr|hgo johgogr, plr|hgo uyjmj{go
josqgltpr, plr|hgo dgtgrjobrgo mglbr j qr. Mipc{p plr|hojt uqrbdjtgm
rbiqpmbebm s epmnb dmbst j qrl fpst|q fp dsjylj njojstrj.
Sc{jojtg sqprgf W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj (ym. 3) trcdbmp fb c|fbt
sbnpuqrbdmdb{j sg tgmb. Wpij qrjoxjq pcbyg cjm obruzgo dgfobeb. Trj-
drgngoojtg qrbdjmb ib pc{joslptp erbfslp j sgmslp uqrbdmgojg pt 18 ~mj
1879 e. j s|ifbfgojt qp drgng ob rghjnb ob q|mopnp{jtb iblpo ib pc-
{jojtg j ib erbfslptp uqrbdmgojg pt 12 pltpndrj 1882 e. qrgnbwobmj ji-
cpropst tb ob stp{jtg obygmp ob pc{jobtb lngtpdg j ej obqrbdjmj obiob-
69
Hoepken, Wolfgang . Zentralstaat und kommunale Selbstverwaltung in Bulgarien
1880–1910. Zum Charakter eines Modernisierungskonfliktes. – In: Günther Stoekl (Hrsg.).
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. Bd. 39. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1991, 199–213,
pspc. s. 203.
ybgnj pt xgotrbmobtb dmbst (qrj pqrgfgmgo jnu{gstdgo j pcrbipdbtgmgo

xgoi). Sc{josljtg s|dgtj sg ibqbidbmj lbtp jicproj tgmb, op sg jicjrbmj
yrgi fdustgqgooj jicprj qrj jnu{gstdgo j pcrbipdbtgmgo xgoi ob jicjrb-
tgmj j jicjrbgnj.
Tp drgng ob uqrbdmgojgtp ob Pjcgrbmobtb qbrtj qpf dmjojg ob xgo-
trbmjstjyoptp vrgoslp iblpopfbtgmstdp sb s|ifbfgoj fdb iblpob ib pc{j-
ojtg – iblpo|t ib erbfsljtg pc{joj pt 19 ~mj 1886 e. j iblpo|t ib sgmslj-
tg pc{joj pt 22 ~mj 1886 e., lpjtp s nopepcrpkoj jingogoj j fpq|mog-
oj qrps|{gstdudbmj fp 1934 e. G srbdogojg s q|mopnp{jtb tgij iblpoj
cjmj d mjcgrbmgo fuw. Wg d|dgmj qrglj jicprj ib pc{josljtg s|dgtj, sngl-
yjmj xgoib ib jicjrbtgmj j jicjrbgnj; lngtpdgtg sg jicjrbmj pt Sc{jo-
slj s|dgt jinghfu ogepdjtg ymgopdg. Rlpj jingogoj dqpsmgfstdjg
(qrgi 1902 j 1904 e.) ibsjmjmj xgotrbmjibxjtb (sqgxjbmop qp ptopzgojg
ob vjobospdj lpotrpm), op sg pqjtbmj fb ib{jtt pc{josljtg smuhjtgmj
pt qrpjidpmob obngsb ob xgotrbmojtg preboj.70
Trgfpstbdgojtg ob pc{jojtg vuolxjj (qp iblpojtg pt 1886 e. j qp-ob-
tbt|zojtg jingogoj) cjmj embdop pt stpqboslp, qrpsdgtop, cmbepustrpk-
stdgop j sbojtbrop gstgstdp. Wg trcdbmp fb jif|rhbt psopdojtg uyjmj{b.
Tp-epmgnjtg pc{joj trcdbmp fb jnbt pc{joslj mglbr j bluzgrlb. Gslb
pc{job jnbmb sdp pc{joslb qpmjxj pt strbhbrj, q|fbrj, eprslj strb-
hbrj j qr. Sc{jobtb rbiqpmbebmb s|s sdpj pc{joslj c~fhgt j pc{joslj
qrjwpfj. Rp d qpspygojtg iblpoj cjmj ustbopdgoj iobyjtgmoj perbojyg-
oj d pc{joslbtb fgkopst. Trgfj dsjylp pc{jojtg og nphgmj fb rbidjdbt
fgkopst, rbimjyob pt d|imphgobtb jn pt iblpob fprj qp ngstoj d|qrpsj, j
trcdbmp fb ptqrbdt qp kgrbrwjygo rgf „ibdmgoj jmj hgmboj“ fp qp-
djsplbtb dmbst. Iprj d rbnljtg ob qrgfpstbdgobtb jn lpnqgtgotopst tg o-
nbmj jstjoslp sbnpuqrbdmgojg, qpoghg dsjylj rgzgoj ob pc{joslj s|-
dgt j ibqpdgfjtg ob lngtb nphgmj fb c|fbt ptngogoj pt xgotrbmobtb dmbst.
Wblpdb dbhop qrbdp, lbtp s|stbdogtp ob pc{joslj c~fhgt, cjmp iobyj-
tgmop perbojygop pt plr|hobtb qpstpoob lpnjsj, lptp nphgmb fb og ep
utd|rfj, fb qrpngoj qrgfdjfgojtg sunj, fb dqjzg d ogep fruej qgrb j qr.71
Wpdb gstgstdgop sq|dbmp jojxjbtjdbtb ob pc{jojtg j qprbhfbmp qbsjd-
70
Ibidem, 202–204.
71
Tp qrpcmgnjtg ob ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg dh. .EAO@A5, ,8E=A. Sc{joslptp sbnp-
uqrbdmgojg u obs. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 7, 1909, C 7, 731–741; !3>3?8:A5, .E8G3@.
Sygrl ob ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 3, 1905, C 17–18, 388–397,
pspc. 394–397; Ssopdoj sjstgnj ob ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg. – Sc{joslb bdtpopnj, 8, 1934,
C 5, 273–290; 1379;85, 1. Vqprpdgtg plpmp utd|rhfbdbogtp lngtb qp fm|hopst. – Ignplrb-
tjygslj qrgemgf, 32, 1931, C 7–8, 301–305; /A7ACA5, ,8ELC. Sc{j qpmphgoj ib plpmjkslj-
tg j pc{josljtg s|dgtj. (F~fhgtoj pygrxj. \bst V.). – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 9, 1911,
C 8, 987–992.
opst. Tp funjtg ob ibgnbmj dslbldj ngstoj bfnjojstrbtjdoj fm|hopstj

rpfpqslj pc{gstdgo fggx Gbsjm Igypd:
M pc{jobtb, bdtpopnobtb uh pc{job, ib dslb frgcob pc{joslb rbcptb

t|rsj obstpkojlb sj fb digng s|embsjgtp nu; jmj q|l, ib fb og qrbdj
truf j og wbryj jimjzoj qbrj, og qrgfqrjgnb oj{p fb d|rzj, t. g. t
sqj embfob, op sqplpkob qpf solbtb, lptp pqgluo|t D g obqrbdjm pt
e|stbtb f|rhbdob c~rplrbtjyob qbhjob.72
Sspcgop erucb obngsb d sbnpuqrbdmgojgtp ob pc{jojtg pt obybmoj

qgrjpf qrgfstbdmdbmp qrbdptp ob xgotrbmobtb dmbst fb rbitur pc{joslj-
tg s|dgtj. Gslb jfdb{b ob dmbst qbrtj qrjcedbmb fp rbiturdbog ob pqp-
ijxjpoop obstrpgoj pc{joslj s|dgtj, qrgfj fb qrpdgfg jicprj, lpjtp stb-
dbmj smgf qpdjldbogtp D ob dmbst pt npobrwb. Obltp qjzg og cgi jrpoj ji-
dgstojt s fgnplrbtjygsljtg sj d|iemgfj ~rjst Ybfgowgwt (qrgi 1910 e.):
[gotrbmobtb dmbst d mjxgtp ob njojst|rb ob qpmjxjtb qrpddb qrgs-

t|qob ibjotgrgspdbopst sqrnp s|stbdb ob pc{josljtg s|dgtj j sqr-
np qpmjtjygsljtg ucghfgoj ob lngtpdgtg. Wbij pspcgob erjhb sg ji-
mjdb embdop qrj snobtb ob gfop qrbdjtgmstdp s fruep. Rpdptp qrbdj-
tgmstdp emgfb ob q|rdp nstp fb digng qp-epmnb ybst pt pc{josljtg
s|dgtj d sdpj r|xg. Ubiturogtp ob ibdbrgojtg pc{joslj s|dgtj g gf-
op pt obk-jiqjtbojtg pr|hj d cprcbtb ob opdptp qrbdjtgmstdp ib qbr-
mbngotbrgo hjdpt.73
Stobybmp rbiturdbogtp ob pc{josljtg s|dgtj stbdbmp fjrgltop, b dqp-

smgfstdjg – qp-rbvjojrbop, yrgi qpfbdbog ob „fpcrpdpmoj“ pstbdlj ob s|-
dgtojxjtg (qpf obtjsl j jioufdbog j jiqpmidbog ib xgmtb fprj ob qrplu-
rprslj obfipr), smgf lpgtp sg obiobybdbmj trjymgooj lpnjsjj s wprb ob
dmbstdb{btb d npngotb qbrtj, lpjtp qrpdghfbmj jicprjtg. Ubicjrb sg,
tpdb ibngsdbmp pc{josljtg dmbstj – dslb qprgfob pt tw – fjrgltop d qp-
mjtjygslptp qbrtjibostdp j ej lprunqjrbmp.
Vmbcpstjtg ob ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg cjmj djfjnj ob drgngtp, lbltp
j jotgrgsjtg, lpjtp tpdb s|stpojg ob og{btb pcmbepfgtgmstdbmp. Pjqsbtb
ob s|{joslp pc{joslp sbnpuqrbdmgojg, pspcgop {p sg ptobs fp jicprb ob
72
$8JA5, "3D;>. Obldp g sgebzoptp bfnjojstrbtjdop fgmgojg j uqrbdmgojg ob xbrstdptp
j lbldp trcdb fb c|fg? Vmjdgo, 1909, s. 53.
73 0378@H8HE, 'AD;G. Rbmghb{j rgvprnj d obzgtp pc{joslp sbnpuqrbdmgojg. – Ignp-
lrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 8, 1910, C 1, 1–13, xjt. ob s. 3. Gh. ib tpdb s|{p: Sc{jobtb j ogkojtg
vuolxjj. ]ungo, 1910, 9–10. G s|{j snjs|m: $8JA5, "3D;>. Obldp g sgebzoptp…, 41–42;
.EAO@A5, ,8E=A. Sc{joslptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg…, 736–737. Edtpr|t obrjyb pc{joslptp sb-
npuqrbdmgojg „vpof ib ibnpedbog j qrgwrbob ob qbrtjkoj qbrtjiboj“.
pc{joslj dmbstj j rbiqpmbebogtp s c~fhgtb, cjmb qpfmbebob nopeplrbtop

ob psopdbtgmob lrjtjlb j sg qrgfmbebmj lpolrgtoj ngrlj ib obnbmdbog ob
pqgluostdptp pteprg j ib usjmdbog ob ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg.74 Rp trc-
db fb sg ptcgmghj, yg fprj obmjyjgtp ob fpcrj rbiqprgfcj, lpmlptp j dbhop
fb g, og sqjrbmp olpj qprpyoj qrbltjlj; obqrjngr obnjrbmj sg ogqrglj ob-
yjoj ogufpcoj ib dmbsttb lngtpdg fb c|fbt pcdjogoj d obruzgoj j ptstrb-
ogoj, pc{joslj s|dgtj fb c|fbt oblbrboj fb qpfbfbt pstbdlb j qr. Rgfpstb-
t|l ob ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg qrgfstbdmdbmj j ygstjtg qrpngoj d rgfb
(iblpoj, qrbdjmojxj) j c~rplrbtjyojt vprnbmji|n j lboxgmbr{jobtb d
ptopzgojtb nghfu rbiojtg jostboxjj, lpjtp ibfuzbdbmj ngstobtb jojxj-
btjdb (j s|ifbdbmj lpruqxjpoob srgfb). \gstjtg sngoj, qrpjidpmoptp obiob-
ybdbog, ngstgog j udpmodbog ob plpmjksljtg obybmojxj s|ifbdbmj j u tw
ogsjeuropst j qrgygmj ob jiq|mogojgtp ob smuhgcojtg jn ibf|mhgoj.75
Rp og{btb s ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg jnbt j frueb strbob. Rbngsbtb ob
f|rhbdobtb dmbst d pc{joslptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg ygstp sg obmbebmb qprbfj
vjobospdb smbcpst, oglpnqgtgotopst jmj qpfluqopst ob pc{josljtg dmbstj.
Wjqjyoj smbcpstj ob sbnjtg pc{joj cjmj: ogfpstje ob ldbmjvjxjrboj
(pcrbipdboj) pc{joslj smuhjtgmj, mpzp s|cjrbog ob fbo|xjtg j uqrbdmg-
ojg ob vjobosjtg, nopep impuqptrgcj ob qpfluqoj lngtpdg j fruej pc{jo-
slj smuhjtgmj76, ibfm|hodbog ob pc{jojtg, b q|l ogfpstje|t ob vjobosj
qrgygm ob strpghb j jifr|hlbtb ob obybmojtg uyjmj{b, ob cmbepustrpkst-
dptp, ob erjhbtb ib zpsgtb j npstpdg. Wblb qpmphgojgtp ds|{opst sg qpfpc-
rjmp s d|dghfbogtp d obybmptp ob ZZ dgl ob f|rhbdoj sglrgtbr-cjrojxj,
lpjtp jiigmj vjslbmojtg ibfbyj pt pc{jobtb s qpgnbogtp pt f|rhbdbtb ob
jifr|hlbtb ob obybmojtg uyjmj{b (pt 1904 e.), ob erjhbtb ib q|tj{btb j qr.
Rbjstjob srg{u pc{josljtg smbcpstj nphgmj fb sg t|rst fruej srgf-
stdb dngstp q|moptp pcgisjmdbog ob pc{jojtg. Rp lbltp qpspydb ognsljt
74 Gh. 0378@H8HE, 'AD;G. Rbmghb{j rgvprnj… Ugvprnj ib udgmjybdbog ob sbnpstp-
tgmopst tb ob ngstobtb dmbst qrgqpr|ydbt j: /A7ACA5, ,8ELC. Sc{j qpmphgoj ib…; .EAO-
@A5, ,8E=A. Sc{joslptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg…, pspc. 740–741. Gh. j jimphgojgtp ob $8JA5, "3-
D;>. Obldp g sgebzoptp…, 51–61.
75 $8JA5, "3D;>. Obldp g sgebzoptp…, pspc. 9–20, 20–22. Mimphgojgtp s|f|rhb lpolrgt-
oj qrjngrj ib bfnjojstrbtjdoj ogurgfjxj j ibtrufodbog ob ngstobtb jojxjbtjdb, qpygrqb-

oj pt cpebtj mjygo pqjt ob bdtprb lbtp bfnjojstrbtpr (sgmslj lngt, plpmjkslj obybmojl, pl-
r|hgo s|dgtojl).
76 Vqprgf Wpnb Gbsjm}pd ib drgngtp pt 1887–1897 e. jnbmp 1140 s|fgcoj qrpxgsb qrptjd
lngtpdg. Gh. "3D;>MA5, /A?3. I|mepdgtg ob plr|hjtb j pc{jojtg d F|mebrj. V., 1897, s. 19.
Vtgvbo Ojrpd qpspydb, yg 2416 fuzj pt pc{josljtg dmbstj cjmj qpfdgfgoj qpf s|fgcob pt-
epdpropst nghfu 1898–1901 e. ib impuqptrgcj lbtp qrjsdpdbog ob sunj, jifbdbog ob fplu-
ngotj s vbmzjdp s|f|rhbojg, ulrjdbog ob nmbfghj pt dpgoob smuhcb j qr. Gh. (;CA5,
.E8G3@. Vtbtjstjygslj fbooj qp qrgsmgfdbog pc{joslj lngtpdg j qpnp{ojxjtg jn pt 1898
fp lrb ob 1901 e. ib rbioj qrgst|qmgoj. – Hrbhfbojo, 1, 1904, C 4, 279–280.
jstprjl Gpmveboe Z}pqlgo, qrpergsjrb{btb obngsb ob xgotrbmobtb dmbst j

jiqrbidbogtp ob pc{joslbtb bdtpopnj pt s|f|rhbojg og npebt fb sg pcs-
ot sbnp s qpmjtjygslbtb ognprbmopst ob qbrtjj j qpmjtjxj (lpmlptp j tp-
db fb jerbgmp rpm), b qrgfstbdmdb strulturgo qrpcmgn ob npfgrojijrb{j-
tg sg f|rhbdj, sd|ribo s obrbstdbogtp ob smphopsttb ob ibfbyjtg j obfw-
d|rmogtp ob d|inphopstjtg j rgsursjtg ob pc{jojtg. Lbtpdb rbiojtg qp-
qumjstlj j spxjbmoprgdpm~xjpooj jfgbmjibxjj ob pc{jobtb, pspcgop ob
qbtrjbrwbmobtb d|irphfgoslb pc{job, smgfdb fb sg qrjgnbt slgqtjyop.77
Vmgf qrgdrbtb pt 19 nbk 1934 e. cjmj qrgnbwobtj j nbmljtg pstbt|xj
ob ngstop sbnpuqrbdmgojg j xgotrbmjin|t sg d|ixbrjm jixmp. V jifbdb-
ogtp ob obrgfcb-iblpo ib erbfsljtg pc{joj pt 3 bdeust 1934 e. j obrgfcb-
iblpo ib sgmsljtg pc{joj pt 20 bdeust 1934 e. jicpropst tb ob lngtpdgtg
cjmb ibngogob s|s sjstgnb ob obiobybdbog pt xgotrbmobtb dmbst j qp-sqg-
xjbmop pt njojst|rb ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj qp qrgfstbdog ob pcmbstoj
fjrgltpr. G|dghfbmj sg j olpj usmpdj, ob lpjtp trcdb fb ptepdbr lng-
t|t – djszg pcrbipdbojg jmj fb g ibd|rzjm dpgoop uyjmj{g. Micprojt
pc{joslj s|dgt sg ibngom s|s sngsgo qp s|stbd pc{joslj s|dgt s epmn
crpk dmjib{j qp qrbdp (qp sjmbtb ob ibgnbob fm|hopst) ymgopdg. Wblb pc-
{jojtg cjmj jidgfgoj pt svgrbtb ob qpmjtjygsljtg cprcj j blp sg drdb
ob gfjo uybstdbm d cgiqbrtjkojtg qrbdjtgmstdb bdtpr, qpf r|lpdpfstdptp
ob „jotgmjegotoj lngtpdg“ sg qrgpcrbijmj d erbfjdgo snjs|m.78 Efnjoj-
strbtjdop-tgrjtprjbmoptp fgmgojg ob strbobtb cjmp qrgustrpgop yrgi
uepmgndbog, lbtp s|{gstdudb{jtg 16 plr|eb cjmj sdgfgoj fp 7 pcmbstj,
dslb s obiobybgn pcmbstgo fjrgltpr, s|ygtbdb{ bfnjojstrbtjdoj j qpmj-
xgkslj vuolxjj. Vgmsljtg pc{joj s|{p cjmj qrgeruqjrboj j uepmgngoj
yrgi jijsldbog ib njojnbmgo crpk hjtgmj. G rgiumtbt cjmb s|ifbfgob „gf-
ob nopep stgeobtb qpmjxgkslpbfnjojstrbtjdob nbzjob, qpstbdgob qpf
q|moptp rbiqprghfbog ob njojst|rb ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj“.79
77 H pken, Wolfgang . Zentralstaat und kommunale…, 206–213.
78
,8K85, $;?;ELC. Vqpngoj, 71–72. Gh. j s|drgngooj pxgolj ob rgvprnbtb u .E3<@A5,
,8E=A. Sc{jobtb sqprgf opdptp iblpopfbtgmstdp. – Sc{joslj qrgemgf, 17, 1935, C 13,
561–566; (3<7L?A5, *. Sc{joslbtb bdtpopnj u obs. – Sc{joslb bdtpopnj, 8, 1935, C 4,
193–196; C 5, 291–301. Edtpr|t pxgodb qpijtjdop obiobybgnpst tb ob lngtpdgtg s jijsldb-
oj ib lpnqgtgotopst, op d|irbidb srg{u s|stbdogtp ob pc{josljtg s|dgtj pt yjopdojxj
qp qrbdp, b og jicjrbgnj. Lb rgprebojibxjjtg ob ngstobtb dmbst j bfnjojstrbtjdoptp fgmg-
ojg smgf qrgdrbtb d ogebtjdgo snjs|m dh. *;>=A53, 03@;. F|mebrslbtb curhpbiob…, 50–53.
79 .E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Ubidjtjgtp ob bfnjojstrbtjdop-tgrjtprjbmoptp ustrpkstdp j ob
ngstojtg bfnjojstrbtjdoj qpfgmgoj pt 9 sgqtgndrj 1944 e. fp fogs. – G|d: G|qrpsj ob ob-

rpfopfgnplrbtjygslptp qrbdp ob RU F|mebrj qrgi jitglmjtg qgtobfgsgt epfjoj. V., FER,
1959, 155–180, pspc. s. 159. Rbjstjob s|{jt bdtpr d xjtjrbobtb d qrgfobtb cgmghlb rbcptb
sg pqjtdb fb pcpsopdg „sbnpfgkoj“ (jmj bdtpopngo), nblbr og sbnpuqrbdmdb{ sg, wbrbltgr
ob pc{jobtb qrj tbij sjstgnb.
\MRSGRM[M M \MRSGRM\JVOM G_TUSV
Rglb sgeb sg sqrgn ob qgrspobmb pt pc{gstdgoj smuhjtgmj d f|rhbdojtg j

pc{josljtg uyrghfgoj. Trpcmgnjtg ob yjopdojxjtg j smuhg{jtg j tw-
optp qpmphgojg sb zjrplp j nopeplrbtop pcs|hfboj d s|drgngooj qgybt.
Wblb obrgygojt yjopdojygslj d|qrps dlm~ydb qprgfjxb pt qrpcmgnj –
c|rip obrbstdb{j crpk f|rhbdoj yjopdojxj, ogstbcjmopst tb ob twoptp
qpmphgojg j sdpgdpmojtg, yjstp qbrtjiboslj udpmogoj, ibqmbtjtg, uqpt-
rgcbtb ob yjopdojygslj bqbrbt ib qpmjtjygslj xgmj (qrj jicprj), obk-
sgtog – tgofgoxjtb ib qrgdr|{bog ob c~rplrbxjtb d sbnpstpgo qpmjtj-
ygslj vbltpr.
Trj drgngooptp ruslp uqrbdmgojg d Oohgstdptp jnbmp 2121 yjopd-
ojxj.80 Vmgf V|gfjogojgtp s udgmjybdbog ob tgrjtprjtb j qpgnbogtp ob
opdj vuolxjj pt f|rhbdbtb ouhfbtb pt yjopdojxj j d|d dsglj smuybk tgw-
ojt crpk rilp obrbsobmj. Trgi 1896 e. jnbmp 20 509 yjopdojxj (cgi smu-
hg{jtg ob pc{joslb j plr|hob jifr|hlb), qrgi 1904 e. – 28 940 fuzj,
qrgi 1908 e. – 35 920, b qrgi 1911 e. – 51 137 j p{g 23 048 qrj jicprojtg
uyrghfgoj (jmj pc{p 74 185).81 Trbdgmb sg rbimjlb nghfu yjopdojxj j
smuhg{j – dtprjtg cjmj s qp-ojslb ldbmjvjlbxj j ibgnbmj qp-ojslj j
qp-mpzp qmbtgoj smuhcj, obqrjngr rbisjmoj, strbhbrj, qjsbrj j fr. Sc-
{josljtg vuolxjpogrj cjmj jicproj, b f|rhbdojtg – obiobybgnj.
T|rdpobybmop yjopdojygsljtg ibqmbtj cjmj td|rfg djsplj (qpf ruslp
dmjojg), lpgtp ibgfop s|s sjeuroj fpwpf fpqrjogsmp ib epmnptp t|rsg-
og ob yjopdojygslj smuhcj, pspcgop pt qpog nbmlp pcrbipdboj wprb. Qop-
ep wprb jipstbdmj t|repdj j ibobt j fprj sdpcpfob qrpvgsj, ib fb sg
wdbobt ob smuhcb: „t|repdgx|t qrgfqpyjtb fb c|fg yjopdojl qrj olpg
lpdyghojygstdp jmj njtojxb, ibobtyjtb – rbisjmgo jmj njtojygslj
strbhbr“. Tp funjtg ob Mrgygl tpdb slprp fpdgmp fp „vuolxjpobrji|n“ –
80 Vqprgf Mrgygl d obybmptp ob 1879 e. ob smuhcb d erbhfboslptp uqrbdmgojg jnb 2121
c|mebrj (768 obiobygoj j 1353 jicrboj) j 150 rusj. Gh. &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp
F|mebrj, s. 382. Rlpj sqpngoj s|f|rhbt fpcrb qrgxgolb ib fpcrps|dgstopst tb j yudstdptp
ib f|me j ptepdpropst ob q|rdjtg yjopdojxj d|qrglj ogpqjtopst tb jn. Gh. !>LD=A5, &>;O. Mi
d|iqpnjobojtb nj ib q|rdjtg obzj smuhcbzj d q|rdjtg foj smgf Ssdpcphfgojgtp. – F|m-
ebrslb scjrlb, 6, 1899, C 4, 160–169; ">3<=A5, /A7AC. \jopdojygstdp j dmbstojxj. Sygrlj.
Vqprgf cgmghljtg j sqpngojtg ob np crbt. V., 1934, 5–22.
81 (3O>A5, *. F~rplrbxjtb u obs (Ugiumtbtj pt qrgcrpdbogtp ob f|rhbdojtg yjopdoj-
xj j smuhb{j d Oohgstdp F|mebrj ob 1 nbrt 1896 e. Vpvj, vgdrubrj 1897 e. Mifbojg ob

stbtjstjygslptp c~rp). – F~mgtjo ob t|repdslp-jofustrjbmojtg lbnbrj, 1, 1897, C 19–22;
Vtbtjstjygslj epfjzojl ob F|mebrslptp xbrstdp, 1, 1909. V., 1910, 411–415 (xjvrbtb ib
1896 e. tul g fbfgob lbtp 20 753); Vtbtjstjygslj epfjzojl ob F|mebrslptp xbrstdp, 4, 1912.
V., 1915, 394–395; $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. \jopdojzljt d|qrps d F|mebrj. – Vqjsbojg ob F|m-
ebrslptp jlpopnjygslp fruhgstdp, 9, 1905, C 7, 459–470, pspc. s. 463.
wjqgrtrpvj ob yjopdojygstdptp.82 Tpfpcop qpmphgojg pcsojnp s|ifb-

mp pnrbib l|n yjopdojxjtg srgf pcmphgoptp s fbo|xj obsgmgojg; ogebtjd-
optp ptopzgojg sg qrgdr|{b d stgrgptjq ob perbojygojtg d sdp lr|epipr,
op j ogdjhfb{j rgbmob qpmib ib sgcg sj sgmoj. Vqprgf gfop sdjfgtgmstdp
ib tbij obybmob gqpwb:
Gsjylj ibwdbobwb fb emgfbt ob yjopdojlb lbtp ob gfjo epst ob f|rhbd-

obtb trbqgib, lbtp ob gfjo obrpfgo jigfojl, qp-strbzgo, ptlpmlptp c-
wb fbhg tursljtg bej jmj lbknblbnj. […] \gtd|rt dgl sg jinjob, ptlbl-
tp ojg qpiobdbng fgkopsttb ob yjopdojlb, op obzgtp obrpfop qpotjg
ib ogep pstbdb ogjingoop: ojg s qp-epmnb obsmbfb j pt jsqbosljtg qp-
sgtjtgmj ob xjrlpdgtg emgfbng qbfobmj, jiepogoj yjopdojl fb
embfudb. E „djspljtg ibqmbtj“ n|ybt dsglj q|t sqplpkstdjgtp ob c|meb-
rjob j tpk djlb qrptjd tw, lpebtp j lpmlptp nu embs f|rhj. […] Vtru-
db nj sg, yg j cgiqmbtop fb smuhj c|mebrsljt yjopdojl, qbl og {g np-
hg fb sqgygmj obrpfobtb cmbepfbropst, b j c~fhgtjtg og {g sg pqrbdt;
tblbdb g qsjwpmpejtb ob obrpfb oj, ob gqpwbtb, d lptp hjdggn…83
\jopdojygsljtg smuhcj sg qrgdr|{bt d ibmpe ob qpmjtjygsljtg cprcj.

Rbiobybdbogtp ob smuhcb cjmp pybldbob j rbifbdbob oberbfb ob qrjd|rhg-
ojxjtg („qbrtjibojtg“) ob fbfgob qbrtj ib twobtb qpflrgqb qrj jicprj,
pspcgop d obybmojtg fgsgtjmgtj. Wpdb eruqjrbmp plpmp qbrtjjtg smuhcp-
eposlj gmgngotj j uqrbhodbmp obtjsl ib udgmjybdbog ob yjopdojygstdptp
sdr|w ogpcwpfjnptp. V jfdbogtp ob qbrtjtb ob dmbst q|rdbtb rbcptb cjmb
fb sg udpmot qpdgygtp pt stbrjtg yjopdojxj, ib fb sg ptlrjt smuhcj ib
spcstdgojtg qbrtjiboj; qpoghg dsg qbl og nphgmj fb sg ufpdmgtdprt dsjy-
lj lbofjfbtj ib smuhcb, olpj pt q|rdpobiobygojtg smgf drgng cjmj udpm-
odboj, ib fb sg obngrt ngstb ib yblb{jtg. Vqprgf ptlrpdgop xjojyoptp ji-
lbidbog ob gfjo plr|hgo uqrbdjtgm tpk j og jslbm s|qbrtjibojtg fb pstbobt
ob dmbst smgf lbtp qbrtjtb qbfog, t|k lbtp tpdb {mp fb mjzj pt qpffr|h-
lb d pqpijxj.84 Ubidjmj sg j lpruqxj j qrpfbhcb ob smuhcj; qbrtjkojtg
c~rb dignbmj fbo|l ib obstbodbog ob smuhcb j ib ibf|rhbog ob smuhcb.
Scglt ob qbrtjiboslj udpmogoj j obiobygoj stbobmj qpdgygtp smuh-
cj, fprj sqgxjbmjijrboj (d qrbdps|fjgtp, s|pc{gojtb, vjobosjtg, uyj-
tgmj j fr.), b og sbnp yjstp bfnjojstrbtjdoj. Wbljdb cjmj pspcgop rbioj-
tg ngstoj smuhcj, lbtp: plpmjkslj obybmojxj, lbsjgrj d lmpopdgtg ob Lg-
ngfgmslbtb cbolb, vjobospdj josqgltprj, cjrojxj, blxjioj begotj, strb-
82 &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp F|mebrj, s. 345; $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. \jopdojzljt
d|qrps…, 459–460.
83 $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, 460–161.
84 ">3<=A5, /A7AC. \jopdojygstdp j dmbstojxj…, s. 107.
hbrj, eprslj, plr|hoj uyjmj{oj josqgltprj, s|fjj j fr. Tp funjtg ob

Gmbklpd: „… fogs strbobtb g rbifgmgob ob nbmlj rbkpoj jmj lohgstdb, pt
lpjtp dslp gfop g d q|moptp rbiqprghfbog ob gfjo loi-qbrtjibojo, pcjl-
opdgop fgqutbt; dsglj qp-epmn rbkpo g rbiqrgfgmgo ob qp-nbmlj j t. o.“85
Trgd|robmp sg d ybst pt qpmjtjygslbtb sjstgnb, tpdb qrgygmp ob urghfb-
ogtp ob qpmphgojgtp ob yjopdojxjtg. Sqmbldbojtb ob njojstrj pt qbr-
tjibo{jobtb, fprj j jslrgoj, cjmj cgisjmoj, qpoghg qbrtjtb qrpstp og
nphgmb fb ptlbidb ob qbrtjiboj, pspcgop qrgf jicprj.86
Trgcrpdbogtp ob yjopdojxjtg j smuhg{jtg qrgi 1904 e. ustbopdjmp,
yg qpmpdjobtb cjmj smuhjmj fp 5 epfjoj; pt 27 939 yjopdojxj sbnp 13 223
og cjmj udpmodboj, b pstbobmjtg – gfjo jmj qpdgyg q|tj.87 Vqprgf jiept-
dgob qrgi 1911 e. stbtjstjygslb tbcmjxb srgfojt qgrjpf ob smuhcb ob
f|rhbdojtg vuolxjpogrj cjm sgfgn j qpmpdjob epfjoj. St 49 683 yjopd-
ojxj sbnp 830 cjmj smuhjmj qpdgyg pt 30 epfjoj.88 Vbnjtg yjopdojxj
strbfbmj nopep pt sdpgdpmojtg udpmogoj. S{g qpdgyg, yg lbofjfbtjtg ib
smuhcb cjmj pcjlopdgop cgfoj wprb, t|rsg{j qrgwrbob. Tpfnbngoj pt
qbrtjjtg, lpjtp jn pcg{bdbmj smuhcb, tg sg cprgmj, ib fb ibsmuhbt rbiqp-
mphgojgtp ob qpmjtjygsljtg sj epsqpfbrj, j lbltp cjdbmj obiobygoj ob
smuhcb, tblb mgsop ej j udpmodbmj, ib fb ptst|qt nstp ob fruej. Wblb j
tg cjmj hgrtdj ob tbij sjstgnb. Jfjo bdtpr pqjsdb ogibdjfoptp qpmphg-
ojg ob yjopdojlb pt rbooj qbrtjiboslj qgrjpf tblb:
… djobej ibdjsjn, qpf strbw ob utrgzoj fgo, qrj obk-nbmlptp og-

uebhfbog ob gfob jmj frueb mjyopst – psl|rcdbo, uojidbo j obk-qp-
fjr, smgf lbtp c|fg jitp{go pt rbcptb j tgriboj, ucjt nprbmop – np-
hg fb sg djfj j jiwd|rmgo ob umjxbtb!89
Tbrtjiboslbtb yjopdojygslb qpmjtjlb ob qbrtjjtg ib obiobygoj j

udpmogoj, cgi pemgf ob ldbmjvjlbxjj j ygstopst, qpflpqbdbmb bdtprjtgtb
ob dmbst tb j ob yjopdojxjtg. V|ifbdbmb sg udgrgopst, yg dsglj nphg fb
85 ">3<=A5, /A7AC. Vmuybkoj cgmghlj. Slpmp yjopdojygslj d|qrps. – Ignplrbtjygslj
qrgemgf, 7, 1909, C 5, 597–610, xjt. ob s. 607. Gh. s|{p (ADEFC=A5, .EAO@. G|trgzgo qpmj-
tjygslj qrgemgf. (\jopdojygsljt d|qrps j qrbdjtgmstdptp). – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 7,
1909, C 5, 576–581, pspc. 576–567.
86 ">3<=A5, /A7AC. \jopdojygstdp j dmbstojxj…, 296–297.
87 Vtbtjstjygslj epfjzojl, 1909, 411–415.
88 Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present, 33–34.
89 $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. G|trgzgo qrgemgf. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, s. 462. Lb qpmphgojgtp
ob yjopdojxjtg dh. s|{p (ADEFC=A5, .EAO@. G|trgzgo qpmjtjygslj qrgemgf. \jopdojyg-

sljt d|qrps…, s. 577; ,ABA5, (;C;>. \jopdojzljt d|qrps. – Vqjsbojg ob F|mebrslptp
jlpopnjygslp fruhgstdp, 10, 1906, C 8, 532–543, pspc. s. 536; Fgfopsttb ob yjopdojxjtg oj.
– Upfpm~cgx, 1, C 22, 23, 3 plt. 1889, 170–171.
ibgng lbl|d fb g qpst, fprj njojstgrslj, stjeb fb jnb lpk fb ep obiobyj.

Miqpmidbogtp ob yjopdojxjtg ib qpmjtjygslj xgmj (pspcgop qrj jicprj)
sjmop obstrpkdbmp obsgmgojgtp qrptjd tw. Tp funjtg ob jidgstoj stb-
tjstjl j djfgo pc{gstdgojl Ojrjm Tpqpd:
Yblt g, yg d obrpfobtb nbsb, d pc{gstdptp, sg g lumtjdjrbmb jfgtb, yg

yjopdojl|t g sjopojn ob t|rtgk ob c~fhgtb j pr|fjg ob iumunjtg j
jitgibojgtp ob erbhfbojtg. Sc{gstdptp djobej g emgfbmp ob yjopdoj-
xjtg lbtp ob ibsdpjmj f|rhbdojtg pcmbej uiurqbtprj, lpjtp trcdb fb
sg jingstt pt tpqmjtg jn ngstb. Fmbepfbrgojg ob tuk nogojg, d|d
dsjylj lrjtjygslj ib vjobosjtg ob strbobtb drgngob q|rdptp qpsgeb-
tgmstdp g cjmp qpsgebtgmstdp d|rwu yjopdojygsljtg ibqmbtj j yjopd-
ojygsljtg smuhcj.90
Rp ob rbooj gtbq fprj qrjoxjqoj qrjd|rhgojxj ob stbcjmjijrbogtp

ob yjopdojygslptp qpmphgojg yrgi srgfstdb lbtp ogsngognpst ob olpj
yjopdojxj, {bt j qrjrbdodbog ob fm|hopstjtg, kgrbrwj j xgoi d smuh-
cbtb, sjeuroj j fpstbt|yoj ibqmbtj j qr. og djhfbmj obyjo ib rgzbdbog ob
qpmphgojgtp. G|d drgngtp j d „xbrstdptp ob ptwrbodbogtp ob qbrtjiboj-
tg“ dsjylj tgij srgfstdb cjwb cjmj jilprjstgoj, b sqgxjbmop d|dghfbog-
tp ob ogsngognpst ob yjopdojxjtg cj fpdgmp fp uiblpodbogtp ob mgejpo
yjstj qbrtjiboj.91
Gsg qbl og dsjylj smuhcj cjmj pcglt ob qrpjidpmoj qbrtjiboslj cpr-
cj j og d gfobldb stgqgo. Rbk-q|mop sg sngomj sd|ribojtg s jicprobtb
nbzjob ybstj ob f|rhbdoj ngwboji|n – qpmjxjtb, bfnjojstrbxjtb (pl-
r|hoj uqrbdjtgmj j fruej yjopdojxj), erbfsljtg j sgmsljtg jicproj s|-
dgtj. St xgotrbmojtg dgfpnstdb obk-nopep strbfbmj d|trgzojtg rbcptj j
vjobosjtg (l|fgtp sb j njtojxjtg), iobyjtgmop qp-nbmlp – qp{jtg j tgmg-
erbvjtg, lbltp j qrpsdgtbtb. Tp qrbdjmp sg sngomj qpdgyg mjxbtb ob qp-
ojslj fm|hopstj, b qp-rflp – jijsldb{jtg sqgxjbmoj qpioboj j ibgtj pt
qp-dmjtgmoj wprb djszj fm|hopstj. Rgpcwpfjnjtg sqgxjbmoj ioboj j
ungoj ob olpj smuhcj qrjfbdbmj stbcjmopst ob ibgmjtg ej yjopdojxj.
Qopep rbop sg s|ifbdbmb stbcjmopst j ob dpgoojtg yjopdg, lpjtp cjmj qpf
qplrpdjtgmstdptp ob loib, jixmp ib{jtgoj j jidgfgoj pt svgrbtb ob qp-
mjtjygsljtg cprcj. Tpstgqgoop sg stbcjmjijrbmp j s|fgcoptp dgfpnstdp,
s|{p G|ozoptp njojstgrstdp.92
90 ,ABA5, (;C;>. \jopdojzljt d|qrps, s. 540.
91
Tbl tbn, 540–542.
92 &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp F|mebrj, s. 345; *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb
lpostjtuxj, 147–150; ">3<=A5, /A7AC. Tbrtjibostdp. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 17, 1924,

C 3, 181–196, pspc. 195–196.
\jopdojygsljtg ibqmbtj – pcglt ob tpmlpdb ibdjst, qpstgqgoop cjmj

obnbmgoj lbltp bcspm~top yrgi obnbmdbog s olbl|d qrpxgot d lrjijsoj
epfjoj (lbltp d lrb ob ZIZ d.) j s rbimjyoj ufr|hlj, tblb j d rgiumtbt ob
qpsl|qdbogtp ob hjdptb qprbfj jovmbxjtb (nbmlb, op dsg qbl s|{gstdu-
db{b). Tpmphgojgtp ob yjopdojlb ibqpyobmp fb stbdb lrjtjyop p{g d ob-
ybmptp ob ZZ d., b imbtojt dgl ob yjopdojygstdptp pstbobm d njobmptp.93
Gs|{opst qpdgygtp ojszj smuhcj cjmj mpzp qmbtgoj pt sbnptp obybmp,
dlm~yjtgmop tbl|d nbspd yjopdojygslj smpk lbtp obybmojtg uyjtgmj.
Gpgoojtg cjmj qrjdjmgejrpdboj sqrnp erbhfbosljtg yjopdojxj d
rbingrb ob ibqmbtjtg, d|inphopst tb ib bdbosjrbog j qgosjjtg. Rbqrjngr
qrgi 1903 e. s|s ibqmbtj pt 5000 mgdb obeprg rbiqpmbebmj 433 yjopdojxj
pt Qjojstgrstdptp ob dpkobtb – qpytj trj q|tj qpdgyg pt dsjylj pstbobmj
njojstgrstdb, digtj ibgfop.94 Wpdb sg f|mhbmp ob vbltb, yg dpgoojtg nj-
ojstrj td|rfp j usqgzop ib{jtbdbmj ibqmbtjtg ob pvjxgrjtg, lbltp j sjs-
tgnoptp obrbstdbog ob tgwojtg ibqmbtj s qrpsmuhgojtg epfjoj j yjob.
Vqprgf gfop srbdogojg pt obybmptp ob ZZ d., ib fb sg stbog s|fj, cjmj og-
pcwpfjnj 14 epfjoj smgf ibd|rzdbog ob q|rdpobybmop pcrbipdbojg j sg
ibqpydbmp s 3200–3600 mgdb epfjzob ibqmbtb; s|fjtb nphgm fb fpstjeog
obk-nopep fp ibqmbtb pt 8100 mgdb, op d strbobtb jnbmp sbnp gfob tblbdb
smuhcb. Lb fb stbog ypdgl mglbr, sg jijsldbmj 13 j qpmpdjob epfjoj smgf
q|rdpobybmoptp pcrbipdbojg j sg ibqpydbmp s epfjzob ibqmbtb pt 2400 mg-
db, ib fb sg fpstjeog obk-nopep fp 6600 mgdb (s|{p sbnp gfob smuhcb ib
strbobtb). G s|{ptp drgng qpfqpruyjl sg stbdbmp obk-nopep ib 9 epfjoj
smgf q|rdpobybmoptp pcrbipdbojg j sg ibqpydbmp pt 2700 mgdb ibqmbtb; qp-
obtbt|l smgfdbmp qpstpoop udgmjygojg ob ibqmbtbtb qrgi olpmlp epfjoj
s jifjebogtp qp yjo (olpmlptp egogrbmj qpmuybdbmj qp 14 300 mgdb).95
Xrghfbogtp ob qpmphgojgtp ob yjopdojxjtg nphgmp fb stbog yrgi d|-
dghfbog ob pc{j {btpdg ({btob tbcmjxb). Lb tpdb sg epdprgmp ptrbop, op
tp stbobmp vblt gfdb qrgi 1921 e. (d lrbkop ogcmbepqrjtoj usmpdj). Ip-
tpebdb prebojijrbogtp ob rbiojtg smuhcj j qrgfdjhfbogtp ob yjopdojyg-
slj {btpdg (t. g. fm|hopstj j ibqmbtj) stbdbmp yrgi dqjsdbog ob srgfstdb
d c~fhgtb, t. g. dslb epfjob, lpgtp cjmp nopep qrjdmglbtgmop pt qbrtjibo-
slp emgfj{g. Trbltjlbtb ob drgngooptp ruslp uqrbdmgojg j q|rdjtg njoj-
93
$3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. G|trgzgo qrgemgf. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, 461–462. Tp fbooj ob
Ojrjm Tpqpd xgojtg (ob 98 stplj) qrj cbib 100 ib 1891–1900 e. sg qplbyjmj fp 130–140 ib qg-
rjpfb 1904–1911 e. Rbfojxjtg s|{p sg qplbyjmj, nblbr j qp-nbmlp, op og j ibqmbtjtg. Gh.
,ABA5, (;C;>. Vtpqboslb F|mebrj. – G|d: Vcprojl ob F|mebrslbtb blbfgnj ob obuljtg.
Oo. 8. V., 1916, s. 467.
94 $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. G|trgzgo qrgemgf. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, s. 463.
95 Tbl tbn, 464–465.
stgrstdb smgf ogep ib s|stbdog ob {btpdg ib yjopdojxjtg d rbiojtg dg-

fpnstdb, pqrgfgm{j crp ob qgrspobmb, b d olpj smuybj j s|ptdgtojtg
ibqmbtj, cjmb jipstbdgob qpf obtjslb ob qbrtjibosljtg qbrtjkoj jotgrg-
sj. Stfgmoj dgfpnstdb d rbimjyoj drgngob s|stbdmj sdpj ptfgmoj {btp-
dg, lpjtp qrplbrdbmj d prebojibxjpoojtg sj iblpoj, ib fb stbcjmjijrbt yj-
opdojxjtg j fb sg qrgfptdrbtj d|inphopst tb ib obnbmdbog ob ibqmbtjtg
d c~fhgtb. Trj mjqsbtb ob pc{b {btob tbcmjxb pcbyg tpdb fpcjdbmp snj-
s|m ob vbdprjijrbog ob spcstdgojtg smuhjtgmj.96
Motgrgsgo g d|qrps|t ib fpnpedbogtp ob yjopdojxjtg fp spcstdgob
dmbstpdb qpijxj d f|rhbdbtb. Wpdb jijsldb stbcjmjijrbop j urgfgop yj-
opdojygstdp, lbldptp ptobybmp og s|{gstdudbmp. Rp yjopdojxjtg npebt fb
jerbt dbhob rpm plpmp xgotrpdgtg ob dmbst tb j qp frue obyjo. Stopdp
Ojrjm Tpqpd rbiemghfb d|inphopst tb tg fb sg qrgd|robt d sbnpstptgmgo
pc{gstdgop-qpmjtjygslj vbltpr d „smbcplumturoj strboj“ ob ojs|l gtbq
ob jlpopnjygslp rbidjtjg. Wpdb g tblb, qpoghg bfnjojstrbtjdobtb nbzj-
ob smuhj ob qbrtjjtg ib jitr|edbog ob nopijostdp pt jogrtojtg obrpfoj
nbsj qrj jicprj, b s|{p fplpmlptp npobrw|t nphg fb s|ifbfg mjygo rg-
hjn, lbtp sg pqrg ob njmjtbrjinb j c~rplrbtjinb (jingstdbklj obrpfb j
lpostjtuxjtb). Tp gfjo bcsurfgo obyjo j cgi fb qrgfstbdmdbt prebojij-
rbob sjmb jmj qrpvgsjpobmob lmbsb, yjopdojxjtg sg ddbmj obk-bltjdoj
qpmjtjygslj, sdpgpcrbigo surpebt ob erbhfboj j pc{gstdgop nogojg:
Rg {g sc|rlbng, blp lbhgn, yg bltjdoj qpmjtjygslj cprxj u obs sb dmb-

stdu~{jtg yjopdojxj – ib fb sj ibf|rhbt wmcb, j pqpijxjpogrjtg lbo-
fjfbtj ib yjopdojxj – ib fb sj s|ifbfbt wmcb. Jfojtg sb obq|mop ob us-
muejtg ob npobrwjinb j uqrbdmdb{jtg, fruejtg s|stbdmdbt {bcpdgtg
ob qpmjtjygsljtg qbrtjj d pqpijxj j sg ddbt opsjtgmj ob sdpcpfbtb
j cprxj qrptjd tjrbojtb. Rbrpf, pc{gstdgoj eruqjrpdlj, qrpjidpfj-
tgmoj lmbsj – tpdb sb qpmubltjdoj jmj ogbltjdoj nbsj, lpjtp fpcjdbt
iobygojg smgf lbtp yjopdojzljt gmgngot sg qpstbdj obygmp.97
Tpmphgojgtp g qrjoxjqop rbimjyop d rbidjtjtg f|rhbdj, l|fgtp np{-

oj jlpopnjygslj sjmj j lmbsj qrgfstbdmdbt epsqpfstdb{j vbltpr d f|r-
hbdbtb j yrgi sdpgtp qpmjtjygslp qrgfstbdjtgmstdp obmbebt qrperbnjtg sj
d f|rhbdoptp uqrbdmgojg; tbn yjopdojygstdptp g sdgfgop fp qrpstb nbzj-
ob ib ps|{gstddbogtp ob tgij qrperbnj.
Rlpj pc{gstdgojxj (lbtp Mdbo Jdstbtjgd Hgzpd) sb pcdjodbmj pcrb-
ipdbtgmobtb sjstgnb ib s|ifbdbogtp ob strgn{j sg l|n yjopdojygslj qps-
96
,ABA5, (;C;>. ^btojtg tbcmjxj ob f|rhbdojtg smuhjtgmj. – Vqjsbojg ob F|mebrslptp
jlpopnjygslp fruhgstdp, 25, 1926–1927, C 8, 365–374, pspc. 367–370.
97 ,ABA5, (;C;>. \jopdojzljt d|qrps, 532–536, xjt. ob s. 536.
tpdg „uygoj qrpmgtbrjj“.98 Iruej qpspydbt, yg ds|{opst qpdgygtp qbrtj-

iboslj obiobygoj sg qrbdgmj d|qrglj mjqsbtb ob pcrbipdbtgmgo xgoi.
Gs|{opst sbnbtb ogrbidjtpst ob jlpopnjygslj hjdpt qrgdr|{bmb yjopd-
ojygslbtb smuhcb d embdob psopdb ib s|{gstdudbogtp ob pcrbipdbojtg wprb,
j tp fprj ib sdpcpfojtg qrpvgsjj, lbtp mglbrj, johgogrj, berpopnj j fr.
Sspcgop frbnbtjyop obrbsobm crpt ob yjopdojxjtg smgf dpkojtg.
Trgi 1924 e. jnbmp 64 493 f|rhbdoj yjopdojxj j smuhb{j (cgi FIK j
„Tp{j, tgmgerbvj, tgmgvpoj“); qrgi 1935 e. – 70 600 fuzj; qrgi 1939 e. –
72 057 fuzj. Stfgmop d FIK rbcptgmj nghfu 14 400 j 20 300 mjxb; d
„Tp{j, tgmgerbvj, tgmgvpoj“ – 5000–6000 mjxb. Mnbmp j nghfu 28 000–
36 000 pc{joslj smuhg{j. Wblb pc{jt crpk ob f|rhbdojtg j pc{joslj-
tg yjopdojxj j smuhg{j sg fdjhgm nghfu njojnunb pt 118 400 (smgf s|l-
rb{gojtb qrgi 1934 e.) j nblsjnunb pt 145 700 fuzj (1939 e.).99 Wblb jmj
jobyg F|mebrj d|rdmb qp q|t ob qpf f|rhbog ob epmn crpk, op ojslpq-
mbtgoj yjopdojxj; fruebtb d|inphopst ib qp-nbmpcrpkop, op qp-fpcrg
urgfgop j qmbtgop yjopdojygstdp dop og obngrjmb qpflrgqb.
Vqprgf gfop jiyjsmgojg qrgi 1924 e. F|mebrj jnbmb 17 yjopdojxj ob
1000 fuzj obsgmgojg (83 479 yjopdojxj qrj 4 900 000 fuzj obsgmgojg).
Tp s|{ptp drgng Yrboxj jnbmb 3,81 yjopdojxj ob 1000 fuzj obsgmgojg,
\gwj – 2,91, Tpmzb – 2,59.100 Trgi 1931–1932 e. gfjo yjopdojl u obs sg
qbfbm ob 69 hjtgmj, lpgtp fbdb psopdbojg F|mebrj fb sg pqrgfgmj lbtp
„yjopdojygslb strbob“. Lb ibqmbtj ob f|rhbdojtg yjopdojxj ptjdbmj fp
50% pt qrjwpfjtg ob c~fhgtb.101 Rp lbtp sg rbiemghfb c|mebrslptp yjopd-
ojygstdp, trcdb fb sg jnb qrgfdjf, yg tul dmjibmj j uyjtgmjtg (qpytj 1/3
pt dsjylj yjopdojxj), j epmgnjt lpotjoegot hgmgiojybrslj j tgmgerbvp-
qp{goslj smuhg{j. G jlpopnjygslj qp-rbidjtj strboj uyjtgmjtg (obybm-
ojtg) cjmj jif|rhboj pt pc{jojtg, b nopep hq lpnqbojj cjmj ybstoj.
Trgi 1921 e. obk-sgtog cjmb d|dgfgob gfjoob (pc{b) {btob tbcmjxb ob
qrjoxjqb ob rbohjrbog, t. g. erbfjrbog j kgrbrwjygslp qpfrghfbog ob
98#8KA5, &53@ %5DE. \jopdojzljk qrpmgtbrjbt. – G: &53@ %5DE. #8KA5. Iunj j fgmb.
Yjobospdj j jlpopnjygslj stufjj. V., Md. Hpdgfbrpd, 1899, 48–65 (ptqgybt|l pt Tgrjpfjyg-
slp sqjsbojg, t. 20, 1886).
99
23=3>A5, D8@. Rbxjpobmojt fpwpf j rbiwpf ob F|mebrj, 1924–1945. V., 1946, 82–83,
89, 107, 122. Mnb jidgstob rbimjlb s xjvrjtg d stbtjstjygsljtg epfjzojxj, sqprgf lpjtp
qrgi 1935 e. jnbmp 69 518 yjopdojxj, qrgi 1938 e. – 78 290, qrgi 1939 e. – 78 626. Gh. Vtbtj-
stjygslj epfjzojl ob [brstdp F|mebrj, 27, 1935. V., 1935, 326–327; Vtbtjstjygslj epfjz-
ojl ob [brstdp F|mebrj, 31, 1939. V., 1939, 616–617. Rbk-epmn crpk yjopdojxj jnbmp d
Qjojstgrstdptp ob obrpfoptp qrpsdg{gojg – 25 000–28 000 fuzj, s|{p iobyjtgmgo crpk d
Qjojstgrstdptp ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj (j ifrbdgtp), lbltp j d Qjojstgrstdptp ob dpkobtb.
100
#8KA5, &53@ %5DE. Rbzjt rbiwpfgo c~fhgt. – `rjfjygslj qrgemgf, 25, 1924, C 1,
13–16, pspc. 14–15.
101 I|rhbdojtg smuhjtgmj d F|mebrj. – Erwjd ib stpqbostdp j spxjbmob qpmjtjlb, 8,
1932, C 2, 140–146.
smuhcj j fm|hopstj, ugfoblddbog ob ibqmbtjtg ob jfgotjyojtg smuhcj j

fm|hopstj j ob qpfpcojtg qp rboe. Rp t|lnp yjopdojxjtg stbobmj embdob
hgrtdb ob obst|qjmptp tpebdb pcgixgodbog ob mgdb j qpsl|qdbog ob hj-
dptb d rgiumtbt pt rgqbrbxjjtg j tghlbtb smgfdpgoob stpqboslb lrjib; tg
cjmj j jiluqjtgmob hgrtdb ob c~fhgtb d strgnghb ib cbmbosjrbog. Tpdj-
zbdbogtp ob td|rfjtg (stbxjpobroj) yjopdojygslj ibqmbtj fbmgyg j qrgf-
obngrgop jipstbdbmp pt jovmbxjtb. St 1910 e. fp obybmptp ob 1925 e. xg-
ojtg ob stpljtg obrbsobmj 44 q|tj, b ibqmbtjtg ob yjopdojxjtg (srgfobtb
ibqmbtb) sg qpdjzjmj sbnp 10 q|tj; s fruej funj, qpluqbtgmobtb jn sqp-
spcopst obnbmmb 4 q|tj. Lb s|{j qgrjpf rbcptojygsljtg obfojxj (ob pc-
{jtg ogldbmjvjxjrboj rbcptojxj), nblbr j fb jipstbdbmj pt xgojtg, sg
qplbyjmj 32 q|tj.102 Qjigrjtb ob yjopdojxjtg qp tpdb drgng s|ifbmb
jrpojyobtb qpepdprlb „sjt lbtp yjopdojl“.103
Rb tpij vpo g sop ib{p p{g pt q|rdj npngot ob qrplbrdbogtp ob pc-
{jtg {btpdg ibqpyobmp twoptp qpfrpodbog s qpfnpmob jipcrgtbtgmopst.
Vrgfstdbtb ib tpdb cjmj d ybstopst: qrgwd|rmog ob smuhcj d qp-eprgo
lmbs, d|dghfbog ob fpcbdlj ib olpj lbtgeprjj yjopdojxj (t. obr. qrpvg-
sjpobmoj fpcbdlj), b oblrb sg stjeobmp j fp ptfgmog ob pspcgoj sqgxj-
bmoj {btpdg (d ptst|qmgojg pt jfgtb ib pc{j {btpdg). Vmgf Igdgtp-
~oslj qrgdrbt s q|mob sjmb sg qrpdjm strgngh|t ib sgqbrbtop qpfpcrg-
ojg ob ibqmbtjtg ob ptfgmoj dgfpnstdb, eruqj yjopdojxj j fprj ob gfjojy-
oj fm|hopstj, b s|{p qrbltjlbtb ob qrpvgsjpobmojtg fpcbdlj (pt d|trgz-
oj jitpyojxj d obruzgojg ob gfjoobtb f|rhbdob prebojibxj), lpgtp pt-
ybkdbmp j pimpcdbmp ogvbdprjijrbojtg dgfpnstdb j yjopdojxj. Vqprgf
gfop jilbidbog pt 1927 e. {btpdgtg qrgfstbdmdbt „gfob rbifrbob frjqb,
rbil|sbob, rbioj{gob, lbtp qrj tpdb c~fhgt|t g d q|mop ogdgfgojg ptops-
op jstjoslj rbingr ob dslb gfob ibqmbtb“.104
Tp-obtbt|zoptp rbidjtjg ob sjtubxjtb d s|{btb qpsplb g ptrbigop pt
qrglbrbmj jidgstop drgng d F|mebrj (lbtp sglrgtbr ob cprfb ob t|repd-
102 *;H3<>A5, +8@JA. Vl|qptjtb d F|mebrj. – Erwjd ib stpqboslb j spxjbmob qpmjtjlb,
1, 1925, C 2, 251–253, xjvrjtg ob s. 252; +;=A>A5, #8AC6;. Vqglumbxjtb j sl|qptjtb. –

Vqjsbojg ob F|mebrslptp jlpopnjygslp fruhgstdp, 22, 1922, C 6–7, 289–311, pspc. 306–307;
*;EA5, $. \jopdojygstdptp j ibqmbtjtg. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 17, 1924, C 5, 366–377;
*;H3<>A5, +8@JA. G|trgzgo qrgemgf (Lbqmbtjtg ob yjopdojxjtg pt 1914 fp 1924 e. j jofgls|t
ob qpsl|qdbogtp). – Vqjsbojg ob F|mebrslptp jlpopnjygslp fruhgstdp, 23, 1924–1925,
C 1–3, 87–91. Vqprgf bdtprb (s. 87) srgfoptp udgmjygojg ob ibqmbtjtg ib rbiemghfboj qgrj-
pf g plpmp 3 q|tj qp-nbmlp pt srgfoptp udgmjygojg ob xgojtg (qp jofglsb). V|{p *;H3<>A5,
+8@JA. Vl|qjt hjdpt, yjopdojygsljtg ibqmbtj j obfojxjtg. – Vqjsbojg ob F|mebrslptp jlp-
opnjygslp fruhgstdp, 22, 1923–1924, C 4–5, 191–198.
103 Gh. *;E3=A5, "3D;>. Iogdojl ob qrbdps|foj njojst|r d qrbdjtgmstdptp ob Hgprej
O}psgjdbopd j Fpefbo Yjmpd. V., Wruf, 2001, s. 40.

104
,ABA5, (;C;>. ^btojtg tbcmjxj…, 370–374, xjt. ob s. 374. Lb lrjtjlb ob stbrjtg {bt-
oj tbcmjxj dh. *;EA5, $. \jopdojygstdptp j ibqmbtjtg, 369–373.
slb njsj) Ihprfh Ppejp. G fpcrg psdgfpngob rbcptb tpk jit|ldb rbifu-
dbogtp ob c~fhgtb j ogepdptp jihfbog pt nophgstdp obybmojxj –
„c~fhgtpfoj“ fjrgltprj, josqgltprj, s|trufojxj ob njojstrjtg j qr.
d|d dslp dgfpnstdp, qrj s|dsgn nbm|l crpk qpfyjogoj. Jfop ogsjeurop
qpstbdgop j mpzp qmbtgop yjopdojygstdp g pspcgop qpfbtmjdp ob impuqpt-
rgcb s pc{gstdgoj srgfstdb j lpruqxj d rbimjyoj vprnj, p{g qpdgyg lp-
ebtp lpotrpm|t g smbc j oblbibojtb – qpytj ojlbldj. Pjqsbtb ob stjnumj
j ob oblbiboj dpfj fp qrgogcrgedbog ob smuhgcojtg ibf|mhgoj, emgfbog
ptdjsplp ob pcjlopdgojtg erbhfboj j s|ifbdbog ob rbimjyoj qrgylj j ibt-
rufogoj (ygstp unjzmgop s xgm dignbog ob qpfluq). Iruej obruzgoj sg
f|mhbmj ob obtjsl d|rwu yjopdojxjtg pt obiobyjmjtg ej qpmjtjxj j ob
strbw pt udpmogojg, blp sg qrptjdpqpstbdt ob sd|riboj s uqrbdmdb{jtg
mjxb (obqrjngr blp s|cjrbt f|mhjnjtg pt tw fbo|xj). Opruqxjtb ob yj-
opdojxjtg ds|{opst sg obs|rybdbmb pt qp-djsplp nstp, pt sbnjtg ptep-
dproj qpmjtjxj j qpmjtjygslj qpsrgfojxj – yrgi obiobybdbog ob lprun-
qjrboj wprb ob ptepdproj qpstpdg (obqrjngr d njtojxjtg), yrgi qrpfbh-
cbtb ob smuhcj (lpgtp qrjouhfbdb obiobygojtg fb sj d|id|robt sunbtb
yrgi qpfluqj), yrgi ogouhop c~rplrbtjyop usmphodbog ob uqrbdmgojgtp,
lpgtp lbrbmp erbhfbojtg fb sg pcr|{bt l|n qpmjtjxj (fgqutbtj) ib ib-
st|qojygstdp qrj rgzbdbog ob tgwoj d|qrps j qr. Trj tpdb djszjtg srg-
fj ob c~rplrbxjtb cjmj qp-rbidrbtgoj, fplbtp pcjlopdgojtg yjopdojxj,
nblbr j ojslp qmbtgoj, cjmj qp-ygstoj j s|iobtgmoj, lpgtp qplbidb fgnp-
rbmjijrb{ptp dmjojg ob d|rwb.105
Vqprgf fpcrj boemjkslj qpiobdby ob Fbmlbojtg nghfu dpkojtg, Vj-
t|o-Xpts|o, cbmlboslbtb c~rplrbxj sg lprgoj d|d djibotjkslbtb j tur-
slbtb lpoxgqxj s qrjs|{jtg jn sdpgdpmjg j fjltbtprstdp, op strpepst tb
cjdb ptsmbcgob pt oggvgltjdopst j lpruqxj. Irgcobtb lpruqxj (srgf
ojsljtg yjopdojygslj rboepdg) og cjmb tpmlpdb pqbsob j sg ddbmb fprj
ogpcwpfjnpst ib yjopdojlb, lpktp qrj tpdb mpzp ibqmb{bog qrpstp og np-
hgm fb jif|rhb sgngkstdptp sj cgi strbojyoj fpwpfj, fplbtp nopep qp-sg-
rjpiob cjmb lpruqxjtb d|d djspljtg svgrj j djszjtg lmbsj. Jfop obcm~-
fgojg ob tpij bdtpr pt drgngtp nghfu dpkojtg, objstjob ogsop pt lp
tpyop f|rhbdb, embsj:
Tpsgtjtgm ob cbmlboslp njojstgrstdp jmj qpmjxgkslp uqrbdmgojg qp

srgfbtb ob sutrjotb {g obngrj stbjtg q|moj s fpcrpfuzoj wprb, obs-
mbhfbdb{j sg ufpcop ob ybzb turslp lbvg j rbiepdpr s tgwojtg qrj-
tgmj. Iplungotjtg mghbt ob c~rbtb jn. Rbd|o stpt, sgft jmj lmgybt
t|rqgmjdj pqbzlj pt sgmoj, yblb{j sdpjtg rbirgzgoj jmj ldjtbo-
105
Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present, 32–49.
xjj. \uhfgoxj j erbhfboj s „qrptglxj“ qpmuybdbt c|rip j m~cgiop

dojnbojg, op pstbobmjtg npebt fb qpyblbt. […] Grgngtp iobyj nbmlp
ob Fbmlbojtg.106
Tp stbofbrtb ob qpdgfgojg ob yjopdojxjtg u obs jnb j fruej nogoj.

Obtp psnjsm sdp trjksgtepfjzgo stbh d Qjojstgrstdptp ob vjobosjtg,
gfjo f|rhbdgo smuhjtgm (crbt ob Wpfpr Gmbklpd) sntb ib sjmop qrgudg-
mjygob lrbkop ogebtjdobtb qrgxgolb ob n|mdbtb ib yjopdojygstdptp, yg g
qpfluqop, ruzdgtyjkslp j qr.; sqprgf ogepdj pqjt epmnptp nopijostdp
pt yjopdojygstdptp cjmp ygstop j qpytgop.107 Rbjstjob nopepcrpkojtg
pqjsboj ogsqrbdgfmjdpstj j impuqptrgcj, s lpjtp tpk sg scm|slbm j d qp-
dgygtp smuybj usqm fb d|istbopdj sqrbdgfmjdpsttb, npebt fb sg ygtbt j
jobyg – lbtp sdjfgtgmstdp ib slmpoopst tb ob sjstgnbtb l|n impuqptrgcj (j
yg g ogpcwpfjnb epmnb rgzjtgmopst, ib fb sg qrptjdpfgkstdb ob tpdb).
Motgrgsop g obcm~fgojgtp, yg t|lnp njojstrj, qrjobfmghb{j ob qp-
obqrgfojybdj qbrtjj j uqrbdmdbmj qrj sntboj ib qp-fpcrj rghjnj, qp-
sebmj qpdgyg d|rwu stbcjmopst tb ob yjopdojxjtg (jnbt sg qrgfdjf igng-
fgmslptp qrbdjtgmstdp j Rbrpfojt cmpl). M pcrbtop, njojstrj, qrpji-
wphfb{j pt ogqpqumroj qbrtjj j uqrbdmdbmj qrj sntboj ib rgblxjpo-
oj rghjnj, ib{jtbdbmj stbcjmjtgtb ob yjopdojxjtg.108 Elp g drop, tpdb
og g trufop fb sg pcsoj. Trj sjmop qbrtjiboslb sjstgnb ulrgqdbogtp ob
stbcjmjtgtb ob yjopdojxjtg nphgmp fb stbdb embdop pt ogfgnplrbtjyoj rg-
hjnj, lpjtp jfdbmj ob dmbst og yrgi jicprj (ibfgkstdb{j xgmj ngwboj-
i|n ob qbrtjibo{jobtb) j gdgotubmop jipc{p og f|mhbmj dmbst tb sj ob
qbrtj (b ob qrgdrbt jmj jixmp ob npobrwb). Lb fgnprbmjibxjtb ob yj-
opdojygstdptp sqgxjbmop qrj igngfgmslj rghjn psdgo pcjybkoptp qpmj-
tjygslp qbrtjibostdp, lpgtp sg rbidjwrjmp j qrj ogep, jnbmp j olpj sqg-
xjbmoj qrjyjoj. Wpdb sb d ybstopst lpolrgtojt npngot ob unprb j qpldb-
rb ob yjopdojygstdptp d|d dpkobtb, ogpqjtopst tb ob FLRV d uqrbdmgoj-
gtp j ogfpstje|t ob pcrbipdboj wprb d ogep, pt tul – obwmudbogtp ob
„qrglr|stgoj“ smuhcpeposlj gmgngotj d fruhcjtg, lpjtp ibqpyobmj fb sg
ibojnbdbt s qbtrpobh j wpfbtbkstdb, b s|{p qpqumjstljt wbrbltgr ob uq-
rbdmgojgtp (qrgfqpyjtbojgtp l|n sdpj wprb d jngtp ob „obrpfobtb dpm“,
dngstp zlpmudbop qrpvgsjpobmop yjopdojygstdp).109
106
Seton-Watson, Hugh. Eastern Europe Between the Wars, 1918–1941. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1945, 146–150, xjt. ob 146–147.
107 ">3<=A5, /A7AC. \jopdojygstdp j dmbstojxj…, 144–145, 157, 334–337.
108 Tbl tbn, 301–304, 330–331.
109 Gh. (;C3@A5, ,CA=AB;. F|mebrslptp igngfgmslp fdjhgojg. Mfgj, rbidjtjg j fgmp.
V., 1927, 70–75; /FC>3=A5, *3C=A. Mstprj, qrjoxjqj j tbltjlb ob F|mebrslj igngfgmslj ob-
rpfgo s|~i. Vtbrb Lbeprb, 1929, 186–187, 200–205.
Ignplrbtjyoptp jobyg uqrbdmgojg ob Rbrpfoj cmpl s|{p ibt|obmp d

frgcobdj qbrtjiboslj jerj j qbibrm|xj ib smuhcj j cbdgmp s ngsgxj ibq-
mbtjtg ob yjopdojxjtg. Jfob pt xgmjtg ob jid|rzjmjtg Igdgtobksgtpnbk-
slj qrgdrbt pt 1934 e. cjmb t|lnp stebog ob yjopdojygslj bqbrbt j rb-
xjpobmjijrbog ob uqrbdmgojgtp. Lb tbij xgm cjmp jid|rzgop iobyjtgmop
s|lrb{bdbog ob f|rhbdoj smuhcj j yjopdojxj – pt 68 518 fuzj (cgi FIK
j qp{jtg, tgmgerbvjtg j tgmgvpojtg) qrgi 1933 e. ob 64 953 fuzj qrgi
1934 e. S{g ob smgfdb{btb epfjob pcbyg crpt ob f|rhbdojtg yjopdojxj
fpstjeobm 70 600 j qrpf|mhjm fb rbstg. Fjmp ps|{gstdgop j uepmgndbog
ob bfnjojstrbtjdojtg gfjojxj j s|ptdgtop obnbmdbog ob tgwoj
qgrspobm, lpktp pt 34 000–36 000 pc{joslj (j plr|hoj) smuhjtgmj qrgi
1924–1932 e. sqbfobm fp 28 000–29 000, op pt 1936 e. ibqpyobm ptopdp fb
rbstg.110
Tp-obtbt|zoptp rbidjtjg ob bdtprjtbroj rghjn pt dpgogo d npobr-
wjygslj fpdgmp fp ptfbdob hgmbobtb stbcjmjibxj ob yjopdojygstdptp.
Rgnbmlp ib tpdb sqpnpeobmp qrglrbtdbogtp ob qbrtjkojtg uqrbdmgoj j
qrgnjobdbogtp l|n cgiqbrtjkoj lbcjogtj pt yjopdojxj, lpjtp urgfjmj j
qpfpcrjmj smuhcjtg j s|ifbmj qp-epmnb sjeuropst ib ibgnb{jtg ej;
objstjob, tpdb stbdb ob psopdbtb ob jlpopnjygslj qpfgn pt qrgfdpgooj-
tg epfjoj.111 Vtbcjmjijrbogtp ob yjopdojygstdptp pcsojnp fpdgmp fp ji-
fjebog ob ogepdjtg qrpvgsjpobmgo stbofbrt j ygstopst.112 Qphg fb sg
lbhg, yg sgeb c~rplrbxjtb lbtp psopdob pqprb ob xbrslj rghjn sg fp-
npeobmb fp spcstdgob dmbst, jingstjmb qpmjtjxjtg j ibgmb epsqpfstdb{p
qpmphgojg d f|rhbdbtb.
11023=3>A5, D8@. Rbxjpobmojt fpwpf…, s. 107.

111
(3I3CA5, (A@DE3@E;@. 60 epfjoj hjdob…, s. 489.
112 Rgqrlp sdjfgtgmstdp ib tpdb g rilptp sojhbdbog ob qrgst|qmgojtb qp smuhcb fp
ogiobyjtgmgo crpk. Gh. Vtbtjstjygslj epfjzojl, 1939, s. 751; Vtbtjstjygslj epfjzojl,

1940, s. 763.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 79

.
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aW\T\aOZT\ aW^ Q _OV\WaT [b ]PZOàW. D_TaW_Oa `T \lY]W ]aYZ]\T\Wl \O
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\] (_T^_T`WQ\]) VOY]\]SOaTZàQ]. BOVRZTUSO[ WVR_OUSO\Ta] \O ìSTP\O `W-
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VO Q`TYW h]-R]ST ]P_OV]QO\ (a. T. V\OTh SO fTaT W ^WgT) f]QTY, O OSQ]YOab-
_OaO PWZO WVelZ] „`Q]P]S\O“. <OYa] `T WV_OVlQO Q `^][T\WaT `W TSW\ OQa]_,
^] ]\]QO Q_T[T „`ZbUPOaO ai_`TZO d]_OaO“, O ^_W ZW^ÒaO \O d]_O ` k_W-
SWfT`Y] ]P_OV]QO\T `T ai_`TZW ZWeO ` S_bRW YOfTàQO, YOa] ]Ph] ]P_OV]-
QO\WT, fTà\]à, ai_R]Q`YO ^_OYaWYO W ^_.2
1
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\WTa] Ò[] 51 SbgW Ò VOQi_gWZW ^_OQ] (Y]Ta] \T ]V\OfOQO, fT Ò R] b^_OU\lQOZW). 4U. 3iZ-
RO_`YOaO QiV_]UST\`YO W\aTZWRT\eWl. 7\eWYZ]^TSWl. Cià. 5T\fTQ, ?WY]ZOX, <_O`W[W_O 6O`-
YOZ]QO. C., 6-_ ATai_ 3T_]\, 1988, `. 6.
2 ",*, $1$'. :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl. :à]_WfT`YW ^_TRZTS. C., 1925, `. 360. 4U. W `^]-
[T\WaT \O /-.&*, . CiSWWaT ^_OYaWeW W ^]`ZTS\WaT WV[T\T\Wl \O 9OY]\O VO OSQ]YOaWaT W

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Q @_dO\WT (S\. 3]aTQR_OS) ^] Q_T[Ta] \O _b`Y]a] b^_OQZT\WT (1878 R.). D]X
`T ìà]lZ ]a a_W[O fZT\]QT ai_R]QeW, Q`WfYWaT ì` `ZOP] ]P_OV]QO\WT, W
TSW\ bfWaTZ VO `TY_TaO_. 6TZOaO PWZW [OZ]QOU\W, `^TeWOZWVW_O\W cb\Y-
eWW \l[OZ], WVîZ\T\WTa] \O SZiU\]à aO PWZ] \T^ZOaT\]:
>OÒaO, ]Y]Z] Y]la] `T \O_TUSOgT ìSia, PT ^]àOQT\O Qi_db R]ZT[Wl

\T^]SQWUT\ ]Si_. CiSia VO`TSOQOgT \T ^]à]l\\], O Ò[] Y]RO W[OgT
_OP]aO. ?OX-\O^_TS PWQOdO ^]YO\T\W \Oà]laTZ\] à_O\WaT SO `T ^]R]-
Sla. DOl ^]YO\O Qi_gTgT `TY_TaO_la, Y]Xa] ^]\lY]RO, ^_W ]aYOV ]a ^]-
[W_T\WT, ^_WPlRQOgT SO \lY]T „Y_T^Y] `Z]QeT“ WZW SOUT S] ^ZT`\WeO.
A] a]l \OfW\ ^]QTfTa] STZO `T `Qi_gQOdO ì` `^]R]SPO W \T àOQOgT
\bUSO SO `T ^WgOa SiZRW W `Z]U\W _TgT\Wl W ^_WìSW ` []aWQW. 6]YOa]
a_OTgT VO`TSO\WTa], fZT\ia POX HOY] fTà] WVZWVOgT Q ì`TS\OaO
Ybd\l, VO SO ^_TRZTSO Ri_\Ta] ` P]PO WZW aT\SUT_OaO ` [T`]a], Y]Wa]
YiY_TdO \O ]R\WhTa]. DOYO PZOR]^]Zbf\] W WSWZWf\] ^_TYO_QOgT ]_dO-
\WX`YWla ìSTPT\ ìQTa 7–8 [T`TeO. ?WYOYQW VOY]\W WZW YOYQW SO T \O-
_TSPW \T R] ]PQi_VQOdO; a]X Q`WfY] _TgOQOgT „^] ìQTà“.3
A]S]P\] ìà]l\WT \O \ThOaO `T ^_]a]fWZ] ` R]SW\W W, YOYa] `^][T\O-

QO :_TfTY, Q [W\WàT_àQ]a] W[OZ] TSW\-TSW\àQT\ k_Wà – [W\Wài_O, O
SQO[OaO \OfOZ\WeW \O ]aSTZT\Wl W S] 1883 R. PWZW ZTYO_ W PWQg bfWaTZ, ^]-
Yi`\] W PWQg \OfOZ\WY \O àO\eWl. 4 _]ZlaO \O ìSWW STXàQOZW PWQgW
bfWaTZW, ai_R]QeW, VT[TSTZeW W S_bRW ^]S]P\W.4
Ai_QWaT a. \O_. ìSWW ^_OYaWeW (PTV `^TeWOZ\] k_WSWfT`Y] ]P_OV]QO-
\WT) ^_OYaWYbQOZW TSW\ QWS YOSWX`Y] ^_OQ]ìSWT, a. T. WVelZ] `^]_TS `Q]W-
aT _OVPW_O\Wl VO `^_OQTSZWQ]à (`Qi_VO\W ` ]PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ]), ^] „Qia-
_Tg\] bPTUST\WT“ W PTV ^_WSi_UO\T Yi[ c]_[OZ\W ^_OQWZO. M_WSWfT-
`Y]a] [W`ZT\T Q `[WìZ \O Y]\àOaW_O\T \O cOYaWfT`YW ]Pà]laTZàQO W
^]SQTUSO\Ta] W[ ^]S ]^_TSTZT\O ^_OQ\O \]_[O, VO SO `T WVQTST W ]P]`\]-
QT ìSTP\]a] _TgT\WT, ]àOQOZ] `ZOP] _OVQWa]. A]S]P\] \Tc]_[OZ\] ^_O-
Q]ìSWT ZT`\] `T ]RiQOZ] `^]_TS UTZO\WlaO \O ^]ZWaWfT`YW `WZ\Wl W STZO-
9OY]\O VO ìS]^_]WVQ]SàQ]a]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 6, 1898, 0 6, 261–265. 2Qa]_ia _OV-
YOVQO VO `]PàQT\OaO `W SiZR]R]SWg\O STX\]à YOa] [W_]QW ìSWl. 4U. ìh] 5!,*, . 9O-
^W`YW ] 4]à]f\]X Bb[TZWW. >., 1883, `. 38 W `Z.; *3!, .!0). :V `^][T\WaT \O TSW\ àO_
[ORWà_Oa. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 34, 1933, 0 3–4, 145–157. 2Qa]_ia ]^W`QO ^]-S]P_Wl ì-
STPT\ _TS (^] ab_`YWaT VOY]\W) Q :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl.
3 -$'7*, *(. Ai_QOaO ìSTP\O QZOà Q \]Q]]`Q]P]ST\O 3iZRO_Wl. – M_WSWfT`YW
^_TRZTS, 30, 1929, 0 1, 29–32, eWa. \O 31–32. A_WàWRO\Ta] \O „4_T[T\\W ìSTP\W ^_OQWZO“
\O_bgWZ] `^]Y]XàQWTa] W fZT\]QTaT \O ìSO VO^]f\OZW SO RW fTaOa, YOa] `T „a]^ldO ]a [iYO
SO _OVPT_Oa W VO^][\la ^_]fTaT\]a]“.
4 ,!3!&, *)-.).$). <\lUTàQ] 3iZRO_Wl, 334–335, 347, 382. C^]_TS :_TfTY ]Ph] \O-
SOZW W[OZ] W ST`TaW\O k_WàW.

5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 81
aO \OX-fTà] `T ^TfTZWZW ]a Ô_aWVO\W\O \O QZOàQOhOaO Ô_aWl. A] Sb[W-

aT \O TSW\ k_Wà:
C ]`Q]P]UST\WTa] \W Q`TYW, Y]Xa] T V\OlZ fTa[], T PWZ ^_WV]QO\ SO VOT-

[T \lY]l ìSTP\O SZiU\]à. 4VT[OZW Ò d]_O \O^_OQ] ]a SkYl\O W[ W Ò
RW ab_lZW Q ìSTP\OaO YO[O_O. […] @a aWl î_QWf\W TZT[T\aW `T ìVSO-
ST R_OSWQ]a] \O \OgOaO kSWYOab_O. CiSWWaT, \TVO`TR\OaW ]a [OY`W[WaT
\O _W[`YOaO W []ST_\OaO k_W`^_bST\eWl, ^_]`QTaT\W Ò[] ]a ab_`YWaT
[OY`W[W, Ò[W ^] `TPT `W ^_TSàOQZlQOdO ^ZO[T\\W \O_]S\W ìSWW, Y]-
Wa] _OVSOQOdO ^_OQ]ìSWT ^] `Q]Ta] `bPTYaWQ\] _OVPW_O\T, ìQi_gT\]
`ZbfOX\], W ^_W \OX-[OZiY \OaW`Y ]aR]_T, _TgOQOdO STZ]a] ^] Q]ZlaO \O
`WZ\Wl. 4iQ Q`TYW [W_]QW WZW ]Y_iUT\ eT\ai_ QZOàW[OhWla Ô_aWVO-
\W\ `T _OV^]_TUSOgT ^] `Q]l Q]Zl ì` ìSWZWhO, YO\eTZO_WW W ^_.5
G]_OaO ]Pl`\W[] ai_`TZW SO dQO\Oa \lY]X „^_OQWaTZàQT\ OSQ]YOa“,

a. T. WVQTàT\ YOa] ^_WQi_UT\WY \O b^_OQZlQOhOaO Ô_aWl, VOh]a] aOYO []-
UTZW SO `^TfTZla STZ]a]; ` ^_][l\OaO \O _TUW[O `[T\lZW W OSQ]YOaO.6 ?T-
c]_[OZ\]a] ^_OQ]ìSWT `T VOÔVQO Q \OX-R]Zl[O àT^T\ (W S] \OX-Yi`\])
^_W \W`gWaT [W_]QW ìSWW W ìSWZWhO.7
2SQ]YOab_OaO PWZO `Q]P]S\O W ]aQ]_T\O VO Q`TYW Q ]hT ^]-R]Zl[O àT-
^T\ ]a ìSWXàQ]a] (W S] ^]-Yi`\]). <OYa] `QWSTaTZàQO :_TfTY:
2SQ]YOab_OaO ]a\OfOZ] PTgT ìQ`T[ `Q]P]S\O W a] ^_TSàOQZlQOgT TS-

\] fbS\] V_TZWhT, Y]ROa] \O_TS ` bfT\W SW^Z][W_O\W k_WàW, \lY]X
STZTe ]a fO_gWlaO \OPi_V] VOYZkfQOgT `Q]l SkYT\, VO SO VOhWaOQO
YZWT\aWaT `W ^_TS 2^TZOaWQ\]a] ìSWZWhT. A_W a]QO [OZ]R_O[]a\W `T-
Zl\W UTà]Y] à_OSOdO ]a PTVìQTà\W d]_O. 4 :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl PldO
\O^_OQWZW î_QOaO Y_OfYO, h]a] ^_OQ]a] \O b^_OU\T\WT OSQ]YOaàQ]-
a] SO `Qi_UOa ` WV^Wa. 4 <\lUTàQ]a] a] `T bQTST \T]aY]ZT.8
CO[]VQO\W OSQ]YOaW `T ìàTVOQOZW VO \OPW_O\T \O YZWT\aW f_TV ^]`_TS-

\WeW (\O_WfO\W [W`WaW) ^] Q`TQiV[]U\W \OfW\W.9 A_W ]R_][\]a] [\]VW\-
5
$)&*, . E_TSPOaO Q \OgWaT ìSWZWhO. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 10, 1902, 0 7, 333–340;
0 8, 391–396, eWa. \O `. 333.
6 AOY aO[, 333–334; 6*, . 3OQ\] ^_OQ]ìSWT W \T]PTV^TfT\O [ORWà_Oab_O. –
C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 3, 1903–1904, 0 5, 199–215; 0 6, 247–269;

0 7, 295–311; 0 8, 343–359, ]`]P. 344–345.
7
$,-&$, ,6-.7* (^] 4. :QO\]Q). ?OgOaO [W_]QO kàWeWl. – ?ObYO, 1, 1881, 0 3, 260–
267; 0 4, 339–349. CaOaWlaO \T T ]_WRW\OZ\O, \] _OVY_WQO cb\YeWWaT \O [W_]QWaT ìSWW, VO-
W[àQO\W b \O` ]a _b`YWl VOY]\, O ìh] _OVZWYOaO [TUSb c]_[OZ\] ^_OQ]ìSWT W [OaT_WOZ\]
^_OQ]ìSWT (a. T. „^] `^_OQTSZWQ]à“).
8 ,!3!&, *)-.).$). <\lUTàQ] 3iZRO_Wl, `. 335.
9 4U. 2SQ]YOaWaT, [W`WaZiYia W ^_]cT`W]\OZ\OaO TaWYO. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17, 1909,
0 8, 542–544.
àQ] ]a \TR_O[]a\W d]_O W \Wh]UT\ P_]X k_WSWfT`YW R_O[]a\W `T _OVQWZ

W\àWabaia \O a. \O_. ^_]gT\]^WèW, Y]Wa] ]a fWà] aTd\WfT`YW ^]`_TS\WeW
– ìàOQlhW []ZPWaT \O ]P_ihOhW `T Yi[ ^_OQ]ìSWTa] ZWeO, VO^]f\OZW SO
WVVT[QOa \lY]W OSQ]YOa`YW cb\YeWW. 4^]`ZTSàQWT TZW[W\W_O\Ta] \O a]VW
^]_]ST\ ]a \T_OVQWa]àaO cT\][T\ `T ]YOVOZ] a_bS\], O `^]_]QTaT „VO“ W
„^_]aWQ“ ^_]gT\]^W`YWl W\àWaba PWZW ^_]SiZUWaTZ\W W ]à_OàT\W. 4
`Q]l Ò[]VOhWaO ^_]gT\]^WèWaT S]_W ^_]QTZW (^_TV Yi`\OaO 1908 R.) bf-
_TSWaTZT\ Y]\R_T` W ìVSOZW `Q]l ]_RO\WVOeWl.10 A]S]P\W ^_Td]S\W lQZT\Wl
[]UTZW SO ìhTàQbQOa ^_TSW ^_]cT`W]\OZWVW_O\Ta] \O k_WSWfT`YOaO STX-
\]à, `Qi_VQO\Ta] 1 ` eT\V W VOaQO_l\Ta] \O ì`Z]QWTa] VO `ZbfOX\W ZWeO.
A]àT^T\\] P_]la \O k_WàWaT, a. T. \O VOQi_gWZWaT ^_OQ] (Q fbUPW\O),
`T bQTZWfWZ W aT QTS\ORO PWZW \OV\OfOQO\W VO ìSWW. E\WQT_`WaTa`YW ^]S-
R]aQT\WaT k_WàW ` Q_T[Ta] WV[TàQOZW W VO[T\lZW ìSWWaT ^_OYaWeW, Y]W-
a] î_Q]\OfOZ\] PWZW ]àOQT\W SO ^_OYaWYbQOa, O Q^]`ZTSàQWT PWZW WVa-
ZO`YO\W Yi[ ^]-\W`gWaT [W_]QW ìSWZWhO, \T PTV `^]_]QT W P]_PW ` ^]V]-
QOQOhWaT `T \O VOQO_T\] ^]Z]UT\WT W ^_OYaWfT`YW ]^Wa.11
B7H7AH:N ?2 5B2862?C<@ AB24@
4iQTST\WaT ]a _b`YWaT QZOàW „4_T[T\\W ^_OQWZO“ STXàQOZW ^_TV î_QW-

aT SQT ST`TaWZTaWl `ZTS @`Q]P]UST\WTa]. A_TV ^]`ZTS\]a] ST`TaWZTaWT \O
GIG Q. W î_Q]a] ST`TaWZTaWT \O GG Q. `T WVQi_gQO VOW[àQO\T \O fbUS]
^_OQ] ]a VOÔS\W WVa]f\WeW. A_WT[O\Ta] \O VOY]\W ^] _OV\W [OaT_WW PW-
Z] ^_]SWYabQO\] ]a à_T[TUO \O b^_OQZlQOhWaT SO _TRbZW_Oa _TSWeO `]eW-
OZ\W ]a\]gT\Wl Q SbdO \O _OVQWaWaT Si_UOQW, YOYa] W SO ìVSOSOa b`Z]QWl
10
!.,*, . 9O ^_]gT\]^WèWaT. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 4, 1896, 146–148; )3!, . A]
Qi^_]Ò VO ^_]gT\]^W`YWl W\àWaba. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17, 1909, 0 3, 199–201; ,6)!-
&*, . :\àWabaia \O ^_]gT\]^WèWaT a_lPQO SO `T b\Wh]UW. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17,
1909, 0 1, 24–29; &*, . 9O W\àWabaO \O ^_]gT\]^WèWaT. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17,
1909, 0 3, 196–198; *3!, . A] VOY]\O VO OSQ]YOaWaT. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 4, 1896,
0 1, 22–25; $)&*, ,. A_OYaWeWaT OSQ]YOaW ^_TS î_QWl k_WSWfT`YW Y]\R_T`, Si_UO\ Q C]-
cWl \O 4 kZW 1905 R. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 5, 1905–1906, 0 3,
122–126; A_]gT\]^W`YWla Y]\R_T`. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17, 1909, 0 8, 544–545. C_TS W`-
YO\WlaO \O ^_]gT\]^WèWaT cWRb_W_O ^WÒ\Ta] \O O^TZOaWQ\W W YOÒeW]\\W UOZPW W S]_W „SO
d]SOaOXàQOa“ ^] fOà\W `^]_]QT, a. T. SO WVîZ\lQOa cb\YeWW \O OSQ]YOaW Q ^]-S_TP\W STZO.
11
/-.&*, . CiSWWaT ^_OYaWeW W ^]`ZTS\WaT… 2Qa]_ia VOài^QO [\T\WTa] ^_OYaWeW-
aT ìSWW SO W[Oa OSQ]YOa`YW ^_OQO; *#'$, . A_OYaWeWaT [W_]QW ìSWW. – M_WSWfT`YW
^_TRZTS, 18, 1910, 0 9, 571–576. 2Qa]_ia VOhWaOQO [W_]QWaT ìSWW; `^]_TS \TR] aT a_lPQO SO
Ò ^_]à] OQa]_WaTa\W d]_O, O ]a ]aìUSO\WlaO W[ `T W`YO Ò[] SO \T Ò Q _OV_TV ì` VOY]\WaT,
O W\OfT SO _TgOQOa ^] bPTUST\WT. 4U. W *#'$, . M_WàW [W_]QW ìSWW. – M_WSWfT`YW
^_TRZTS, 19, 1911, 0 2, 105–109. C^]_TS OQa]_O ]Y_iU\WaT W O^TZOaWQ\WaT ìSWZWhO PWZW
îZ\W ` UOZPW `_Thb _TgT\Wl \O [W_]QW ìSWW, \lY]W ]a Y]Wa] – WàW\`YW Yb_W]VW.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 83
VO _OVQWaWT \O ÔVO_\O _OV[l\O. D_lPQO SO `T ^]SfT_aOT, fT Q [\]R] ]a\]-

gT\Wl ^_OQ]a] WV^_TQO_QOZ] _TOZ\]a] _OVQWaWT W Qìh\]à ìVSOQOZ] \]-
QW c]_[W W `dT[W, Y]Wa] SO PiSOa WV^]ZVQO\W Q^]`ZTSàQWT ]a VOW\aT_T`b-
QO\W ZWeO. @`QT\ a]QO Ô_OZTZ\] ` \TR] W VO gW_]YW [O`W ^_]SiZUOQOZ] SO
STXàQO W ]PWfOX\]a] (\T^WÒ\]a]) ^_OQ], ]`]PT\] Q \lY]W [OaT_WW.
3iZRO_`YWla VOY]\]SOaTZ VOW[àQOZ ]a _OVZWf\W ^_OQ\W `WàT[W: _]-
[O\`YOaO, \T[`YOaO W _b`YOaO. 5_OUSO\`Y]a] ^_OQ] PWZ] _TeW^W_O\] ]a _]-
[O\`YOaO `WàT[O, \] \T SW_TYa\] ]a c_T\`YWl R_OUSO\`YW VOY]\\WY (Code
civil), O ]a WaOZWO\`YWl (Codice civile), Q Y]Xa] PWZW Q\T`T\W WVQTà\W ^]-
S]P_T\Wl ]a c_T\`YWl VOY]\\WY. B][O\`YOaO `WàT[O PWZO QiV^_WTaO YOa]
\OX-_OVQWaO VO Q_T[Ta] `W, ]hT ^]QTfT fT \T[`YWla R_OUSO\`YW VOY]\\WY
(Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) aTî_QO `T ìVSOQOZ (^bPZWYbQO\ ^_TV 1896 R.,
QZlViZ Q `WZO ]a 1900 R.). Di_R]Q`Y]a] ^_OQ] ]POfT PWZ] VOW[àQO\] ]a 5T_-
[O\Wl f_TV b\RO_`YWl ai_R]Q`YW VOY]\, ^]\TUT c_T\`YWla ai_R]Q`YW VOY]\
PWZ aQi_ST ]àO_lZ. ?OYOVOaTZ\]a] ^_OQ] W ^_]eT`bOZ\]a] ^_OQ] (^] R_OU-
SO\`YW W bRZOQ\W ^_]eT`W) \O `Q]X _TS PWZW QiV^_WTaW ^_TSW[\] ]a _b`Y]-
a] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ], ^_W WV^]ZVQO\T W \O b\RO_`YWl \OYOVOaTZT\ VOY]\.
:[T\\] a]QO ^_OQ] PWZ] VOZ]UT\] Q ]`\]QOaO \O „4_T[T\\WaT ^_OQWZO“ ^]
ìSTP\OaO fOà W VOY]\]SOaTZla `[Ta\OZ VO b[Tà\] SO R] VOÔVW W ^]àOQW
Q ]`\]QWaT \O PiZRO_`YWl R_OUSO\`YW W \OYOVOaTZT\ ^_]eT`.12 KT `T `^_O
\OY_OaY] \O _TeW^W_O\]a] [OaT_WOZ\] R_OUSO\`Y] ^_OQ] Q _OV\WaT [b Sl-
Z]QT, \O R_OUSO\`Y]a] ^_]eT`bOZ\] ^_OQ], O ^]`ZT \O \OYOVOaTZ\]a] ^_OQ]
W \O \OYOVOaTZ\]a] ìS]^_]WVQ]SàQ].13
C_TS fOàWaT \O [OaT_WOZ\]a] R_OUSO\`Y] ^_OQ] ]`]PT\] QOU\] PWZ]
`ZbUTh]a] \O \bUSWaT \O _OV[l\OaO ]PZWROeW]\\] ^_OQ] W TSW\ ]a î_QW-
aT R_OUSO\`YW VOY]\W PWZ VOY]\ia VO VOSiZUT\WlaO W S]R]Q]_WaT ]a 5 ST-
YT[Q_W 1892 R. 4 \TR] T ^_]QTST\ ^_W\eWîa \O c]_[OZ\] _OQT\àQ] \O
R_OUSO\WaT ^_TS VOY]\O, a. T. S]R]Q]_W []UT SO `YZkfQO Q`TYW, ìhTàQbQO
`Q]P]SO \O S]R]QO_l\Ta] W Q]ZlaO \O S]R]QO_lhWaT `T ^_]QiVRZO`lQO VO OP-
`]Zka\O ]PQi_VQOhO `WZO. CO[] Q TSW\ `ZbfOX VOY]\ia S]^b`YO WY]\][W-
fT`YOaO \TWVR]S\]à \O S]R]Q]_O SO PiST ]`\]QO\WT VO _OVa_]RQO\Ta] [b, O
W[T\\] ^_W ^_]SOUPO \O \TSQWUW[ W[]a \O eT\O SQO îaW ^]-\W`YO ]a _T-
OZ\OaO [b ÔVO_\O à]X\]à. 9OY]\ia VO VOSiZUT\WlaO W S]R]Q]_WaT b_TU-
SOZ ^_]SOUPOaO, \OT[\Wl S]R]Q]_, S]R]Q]_O VO _T\aO, `^]R]SPOaO, VOà_O-
d]QYOaO, WR_OaO W ]PVOZORO\Ta], VOT[O VO ^]`ZbUQO\T, ]PWY\]QT\Wl VOT[,
QZ]RO, `TYQTài_O, VOZ]RO W O\aWd_TVOaO \O ^]_ifWaTZàQ]a].
12) ,!!, $1$'. :à]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO…, 115–118.
13
:VZ]UT\WTa] `T ]PZlRO \O ) ,!!, $1$'. :à]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO…, 119–153. 4U.
ìh] $)&*, *,$. BOVQWaWT W dO_OYaT_ \O VOY]\]SOaTZàQ]a] Q 3iZRO_Wl. – 4iQ: 60 R]SW-
\W PiZRO_`Y] ^_OQ]ìSWT, 1878–1941. MPWZTT\ `P]_\WY. C., 1941, 15–72.
Di_R]Q`YWla VOY]\ (]a 29 [OX 1897 R.) a_TaW_O a_W ]`\]Q\W [OaT_WW: VO
S_bUTàQOaO, `STZYWaT W \Tìà]laTZ\]àaO. @a\]`\] S_bUTàQOaO `T QiV-
^_WT[Oa SQT ]`\]Q\W c]_[W – ìPW_OaTZ\O (` \T]R_O\WfT\O W `]ZWSO_\O
]aR]Q]_\]à \O bfOàQOhWaT ZWeO) W OYeW]\T_\O (` ]afbUSOT[W OYeWW).
:\aT_T`WaT \O _OV[l\OaO `T RO_O\aW_OZW ]a a]QO, fT ^_W WVSOQO\T \O [T\W-
aTZ\WeO WZW \O VO^W` \O VO^]QTS (VOSiZUT\Wl, eW_YbZW_OhW YOa] eT\\W
Y\WUO) \O ^]`ZTSQOhW ^_W]P_TaOaTZW \T []UTZW SO `T ^_OQla QiV_OUT\Wl
VO PTV^_WfW\\]à WZW PTVÔ_Wf\]à. 4i^_]ìa VO \Tìà]laTZ\]à aO \T
PWZ ]`]PT\] bSOf\] b_TST\, ^]\TUT Q Y_OX\O `[TaYO W[bhTàQ]a] \O ai_-
R]QTeO `T _OV^_]SOQOZ] \O PTVeT\WeO, O îY Y_TSWa]_WaT []UTZW SO ^]Zb-
fOa Ò[] [OZYO fOà ]a SiZRO. D]QO \OZ]UWZ] SO `T ìVSOSOa Q^]`ZTSàQWT
\]QW aTYà]QT (VOY]\ VO ^_TSÔVZWQWl Y]\Y]_SOa ]a 29 [O_a 1932 R.), Y]Wa]
SO SOSOa QiV[]U\]à \O ai_R]QTeO SO ^_T]S]ZTT VOa_bS\T\WTa] W SO ]`WRb-
_la TQT\abOZ\] W\aT_T`WaT \O Y_TSWa]_WaT f_TV _OV`_]fQO\T \O VOSiZUT-
\WlaO W ]^_]hOQO\T \O WVQTàT\ ^_]eT\a ]a ald.
C WVQTà\] VOYi`\T\WT, VO SO `T WVfOYO ^_T_OV^_TSTZl\Ta] ^_TSW[\] ^]
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^_OQ] W `^TeWOZ\] ^_OQ]a] \O `]PàQT\]à f_TV VOY]\ VO W[bhTàQOaO, `]P-
àQT\]à aO W `T_QWabaWaT ]a 7 cTQ_bO_W 1904 R. 4 \TR] T QiV^_WTa] ^_OQ]-
a] \O \T]R_O\WfT\O fOà\O `]PàQT\]à, YOa] `]PàQT\]à aO \O VT[laO
QYZkfQO Q`WfY], Y]Ta] `T \O[W_O \OS W ^]S ^]Qi_d\]àaO. @`]PT\] R]Zl[]
Q\W[O\WT VOY]\ia ]aSTZl \O \TSQWUW[OaO, `^TeWOZ\] ^]VT[ZT\OaO `]PàQT-
\]à, YOa] _OV^]_TSPWaT Ò WVelZ] c]_[OZ\] k_WSWfT`YW, PTV ]RZTS \O WY]-
\][WfT`Y]a] ìSi_UO\WT (W PTV SO `T ^_TSQWUSO \lYOYQO `^TeWOZ\O VOhW-
aO \O S_TP\OaO `]PàQT\]à). 9O SQWUW[OaO `]PàQT\]à T QiV^_WTa ^_W\-
eWîa „en fait du meubles, la possession veut titre“, a. T. cOYaWfT`Y]a] ^_WaT-
UO\WT \O SQWUW[]àWaT W eT\\WaT Y\WUO T QiVSWR\Oa] Q ^_OQ] \O `]PàQT-
\]à (]\VW, \O Y]R]a] `T ^_TdQi_Zl SQWUW[OaO QTh WZW eT\\W Y\WUO, \l[O
\bUSO SO ^_]QT_lQO SOZW aT ^_W\OSZTUOa STXàQWaTZ\] \O f]QTYO, Y]Xa] [b
RW ^_TdQi_Zl) ` ]RZTS SO `T ]`WRb_W Pi_VO eW_YbZOeWl. A_W \TSQWUW[WaT
QThW ]POfT `T WVW`YQO ^_]QT_YO \O `]PàQT\]à aO, YOa] VO eTZaO `T ìVSO-
QO gW_]YO W RO_O\aW_O\O ^bPZWf\]à \O OYa]QTaT VO ]afbUSOQO\T – f_TV
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\TUT abY \l[O WVW`YQO\T VO Pi_VO W ZT`\O _OV[l\O, ^_OQOaO \O `]PàQT\WYO
Ò ^]-TcWYO`\] VOhWaT\W. 9OY]\ia b_TUSO W `T_QWabaWaT (ZWf\W W ^]VT[-
ZT\W), a. T. ]R_O\WfT\W QTh\W ^_OQO Qi_db fbUSO QTh. @a ^]VT[ZT\WaT `T_-
QWabaW ]`]PT\] QOU\] PWZ] ^_OQ]a] \O ^_T[W\OQO\T W ^_TYO_QO\T \O Q]SO
(^_TV fbUSO `]PàQT\]à).
9OY]\ia VO \O`ZTSàQ]a] ]a 25 l\bO_W 1890 R. ^_WV\OQO `Q]P]SOaO \O
\O`ZTS]SOaTZl SO `T _OV^]_TUSO ì` `Q]Ta] W[bhTàQ] VO Q_T[Ta] `ZTS
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 85
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R]Zl[ _OV[T_), O OY] \l[O aOYWQO – VO QiVd]SlhWaT (Q ^]-[OZiY _OV[T_). ?O
î_Q] [là] \O`ZTSlQOa \OX-PZWVYWaT; Ò[] Y]ROa] ZW^`QOa _]S\W\W S] ST-
`TaO àT^T\, W[bhTàQ]a] ^_T[W\OQO Yi[ Si_UOQOaO.
C^]_TS î_Q]\OfOZ\Wl aTYà \O VOY]\O \WVd]SlhWaT ]a [iUYW W UT\-
`YW ^]Z \O`ZTSlQOZW ^]_OQ\]. :[T\\] Q a]VW ^b\Ya ^WÒ\]a] ^_OQ] PWZ]
^]`_Th\Oa] ` ]à_W ^_]aTàW W VO]PWYOZl\T Q ^_OYaWYOaO. D] PWZ] Q _OV_TV
` \O_]S\]a] ^_OQ]ìV\O\WT, Y]Ta] `[laOZ], fT ][iUT\WaT SihT_W WVZWVOa
]a `T[TXàQ]a] \O \O`ZTS]SOaTZl W ]aWQOa Q `T[TXàQ]a] \O `Q]l ì^_bR,
S]YOa] ][iUT\WaT `W\]QT ]PWY\]QT\] ]àOQOa Q `T[TXàQ]a] \O \O`ZTS]SO-
aTZl W f_TV a_bSO `W `^][OROa VO bQTZWfOQO\T \O \TR]Q]a] W[bhTàQ]; ]a -
abY `T `[laOZ] VO \T`^_OQTSZWQ] SihT_WaT SO \O`ZTSlQOa TS\OYQ] ì`
`W\]QTaT.14 ?OZ]UWZ] `T VOY]\]SOaTZWaT SO ]aài^la ]a ^_W\eWÔ \O _OQ-
\] \O`ZTSlQO\T. 7S\O ^_][l\O ]a 6 cTQ_bO_W 1896 R. SOZO ^_OQ] \O \O`ZTS-
\WeWaT ]a [iUYW ^]Z SO WVYb^bQOa SlZ]QTaT \O \O`ZTS\WeWaT ]a UT\`YW
^]Z, `^TeWOZ\] \T^]Y_WaWaT \TSQWUW[W W[]aW (a. T. VT[laO). 6_bRO ^_][l-
\O ]a 7 cTQ_bO_W 1906 R. SOZO ^_OQ] \O [iUTaT \O`ZTS\WeW SO ^]ZbfOQOa
SQO îaW ^]QTfT \T^]Y_WaW \TSQWUW[W W[]aW (W VT[TSTZ`YW SQWUW[]àW)
]a UT\WaT \O`ZTS\WeW. 4 VO[l\O \O`ZTS\WeWaT ]a UT\`YW ^]Z PWZW ]`Q]P]-
ST\W ]a VOSiZUT\WTa] SO ^_WQ\O`la (Q S][O \O ì^_bRO) ]\]QO, Y]Ta] Ò ^]-
ZbfWZW YOa] fTWV ^_W ][iUQO\Ta] `W.
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Y]\\] _]ST\WaT STeO, VO bVOY]\lQO\Ta] W[ W VO ]`W\]QlQO\Ta] (]a 12 l\bO-
_W 1890 R.), VOY]\O VO \Oà]X\WfTàQ]a] (]a 24 [O_a 1890 R.) W VOY]\O VO ZW-
eOaO (]a 17 STYT[Q_W 1907 R.). Hi_Y]Q\Wla P_OY PWZ ^_WV\Oa VO VOSiZUWaT-
ZT\ W VOTS\] ` P_OY]_OVQ]SO PWZ Q Y][^TaT\eWlaO \O ei_Y]Q\OaO QZOà. D]X
PWZ b_TUSO\ YOYa] ^_TSW @`Q]P]UST\WTa] – ]a 7YVO_dWX`YWl bàOQ. Hi_-
Y]Q\OaO _TRZO[T\aOeWl \O P_OYO Q`T ^]-a_bS\] `T ìfTaOQOZO ` \]QWaT Q_T-
[T\O, VO Y]Wa] PWZW dO_OYaT_\W ^]QTfT `T[TX\W Y]\cZWYaW W _OVQ]SW, ^]-
R]Zl[O _]Zl \O [OaT_WOZ\Wl cOYa]_ W ^_., O îY `[T`T\WaT P_OY]QT [TUSb
d]_O ` _OVZWf\W QT_]WV^]QTSO\Wl ^_]à] \T []UTZW SO PiSOa \]_[OaWQ\]
14 *3!, .!0). A]Z]UT\WTa] \O UT\OaO `^]_TS àO_]a] PiZRO_`Y] W _b[i\`Y] ^_OQ].
– M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 32, 1931, 0 4–5, 180–190, ]`]P. `. 186, 190; "&*, !.6,. CT[TX-
\O ^]SlZPO Q `TZ`YWl PWa. – 3iZRO_`YW ^_TRZTS, 4, 1897, 0 5–6, 110–122; >OaT_WOZW ^] ]PW-
fOX\]a] \O_]S\] ^_OQ]: `T[TX\], \O`ZTSàQT\] W P_Of\]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 3, 1895,
0 3, 104– 111; 0 4, 145–149; 0 12, 550–555; 0 18, 837–842; *(*, . A_W\eW^WaT \O \O`-
ZTSàQT\]a] ^_OQ] b \O` S] @`Q]P]UST\WTa]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 26, 1925, 0 3, 122–129;
.*%&*, . 8T\OaO `^]_TS \OgTa] R_OUSO\`Y] ^_OQ]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 24, 1923, 0 6,
235–241.
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Qi_db \TîZ\]ZTa\WaT STeO PWZO ^_TS]àOQT\O \O POhOaO, QYZkfWaTZ\]
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^]V\OQO\Ta] \T ^]VQ]ZlQOZ SO `T ai_`W POhOaO \O WVQi\P_Of\] STaT, O W\-
aT_T`WaT \O WV[O[T\WaT [][WfTaO W aTd\WaT STeO PWZW ]àOQT\W PTV VOhW-
aO. 9O îZ\]^_OQ\] STaT `T ^_WV\OQOZ] Ò[] _]ST\]a] ]a VOY]\T\ P_OY.
E`Y]_lQO\Ta] \O ÔVO_\]a] (YO^WaOZWàWfT`Y]a]) _OVQWaWT ^]_]SWZ]
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eWlaO \O \lY]W W\àWabeWW, PWZ] VO SO `T ]c]_[la ^_OQ\] \]QW QWS]QT ]a-
\]gT\Wl. 9O SO `T b_TRbZW_O ^]-S]P_T \TSQWUW[OaO `]PàQT\]à, PWZ ^_W-
Ta (^]S QZWl\WT \O _][O\`Y]a] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ]) VOY]\ia VO ^_WQWZTRWWaT
W W^]aTYWaT (]a 26 l\bO_W 1908 R., Q `WZO ]a 1 `TâT[Q_W 1910 R.), ` Y]Xa]
^_TdQi_Zl\Ta] W W^]aTYW_O\Ta] \O \TSQWUW[WaT W[]aW a_lPQOZ] SO àOQO
Q \]aO_WOZ\O c]_[O W ^_W VOSiZUWaTZ\] Q^W`QO\T Q Y\WRWaT \O ì]aQTa\W-
aT \]aO_WOaW. (A_TSW a]QO ^] VOY]\O VO VOSiZUT\WlaO W S]R]Q]_WaT `T S]-
^b`YOZ] ^_]SOUPWaT \O \TSQWUW[W W[]aW W ^_TdQi_Zl\Ta] \O QTh\W ^_O-
QO Qi_db ald SO àOQOa W f_TV fOà\W ^W`[T\W OYa]QT.) D]QO ]`WRb_lQOZ]
^bPZWf\]à W SOQOZ] QiV[]U\]à \O VOW\aT_T`]QO\WaT ZWeO SO \O^_OQla
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ST\ \TSQWUW[ W[]a. Ci` `Q]WaT à_]RW c]_[OZWàWf\W WVW`YQO\Wl W _OV-
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fOà\W ^W`[T\W OYa]QT (W S]_W bà\]). A_W _lVY]a] ]PTVeT\lQO\T \O ZTQO
`ZTS Ai_QOaO `QTa]Q\O Q]X\O [\]R] ^_]SOQOfW, Y]Wa] PWZW ^_]SOZW W[]aO
`W ` fOà\W OYa]QT, VO^]f\OZW SO W`YOa Q_ihO\T \O ^_]SOST\Wl W[]a, YOa]
`T ^]V]QOQOZW \O \T`ÔVQO\Ta] \O \]aO_WOZ\OaO c]_[O. ?OZ]UWZ] `T VOY]-
\]SOaTZla SO W\aT_QT\W_O, YOa] ^_WV\OT WVQi_gT\WaT Q [W\OZ]a] \Tc]_-
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(VOY]\ VO b_TRbZW_O\T \T]c]_[T\WaT ` \]aO_WOZ\W OYa]QT ^]Yb^Y]-^_]-
SOUPW ]a 19 kZW 1920 R.).
4iQ Q_iVYO ` _OVQWaWTa] \O Y]]^T_OaWQ\]a] STZ] PWZ ^_WTa VOY]\ VO Y]-
]^T_OaWQ\WaT `S_bUOQO\Wl (]a 28 cTQ_bO_W 1907 R.), VOW[àQO\ ]a \T[`Y]a]
VOY]\]SOaTZàQ], Y]Xa] b_TUSOZ ^]-S]P_T [OaT_WlaO \O `S_bUOQO\WlaO (W ]a-
[T\lZ àO_]a] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] ^] a]VW Qi^_]` Q ai_R]Q`YWl VOY]\). C^]_TS
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(` bfOàWTa] \O Q`WfYW fZT\]QT), b^_OQWaTZ\Wla ìQTa W Y]\a_]Z\Wla ìQTa.
Ci` VOY]\O VO Q]S\WaT `W\SWYOaW ]a 22 `TâT[Q_W 1920 R. `T _TRZO[T\-
aW_OZ] ]P_OVbQO\Ta] \O Q]S\W `W\SWYOaW, a. T. Y]]^T_OaWQ\W `S_bUOQO\Wl
VO WVR_OUSO\T W ^]S Si_UO\T \O dWS_]ì]_iUT\Wl, O ìh] aOYO `T QiQTU-
SOZ _TS Q WV^]ZVQO\Ta] \O Q]SOaO: VO Si_UOQ\W \bUSW, VO `W\SWYOZ\W [T_]-
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 87
^_WlaWl, VO ]PhW\`YW \bUSW, VO S_bUTàQO W fOà\W ZWeO. Ea]f\lQOZ `T W

\OfW\ia \O ìVSOQO\T W ZTROZWVW_O\T \O Q]S\WaT `W\SWYOaW – aT []UTZW SO
`T ìVSOQOa S]_W ]a [OZeW\àQ] ]a VOW\aT_T`bQO\W `]PàQT\WeW W PTV ìR-
ZO`WT \O [\]VW\àQ]a] (WZW ^] W\WeWOaWQO \O Si_UOQ\OaO OS[W\Wà_OeWl
\O Q]SWaT Q ]PhTàQT\ W\aT_T`). A] a]VW \OfW\ Q]S\WaT `W\SWYOaW ^_TS-
àOQZlQOZW `Q]T]P_OV\W \TSi_UOQ\W, ]PhTàQT\]-à]Ô\`YW ]_RO\WVOeWW,
PZWVYW S] à]Ô\`YWaT bf_TUST\Wl \O Si_UOQOaO ^] a]QO, fT []UTZW SO WV-
^]ZVQOa ^_W\bSO VO bfOàWT \OS [OZeW\àQ]a] (W S]_W \OS [\]VW\àQ]) ]a
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QO\ ]a WaOZWO\`Y]a] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ]. 9OY]\ia W[OZ VO eTZ SO RO_O\aW_O `W-
Rb_\]à aO \O []_`YOaO ai_R]QWl W SO ]`WRb_W W\aT_T`WaT \O `YZkfWZWaT
S]R]Q]_W VO []_`YW a_O\`^]_a. D]X bàO\]QlQOZ l`T\ _TUW[ \O `]PàQT-
\]à Qi_db ^ZOQOaTZ\WaT ìS]QT, _TRbZW_OZ ]a\]gT\WlaO [TUSb Y]_OP]-
^_WaTUOaTZW W YO^WaO\W (Y]_OP]\OfOZ\WeW), _TRZO[T\aW_OZ S]R]Q]_O VO
[]_`YW a_O\`^]_a \O à]YW W `Qi_VO\WaT ` a]QO Qi^_]`W VO a]QO_WaTZ\Wl
VO^W` W \OQZ]a] (aOYÒ VO ^_TQ]VO \O à]YW). 9OY]\ia b_TUSOZ W S]R]Q]_O
VO ^_TQ]V \O îa\WeW, []_`YWl VOT[, []_`YOaO VOà_Od]QYO, OQO_WWaT W _OV-
dQi_Zl\Ta] \O _OV\]`YWaT ^] ald W ^_.
5_OUSO\`Y]a] ^_]eT`bOZ\] ^_OQ] PWZ] VOW[àQO\], YOYa] `T YOVO, ]a
_b`YWl R_OUSO\`YW ^_]eT`, O ^_OQT\WaT Q^]`ZTSàQWT WV[T\T\Wl R] ^_WP-
ZWUOQOZW Yi[ \T[`YWl ^_]eT`bOZT\ VOY]\. 9OY]\ia VO R_OUSO\`Y]a] ìS]-
^_]WVQ]SàQ] ]a 8 cTQ_bO_W 1892 R. _TRbZW_O ìSTP\OaO STX\]à ^] VOhW-
aOaO \O R_OUSO\`YWaT ^_OQO, a. T. Q ]PZOà aO \O R_OUSO\`Y]a] W ai_R]Q`Y]-
a] ^_OQ]. 5_OUSO\`YWla VOY]\ PWZ WVR_OST\ Qi_db ìàTVOaTZ\]a] \OfOZ],
^_W Y]Ta] à_O\WaT (WhTe W ]aQTa\WY) Q]Sla ^_]eT`bOZ\O P]_PO, YOa] ^_TS-
àOQla S]YOVOaTZàQO W ì]P_OUT\Wl VO bQOUOQO\T, _T`^TYaWQ\] ]adQi_Zl-
\T \O W`YO. CiSia T V_WaTZ. :[OZ] a_W _TS]Q\W W\àO\eWW – î_QO, QiVVWQ-
\O (O^TZOeW]\\O) W YOÒeW]\\O, O [W\OQO\Ta] \O TS\] R_OUSO\`Y] STZ] ^_TV
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`YW cOYbZaTa, a. 55, 1964, Y\. 2, 289–352, ]`]P. 340–342.
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– C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 3, 1903–1904, 0 4, 176–181; ,&*, .
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Q C]cWl, 1, 1901–1902, 0 10, 483–496; *#'$, . <ZTaQO W `QWSTaTZ`YW ^]YOVO\Wl. – M_W-
SWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17, 1909, 0 10, 632–634.
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M_WSWfT`YW O_dWQ, 6, 1934–1935, 0 4–5, 414–432, ]`]P. `. 420.
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) ,!!, $1$'. :à]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO…, 167–172.
22 A] a]VW Qi^_]` QU. ) ,!!, $1$'. 3iZRO_`Y]a] ]PWfOX\] ^_OQ]. C., 1979, 283–297;
!*,$!, !*,$. @`Q]P]UST\WTa] W Ta\]YbZab_\]a] _OVQWaWT \O PiZRO_`YWl \O_]S, 1877–

1900. C., :VSOaTZàQ] \O 32?, 1979, 92–99.
23 4U. TS\] ]^WÒ\WT \O \O_]ST\ Ò[]ìS b _]S]^`YWaT ^][OeW b $4&*, .*8. CO[]-
ìSia Q B]S]^WaT. – 4iQ: .*8 $4&*. :VP_O\W ^_]WVQTST\Wl. AZ]QSWQ, G_. 5. 6O\]Q, 1965,
313–317 (àOaWlaO T ]a 1907 R.). :[OZ] fTZlST\ (a. T. `T[TT\), _]S\W\`YW W ]PhTàQT\ Ò[]ìS,
`^TeWcWf\W `_TSàQO \O ^_]eT`bOZ\O ^_OYaWYO (Q \Tl R]Zl[] [là] VOT[O

U_TPWla). :\aT_T`\] abY T, fT ]a RZTS\O a]fYO \O \O_]S\]a] ^]\laWT VO ^_O-
Q] W ^_OQ]ìSWT, ]cWeWOZ\]a] ^_OQ] WVRZTUSO ^]-\W`gT Q []_OZT\ ^ZO\
(YOa] fbQàQ] VO `^_OQTSZWQ]à), O ìh] YOa] `bPTYaWQ\], ^]SQZOà\] \O
W\SWQWSbOZ\W ìSWW W WVZ]UT\] \O Y]_bêWl.
?OZORO\Ta] \O ^WÒ\] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] \OS ]PWfOX\WaT ^_OYaWYW Q \l-
Y]W ]PZOàW \O UWQ]aO PWZ] ]`]PT\] a_bS\] W POQ\], O \lYiST S]_W a_lPQO-
Z] a] SO ]aài^W. 7SW\ aOYiQ ^b\Ya, VO Y]Xa] àO\O Sb[O, PWZ \O`ZTSlQO\T-
a], YiSTa] ]PWfOX\]^_OQ\OaO \T_OQ\]^]àOQT\]à \O `W\]QTaT W SihT_WaT
QZWVOZO Q _OV_TV ` ^WÒ\Wl VOY]\ W Q Y_OX\O `[TaYO `T \OZ]UWZO \OS VOY]-
\]SOaTZl, Y]Xa] ^_][T\WZ VOY]\O Q a]VW Sbd. 6_bRO ]PZOà, YiSTa] ]PWfOX-
\]a] ^_OQ] ^_]lQWZ] ]`]PT\O bà]XfWQ]à W UWZOQ]à, Ò P_OYia W P_O-
Y]_OVQ]Sia. 3iZRO_`YWla „Pb_U]OVT\“ VOY]\]SOaTZ ^_TS^]fTZ SO RW ]àOQW
\O a_OSWeW]\\OaO Y][^TaT\a\]à \O ei_YQOaO, Y]la] \O `Q]X _TS Q V\OfWaTZ-
\O àT^T\ WVd]USOZO ]a ]PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ]. <i[ \]QWl 7YVO_dWX`YW bàOQ ]a
22–26 cTQ_bO_W 1883 R. PWZO ^_WPOQT\O `Qi_VO\O ` P_Of\]^_OQ\OaO [OaT_Wl
fOà (]a 22 O^_WZ 1897 R.). @àO\OZWaT QT_]WV^]QTSO\Wl b_TUSOZW P_Of\WaT
`W ]a\]gT\Wl \O ]`\]QOaO \O `Q]WaT _TZWRW]V\W ^_TS^WÒ\Wl.
A_]SiZUOQOZW SO STXàQOa ]aSTZ\W ]PWfOX\W \]_[W W Q `cT_OaO \O
QTh\]a] ^_OQ] – _]ZlaO \O [TUSOaO (`W\]_O) VO ]^_TSTZl\T R_O\WeOaO \O
W[]aO (]hT ^]QTfT fT \l[OZ] YOSOài_), \lY]W a_OSWeW]\\W ì`TS`YW ^_O-
QWZO ^_W VOà_]lQO\T, _OV]_OQO\Ta] \O „\WfWl VT[l“ W \O ]PhW\`YOaO [T-
_O (` Y]Ta] QZOàWaT PWZW ^_W\bST\W SO ^_OQla [\]R] Y][^_][W`W Qi^_TYW
\OZWfWTa] \O ^_OQ\W VOP_O\W), Y]\`b[W_O\Ta] \O [là] \O ^_]SbYaW ]a
fbUS W[]a (\] PTV SO `T ]a\O`la) W ^_. >\]R] Pi_V] ]POfT ^_TàO\OZ] SO
cb\YeW]\W_O ^_TSW[àQ]a] \O _]S\W\W WZW ì`TSW ^_W ^_TSZORO\T \O W[]a
VO ^_]SOUPO Q ^]ZVO \O ^_TSZOROhWl \OX-WVR]S\W b`Z]QWl Yb^bQOf.
DQi_ST ]à_] PWZ] _OV[W\OQO\Ta] [TUSb VOY]\]QWaT _OV^]_TSPW W ]PW-
fOX\OaO ^_OYaWYO ^_W ^_TdQi_Zl\Ta] \O QTh\W ^_OQO Qi_db \TSQWUW[W
W[]aW. 4 W\aT_T` \O àOPWZ\]à aO W l`\]aOaO Q ]PZOà aO \O \TSQWUW[OaO
`]PàQT\]à `T ^_WTZ] \]aO_WOZ\]a] ]aPTZlVQO\T \O ^]Yb^Y]-^_]SOUPWaT
(\]aO_WOZT\ OYa). 4i^_TYW a]QO Q `TZOaO ^_]SOUPWaT \O W[]aW ^_]SiZUO-
QOZW SO `T WVQi_gQOa ` fOà\W (^W`[T\W) OYa]QT W S]_W ` ^_]à] bà\] `^]-
_OVb[T\WT ^_TS `QWSTaTZW,24 ]afOàW ^] `WZOaO \O a_OSWeWlaO, \] ^_TSW[\]
^]_OSW c]_[OZ\WaT WVW`YQO\Wl W _OV\]`YW \O \]aO_WOZ\OaO c]_[O (YOa]
\O Y]Xa] PWZW ^]SZORO\W \OX-QTfT Y_OSeW W „PZbSàQOhW“; \OYOVO\WlaO PWZW ^bPZWf\] WV]P-
ZWfOQO\T W ]^]V]_lQO\T, [OaT_WOZ\W RZ]PW, aTZT`\W \OYOVO\Wl W \OX-aTUY]a] – WVR]\QO\T ]a
[OdOZOaO WZW `TZ]a].
24
4U. W *3!, .!0). CPW_YO ]a ^_OQ\W ]PWfOW b PiZRO_WaT. – ?ObYO, 3, 1883–1884,
0 5–6, 488–502, ]`]P. `. 497.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 93
]aWQO\T Q R_OSO W ^_WPlRQO\T Yi[ b`ZbRWaT \O OSQ]YOa VO WV_OP]aQO\T \O

\]aO_WOZ\Wl OYa W VO Q^W`QO\Ta] [b ^_W W^]aTf\WaT Y\WRW, \]aO_WOZ\W [W-
aO W aOY`W W PW_\WfT`Y] bS]à]QT_T\WT VO ^ZOaT\W SO\if\W VOSiZUT\Wl).
BOV_WQia [TUSb ]PWfOX\O ^_OYaWYO W VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] ìVSOZ `^][T\OaWl
^_]PZT[ `ZTS Ai_QOaO `QTa]Q\O Q]X\O, Y]ROa] Si_UOQOaO `T QWSlZO ^_W\b-
ST\O SO W\aT_QT\W_O ^_]aWQ `Q]Ta] `]PàQT\] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] W SO ^_WV-
\OT VO STXàQWaTZ\W WVQi_gT\WaT Q [W\OZ]a] \Tc]_[OZ\W ^_]SOUPW. 4 \O-
fOZ]a] \O 4a]_OaO `QTa]Q\O Q]X\O `T \OZ]UWZ] \]Q] ^]S]P\] W\aT_QT\W-
_O\T, ^_W Y]Ta] W[]aia `T Q_ihOZ \O ^_]SOQOfO, `ZTS YOa] a]X Qi_\TZ ^]-
ZbfT\WaT VO \TR] Ô_W ^Zk` à]X\]à aO \O \O^_OQT\WaT ^]S]P_T\Wl (VOY]\
VO b_TUSO\T ^_OQOaO \O Yb^bQOfW \O \TSQWUW[W W[]aW ` fOà\W ^W`[T\W
S]R]Q]_W ]a 6 O^_WZ 1941 R.). 4 aTVW `ZbfOW c]_[OZWV[ia \O ^_OQ]a] ]a-
ài^WZ ^_TS Y]\Y_Ta\OaO eTZTì]P_OV\]à.
@PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ] \OQZWVOZ] W Q ]cWeWOZ\OaO ìSTP\O `WàT[O, `^TeW-
OZ\] \O \OX-\W`Y]a] (^][W_WaTZ\]) \WQ] \O ìSW[]à. D]QO àOQOZ] f_TV
W\àWabaO \O ]PhW\`YW (`TZ`YW) ìSWZWhO, \O Y]Wa] PWZ] ^_TS]àOQT\]
^][W_lQO\Ta] \O `^]_ThWaT, cOYaWfT`YW \O ]`\]QOaO \O ]PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ]
(\OWàW\O Ò[] ^] S_TP\W `^]_]QT W ` QiV[]U\]à VO O^TZOeWl Yi[ ^]-QW-
`]Y] ìSWZWhT). DOVW [W_]QO ìSTP\O W\àO\eWl Q]SW \OfOZ]a] `W ]a ab_-
`Y] Q_T[T, Y]ROa] STXàQOZW a. \O_. ìQTaW \O àO_TXgW\WaT (WZW àO_TX`YW
ìQTaW). DT PWZW QiVàO\]QT\W ^_W Q_T[T\\]a] _b`Y] b^_OQZT\WT YOa] O_-
PWa_OU\W ìSWZWhO ` ]R_O\WfT\W Y][^TaT\eWW; ^]S]PT\ ìS STXàQOZ W Q
:Va]f\O Bb[TZWl – Y[Ta`YWaT ìSWZWhO Q ìàOQ ]a Y[TaO W SQO[O „ìVO-
`TS\WeW“, WVPW_O\W ]a ]PhW\`YWl ìQTa VO TS\O R]SW\O. 4`T Q a]VW `[WìZ
^_TV 1887 R. ?O_]S\]a] ìP_O\WT RZO`bQOZ] VOY]\ VO ]PhW\`YWaT ìSWZWhO
W VOY]\ VO ^_Tài^YWaT, Y]Wa] `T \OYOVQOa ]a `TZ`YWaT ]PhW\`YW ìSWZWhO
(]a 7 k\W 1888 R.), ^_TSQWUSOhW QiQ Q`lYO `TZ`YO ]PhW\O SO cb\YeW]\W_O
`TZ`YW ìS ]a Y[TaO W SQO[O VO`TSOaTZW, Y]Wa] SO _OVRZTUSOa S_TP\W R_OU-
SO\`YW `^]_]QT W S_TP\W \O_bgT\Wl, YOa] _TgT\WlaO ^]SZTUOZW \O ]PUOZ-
QO\T ^_TS [W_]QWl ìSWl. CZTS \OfOZ\Wl ^T_W]S ]POfT PiZRO_`YWla VOY]-
\]SOaTZ `T à_T[lZ SO ]R_O\WfW ]PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ]. DOYO _OP]aThWaT ^] \T-
R] `TZ`YW ìSWZWhO PWZW ^_T[Od\OaW ì` VOY]\ ^_TV 1904 R.
@PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ] \OQZWVOZ] Q ìSTP\OaO `WàT[O W „Y]\a_OPO\S\]“.
A_W ZW^ÒaO \O SW^Z][W_O\W k_WàW ]a\OfOZ] ZWf\Wla ìàOQ S]_W \O ^]-
QW`]YWaT ìSWZWhO ^] \T]Pd]SW[]à `T `c]_[W_OZ ]a „^_W_]S\W k_WàW“
– PWQgW bfWaTZW, ai_R]QeW, VO\OlafWW, Y]Wa] Ò[W a_lPQOZ] SO _OVbfOQOa
Q d]SO \O _OP]aOaO \]Q]a] ^WÒ\] ^_OQ], O fTà] \O ^_OYaWYO ^_]SiZUOQOZW
SO `T _iY]Q]Sla ]a ^]V\OaWaT W[ ]PWfOX\W \]_[W, ^_WQ\O`lXYW RW Q ^_OQ]-
_OVSOQO\Ta]. ?OX-`Ta\T, [\]R] d]_O, ]`]PT\] Q `TZOaO W Q WV]ZW_O\W ^ZO-
\W\`YW Y_OWhO, WVPlRQOZW SO `T ]P_ihOa Yi[ ìSO, VO SO \T `W ìVSOQOa VOa-
_bS\T\Wl WZW ^]_OSW R]`^]SàQOhWl []_OZ, O ^_TS^]fWaOZW Ò[W SO b_TU-

SOa ]a\]gT\WlaO `W, YOa] `T _iY]Q]STZW ]a ^]V\OaWaT W[ ]PWfOX\]^_OQ\W
\]_[W. A] Q`WfYW aTVW _OV\]]P_OV\W \OfW\W ]PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ] \O_TS `
^WÒ\]a] ^_]SiZUOQOZ] SO STXàQO `_TS gW_]YW `_TSW W ^_W _TSWeO ]P-
à]laTZàQO.
:\aT_T`\] T, fT ]PWfOX\]a] ^_OQ] \O[T_WZ] ]aSTZ\W VOhWa\WeW Q `_T-
SWaT \O Ò[WaT k_WàW. @`]PT\] `WZ\] `T VOài^QOZ VO ^_WT[O\T \O \lY]W
]PWfOX\]^_OQ\W \]_[W Q \]Q]a] ^W`[T\] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] CaTcO\ 3]PfTQ.
D]X `[laOZ \O^_W[T_, fT VOS_bROaO a_lPQO SO PiST k_WSWfT`YW ^]SY_T^T\O
Q \lYOYQO c]_[O. ?] b \O` a]QO \T `T ^]ZbfWZ] VO _OVZWYO ]a VOY]\]SOaTZ-
àQ]a] \O Ci_PWl, Gi_QOa`Y] W IT_\O R]_O.
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4 [OaT_WlaO \O \OYOVOaTZ\]a] ^_OQ] @`[O\`YWla \OYOVOaTZT\ Y]STY`

^_]SiZUWZ SO STXàQO WVQTà\] Q_T[T `ZTS ìVSOQO\Ta] \O Si_UOQOaO, Qi^-
_TYW fT PWZ \T^_WR]ST\ W ]àO_lZ. A_TV 1896 R. PWZ QiQTST\ \]Q \OYOVOaT-
ZT\ (bRZOQT\) VOY]\ QiV ]`\]QO \O b\RO_`Y]a] W _b`Y]a] \OYOVOaTZ\] ^_OQ]
(\OYOVOaTZT\ VOY]\ ]a 21 cTQ_bO_W 1896 R.). 4 \TR] PWZ QiV^_WTa YZO`WfT-
`YWla ^_W\eW^ \O \OYOVOaTZ\]a] ^_OQ], fT VO ^_Tài^ZT\WT `T `[laO Ò[]
STl\WT, Y]Ta] T ]PlQT\] ]a VOY]\O VO ^_Tài^\]. C WV]à_l\Ta] \O `]eWOZ-
\]^]ZWaWfT`YWaT Y]\cZWYaW ^_TV Qa]_]a] ST`TaWZTaWT \O GG Q. \OYOVOaTZ-
\Wla VOY]\ `T ]YOVOZ \TS]àOaif\] TcWYO`T\ VO `^_OQl\T ` OaOYWaT ^_]aWQ
Si_UOQOaO W PWZW ìVSOST\W `^TeWOZ\W \OYOVOaTZ\W VOY]\W, \O Y]Wa] hT `T
`^_T[ ^]-\OaOaiY.
?OYOVOaTZ\Wla VOY]\ _OVZWfOQO SQO QWSO \OYOVbT[W STl\Wl – \O_bgT-
\Wl, \OYOVQO\W ` RZ]PO WZW „VO^W_O\T“ (]a TSW\ ST\ S] 3 [T`TeO), W ^_T-
ài^ZT\Wl, Y]Wa] Ò ^]-aTUY] \OYOVbT[W (W[OZ] `[i_a\] \OYOVO\WT W à_]R
ai[\WfT\ VOaQ]_ – S]UWQ]aT\ WZW VO ]^_TSTZT\ `_]Y). <Oa] ^_Tài^ZT\WT
`T a_TaW_O Ò[] b[WgZT\] WVQi_gT\] STl\WT. DTUTàaO T Qi_db ^_Tài^-
ZT\Wl, Y]Wa] ^]`lROa Qi_db Si_UOQ\Wl à_]X W Qi_d]Q\WaT \]`WaTZW \O
Si_UOQ\OaO QZOà – RZOQ\] aT Q]Sla S] `[i_a\] \OYOVO\WT WZW à_]R ai[-
\WfT\ VOaQ]_. E[WgZT\]a] bPWXàQ] `T \OYOVQO ì` à_]R ai[\WfT\ VOaQ]_
]a 10 S] 15 R]SW\W, \] Ò\YeWlaO `T VO`WZQO (S]UWQ]aT\ VOaQ]_), Y]ROa] T
bPWa] Sbd]Q\] ZWeT WZW ^_TSàOQWaTZ \O ^bPZWf\OaO QZOà ^_W WVîZ\T\WT
\O `ZbUTP\WaT W[ VOSiZUT\Wl. A_TSb[WgZT\]a] bPWXàQ] (a. T. ^] ^_TSQO-
_WaTZT\ ^ZO\) `T \OYOVQO ì` `[i_a. A]`TROaTZàQOaO `_Thb fOà\OaO `]P-
àQT\]à `T \OYOVQOa ^]-[TY]. <_OUPOaO `T \OYOVQO Q VOQW`W[]à ]a à]X-
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 95
\]à aO \O ]aY_OS\OaOaO QTh ` ai[\WfT\ VOaQ]_ S] 6 [T`TeO ^_W ^]-[OZYO

à]X\]à WZW S] 3 R]SW\W ^_W ^]-R]Zl[O à]X\]à. @`]PT\] V\OfT\WT W[O
\OfW\ia \O WVQi_gQO\T \O Y_OUPOaO: aOYO ^_W Y_OUPO ` QVZ][ \OYOVO\WTa]
T [\]R] ^]-à_]R] – à_]R ai[\WfT\ VOaQ]_ S] 10 R]SW\W. A] \lY]W ìàO-
QW Q \OYOVOaTZ\]a] ^_OQ] W[OZ] _OVZWf\] a_TaW_O\T \O ^]Z]QTaT.25
?OYOVOaTZ\Wla VOY]\ PWZ ^_][T\l\ W S]îZQO\ [\]R]Y_Oa\], O ]aSTZ\]
]a a]QO PWZW ìVSOST\W \lY]ZY] S_bRW `^TeWOZ\W VOY]\O ` \OYOVOaTZT\ dO-
_OYaT_. >]ROa SO `T `^][T\Oa `ZTS\WaT ^]-QOU\W ^_][T\W Q \OYOVOaTZ\Wl
VOY]\: VO`WZT\O VOhWaO \O []\O_dO W \O \TR]Q]a] `T[TXàQ] `_Thb ]PWSW
W ]`Yi_PZT\Wl (VOY]\ ]a 8 l\bO_W 1899 R.); VO`WZQO\T \O \OYOVOaTZ\WaT Ò\-
YeWW `_Thb àOfYbQOhW _OP]a\WeW (VOY]\ ]a 28 \]T[Q_W 1906 R.); VO`WZQO-
\T \O \OYOVOaTZ\WaT Ò\YeWW `_Thb b[WgZT\]a] W \T^_TSÔVZWQ]a] ]PlQl-
QO\T \O PO\Y_ba (VOY]\ ]a 5 l\bO_W 1904 R.); baTU\lQO\T Q ^_Tài^ZT\WT \O
`S_bUOQO\Ta] „VO ]ìhTàQlQO\T \O O\O_dWàWfT`YW eTZW f_TV \O`WZàQT-
\W STXàQWl W `_TSàQO“, YOa] T \OYOVbT[] W Ò[]a] `R]QO_l\T PTV ]^Wa VO
STXàQWl (VOY]\ ]a 25 cTQ_bO_W 1909 R.).
9OY]\ia VO bRZOQ\]a] ìS]^_]WVQ]SàQ] (a. T. VO \OYOVOaTZ\Wl ^_]eT`) ]a
7 O^_WZ 1897 R. PWZ ìVSOST\ \O ]`\]QOaO \O _b`YWl bRZOQ\]^_]eT`bOZT\
VOY]\, ^_]SiZUOQOXYW ìSTP\OaO ^_OYaWYO \O Q_T[T\\]a] _b`Y] b^_OQZT-
\WT. 4iV^_WTa PWZ ^_W\eWîa \O a_WW\àO\eW]\\] _OVRZTUSO\T \O STZOaO.
6QT W\àO\eWW RW _OVRZTUSOZW ^] ìhTàQ] – î_Q]W\àO\eW]\\] ]Y_iU\]
ìSWZWhT W QiVVWQ\] (O^TZOeW]\\]) ìSWZWhT VO ]PUOZQO\T \O ^_WìSWaT
(^_W \OPW_O\T \O \]QW S]YOVOaTZàQO), S]YOa] YOÒeW]\\OaO W\àO\eWl
(4i_d]Q\Wla YOÒeW]\T\ ìS) ^_]QT_lQOZO SOZW \T T \O_bgT\ [OaT_WOZ\Wla
\OYOVOaTZT\ VOY]\ WZW \OYOVOaTZ\OaO ^_]eTSb_O. BOVRZTUSO\Ta] \O STZOaO `T
^_TSd]USOZ] ]a ^_TSQO_WaTZ\] `ZTSàQWT, Q]ST\] ]a ìSWl-`ZTS]QOaTZ, Q
Y]Ta] ]^_TSTZT\] bfOàWT W[OZO W ^]ZWeWlaO. >OZ]QOU\WaT STZO PWZW ^]S-
ìS\W \O [W_]QW ìS (` ^_TSQO_WaTZ\] ^]ZWeTX`Y] S]V\O\WT), O ]Y_iU\Wla
ìS WR_OTZ VO ald _]ZlaO \O O^TZOaWQ\] ìSWZWhT (YiSTa] `T ]PUOZQOZW
^_WìSWaT). 9O \OYOVOaTZ\WaT STZO S]àO Q_T[T ìhTàQbQOZO W\àWabeWlaO
\O ìSTP\W VO`TSOaTZW, Y]Wa] PWZW WVPW_O\W ` SQbàT^T\\W WVP]_W W a_lP-
QOZ] SO ^_WaTUOQOa \TSQWUW[] W[bhTàQ] WZW SO b^_OU\lQOa Ò[]à]l-
aTZ\] VO\Ola WZW ai_R]QWl.26 9OY]\ia VO ìSTP\WaT VO`TSOaTZW ]a 3 O^_WZ
25 /'!, * *,. A_OQ\]a] ^]Z]UT\WT \O UT\OaO `^]_TS PiZRO_`Y]a] \OYOVOaTZ\] ^_OQ]. –
M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 24, 1923, 0 1, 1–10. BOVRZTUSOa `T Y]\Y_Ta\W ^b\Ya]QT, YiSTa] a_TaW-
_O\Ta] T _OVZWf\].
26 DOVW W\àWabeWl PWZO QiQTST\O ]a Q_T[T\\]a] _b`Y] b^_OQZT\WT ` „4_T[T\\W ìSTP\W
^_OQWZO“. A_]aWQ W\àWabeWlaO `T WVYOVQOZW _TSWeO QiV_OUT\Wl: fT T `YiÔ, ìSTP\WaT VO`T-

SOaTZW \l[Oa `^TeWOZ\W ^]V\O\Wl Q ^_OQ]a], ^]S SOQOa `T \O ^]SYb^ W ^_. 4U. *''*, ' $-
($,. :\àWabaia \O ìSTP\WaT VO`TSOaTZW b \O`. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 15, 1907, 0 7,
494–498; ,6)!&*, ).E\Wfa]UT\WT W\àWabaO \O ìSTP\WaT VO`TSOaTZW. – C^WÒ\WT \O
1897 R. QiQTUSOZ ]hT ^]-]R_O\WfWaTZT\ eT\V – QiQ Q_iVYO ` ^ZOhO\Wl R]SW-

gT\ SO\iY. DOVW W\àWabeWl PWZO ^_T[Od\OaO ]a ^_OQWaTZàQ]a] \O 39?C.
3iZRO_`YOaO Si_UOQO `W `ZbUTZO W ì` `^TeWOZ\] \OYOVOaTZ\] VOY]\]-
SOaTZàQ]. ?OYOVOaTZ\OaO _T^_T`Wl T \O`]fT\O `_Thb \OYi_\lQOhW WZW VO^-
ZOgQOhW b^_OQZlQOhWaT W bàO\]QT\Wl _TS STXàQWl W `T VO`WZQO Q ]^_TST-
ZT\W [][T\aW. A]-_O\\W (W \T aOYO `b_]QW) [T_YW W\Y_W[W\W_Oa ]PWSW W
]`Yi_PZT\Wl \O Si_UOQ\Wl RZOQO W \TR]Q]a] `T[TXàQ] (Q Y_Ol \O GIG Q.),
VO`WZQOa \OYOVOaTZ\OaO Ò\YeWl `_Thb ^]SPbUSOhW Yi[ \T^]Y]_àQ] QiQ
Q]X`YOaO (^_TV 1907 R., Y]ROa] O_[WlaO `T ^]SR]aQl b`WZT\] VO Q]X\O), Qi-
QTUSOa ]R_O\WfT\Wl \O `Q]P]SOaO \O ^TfOaO (]a\]Q] W ]a\]Q]), bàO\]QlQOa
Y]\a_]Z Qi_db ^_WaTUO\WTa] \O ]_iUWT (VOY]\ VO QV_WQ\WaT QThTàQO W
]_iUWlaO ]a 21 [OX 1912 R.), \O`]fT\ lQ\] `_Thb `]eWOZWàW W O\O_dWàW.27
BT^_T`WQ\WaT cb\YeWW \O Si_UOQOaO `T VO`WZQOa ]`]PT\] `ZTS Q]X\W-
aT. DT PWZW \O`]fT\W `_Thb ^]lQWZ]a] `T Q `[ba\]a] Q_T[T _OVP]X\WfT-
àQ] (]afOàW ` WST]Z]RWfT`YW dO_OYaT_), \] \OX-QTfT `_Thb Qi]_iUT\WaT
STXàQWl ^_]aWQ QZOà aO – Pb\a]QT, OaT\aOaW, \OYOVOaTZ\W bPWXàQO – \O
\O`WZàQT\] `QOZT\WaT ]a QZOà VT[TSTZeW W ]`]PT\] \O ^]-_OSWYOZ\WaT
Y][b\WàW W O\O_dWàW. CZTSQ]T\\]a] WVQi\_TS\] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] VO^]f-
QO ì` VOY]\O VO WVa_TPZT\WT \O _OVP]X\WeWaT ]a 12 STYT[Q_W 1922 R., `
Y]Xa] QZOà aO `T ]^WaQO SO `W QiVQi_\T OQa]_WaTaO Q `[ba\WaT `ZTSQ]T\\W
R]SW\W. A_TQ_Oaia `_Thb VT[TSTZ`Y]a] b^_OQZT\WT ]a 9 k\W 1923 R. PWZ
^]`ZTSQO\ ]a àWdWX\O Qi]_iUT\O ì^_]aWQO \O ^_WQi_UT\WeW \O CaO[P]-
ZWX`YW (6TQTa]k\`Y] QiàO\WT), O \O`Y]_] `ZTS a]QO W Y][b\WàWfT`YOaO
Ô_aWl QVTZO Yb_` Yi[ Qi]_iUT\] QiàO\WT. ?Tb`^Tdia \O CTâT[Q_WX`Y]-
a] QiàO\WT \T S]QTZ S] `QOZl\T \O Qi]_iUT\Wl Yb_`, Y]Xa] ^_]SiZUWZ W
^_TV a. \O_. ZTQ]`TYaO\a`YW ^T_W]S \O 3<A W YbZ[W\W_OZ Q OaT\aOaO Q ei_-
YQOaO „CQ. ?TSTZl“ \O 16 O^_WZ 1925 R.
:[T\\] Q aOVW ]PàO\]QYO \O aT_]_ W Y]\a_OaT_]_ VOQVTZ]a] QZOà aO
f_TV ^_TQ_Oa ^_OQWaTZàQ] \O 2ZTYÒ\Si_ HO\Y]Q (6T[]Y_OaWfT`YWl `R]-
Q]_) ^_WTZ] WVQi\_TS\Wl VOY]\ VO VOhWaO \O Si_UOQOaO (996) ]a 25 l\bO_W
1924 R. 9OY]\ia VOP_O\lQO Q`WfYW ]PhTàQT\W, ^]ZWaWfT`YW W à]Ô\`YW
]_RO\WVOeWW, Y]Wa] VO WVîZ\T\WT \O `Q]WaT eTZW ^_]^]QlSQOa WZW ^_WPlR-
QOa Yi[ ^_Tài^ZT\Wl, Qi]_iUT\W OYeWW WZW aT_]_WàWf\W STXàQWl. :\-
Y_W[W\W_O `T W Q`lYOYQO ORWaOeWl VO \O`WZàQT\] ^_][T\l\T \O bàO\]QT-
\Wl ]PhTàQT\ W Si_UOQT\ _TS, ìh] ^]SPbUSO\Ta] \O Q_OUSO [TUSb ]a-
M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 1, 1901–1902, 0 7, 331–339; ",*, $1$'. :\àW-

abaia \O ìSTP\WaT VO`TSOaTZW. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 32, 1931, 0 2, 52–55; *%)$&*, .
?bUSOaO ]a _Tc]_[O Q bRZOQ\Wl ^_]eT`. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 18, 1910, 0 10, 649–659,
]`]P. 651–652.
27 ) ,!!, $1$'. :à]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO…, 154–159.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 97
STZ\W YZO`W W `Z]TQT \O \O`TZT\WTa], YOYa] W \T^]SfW\T\WTa] QiQ Q]X`YO-

aO W ^]ZWeWlaO. ?OYOVO\WlaO Ò WVYZkfWaTZ\] à_]RW – `[i_a W SiZR]R]SW-
gT\ à_]R ai[\WfT\ VOaQ]_.28
?TY]ZY]Y_Oa\WaT WV[T\T\Wl W S]îZ\T\Wl \O 996 – ]a 16 [O_a 1925 R.
W ]`]PT\] ]a 29 O^_WZ 1925 R. (`ZTS OaT\aOaO Q „CQ. ?TSTZl“ \O 16 O^_WZ
1925 R.) – b`WZQOa _T^_T`WQ\Wl [b dO_OYaT_. DTUY]a] \OYOVO\WT, ^_TSQWST-
\] VO WVQi_gWaTZW, `T _OV^_]àW_O W Qi_db ^][OROfW W bY_WQOaTZW. EY_W-
QOaTZWaT `T \OYOVQOa (ì` `[i_a WZW à_]R ai[\WfT\ VOaQ]_) \T Ò[] Y]RO-
a] V\Ola, \] W Y]ROa] „^] ]Pà]laTZàQOaO a_lPQO SO ^_TS^]ZOROa“, fT bY_W-
QO\Wla T WVQi_gWZ ^_Tài^ZT\WT, ^]ÔSOh] ^]S bSO_WaT \O VOY]\O. 6_bR]
WV[T\T\WT \O 996 ^_TSQWUSO `[i_a\] \OYOVO\WT VO bfOàWT QiQ Qi]_iUT-
\O fTaO; ]a\T[O `T W QiV[]U\]àaO VO \O[OZlQO\T \O \OYOVOaTZ\OaO ]aR]Q]_-
\]à \O ZWeO, \T\OQi_gWZW 21 R]SW\W. ?OX-`Ta\T, Y][b\WàW, O\O_dWàW W
S_bRW ^_WQi_UT\WeW \O \O`WZ\WfT`YW [Ta]SW \O ]PhTàQT\]-^]ZWaWfT`YO
P]_PO \T `T S]^b`YOa S] Si_UOQ\O, ]Y_iU\O WZW ]PhW\`YO `ZbUPO.29 996
PWZ S]îZ\T\ W VO`WZT\ ]a\]Q] QiQ Q]T\\W b`Z]QWl (^_TV 1941 W 1943 R.).
<i[ `^TeWOZ\]a] \OYOVOaTZ\] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] a_lPQO SO `T ]a\T`T W
VOY]\ia VO VOhWaO \O \OeWlaO ]a 23 l\bO_W 1941 R. (^_WTa \O 24 STYT[Q_W
1940 R.), Y]Xa] ^]SZOROZ TQ_TWaT \O ^]ZWaWfT`YO W ^_OQ\O SW`Y_W[W\OeWl.
CL673?2 C:CD7>2, ?7C>7?N7>@CD ?2 CL6::D7
?OfOZ]a] \O ìSTP\OaO QZOà PWZ] ^]àOQT\] ^] Q_T[T \O _b`Y]a] b^_OQ-

ZT\WT ` „4_T[T\\W ^_OQWZO VO bà_]XàQ]a] \O ìSTP\OaO fOà Q 3iZRO_Wl“
(baQi_ST\W \O 24 OQRbà 1878 R.).30 4ìh\]à aT ]àOQWZW ìSWZWhOaO SO
STXàQOa ^] àO_OaO b_TSPO ]a ab_`Y] Q_T[T (ì]aQTa\] ^_TW[T\bQO\W `^]-
_TS \]QWaT \OVQO\Wl \O OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\WaT TSW\WeW). 4 `TZOaO ìSTP\OaO
QZOà `T b^_OU\lQOZO ]a àO_TX`YWaT (àO_TXgW\`YWaT) ìQTaW ]a 3-[O S]
12 SbgW (PWQgWaT [bdaO_-[TSUZW`W), STXàQOhW YOa] ^][W_WaTZ\W („^]-
ZkP]Q\W“) ìSWZWhO ^] R_OUSO\`YW `^]_]QT W S_TP\W \OYOVOaTZ\W STZO.
28 9OY]\ VO VOhWaO \O Si_UOQOaO. C., 1926.
29 4U. ^]S_]P\] VO WVQi\_TS\]a] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ] W \TR]Q]a] _OVW`YQO\T W ^_WT[O\T
$'&*, )$. BTOYeW]\\Wla VOY]\ VO VOhWaO \O Si_UOQOaO YOa] WVYZkfWaTZT\ \OYOVOaTZT\
VOY]\ Q 3iZRO_Wl ^_TV ^T_W]SO 1924–1934 R. C., ?ObYO W WVYbàQ], 1973, ]`]P. 1–88; *-4&$,
$)&*. 9OS UTZTV\WaT _TgTaYW…, 24–31.
30 ,*-&$, . @_RO\WVOeWlaO \O ìSTP\OaO QZOà Q 3iZRO_Wl. – 4: 60 R]SW\W PiZRO_-
`Y]…, 73–125; ) ,!!, $1$'. :à]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO…, 188–193. 9O ^_OQ]ìSWTa] `^T-

eWOZ\] ^] Q_T[Ta] \O _b`Y]a] b^_OQZT\WT (W ^_TSW a]QO ^] ab_`Y] Q_T[T) ìh] *3!, .!-
0). :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl…, 155–167. 4U. \O^]`ZTSiY W "(#*, )!'. A_OQ]ìS\OaO `W`-
aT[O \O 3iZRO_Wl (1878–1944). C., ?ObYO W WVYbàQ], 1990.
DTVW `TZ`YW ìSWZWhO Ò î_QO c]_[O \O ^]-Yi`\WaT ]PhW\`YW ìSWZWhO.

A]-\OaOaiY W[OZ] ]Y_iU\W ìSWZWhO (PWQgWaT YOVOZWX`YW ìSWZWhO) YO-
a] î_QO W\àO\eWl VO R_OUSO\`YW, ai_R]Q`YW W \lY]W \OYOVOaTZ\W STZO
(PTV ^]SìS\WaT \O Q]T\\Wl ìS). CZTSQOa ]PZOà\W (RbPT_\`YW) ìSWZWhO
YOa] Qa]_O – O^TZOaWQ\O WZW QiVVWQ\O – W\àO\eWl (ì]aQTa\O \O PWQgWaT
QWZOTa`YW O^TZOaWQ\W ìSWZWhO). DOYWQO PWZW ìVSOST\W Q C]cWl, 4WSW\,
Bb`T, Di_\]Q] W 4O_\O. <Oa] YOÒeW]\\O W\àO\eWl Q C]cWl PWZ ìVSOST\
4i_d]QT\ ìS VO _OVRZTUSO\T \O UOZPW `_Thb ^_WìSW \O ]PZOà\WaT W OS-
[W\Wà_OaWQ\WaT ìSWZWhO, ìà]lh `T ]a ^_TS`TSOaTZ (b^_OQZlQOhWl ì-
STP\Wl ]aSTZ \O Q_T[T\\]a] b^_OQZT\WT) W 3-[O fZT\]QT. 3WZW ^_TSQWST\W
OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\W ìSWZWhO VO `^]_]QT [TUSb _OV\WaT bf_TUST\Wl, STZO VO
\O_bgT\Wl ^] `ZbUPO \O SZiU\]à\WaT ZWeO, W`Y]QT VO Q_TSW W VORbPW \O
fOà\W ZWeO ^_]aWQ OS[W\Wà_OeWlaO, W`Y]QT \O dOV\OaO WZW ^_]aWQ \Tl,
]afbUST\Wl \O W[]aW VO Si_UOQ\O W ]PhTàQT\O ^]ZVO W ^_.
?l[OZ] ìSWX`YO \T`[T\lT[]à. ?T `T ^_TSQWUSOZW W `^TeWOZ\W Si_UOQ-
\W ]PQW\WaTZW – ^_]Yb_]_W (^_TSZ]UT\WTa] VO `ZTSàQWT WSQOZ] ]a ^_TS`T-
SOaTZl \O ]Y_iU\Wl ìS) W ìSTP\W `ZTS]QOaTZW, \Wa] `^TeWOZ\W OSQ]YOaW
(Q`TYW []UTZ SO PiST aOYiQ W SO STXàQO YOa] OSQ]YOa \O `TPT `W), \l[OZ] ì-
SWl-WVîZ\WaTZ (TSW\ ]a fZT\]QTaT \O ìSO STXàQOZ YOa] aOYiQ). D]QO `T SiZ-
UOZ] \O ZW^ÒaO \O k_WàW Q à_O\OaO. 6]YOa] a_OlZ] Q_T[T\\]a] _b`Y] b^-
_OQZT\WT, \OX-QOU\WaT \OYOVOaTZ\W STZO PWZW ^_WSOST\W Yi[ Q]T\\WaT ìSW-
ZWhO (Q^]`ZTSàQWT ^_T[W\OZW Yi[ ]PhWaT ìSWZWhO). 4iQ „4_T[T\\WaT
^_OQWZO“ PWZW ^_TSQWST\W W Sbd]Q\W ìSWZWhO – d_WàWl\`YW (VO P_OY]-
_OVQ]SW) W [kcaWX`YW (VO Q`lYOYQW R_OUSO\`YW STZO [TUSb [k`kZ[O\W).
Ai_QWla VOY]\ VO bà_]XàQ]a] \O ìSWZWhOaO Q <\lUTàQ] 3iZRO_Wl
PWZ ^_WTa ^_TV 1880 R. (]a 2 k\W 1880 R.). C^]_TS a]VW VOY]\, ìVSOST\ ^]
]P_OVTeO \O _b`YWaT bàOQW, ìSTP\OaO QZOà PWZO ^]QT_T\O \O [W_]QW
ìSWW, ]Y_iU\W ìSWZWhO, O^TZOaWQ\W ìSWZWhO W 4i_d]Q\Wl YOÒeW]\T\
ìS. 9OY]\ia ^_TSQWUSOZ ^_]Yb_]_W (^bPZWf\W ]PQW\WaTZW), ìSTP\W `ZT-
S]QOaTZW (VO ^_]QTUSO\T \O ^_TSQO_WaTZ\] SW_T\T ^] \OYOVOaTZ\W STZO) W
ìSTP\W ^_WàOQW (VO ^_WQTUSO\T Q WVîZ\T\WT \O ìSTP\WaT _TgT\Wl). 9O
\OV\OfOQO\T \O ìSWW W ^_]Yb_]_W `T WVW`YQOZ ]P_OV]QOaTZT\ W `ZbUTPT\
eT\V. A_TSQWUSOZ] `T bfOàWT \O ìSTP\W VO`TSOaTZW Q \OYOVOaTZ\W STZO VO
aTUYW ^_Tài^ZT\Wl. (:\àWabaia \O ìSTP\WaT VO`TSOaTZW PWZ ^_T[Od\Oa
` WV[T\T\WTa] \O VOY]\O VO bRZOQ\]a] ìS]^_]WVQ]SàQ] ]a 6 `TâT[Q_W
1922 R.) A_]SiZUOQOZW SO STXàQOa Sbd]Q\WaT W Q]T\\WaT ìSWZWhO.
A_OQ]ìSWTa] Q :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl (`^]_TS @_RO\WfT`YWl bàOQ) ^]fWQO-
Z] \O `ZTS\WaT \OfOZO: \T`[T\lT[]à \O ìSWWaT, ^_OQWaTZàQT\W W WVP]_\W
ìSWW, SQT W\àO\eWW (î_Q]àT^T\\O W O^TZOaWQ\O) W ^_]Yb_]_`YW \OSV]_.
:[OZ] Y[Ta`YW ìSWZWhO Q ]PhW\WaT, ]Y]ZWX`YW ìSWZWhO, ]Y_iU\W ìSW-
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 99
ZWhO W 4i_d]QT\ ìS – Q`WfYWaT Y]ZTRWOZ\W W ` ^]`]fT\W ìSTP\W Y][^T-

aT\eWW. <[Ta]QTaT W ]Y]ZWX`YWaT ìSWW ìSTZW, ^]S^][]R\OaW ]a SQO[O WV-
P]_\W VO`TSOaTZW. <[Ta`YWaT ìSWZWhO _OVRZTUSOZW S_TP\W R_OUSO\`YW W`-
Y]QT W ^_]ài^YW, O ]Y]ZWX`YWaT ìSWW `ZbUTZW YOa] [W_]QW W RZTSOZW W`-
Y]QT \O ^]-R]Zl[O à]X\]à. @Y_iU\Wla ìS W[OZ R_OUSO\`Y] W \OYOVOaTZ\]
]aSTZT\WT W `T ìà]lZ ]a 3-[O ^]à]l\\W ìSWW; Yi[ \TR] W[OZ] W ^_]Yb-
_]_ W ìSTP\W `ZTS]QOaTZW. 4i_d]Q\Wla ìS W[OZ SQT ]aSTZT\Wl – R_OUSO\-
`Y] W \OYOVOaTZ\], ` RZOQT\ ^_]Yb_]_ W 2-[O VO[Tà\WeW; W[OZ] W ìSTP\W
Y][WÒ_W (^]-Yi`\WaT ìSWl-WVîZ\WaTZW). CiSTP\]a] ^_]WVQ]SàQ] PWZ]
SQbW\àO\eW]\\], YOa] ]Y_iU\WaT ìSWZWhO WR_OTZW _]Zl \O QiVVWQ\O W\`-
aO\eWl `^_l[] ]Y]ZWX`YWaT ìSWZWhO W \O î_QO W\àO\eWl `^_l[] 4i_d]Q-
\Wl ìS. 4 @_RO\WfT`YWl bàOQ PWZO bàO\]QT\O \T`[T\lT[]à \O ìSWWaT (`
WVYZkfT\WT \O ]\TVW PTV k_WSWfT`Y] ]P_OV]QO\WT), Y]Ta] SOQOZ] QiV[]U-
\]à aT SO Ò \TVOQW`W[W W SO ÔVla ^]-S]P_T ^_OQOaO \O R_OUSO\WaT; \O^_W-
[T_ O_TàbQO\T []UTZ] SO àOQO Ò[] ì` VO^]QTS \O ìSTP\Wl `ZTS]QOaTZ
WZW ^_]Yb_]_O, O \T \O ^]ZWeTX`Y]-OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\WaT ]_RO\W.
@`QT\ aTVW ìSWZWhO Q :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl W[OZ] W `^TeWOZ\] OS[W\W`-
a_OaWQ\] ^_OQ]ìSWT VO _OVRZTUSO\T \O UOZPW \O fOà\W ZWeO ^_]aWQ STX`-
aQWl \O OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\WaT ]_RO\W, ìà]lh] `T ]a SQT W\àO\eWW – ]Y_iU-
\W OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\W ìSWZWhO W 4i_d]QT\ OS[W\Wà_OaWQT\ ìS YOa] O^T-
ZOaWQ\O W\àO\eWl. :[OZ] W Q]T\\W W Sbd]Q\W ìSWZWhO, ^]`ZTS\WaT VO
P_Of\W, _]SàQT\W W \Oà]X\WfT`YW STZO. E`^Td VO ìSTP\OaO `WàT[O ^_TS-
àOQZlQOZ] ]aPZi`YQO\Ta] \O ^_TaT\eWWaT VO ìSTP\W ^_WQWZTRWW (W[b\W-
aTa) \O ^]SO\WeW \O 4TZWYWaT `WZW, YOYa] W _TgWaTZ\]a] `^_OQl\T ` _OV-
Y_WaWaT fW\]Q\WfT`YW VZ]b^]a_TPW. D_lPQO `^TeWOZ\] SO `T ]aPTZTUW V\O-
fWaTZ\OaO _]Zl \O fbUST\eWaT k_WàW (RZOQ\] fTdW), Y]Wa] ^_W ]`YiS\]à -
aO \O [Tà\W k_WàW VOTZW `ZbUPO YOa] ìSWW W ^_]Yb_]_W W WVSWR\OZW
^_OQ]ìSWTa] \O ^]-QW`]Y] \WQ]; aT QZWVOZW W Q Y][W`WWaT ^] WVR]aQl\T \O
VOY]\]^_]TYaW W ^_OQWZ\WeW.31
CZTS CiTSW\T\WTa] VOY]\ia \O <\lUTàQ]a] (]a 1880 R.) PWZ QiQTST\ W
Q MU\O 3iZRO_Wl W ]àO\OZ Q `WZO ^]faW 20 R]SW\W. A_TV 1899 R. QZlViZ Q
`WZO \]Q VOY]\ VO bà_]XàQ]a] \O ìSWZWhOaO ]a 12 l\bO_W 1899 R., Q Y]X-
a] PWZW QiQTST\W _TSWeO ^]S]P_T\Wl, ]a\]Q] ^]S QZWl\WT \O _b`YOaO
`WàT[O. A]-\OaOaiY PWZW ^_OQT\W fTàW WV[T\T\Wl, ^]QTfT ^]S QZWl\WT \O
c_T\`Y]a] ìS]bà_]XàQ].
31
A]-^]S_]P\] VO bà_]XàQ]a] \O ìSWZWhOaO Q :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl QU. *3!, .!0).
:Va]f\O Bb[TZWl…, 178–218; ",*, $1$'. :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl…, 356–361. 4`WfYW ^_]-
Yb_]_W ^_W ]Y_iU\WaT ìSWZWhO PWZW fbUST\eW, ìh] RZOQ\Wla ^_]Yb_]_ ^_W 4i_d]Q\]a]
ìSWZWhT W SQO[OaO RZOQ\W OSQ]YOaW Yi[ \TR].
4 VOQi_gT\Wl `W QWS bà_]XàQ]a] \O ìSTP\]a] STZ] S] ^_TQ_OaO ]a

1934 R. `T ]fT_aOQO ^] `ZTS\Wl \OfW\. <Oa] ]PhW ìSWZWhO ìhTàQbQOZW
[W_]QW ìSWZWhO (Ò[] aT PWZW TS\]ZWfT\ ìS), ]Y_iU\W ìSWZWhO, O^T-
ZOaWQ\W ìSWZWhO W 4i_d]QT\ YOÒeW]\T\ ìS. <i[ Q`TYW ]Y_iUT\ ìS
W[OZ] ^_]Yb_]_`YW \OSV]_ (^_]Yb_]_W W VO[Tà\WY-^_]Yb_]_W) W ]^_TST-
ZT\ P_]X ìSWl-`ZTS]QOaTZW (\O_TfT\W ^]-Yi`\] ìSTP\W `ZTS]QOaTZW), \]-
aO_Wb`W (ìàOQlhW \]aO_WOZ\W OYa]QT VO ^_]SOUPW W W^]aTYW W VOQThO-
aTZ\W _OV^]_TUSO\Wl) W ìSTP\W ^_WàOQW, WVîZ\lQOhW ìSTP\WaT _TgT-
\Wl (^]-Yi`\] \O_TfT\W ìSWl-WVîZ\WaTZW). A_W O^TZOaWQ\WaT ìSWZWhO
ìh] W[OZ] ^_]Yb_]_W, O ^_W 4i_d]Q\Wl YOÒeW]\T\ ìS W[OZ] RZOQT\
^_]Yb_]_.
?O [W_]QWaT ìSWW PWZW ^]SìS\W S_TP\W R_OUSO\`YW STZO (a. T. ` [OZ-
YO à]X\]à \O W`YO, bàO\]QT\O S] \lYOYQO R_O\WeO) W S_TP\W \OYOVOaTZ\W
STZO (VO ^_]QW\T\Wl, \OYOVQO\W ` RZ]PO WZW O_Tà W VO ^_Tài^ZT\Wl, \OYO-
VbT[W ` ai[\WfT\ VOaQ]_ S] 6 [T`TeO).32 @Y_iU\WaT ìSWZWhO STXàQOZW
YOa] î_QO W\àO\eWl ^] Q`WfYW R_OUSO\`YW W \OYOVOaTZ\W STZO, Y]Wa] \T
PWZW ^]SìS\W \O [W_]QWl ìSWl, W YOa] QiVVWQ\O W\àO\eWl VO ]PUOZQO\T
_TgT\WlaO W ^_WìSWaT \O [W_]QWl ìSWl (\] \OX-\TV\OfWaTZ\WaT STZO PW-
ZW \T]PUOZQOT[W). :[OZ] a_W O^TZOaWQ\W ìSWZWhO ì` `TSOZWhO Q C]-
cWl, AZ]QSWQ W Bb`T, YiSTa] `T ]PUOZQOZW STZOaO, ^]SìS\W \O ]Y_iU\WaT
ìSWZWhO. A_W QiVVWQ\]a] _OVRZTUSO\T \O STZOaO `T S]^b`YOZ] ìPW_O\T-
a] \O \]QW S]YOVOaTZàQO W STZ]a] PWZ] _TgOQO\] \O\]Q] W TQT\abOZ\]
elZ]à\]. 4`WfYW aTVW ìSWZWhO W[OZW VO VOSOfO SO bàO\]Qla cOYaWaT –
^_TS[Ta \O ^_]eTÒ, W ^]`ZT SO RW ^]SQTSOa ^]S ì]aQTa\OaO ^_OQ\O \]_[O.
BTgT\WlaO \O O^TZOaWQ\WaT ìSWZWhO PWZW ]PUOZQO\W ^_TS 4i_d]Q\Wl YO-
ÒeW]\T\ ìS, \] a]X \T ìPW_OZ W \T ^_TeT\lQOZ S]YOVOaTZàQO, O Ò[]
`ZTSlZ SOZW VOY]\ia T ^_WZ]UT\ ^_OQWZ\] Yi[ cOYaWaT, Y]Wa] ìSWZWhOaO,
_OVRZTUSOZW STZOaO ^] ìhTàQ], PWZW bàO\]QWZW. 4i_d]Q\Wla YOÒeW]-
\T\ ìS `T ^_]WV\O`lZ W ^] Qi^_]`W, Y]Wa] ^]QSWROZW ì[\T\Wl Q ^_OYaW-
YOaO W \T `T _TgOQOZW TS\OYQ] ]a ìSWZWhOaO; \TR]QWaT aiZYbQO\Wl \O VO-
Y]\WaT `T ^bPZWYbQOZW W àOQOZW VOSiZUWaTZ\W VO ìSWZWhOaO.
@`QT\ ]PhWaT ìSWZWhO ìhTàQbQOZW \lY]W ]`]PT\W k_W`SWYeWW W
ì]aQTa\W `^TeWOZ\W ìSWZWhO, Q fOà\]à Sbd]Q\W W Q]T\\W. 3_OY]QTaT W
_OVQ]SWaT W \lY]W `Qi_VO\W ` ald Qi^_]`W, YOa] b^_OU\lQO\T \O _]SWaTZ-
`YOaO QZOà (\] \T W `^]_]QT ]a fOà\]^_OQ\] TàTàQ]), PWZW ^]SìS\W \O
`^TeWOZ\W ìSWZWhO – ì]aQTa\] \O ^_OQ]`ZOQ\OaO, \O YOa]ZWfT`YOaO W \O
^_]aTàO\a`YOaO ei_YQO, YOYa] W \O []dO[TSO\`YWaT W TQ_TX`YWaT Sbd]Q\W
32
9O [W_]QWaT ìSWZWhO QU. *#'$, . A] Qi^_]Ò VO S]îZ\T\WT W ]^_]àlQO\T \O
R_OUSO\`YOaO \W [W_]QO kàWeWl. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 10,
1910–1911, 0 1–4, 63–65; $,-&$, ,6-.7*. ?OgOaO [W_]QO…
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 101
ZWeO. @`]PT\] àO_][]S\] PWZ] [kcaWX`Y]a] ^_OQ]_OVSOQO\T.33 4]T\\WaT

ìSWZWhO _OVRZTUSOZW ^_]QW\T\WlaO \O Q]T\\]`ZbUThW, O VO Q]T\\] Q_T-
[T `T ^_TSQWUSOZW Q]T\\]^]ZTQW ìSWZWhO.
?OX-`Ta\T, ìhTàQbQOZW W \lY]W OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\W k_W`SWYeWW (\] TSQO
S]àO ^]-Yi`\] PWZ ìVSOST\ `^TeWOZT\ OS[W\Wà_OaWQT\ ìS). DOYO VOY]\ia
VO R_OUSO\`Y]a] ìS]^_]WVQ]SàQ] ]QZOàlQOZ ]PhWaT ìSWZWhO SO _OVRZTU-
SOa `^]_]QT [TUSb fOà\WaT ZWeO W Si_UOQOaO – `^]_]QT VO \T^_OQ][T_\] ]a-
fbUSOQO\T \O \TSQWUW[ W[]a, VO ]a[T\l\T \O VO^]QTS \O ]Y_iUT\ b^_OQWaTZ
(\O^_W[T_ VO VOY_WQO\T \O Y_if[O) W ^_. ?lY]W bf_TUST\Wl PWZW Y]\àWab-
W_O\W YOa] `^TeWOZ\W OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\W k_W`SWYeWW, YOa] 4i_d]Q\OaO `[Ta-
\O ÔZOaO, Y]la] ^_]QT_lQOZO WV_OVd]SQO\Ta] \O Si_UOQ\WaT `_TSàQO.
4i^_TYW fT ]a_O\] àO\OZO l`\O W `T ]PìUSOZO \T]Pd]SW[]à aO ]a
`^TeWOZT\ OS[W\Wà_OaWQT\ ìS VO _OVRZTUSO\T \O \TVOY]\\W OYa]QT \O OS-
[W\Wà_OeWlaO W \O Ô_Wf\W ^_TaT\eWW \O fOà\W ZWeO Yi[ ^bPZWf\OaO
QZOà, YOYa] W VO Y]\a_]Z Qi_db _OVZWf\WaT OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\W k_W`SWYeWW,
Y]\àWabW_O\Ta] \O aOYiQ ìS SiZR] `T ]aZOROZ].34 A_W a]QO OS[W\Wà_O-
aWQ\W ìSWZWhO `T ^_TSQWUSOZW ^] Q_T[T \O _b`Y]a] b^_OQZT\WT W ìhT`-
aQbQOZW Q :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl, \] ^]`ZT WVfTV\OZW ]a VOY]\WaT VO ìSTP\]a]
bà_]XàQ]. 4i_d]QT\ OS[W\Wà_OaWQT\ ìS PWZ bf_TST\ TSQO ^_TV 1912 R.,
^] ]P_OVTe \O OQà_WX`YWl, ì` VOY]\ VO OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\]a] ^_OQ]ìSWT ]a
3 O^_WZ 1912 R. ?] ]a Y][^TaT\a\]à aO [b PWZW WVYZkfT\W a. \O_. QW`gW
^_OQWaTZàQT\W OYa]QT (\O eT\a_OZ\OaO OS[W\Wà_OeWl), Q`WfYW OYa]QT ^]
„\OV\OfT\WT, ^_T[TàQO\T, Y][O\SW_]QO\T, ^]QWgT\WT, ]aà_O\T\WT W
bQ]Z\lQO\T \O fW\]Q\WeWaT (Si_UOQ\W, ]Y_iU\W, ]PhW\`YW) ^] Q`WfYW QT-
S][àQO“, a. T. aOYO QOU\WaT fW\]Q\WfT`YW YOS_]QW Qi^_]`W, YOYa] W SW`-
eW^ZW\O_\WaT STZO W STZOaO, „_TgT\WTa] \O Y]Wa] ^] VOY]\WaT T ^_TS]àO-
QT\] \O `Q]P]S\]a] b`[]a_T\WT \O ]_RO\WaT \O QZOàaO“.35 A] aOYiQ \OfW\
33 9O \lY]W ]`]PT\]àW \O [kcaWX`YWl ìS, YOa] ^_TS]QT_lQO\Ta] \O `QWSTaTZW, POQ\]à -
aO, _OVZWf\OaO QiV_Oà VO îZ\]ZTaWT W ^_. QU. *+&,6-.!, ,. >kcaWX`Y] ^_OQ]_OVSOQO\T.
– M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 33, 1932, 0 3, 119–121.
34 4i^_]ìa T ^]QSWR\Oa VO î_QW îa ^_TV 1906 R. ]a $,*, .!0). ?bUSO ]a VOhWaO
\O ]PhTàQT\WaT ^_OQO W ]a OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\] ^_OQ]ìSWT b \O`. – 4: A_]a]Y]ZW W _TcT_OaW

\O Ai_QWl ìP]_ \O PiZRO_`YWaT k_WàW. C., 1906, 84–86. Cih]: $,-&$, ,6-.7*. A] OS[W-
\Wà_OaWQ\]a] ^_OQ]ìSWT. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 19, 1911, 0 10, 653–671; "$ ,*, !-
.6,. A_OQ]QOaO Si_UOQO W b^_OQWaTZ\OaO k_W`SWYeWl. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUT`-
aQ] Q C]cWl, 1, 1901–1902, 0 5, 203–218; <]\àWabeW]\\WaT ^_W\eW^W W ^_OQ]QOaO Si_UOQO.
– C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 1, 1901–1902, 0 3, 113–124; 0 4, 162–176,
]`]P. 169–175.
35 9O ]`\]QOQO\Ta] W \OfOZ\OaO STX\]à \O OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\Wl ìS QU.: <][W`Wl. >]aWQW
Yi[ VOY]\]^_]TYaO VO OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\]a] ^_OQ]ìSWT. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTà-

Q] Q C]cWl, 12, 1913–1914, 0 7–8, 322–340; *3!, '$9. 2S[W\Wà_OaWQ\]a] ^_OQ]ìSWT b
\O`. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 20, 1912, 0 4, 226–241; ?OgTa] OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\] ^_OQ]. – M_W-
Y]\a_]Z\OaO cb\YeWl \O a]VW ìS Qi_db STXàQWlaO \O OS[W\Wà_OeWlaO

PWZO ]a`ZOPT\O S] [W\W[b[.
4i^_]ìa VO \T`[T\lT[]à aO \O ìSWWaT ^]_]SWZ [\]R] STPOaW `_TS
k_WàWaT W ]a ald\O à_O\O Q aOVW \O`]YO PWZ ]YOVO\ `WZT\ \OaW`Y.36 ?T-
`[T\lT[]àaO T Q W\aT_T` \O \TVOQW`W[]à aO \O ìSWWaT (]a ^]ZWaWfT`YW
QZWl\Wl Q fOà\]à) W `^][ORO VO àOPWZWVW_O\T \O ^_]cT`WlaO, YOYa] \T-
SQb`[W`ZT\] `]fTZ W fbUSWla ]^Wa. A_W a]QO bQ]Z\T\WTa] W ^_T[TàQO\T-
a] \O \TbS]P\W ìSWW Q PTV`Y_b^bZ\WaT Ô_aWVO\`YW P]_PW PWZ] ^_OYaWYO
b \O`, Y]Ta] WV_OUSOZ] ^_OQ]ìSWTa] Q `Q]TQ]ZWT Q b`ZbRO \O `WZ\WaT \O
ST\l. A_W\eWîa \O \TVOQW`W[] ^_OQ]ìSWT W \O _OVSTZT\]à \O QZOàWaT
WV]Ph] `T ^_TQ_ihOZ Q fWàO cWYeWl. C^]_TS `WZ\WaT W bPTSWaTZ\W Sb[W
\O TSW\ _OabQOh VO \T`[T\lT[]à \O ìSWWaT OQa]_ (YOVO\W ^_TV 1895 R.):
4 STXàQWaTZ\]à b \O` VOY]\]SOaTZ\OaO QZOà, ìSTP\OaO QZOà W WV-

îZ\WaTZ\OaO QZOà \T Ò _OVSTZT\W W ]àOQT\W \O Ò[]à]laTZ\O ^]f-
QO. ?l[O \WYOYiQ TYWZWPi_, WZW Q`WfYW aT Ò `ZTaW Q TS\], W a] Q WV-
îZ\WaTZ\OaO QZOà; Q`WfY] T ì`_TS]a]fT\] Q \Tl. Dl T ìTSW\T\O ì`
VOY]\]SOaTZ\OaO QZOà, 1) VOh]a] ^_OQW aOYWQO WVP]_W, YOYQWa] W`YO,
2) VOh]a] ^_]YO_QO Q ìP_O\WlaO aOYWQO VOY]\W, YOYQWa] W`YO. Dl T ì-
TSW\T\O ì` ìSTP\OaO QZOà, VOh]a] ^_OQW aOYWQO \OV\OfT\Wl,
bQ]Z\T\Wl, ^]QWgT\Wl, YOYQWa] W`YO.37
CihTàQT\O ^_TfYO ^_TS QiQTUSO\T \O \T`[T\lT[]à ]POfT PWZO ZW^-

ÒaO \O ^]SR]aQT\W k_WàW. A] ^_W\eW^ ^]Z]UWaTZ\O [l_YO, YOa] \T`[T-
\lT[]à aO \O ìSWWaT, àOQO ^_]PZT[OaWf\O, OY] baQi_USOQO \T^]SR]aQT\W
d]_O. ?T`[T\lT[]à Q \lYOYiQ QWS PWZO QiQTST\O `ZTS WVQTàT\ \OfOZT\
^T_W]S, `Qi_VO\O ` ]^_TSTZT\W WVW`YQO\Wl (]P_OV]QOaTZT\ eT\V, SiZR]R]-
SWg\O ^_OYaWYO W S_.) W ]^_TSTZT\ `_]Y; Q^_]fT[ VOY]\WaT VO \T`[T\l-
T[]à aO PWZW Y_WaWYbQO\W ]a k_WàW ^] _OV\W ^b\Ya]QT.38
?T`[T\lT[]àaO PWZO ^_]YO_O\O Q \lYOYQO c]_[O VO î_QW îa ì` VO-
Y]\O VO bà_]XàQ]a] \O ìSWZWhOaO ]a 12 l\bO_W 1899 R. (^_W ^_OQ]ìST\
SWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 21, 1914, 0 4, 225–233; *3!, .!0). Ai_QWaT ài^YW \O 4i_d]Q\Wl OS-
[W\Wà_OaWQT\ ìS. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 22, 1915, 0 3, 129–132; !* *,*, . ?OgTa] OS-
[W\Wà_OaWQ\] VOY]\]SOaTZàQ]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 22, 1915, 0 7–8, 377–383.
36
)3!, . ?TVOQW`W[]à \O [ORWà_Oab_OaO W \T]Pd]SW[]à VO QiQTUSO\Ta] 1. – M_W-
SWfT`Y] `^WÒ\WT, 7, 1895, 0 7–8, 225–239 (^_]SiZUT\WT Q 0 8, 1896, 0 9, 1897); $&*, .
9O \T`[T\lT[]à aO \O ìSWWaT. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 1, 1901–
1902, 0 1, 1–26.
37 )3!, . ?TVOQW`W[]à \O [ORWà_Oab_OaO…, `. 237.
38 $&*, . 9O \T`[T\lT[]à aO \O ìSWWaT…; *''*, ' $($,. ?TVOQW`W[]àaO \O ì-
SWWaT. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 7, 1907–1908, 0 2–3, 114–119; $-

,9&*, . 9Oh] PlROa ]a ìSWX`YO `ZbUPO \OgWaT ìSWW. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 19, 1911,
0 10, 672–679.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 103
[W\Wài_ 5T]_RW 9Rb_TQ) VO \lY]W ìSWW, O ^_W TS\] WV[T\T\WT ]a ìhOaO

R]SW\O – VO Q`WfYW ìSWW ` 15 ^_]`ZbUT\W R]SW\W. A_TV 1910 R. ` S_bR] WV-
[T\T\WT \O VOY]\O \T`[T\lT[W àOQOa Q`WfYW ^_]`ZbUWZW 3 R]SW\W ìSWW
(Q^]`ZTSàQWT WV[T\T\] \O 5 R]SW\W W ^]`ZT ]a\]Q] Qi_\Oa] \O 3 R]SW\W).
A_W Ò[]a] \OV\OfOQO\T \O ìSWW W ^_]Yb_]_W PWZW WV^_]PQO\W \lY]ZY]
`WàT[W: î_QOaO W \OX-\T`^]ZbfZWQOaO, ^]\TUT SOQOZO QiV[]U\]à VO
^_]WVQ]Z W `ZbfOX\]àW, `T ìà]W Q WVPW_O\T W \OV\OfOQO\T ]a [W\Wài_O
\O ^_OQ]ìSWTa] (STXàQOZO ]a 1880 S] 1899 R. W ]a 1917 S] 1926 R.); Q S_bR
QO_WO\a ìSWZWhOaO ^_TSàOQlZW \lY]ZY] YO\SWSOaW VO QOYO\a\] [là], ]a
Y]Wa] [W\Wài_ia \OV\OfOQOZ TSW\ ^] `Q]X WVP]_; \OX-`Ta\T, ^_TSàOQl\T
\O TUTR]S\W `^WìeW W aOPZWeW ` W[T\O VO \OV\OfT\WT (WZW ^]QWgT\WT), \]
W Q aTVW `ZbfOW [W\Wài_ia WVPW_OZ Y]R] SO \OV\OfW WZW ^]QWgW.
A]àT^T\\] `T ^]QWgOQOa W WVW`YQO\WlaO VO YQOZWcWYOeWl \O ZWeO ^]
ìSTP\]a] QTS][àQ]: ]Ph W ]P_OV]QOaTZT\ eT\V ^] k_WSWfT`YWaT \ObYW,
QiQTUSO\T (ì` VOY]\O ]a 12 l\bO_W 1899 R.) \O 2-R]SWgT\ àOU VO k_WàW,
YO\SWSOaW VO ìSTP\O SZiU\]à (^_]SiZUWaTZ\]à aO PWZO WV[T\l\O Q^]-
`ZTSàQWT), aT]_TaWY]-^_OYaWfT`YW Si_UOQT\ WV^Wa `ZTS àOUO; QiQTUSO `T
W YO_WT_O ` ^]QWgT\Wl `^]_TS ^_]`ZbUT\WaT R]SW\W \O SOST\O SZiU\]à.
@POfT ^_W \TS]àWRO \O k_WSWfT`YW YOS_W `T \OZOROZW ]aài^YW, YOa] `^T-
eWOZ\] [W_]QWaT ìSWW S] Q]X\WaT []UTZW SO PiSOa W PTV k_WSWfT`Y]
]P_OV]QO\WT, \] ` WVQTàT\ ^_OYaWfT`YW ]^Wa. GO_OYaT_\O ]`]PT\]à \O
ZWeOaO ]a ^_]Yb_]_`YWl \OSV]_ VO _OVZWYO ]a ìSWWaT T XT_O_dWf\OaO ì-
^]SfW\T\]à, O \T`[T\lT[]à aO abY `T QiQTZO TSQO ` \O_TSPO-VOY]\ ]a
12 \]T[Q_W 1934 R., W a] \T VO Q`WfYW ^_]Yb_]_W.
2SQ]YOa`YWla W\àWaba `T ]c]_[WZ ^]`ZTST\. 9OY]\ ]a 8 kZW 1925 R.
bà_]XQO VO î_QW îa OSQ]YOab_OaO YOa] \TVOQW`W[O W Ò[]Y]\a_]ZW_OhO
`T ]_RO\WVOeWl (` 4W`g OSQ]YOa`YW ìQTa), ìà]lhO `T ]a OSQ]YOa`YW Y]-
ZTRWW ` ]^_TSTZT\W b`Z]QWl VO fZT\àQ] (k_WSWfT`Y] ]P_OV]QO\WT, OSQ]-
YOa`YW àOU, Si_UOQT\ WV^Wa W S_.).39 D_lPQO SO `T ]aPTZTUW, fT UT\W `
k_WSWfT`Y] ]P_OV]QO\WT \T PWZW S]^b`YO\W SO b^_OU\lQOa OSQ]YOa`YO (ì-
h] ìSWX`YO) ^_]cT`Wl W a]QO ]àO\OZ] aOYO ^_TV eTZWl ^T_W]S Qi^_TYW
P]_PWaT \O 3iZRO_`YWl UT\`YW ìkV W S_bRW UT\`YW ]_RO\WVOeWW, ^]SY_T-
^T\W ]a \lY]W [iUT k_WàW.
CQ]T]P_OVT\ T^WV]S ]a _OVQWaWTa] \O ^_OQ]ìS\OaO `WàT[O b \O` ^_TS-
àOQZlQO b^_OQZT\WTa] \O 9T[TSTZ`YWl ìkV. D]ROQO `T ^_]lQWZO WVQTà\O
_TQ]ZkeW]\\O aT\ST\eWl VO ]a`ZOPQO\T \O c]_[OZ\]a] ^_OQ]ìSWT VO
`[TaYO \O `]eWOZ\]TaWfT`YW ^_W\eW^W (`]eWOZ\O `^_OQTSZWQ]à) W ^]^b-
ZWàYW UTà]QT – Pi_V], TQaW\] W S]ài^\] ^_OQ]ìSWT. D]QO \O[W_O WV_OV
39
4U. !.&*, $(!*). 3iZRO_`YOaO OSQ]YOab_O. – 4iQ: 60 R]SW\W PiZRO_`Y]…, 241–282.
Q VOY]\O VO ^]SQWU\WaT [W_]QW ìSWW ]a 6 OQRbà 1920 R. (]a[T\T\ ^_TV

1924 R.), Y]Xa] _OVSTZlZ bfOàieWaT \O [W_]QWaT ìSWW \O ^]SbfOàieW W
[W_]QWla ìSWl a_lPQOZ] Ò[ SO RW ]PWYOZl VO _TgOQO\T \O ^]-S_TP\WaT
`^]_]QT \O [là] (aW^Wf\] VO `]PàQT\]à, QZOST\WT W \O`ZTSàQ]) W aOYO
SO bZT`\lQO `TZl\WaT. A_W [W_]QWl ìS ^_W\eW^\] \T `T S]^b`YOZO OSQ]-
YOa`YO VOhWaO, O VOY]\ia ^_TSQWUSOZ ìSWlaO SO bîaQO à_O\WaT (Q \O_b-
gT\WT \O ìàTVOaTZ\]a] \OfOZ]). 3WZ ^_]YO_O\ W VOY]\ VO `TZ`Y]]PhW\-
`YWaT ìSWZWhO, `^]_TS Y]Xa] QiQ Q`lYO `TZ`YO ]PhW\O `T bf_TSlQOZ `TZ-
`Y]]PhW\`YW ìS ]a 6-W[O SbgW, WVPW_O\W f_TV RZO`bQO\T, VO _OVRZTUSO\T
\O S_TP\W `^]_]QT W [OZYW \O_bgT\Wl, YOa] QiVVWQ\OaO W\àO\eWl PWZ [W-
_]QWla ìSWl \O _OX]\O.40 ?T`[T\lT[]àaO \O ìSWWaT PWZO `WZ\] \OYi_-
\T\O ([OYO_ c]_[OZ\] SO \T `T ]a[T\l) ^]`_TSàQ][ _OV^_]àW_O\T Qi_db
ald \O VOY]\O VO Si_UOQ\WaT `ZbUWaTZW. ?OYi_\T\ PWZ OQa]_WaTaia W \O
4i_d]Q\Wl OS[W\Wà_OaWQT\ ìS, YOa] `T ^_T[Od\OZ b^_OU\lQO\Wla ]a \T-
R] YOÒeW]\T\ Y]\a_]Z VO ^]QTfTa] OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\W k_W`SWYeWW W PWZ]
]a[T\T\] ^_OQ]a] [b SO WVW`YQO bQ]Z\T\WT W \OYOVO\WT VO \TWVîZ\lQOhW
_TgT\WlaO [b SZiU\]à\W ZWeO.41
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QiVàO\]QlQO\T \O „`^_OQTSZWQ]àaO“ Ò Q bhi_P \O k_WSWfT`YWl c]_[O-
ZWVi[ W ^_OQ\Wl ^_]cT`W]\OZWVi[ W \T `ZbfOX\] ^_TSWVQWYOZW ^_]aTàO
\O `WZ\] VO`TR\OaWaT k_WSWfT`YW `_TSW ^_]aWQ VOY]\]SOaTZàQ]a] \O
39?C.42 Cih] a]ROQO `T VOPTZlVQO aT\ST\eWl VO ^]àOQl\T \O VOY]\]SOaTZ-
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^]ZWaWfT`YO `WZO) \OS ìSTP\OaO Q _OV_TV ` bàO\]QT\]a] ]a Di_\]Q`YOaO
Y]\àWabeWl _OVSTZT\WT \O QZOàWaT.43
C^TeWOZ\] „\WVgOaO“ ìSW[]à PWZO WV[T\T\O ]hT QTS\iU. ?O_TSPO-
VOY]\ VO ]PhW\`YWaT ìSWZWhO ]a 6 \]T[Q_W 1934 R. bf_TSWZO `TZ`Y]]P-
hW\`YW ìSWZWhO, ^]S]P\W \O ìVSOST\WaT ]a VT[TSTZeWaT (O ^_TSW a]QO
`TZ`Y]]PhW\`YW ìSWZWhO ìhTàQbQOZW ^] VOY]\O ]a 7 k\W 1888 R. W PW-
40
9O aTVW SQO VOY]\O QU. !,(!) "$!, ). BOVQWaWT \O Si_UOQ\Wl…, 334–336.
41
4U. TS\O ìQ_T[T\\O Y_WaWYO b ,4!, !.6,. BTc]_[WaT W bà_]XàQ]a] \O ìSW-
ZWhOaO. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 24, 1923, 0 4–5, 150–160; .%)*, !.&*. 2S[W\Wà_OaWQ-
\] ^_OQ]ìSWT. C., 1963, 62–63. @a Wà]_WeWaT QU. !,(!) "$!, ). BOVQWaWT \O Si_UOQ-
\Wl…, 302–304.
42 *3!, .!0). 4iVY_i`QO\T \O OSQ]YOa`YOaO ^_]cT`Wl. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 25,
1924, 0 2, 57–60, ]`]P. `. 57; $(3!, . 6O ÔVW[ Ql_OaO \O \O_]SO Q ^_OQ]ìSWTa]. – M_W-
SWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 23, 1922, 0 8, 354–359.
43 !,(!) "$!, ). BOVQWaWT \O Si_UOQ\Wl…, 302–303. A]S]P\O aT\ST\eWl WVSOQO
\O^_W[T_ TSW\ VOY]\ VO ]afbUSOQO\T \O VSO\Wl VO Si_UOQ\O, ]Y_iU\O W ]PhW\`YO \bUSO (]a
23 STYT[Q_W 1922 R.), Y]Xa] VOSiZUOQOZ 4i_d]Q\Wl OS[W\Wà_OaWQT\ ìS SO _OVRZTSO Qi^_]Ò
` WVQi_gT\W ^_W\bSWaTZ\W ]afbUSOQO\Wl \O \TSQWUW[W W[]aW, _TgT\WlaO \O Y]Wa] PWZW
QZTVZW Q VOY]\\O `WZO.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 105
ZW VOY_WaW ì` VOY]\ ]a 14 l\bO_W 1904 R.). Fb\YeWWaT \O ìSWl `T WVîZ-

\lQOZW ]a Y[TaO, O STZOaO PWZW VO S_TP\W R_OUSO\`YW W`Y]QT (S] 1000 ZQ.)
W S_TP\W \O_bgT\Wl (\OYOVbT[W ì` VOaQO_l\T S] TSW\ [T`Te).44
5]Zl[O `ZOP]à \O ^_OQ]ìS\OaO `WàT[O PWZ POQ\Wla d]S \O STZOaO W
QZOfT\Ta] W[ ` R]SW\W (^]\lY]RO ST`TaYW R]SW\W) ^] _OV\WaT W\àO\eWW. 4
`^TeWOZWVW_O\OaO ZWaT_Oab_O `T `_ThOa [\]R] ]^ZOYQO\Wl VO WV]àOQO\T
\O STZOaO, O ìSWWaT PWZW ^_Ta_bÔ\W ` QW`lhW STZO (a. T. WV]àO\OZW ]a
[W\OZW R]SW\W). C]fTZ] `T T, fT a]QO `T SiZUW \O \TS]àOaif\Wl P_]X ì-
SWW, fWTa] bQTZWfOQO\T `WZ\] WV]àOQOZ] `^_l[] \O_OàQO\Ta] P_]l \O ST-
ZOaO. <_OX\] \TPZOR]^_Wla\] PWZ] ^]Z]UT\WTa] ^] Q_T[T \O Q]X\WaT W
`ZTS ald, Y]ROa] W [\]R] ìSWW \O^b`\OZW ^]_OSW Z]g]a] VO^ZOhO\T.45
3OQ\]a] ^_OQ]ìSWT STXàQOZ] YOa] (fWà] Pk_]Y_OaWf\] ]Pb`Z]QT\O) VO-
hWaO \O W\aT_T`WaT \O SZiU\WeW VO `[TaYO \O Y_TSWa]_WaT.46
CZTS\WaT ]cWeWOZ\W àOaWàWfT`YW SO\\W SOQOa ^_TSàOQO VO P_]l \O
ZWeOaO ^] ìSTP\]a] QTS][àQ] b \O`, `^TeWOZ\] \O ìSWWaT, W VO STZOaO
^_TV ^T_W]SO 1887–1940 R.47 3_]la \O [W_]QWaT ìSWW (^]-Yi`\] \O_WfO\W
]Y]ZWX`YW) ^_TV 1887 R. PWZ 92, ^_TV 1920 R. S]àWR\OZ 187, O ^_TV 1939 R.
\O[OZlZ \O 164. 4 [\]R] ^]-`WZ\O ^_]R_T`Wl `T bQTZWfOQOZ P_]la \O ^]`-
ai^WZWaT Q aTVW ìSWZWhO STZO, Y]Wa] ]a 1895 S] 1934 R. \T ÔSOa ^]S
360 000 R]SWg\] (O ^_TV 5 ]a aTVW R]SW\W S]_W \OSdQi_Zla 500 000 W Ò[]
Q \lY]ZY]a] Q]T\\W R]SW\W – 1915–1917 R., ^]YOVQOa V\OfWaTZ\] \O[OZT-
\WT). 4 ^_]SiZUT\WT \O eTZWl _OVRZTUSO\ ^T_W]S ]a 53 R]SW\W [W_]QWaT
(]Y]ZWX`YWaT) ìSWW _TgWZW ]Ph] 19 [WZW]\O STZO (W QZTVZW Q 1940 R. Ò-
[] ` 33 562 STZO, ]a ald Ò[] 210 WV]àO\OZW ]a ^]-_O\\W R]SW\W).
3_]la \O ìSWWaT Q ]PZOà\WaT ìSWZWhO \O_O`\OZ ]a 109 ^_TV 1887 R.
\O 230 ^_TV 1939 R. : abY Yi[ Y_Ol \O ^T_W]SO ^_T]PZOSOQOZO aT\ST\eWlaO
SO `T `Qi_gQOa \]Q]^]ài^WZWaT STZO W VOTS\] ` a]QO SO `T _OVfWàQOa
44 $'&*, )$. :à]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO Pb_U]OV\O…, 139–140.
45
2*, . 9O b`Y]_lQO\T \O \OgTa] ^_OQ]ìSWT. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 28, 1927, 0 3,
126–127; !. "$!, ,. ?lY]ZY] Sb[W VO \OgTa] ^_OQ]ìSWT. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]-
a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 13, 1914–1915, 0 2–4, 131–143; 6*, . 3OQ\] ^_OQ]ìSWT…, 199–
202, 247–252, 263; !($,*, . ?bUSOaO ]a bQTZWfOQO\T \O ìSWX`YWl ^T_`]\OZ. – M_WSW-
fT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17, 1909, 0 9, 601–606; *+*, . <i[ ^]-Pi_V] W ^]-S]P_] ^_OQ]_OVSOQO\T. –
2SQ]YOa`YW ^_TRZTS, 5, 1924–1925, 0 8–9, 115–117; 0 10, 122–125; '.,-&$, . A_TfYW VO
ìVSOQO\Ta]…; )/'*, '$9. 6TX\]à \O ìSWZWhOaO b \O` Q eWc_W. – 2SQ]YOa`YW ^_TRZTS,
5, 1924–1925, 0 6, 61–63; 0 7, 77–79.
46
2,*, *)-.).$). A_OQ\OaO `WRb_\]à W ZWdQOaO. – C^WÒ\WT \O 3iZRO_`Y]a]
WY]\][WfT`Y] S_bUTàQ], 27, 1928–1929, 0 3, 121–128, ]`]P. `. 127.
47 6TX\]àaO \O ìSWZWhOaO. – 4iQ: 60 R]SW\W PiZRO_`Y]…, 127–139. 4U. VO Q_T[Ta] ]a
1911 S] 1939 R. W SO\\WaT Q CaOaWàWfT`YW R]SWg\WY \O HO_àQ] 3iZRO_Wl, 31, 1939. C., 1939,
742–744. 3_]la \O [W_]QWaT (]Y]ZWX`YW) ìSWW QO_W_OZ [TUSb 131 (^_TV 1911 R.) W 178 (1920
R.); P_]la \O ìSWWaT Q ]PZOà\WaT ìSWZWhO QO_W_OZ [TUSb 130 (1935 R.) W 222 (1937 R.).
QW`lhWaT, aOYO fT STZOaO Q d]S ]a \OS 133 000 Yi[ Y_Ol \O 1921 R. (Y]la] T
^WY]QO ^] \Oa_b^QO\T \O STZO) ÔS\OZW \O ^]S 34 000 Yi[ Y_Ol \O 1939 R.
(]a Y]Wa] WV]àO\OZW ]a àO_W R]SW\W PWZW Ò[] 421 STZO).
3_]la \O ìSWWaT Q O^TZOaWQ\WaT ìSWZWhO ^_TV 1887 R. PWZ 21, ^_TV
1920 R. – 51, O ^_TV 1936–1939 R. S]àWR\OZ 59–60. 2^TZOaWQ\WaT ìSWZWhO
(Q C]cWl, Bb`T W AZ]QSWQ) W[OZW ^]faW 31 000 ]aY_WaW STZO Yi[ Y_Ol \O
^WY]QOaO 1931 R. W b`^TZW SO RW `QTSOa S] 5800 Yi[ Y_Ol \O 1939 R.
4i_d]Q\Wla ìS `T ìà]lZ ]a 9 ìSWW ^_TV 1887 R., 18 ìSWW ^_TV 1924 R.
W 36 ìSWW ^_TV 1936–1939 R. D]X W[OZ \TVOQi_gT\W Q Y_Ol \O ^WY]QOaO
1930 R. ^]faW 23 000 STZO, \] W[OZ Ò[] 6000 STZO Q d]S Q Y_Ol \O 1939 R.
?T aOYO `WàT[OaWf\W Ò SO\\WaT VO OSQ]YOaWaT. A_TV 1911 R. Yi[ ]Y-
_iU\WaT ìSWZWhO W[OZ] 835 OSQ]YOaW W 171 OSQ]YOa`YW ^][]h\WeW, ]Ph]
1006 SbgW; ]a ald VOQi_gWZW ^_OQ\W \ObYW – 669 SbgW, ]àO\OZWaT – ì`
ìSWX`YO WZW OSQ]YOa`YO ^_OYaWYO, WZW W ` SQTaT; ^_TV 1923–1924 R. Yi[ ]Y-
_iU\WaT ìSWZWhO W[OZ] ]Ph] 2242 OSQ]YOaW W OSQ]YOa`YW ^][]h\WeW.48
@PhWla P_]X \O k_WàWaT b \O` (ìSWW, `ZTS]QOaTZW, OSQ]YOaW W \]-
aO_Wb`W) ^_TV 1944 R. S]àWR\OZ 6481 SbgW.49
9OS]Q]ZàQ]a] \O ^_OQ]ìS\WaT QZOàW ]a S_OàWf\]a] \O[OZlQO\T \O
QW`lhWaT STZO ^] Q`WfYW W\àO\eWW Q d]SO \O 30-aT R]SW\W \O GG Q. W Q \O-
QTfT_WTa] \O 4a]_OaO `QTa]Q\O Q]X\O T ]Pl`\W[]. ?] YO_aW\OaO T ìQ`T[
_OVZWf\O, OY] `T Qi_\T[ \OVOS QiQ Q_T[Ta], ]`]PT\] ^_TV 20-aT R]SW\W, Y]-
ROa] \Oa_b^QO\Ta] \O STZOaO ` ST`TaYW dWZlSW PWZ] ^_OYaWYO.50 DbY `T \OZO-
RO \TbS]P\Wla WVQ]S, fT „^]-àTR\OaOaO“ OQa]_WaO_\O QZOà T \O^_OQWZO _O-
P]aOaO \O ^_OQ]ìS\Wl OÔ_Oa ^]-TY`^TSWaWQ\O. C ^]RZTS \OVOS []UT SO `T
Y]\àOaW_O WVR_OUSO\Ta] ` aTfT\WT \O Q_T[Ta] \O TS\] \TVOQW`W[] W Y][^T-
aT\a\] ìSWXàQ] ` \T`[T\lT[]à \O ìSWWaT (]a 1934 R. W \O ^_]Yb_]_WaT)
W ^]àWRO\Ta] \O \TVOQW`W[]à \O ìSTP\OaO ]a WVîZ\WaTZ\OaO QZOà.51
48
CaOaWàWfT`YW R]SWg\WY \O 3iZRO_`Y]a] eO_àQ], 3, 1911. C., 1914, `. 561; CaOaWàW-
fT`YW R]SWg\WY \O 3iZRO_`Y]a] eO_àQ], 15–16, 1923–1924. C., 1925, `. 165. 4 S_bRWaT R]SWg-
\WeW \l[O ^]S]P\W SO\\W.
49
$($.,*, ,6-.8. 3iZRO_`YOaO W\aTZWRT\eWl ^_W YO^WaOZWV[O. C., ?ObYO W WVYbàQ],
1974, `. 52.
50 <OYa] ^]YOVQO àOaWàWYOaO, \Oa_b^QO\Ta] \O STZO Q [W_]QWaT W ]PZOà\WaT ìSWZWhO,
YOYa] W QiQ 4i_d]Q\Wl YOÒeW]\T\ ìS PWZ] \OX-R]Zl[] ]a 1911 S] 1928–1929 R., `ZTS Y]Ta]
_lVY] \O[OZlQO. 4U. CaOaWàWfT`YW R]SWg\WY \O HO_àQ] 3iZRO_Wl, 1939, 742–744.
51 D]VW WVQ]S Q `^][T\WaT \O k_WàO 2,*, *)-.).$). 60 R]SW\W UWQl\O…,
582–584.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 107
MB:6:I7C<@ @3B29@42?:7 :
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Ai_QWaT PiZRO_`YW k_WàW Ò QiV^WaO\WeW \O _OVZWf\W fbUSW b\WQT_-

`WaTaW, O W Q^]`ZTSàQWT [\]R] d]_O `ZTSQOZW ^_OQ] WZW `^TeWOZWVW_OZW Q
fbUPW\O. C_TS QWS\WaT PiZRO_`YW k_WàW, VOQi_gWZW Q fbUPW\O W dOPW-
ZWaW_OZW `T b \O` Q Y_Ol \O GIG W Q \OfOZ]a] \O GG Q., Ò ;]`Wc FOST\-
dTda (cWZ]`]cWl W ^_OQ] Q =OXêWR W 5j]aW\RT\), >WdOWZ A]^]QWZWTQ
(^_OQ] W SW^Z][OeWl Q AO_WU), CaTcO\ <W_]Q (cWZ]`]cWl W Si_UOQ\W \O-
bYW Q =OXêWR, ^_OQ] W OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\W \ObYW Q 3_kY`TZ), 4ZOSW[W_
>]ZZ]Q (^_OQ] Q >]`Y]Q`YWl b\WQT_`WaTa), Ca]l\ 6O\TQ (^_OQ] Q GOX-
STZPT_R`YWl b\WQT_`WaTa), CaTcO\ 3]PfTQ (^_OQ] Q >]`YQO), ATai_ 2P-
_OgTQ (^_OQ] Q 8T\TQO), 4T\TZW\ 5O\TQ (^_OQ] Q =OXêWR W 8T\TQO), CW-
[T]\ 2\RTZ]Q (^_OQ] Q ;T\O, 3T_ZW\ W DkPW\RT\).
BTgOQOh] V\OfT\WT VO ìVSOQO\Ta] \O k_WSWfT`YW YOS_W ]POfT W[OZ]
_OVQWaWTa] \O k_WSWfT`Y] ]P_OV]QO\WT W k_WSWfT`YOaO \ObYO b \O`. A_TV
1892 R. `T ìVSOQO M_WSWfT`YWla ]aSTZ (Q^]`ZTSàQWT cOYbZaTa) ^_W 4W`gT-
a] bfWZWhT Q C]cWl. Ai_QWaT ^_T^]SOQOaTZW PWZW ìSWW QiQ 4i_d]Q\Wl
ìS, O W ^]-\OaOaiY R]Zl[O fOà ]a ^_]cT`]_WaT PWZW OQa]_WaTa\W OSQ]YOaW.
6] Q]X\WaT R]`^]SàQOZO gY]ZOaO \O ^_OQ\Wl ^]VWaWQWVi[, `^]_TS Y]la]
^_OQ]a] T STXàQOh]a] ^]VWaWQ\] ^_OQ], Y]Ta] `T QiQTUSO fWà] ^_]eTSb_-
\], O \T `T WVQTUSO ]a \lYOYQW à]lhW VOS \TR] ^_W\eW^W – TàTàQT\]^_OQ\W
WZW S_bRW.52 M_WSWfT`Y]a] ]P_OV]QO\WT ` \TR]QWaT gW_]YW QiV[]U\]àW VO
^_WZ]UT\WT àOQO \OX-^]^bZl_\OaO b\WQT_`WaTa`YO `^TeWOZ\]à. @a VOQi_-
gWZWaT C]cWX`YWl b\WQT_`WaTa VO 50 R]SW\W ]a ]`\]QOQO\Ta] [b S] 1938 R.
14 826 SbgW ^]faW ^]Z]QW\OaO Ò ` k_WSWfT`Y] ]P_OV]QO\WT (6895 SbgW).53
7S\W ]a \OX-OQa]_WaTa\WaT `Q]P]S\W ^_]cT`WW Ò `Qi_VO\W ` b^_OU\l-
QO\T \O ^_OQ]a] (ìSWW, OSQ]YOaW); ` R]Zl[ ]PhTàQT\ ^_TàWU `T ^]ZVQOZ]
W VO\W[O\WTa] ` ^_OQ\W \ObYW W ^_T^]SOQO\Ta] W[. 4ZWl\WTa] \O ^_OQW`-
aWaT Q _OVZWf\W ^]^_WhO \O_OàQO f_TV ^_]cT`W]\OZ\] ]PTSW\lQO\T W Y]_-
^]_OaWQ\]à. A_]cT`W]\OZ\]a] `S_bUOQO\T W abY VO^]f\OZ] ` ]aSTZ\W
S_bUTàQO, \O^_W[T_ ` QiV\WY\OZ]a] Q Y_Ol \O 1900 R. `]cWX`Y] k_WSWfT-
`Y] S_bUTàQ], Y]Ta] W[OZ] bàOQ, ^_OQWZ\WY, ^_]QTUSOZ] `PW_YW ` fTaT\T
\O _TcT_OaW W WVSOQOZ] `Q]T OQa]_WaTa\] `^WÒ\WT – „C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSW-
52
) ,!!, $1$'. :à]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO…, 224–232. 4U. W `QTST\WlaO VO ^_T^]SOQO-
aTZW ^] ^_OQ] Q 2Z[O\Od \O C]cWX`YWl b\WQT_`WaTa „CQ. <ZW[T\a @d_WS`YW“, 1888–1939.
C., 1940.
53 ,)/ *, $1$'. :à]_Wl \O C]cWX`YWl b\WQT_`WaTa „CQ. <ZW[T\a @d_WS`YW“ ^_TV
î_Q]a] [b ^]Zbà]ZTaWT,1888–1938. C., 1939, `. 618.

fT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl“.54 A_TV î_Q]a] ST`TaWZTaWT \O QTYO Q C]cWl

`T ìà]lZW \lY]ZY] ìP]_O \O PiZRO_`YWaT k_WàW, \] ^_]cT`W]\OZ\W
]_RO\WVOeWW QiV\WYQOa TSQO ^]-Yi`\]: CikVia \O PiZRO_`YWaT ìSWW `T
ìVSOQO ^_TV 1919 R., O CikVia \O OSQ]YOaWaT ^_TV 1920 R. BOV\WaT k_WSW-
fT`YW ]_RO\WVOeWW `T à_T[WZW SO Ô_a\W_Oa \O Si_UOQOaO W SO Y]\`bZ-
aW_Oa b^_OQZlQOhWaT ^] ]^_TSTZT\W Qi^_]`W, YOYa] W SO \OZOROa `Q]W àO-
\]QWhO, O W[O W `ZbfOW \O Y]\cZWYaW (OSQ]YOaWaT W CaO[P]ZWX`YW).55
M_WSWfT`YOaO ^_]cT`Wl `T ìfTaOQO ]`]PT\] S]P_T ` ^]-gW_]YW ]PhT-
àQT\W W\aT_T`W W STX\]à Q _OV\W Y][WaTaW W Y][W`WW, \Obf\W W R_OUSO\-
`YW S_bUTàQO W ^_. ?lY]W k_WàW, YOa] ;]`Wc FOST\dTda, CaTcO\ <W_]Q
W S_., PWZW _TgWaTZ\W P]_eW ^_]aWQ ZWf\Wl _TUW[ W VO ST[]Y_OaWVW_O\T
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abeW]\T\ W ^]ZWaWfT`YW UWQ]a Ò CaTcO\ 3OZO[TV]Q (\O PiZRO_`YOaO Y]\-
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\] ^_OQ], ]PhW\`Y] Ò[]b^_OQZT\WT, \]QWaT aT\ST\eWW Q Ô_ZO[T\aO_WV-
[O), =kP][W_ 4ZOSWYW\ (Wà]_WY \O Di_\]Q`YOaO Y]\àWabeWl, TQ]ZkW_OZ
\OSl`\] Yi[ „\]QWl _TS“), =kPT\ 6WY]Q (R_OUSO\`Y] ^_OQ], ìh] ]a Y_OX-
\OaO ST`\WeO).
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^_]c. 2ZTYÒ\Si_ HO\Y]Q (6T[]Y_OaWfT`YWl `R]Q]_, Q]SOf \O cOgWàY]a]
?O_]S\] `]eWOZ\] SQWUT\WT), Ca]Xf] >bgO\]Q (^_OQ] QiQ F_O\eWl, Q]-
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Q]SOf \O 6T[]Y_OaWfT`YOaO Ô_aWl), 5T]_RW <j]`TWQO\]Q (^_OQ] Q AO_WU,
[W\Wài_-^_TS`TSOaTZ \O PTVÔ_aWX\W ^_OQWaTZàQO), ATaY] 6. ATaY]Q
(^_OQ] W ^]ZWaWfT`YW \ObYW Q AO_WU, Q]SOf \O 39?C), 2aO\O` 3b_]Q
(^_OQ\W W ^]ZWaWfT`YW \ObYW Q AO_WU, TSW\ ]a ZWST_WaT \O ?O_]S\OaO Ô_-
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?lY]W ]a Ò[WaT ^_]cT`]_W W S]eT\aW ^] ^_OQ] WR_OTZW W QWS\O ^]ZWaW-
fT`YO _]Zl YOa] ^_TSàOQWaTZW \O ^]ZWaWfT`YW Ô_aWW Q _OV\W fOàW \O ^]-
ZWaWfT`YWl `^TYai_, Y_OX\W WZW eT\a_WàYW. 2ZTYÒ\Si_ HO\Y]Q, 4ZOSW-
[W_ >]ZZ]Q, ATai_ 2P_OgTQ, D]S]_ <bZTQ, 4T\TZW\ 5O\TQ W S_. PWZW [W-
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Ô_ZO[T\a ]a 1899 S] 1918 R. `T SQWUTZ [TUSb 30 W 37% (O ^]S]P\] PWZ]
^]Z]UT\WTa] W `_TS [W\Wà_WaT).56
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„A_WQ_T[T\\W ^_OQWZO VO bf_TUST\WTa] \O VOaQ]_WaT“ (]a 29 l\bO_W
1879 R.), PZWVYW S] _b`YWaT VOY]\W (`ZTSQOhW c_T\`YWl VOY]\), Y]Wa] ]^_T-
STZWZW _TSO Q VOaQ]_\WfT`YWaT VOQTST\Wl b \O` VO ]Y]Z] fTaQi_a QTY. 9Oa-
Q]_WaT PWZW ^_WSOST\W Yi[ >W\WàT_àQ]a] \O Qia_Tg\WaT _OP]aW, Q^]`-
ZTSàQWT ^_TdQi_ZT\W Yi[ >W\WàT_àQ]a] \O ^_OQ]ìSWTa]. „A_WQ_T-
[T\\WaT ^_OQWZO“ _OVZWfOQOa \lY]ZY] aWÔ VOaQ]_W: ^][ThT\Wl VO Y_OaY]-
Q_T[T\\] VOaQO_l\T Yi[ ^]ZWeTX`YWaT bfOàieW, ]Y_iU\W W RbPT_\`YW
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^]Z W QiV_Oà; aT `T STZla \O „QOU\W“ W „\TQOU\W“, ^]S`ZTSàQT\W W ]ì-
ST\W, [OZ]ZTa\W W îZ\]ZTa\W, bRZOQ\W W ]àO\OZW. BTRZO[T\aW_Oa `T d_O-
\OaO W VOaQ]_\WfT`Y]a] ]PZTYZ], ^_OQ]a] \O `QWUSO\T QTS\iU `TS[Wf\],
WVQi_gQO\T \O _OP]aO, _TSWeO ]R_O\WfT\Wl W VOP_O\W W ^_.
6TXàQWaTZ\]àaO ]POfT PWZO Q îZT\ _OV_TV ` ^_OQWZOaO. 9OaQ]_WaT `T
^][ThOQOZW Q PWQgW ab_`YW VOaQ]_W, Q YOVO_[W WZW Q \OTaW ]a fOà\W ZW-
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[TZWl Pi_V] PWZW ^]à_]T\W SQO \]QW VOaQ]_O – Q AZ]QSWQ W GO`Y]Q]. 9Oa-
Q]_\WeWaT \T PWZW _OVSTZl\W ^] aTUTà \O ^_Tài^ZT\WTa], O Ò\WaO_\]a]
ìà]l\WT \O ^]QTfTa] `R_OSW PWZ] ]afOXQOh]. BTSWeO ìSTP\W W\`^TYeWW
W Ò\WaO_\W ^]`ThT\Wl \O VOaQ]_W \W QiQTUSOa Q `WabOeWlaO.
7SW\ ^bPZWYbQO\ Q „6i_UOQT\ QTà\WY“ S]YZOS „^] Ò\WaO_\OaO fOà“
]a 1883 R. Y]\àOaW_O, fT dWRWT\\WaT b`Z]QWl Q VOaQ]_WaT \lYiST Ò Y_OX\]
56
$)3!, !*,$. ?OgTa] \O_]S\] ^_TSàOQWaTZàQ]. CaOaWàWfT`YW h_WdW. – CiQ_T-
[T\\O [WìZ, 1911, 0 2, 155–163; ,/4!, *,$). 3OZYO\`YWla ^]ZWaWfT`YW TZWa. C]-
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_Wl. – 4iQ: 60 R]SW\W PiZRO_`Y]…, 495–550; 6]YZOS S] [W\Wài_O \O ^_OQ]ìSWTa]. C., 1923.
D]ROQO OQa]_ia PWZ \OfOZ\WY \O bRZOQ\]a] ]aSTZT\WT ^_W [W\WàT_àQ]a]. @a Wà]_WeWaT QU.
!!, !*,$. 9OaQ]_\WfT`Y]a] STZ] Q <\lUTàQ] 3iZRO_Wl Q î_QWaT ST`TaWZTaWl `ZTS @`Q]-
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Z]gW, ]`]PT\] QZOROaO W [W_WV[OaO ]a \bU\WeWaT; VOaQ]_\WeWaT PWZW

à_bÔ\W \Oal`\]; ^]àOQlZW W[ QT_WRW – aTUYW W ZTYW; ZW^`QOZ] _OV^_T-
STZT\WT ^] QiV_Oà W _]S \O ^_Tài^ZT\WT; VOaQ]_T\WaT PWZW ]àOQT\W PTV
VO\laWT W ^_. ?lY]W VOaQ]_W (QiQ 4WSW\ W Bb`T) ^] a]QO Q_T[T PWZW Q ^]-
S]P_] ìà]l\WT VO _OVZWYO ]a VOaQ]_O Q CTQZWTQ] (UT\`YOaO fOà \O Y]X-
a] `T ^][ThOQOZO Q ldi_) W ]`]PT\] Q Di_\]Q]: „… [_i`\], ^]Sia VO^ZT`-
YO\ ` Q]\lhO YOZ, ^_]V]_eWaT VOY]QO\W ` Si`YW; abY \O VOaQ]_\WeWaT \T `T
^]VQ]ZlQO SO `T [Wla W Q PO\l \T RW Q]Sla; \O`TY][W aQi_ST [\]R]; YOVT\-
\] ]PZTYZ] \l[O; làWTa] S]P_]“.58
4 S]YZOSO \O TSW\ QW`g ìSWl ]a 1890 R. fTaT[:
GO_OYaT_WàWf\WaT fT_aW \O S\Tg\WaT \OgW VOaQ]_W Ò: \TS]àOaif-

\]à, R\WZ]à, QZOU\]à W Qi]PhT \TR]S\]à \O VOaQ]_\WaT `R_OSW,
^_OV\]à W PTVSTXàQWT \O VOaQ]_\WeWaT, ìQ[Tà\] UWQTT\T ^]faW \O
Q`WfYWaT VOaQ]_\WeW, PTV _OVZWYO \O ^_Tài^ZT\WT W \O QiV_Oà, ]aì`-
aQWT \O Q`lYOYQ] ]P_OV]QO\WT W QiV^WaO\WT Q VOaQ]_WaT, `ZOP]R_O[]a-
\]à W \T]P_OV]QO\]à \O OS[W\Wà_OaWQ\Wl ^T_`]\OZ ^_W ald W ]aì`-
aQWT \O S]àOaifT\ ^]-QW`g \OSV]_ \OS VOaQ]_WaT, Y]Xa] ^]\T SO `ZTSW
VO WVîZ\T\WTa] \O STXàQbQOhWaT „A_WQ_T[T\\W ^_OQWZO VO b_TUSO-
\Ta] \O VOaQ]_WaT“ […] ?O^_]aWQ, TSW\ aOYiQ VOaQ]_, YOYiQa] T \OgWla
Q <\lUTàQ]a], a_lPQO SO `T \OSlQO[T, fT hT SO ^]`ZbUW ^]-`Y]_] WZW
VO [là] VO _OVà_]lQO\T \O VS_OQTa] \O VOaQ]_\WeWaT, WZW VO gY]ZO VO
\_OQàQT\] _OVQ_OhOQO\T \O ìhWaT…59
>]UT SO `T ]aPTZTUW W cOYaia, fT Q VOaQ]_WaT `T WV^]ZVQOZW ]Y]QW VO

`[laO\WaT VO ]Ô`\W ^_Tài^\WeW. DTUTàaO \O ]Y]QWaT QO_W_OZO ]a 1/2 S]
8 ]YW (1 ]YO = 1,280 YR), O `^TeWOZ\] QiQ 4WSW\`YWl VOaQ]_ àWROZW W S] 30
]YW. 4 TS\] `Q]T ]Y_iU\] (]a 1888 R.) [W\WàT_àQ]a] \O_TUSO ]Y]QWaT SO
aTUOa 1 1/2 ]YW VO ]ìST\WaT \O VOaQ]_ ]a 3 S] 5 R]SW\W W 2 ]YW VO VOaQ]_-
\WeW ` ^]-aTUYW ^_WìSW, YOa] `T ]Y]QOQO Ò[] TSW\Wla Y_OY.60 FWVWfT`YW-
aT \OYOVO\Wl PWZW VOP_O\T\W. ?] a]QO \T ]V\OfOQO, fT \O ^_OYaWYO \T `T
^_WZOROZ] cWVWfT`Y] \O`WZWT, ]`]PT\] Yi[ ^]ZWaWfT`YWaT ì^T_\WeW.61
58
A] Ò\WaO_\OaO fOà. 6]YZOS S] ?TR]Q] 4W`]fTàQ]. – 6i_UOQT\ QTà\WY, 0 96, 1883,
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0 140, 9 STY. 1882.
59
HWa. ^] ,(*, ' $($,. 9OaQ]_\]a] STZ]…, `. 511.
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QO_QO_`YW Q_T[T\O“ QU. W /,!, !*,$. ?lY]ZY] Sb[W ^] \OgWaT VOaQ]_W. – M_WSWfT`Y]
`^WÒ\WT, 3, 1890–1891, 0 1, 6–17, ]`]P. 12–13.
61 ",*, $1$'. C^][T\W. C., 3iZRO_`YW ^WÒaTZ, 1968, 565–630, ]`]P. `. 565; '-
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]aY]ZY]a] VOaQ]_ W \O_lSY] \lY]X SO WVZTVT ]a aO[ UWQ, ]POfT VS_OQ \W-
Y]RO“; Q CWZWà_T\`YWl ]Y_iUT\ VOaQ]_ „P]ZTà\WaT `ZbfOW `T ^]QaO_la
aQi_ST fTà] [TUSb O_TàO\aWaT ^] ^_WfW\O, fT Ò[]a] VSO\WT \O VOaQ]_O
^]-`Y]_] []UT SO `T QVT[T VO ^]R_TP, ]aY]ZY]a] VO VSO\WT, Q Y]Ta] SO UW-
QTla d]_O, ]ìST\W SO ^]^_OQla ^]QTST\WTa] `W“; VOaQ]_ia Q CQWh]Q T „]`-
aO\OZ ]a ab_`YWaT dO^b`dO\W W `T ìà]W ]a SQT ^]SVT[\W ^]S\WeW, ]PVWSO-
\W ` YO[T\\W VWS]QT, Y]Wa] Q`lY]RO Ò []Y_W ]a ^]SVT[\OaO QZORO W W[Oa ^]
TSW\ ^_]V]_Te, ^_T^ZTaT\ ` UTZTV\W ^_ifYW, Y]Wa] aQi_ST `ZOP] ^_]^bhOa
S\TQ\OaO `QTaZW\O Q VOaQ]_O“.62
A] a]QO Q_T[T ^]faW Q`WfYW ]Y_iU\W VOaQ]_W `T dO_OYaT_WVW_OZW ` aT`-
\]aO \O ^][ThT\WlaO, [_i`]aWl, \O [\]R] [TàO `Ô\T \O ^]SO Qi_db _]-
R]VYW, WV]PWZWT ]a Ô_OVWaW, Z]gW \bUS\WeW W Q]\l ]a ald, P]ZTàW. >\]-
R] Z]gW PWZW C]cWX`YWla, <kàT\SWZ`YWla, CZWQT\`YWla, 3b_RO`YWla,
Jb[T\`YWla, Bb`T\`YWla, Di_\]Q`YWla, 4WSW\`YWla, 4_OfO\`YWla W CQW-
h]Q`YWla VOaQ]_; ^]-^_WR]S\W (WZW ^]SZTUOhW \O ]^_OQl\T) PWZW 4O_\T\-
`YWla, AZTQT\`YWla, =]QTgYWla W \OX-QTfT \]Q]^]à_]T\WaT AZ]QSWQ`YW W
GO`Y]Q`YW VOaQ]_. >]UT PW \OX-Z]g PWZ CQWh]Q`YWla VOaQ]_, ]^WÒ\ aOYO:
D]QO T TS\O al`\O W QZOU\O Sb^YO Qia_T Q VT[laO, PTV \WYOYQO ^]faW
`QTaZW\O W ^]-`Y]_] ^_WZWfO \O R_]P, Q Y]Xa] Ò VO_]QT\W UWQW d]_O,
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]hT `T SQWUOa Q a]QO VZ]^]Zbf\] fWàWZWhT!63
4ZOSW[W_ 2Q_O[]Q, VOT[OZ SiZRW R]SW\W ^]àO \OfOZ\WY \O bRZOQ\]a]

]aSTZT\WT ^_W >W\WàT_àQ]a] \O ^_OQ]ìSWTa], Q^]`ZTSàQWT RZOQT\ ^_]-
ATaY] <O_OQTZ]Q. Cià.

'!) ..!'*. C., E\WQT_`WaTa`Y] WVSOaTZàQ] „CQ. <ZW[T\a
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62
6]YZOS S] R-\O >W\Wà_O \O Qia_Tg\WaT STZO (]a SW_TYa]_O \O 5_OUSO\`YOaO Ò\WaO_-
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_OSW \T^]Sd]SlhW b`Z]QWl S]_W Q \OX-S]P_WaT VOaQ]_W; `[T`QO\T Q TS\]
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A_TV a]VW ^T_W]S `T ìVSOQOa W SQO ^_OQWZ\WYO VO _OP]aO \O VOaQ]_\W-
eWaT (]a 1900 W ]a 1904 R.). D_bS – Q fOà\]à ^ZTaT\T W gWT\T, Si_Q]STZ-
àQ], à]ZO_àQ] W S_. – `T ^_WZOROZ Q \lY]W VOaQ]_W, \] a]QO PWZ] \T-
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ROQOg\W VOaQ]_W (CZWQT\`YWl, AZ]QSWQ`YWl, GO`Y]Q`YWl, DOaO_ÔVO_-
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Q]_\WeWaT. – C^WÒ\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUTàQ] Q C]cWl, 7, 1907–1908, 0 6–7, 301–305;
!'3!, . ?OgWaT VOaQ]_W. – 3iZRO_`YW ZTYO_, 7, 1912, 0 6, 253–260. @a 20-aT ]Y_iU\W VOa-
Q]_W R]S\W PWZW Ò[] aTVW Q CZWQT\, AZ]QSWQ, GO`Y]Q] W DOaO_-AOVO_SUWY. 4U. ìh] 5]SW-
gT\ Ò\WaO_T\ ]afTa \O 3b_RO`YWl ]Y_iR VO 1910 R. 3b_RO`, 1911, 55–58. 4 ]`]PT\] \TbS]QZTa-
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eW^ZW\OaO ]a`ZOP\OZO W VOaQ]_WaT `T WVîZ\WZW ` PbX\W W ]VZ]PT\W d]_O,
R]Zl[O fOà ]a R]S\Wl SW_TYa]_`YW W \OSVW_OaTZ`YW ^T_`]\OZ \O^b`\OZ,
`\OPSlQO\Ta] ` d_O\O W ]PZTYZ] PWZ] [if\] W Z]g], VOfTàWZW Pb\a]QTaT
W PlRàQOaO ]a VOaQ]_WaT (^]-ZT`\W ^]_OSW ST[]_OZWVW_O\OaO W \O[OZlZO
à_OUO).
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fT`Y]a] STZ] SO `T WVQi_gW ì` `_TSàQO, ^_WS]PWaW ` ]_RO\WVW_O\Wl a_bS
\O Ò[WaT VOaQ]_\WeW. Dl VOZTR\OZO Q `^][T\OaWl VOY]\ VO _OP]aOaO \O VOa-
Q]_\WeWaT ]a 27 cTQ_bO_W 1922 R.
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A_TV 1922 R. PWZ ìVSOST\ `^TeWOZT\ (OQa]\][T\ ]a Si_UOQOaO) F]\S VO
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]a QiV\OR_OUST\WTa] \O VOaQ]_\WeWaT VO _OP]aOaO W[. BTVbZaOaWaT ]a Q`Wf-
Y] a]QO ^_TV `ZTSQOhWaT R]SW\W PWZW Q\bgWaTZ\W. Ci` `_TSàQO \O c]\SO
PWZW ^]à_]T\W ^]-ìQ_T[T\\W W ]aR]QO_lhW \O ^_TS\OV\OfT\WTa] `W ]Y-
_iU\W VOaQ]_W: 4_OfO\`YWla ^_TV 1928 R., <i_SUOZWX`YWla ^_TV 1928 R.,
4O_\T\`YWla ^_TV 1929 R., CaO_]VOR]_`YWla ^_TV 1931 R., AZTQT\`YWla ^_TV
1933 R., =][`YWla ^_TV 1935 R., =]QTgYWla ^_TV 1936 R., CZWQT\`YWla ^_TV
1936 R., 3b_RO`YWla ^_TV 1938 R., <kàT\SWZ`YWla ^_TV 1939 R., AOVO_-
SUWgYWla ^_TV 1940 R. @POfT, YOa] `T bQT_WZO Q _TVbZaOa\]à aO \O c]\SO,
Si_UOQOaO Q ZWeTa] \O >W\WàT_àQ]a] \O cW\O\`WaT ^_T[Od\OZO \TR]QO-
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aO OQa]\][\]à W R] QYZkfWZO Yi[ Si_UOQ\Wl PkSUTa, ^_WPW_OXYW VO `T-

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Z] ^_W C]cWX`YWl eT\a_OZT\ VOaQ]_, ^]SR]aQlhO `ZbUWaTZW VO VOaQ]_-
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\O c]_[bZW_]QYO \O ]aR]Q]_\] ZWeT, „\_OQàQT\]a] ^_TQiV^WaO\WT \O ^_T-
ài^\WYO, O \T aTZT`\]a] \TR]Q] \OYOVO\WT, Q\bgT\] ]a fbQàQ] VO ]a[i-
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hWla OQa]_ VOQi_gQO ` R]_fWQO \]aYO, ^]`]fQOXYW \TVOS]Q]ZWaTZ\]à aO \O
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SiZP]YO _Tc]_[O, VO SO []UT bRZOQ\OaO _T^_T`Wl SO `T ^_T]P_OVbQO ]a fW`-
a] \OYOVOaTZ\O Q \OYOVOaTZ\]-^]^_OQWaTZ\O.
9O Q_T[Ta] [TUSb Q]X\WaT T dO_OYaT_\] ]ìUSO\Ta] W VOaQO_l\Ta] \O
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^]ZWaVOaQ]_\WeWaT, ^_T[W\OZW YOa] `ZTSàQT\W ^_TV VOaQ]_WaT WZW ]ìST-
\W VO ^T_W]SO 1923–1944 R., `T WVfW`ZlQO \O 33 892 SbgW; ]ìST\W ^] 996
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1935–1936 R., O \OX-[OZiY P_]X ]ìST\W VO ^]ZWaWfT`YW ^_Tài^ZT\Wl W[O-
Z] ^_TV 1926–1931 R. (^_W =l^fTQ) W ^_TV 1939–1940 R. 4 \OQTfT_WTa] \O
4a]_OaO `QTa]Q\O Q]X\O STXàQOZW ]Ph] 25 VOaQ]_O (^_TV 1941–1944 R. –
29). :[OZ] W \lY]ZY] a_bS]QW ZORT_O VO VOaQ]_\WeW (^_W 3b_RO`YWl W ^_W
AOVO_SUWgYWl VOaQ]_). 4TfT ^] Q_T[T \O 4a]_OaO `QTa]Q\O Q]X\O W Ô_aW-
VO\`YOaO ì^_]aWQO (1941–1944) PWZW ]ìST\W ]hT 10 146 SbgW, ]a ald \O
`[i_a – 1590 SbgW, \O S]UWQ]aT\ VOaQ]_ – 1133 SbgW; ]a ]ìST\WaT \O
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69 ,(*, ' $($,. 9OaQ]_\]a] STZ]…, `. 495; !!, !*,$. 9OaQ]_\WfT`Y]a] STZ]…,
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Q]_ 8, ]àO\OZWaT Q YOaTR]_WWaT ^]S 15 R]SW\W. @a 1924 R. S] 1940 R. – ]ìST\W 3431 SbgW;
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 115
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aWaT (QiàO\WeW, Ô_aWVO\W, ìh] [W_\W ^_WQi_UT\WeW \O ZTQWaT `WZW),
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fVkdZ^ ^ eVfc^ `Vh[f^. ; dj^l[fg`d ]XVc^[ gV efd^]X[Z[c^ 19 edZdj^l[f^
dh :paYVfg`dhd depam[c^[. @V dWim[c^[ cV `dbVcZc^ `VZf^ X `fVt cV
1878 Y. g[ gp]ZVXV ;d[ccdhd imâô[ X Jdj^t dh hêV cV fig`^h[ sc`[f-
g`^ imâôV. :paYVfg`^ baVZ[\^ Wâ^ ^]efVoVc^ ZV imVh Xd[ccd Z[ad ^ X
Iig^t (X `VXVa[f^_g`^ ^ e^fdh[kc^m[g`^ n`da^).
J efd^]XdZghXdhd cV epfX^t Xêig` cV ;d[ccdhd imâô[ bcdYd dh
Zap\cdgh^h[ X WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V X Cct\[ghXdhd g[ ed[bVh dh WpaYVfg`^
dj^l[f^, V YdatbV mVgh dh fig`^h[ dj^l[f^ ^ ich[fdj^l[f^ gV dgXdWdZ[-
c^. Ja[Z ef[`fVhtXVc[hd cV fig`dhd iefVXa[c^[ ^ ]Vb^cVXVc[hd cV fig`^h[
1 Hd XpefdgV ]V dfYVc^]Vl^dccdhd ^]YfV\ZVc[ cV :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t gV ^]eda]XVc^:
-$'", -$', "*, $ 4'&*, "!5 "!" $ !,. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t 1877–1919; $0'5#*,
$&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t. CfVhp` ef[Ya[Z cV c[_cdhd ^ghdf^m[g`d fV]X^h^[. HadXZ^X,
1914; "&*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V ef[] edga[Zc^h[ e[hZ[g[h YdZ^c^, 1878–1929. –
;pX: >ede[t cV WpaYVfg`^t Xd^c. K. 2. J., 1929, 17–97; .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*, 5!-
($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t `Vhd ^cgh^hil^t (1878–1944). – ;pX: :paYVf^t 1300. Acgh^-
hil^^ ^ Zpf\VXcV hfVZ^l^t, h. 1, 1981, 371–389; +-*, 5!($'. =[_cdghhV cV WpaYVfg`^h[
efVX^h[aghXV ]V Xpdfp\VXVc[ cV Xd_g`VhV (1919–1939). – ;d[ccd^ghdf^m[g`^ gWdfc^`, 53,
1984, 7 6, 43–69; ,+2)-&$, ., . 4#"'*, . ,$-.*, . &2*&*. CfVhp` dW]df cV
Wd_c^t gpghVX, dfYVc^]Vl^thV, edepaXVc[hd ^ bdWâ^]Vl^thV cV :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t dh 1878
Zd 1944 Y. J., 1961.
Xd_g`^ ^ VZb^c^ghfVl^t cV gai\WV X WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V dghVXVh 252-bV

fig`^ dj^l[f^. F[_cdhd `dbVcZXVc[ g[ ed[bV dh Y[c[fVa-bV_df Hrdhpf
HVf[cgdX.
J ef^[bVc[hd cV KpfcdXg`VhV `dcgh^hil^t ^ ^]WdfV cV 9a[`gVcZpf :V-
h[cW[fY ]V `ct] (Vefâ 1879 Y.) Xpdfp\[c^h[ gâ^ b^cVXVh edZ fp`dXdZ-
ghXdhd cV WpaYVfg`dhd efVX^h[aghXd ^ ;d[ccdhd b^c^gh[fghXd. KpfcdXg`V-
hV `dcgh^hil^t def[Z[at `ct]V `Vhd XpfkdX[c cVmVac^` cV Xpdfp\[c^h[
gâ^ X b^fcd ^ Xd[ccd Xf[b[. ;d_g`VhV g[ if[\ZV g Hf^Xf[b[ccd edad\[-
c^[ ]V WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V (17/29 Z[`[bXf^ 1879 Y.), `d[hd t a[Y^h^b^fV `V-
hd edghdtccV Vfb^t (def[Z[a[c^[hd „][bg`V“ X gb^gpa cV bâ^l^dccV dh-
eVZV). Jedf[Z hd]^ Zdìb[ch Xd[ccVhV edX^ccdgh [ ]VZpa\^h[acV ]V Xg^m-
`^ bp\[ dh 21 Zd 40 YdZ^c^; Xd[cc^h[ gâ^ g[ fV]Z[ath cV ZX[ `Vh[Ydf^^ –
Z[_ghXVoV Vfb^t gpg gfd` cV gai\WV 10 YdZ^c^ (4 edZ ]cVb[cVhV ^ 6 X
]VeVgV) ^ cVfdZcd depam[c^[, X `d[hd g[ ]Vm^gatXVh dhgai\â^h[ X Z[_gh-
XVoVhV Vfb^t ga[Z ^]h^mVc[ cV Z[g[h h[ YdZ^c^, `V`hd ^ Xg^m`^ ZfiY^ ged-
gdWc^ ZV cdgth dfp\^[, cd c[gai\â^ ed [ZcV â^ ZfiYV ef^m^cV bp\[. Hd
hdXV Xf[b[ b^fcdXf[b[cc^th gpghVX cV Vfb^thV g[ gpghdta dh 21 e[kdhc^
Zfi\^c^, 4 `dcc^ gdhc^, 8 WVhVf[^ ^ [ZcV gVerdfcV fdhV, dWod 16 240
Xd_c^l^ (ed cdfbVh^X, V cV efV`h^`V ed-bVa`d).2
Hf^[bVh g[ ^ f[Z ZfiY^ if[\ZVo^ Xd_g`VhV ]V`dc^. @V`dcph ]V X]^bVc[
cV cdXdWfVcl^ X WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V (1880 Y.) ighVcdXtXV ef^clêV cV ]V-
Zpa\^h[acV Xd[ccV edX^ccdgh ^ if[\ZV cVm^cV cV ef^[bVc[ ^ dgXdWd\ZV-
XVc[ dh gai\WV; Zdeig`V g[ dgXdWd\ZVXVc[ dh gai\WV ed g[b[_c^ ef^m^c^,
ed \f[W^_, V ]V bsgsabVcg`dhd cVg[a[c^[ – ^ mf[] dhìeXVc[. @V`dcph cV-
bVatXV gfd`V cV gai\WVhV – X e[kdhVhV cV 2 YdZ^c^, V X ZfiY^h[ fdZdX[ Xd_-
g`^ cV 3 YdZ^c^; gpdhX[hcd gai\WVhV X ]VeVgV cV Z[_ghXVoVhV Vfb^t ghVXV
8 YdZ^c^ ]V e[kdhVhV ^ 7 YdZ^c^ ]V ZfiY^h[ fdZdX[ Xd_g`^. Ja[Z h[]^ 10 Yd-
Z^c^ X Z[_ghXVoVhV Vfb^t (edZ ]cVb[cVhV ^ X ]VeVgV) dhgai\â^th g[ ]V-
m^gatXV `pb cVfdZcdhd depam[c^[.
Je[l^Vacd Xc^bVc^[ ]Vgai\VXV [Z^c de^h cV a^W[fVacdhd efVX^h[agh-
Xd (cV CVfVX[adX) ef[] 1880 Y. ZV ^]YfVZ^ igedf[Zcd cV f[ZdXcVhV Xd_g`V
^ ^]ltad bâ^l^dccV Xd_g`V – cVfdZcd depam[c^[, g e[f^dZ^mcd dWim[c^[
dh ed ct`da`d Zc^. FVb[f[c^[hd cV efVX^h[aghXdhd Wâd ZV edaim^ X gXd[
fV]edf[\ZVc[ gâV, g `dthd ZV efdh^Xdghd^ cV `ct]V, `d_hd hdYVXV Z[_gh-
XVa X gps] g `dcg[fXVhdf^h[ ^ g fig`^h[ Y[c[fVa^ efdh^X YdatbVhV D^W[-
fVacV eVfh^t. Jedf[Z efd`VfVc^t ]V`dc (dh 2 sc^ 1880 Y.) cV bdWâ^]Vl^t
X depam[c^[hd edZa[\Vh bp\[h[ dh 21 Zd 40 YdZ^c^, `d^hd c[ gV edghpeâ^
X Vfb^thV, V gpod ]VeVgc^h[ Xd_c^l^ ga[Z dhm^gatXVc[ dh ]VeVgV cV Z[_gh-
2 =Vcc^ i: "&*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V…, g. 26; $0'5#*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV
Vfb^t…, 121–122.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 119
XVoVhV Vfb^t. K[ jdfb^fVh m[h^ dh depam[cl^ ed dWo^c^. CdbVcZ^f^h[ cV

hV]^ Xd_g`V g[ ^]W^fVh g hV_cd YaVgiXVc[ ]V ed [ZcV YdZ^cV: depam[cl^h[
YaVgiXVh m[hc^l^, m[hc^l^h[ YaVgiXVh 5-ma[cc^ d`fp\c^ `db^h[h^ `Vhd ed-
X^gd`^ dfYVc^ cV fp`dXdZghXd, V ltadhd depam[c^[ g[ fp`dXdZ^ dh efVX^-
h[aghXdhd (a^W[fVa^h[ Zdf^ ef[ZaVYVa^ ^]Wdf[c l[chfVa[c `db^h[h). KV]^
jdfbV cV Xd_g`V – ^]fV] cV `fV_cdgh^h[ cV Z[bd`fVh^]bV ^ ^Z[Va^]^fVc^t
a^W[fVa^]pb – c[ edaimâV fV]X^h^[ ^ c[ igetaV ZV g[ ef[Xpfc[ X g[f^d]-
cV Xd[ccV gâV edfVZ^ XfV\Z[Wcdgh hV cV `ct]V ^ cV ;d[ccdhd b^c^gh[fgh-
Xd ^ WâV ]V`f^hV ef[] 1891 Y.3
H[f^dZph Zd Jp[Z^c[c^[hd ^]dWod [ Xf[b[ cV aihVc^t ^ efdh^Xdf[m^t
b[\Zi `ct]V ^ cVfdZcdhd ef[ZghVX^h[aghXd, ìab^c^fVa^ X gige[cZ^fVc[-
hd cV Cdcgh^hil^thV. FVm[ad cV Vfb^thV ghdta^ fig`^ Y[c[fVa^. ; Vfb^thV
g[ Xpfn[a^ m[gh^ f[dfYVc^]Vl^^ W[] jdfb^fVc[ cV cdX^ mVgh^. H[kdhVhV,
`VXVa[f^thV ^ Vfhâ[f^thV g[ `dbea[`hiXVa^ ed h[f^hdf^Va[c ef^clê, V
^c\[c[fc^h[ mVgh^ – dWod dh ltaVhV Zpf\VXV. ;d_g`^h[ Wâ^ Yfie^fVc^
epfXd X ZXV, V ed-`pgcd X hf^ VZb^c^ghfVh^Xc^ fV_dcV – @VeVZ[c, A]hdm[c
^ Jdj^_g`^. Hf[] 1883 Y. WâV gp]ZVZ[cV Wf^YVZcV dfYVc^]Vl^t cV Vfb^t-
hV, `Vhd gpo[ghXiXVo^h[ 24 e[kdhc^ Zfi\^c^ Wâ^ Yfie^fVc^ X 4 ed-Yda[-
b^ e[kdhc^ jdfb^fdXVc^t – Wf^YVZ^, Xgt`V dh `d^hd g ed 6 Zfi\^c^. Jjdf-
b^fVaV g[ ^ [ZcV `dccV Wf^YVZV dh ZXV `dcc^ eda`V g ed 4 [g`VZfdcV Xg[`^,
V Vfhâ[f^thV g[ f[dfYVc^]^fVaV X ZXV Vfhâ[f^_g`^ eda`V g ed 2 dhZ[a[-
c^t dh ed 3 WVhVf[^ Xgt`d. Hf[] 1884 Y. X dgcdXVhV cV dfYVc^]Vl^thV ^ cV
e[kdhVhV g[ edghVXt eda`ph (eda`dXV g^gh[bV), `Vhd dh gpo[ghXiXVo^h[ 24
Zfi\^c^ g[ gp]ZVXVh 8 e[n^ eda`V (ed ZXV X Wf^YVZV). Ja[Z Jp[Z^c[c^[hd
^ dWhtYVc[hd cV dhcdn[c^thV g Iig^t fig`^h[ dj^l[f^ ^ edZdj^l[f^ gV
dh]dXVc^ dh Vfb^thV, `d[hd ef[Z^]X^`Vad dheVZVc[ cV Wf^YVZcdhd c^Xd X
dfYVc^]Vl^thV edfVZ^ c[Zdgh^Y cV ghVfn^ dj^l[f^.
; cVX[m[f^[hd cV Jp[Z^c[c^[hd Vfb^thV cV Cct\[ghXdhd WfdtaV
12 286 Zin^ a^m[c gpghVX; ^bVad ^ 43 000 dWim[c^ (h. [. ef[b^cVa^ Xd[c-
cV gai\WV) Xd_c^l^, V X A]hdmcV Iib[a^t – 16 000. Ja[Z 1880 Y. ]VedmcVad
ef[Xpdfp\VXVc[ cV e[kdhVhV g fig`VhV ein`V ^ `VfVW^cV „:[fZVcV 2“, gbt-
hVcV ]V [ZcV dh cV_-ZdWf^h[ ed hdXV Xf[b[; Zd 1885 Y. Vfb^thV cV Cct\[gh-
3
Je[l^Vacd ]V hd]^ [e^]dZ X\. $($.,*, '2*. FVfdZcdhd depam[c^[ dh 1880–1882 Y.
– ;d[ccd^ghdf^m[g`^ gWdfc^`, 34, 1965, 7 5, 40–44. Jpod ^ dgdW[cd: 4'&*, "*, $. Jp]-
ZVXVc[, fV]X^h^[ ^ fdat cV cVfdZcdhd depam[c^[ X :paYVf^t (1880–1891). – Aghdf^m[g`^
ef[Ya[Z, 30, 1974, 7 2, 35–61. Gepam[c^[hd c[ g[ efdtXtXV dgdW[cd ed Xf[b[ cV JfpWg`d-Wpa-
YVfg`VhV Xd_cV; hd Wâd ^]eda]XVcd dh JhVbWdadX ]V edhinVXVc[ cV figdjâg`^h[ WichdX[ X
Iig[ X cVmVadhd cV 1887 Y., cd edX[m[hd Xf[b[ ghdtad X „aVh[chcd gpghdtc^[“, h. [. c[ g[ gX^`-
XV ]V dWim[c^[. Hf[ZX^Z c[YdXdhd efâd\[c^[, gedf[Z VXhdfV, hfiZcd bd\[ ZV g[ ef^[b[ ^c-
h[fef[hVl^thV cV bVf`g^m[g`^h[ VXhdf^, m[ Wâd X gai\WV cV cVfdZc^h[ efVXV ^ gXdWdZ^ ^ X
]Vo^hV cV `dcgh^hil^dcc^t f[\^b.
Xdhd ef^h[\VXVaV 44 000 Wfdt dh c[t (cVf[Z g ein`^h[ g^gh[bV „Cfpc`V“).

Gj^l[f^h[ ^ edZdj^l[f^h[ Wâ^ Xpdfp\[c^ g f[XdaX[f^ „Jb^h&L[gpc“.4
;f[b[ccdhd fig`d iefVXa[c^[ gcVWZâd ^ A]hdmcV Iib[a^t g dfp\^[
(150 000 ein`^ ^ ef.). Iig`^ dj^l[f^ g[ ]Vc^bVXVa^ g Xd[ccVhV edZYdhdX-
`V cV gp]ZVZ[c^h[ X dWaVgh hV „Y^bcVgh^m[g`^ Zfi\[ghXV“ Zdf^ ga[Z edZ-
e^gXVc[hd cV :[fa^cg`^t ZdYdXdf. K[ ige[a^ ZV ef[ZdhXfVhth fV]jdfb^fd-
XVc[hd cV mVgh^h[ cV ][bg`VhV Xd_g`V X VXhdcdbcVhV dWaVgh, `Vhd Y^ ef[dW-
fV]iXVa^ X A]hdmcdfib[a^_g`V bâ^l^t ^ edZb[câ^ mVgh dh fig`^h[ dj^-
l[f^ g WpaYVfg`^. Hd-cVhVhp` f[dfYVc^]Vl^thV cV bâ^l^thV g[ ^]XpfnXV-
aV gpYaVgcd àVi]^h[ cV :[fa^cg`^t ZdYdXdf ^ edad\[c^thV cV GfYVc^m[-
g`^t ighVX cV dWaVghhV.
Jedf[Z GfYVc^m[g`^t ighVX cV A]hdmcV Iib[a^t Vfb^thV [ bâ^l^dccV
(V c[ [ f[ZdXcV). Eâ^l^thV cV dWaVghhV gpghVXatXV mVgh dh dgbVcg`VhV Vf-
b^t ^ [ Zap\cV ZV X]^bV imVgh^[ X dhWfVcVhV cV ^be[f^thV efdh^X Xpcnc^
cVeVZ[c^t, cd gpg gXd^ cVmVac^l^ ^ W[] ZV ^]a^]V dh YfVc^l^h[ cV dWaVgh-
hV. FV Xd[ccV gai\WV edZa[\Vh Xg^m`^ YdZc^ ZV cdgth dfp\^[ bp\[ dh 20
Zd 32 YdZ^c^. Eâ^l^thV g[ edZfV]Z[at cV hf^ `Vh[Ydf^^: epfXd depam[c^[
dh epfX^h[ 4 cVWdfV (dh 20 Zd 24 YdZ^c^); Xhdfd depam[c^[ dh ga[ZXVo^h[
4 cVWdfV (dh 24 Zd 28 YdZ^c^) ^ f[][fX cV depam[c^[hd (dh 28 Zd 32 YdZ^c^).
Ja[Z hV]^ Xp]fVgh, dh 32 Zd 50 YdZ^c^, dhgai\â^th g[ ]Vm^gatXV `pb cVfdZ-
cdhd depam[c^[. Eâ^l^thV X b^fcd Xf[b[ g[ gpghdtaV dh 12 e[kdhc^
Zfi\^c^, ZXV [g`VZfdcV (ed-`pgcd [Z^c), `VXVa[f^t, [ZcV edaiWVhVf[t Vfh^-
a[f^t (h. [. gVbd 4 dfpZ^t) ^ [ZcV gVerdfcV fdhV. AbVad ^ [Z^c im[W[c WV-
hVardc ]V edZYdhdX`V cV dj^l[f^ ^ edZdj^l[f^. Jfd`ph cV gai\WVhV edZ
]cVb[cVhV Wâ 2 YdZ^c^, cd edc[\[ cdXdWfVcl^h[ Wâ^ bcdYd edX[m[ dh fV]-
f[n[c^t edghdtc[c `VZpf, h[ edghpeXVa^ cV ct`da`d g[f^^ ]V ZXib[g[mcd
dWim[c^[. GgX[c Xd_g`V dWaVghhV ^bVaV ^ XdacdcV[bcV \VcZVfb[f^t dh
`dcc^ ^ e[n^ ghfV\Vf^, edZm^c[cV gpod cV cVmVac^`V cV bâ^l^thV. @V Xd-
[ccdhd dWim[c^[ gedbdYcVa^ ^ gedb[cVh^h[ „Y^bcVgh^m[g`^ Zfi\[ghXV“
(]V`f^h^ ed cVghdtXVc[ cV OVf^YfVZ), cV `d^hd figcVl^h[ fV]ZVa^ dfp\^[.
CdbVcZXVc[hd cV bâ^l^thV ^ \VcZVfb[f^thV X A]hdmcV Iib[a^t Wâd
edX[f[cd cV <aVX[c oVW g cV]cVmVXVc dh giahVcV cVmVac^` ^ dj^l[f^ – ed-
X[m[hd dh ]VeVZc^ Vfb^^, cV gai\WV ef^ HdfhVhV. <aVXc^th oVW ib^na[cd
gepXVa fV]X^h^[hd cV bâ^l^thV ^ g[ ghf[bta ZV t Xp]e^hVXV `Vhd mVgh dh
hifg`VhV Vfb^t. CVhd cVmVac^` cV <aVXc^t oVW Y[c[fVa Rf[`[f (c[bg`^
dj^l[f cV hifg`V gai\WV) fV]ZikXVa efdh^Xdf[m^thV b[\Zi WpaYVfg`^h[ ^
fig`^h[ dj^l[f^ ^ cVXf[\ZVa cV edZYdhdX`VhV ^ Z^glêa^cVhV cV bâ^-
l^thV, Yf^\[_`^ g[ edX[m[ ]V ef[ZcV]cVm[cVhV ]V deV]XVc[ cV Xphf[nc^t
f[Z \VcZVfb[f^t. Hdad\[c^[hd g[ efdb[câd g cV]cVmVXVc[hd cV Y[c[fVa
4
=Vcc^ dh :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t 1877–1919, 41–43.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 121
jdc =f^YVag`^ ]V cVmVac^` cV bâ^l^thV ef[] 1884 Y. ^ ef^gh^YVc[hd X

HadXZ^X cV Xd[cc^t ef[ZghVX^h[a cV Iig^t – edZeda`dXc^` E. P^mVYdX,
`d_hd edXa^ta ]V cV]cVmVXVc[ X fp`dXdZghXdhd cV bâ^l^thV cV WpaYVfg`^
^ fig`^ dj^l[f^ (IVZ`d =^b^hf^[X, JVXV EihìfdX, figcV`V Ndf`[X^m).
Eâ^l^dccVhV Xd_g`V WâV Xpdfp\[cV ef[Z^bcd g ein`^ „Cfpc`V“ ^ mVg-
h^mcd ef[Xpdfp\[cV g „:[fZVcV 2“.
A]YfV\ZVc[hd cV bdZ[fcV WpaYVfg`V bVgdXV Vfb^t X Z[_ghX^h[acdgh ]V-
edmcVad ga[Z JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV ^ g[ gh^bia^fVad dh edW[ZVhV.
A]hdmcdfib[a^_g`VhV bâ^l^t WâV ef^gp[Z^c[cV `pb g[X[fcdWpaYVfg`^-
h[ Xd_g`^ ^ ef[b^cVaV gpod `pb eda`dXV dfYVc^]Vl^t. FV epfXd Xf[b[ bd-
Z[fc^]Vl^thV WâV gepcVhV dh Xphf[ncdeda^h^m[g`^h[ gbihdX[ ef[]
1886–1887 Y., `dYVhd figdjâg`^ dj^l[f^ Z[hfdc^fVa^ :Vh[cW[fY, V ZfiY^
Xd[cc^ mVgh^ ^]Xpfnâ^ `dchfVef[XfVh ^ Yd Xp]ghVcdXâ^ cV ef[ghdaV (cd
hd_ VWZ^`^fVa edZ fig`^ cVh^g`). >ZXV ga[Z Xp]`VmXVc[hd cV M[fZ^cVcZ cV
ef[ghdaV (ef[] VXYigh 1887 Y.) cVghpeXV ib^fdhXdftXVc[ ^ g[ gp]ZVXVh ig-
adX^t ]V fV]X^h^[ cV Vfb^thV.
I[dfYVc^]Vl^thV X Vfb^thV ef[] cVmVac^t e[f^dZ (Zd 1903 Y.) g[ ^]fV-
]tXVaV YaVXcd X `da^m[ghX[cd cVfVghXVc[ ^ dfYVc^]Vl^dccd fV]YfpoVc[
mf[] XpX[\ZVc[ cV ed-X^gd`^ jdfb^fdXVc^t (Wf^YVZcV ^ Z^X^]^dccV
ghfi`hifV), `V`hd ^ X gp]ZVXVc[ cV cdX^ mVgh^ X ge[l^Vac^h[ fdZdX[ Xd_-
g`^. ;d[ccVhV `dcl[el^t fV]m^hVaV ZV gp]ZVZ[ g h[m[c^[ cV Xf[b[hd cVf[Z
g Z[_ghXVoVhV ^ f[][fXcVhV Vfb^t ^ Ydatbd dWim[cd cVfdZcd depam[c^[
(dh ef[b^cVa^h[ gai\WV bp\[). @VedmcVad ef[Xpdfp\VXVc[ cV Vfb^thV g
ed-gpXf[b[cc^ X^ZdX[ dfp\^[.
Hf[] 1891 Y. Wâ ef^[h XV\c^th ]V`dc ]V ighfd_ghXdhd cV Xpdfp\[c^h[
gâ^ cV WpaYVfg`dhd `ct\[ghXd (^]b[ctc ^ ZdepaXVc ef[] 1895 ^ 1897 Y.),
`d_hd gp]ZVa ef[ZedghVX`^ ]V bdZ[fc^]^fVc[ ^ fV]X^h^[ cV Vfb^thV ef[]
ga[ZXVo^h[ YdZ^c^. FVWdfcVhV g^gh[bV ]V `dbea[`hiXVc[ cV Vfb^thV Xp]
dgcdXV cV Xg[dWoV Xd[ccV edX^ccdgh g[ ZdWa^\VXV Zd ^Z[VaV ]V ef[b^cV-
XVc[ cV ltadhd bp\`d cVg[a[c^[ edZ ]cVb[cVhV ^ gp]ZVXVc[ cV bVgdXV Vf-
b^t. Hf[Z[acVhV Xp]fVgh ]V gai\[c[ X Vfb^thV WâV iX[a^m[cV dh 40 cV 45
YdZ^c^, h. [. cVfVgcVaV g 5 cVWdfV. @Vgââ g[ a^mc^th ^ ]VZpa\^h[a[c kV-
fV`h[f cV Xd[ccVhV gai\WV (`Vhd c[ g[ Zdeig`Vad dhìeXVc[ ^ ef.). ;pdfp-
\[c^h[ gâ^ g[ gpghdta^ dh `Vh[Ydf^^h[ Z[_ghXVoV Vfb^t (Xp]fVgh dh 20 Zd
30 YdZ^c^), f[][fXcV Vfb^t (dh 30 Zd 37-YdZ^ncV Xp]fVgh) ^ cVfdZcd depa-
m[c^[ (dh 37 Zd 45-YdZ^ncV Xp]fVgh). =[_ghXVoVhV Vfb^t g[ fV]XfpoV cV
dgcdXVhV cV gpo[ghXiXVo^h[ X b^fcd Xf[b[ Xd[cc^ jdfb^fdXVc^t ^ a^m[c
gpghVX, cVf^mVc^ edghdtcc^ Xd_g`^. Jai\WVhV X edghdtcc^h[ Xd_g`^ hfV[
2 YdZ^c^ X e[kdhVhV, 3 YdZ^c^ X `VXVa[f^thV, Vfhâ[f^thV, ^c\[c[fc^h[ ^
gVc^hVfc^h[ mVgh^ ^ 4 YdZ^c^ XpX jadhV. Hd-cVhVhp` dhgai\â^h[ (^ dgXd-
WdZ[c^h[ dh gai\WV ed ct`V`X^ ef^m^c^) g[ ]Vm^gatXVh X ]VeVgV cV Z[_gh-

XVoVhV Vfb^t Zd 30-YdZ^ncV Xp]fVgh. Hf^ Zdgh^YVc[ cV hV]^ Xp]fVgh h[
ef[b^cVXVh X f[][fXcVhV Vfb^t, V Xedga[ZghX^[ – X cVfdZcdhd depam[c^[.
I[][fXcVhV Vfb^t ^bV gedbVYVh[acd ef[ZcV]cVm[c^[, cd ef^ ci\ZV g[ ^]-
eda]XV `V`hd Z[_ghXVoVhV Vfb^t.5
Hf[] 1892 Y. g[ XpX[\ZV Z^X^]^dccV dfYVc^]Vl^t cV Xpdfp\[c^h[ gâ^,
ef^ `dthd Xd_g`dX^h[ [Z^c^l^ XàsmXVh X gpghVXV g^ dgX[c e[kdhV ^ mVgh^
dh ZfiY^h[ fdZdX[ Xd_g`^, ]V ZV g[ dgpo[ghX^ X]V^bdZ[_ghX^[ ^ edZedbV-
YVc[ ^ ZV g[ edgh^Yc[ gVbdghdth[acdgh ed dhcdn[c^[ cV ZfiY^h[ [Z^c^l^.
=[_ghXVoVhV Vfb^t g[ fV]Z[at cV 6 e[kdhc^ Z^X^]^^ (Xb[ghd ZdhdYVXVnc^-
h[ 6 e[kdhc^ Wf^YVZ^) g ed 4 e[kdhc^ eda`V Xgt`V; Xg[`^ eda` g[ gpghd^ dh
4 Zfi\^c^ ^ [ZcV Xd]Vfg`V fdhV. Cpb Xgt`V e[kdhcV Z^X^]^t g[ ef^ZVXV ed
[Z^c `dc[c eda` Z^X^]^dccV `VXVa[f^t ^ ed [Z^c Vfhâ[f^_g`^ eda`; ^bV
^ Z^X^]^dc[c dWd] ^ Z^X^]^dccV Wdac^lV. 9fb^thV `Vhd ltad ^bVaV ^ [ZcV
`VXVa[f^_g`V Z^X^]^t (dh 6 `dcc^ eda`V) ^ 6 Vfhâ[f^_g`^ eda`V, fV]efpg-
cVh^ b[\Zi e[kdhc^h[ Z^X^]^^. GhZ[acd ^bVad [Z^c a[_WYXVfZ[_g`^ [g`VZ-
fdc (cV lVft), 3 dhZ[a[c^t eaVc^cg`V Vfhâ[f^t ^ 3 `f[edghc^ WVhVardcV,
^c\[c[fc^ ^ gedbVYVh[ac^ Xd_g`^ ^ edag`V \VcZVfb[f^t. Hd-cVhVhp` ef[]
1899 Y. g[ XpX[\ZV `Vhd ZfiYd c^Xd ^ Wf^YVZcV dfYVc^]Vl^t, ef^ `dthd Xgt-
`V e[kdhcV Z^X^]^t g[ fV]Z[at cV 2 Wf^YVZ^ g ed 3 eda`V Xgt`V.
;d_g`VhV g[ `dbea[`hiXVaV ed h[f^hdf^VacV g^gh[bV, `Vhd Zpf\VXVhV
WâV fV]Z[a[cV cV Z^X^]^dcc^ dWaVgh^, dh `d^hd g[ cVW^fVa^ e[kdhc^h[ Z^-
X^]^^. EdkVb[ZVc^h[ bd\[a^ ZV c[ gai\Vh XpX Xd_g`VhV gf[oi ^]X[gh[c
dhìe. AcVm[ dgXdWd\ZVXVc[ dh gai\WV X b^fcd Xf[b[ (gedf[Z ]V`dcV dh
1891 Y.) g[ Zdeig`Vad gVbd ef^ j^]^m[g`V c[gedgdWcdgh; g dWa[`m[c^[ X
gai\WVhV (cVbVatXVc[ cV 6 b[g[lV) g[ eda]XVa^ dc[]^, `d^hd Wâ^ [Z^cgh-
X[cV edZ`f[eV cV g[b[_ghXdhd, [Z^c^th dh WfVht Wa^]cVl^, `V`hd ^ ]VXpf-
nâ^h[ X^gn[ im[Wcd ]VX[Z[c^[, ef^ igadX^[ m[ gai\Vh X n`daV ]V ]VeVg-
c^ edZedfim^l^ X e[kdhVhV. Jp`fVh[c gfd` dh 6 b[g[lV gai\[a^ ^ dc[]^,
`d^hd Wâ^ cVZ c[dWkdZ^b^t Wfd_ Xd_c^l^ (h[ g[ def[Z[ata^ mf[] \f[W^_).
Jedf[Z ef[gbthVc^thV 15 YdZ^c^ ga[Z Xa^]Vc[hd X gâV cV ]V`dcV dh
1891 Y. :paYVf^t hftWXVad ZV fV]edaVYV g 500 000 Vfb^t (Z[_ghXVoV, f[][f-
XcV ^ depam[c^[) ]V Xd[ccd Xf[b[. ;pX Xfp]`V g hdXV Ydatb efdWa[b ef[Z-
ghVXatXVa c[Zdgh^Yph dh `dbVcZc^ `VZf^ (^ cV dfp\^[) ]V Xd[ccdXf[b[ccd
fV]XfpoVc[ cV Xd_g`VhV, `dYVhd edZ ]cVb[cVhV g[ gX^`Vh ^ ]VeVgctl^h[. @V
ZV bd\[ Vfb^thV ZV g[ fV]Ypfc[ ed-epacd XpX Xd[ccd Xf[b[, f[n[c^t g[
hpfg[a^ X iX[a^mVXVc[ m^ga[cdgh hV cV b^fcdXf[b[cc^t gpghVX ^ `dbVcZ^-
f^h[ bi (]V ZV bdYVh XpX Xd[ccd Xf[b[ `pb htk ZV g[ XàsmVh edX[m[ ]VeVg-
5
HdZdWcd de^gVc^[ cV ]V`dcV i: +,$&*, ."/) (edZeda`.). @Ve^g`^ ed Xd[ccV VZb^-
c^ghfVl^t. J., 1894, 113–114. ;\. gpod $0'5#*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…, 153–157.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 123
c^). JVbVhV b^fcdXf[b[ccV Vfb^t cVZkXpfataV gbthVc^t ]V cdfbV 1% dh

cVg[a[c^[hd. Hf[] 1901 Y. Vfb^thV fV]edaVYVaV g 300 000 dWim[c^ Xd_c^l^,
cd g dfp\^[ gVbd ]V 200 000 Zin^.
Gj^l[fg`^ `VZf^ g[ efd^]X[\ZVa^ dh ;d[ccdhd imâô[ ^ ]VXpfnâ^-
h[ mi\Z^ Xd[cc^ ]VX[Z[c^t, cd ^ ed ct`d^ ZfiY^ cVm^c^. KV`V baVZ[\^ gpg
gf[Zcd ^ X^gn[ dWfV]dXVc^[ bd\[a^ ga[Z ^]gai\XVc[ cV ]VZpa\^h[acVhV
gai\WV ZV edad\Vh ^]e^h ed efdYfVbVhV cV ;d[ccdhd imâô[; ]V dj^l[f^
X ]VeVgV g[ X]^bVa^ ^ ^]gai\â^ epac^t g^ gfd` j[aZj[W[a^; XpX Xd[ccd
Xf[b[ g[ Zdeig`Vad efd^]XdZghXd ]V edZX^]^. HdaimVXVc[hd cV X^gn[ ge[-
l^Vacd dWfV]dXVc^[ ed hdXV Xf[b[ bd\[ad ZV ghVc[ gVbd XpX Xd[cc^ V`V-
Z[b^^ X mi\W^cV. @V l[ahV g[ `dbVcZ^fdXVa^ dj^l[f^ – cV_-X[m[ X Iig^t
^ AhVa^t, ed-bVa`d X :[aY^t ^ MfVcl^t. :fdth cV Z[_ghXVo^h[ dj^l[f^ g[
gbthVa ]V edmh^ ZdghVhpm[c, cd Wfdth cV ]VeVgc^h[ dj^l[f^ dghVXVa bcdYd
edZ cVW[at]Vcdhd fVXcô[. HfdWa[b gp]ZVXVad ^ edepaXVc[hd cV Vfb^thV
g edZdj^l[f^ (ich[fdj^l[f^). Hdga[Zc^h[ g[ dWimVXVa^ ef[Z^bcd X eda-
`dX^ im[Wc^ `dbVcZ^, n`da^ ^ ìfgdX[, V ]Vb^ga[cdhd edZdj^l[fg`d im^-
aô[ c[ bdYad ZV g[ dh`f^[. @V ZV WpZVh ef^Xa[m[c^ kdfV cV gXfpkgfdmcV
gai\WV, cV edZdj^l[f^h[ Wâ^ ZVZ[c^ ^]X[ghc^ ef^Xâ[Y^^.
; Z[_ghX^h[acdgh ef^clêph cV ]VZpa\^h[acV Xd[ccV gai\WV (^ bVgdXV
Vfb^t X h[]^ ef[Z[a^) c[ bd\[a ZV g[ dgpo[ghX^ ^]ltad edfVZ^ WsZ\[hc^
dYfVc^m[c^t ef[Z iX[a^mVXVc[hd cV Vfb^thV (^]^g`XVc[hd ht ZV c[ cVZkXpf-
at 1% dh cVg[a[c^[hd X b^fcd Xf[b[ c[ Wâd dgdW[cV ef[m`V). ;^gd`^th [g-
h[ghX[c ef^fVgh cV cVg[a[c^[hd gpod hV`V ZVXVa ef[`Va[cd bcdYd edZa[\V-
o^ cV Xd[ccV gai\WV baVZ[\^, ef^ Xg[ m[ d`dad 1/3 g[ dgXdWd\ZVXVa^ ed-
fVZ^ c[YdZcdgh. KV`V bcdYd baVZ[\^ dghVXVa^ c[dWkXVcVh^ dh Xg[dWoVhV ed
`dcgh^hil^t Xd[ccV gai\WV ^ Xd[ccd c[dWim[c^. HfâVYVc[hd cV ]VZpa\^-
h[acVhV Xd[ccV gai\WV g[ edghVXâd ed-dghfd X ]V`dcV dh 1891 Y., `d_hd c[
Zdeig`Va dhìeXVc^t ^ ]Vb[c^ cV j^]^m[g`^ YdZc^h[, cd ef[ZX^\ZVa dWa[`-
m[c^t. @V ZV bd\[ YdZcdhd bp\`d cVg[a[c^[ ZV ef[b^c[ Xd[ccV gai\WV, W^-
a^ XpX[Z[c^ fV]c^ b[f`^ ^ cV_-X[m[ gp`fVh[cV (6-b[g[mcV) gai\WV cV mVgh
dh baVZ[\^h[ – ed gedb[cVh^h[ dWa[`m[c^t ed g[b[_c^ ef^m^c^, ]V WfVht
Wa^]cVl^, ed dWfV]dXVc^[ ^ ed \f[W^_ ]V cVZkXpfato^h[ c[dWkdZ^b^t
Wfd_. ;pfki m^ga[cdghhV cV Vfb^thV Xa^t[a^ ^ m^ghd eda^h^m[g`^ jV`hdf^.
KV`V ct`d^ efVX^h[aghXV gp`fVoVXVa^ (gYpghtXVa^) Xd[cc^h[ oVhdX[ ^ Ya[-
ZVa^ ef[] efpgh^ cV ef^clêV ]V dWod]VZpa\^h[acV Xd[ccV gai\WV, ]V ZV
c[ g[ ZVXV efdghdf cV bâ^hVf^]bV; `Vhd cV_-o[ZfV cV j^cVcgdX^ gf[ZghXV
`pb Xd[cc^h[ ep` g[ efdtXâV FVfdZcda^W[fVacVhV eVfh^t.
P^ga[cdghhV cV Xd_g`VhV, h. [. cV b^fcdXf[b[ccVhV edghdtccV Xd_g`V,
g[ edX^nâV dh 33 333 Zin^ (X hdXV m^gad 1560 dj^l[f^ ^ 2715 gXfpk-
gfdmcdgai\[o^) ef[] 1888 Y. cV 43 996 Zin^ (X hdXV m^gad 2327 dj^l[f^
^ 2768 gXfpkgfdmcdgai\[o^) ef[] 1898 Y. ^ cV 45 460 Zin^ (X hdXV m^gad

2262 dj^l[f^ ^ 3821 gXfpkgfdmcdgai\[o^) ef[] 1903 Y.6
Hdga[Zc^th [hVe dh f[Va^]^fVc[hd cV ^Z[thV ]V YdatbV bdZ[fcV Vfb^t
[ dh 1903 Zd 1912 Y. ;V\cV `fVm`V Wâ ef^[h^th X `fVt cV 1903 Y. cdX ]V`dc
]V ighfd_ghXdhd cV Xpdfp\[c^h[ gâ^ cV WpaYVfg`dhd `ct\[ghXd. Kd_
ef[ZX^\ZVa gp]ZVXVc[ cV 12 cdX^ eda`V (`pb gpo[ghXiXVo^h[ 24), `d[hd
iX[a^mâd e[kdhc^h[ Z^X^]^^ dh 6 cV 9. Jp]ZVZ[c^ Wâ^ ^ 3 cdX^ Vfhâ[-
f^_g`^ eda`V ^ 3 cdX^ e^dc[fg`^ (gVerdfg`^) Zfi\^c^, `d^hd g[ ef^ZVXV-
a^ `pb Z^X^]^^h[. Jfd`ph cV gai\WVhV ]V e[kdhVhV Wâ 2 YdZ^c^ Z[_ghX^-
h[acV gai\WV easg 18 YdZ^c^ X f[][fXV, easg 6 YdZ^c^ X depam[c^[hd.
:f^YVZcVhV dfYVc^]Vl^t g[ fV]efdgh^fV ^ Xpfki `VXVa[f^thV ^ eaVc^cg`V-
hV Vfhâ[f^t. @V`dcph ]VeV]XV ef^clêV Xd[ccdXf[b[ccVhV dfYVc^]Vl^t cV
Vfb^thV ZV g[ dgcdXVXV cV b^fcdXf[b[ccVhV mf[] c[_cdhd fV]XfpoVc[.
IVWdhVhV ed ^]epac[c^[hd cV ]V`dcV ef[] ga[ZXVo^h[ YdZ^c^ Zd cVmVadhd
cV Xd_c^h[ ef[ZghVXatXV hfîbj cV ^Z[thV ]V bVgdXV Vfb^t.
LgpXpfn[cghXVad g[ ^ VZb^c^ghfVh^Xcdhd fp`dXdZghXd cV Vfb^thV.
Hf[] 1906 Y. Wâ^ gjdfb^fVc^ 3 Xd[ccd^cge[`l^dcc^ dWaVgh^ gpg g[ZVa^-
oV Jdj^t, HadXZ^X ^ Iig[. KdXV gV Z[_ghXVo^ ^ X b^fcd Xf[b[ h[f^hdf^-
Vacd-Xd[cc^ dW[Z^c[c^t g cVmVac^l^ (Y[c[fVa-^cge[`hdf^), cV `d^hd gV
edZm^c[c^ Xg^m`^ cVb^fVo^ g[ cV htkcV h[f^hdf^t Xd_g`^, V ^b[ccd: 3 Z^-
X^]^^, fp`dXdZ[c^ dh gXd^h[ oVWdX[ ^ cVmVac^l^h[ cV Z^X^]^dcc^h[ dW-
aVgh^. ;pdfp\[c^h[ gâ^ XpX Xgt`V Xd[ccd^cge[`l^dccV dWaVgh (ed 3 Z^-
X^]^^) g[ djdfbth X dhZ[acV Vfb^t, dWod 3 Vfb^^. Ab[ccd hdXV Wâ^ hf^-
h[ epfXdcVmVacd dhZ[ac^ Vfb^^ X :Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV. EdWâ^]Vl^dccVhV
Z[_cdgh g[ Xp]aVYV cV ge[l^Vac^ dfYVc^, dhcVmVad cV Xd[cc^h[ d`fp\^t, V
edga[ cV iefVXa[c^thV cV Z^X^]^dcc^h[ dWaVgh^; ^]fVWdhXVh g[ ^ bdWâ^-
]Vl^dcc^ eaVcdX[, `d^hd ZV WpZVh ga[ZXVc^ ef^ dWtXtXVc[ cV bdWâ^]Vl^t.
LghVcdXtXV g[ ghfd_cV l[chfVa^]^fVcV g^gh[bV ]V iefVXa[c^[ cV ltaVhV
Xd_g`V. FVm[ad [ <[c[fVac^th oVW `Vhd YaVXcV mVgh dh E^c^gh[fghXdhd cV
Xd_cVhV (ed Xf[b[ cV Xd_cV – RVW cV Z[_ghXVoVhV Vfb^t), edZ c[Yd gV Xd-
[ccd^cge[`l^dcc^h[ dWaVgh^ ^ iefVXa[c^thV cV Z^X^]^^h[, V cVZdai g[
gh^YV ^ Zd Wf^YVZ^h[.7 A]YdhX[c^ Wâ^ de[fVh^Xc^ eaVcdX[, cV_-X[m[ ]V
6
:paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t 1877–1919…, g. 115. =Vcc^h[ gV cV dgcdXVhV cV WsZ\[h^h[ ]V gpdh-
X[hc^h[ j^cVcgdX^ YdZ^c^. EVa`d ed-c^g`^ (25 349 Zin^) gV ZVcc^h[ ]V 1888 Y. i "&*, $-
&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V…, 42–43.
7 @V fV]X^h^[hd cV Y[c[fVaoVWcVhV ^cgh^hil^t X\. .*$'*, ".4,. RVWph cV :paYVf-
g`VhV Vfb^t ^ Y[c[fVaoVWcVhV ^cgh^hil^t dh GgXdWd\Z[c^[hd Zd cVX[m[f^[hd cV :Va`Vcg`VhV

Xd_cV, 1912–1913 Y. – ;d[ccd^ghdf^m[g`^ gWdfc^`, 1983, 7 1, 113–133. 9Xhdfph fV]Ya[\ZV
edgh[e[ccdhd fV]YfVc^mVXVc[ b[\Zi RVW cV Vfb^thV (`Vhd dfYVc ef^ YaVXcd`dbVcZXVo^t, X
b^fcd Xf[b[ mVgh dh ;d[ccdhd b^c^gh[fghXd) ^ <[c[fVa[c oVW, ]Vc^bVXVo g[ g c[edgf[ZghX[-
cVhV edZYdhdX`V ]V Xd_cV ^ XàsmXVo ct`d^ ]X[cV cV RVWV cV Vfb^thV easg Y[c[fVaoVWc^
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 125
Xd_cV g Kifl^t, `d[hd Wâd gpfl[X^cV cV WpaYVfg`VhV Xd[ccV Zd`hf^cV,

ZpaYd Xf[b[ c[Zdeig`VoV Xd_cV g dghVcVa^h[ WVa`Vcg`^ Zpf\VX^. J hdXV
dfYVc^]Vl^dccdhd fV]X^h^[ cV WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V jV`h^m[g`^ ]VXpfnXV.
Hd gpodhd Xf[b[ g[ ]VfdZâ ^ edga[Zc^th fdZ Xd_g`V – Xd[ccdXp]Zin-
c^th, gpg g`fdbcdhd cVmVad dh [Z^c „ef^Xpf]Vc“ WVadc. Hf[] 1912 Y. Xp]-
ZikdeaVXVh[acdhd dhZ[a[c^[ Wâd gcVWZ[cd g V[fdeaVc^ ^ gpoVhV YdZ^cV
ct`da`d dj^l[f^ ^]Zpf\Va^ ^]e^h ]V a[hl^. =d 1908 Y. XpX jadhV Xa^]Va^
6 b^cdcdg[lV dh hêV „=fp]`^“ g ed 3 hdfe[Zc^ VeVfVhV, `d^hd ef[ZghVX-
atXVa^ ^ [Z^cghX[cVhV f[VacV Wd_cV gâV cV WpaYVfg`^t jadh, c[gfVXc^bd
ed-gaVW dh hifg`^t. Hf[] 1910 Y. g[ ef[b^cVXV `pb edghdtcc^ oVhdX[ XpX
Xpdfp\[c^h[ gâ^ ]V fV]a^`V dh ef[ZkdZcdhd [\[YdZcd ihdmctXVc[ cV oV-
hdX[h[ XpX Xd[cc^h[ WsZ\[h^.
<aVX[c l[chpf ]V edZYdhdX`VhV cV dj^l[f^ g^ dghVXV ;d[ccdhd imâ^-
o[, `d[hd ZVXVad ]VXpfn[cd Xd[ccd dWfV]dXVc^[. @VeVgc^ dj^l[f^ g[ edZ-
YdhXta^ X n`da^ ]V edZYdhdX`V cV ]VeVgc^ edZedfim^l^ X e[kdhVhV ^ Vfh^-
a[f^thV (gjdfb^fVc^ gpdhX[hcd ef[] 1901 ^ 1904 Y., Xedga[ZghX^[ ga[h^).
Jpo[ghXiXVa^ ^ fV]a^mc^ `fVh`^ â^ gp`fVh[c^ ìfgdX[. HdZdj^l[f^,
edZW^fVc^ ^]b[\Zi cV_-ZdWf^h[ Xd_c^l^ dh edga[Zc^t cVWdf, g[ dWimVXV-
a^ X eda`dX^ im[Wc^ `dbVcZ^ (dWim[c^[hd hfV[ad cV_-bVa`d 4 b[g[lV).
Cpb `fVt cV 1911 ^ cVmVadhd cV 1912 Y. g[ ef^ghpeâd `pb edZYdhdX`V ]V
dh`f^XVc[ cV Xd[ccV V`VZ[b^t, cd Xd_c^h[ edef[mâ^ cV dgpo[ghXtXVc[hd
cV efd[`hV. (;d[ccVhV V`VZ[b^t g[ gp]ZVXV cV dgcdXVhV cV ;d[ccdhd im^-
aô[ ef[] 1924 Y.)
EdZ[fc^]^fVc[hd cV Xpdfp\[c^[hd g[ dgpo[ghXtXVad mf[] ZdghVX`^
ef[Z^bcd dh MfVcl^t, <[fbVc^t, 9Xghfd-LcYVf^t, Iig^t ^ AhVa^t, hp_ `V-
hd :paYVf^t c[ fV]edaVYVaV g Xd[ccV ^cZighf^t (dgX[c [Z^c Xd[c[c Vfg[-
cVa g edbdoc^ jic`l^^). Gh 1889 Zd 1903 Y. g[ ^]XpfnXV ef[Xpdfp\VXVc[
cV e[kdhVhV ^ `VXVa[f^thV gpdhX[hcd g bVYV]^ccV ^ `VfVW^ccV ein`V
„EVca^k[f“ (VXghf^_g`d efd^]XdZghXd), cV_-ZdWfV ]V Xf[b[hd g^. Hf^[bV
g[ cV Xpdfp\[c^[ ^ edaiVXhdbVh^m[c e^ghda[h „HVfVW[aib“. Hf[] 1908 Y.
g[ cVWVXth h[\`^ `Vfh[mc^l^ „EV`g^b“. Go[ ga[Z JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV
Xd_cV ]VedmXV edZbtcVhV cV dfpZ^thV g ed-gpXpfn[c^ ZpaYdWd_c^ (c[g`d-
fdghf[ac^) Vfhâ[f^_g`^ dfpZ^t dh „Cfie“ ^ jf[cg`^h[ „QcV_Z[f“; ga[Z
1904 Y. ]VedmXV ZdghVX`V cV g`dfdghf[ac^ edag`^ dfpZ^t „QcV_Z[f“ (ghf[-
ato^ 18–40 eph^ ed-Wpf]d dh c[g`dfdghf[ac^h[) ^ YViW^l^ „QcV_Z[f“.
(]VXpfnâ^ ;d[ccVhV V`VZ[b^t) dj^l[f^ X c^gn[ghdto^h[ oVWdX[ (cV c^Xd Vfb^t, Z^X^]^t ^
Zdf^ Wf^YVZV ^ eda`). FVmVac^`ph cV <[c[fVac^t oVW cV Vfb^thV [ cV_-Wa^]p` edbdoc^` cV
YaVXcd`dbVcZXVo^t, h. [. lVft. GgcdX[c bdb[ch X fV]X^h^[hd [ ]V`dcph ]V Xpdfp\[c^h[ gâ^
dh 1891 Y.
; cVX[m[f^[hd cV Xd_c^h[ :paYVf^t WâV cV_-bâ^hVf^]^fVcVhV ghfVcV

cV :Va`Vc^h[ (g 9 eda`V cV 1 bâ^dc cVg[a[c^[) ef[Z JpfW^t (g 8 eda`V),
Iibpc^t (g 5,2 eda`V), Kifl^t (g 3,4 eda`V); cV [Z^c e[kdh[c eda` ^bVad ^
edX[m[ dj^l[f^. Kt ef[Xp]kd\ZVaV gpg[Z^h[ ^ ed dhcdn[c^[ cV `VXVa[f^t,
Vfhâ[f^t ^ ^c\[c[fc^ Xd_g`^. Cpb cVmVadhd cV :Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV Wpa-
YVfg`VhV Xd_g`V fV]edaVYVaV g 2952 Z[_ghXVo^ dj^l[f^ ^ 4150 ]VeVgc^
dj^l[f^, â^ dWod 7102; edZdj^l[f^h[ Wâ^ d`dad 5000, Xd_c^l^h[ – d`d-
ad 53 000 Zin^.8 Gj^l[f^h[ Wâ^ ]VXpfnâ^ Xd[ccd imâô[ (gVbd bVa-
`V mVgh ed [ZcdYdZ^n[c ìfg). :fdth cV ]VeVgc^h[ dj^l[fg`^ `VZf^ c[ Wâ
ZdghVhpm[c ^ g[ cVaVYVad cV hV`VXV gai\WV ZV g[ cV]cVmVXVh dh j[aZj[W[-
a^h[ cV Z[_ghX^h[acV gai\WV.
F[ gaimV_cd ef[] epfXdhd Z[g[hâ[h^[ cV NN X. :paYVf^t g c[_cVhV
cV_-gâcV ^ ZdWf[ edZYdhX[cV Vfb^t X f[Y^dcV WâV cVf^mVcV „Hfig^t cV
:Va`Vc^h[“.9 Ft`d^ WpaYVfg`^ dj^l[f^ g[ XZpkcdXtXVa^ dh bâ^hVf^gh^m-
c^ X^]^^, edZdWcd cV bV`[Zdcg`^t eVhf^dh H[hpf =pfX^cYdX, `d_hd gbthV
WpaYVfg`^t cVfdZ ]V ef^]XVc ^ ef[Zdef[Z[a[c dh „^ghdf^m[g`^ jVhVa^]pb“
]V k[Y[bdc^t cV :Va`Vcg`^t edaidghfdX:
K[f^hdf^thV cV Zc[ncV :paYVf^t – X gf[ZVhV cV edaidghfdXV – [ ZdghV-

hpmcd dWn^fcV ^ cVfdZph ZdXdacd m^ga[c, ]V ZV bd\[ ^b[ccd :paYVf^t
ZV WpZ[ dgcdXVhV cV WpZ[odhd Zpf\VXcd ]ZVc^[ cV edaidghfdXV, `V`hd
hdXV, bV`Vf g c[ZpaYdhfV[c ige[k, [ ghVXVad X b^cVadhd. Fd ^ ]VhdXV [
c[dWkdZ^bd hdt cVfdZ ZV WpZ[ g bcdYd ed-X^gd`V ìahifV, g bcdYd ed-
c[gp`fin^bd Xd_cghXd, YdhX[cd g^gh[bVh^m[g`^ do[ dh asa`VhV, ^
^]dWod g bcdYd ed-gâcd ed`da[c^[, dh`da`dhd g[YV, `dYVhd hd ZVa[m [
ZV WpZ[ cVZpkVcd g Zpf\VXc^m[g`^ ^Z[^.10
8 =Vcc^h[ ]V dj^l[f^h[ X :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t 1877–1919…, g. 169, 171–172. Jpo^h[ ZVc-
c^ i $0'5#*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…, 182–186. HdZdWc^ gV ^ ZVcc^h[ i "&*, $-

&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V…, 42–43, 48. Jedf[Z c[Yd ef[] 1912 Y. WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V fV]edaV-
YVaV g 52 873 Xd_c^l^, 5085 edZdj^l[f^, 2516 dj^l[f^ (dh htk 76 Y[c[fVaoVWc^), 4300 ]VeVg-
c^ dj^l[f^ (dhZ[acd ^bVad ^ 427 m^cdXc^l^).
9 ;\. '"&-$", . :paYVf^t ef[] mi\Z[cl^h[. – =[bd`fVh^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z, 7, 1909, 7 1,
175–190. Jf[Z dWdWo[c^h[ dh VXhdfV Xe[mVha[c^t cV mi\Z[cl^ [ Xp]k^hVhV dh :paYVfg`VhV

Vfb^t. >Zcd hdYVXVncd gfVXc[c^[ g ZfiY^h[ WVa`Vcg`^ Vfb^^ ^ htkcVhV Xpdfp\[cdgh ^ edZ-
YdhX[cdgh X\. i @[c^h (eg[XZdc^b cV $($.4, ".,*). ;d[ccdhd bdYpo[ghXd cV :paYVf^t
^ hdXV cV c[_c^h[ gpg[Z^. J., 1910. ;\. gpod 4,$) *, ".4,. Gh HadXZ^X `pb OVf^YfVZ ^
J`de^[. HVfVa[a cV Xd[cc^h[ gâ^. J., 1903, dgdW. 30–31. 9Xhdfph ^]hp`XV ^ dgdW[c^h[ Wd_-
cd-bdfVac^ `Vm[ghXV cV :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t, V ^b[ccd: ^]Zfp\a^Xdgh, f[n^h[acdgh ^ W[]fV]-
gpZcV cVeVZVh[acdgh, efdtXtXVoV g[ X „iZVfV cV o^`“.
10
4,$) *, ".4,. ;d[ccV :paYVf^t…, g. 72. 9Xhdfph de^gXV dWfV]V cV [ZcV :paYVf^t,
ef[XpfcVhV X YfVcZ^d][c „f[Zs^h“ (g. 77).
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 127
;efdm[b hp`bd jV`hph, m[ :paYVf^t g[ ^]Z^YcVaV Zd edad\[c^[hd cV

cV_-gâcV Zpf\VXV cV :Va`Vc^h[, t edghVXta X c[WaVYdef^thcV ed]^l^t,
od g[ dhcVgt Zd gàsmXVc[hd cV `dVa^l^t. Jedf[Z jdfbia^fVcVhV dh =\dc
jdc Fd_bVc „h[df^t cV ^Yf^h[“ ed-gaVW^ eVfhcrdf^ ed`V]XVh gàdccdgh ZV
g[ `dVa^fVh, `d[hd XdZ^ Zd Zdct`pZ[ eVfVZd`gVac^t ^]XdZ, m[ cV_-gâc^th
eVfhcrdf [ dW^`cdX[cd cV_-gaVW dh Ya[ZcV hdm`V cV Xp]bd\cdhd g^ imVgh^[
X `dVa^l^thV.11
;G>F>F :T=?>K A @9>EA @9 ;SGIS?9;9F>
M^cVcg^fVc[hd cV Vfb^thV `dghXVad dYfdbc^ gf[ZghXV. ;d[cc^h[ `f[Z^h^

Wâ^ f[ZdXc^ WsZ\[hc^ ^ ^]XpcWsZ\[hc^, ^ZXVo^ dh Xpcnc^ ]V[b^. Hf[Z-
X^Z hdXV bd\[ ZV g[ YdXdf^ ]V edghdtccV jVan^j^`Vl^t cV Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h,
]V ZV ^]Ya[\ZV hd_ ed-bVap`, dh`da`dhd Wâ X Z[_ghX^h[acdgh. FV_-cVef[Z ]V
Xd[cc^t f[gdf Wâ ]VZ[atc cV_-Ydatb Zta dh gVb^t f[ZdX[c WsZ\[h cV
Zpf\VXVhV, `d_hd dh^XVa ]V a^mc^t gpghVX, YaVXcd ]V ]VeaVh^ cV dj^l[f^h[.
Kd]^ Zta XVf^fV ^ Wâ ed-Ydatb (30–40%) ef^ ed-bVa`^h[ cVmVac^ WsZ\[h^,
cd ^ ef^ ed-Yda[b^h[ WsZ\[h^ dh epfXdhd Z[g[hâ[h^[ cV NN X. ]V[bVa epf-
Xdhd btghd (g cVZ 20%); hd_ W^ Wâ do[ ed-Ydatb, V`d g[ X][b[ edZ Xc^bVc^[
^ WsZ\[hcdhd e[fd ]V ^]eaVoVc[ cV ZpaYdX[h[ (YaVXcd Xd[cc^).12 ;d[cc^h[
igetXVa^ ZV cVaVYVh Ydatb WsZ\[h, ed]dXVXV_`^ g[ cV ci\Z^h[ cV Xd_g`VhV,
ef^[bVc^ W[]f[][fXcd dh eVfh^^ ^ cVfdZc^ ef[ZghVX^h[a^ `Vhd dgdW[cd
XV\c^ g dYa[Z cV cVl^dcVac^h[ l[a^. :sZ\[hc^h[ ef^clê^ cV ^`dcdb^t ^
dhm[hcdgh hi` efdghd ef[ghVXVa^ ZV gV X gâV ^ edmh^ ctbVad gaimV_ ZV g[
dhkXpfath ef[h[cl^^ cV Xd[cc^t b^c^ghpf. >hd `V` [ de^gVcd fVWda[ecdhd
dhcdn[c^[ cV FVfdZcdhd gpWfVc^[ dh [Z^c `f^h^m[c cVWasZVh[a:
I[Z YdZ^c^ ]V`dcdZVh[ath c[ [ Wâ, dgX[c W[]bpaX[c ^ W[]Xda[c V`l[eh

cV gad\[c^ ef[Z c[Yd ghVh^^ ^ eVfVYfVj^, V `dYVhd bi g[ ed]Xda^ ed-
X[m`d gXdWdZV, f[]iahVhph [ Xg[ ghVfVhV ciaV. EVa`d eVhdg â^ ged-
b[c[VXVc[] ]V dghVX`V dh Xd[cc^t b^c^ghpf, ^ kêcd]ph [ mVfdZ[[c.
D^lVhV g[ fV]X[ZftXVh, ]V`dc^h[ aêgXVh, VeadZ^gb[ch^h[ gb[cth cVe-
11
;\. '2", ). IdZ^cVhV b^ – efVXV â^ c[! ;pcncdeda^h^m[g`V efdeVYVcZV cV WVa-
`Vcg`^h[ ghfVc^ (1821–1923). J., Lc^X[fg^h[hg`d ^]ZVh[aghXd „JX. Ca^b[ch Gkf^Zg`^“, 1996,
g. 171. J ed]dXVXVc[ cV Ricker. The Study of Coalitions. – International Encyclopedia of Social
Sciences, Vol. 2, 525–527.
12
*+*, $,$'. JhdeVcg`V :paYVf^t, g. 432. Ja[Z Xd_c^h[ Z[aph cV Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h X
dWo^h[ WsZ\[hc^ fV]kdZ^ geVZV Zd d`dad 1/6, cd X edga[Zc^h[ ef[ZXd[cc^ YdZ^c^ (1936–
1939) dhcdXd g[ `VmXV Zd 1/4–1/3. ;\. ZVcc^h[ ]V Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h X: :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t
1877–1944. :^Wa^dYfVj^t. K. 2, 1918–1944. P. 1. J., JX. <[dfY^ HdW[Zdcdg[l, 1993, 17–21.
f[YcVhdhd cVghfd[c^[. A Xg^m`d hdXV gVbd ga[Z ct`da`d dW^`cdX[c^

jfV]^, ^]epaXVc^ [Z^cghX[cd mf[] defV]XVc[ cV dWo[ghX[cVhV kV]cV.13
FVf[Z g hdXV ^bVad ^]XpcWsZ\[hc^ `f[Z^h^ (fV]kdZ^), `d^hd dh^XVa^

dgcdXcd ]V Xpdfp\VXVc[.14 K[ ^ZXVa^ mf[] gàsmXVc[ cV Xpcnc^ ]V[b^
(ef^ YaVXc^ `f[Z^hdf^ MfVcl^t ^ 9Xghfd-LcYVf^t), ct`d^ dh `d^hd dh^XV-
a^ ^]ltad ]V ci\Z^h[ cV Vfb^thV, dgdW[cd ef[] e[f^dZV 1903–1912 Y. :pa-
YVfg`^th Xd[c[c WsZ\[h Wâ bd\[ W^ cV_-Ydatb cV :Va`Vc^h[, gX^Z[h[agh-
XV_`^ ]V gâcV bâ^hVf^]Vl^t cV Zpf\VXVhV.15
Gh cVmVadhd cV X[`V ZVh^fVh `f^h^mc^h[ VcVa^]^ cV Xd[cc^h[ WsZ\[h^
(cV H[hpf KdZdfdX, :dcmd :d[X ^ Zf.).16 Cf^h^`VhV cV Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h ed-
`V]XV f[Z^lV c[gpdWfV]cdgh^, fV]kô[c^t ^ eVfV]^hc^ tXa[c^t X cVm^cV cV
^]fV]kdZXVc[. FV_-cVef[Z dYfdb[c Zta dh^XVa ]V ^]eaVoVc[ cV dj^l[fg`^
]VeaVh^ (gpod `dbVcZ^fdX`^ ^ ef.), ef^ m[gh^ gai\[Wc^ edX^n[c^t. Gh cV-
mVadhd cV 90-h[ YdZ^c^ cV NIX X. cV Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h WâV ZVZ[cV ZVa[mcV
e[fge[`h^XV, od g[ dhcVgt Zd a^mc^t gpghVX, ef[ZX^\ZVoV „oVhcd gpZpf-
\Vc^[“ Zdf^ ef^ aêgVhV cV gpdhX[hc^t m^c. Di`gph ed ]VeaVh^ ^ edX^n[-
c^t ed m^c a^m^ dh jV`hV, m[ edhf[W[c^h[ ]V a^mc^t gpghVX gf[ZghXV dh 1888
Zd 1905 Y. cVfVgcVa^ edX[m[ dh ZXd_cd X gfVXc[c^[ g efdYf[gV cV Xd[cc^t
WsZ\[h `Vhd ltad. ; Vfb^thV g[ fV]X^XVa Wsfd`fVh^]pb (`Vcl[aVfo^cV),
iX[a^mVXVa^ g[ c[ghfd[X^h[ Zap\cdgh^ ^ W[]gb^ga[c^h[ Z[_cdgh^.
Jpo[Xf[b[ccd g[ Xpfn[a^ bcdYdWfd_c^ ]adiedhf[W^ g kfVcVhV ^ dWa[àd-
hd cV Xd_c^l^h[ ^ g a[m[c^[hd. GgdW[cd Yda[b^ fV]kô[c^t ghVXVa^ g eV-
fVYfVjV „Hphc^ ^ Zc[Xc^“ – „[Zcd dh cV_-b[g[gh^h[ eVfm[hV XpX Xd[cc^t
WsZ\[h“, ef^ `d[hd efd^]Xdacd g[ efVX[a^ `dbVcZ^fdX`^ X ghfVcVhV ^ X
mi\W^cV; fV]kôVXVad g[ ed Xd[cc^ aVY[f^ ^ im[c^t; c[^]fV]kdZXVc^h[
13
*!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hc^ dm[f`^. (;d[cc^th c^ WsZ\[h). – =[bd`fVh^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z,
4, 1906, 7 8, 797–823, l^h. cV g. 822.
14 ;\. l^jf^h[ ]V ^]fV]kdZXVc^h[ dh Xd[ccdhd X[ZdbghXd gXfpkgb[hc^ `f[Z^h^ dh 1885
Zd 1902 Y. `Vhd efdl[ch dh gXfpkgb[hc^h[ `f[Z^h^ ^]dWod i: *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hc^ dm[f-
`^ (;d[cc^th c^ WsZ\[h)…, g. 812.
15 ;\. de^hV ]V ef[gbthVc[ cV h[\[gh hV cV Xd[cc^h[ fV]kdZ^ Xpfki WpaYVfg`^t ZVcp`d-
eaVh[l i: *", *)2*. FVnVhV Vfb^t ^ c[_cdhd btghd X Zpf\VXcdhd ghdeVcghXd. – Je^gVc^[
cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d Zfi\[ghXd, 6, 1902, 7 8, 505–518. Jedf[Z dj^l[fV IVZ`d =^-
b^hf^[X WsZ\[hph cV Vfb^thV c^ Zdf^ Wâ bVap`, ef^ igadX^[ m[ gb[ ]VdW^`da[c^ dh Xg^m`^
ghfVc^ g efdh^Xc^l^ ^ m[ ]V „Zd^]`VfXVc[ cV Zpf\VXcd-cVl^dcVacdhd ]ZVc^[“ Xd_cVhV [ c[-
b^ci[bV. $($.,$", !&*. GfYVc^]Vl^thV cV Vfb^thV c^ X gXfp]`V g eda^h^m[g`dhd ^ j^-
cVcgdXd-^`dcdb^m[g`dhd edad\[c^[. – ;d[c[c \ifcVa, 12, 1900, 7 4, 395–408, dgdW. g. 399.
16 *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hc^ dm[f`^ (;d[cc^th c^ WsZ\[h.)…; :sZ\[hph ]V 1912 Y. –
=[bd`fVh^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z, 10, 1912, 7 1, 1–19. ;\. ^ VcVadY^mcVhV c[edZe^gVcV ghVh^t, tXcd
cV gpo^t VXhdf: =pf\VXc^th WsZ\[h ]V 1912 Y. – Je^gVc^[ cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d
Zfi\[ghXd, 15, 1911, 7 9, 782–792. Jpod *", *)2*. FVnVhV Vfb^t ^ c[_cdhd btghd. ;ph-
f[n[c ef[Ya[Z. – Je^gVc^[ cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d Zfi\[ghXd, 7, 1903, 7 10, 708–717.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 129
(„^`dcdb^gVc^“) gib^ dh WsZ\[hV c[ g[ XfpoVa^ dWfVhcd, V g[ cVhfieXVa^

X edZ[a[c^thV edZ ^b[hd „^`dcdb^m[g`^ gib^“ (ed-`pgcd cVf[m[c^ „gp[gh-
c^ gib^“17). Jf[Z eVfV]^hc^h[ tXa[c^t X Vfb^thV Wâ^ fV]fVghXVc[hd cV oV-
hV cV l[chfVacdhd iefVXa[c^[, Wpf]^h[ efd^]XdZghXV ^ ]V[bVc[hd cV c[ dgd-
W[cd XV\c^ gai\W^ dh X^gd`^ Xd[cc^ m^cdX[ (gpg gpdhX[hc^h[ ]VeaVh^),
fV]`f^XVc[hd cV bcd\[ghXd c[edhf[Wc^ ^ g^c[ìfc^ Zap\cdgh^ ^ gai\W^,
cVa^m^[hd cV bcdYd dj^l[f^ ]V bVa`d ^ bVadWfd_c^ Xd_g`dX^ [Z^c^l^, dh-
àdctXVc[hd cV dj^l[f^ (Xb[ghd m^cdXc^l^) `pb c[ghfd[X^ Z[_cdgh^ ^ ef.
Ft`da`d `f^h^`^ âsghf^fVh edad\[c^[hd g iW^_ghX[cV ^fdc^t. Hd
dhcdn[c^[ cV fV]Zih^t l[chfVa[c oVh:
O[chfVacdhd iefVXa[c^[ o[ edYapoV X 1912 Y. 1 053 892 a[XV (gVbd

502 000 a[XV X 1901 Y.), edc[\[ hVb o[ \[fhXVh gâ^h[ g^, b[\Zi Zfi-
Y^h[ m^cdXc^l^, 10 Y[c[fVa^, 18 eda`dXc^l^, 32 edZeda`dXc^l^, 26 bV-
_df^ ^ 24 `Ve^hVc^ – ed-c^gn^ dj^l[f^ edmh^ ctbVh Zdghpe Xphf[.
Hf[] hd]^ YVaVch[c c[ghfd[X^ WVhVardc, `dcghfi^fVc gedf[Z oVhV cV
fig`VhV Vfb^t ef[Z^ EVcZ\ifg`VhV `VhVghfdjV, Xp]c^`XV c[Xdacd
Xpefdgph: V `V`Xd a^ W^ Wâd l[chfVacdhd iefVXa[c^[ cV cVn[hd ;d[c-
cd b^c^gh[fghXd, V`d c^[ ^bVkb[ Vfb^thV cV X[a^`V Zpf\VXV? @Vodhd
<[fbVc^t, Vfb^thV cV `dthd [ 11,5–12 eph^ ed-YdatbV dh cVnVhV, dhZ[at
]V gXd[hd l[chfVacd iefVXa[c^[ gVbd 2,52 bac. a[XV.18
@V g^c[ìfc^t jadh:
Rd g[ dhcVgt Zd cVn^t jadh, WsZ\[hph cV `d_hd g[ [ iX[a^mâ dh 290

cV 390 kâ. a[XV, W[]eda[]cd o[ WpZ[ ZV g[ efdgh^fVb cVZpaYd ed hdXV
cV_-`dcjdfhVW[acd g^fdhde^hVaô[ X cVnVhV Vfb^t. Kd_ [ kVfV`h[f^-
]^fVc dhZVXcV X gVbVhV Xd[ccV a^h[fVhifV i cVg `Vhd Vcdc^bcd Zfi-
\[ghXd ]V ^]eda]XVc[ Zpf\VXc^h[ gib^ g sf^gh-`dcgia X Jdj^t (h. [.
;d[ccdhd b^c^gh[fghXd). JVbd i cVg bd\[ ZV g[ gp]ZVZ[ hV`pX bcdYd-
Wfd[c, g`ped eaVoVc (g ef[Yda[b^ Zc[Xc^ ^ ephc^) e[fgdcVa ]V ct`da-
`d fV]c[W^h[c^ tkh^, edaiYdZc^ b^cdcdgl^, `Vh[f^ ^ `Vgdc^.19
Hf^ gcVWZtXVc[hd cV Vfb^thV g[ ^]XpfnXVa^ bcdYdWfd_c^ Vj[f^ ^
]adiedhf[W^. FV_-[Zf^h[ Wâ^ gXpf]Vc^ g ZdghVX`^h[ dh mi\W^cV, ef^ `d^-
hd cV cV_-X^gd`d c^Xd (Xd[c[c b^c^ghpf) g[ gàsmXVa^ c[^]YdZc^ gZ[a`^
â^ g[ ZdghVXta^ c^g`d`Vm[ghX[c^ Xd[cc^ bVh[f^Va^ gf[oi hapgh^ `db^-
g^dc^. ; Vj[fVhV „QVfa ^ ?Vc“ g WfVìXVc^ eVhfdc^ ^ Zdacd`Vm[ghX[c^
17
CV`hd ^fdc^mcd `db[ch^fV hV]^ gbtcV cV h[fb^cdadY^thV H[hpf KdZdfdX, ht WâV ^]-
a^ncV, „edc[\[ ^ W[] hdXV g[ ]cV[n[, m[ eVf^h[ g[ ^]tZVh – W[]fV]a^mcd dh `dYd, ]V `V`Xd ^
`V`“. *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hc^ dm[f`^ (;d[cc^th c^ WsZ\[h)…, g. 819.
18 *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hph ]V 1912 Y., g. 12.
19 HV` hVb, g. 16. 9cVadY^mcd ]V jadhV X Zpf\VXc^t WsZ\[h ]V 1912 Y., g. 790.
ein`^ ef[] 1903 Y. Wâ^ ]Vb[g[c^ b^c^ghpf-ef[Zg[ZVh[ath Y[c. IVmd H[h-

fdX ^ Xd[cc^th b^c^ghpf Y[c. E^kVâ JVXdX20; ef[] 1904 Y. ghVcVaV h. cVf.
N[edXV Vj[fV (]V ZdghVX`V cV c[YdZc^ eVhfdc^); ef[] 1908 Y. Wâ^ ZdghVX[-
c^ c[YdZc^ gcVftZ^ ]V `f[edghcVhV Vfhâ[f^t; ef[] 1910 Y. Vc`[hVhV ]V
Z[_cdgh hV cV b^c^ghf^h[ dh ghVbWdadX^gh`^t `VW^c[h IVmd H[hfdX, H[hpf
<iZ[X, F^`daV <[cVZ^[X, Y[c. E^kVâ JVXdX ^ AXVc NVaVm[X ighVcdXtXV f[-
Z^lV ]adiedhf[W^, ct`d^ dh `d^hd gXpf]Vc^ g Vfb^thV.21 FV ed-c^g`d c^Xd
X dhZ[ac^h[ Xd_g`dX^ [Z^c^l^ g[ Xpfn[a^ ]adiedhf[W^ ef^ Xp]aVYVc[hd
(mf[] jVan^X^ hpfYdX[) cV ZdghVX`^ cV kfVc^, dWa[àd ^ bVh[f^Va^, `d^hd
dWaVYdZ[h[aghXVa^ Xp]ad\^h[a^h[ ^ ZdghVXm^l^h[ ]V gb[h`V cV Xd_c^l^h[.
@adiedhf[WtXVad g[ ^ g fV]c^h[ `dbVcZ^fdXpmc^, Zc[Xc^ ^ ZfiY^ `dbe[c-
gVl^^ ^ dWa[`m[c^t. A]dWod c[bVa`V mVgh dh Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h ^]h^mVaV ed
fV]c^ cVm^c^ X mVghc^h[ Z\dWdX[ cV Xd[cc^ a^lV.
Ge^h ]V ef[gbthVc[ cV dh^na^h[ ]V Vfb^thV gf[ZghXV (]VeaVh^ ^ Xpdfp-
\[c^t) g[ gpZpf\V X [ZcV fVWdhV Xpfki „eda^h^m[g`^h[ ZpaYdX[“ cV :paYV-
f^t. ;d[cc^ X h[g[c gb^gpa Wâ^ edX[m[hd ]V[b^ dh e[f^dZV 1901–1909 Y.,
`dYVhd g[ ^]XpfnXV ef[Xpdfp\VXVc[hd X edZYdhdX`V cV Xd_cVhV. JVbd ef[]
hd]^ e[f^dZ ]V Xd_g`V ^ Xpdfp\[c^t Wâ^ gàsm[c^ ]V[b^ ]V cdb^cVa dh
480 bac. ]aVhc^ a[XV (dh `d^hd f[Vacd edaim[cV gibV d`dad 404 bac.). Hd
h[]^ ]V[b^ `pb `fVt cV 1936 Y. Wâ^ ^]eaVh[c^ `fpYad 474 bac. ]aVhc^ a[XV
(]V a^kX^ `fpYad 417 bac. a[XV ^ gVbd 57 bac. ]V edYVn[c^t). Gh ef[ZXd[c-
c^h[ ]V[b^ `pb hV]^ ZVhV Wâ dghVcVa Ydatb f[XVadf^]^fVc ZpaY. Hft`d Xd-
[cc^ gV ^ ]V[b^h[ ]V j^cVcg^fVc[ cV Xd_c^h[ dh e[f^dZV 1910–1921 Y.; ed-
cVhVhp` – dhcdXd `f[Z^h[ ]V Xpdfp\[c^[ dh 30-h[ YdZ^c^ cV NN X.; g Xd_cV-
hV gV gXpf]Vc^ ^ f[eVfVl^^h[ ga[Z 1919 Y. ^ ZpaYdX[h[ ]V Xp]ghVcdXtXVc[
cV ghdeVcghXdhd (1923–1928).22 Fd [ hfiZcd ZV g[ ighVcdX^ ltadghcVhV ^
`fV_cV gibV, dh^naV ]V Xpdfp\[c^thV ^ Xd_c^h[.
JGOA9D>F JK9KLJ F9 GMAO>IAK>
Gj^l[f^h[ ]V[a^ ge[l^Vacd, gâcd ^]Z^YcVhd ^ bVh[f^Vacd dW[]e[m[cd

edad\[c^[ X cdXdimf[Z[cVhV WpaYVfg`V Zpf\VXV. K[ Wâ^ cV_-ZdWf[ eaVh[-
20 +2", "*, $. =[adhd „QVfa-?Vc“ ef[Z gpZV. J., 1906; #-*, $(*. ;^Ztcd ^ ef[-
\^Xtcd, 1891–1944. J., GM, 1969, 103–104.

21 =dàVZ Zd NIV GW^`cdX[cd cVfdZcd gpWfVc^[ dh HVfaVb[chVfcVhV ga[ZghX[cV `db^g^t
ed ^]Z^fXVc[ ^ ighVcdXtXVc[ jV`h^h[ cV dWX^c[c^[hd gf[oi W^Xn^h[ b^c^ghf^ dh `VW^c[hV

I. H[hfdX–=. H[h`dX–H. <iZ[X. J., 1911, 37–48.
22 *'&*, .)2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ ZpaYdX[ cV :paYVf^t X g^gh[bVhV cV ]V[bcVhV 8 ed-
a^h^`V. (Ghe[mVhp` dh <dZ^nc^`V cV ;^gn[hd hpfYdXg`d imâô[ – ;VfcV, 1936–1937). ;Vf-

cV, 1938, 44–46.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 131
c^h[ m^cdXc^l^ ^ gVbd h[ ^bVa^ Xp]bd\cdgh ]V Wpf]V `Vf^[fV g W[]ef[eth-

ghX[cd edX^nVXVc[ ed m^c ^ ]XVc^[, V g hdXV – ^ ed-X^gd`^ ]VeaVh^. KdXV
ghVXVad WaVYdZVf[c^[ cV Wpf]dhd fV]fVghXVc[ cV Vfb^thV ^ igad\ctXVc[hd
cV c[_cVhV dfYVc^]Vl^t (edX[m[ _[fVfk^m[g`^ c^XV ^ fV]`f^XVc[ cV cdX^
gai\W^). Jpo[Xf[b[ccd cV dj^l[f^h[ g[ edaVYVa^ f[Z^lV ZfiY^ „ZdXdagh-
X^t“, `Vhd YVfc^]dcc^ eVf^ (gVbd ]V Jdj^_g`^t YVfc^]dc), `XVfh^fc^ eV-
f^, jifV\c^ eVf^ ^ Zdf^ eVf^ ]V cV[b cV gaiY^; edaVYVa^ ^b g[ ^ „edgd-
W^t“ (h. [. bVh[f^Vac^ edbdo^) ]V dWa[àd, ]V a[ìXVc[ cV Wda[gh^ (^ eaV-
h[c^ dheig`^ ed Wda[gh) ^ ef.; cV_-g[hc[, `dbVcZ^fdXpmc^ (ephc^ ^ Zc[X-
c^) ^ Zpf\VXc^ jV_hdc^ ]V ed-X^gn^h[ Xd[cc^ cVmVac^l^.23 Jai\[Wcdhd
edad\[c^[ cV dj^l[f^h[ ]V fV]a^`V dh hdXV cV ZfiY^h[ m^cdXc^l^ Wâd
ghVWâcd ^ bV`Vf m[ bd\[a^ ZV WpZVh ef[kXpfatc^ dh [ZcV mVgh X ZfiYV, c[
g[ Zdeig`Vad W[]ef^m^ccd iXdactXVc[. Jpod e[cg^dccd (^ ]ZfVXcd) h[ W^-
a^ cV_-ZdWf[ dg^Yif[c^ g ed-fVccd dh ZfiY^h[ e[cg^dc^fVc[ ^ ZXd_cd ed-
Yda[b^ e[cg^^, Zdh^fVc^ ^ dh kV]cVhV.
=dWf[ dg^Yif[c^ bVh[f^Vacd, dj^l[f^h[ g[ miXghXVa^ X efVXdhd g^ ZV
^bVh fV]cddWfV]c^ ef^Xâ[Y^^, `d^hd h[ gXpf]XVa^ g XV\cVhV g^ jic`l^t.
„HfVXdhd“ cV dj^l[f^h[ cV X^gd` bVh[f^Va[c ghVcZVfh [ VfYib[ch^fVcd
m^ghd gpgadXcd dh ^]X[ghc^t dj^l[f (Y[fd_ dh JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_-
cV, g YdatbV `Vf^[fV Xedga[ZghX^[) IVZ`d =^b^hf^[X:
Hdad\[c^[hd cV dj^l[f^cV [ ^]àsm^h[acd ^ hd ZVa[m c[ bd\[ ZV WpZ[

gfVXctXVcd g dcdXV cV m^cdXc^`V. Hdga[Zc^th bd\[ ZV \^X[[ `V`hd cV-
b[f^ ]V Xp]bd\cd; dj^l[f^cph [ Zap\[c ZV XdZ^ [Z^c gfVXc^h[acd
g`pe \^Xdh, ghfdYd def[Z[a[c dh ef^[h^h[ Xd[cc^ hfVZ^l^^. P^cdX-
c^`ph bd\[ ZV g[ ]Vc^bVXV ^ gpg gXd^ mVghc^ fVWdh^, `d^hd bi ZdcVgth
^]X[gh[c ZdkdZ; ]V dj^l[f^cV Xgt`d edZdWcd ]Vcth^[ g[ gm^hV c[iZdW-
cd ^ X WaVYdighfd[c^h[ Vfb^^ cV hV`X^] `db[fgVch^ [ ef^[hd ZV g[ Ya[-
ZV `Vhd c[Zdghd_c^ ZV cdgth bicZ^f^. P^cdXc^`ph bd\[ ZV g[ dWa^mV
ed XìgV g^ ^ Xg^m`d hdXV gfVXc^h[acd bi ghfiXV [Xh^cd; dj^l[f^cph
[ Zap\[c ZV WpZ[ X^cVY^ ghp`cVhd dWa[m[c, V gVbdhd dWa[àd [ g`ped ^
ed fdZV cV gai\WVhV edZa[\^ cV hXpfZ[ Wpf]d fV]XVatc[. P^cdXc^`ph
bd\[ ZV g[ kfVc^ YZ[hd ^ `V`hd o[; dj^l[f^cph, c[]VX^g^bd dh gXd^h[
a^mc^ XìgdX[, `d^hd bdYVh ZV WpZVh ^ hXpfZ[ g`fdbc^, [ Zap\[c ZV g[
kfVc^ XpX Xd[ccdhd gpWfVc^[, â^ V`d hV`Xd] c[ gpo[ghXiXV, hd X ed-
23 =Vcc^ ]V ]VeaVh^h[ ^ ]V ZfiY^h[ „eVf^mc^ ZdXdaghX^t“ X sWâ[_cdhd ^]ZVc^[: :paYVf-
g`VhV Vfb^t ef^ Xp]n[ghX^[hd cV F[YdXd OVfg`d ;^gdm[ghXd Cct]V cV WpaYVfg`^t ef[ghda ^
Zc[g, ZXVZ[g[hYdZ^nc^cVhV dh lVfiXVc[hd bi. J., A]ZVc^[ cV RVWV cV Vfb^thV, 1907, 39–41,
54–55, 146. Jpod ]V ]VeaVh^h[ ef[Z^ Xd_c^h[: $0'5#*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…,
g. 162. <[c[fVa edaimVXVa 12 000 a[XV YdZ^ncd, Wf^YVZ[c `dbVcZ^f – 9300, eda`dXc^` – 8400,
edZeda`dXc^` – 6000, bV_df – 5400, `Ve^hVc – 4500, edfim^` – 3000, edZedfim^` – 2700.
=Vcc^ ]V e[cg^^h[ cV g. 178–179.
efâ^mc^h[ f[ghdfVc^, X efdh^X[c gaimV_ hd_ f^gìXV ZV WpZ[ dWX^c[c

X c[ib[c^[ ZV eV]^ gXd[hd dj^l[fg`d Zdghda[e^[.24
FV dgcdXVhV cV jV`h^m[g`^ ef^Xâ[Y^fdXVcdhd g^ edad\[c^[ dj^l[f^-

h[ Wpf]d fV]Xâ^ gXd^ gpgadXc^ `dcX[cl^^, ^Z[^ ]V efâ^mcd ^ edZdWVXV-
od (X bVh[f^Va[c ^ gdl^Va[c gb^gpa), ghâ cV dWoiXVc[, edcth^[ ]V m[gh
(„cV bicZ^fV“). ; `VZ[hg`^t `dfeig Y^ im[a^ ^ cV ^]hpcm[c^ gX[hg`^ (gV-
adcc^) bVc^[f^, `Vhd hVcl^, j[khdX`V ^ ef. Gj^l[f^h[ Wâ^ ]VZpa\[c^ ZV
edg[oVXVh gVbd def[Z[a[c^ ]VX[Z[c^t (^ cV_-X[m[ ;d[cc^t àiW). ?[c^h-
W^h[ cV dj^l[f^h[ Wâ^ f[YaVb[ch^fVc^ X ^ch[f[g cV gpgadXcVhV ^]Z^YcV-
hdgh, od g[ dhcVgt Zd Xp]fVgh, YVfVcl^t ]V bVh[f^VacV dg^Yif[cdgh ^ efd-
^]kdZ cV c[X[ghVhV. Gj^l[fph hftWXVad ZV edaim^ fV]f[n[c^[ ]V \[c^hWV
dh cVmVac^`V cV mVghhV, `d_hd ef[l[ctXVa jVbâ^thV cV c[X[ghVhV ^ Zd`da-
`d \[c^hWVhV [ „ef^ghd_cV ^ gpXb[gh^bV g dj^l[fg`VhV a^mcV ^ `dfedfV-
h^XcV m[gh“. IV]f[n[cVhV ]V \[c^hWV Xp]fVgh gedf[Z „Hdad\[c^[hd ]V
gai\WVhV ^ edad\[c^[hd cV dj^l[f^h[“ dh 1906 Y. WâV ga[Z 28 YdZ^c^; \[-
c^hWV g[ Zdeig`VaV ^ ga[Z 25-YdZ^ncV Xp]fVgh, X gaimV_ m[ dj^l[fph Xc[-
g[ X `VgVhV cV mVgh hV l[cc^ `c^\V, cdg[o^ cV_-bVa`d 1200 a[XV YdZ^n[c
ef^kdZ (â^ Zd`V\[, m[ ^bV `Ve^hVa â^ ^bdh ]V b^c^bib 10 000 a[XV).25
Hf^Xâ[Y^fdXVcdhd dj^l[fghXd g[ djdfbâd X gXd[dWfV]cd `VghdXd,
]VhXdf[cd dWo[ghXd. @V `dfedfVh^Xcdhd geadhtXVc[ Zdef^cVgta ^ dhcdg^-
h[acd dYfVc^m[c^th Wfd_ cV dj^l[f^h[ ^ do[ ed-dYfVc^m[c^th Wfd_ cV
ghVfn^h[ dj^l[f^, gXpf]Vc^ ^ mf[] a^mc^ ef^th[ag`^ Xfp]`^. @V Xd[cc^h[
`dcX[cl^^ ^ ghâ cV \^Xdh m[h[b X gedb[c^h[ cV =^bd CV]VgdX:
Hf[] 1905 Y. Wfdth cV dj^l[f^h[ X Jdj^t W[n[ 748 Zin^, edfVZ^ `d[-
hd X bVa`^t ghda^m[c YfVZ h[ g[ gf[oVkV cVXgt`pZ[. Gha^mVXVkV g[ gpg
gXd[hd ^]^g`Vcd dWa[àd ^ gpg gVbdcVZ[tcdhd g^ ^ YdfZd Zpf\Vc[. A]
ia^l^h[ bcdYd ftZ`d g[ ZX^\[kV g YfV\ZVc^, V dW^`cdX[cd gpg gXd^
`da[Y^. GWoiXVc[hd g „l^Xâc^“ g[ gm^hVn[ edZd]f^h[acd. Gj^l[fgh-
Xdhd ef[ZghVXatXVn[ [ZcV gXd[dWfV]cV ]VhXdf[cV `VghV, gf[oi `dthd
cVXf[b[hd XdZ^ dghfV eda[b^`V ge^gVc^[ „E^gpa“.26
Gj^l[fghXdhd g[ dWdgdWâd ^ efVXcd. KpfcdXg`VhV `dcgh^hil^t

(ma. 72) edghVcdXtXV, m[ Xd[cc^h[ a^lV cV Z[_ghX^h[acV gai\WV g[ gpZth ed
24 $($.,$", !&*. Hd ]VeaVh^h[ ^ bVh[f^Vacdhd edad\[c^[ cV cVn^h[ dj^l[f^. –
;d[c[c \ifcVa, 12, 1900, 7 11, 1363–1390, l^h. cV 1378–1379.

25
;\. f[YaVb[chVl^thV cV h[]^ edad\[c^t X f[Z^lV Xd[cc^ ]V`dc^ ^ efVXâc^l^ X: :pa-
YVfg`VhV Vfb^t ef^ Xp]n[ghX^[hd…, g. 55, 146–147.
26
#-*, $(*. Ft`dYVnc^h[ cVn^ YfVZdX[. J., A]ZVh[aghXd cV GM, 1975, g. 183; La^l^,
kdfV, gpW^h^t, 158–159. ;\. ^ "*, $", "*, $. GgXdWd\Z[c^[hd ^ [hcdìahifcdhd…,
105–106.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 133
`f^b^cVac^ Z[aV dh Xd[cc^ gpZâôV. KdXV XV\Vad ^ ]V ef[ghpea[c^t dh

dWodYfV\ZVcg`^ kVfV`h[f ^ c[ gVbd ef^ Xd_cV, V ^ X b^fcd Xf[b[. ;ed-
ga[ZghX^[ g[ fV]XâV dgdW[cV (VXhdcdbcV) edZgpZcdgh, X `dthd XV\Va^
ZfiY^ ef^clê^ – c[fV]Z[a[cdgh b[\Zi dWX^c^h[acV ^ VZb^c^ghfVh^XcV
XaVgh, b[\Zi ef[ZXVf^h[acd ga[ZghX^[ ^ dWX^c[c^[, b[\Zi Z^glêa^cVfcV
^ gpZ[WcV XaVgh ^]dWod, Wpf]^cV ^ ef. Kt [ VfYib[ch^fVcV dh Xd[cc^ VXhd-
f^ g ^]^g`XVc^thV cV Xd[ccVhV Z^glêa^cV X ^ch[f[g cV [Z^ccVhV Xdat (h. [.
`dbVcZc^t ef^clê) ef^ ^]epac[c^[ cV eVhf^dh^mc^t Xd[c[c ZpaY. Jedf[Z
^]eda]XVcVhV j^`l^t Zpf\VXVhV, `dthd [Z^cghX[cV ef^h[\VXV bdcdedaV ZV
iefV\ctXV ef^ciZV, Z[a[Y^fV gXdthV cV`V]Vh[acV XaVgh cV Vfb^thV `Vhd
`dfedfVl^t ed dhcdn[c^[ cV c[_c^h[ ma[cdX[.27 ; cVX[m[f^[hd cV Xd_c^-
h[ cVm[ad cV „Xd[ccd-gpZ[WcVhV mVgh“ cV Vfb^thV ghdta YaVX[c Xd[c[c efd-
ìfdf, ^bVad ^ <aVX[c Xd[c[c `VgVl^dc[c gpZ. Mic`l^dc^fVa^ 3 Xd[cc^
gpZâôV – ed 1 XpX Xgt`V ^cge[`l^dccV dWaVgh; 9 Xd[cc^ ga[ZdXVh[a^ –
ed [Z^c cV Z^X^]^dccV dWaVgh; ]V bVa`^ ef[ghpea[c^t ^bVad eda`dX^ gpZ^-
aôV. JpZ[ad g[ ed Xd[ccdcV`V]Vh[ac^t ]V`dc dh 1887 Y. ^ c[YdX^h[ ^]b[-
c[c^t ^ Zdepac[c^t.28 JXd[dWfV]c^th gpZ[W[c ^bic^h[h (^ „[`gh[f^hd-
f^Vacdgh“) cV Xd[cc^h[ cV efV`h^`V m[ghd ^b ZVXVa^ Xp]bd\cdgh ZV ^]WtY-
cVh dWodYfV\ZVcg`VhV gpZ[WcV dhYdXdfcdgh; gVb^h[ Xd[cc^ gpZâôV W^-
a^ ed-g`dfd Z^glêa^cVfc^ ^ ]VhdXV – m[ghd hXpfZ[ b[`^ ^ XpX Xg[`^ gai-
mV_ bcdYd efd^]Xdac^ ^ Z[_ghXVo^ „ed igbdhf[c^[“. KdXV gp]ZVad dWdgcd-
XVc^ cVghfd[c^t gf[oi htk. HdefVX`V `pb `dcgh^hil^thV dh 1911 Y. dYfV-
c^mâV sf^gZ^`l^thV cV Xd[cc^h[ gpZâôV X gb^gpa, m[ c[ ef^ Xg^m`^
gaimV^ Xd[cc^ a^lV g[ gpZth dh Xd[cc^ gpZâôV, V ]V ct`d^ ef[ghpea[c^t
– dh YfV\ZVcg`^ (`d[hd hftWXVad ZV g[ def[Z[a^ dh ge[l^Va[c ]V`dc). ;
`fV_cV gb[h`V ^]Xpfn[c^h[ dh Xd[cc^ a^lV ef[ghpec^ Z[tc^t ed Xd[ccd-
cV`V]Vh[ac^t ]V`dc, cV`V]Vh[ac^t ]V`dc (W[] ct`d^ YaVX^) ^ ]V`dcV ]V ]Vo^-
hV cV Zpf\VXVhV dghVcVa^ edZgpZc^ cV Xd[cc^h[ gpZâôV, V ef[ghpec^h[
Z[tc^t ed ZfiY^ ge[l^Vac^ ]V`dc^ – cV dWo^h[ iYaVXc^ gpZâôV.29 KV`V
dgdW[cVhV Xd[ccV sf^gZ^`l^t efdZpa\âV ZV WpZ[ bcdYd n^fd`V.
27
;p]Ya[Z^h[ ]V c[]VX^g^bdgh cV Vfb^thV dh l^Xâc^h[ XaVgh^ gV efd`VfVc^ h[df[h^mcd
cVef^b[f i: '&)-&$, $'")&*. ;d[ccV [h^`V. (;d_g`VhV ^ c[_c^th cfVXghX[c [a[b[ch). J.,
1908, 155–167. Hf[] 30-h[ YdZ^c^ cV NN X. dWdgdW[cdgh hV cV Xd[ccdhd gpZdefd^]XdZghXd g[
VfYib[ch^fV do[ ed-`Vh[Ydf^mcd dh '$&*, '$6. GgcdX^h[ cV Xd[ccdhd gpZdefd^]XdZghXd.
– ;d[c[c \ifcVa, 38, 1931, 7 3, 1–13. Jedf[Z hd]^ VXhdf Xd[cc^h[ hftWXVad ZV g[ gpZth dh
„[gh[ghX[c^t g^ gpZ“ Zdf^ `dYVhd gV g[ efdX^câ^ c[ ed gai\WV, V ^ ed cV`V]i[b^ ed dWod-
YfV\ZVcg`^h[ ]V`dc^ ef[ghpea[c^t, gpod X b^fcd Xf[b[.
28
;\. $0'5#*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…, g. 175. Hf[ghpea[c^thV ed ]V`dcV ]V
VcVfk^gh^h[ ^ ef[ghpec^l^h[ efdh^X Zpf\VXVhV ^ dWo[ghX[cVhV g^Yifcdgh dh 1907 Y. gpod
Wâ^ edZgpZc^ cV Xd[ccdeda[X^h[ gpZâôV.
29
;\. $&*'", $&*'%. ;d_g`VhV X eVfaVb[chVfcVhV Zpf\VXV. J., 1926, 71–74.
CV`pXhd ^ ZV Wâ gdl^Vac^t ^b efd^]kdZ, ^]Z^YcVh^th gdl^Va[c ghVhig

^ ZdWfdhd bVh[f^Vacd edad\[c^[ dh`pgXVa^ dj^l[f^h[ dh ghVfVhV gdl^Va-
cV gf[ZV ^ Y^ efîmVXVa^ cV ]VZdXda[c (Wif\dV][c) cVm^c cV \^Xdh. K[ g[
ef[XpfcVa^ XpX X[fc^ ]Vo^hc^l^ cV ighVcdX[c^t dWo[ghX[c ^ Zpf\VX[c
f[Z. @V fV]a^`V dh fVccVhV cVb[gV X Wifc^t eda^h^m[g`^ \^Xdh dh cVmVac^t
e[f^dZ, dj^l[f^h[ ]VedmcVa^ ZV g[ Z^ghVcl^fVh dh Xphf[ncdeda^h^m[g`^-
h[ WdfW^ b[\Zi Wif\dV]c^h[ eVfh^^ ^ jfV`l^^. KdXV Z^ghVcl^fVc[ edm^XV-
ad cV gkXVoVc[hd ]V Vfb^thV `Vhd c[eVfh^_cV ^cgh^hil^t ^ cV df^[ch^fV-
c[hd cV Xd^cg`VhV Xtfcdgh `pb bdcVfkV ^ Zpf\VXVhV. GgcdXc^ l[ccdgh^ ]V
Xd[cc^h[ Wâ^ bdcVfk^thV, cVl^thV, Xd_g`VhV ^ f[a^Y^thV. @V dgdW[cd l[c-
cV Xd[ccV ZdWfdZ[h[a g[ gbthVaV Z^glêa^cVhV, `dthd g[ gXpf]XVaV g ^]epa-
c[c^[hd cV eVhf^dh^mc^t („XpfkdX[c“) Xd^cg`^ ZpaY ef[Z dh[m[ghXdhd ^ dh-
hi` kVfV`h[fcd g[ def[Z[ataV `Vhd Xpefdg cV bdfVa â^ cfVXghX[cdgh.30
A]dWod dj^l[fghXdhd ]VedmcVad ZV ef^[bV g[W[ g^ `Vhd cV_-W[]`df^g-
h[c ^]fV]^h[a cV cVl^dcVac^h[ ^ch[f[g^ ^ ^Z[Va^, [Z^cghX[c ]Vo^hc^` cV
cVl^thV ^ dh[m[ghXdhd, ghdto cVZ [Yd^gh^mc^ àVg^ ^ dWkXVcVh^ dh eVfh^]Vc-
g`^ edfdl^ ^ Z[bVYdY^t eVfh^^. Gh hV]^ ed]^l^t Xd[cc^ a^lV `f^h^ìXVa^
c[ gVbd eVfh^^h[ ^ ef[gVhV, cd ^ ^cgh^hil^^ `Vhd imâô[hd ^ ic^X[fg^h[-
hV, lpf`XVhV ^ g[b[_ghXdhd, X mVghcdgh m[ c[ ZVXVh eVhf^dh^mcd ^ f[a^Y^d]-
cd Xp]e^hVc^[ cV baVZ[\hV, `d[hd cVXf[\ZV cV bdfVaV ^ Z^glêa^cVhV X Vf-
b^thV ^ XdZ^ Zd „bVc`^fVc[“ cV „dh[m[ghX[c^t ZpaY“. >hd `V` g^ ef[ZghVXt
fdathV cV g[b[_ghXdhd ^ imâô[hd gedb[cVh^th eda`. H[hpf =pfX^cYdX:
… WpaYVfg`VhV bV_`V hftWXV ZV gp]ZVXV g^cdX[: epfXd, XtfXVo^ X g[W[

g^; Xhdfd, X[a^`dZinc^ geftbd ZfiY^h[; hf[hd, ef[]^fVo^ gbpfhhV;
m[hXpfhd, asWto^ fdZcVhV ][bt; e[hd, g^cdX[ g Xdat ^ c[Wdto^ g[ dh
c^`dYd.
; imâôVhV hftWXV:
… ZV g[ eV]th gX[o[c^h[ ]VX[h^ cV b^cVa^h[ ed`da[c^t, ZV g[ ^]imVXVh

tgcd ^ ^g`f[cd ^ghdf^m[g`^h[ edi`^ dh cVfdZcdhd b^cVad, ZV g[ Zpf-
\Vh X^gd`d cVl^dcVac^h[ ^Z[Va^ ^ ZV g[ fV]X^XV X[a^m^[hd cV mdX[`V ^
mdX[`V WpaYVf^c, `d_hd hftWXV ZV WpZ[ ìahif[c, XtfXVo X g[W[ g^ `V-
hd ^cZ^X^Z, bp\[ghX[c `Vhd Wdf[l, m[ghdasW^X `Vhd WpaYVf^c, X[f[c
30 FV Xd[ccVhV Z^glêa^cV ^ ef^clêV cV [Z^cdcVmVa^[hd X Vfb^thV X gai\WV cV „dh[m[g-
hX[c^t ZpaY“ gV edgX[h[c^ bcdYd e^gVc^t dh dj^l[f^, cVef. '&)-&$, $'")&*. ;d[ccV
[h^`V…, 155–167; $($.,*, '"&-)!4,. =^glêa^cV ^ bdfVa X Vfb^thV c^. J., 1915; 5'-
("#*, ,$-.*. ;d_g`VhV ^ c[_cVhV eg^kdadY^t. J., 1906; )*, $0$'. ;p]e^hVc^[ ^ dW-
fV]dXVc^[ cV Xd_c^`V. ;VfcV, 1906; E^ga^ Xpfki cfVXghX[c^t [a[b[ch ^ `dbVcZiXVc[hd X cV-
nVhV Vfb^t. – ;d[c[c \ifcVa, 18, 1906, 7 5, 611–635.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 135
cV ZibVhV `Vhd ZfiYVf, WaVYdfdZ[c, dh`fdX[c, ef[]^fVo ap\VhV ^ edfd-

`V ^ YdhdX ZV g[ ed\[fhXiXV ]V dWo[ghX[cdhd ^ dWodWpaYVfg`dhd WaV-
Yd `Vhd YfV\ZVc^c.31
IVhiXVad g[ [ ]V XpX[\ZVc[ cV Xd[ccd dWim[c^[ X imâôVhV ^ ]V gp]-

ZVXVc[ cV ghf[am[g`^ Zfi\[ghXV, `d[hd (gedf[Z Y[c. <[dfY^ ;V]dX) o[ ZVZ[
cV Vfb^thV „bVh[f^Va ed-^]e[m[c ^ Zdc[_Z[ ef^YdhX[c, eda^fdXVc“; ZfiY
VXhdf ef[ZghVXt imâô[hd `Vhd ct`V`XV ef[ZXVf^h[acV `V]VfbV, edc[\[
„hVb g[ ef^gV\ZV dct X^gd` bdfVa[c Zik, dc^t cfVXghX[c^ [a[b[ch^, dcd-
XV eVhf^dh^m[g`d miXghXd, `d^hd efVXth Vfb^thV gâcV ^ `d^hd gVbd g[
fV]X^XVh, gpXpfn[cghXiXVh ^ ef^gedgdWtXVh ]V fV]ibc^ Wd_c^ edf^X^ X
gpo^cg`VhV `V]VfbV“.32
FV bin`VhV cV Xd[cc^h[ edeVZVh dgdW[cd a[X^mVfg`dhd im^h[aghXd ^
Vch^Xd[ccd cVghfd[cVhV ^ch[a^Y[cl^t g X^gn[ dWfV]dXVc^[.33 ;d[cc^h[ g[
efdh^XdedghVXta^ cV_-f[n^h[acd cV VhVìXVo^h[ ighVcdX[c^t f[Z ^ bâ^-
hVf^]bV dh ed]^l^^h[ cV eVl^j^]bV, VcVfk^]bV, gdl^Va^]bV ^ ^ch[fcVl^-
dcVa^]bV („`dgbdeda^h^]bV“).34 Fd ef[Z^ Xd_c^h[ c[ZdXdaghXdhd cV Xd[c-
c^h[ dh YfV\ZVcg`^h[ g^gh[bV ^ iefVXa[c^[ do[ c[ Wâd gh^YcVad Zd fV]-
W^fVc^t ]V cVb[gV ^ ]VbtcV g W[]eVfh^_cd eda^h^m[g`d iefVXa[c^[.
HdZZpf\Vc[hd cV gâcV Vfb^t g[ dWdgcdXVXV g c[dWkdZ^bdgh hV dh dh-
WfVcV cV c[]VX^g^bdgh hV ^ eda^h^m[g`dhd gpo[ghXiXVc[, cd cV_-X[m[ `Vhd
gf[ZghXd ]V dgpo[ghXtXVc[ cV dW[Z^c^h[ac^h[ cVl^dcVac^ ^Z[Va^.35 Hd-
fVZ^`Vacd, bV`Vf ^ ftZ`d, Xd[ccVhV gâV g[ dWdgcdXVXV `Vhd jâdgdj^t cV
b[\ZicVfdZc^h[ dhcdn[c^t. KV`V [Z^c Xd[c[c VXhdf ef[ZaVYV fVZ^`VacV
X^]^t ]V gX[hV `Vhd gpghVX[c dh Zpf\VX^, `d^hd g[ f[ge[`h^fVh X]V^bcd gV-
bd dh Xd[cc^h[ g^ gâ^, V Xd_cVhV [ „epfXdhd ^ edga[Zcd igadX^[ cV md-
31 4,$) *, ".4,. ;d[ccV :paYVf^t. – ;pX: 4,$) *, ".4,. A]WfVc^ efd^]X[Z[-
c^t. JpghVX. H[c`dX, Jhdtc. J., ;d[ccd ^]ZVh[aghXd, 1988, 50–82 (cV_-cVef[Z eiWa^ìXVcd
ef[] 1911 Y.), l^h. cV 75–76. Jedf[Z gpo^t VXhdf X Jdj^_g`^t ic^X[fg^h[h „edX[m[, dh`da`d-
hd Xgt`pZ[ ZfiYVZ[, hftWXV ZV g[ ZVXVh ZdghV edcth^t Xpfki [gh[ghXdhd cV Wdt, Xd_cVhV, fV]-
c^h[ fdZdX[ dfp\^t ^ ^]dWod dhWfVcVhV cV Zpf\VXVhV“ (eV` hVb).
32 #*, "*, $. @V Xd[ccVhV Y^bcVgh^`V X imâôVhV ^ X dWo[ghXdhd. J., 1884, g. 63;
$(2", *!*,. Lmâô[hd ^ `V]VfbVhV. J., 1910, g. 42.

33 ;\. ]V edZdWcV `f^h^`V 4,$) *, ".4,. ;d[ccV :paYVf^t…, 56–61; $($.,*,
'"&-)!4,. =^glêa^cV ^ bdfVa…, 28–29; $(2", *!*,. Lmâô[hd ^ `V]VfbVhV… GWX^-

c[c^t gf[oi ^ch[a^Y[cl^thV X c[gedgdWcdgh ZV fV]W[f[ ZpaYV g^ `pb Zpf\VXVhV ^ ZV ghVc[ cd-
g^h[a cV Zpf\VXcVhV ^Z[t ^ cVl^dcVac^t Zik ^ X ^cVm[ ib[f[cVhV fVWdhV cV Y[c. "&*, $-
&*'. Hda^h^m[g`^th \^Xdh cV :paYVf^t ^ Xd_cghXdhd. J., 1924, g. 13.
34
)*, $0$'. ;p]e^hVc^[ ^ dWfV]dXVc^[…; $(2", *!*,. Lmâô[hd ^ `V]VfbV-
hV…, 6–7. Gh ed-`pgcd Xf[b[ X\.: "2&*, '!$-', -$' ,*!$". Hfdh^XdZpf\VXc^
^Z[^ ^ cVl^dcVacV XaVgh. J., 1936.
35 FVef. i: #*, "*, $. FVnVhV Vfb^t ^ c[_c^th WsZ\[h. J., 1902, g. 38, 45–46.
X[n`^t \^Xdh“, gpdhX[hcd „epfX^h[ ^ edga[Zc^ Yf^\^ ^ ef[]Vc^bVc^t cV

mdX[l^h[ hftWXV ZV g[ ]VàsmVXVh X edghdtccdhd ^b ef^YdhdXa[c^[ ]V c[t
^ igpXpfn[cghXVc[hd ^b X ^]ìghXdhd ]V XdsXVc[“.36 KftWXV ZV g[ dhW[a[-
\^, m[ WpaYVfg`^h[ Xd[cc^ ^bVad dh`pZ[ ZV g[ imVh cV bâ^hVf^]pb, ]V `d[-
hd gX^Z[h[aghXVh bcdYdWfd_c^ ed]dXVXVc^t cV mi\Z^ Xd[cc^ VXhdf^h[h^,
cV_-X[m[ c[bg`^ ^ jf[cg`^, V gpod ^ fig`^; ef[Z^ Xd_c^h[ XZpkcdXtXVo^-
h[ ef^b[f^ gV X]^bVc^ cV_-m[ghd dh Mf[cg`d-efig`VhV (1871 Y.) ^ dh Iig`d-
tedcg`VhV (1905 Y.) Xd_cV, V „\[a[]c^th `Vcla[f“ :^gbVf` [ dW[`h cV ge[-
l^Va[c ìah.37
FV Xd_cdasW^X^t Z^gìfg ^ ef[h[cl^^h[ cV Xd[cc^h[ g[ efdh^Xdedg-
hVXta^ ct`d^ gb[a^ `f^h^l^ cV bâ^hVf^]bV ^ Xd[co^cVhV X Zpf\VXVhV.
;[m[ g[ geftkb[ cV `f^h^`VhV gf[oi WsZ\[hc^h[ fV]kô[c^t ]V c[efd^]-
XdZ^h[ac^ l[a^. Jf[oi c[defVXZVc^h[ ef^Xâ[Y^^ cV dj^l[fghXdhd X cV-
mVadhd cV NN X. gb[ad g[ dWtXâ^ a^h[fVhdf^ dh ge^gVc^[hd „E^gpa“ (Z-f
Cfpghs Cfpgh[X ^ Zf.). Jedf[Z htk Vfb^thV g[ [ ^]hfpYcVaV dh j^cVcgdX ^
eVfaVb[chVf[c `dchfda ^ g[ [ ef[XpfcVaV X „Zpf\VXV X Zpf\VXVhV“, V X^g-
n[hd dj^l[fghXd – X „cdXd Wdatfg`d gpgadX^[“. J Xp]bio[c^[ g[ ^]Wfd-
tXVh fV]c^h[ ef^Xâ[Y^^ cV dj^l[f^h[ ^ tXa[c^thV cV eVfV]^h^]pb X
Vfb^thV. AZ[thV, m[ Xd[cc^h[ hftWXV ZV gV ed-ZdWf[ edghVX[c^ dh ZfiY^h[
m^cdXc^l^, edc[\[ eV]th dh[m[ghXdhd dh Xpcn[c c[ef^th[a, g[ `dchf^fV g
VfYib[chV, m[ X b^fcd Xf[b[ ZfiY^h[ efdj[g^^ XpfnVh c[ ed-bVa`d eda[]-
cV fVWdhV, V ed Xf[b[ cV Xd_cV Xg^m`^ ^]aVYVh [ZcV`Xd \^XdhV g^.38
JâcV Vch^Xd[ccV `f^h^`V ^]kd\ZVaV ^ dh gdl^Va^gh^h[ (d`dad ge^gV-
c^[ „FdXd dWo[ghXd“). K[ ^]hp`XVh jdfb^fVc[hd cV ^gh^cg`^ Xd[ccd-bd-
cVfk^m[g`^ f[\^b, ef^ `d_hd Vfb^thV ^ ed-hdmcd Xd[ccVhV Wsfd`fVl^t g[
tXtXV YaVXcV dedfV cV bdcVfk^]bV, V bâ^hVf^]bph g[ df^[ch^fV `pb cV-
l^dcVa^gh^mcV eda^h^`V (X EV`[Zdc^t), Xefdm[b W[] X c[t ZV [ VcYV\^fV-
cV gaVWVhV ^ c[eda^h^mcV WpaYVfg`V Wif\dV]^t. ;d[ccdWsfd`fVh^mc^th
f[\^b cVb^fV ^]fV] X mVghcdgh X YfVbVZc^t Xd[c[c WsZ\[h ^ ^]Xpcf[Zcd-
hd fV]fVghXVc[ cV Vfb^thV, X^gd`d eaVh[cdhd dj^l[fghXd, aêgVhV cV `dc-
hfda cVZ Xd[cc^h[ dh cVfdZcdhd ef[ZghVX^h[aghXd, gVbdZpf\VXcdhd Ydg-
edZghXd cV bdcVfkV XpX XpcncVhV eda^h^`V, bV`[Zdcg`VhV eda^h^`V ^ ef.;
ef^Xpf]XVc[hd cV dj^l[f^h[ `pb bdcVfkV g[ ^]XpfnXV dgX[c mf[] Yda[b^
Xp]cVYfV\Z[c^t, gpod mf[] Z^glêa^cVfc^t ighVX ^ Xd[ccdgpZ[Wc^h[ ]V-
36
5'("#*, ,$-.*. ;d_g`VhV ^ c[_cVhV eg^kdadY^t, 42–43.
37
Hpacd g ed]dXVXVc^t cV mi\Z^ VXhdf^h[h^ [ gpm^c[c^[hd cV )*, $0$'. ;p]e^hV-
c^[ ^ dWfV]dXVc^[…
38 ,4-.", ,4-.5. >hd ef^m^c^h[ cV hVt e[mVacV Xd_cV. – E^gpa, 11, 1901, 7 7,
418–433; .*%)*, . Eâ^hVf^]bph – X[a^`d gdl^Vacd ]ad. – E^gpa, 12, 1902, 7 8,

557–569.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 137
`dc^.39 Jpo[Xf[b[ccd gdl^Va^gh^h[ g^ ef[ZghVXta^ f[nVXVc[hd cV cVl^d-

cVacVhV ]VZVmV ed ZfiY^, `fV_cd c[f[Va^gh^mc^ cVm^c^, `Vhd WVa`Vcg`V j[-
Z[fVl^t „dhZdai“ (V ga[Z Wdan[X^]^fVc[hd – c[_cdhd gp]ZVXVc[ [ZcdXf[-
b[ccd g f[nVXVc[hd cV gdl^Vac^t Xpefdg, h. [. X kdZV cV gdl^Va^gh^m[g`V-
hV f[Xdasl^t).40
KftWXV ZV g[ edZm[fhV[, m[ ef^ Xg^m`^ `f^h^`^ cV bâ^hVf^]bV Xg[ eV`
edmh^ c^`d_, Zdf^ gdl^Va^gh^h[ c[ edghVXta^ edZ gpbc[c^[ ef[ga[ZXVc^-
h[ cVl^dcVac^ l[a^, V ^ gpo[ghXiXVc[hd cV f[ZdXcV Vfb^t.41 KdXV [ c[od
gpXg[b edZfV]W^fVod g[ Zd Xd_c^h[ ^ Xpefdgph [ gVbd ]V fV]b[fV cV Xd_-
g`VhV ^ dhZ[atc^h[ gf[ZghXV. A]Z^YcVhV X gX[o[c eVhf^dh^m[c „^Z[Va“, cV-
l^dcVacVhV l[a ZVXVaV cV_-ZpaWd`VhV dWdgcdX`V cV bâ^hVf^]bV ^ cV ^g-
`Vc^thV cV Xd[cc^h[ ]V do[ ^ do[ gf[ZghXV ^ bVh[f^Vac^ \[fhX^. Jpo[gh-
X[cd ]cVm[c^[ ^bVa ^ ige[kph X JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV, `d_hd edZkfV-
câ dmV`XVc^thV ^ cVZ[\Z^h[ ]V WaVYdef^thcd fV]f[n[c^[ cV cVl^dcVac^t
Xpefdg X WpZ[o[, `Vhd edX^nâ dWo[ghX[c^t `f[Z^h ^ cV dj^l[f^h[.42
LP9JKA> F9 9IEAUK9 ; HGDAKAP>JCAK> :GI:A
;V\[c [ Xpefdgph, `V` g[ ^]YfV\ZVh dhcdn[c^thV b[\Zi Xd[cc^h[ ^ YfV\-

ZVcg`^h[ XaVgh^. ; mVghcdgh, ZVa^ ^ `dYV Xd_g`VhV g[ ^]eda]XV dh efVX^h[a-
39
Gh gdl^Va^gh^h[ X\. ,)*, . ;p]kd\ZVc[hd cV Xd[ccd-bdcVfk^m[g`^t f[\^b. –
FdXd dWo[ghXd, 1, 1906, 7 6, 544–551; :[a[\`^ Xpfki fV]X^h^[hd cV cVnVhV Vfb^t. – FdXd
dWo[ghXd, 1, 1906, 7 5, 456–460; ;d[ccd-bdcVfk^m[g`dhd Xg[gâ^[. – FdXd dWo[ghXd, 1,
1906, 7 8, 705–715; *',*, $,$'. Cpb fVXcdgb[h`VhV cV Xd[ccd-bdcVfk^m[g`^t f[\^b. –
FdXd dWo[ghXd, 1, 1906, 7 9, 808–814.
40 ;\. '%&*, *!*,. Jdl^Va^gh^h[ ^ Xpefdgph ]V cVl^dcVacdhd c^ dW[Z^c[c^[. – =[-
bd`fVh^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z, 12, 1915, 7 3, 185–197. Jedf[Z VXhdfV gdl^Va^gh^h[ gpod ^g`Va^ cV-
l^dcVacd dW[Z^c[c^[, cd g ad]icYV ]V „WVa`Vcg`V j[Z[fVh^XcV f[eiWa^`V“ WtYVa^ dh dhYdXdf-
cdgh hV cV f[VacVhV eda^h^`V, mf[] `dthd hd bd\[ ZV g[ ^]Xpfn^ X ZVZ[c^t ^ghdf^m[g`^
bdb[ch. @V dhcdn[c^[hd cV gdl^Va^gh^h[ `pb Vfb^thV X\.: .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*,
5!($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t `Vhd ^cgh^hil^t…, g. 378; .*$'*, ".4,. @V kVfV`-
h[fV cV WpaYVfg`VhV Vfb^t ^ cV XdZ[c^h[ dh c[t Xd_c^ ef[] e[f^dZV 1877–1918 Y. – A]X[gh^t
cV Acgh^hihV ]V Xd[ccV ^ghdf^t, h. 31, 1981, 9–54, dgdW. 16–17. ;\. gpod :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t
1877–1919, g. 309.
41 AbVad [Z^c^mc^ gaimV^ cV baVZ[\^, `d^hd dh`V]XVa^ ZV gai\Vh X Vfb^thV ^ ZV cdgth
dfp\^[, ed]dXVXV_`^ g[ cV im[c^[hd cV Kdaghd_. *%&*, . Lm[c^[hd cV D. F. Kdaghdt ]V dh-

`V] dh Xd[ccV gai\WV. – =[bd`fVh^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z, 10, 1912, 7 1, 20–44.
42 Hdga[Zcdhd g[ ^]hp`XV dh f[Z^lV VXhdf^, cVef^b[f "!", $&*'. GgXdWdZ^h[ac^
Xd_c^, 1877–1878, 1885, 1912–1913, 1915–1918. J., 1929, g. 114. O^h^fVb: „HdW[ZdcdgcVhV
gfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`V Xd_cV ^b W[ ge[m[aâV, ^ bcdYd ]Vgai\[cd, cVfdZcdhd dWVtc^[. J h[m[c^[
cV Xf[b[hd, `Vhd g[ ]VWfVX^kV ]VgaiY^h[ ^b, dWo[ghXdhd ]VedmcV ZV c[ l[c^ efVXâcd htkcd-
hd gai\[Wcd ^ bdfVacd Zdghd_cghXd.“ Jpod i: "&*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V…, 48–49.
ghXV XpX Xphf[ncVhV eda^h^`V, V gpod Zd`da`d Xd[cc^h[ Wâ^ edZ YfV\-
ZVcg`^ `dchfda ^ `dYV ^]a^]Va^ gVbdghdth[acd cV eda^h^m[g`VhV gl[cV.
9fb^thV g[ cVb[gâV ]V epfX^ eph X eda^h^m[g`^t \^Xdh cV ghfVcVhV
ga[Z Jp[Z^c[c^[hd, X dWghVcdX`V cV `fV_cd ^]dghf[c^ dhcdn[c^thV gpg ]V-
[aVhV dhf^lVh[acV ed]^l^t dgXdWdZ^h[a`V Iig^t ^ ef^ edatf^]^fVc[ cV
eda^h^m[g`^t [a^h ^ dWo[ghXdhd cV figdjâ^ ^ figdjdW^. <fieV figdjâ-
g`^ dj^l[f^ cVm[ad g bV_df H[hpf <fi[X (cVmVac^` cV ;d[ccdhd imâô[)
^]XpfnâV ef[XfVh ef[] VXYigh 1886 Y. ^ Z[hfdc^fVaV `ct] :Vh[cW[fY.
Jpod Xd_g`dX^ mVgh^, dgdW[cd HadXZ^Xg`^th YVfc^]dc edZ cVmVaghXdhd cV
JVXV EihìfdX, imVghXVa^ X dfYVc^]^fVc^t dh ef[Zg[ZVh[at cV FVfdZcdhd
gpWfVc^[ Jh[jVc JhVbWdadX ige[n[c `dchfVef[XfVh. Iigdjâg`^ cVghfd-
[c^ dj^l[f^ efdZpa\â^ ZV ]VYdXdfc^mVh ^ ef[] ga[ZXVo^h[ YdZ^c^. K[
gp]ZVa^ `db^h[h^ X ct`da`d YfVZV ^ dfYVc^]^fVa^ Xd[cc^ WichdX[ X Iig[ ^
Jâ^ghfV (h. cVf. figdjâg`^ WichdX[). @VadX[c^h[ dfYVc^]Vhdf^ cVm[ad g
bV_df 9hVcVg L]icdX Wâ^ gpZ[c^ dh ^]Xpcf[Z[c Xd[c[c gpZ ^ fV]ghf[at-
c^. Iigdjâ^h[ efdZpa\â^ WdfWVhV X [b^YfVl^t ^ ga[Z ^]WdfV cV M[fZ^-
cVcZ ]V `ct], `Vhd dfYVc^]^fVa^ ^ Xphf[nc^ de^h^ mf[] m[h^, cd Wâ^
fV]W^h^; ct`d^ [b^YfVch^ dj^l[f^ (H[hpf <fi[X, 9cVghVg :[cZ[f[X) ef[-
b^cVa^ cV gai\WV X fig`VhV Vfb^t. Hf[] 1890 Y. ]V ]VYdXdf (c[ gpXg[b Zd-
`V]Vc) gf[oi efVX^h[aghXdhd cV JhVbWdadX Wâ dgpZ[c ^ fV]ghf[atc bV_df
C. HVc^lV, Y[fd_ dh JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV.43
; Wifc^h[ ^ gbihc^ cVmVac^ Z[g[hâ[h^t dh gpo[ghXiXVc[hd cV Zpf\V-
XVhV Vfb^thV WâV XpXa[m[cV dh gVb^h[ efVX^h[aghXV XpX Xphf[ncdeda^h^-
m[g`^t \^Xdh. >Z^c efVXâc^` dh 1890 Y. def[Z[at gaimV^h[, ef^ `d^hd
YfV\ZVcg`^h[ XaVgh^ bdYVh ZV ed^g`Vh gpZ[_ghX^[hd cV Xd_g`VhV. Jf[Z htk
[ ^ ef[`fVhtXVc[hd cV „cVfdZc^ gbio[c^t, W[]f[Z^l^ ^ XpaciXVc^t, `d^hd
^bVh kVfV`h[f cV tXcd gpefdh^Xa[c^[, ef^ ^]epac[c^[ cV ]V`dcc^h[ ^g`V-
c^t cV XaVghhV“. HdZdWc^ fV]edf[ZW^ dhXVfta^ XfVh^h[ ]V efd^]Xdac^ hpa-
ìXVc^t ^ ]V ef^WtYXVc[ Zd cVb[gV cV Vfb^thV. Ja[ZXVo^th efVXâc^` (dh
1900 Y.) c[ gVbd c[ dhb[câ, cd Zdf^ igââ cVb[gVhV cV Xd_g`VhV, `Vhd
ef[ZdghVXâ cV c[_cd igbdhf[c^[ `V` ZV Z[_ghXV ga[Z ef^gh^YVc[ cV b[g-
hdefd^]n[ghX^[hd (V eda^l[_g`VhV ghfV\V g[ ef^ZVXVaV X c[_cd fV]edf[\-
ZVc[).44 FV efV`h^`V Xd_g`VhV WâV iedhf[W[cV ef^ efdX[\ZVc[ cV ct`d^
^]Wdf^ ef[] 80-h[ ^ 90-h[ YdZ^c^ cV NIN X. cVf[Z g nV_`^h[ ^ eda^l^thV.
Kt g[ [ gbthVaV ]V ed-„c[ihfVacV“ dh eda^h^]^fVcVhV eda^l^t, cd gVbdhd 8
Xbp`XVc[ X eda^h^m[g`^t \^Xdh t ef[XfpoVad X ^cghfib[ch cV iefVXatXV-
o^h[. Hf[] 1900 Y. Xd_g`dX^ mVgh^ imVghXVa^ X edhinVXVc[hd cV g[ag`^h[
43
,4)2,*, .*%2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ gâ^ ^ bdcVfk^m[g`^th ^cgh^hih X :paYVf^t,
1886–1894. J., FVi`V ^ ^]ìghXd, 1984, 162–165.
44
'&)-&$, $'")&*. ;d[ccV [h^`V…, 130–138.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 139
WichdX[ ed edXdZ Z[gthp`V X =ifVcìaV`, `pZ[hd Wâ^ iW^h^ 90 ^ fVc[c^

300 Zin^. ;d_g`VhV ^ ed-cVhVhp` g[ ^]eda]XVaV ]V edhinVXVc[ cV ghVm`^.
CVhd de^h ZV g[ ^]da^fV Xd_g`VhV dh Xphf[ncVhV eda^h^`V bdYVh ZV g[
hpaìXVh f[Z^lV dYfVc^mVXVo^ YfV\ZVcg`^h[ efVXV cV Xd[cc^h[ edghVcd-
Xa[c^t, `Vhd cVef^b[f a^nVXVc[hd cV dj^l[f^h[ ^ edZdj^l[f^h[ dh ^]W^-
fVh[ac^ efVXV – ZV ^]W^fVh ^ ZV WpZVh ^]W^fVc^ (X f[Z^lV ^]W^fVh[ac^ ]V-
`dc^), ZV edg[oVXVh eda^h^m[g`^ gpWfVc^t ^ Zfi\[ghXV ^ ef. HdZdWc^ dY-
fVc^m[c^t dWVm[ g[ cVhp`XVa^ cV dgcdXVh[acV `f^h^`V X ^b[hd cV eVfaV-
b[chVf^]bV ^ YfV\ZVcg`^h[ efVXV.45
Ja[Z eVZVc[hd cV f[\^bV cV JhVbWdadX ]VedmXV efdl[g cV Z^ghVcl^fV-
c[ cV Vfb^thV dh Xphf[ncdeda^h^m[g`^h[ WdfW^ ^ c[_cdhd Xphf[ncd `dc-
gda^Z^fVc[, ge[l^Vacd cV dj^l[fg`^t `dfeig. @V hdXV Zdef^c[gad ^ f[nV-
XVc[hd cV dj^l[fg`d[b^YfVchg`^t Xpefdg, `d[hd ghVcVad Xp]bd\cd g cdf-
bVa^]^fVc[ cV dhcdn[c^thV g Iig^t ef[] 1898 Y. FV dj^l[f^h[ [b^YfVch^
g[ ed]Xdaâd ZV g[ ]VXpfcVh ^ h[ Wâ^ ef^[h^ dhcdXd cV gai\WV. Hf^c-
lêph cV c[imVgh^[ cV Vfb^thV X eda^h^m[g`^h[ WdfW^ g[ f[Va^]^fVa mf[]
Xg[ ed-gâcVhV 8 df^[chVl^t `pb `ct] M[fZ^cVcZ ^ c[YdXVhV Z^cVgh^t `V-
hd „cVZeda^h^m[g`^“ jV`hdf, ghdto cVZ XfV\ZiXVo^h[ Yfie^fdX`^ ^ g^b-
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hV cV Zpf\VXc^t YaVXV ^ cV Zpf\VXc^t f[Z bdYVh ZV g[ hpaìXVh efd`VfV-
c^th dh cVfdZcda^W[fVa^h[ ]V`dc ]V ef[ghpea[c^thV mf[] e[mVhV efdh^X
Zpf\VXc^t YaVXV (1903 Y.) ^ ef^[h^th cV 19 bVfh 1907 Y. ]V`dc ]V VcVfk^g-
h^h[ ^ ef[ghpec^l^h[ efdh^X Zpf\VXcVhV ^ dWo[ghX[cVhV g^Yifcdgh, ih[\-
ctXVo cV`V]Vc^thV ]V cVgdm[c^ efdh^X XaVgh^h[ ^ f[ZV Z[tc^t (mVgh dh `d-
^hd edZgpZc^ cV Xd[ccdeda[X^ gpZâôV).
Hf^Xpf]XVc[hd cV Vfb^thV `pb bdcVfkV ^bVad f[Z^lV XV\c^ edga[Z-
ghX^t. Gh [ZcV ghfVcV, Vfb^thV g[ ^]X[\ZV dh eda^h^m[g`^ eVfh^]Vcg`^
WdfW^ ^ Xd[ccVhV gai\WV (cV]cVm[c^t, iXdac[c^t, ef[b[ghXVc^t ^ ef.) g[
ghVWâ^]^fV. FVbVatXVh X[fdthcdgh^h[ ]V Xd[cc^ Zpf\VXc^ ef[XfVh^, V
gfVXc[c^[hd g <pfl^t ^ JpfW^t X hdXV dhcdn[c^[ [ bcdYd ed`V]Vh[acd. Gh
ZfiYV ghfVcV, Xa^tc^[hd cV bdcVfkV cVfVghcVad ^]Xpcf[Zcd bcdYd. ; gai-
mVt g M[fZ^cVcZ Vfb^thV ghVXV XV\cV dedfV cV a^mc^t f[\^b. GgdW[cd eV-
YiWcV g[ d`V]XV dhgaVW[cVhV `ddfZ^cVl^t b[\Zi YfV\ZVcg`^ ^ Xd[cc^
XaVgh^ ed Xf[b[ cV Xd_cV, `V`hd [ ef^ ]adedaimcVhV ]VedX[Z cV M[fZ^cVcZ
]V cVeVZ[c^[ cVZ gps]c^l^h[ X :Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV.46
45
$&*'", $&*'%. ;d_g`VhV X eVfaVb[chVfcVhV…, 115–119.
46
; ed-`pgcVhV a^h[fVhifV gpo[ghXiXVh de^h^ ZV g[ dWdgcdX[ [ZcV ed-gad\cV ^ ef[ea[-
h[cV g^gh[bV ]V iefVXa[c^[ cV Vfb^thV, `pZ[hd cVf[Z g bdcVfkV `Vhd XpfkdX[c YaVXcd`dbVc-
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]VeV]^ gXdWdZV ]V Z[_ghX^[ cV XpfkdXcdhd Xd[ccd `dbVcZXVc[ ]V ^]epac[c^[ cV l[a^h[ ed Xf[-
b[ cV Xd_cV. ;\. $&*'", $&*'%. ;d_g`VhV X eVfaVb[chVfcVhV…, 119–129.
Ghcdn[c^thV b[\Zi Vfb^t ^ YfV\ZVcg`^ XaVgh^, V dh hi` ^ ìfgph cV

cdXVhV WpaYVfg`V ^ghdf^t g[ efdb[cth gpo[ghX[cd ga[Z ef[Z^]X^`VcVhV dh
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c[de^h[c bdcVfk, ^`dcdb^m[g`V fV]fikV ^ eda^h^m[g`V c[ghVWâcdgh, gpe-
fdXdZ[c^ gpg gp`fVo[c^t ^ dW[ZctXVc[ cV dj^l[fghXdhd, X Vfb^thV Xp]-
c^`XV hV_cV dfYVc^]Vl^t. Hdga[ZcVhV ^]XpfnXV ZXV ef[XfVhV, ef[Z^ cVW-
fVa^th de^h lVf :df^g III ZV ige[[ ZV t fV]W^[ ^ ZV g^ dg^Yif^ ^]ltad X[f-
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Xpfnâ^ g ZX[ cVl^dcVac^ `VhVghfdj^. FtbV ZV ]VgtYVb ^ [bdl^dcVacd cV-
g^h[c^t efdWa[b ]V dhYdXdfcdgh^h[ cV bdcVfkV, Xd[cc^h[ ^ eda^h^l^h[, cV
XpcncVhV eda^h^`V ^ Xd[ccVhV ghfVh[Y^t ]V `fV_c^t c[ige[k.47 R[ dghVc[
cVghfVcV ^ Xpefdgph ]V „gefVX[Za^XdghhV“ cV XdZ[c^h[ dh :paYVf^t Xd_c^,
ed `d_hd ^bV YdatbV ^ hXpfZ[ `V]i^gh^mcV Z^gìg^t.48 R[ g[ gefV gVbd cV
47
;pX Xfp]`V g hdXV `Vhd Yf[n`^ dW^`cdX[cd g[ dhm^hVh dghVXtc[hd X ZdYdXdf^h[ cV
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h[ Xd_g`^ cV 16 sc^ 1913 Y., ^]epac[cV dh `dbVcZXVo^t Vfb^thV Y[c. E^kVâ JVXdX, `dthd ZV-
XV hpfg[c^t edXdZ ]V E[\Zigps]c^m[g`VhV Xd_cV. @V gedfV ed ef^m^c^h[ ]V epfXVhV cVl^d-
cVacV `VhVghfdjV bd\[ ZV g[ edaim^ ef[ZghVXV dh "3*, ). -.. Hf[ghpecdhd W[]ib^[
^ Vc`[hVhV ed c[Yd. J., 1914. Gh fV]ghdtc^[hd cV Xf[b[hd ed-W[]ef^ghfVghc^ gV dWtgc[c^thV
cV ct`d^ b[bdVf^gh^ ^ ^ghdf^l^, ^]hp`XVo^ WpaYVfg`^t bV`g^bVa^]pb, cVef^b[f: 1,*,
*)-.).$). 60 YdZ^c^ \^XtcV…, 141–153; .."'*, '"), .*%2* ,4)2,*. Aghdf^t
cV cdXV :paYVf^t…, 246–287. FV dhcdn[c^thV b[\Zi lVf, Xd[cc^ ^ efVX^h[aghXd ed Xf[b[ cV
HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV g[ ge^fV hdYVXVnc^th YaVXcd`dbVcZXVo Y[c. "&*, $&*'.
HfdWa[bph ]V YaVXcdhd `dbVcZXVc[. J., 1936; ;d_cVhV `Vhd dWo[ghX[cd tXa[c^[ ^ c[^]W[\cd
]ad. J., 1930, 183–189.
48 Ja[Z fVcc^h[ `dbic^gh^m[g`^ ]Và[_btXVc^t cV Xd_c^h[ ^ cV :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t `Vhd
Wif\dV]cd-]VXd[XVh[ac^ (]V eV]Vf^ ^ ef.) â^ ^be[f^Va^gh^m[g`^ l[ahV cV Z^gìg^thV [ ZV Y^

f[VWâ^h^fV `Vhd „gefVX[Za^X^“ ^ „efdYf[g^Xc^“ dh cVl^dcVacV Ya[ZcV hdm`V. Hf^ hdXV fV]-
c^h[ VXhdf^ gh^YVh fV]a^mcd ZVa[m[ X f[VWâ^hVl^thV cV Xd_c^h[ ^ Vfb^thV ^ g[ dhcVgth fV]-
a^mcd `pb dhZ[ac^h[ Xd_c^. FV_-W[]gedfc^ ^]Ya[\ZVh JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV ^
:Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV (`dthd, dgX[c m[ [ cVl^dcVacd defVXZVcV, WâV ^ „efdYf[g^XcV“, edc[\[
dgXdWd\ZVXVaV dh ed-cV]VZc^mVX gdl^Va[c ghfd_); ed-gedfc^ gV E[\Zigps]c^m[g`VhV Xd_cV
^ dgdW[cd imVgh^[hd cV :paYVf^t X HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV. CV]i^gh^`VhV ^ZXV dhhVb, m[ [Z-
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(ed-g`dfd a[c^cg`V) Ya[ZcV hdm`V X ^ch[fef[hVl^thV cV Xd_c^h[, h. [. ZV g[ ^ch[f[giXVh dh c[-
oV `Vhd fdathV ^ l[a^h[ cV bdcVfkV ^ Wif\dV]^thV, cV `d_ [hVe dh Wif\dV]cdhd fV]X^h^[ g[
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 141
Yda[b^cVhV cV Xd[ccdhd igâ^[, ^]fV][cV X bdWâ^]Vl^dccd igâ^[, ^ cV

l[cVhV cV Xd_c^h[ X mdX[n`^ \[fhX^ ^ bVh[f^Vac^ ]VYiW^ (cV ZfiYd btghd
g[ dhZ[at Xc^bVc^[ cV W[\Vcl^h[ `Vhd edga[Z^lV), dghVXt_`^ cVghfVcV ]V
bdfVac^h[ ^ eg^kdadY^m[g`^h[ o[h^.
;d_c^h[ gV gpefdXdZ[c^ g bdWâ^]Vl^t ^ Xd[ccdXf[b[ccd fV]YfpoVc[
cV Vfb^thV, `dthd cVfVghXV bcdYd`fVhcd X gfVXc[c^[ g b^fcdXf[b[cc^t g^
gpghVX. KV`V X JfpWg`d-WpaYVf`VhV Xd_cV Wâ^ bdWâ^]^fVc^ d`dad
100 000 Zin^; X :Va`Vcg`^h[ Xd_c^ gV bdWâ^]^fVc^ `fpYad 600 000 Zin^;
]V HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV gV bdWâ^]^fVc^ `fpYad 850 000 Zin^ – 15%
dh ltadhd cVg[a[c^[ ^ ed-YdatbVhV mVgh dh fVWdhdgedgdWcdhd bp\`d cVg[-
a[c^[. HdZdWcd cVef[\[c^[, dgdW[cd ef^ efdZpa\^h[acdgh cV Xd_cVhV,
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geftbd ltadhd cVg[a[c^[ X JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV Wâ^ 0,5 % (5 % dh
bdWâ^]^fVcVhV Xd_g`V), X :Va`Vcg`^h[ Xd_c^ – 3 % (25 % dh bdWâ^]^fV-
cVhV Xd_g`V, dgdW[cd ]VfVZ^ kda[fVhV), X HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV – 5 % dh
cVg[a[c^[hd (30 % dh bdWâ^]^fVc^h[).49
EdWâ^]Vl^dccdhd cVef[\[c^[ ef[] dhZ[ac^h[ Xd_c^ g[ ^]m^gatXV `V-
hd gpdhcdn[c^[ cV bdWâ^]^fVc^h[ `pb ltadhd cVg[a[c^[ cV ghfVcVhV. Kd
Wâd 3,6 % ef[] JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV, 13,5 % ef[] :Va`Vcg`^h[ Xd_-
c^ (1912–1913), 18 % ef[] HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV (1914–1918) ^ 6,6 %
ef[] Gh[m[ghX[cVhV Xd_cV (1944–1945). Go[ ed-Ydatb [ efdl[chph cV bd-
Wâ^]Vl^dccdhd cVef[\[c^[, `dYVhd g[ ef[gb[hc[ ed dhcdn[c^[ cV bp\`d-
hd hfiZdgedgdWcd cVg[a[c^[ X ef^]^XcV Xp]fVgh (h. [. dh 19 Zd 50 YdZ^c^):
62 % X :Va`Vcg`^h[ Xd_c^ (1912–1913); 86 % X HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV
(1918 Y.) ^ 25 % X Gh[m[ghX[cVhV Xd_cV (1944–1945).50 Ugcd ^]ep`XV gXfpk-
cVef[\[c^[hd ed Xf[b[ cV :Va`Vcg`^h[ Xd_c^ ^ X HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV.
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h[acVhV h[\[gh“ cV fV]c^h[ kVfV`h[f^gh^`^ cV Xd_c^h[, ]V ZV g[ cVWa[Yc[ „X `fV_cV gb[h`V“
cV gefVX[Za^X^t cVl^dcVa[c bdb[ch. FVmVadhd cV ef[dgb^gatc[hd cV Xd_c^h[ [ ZVZ[cd dh
"'", '"&-)!4,. Hda^h^m[g`^[ eVfh^^ X :daYVf^^ ^ :Va`Vcg`^[ Xd_cq (1912–1913). –
Etudes historiques, t. 4. Sofia, 1968, 439–441, 454–455. ;\. gpod Z^gìg^thV: @V kVfV`h[fV cV
WpaYVfg`VhV Vfb^t ^ cV XdZ[c^h[ dh c[t Xd_c^ ef[] e[f^dZV 1885–1918. – ;pX: A]X[gh^t cV
Acgh^hihV ]V Xd[ccV ^ghdf^t, h. 31, 1981, ghVh^^ cV H[hpf JhdâdX, ;[g[a^c KfV_`dX ^ Zf.
Jpod :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t 1877–1919…, 308–317.
49 "&*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V…, 93–94. ;\. ^ .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*,
5!($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…, g. 379. Jedf[Z edga[Zc^t ^]hdmc^` ef[] d`hdbXf^
1915 Y. Vfb^thV cVWfdtXVaV 754 701 edZdj^l[f^ ^ Xd_c^l^ ^ 17 883 dj^l[f^; ef[] g[eh[bXf^
1918 Y. ht Wfd^ 855 175 Zin^ (d`dad 17% dh cVg[a[c^[hd).
50
"*, $", "*, $. EdWâ^]Vl^dccdhd cVef[\[c^[ cV mdX[n`^h[ f[gifg^ X :paYVf^t
ef[] e[f^dZV 1885–1945 Y. – ;d[ccd^ghdf^m[g`^ gWdfc^`, 48, 1979, 7 2, 133–143, dgdW.
139–140.
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btghd gV mdX[n`^h[ ]VYiW^. ; hf^h[ Xd_c^ (1912–1918) ]VYiWXVh \^XdhV g^
d`dad 156 000 Xd_c^l^ ^ dj^l[f^, 275 000 gV fVc[c^h[; 150 000 YfV\ZVc-
g`d cVg[a[c^[ ^]b^fV dh kda[fV, h^j, ^cjai[clV.51
HfVX[c^ gV de^h^ ]V ^]m^ga[c^[ (X ]aVhc^ a[XV) cV bVh[f^Vac^h[ ]VYiW^
dh Xd_c^h[ – gVbd cV ]VYiW^h[ dh gps]c^l^h[ ^ eaVoVc^thV `pb edW[Z^h[-
a^h[, â^ dWoVhV ghd_cdgh cV Xd_c^h[, XàsmXVoV ^ ^]fV]kdZXVc^h[ dh Vf-
b^thV Wd_c^ ^ c[Wd_c^ bVh[f^Va^. Hdc[\[ dhZ[ac^h[ VXhdf^ ZVXVh fV]a^m-
c^ l^jf^, XàsmXVo^ fV]a^mc^ `dbedc[ch^, cV_-ZdWf[ epfXd ZV g[ X^Z^ dh
`V`Xd ^ZXVh ]VYiW^h[. ; mVghcdgh hdXV gV: c[ifVXc[c^ (g cVgf[o[c Xcdg) Zdg-
hVX`^ cV kfVc^ cV gps]c^l^h[ ed Xf[b[ cV Xd_cVhV, `dchfVWVcZ[c ^]cdg cV
kfVc^ dh =dWfiZ\V ^ :paYVf^t, ]VYiW[c^ h[f^hdf^^ ^ ^bdh^, f[eVfVl^dcc^
eaVoVc^t X cVhifV cV gpg[Zc^ Zpf\VX^ ga[Z Xd_cVhV, eVf^mc^ eaVoVc^t ed
f[eVfVl^^h[ (ed htk c[ [ eaVh[cd bcdYd, ef[Z^ ZV WpZVh dhb[c[c^). GhZ[acd
dh hdXV, `dYVhd g[ ^]m^gatXV ltaVhV l[cV cV Xd_c^h[, gV Xphf[nc^h[ ]V[b^
`pb WVc`^h[ ^ ^cjaVl^dcc^th „ZVcp`“ Xpfki cVg[a[c^[hd (mf[] [b^g^t cV
eVf^mc^ gf[ZghXV, dhefôâ^ ^cjaVl^thV ^ dW[]l[câ^ ge[ghtXVc^thV).
Je[l^Vacd ef[h[cl^^h[ `pb gps]cV <[fbVc^t (^]m^ga[c^ dh ge[l^VacV
`db^g^t ga[Z Xd_cVhV) XàsmXVh ga[Zcdhd: o[h^ dh c[^]epac[c^[hd cV Xd-
[ccVhV `dcX[cl^t, V ^b[ccd ]V ed-Ydatbd Xd[ccd imVgh^[ cV gps]c^l^h[ cV
:Va`Vcg`^t jfdch – 1 bafZ. 470 bac. ]aVhc^ a[XV; `dcj^gìXVc[ ^ ^]cdg cV
ef^cVZa[\Vo^ cV :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t kfVc^ ^ bVh[f^Va^, ]VìeiXVc[ ^ ^]-
cdg ]V <[fbVc^t ^ 9Xghfd-LcYVf^t cV kfVc^ dh =dWfiZ\V ^ EV`[Zdc^t
(Xpef[`^ m[ gpYaVgcd ZdYdXdfV hdXV Wâd ]VWfVc[cd) – d`dad 351 bac. a[XV;
`dchfVWVcZ[c ^]cdg cV kfVc^ ^ bVh[f^Va^ ^ dh gVbVhV :paYVf^t ed dhghp-
e[cVhV cV <[fbVc^t a^c^t Jdj^t–F^n ]V d`dad 62 bac. a[XV; [`geadVhVl^t
cV edZ][bc^ WdYVhghXV ^ cV \e bf[\VhV; c[fVXcdghd_cV XpcncV hpfYdX^t
^ ef. :paYVfg`^h[ ef[h[cl^^ `pb <[fbVc^t, `V`hd h[ gV def[Z[a[c^ dh ge[-
l^VacVhV `db^g^t, Xp]a^]Vh dWod cV 1 bafZ. 953 bac. ]aVhc^ a[XV â^
jfVc`V, bd\[ W^ ed-c^g`d dh f[Vac^h[ o[h^.52 =fiY VXhdf ZVXV ]VYiW^h[ gV-
51 *.", )-.-. =[bdYfVjg`d-^ghdf^m[g`^ dm[f` cV :paYVf^t. – <dZ^nc^` cV Jdj^_-
g`^t ic^X[fg^h[h. Tf^Z^m[g`^ jVìah[h, h. 65, 1974, 143–225, dgdW. g. 173; FVg[a[c^[hd cV
:paYVf^t 1880–1980. – <dZ^nc^` cV Jdj^_g`^t ic^X[fg^h[h. Tf^Z^m[g`^ jVìah[h, h. 59,
1968, `c. 2, 3–45. LW^h^h[ X JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV gV 700, X :Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV dh
1912 Y. – 35 000, X E[\Zigps]c^m[g`VhV Xd_cV ef[] 1913 Y. – 33 000 Zin^, ef[] HpfXVhV gX[-
hdXcV Xd_cV ]VY^XVh 88 000 Zin^.
52 1,&*, ",. GYfVWXVc[hd cV :paYVf^t dh Y[fbVcg`^t ^be[f^Va^]pb ef[] e[f^dZV
cV HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV (1915–1918 Y.). – KfiZdX[ cV ;^gn^t ^`dcdb^m[g`^ ^cgh^hih

„CVfa EVf`g“, h. 2, 1969. J., 1970, 165–219, dgdW. 216–217. JhVcmd PdaV`dX ZVXV 1 bafZ. 519
bac. ]aVhc^ a[XV ]VYiWV cV :paYVf^t dh <[fbVc^t. ;\. *'&*, .)2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ Zpa-
YdX[…, g. 106.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 143
bd dh =dWfiZ\V cV 778 bac. ]aVhc^ a[XV.53 C^fâ HdedX ^]WfdtXV `Vhd ]V-
YiW^: ghd_cdgh hV cV WpaYVfg`^h[ Zpf\VXc^ ^bdh^ X dhc[h^ h[f^hdf^^ ^ cV
ef[ZVZ[c^h[ Wd_c^ ^ c[Wd_c^ ef[Zb[h^ ^ bVh[f^Va^ (dWod 1 bafZ. 175
bac. ]aVhc^ jfVc`V); ]VYiW^h[ cV :paYVf^t `pb <[fbVc^t (W[] ZV gedb[cV-
XV l^jfV); 112,5 bac. ]aVhc^ jfVc`V, eaVh[c^ ed f[eVfVl^^, f[gh^hil^^ ^
]V ^]Zfp\`V cV gps]c^ Xd_g`^ Zd `fVt cV 1922 Y.54 Jedf[Z JhVcmd PdaV`dX
j^cVcg^fVc[hd cV Xd_c^h[ dh 1912 Zd 1918 Y. `Vhd ltad edYpacVad d`dad 5
bafZ. ]aVhc^ a[XV; cV^gh^cV hi` hd_ XàsmXV dgX[c 1 bafZ. 519 bac. ]aVh-
c^ a[XV ]VYiW^ dh <[fbVc^t ^ fV]c^h[ eaVoVc^t cV edW[Z^h[a^h[, gpod
Xphf[nc^h[ ]V[b^ ^ `dchf^Wil^^, g `d^hd Wâ^ j^cVcg^fVc^ Xd_c^h[.55
;pX Xg^m`^ h[]^ l^jf^ dWVm[ ^bV YdatbV Zd]V igadXcdgh ^ hdmcdhd â^ Zd-
f^ ef^Wa^]^h[acd ^]m^ga[c^[ [ZXV a^ [ Xp]bd\cd (c[ cV edga[Zcd btghd
edfVZ^ ]VWpf`Vc^h[ gps]c^m[g`^ dhcdn[c^t ^ ZdYdXVftc^t).
Hd Frd_g`^t ZdYdXdf cV :paYVf^t gV cVad\[c^ f[eVfVl^^ X fV]b[f cV
2 bafZ. 250 bac. ]aVhc^ jfVc`V, eaVh^b^ ]V 37 YdZ^c^ ef^ 5% a^kXV. I[eV-
fVl^^h[ Wâ^ YVfVch^fVc^ g epfXV ef^Xâ[Y^t Xpfki Xg^m`^ ef^kdZ^ X
:paYVf^t.56 KV]^ gibV (^]m^gatXVcV cV 22,5% dh cVl^dcVacdhd WdYVhghXd cV
ef[ZXd[ccV :paYVf^t) ef[ZghVXatXVaV c[edgâcV h[\[gh ef^ fV]W^hVhV dh
Xd_cVhV ^`dcdb^`V, YVade^fVoV ^cjaVl^t ^ dhf^lVh[a[c hpfYdXg`^ WVaVcg.
Aghdf^thV cV f[eVfVl^^h[ ed-cVhVhp` [ ^ghdf^t cV WdfWV b[\Zi WpaYVfg`^-
h[ efVX^h[aghXV ^ E[\ZicVfdZcVhV `db^g^t (^ g dhZ[ac^h[ edaimVXVo^ f[-
eVfVl^^h[ ghfVc^) ^ VZVehVl^^ `pb f[Vacdhd edad\[c^[. :dfWVhV ]VXpfn^-
aV g jV`h^m[g`V dhbtcV cV ZpaYV (cV Xg^m`^ edW[Z[c^ Zpf\VX^) X kdZV cV
fV]fV]âVhV g[ gX[hdXcV `f^]V, cd ef[Z^ hdXV ZV g[ dgpo[ghX^, f[eVfVl^^h[
Wâ^ dYfdbcd eg^kdadY^m[g`d Wf[b[ ^ gepXVo fV]X^h^[hd jV`hdf.
;d_c^h[ W[a[\Vh XpfkV cV cVl^dcVac^h[ igâ^t ]V dW[Z^c[c^[. Ggd-
W[c edZ[b ^ [chig^V]pb ef[Z^]X^`VaV :Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV (V ef[Z^ c[t –
JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV); hXpfZ[ f[]^Yc^fVcd Wâd bVgdXdhd dhcdn[c^[ `pb
53 ")*, "*, $. >ZcV hp\cV Z[g[hYdZ^nc^cV. Frd_g`^th b^f[c ZdYdXdf. J., 1935, g. 14.
54 *+*, $,$'. M^cVcgdX^h[ h[\[gh^ cV :paYVf^t ed ^]epac[c^[hd cV Frd_g`^t ZdYd-
Xdf. – Je^gVc^[ cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d Zfi\[ghXd, 26, 1925, 7 6–7, 2–23, dgdW. g. 5.
55
*'&*, .)2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ ZpaYdX[…, dgdW. g. 30, 46–106; dWdWo[c^h[ ZVcc^ cV
104–106. Fd adY^`VhV c[ [ gpXg[b tgcV. FV ZfiYd btghd X gpoVhV `c^YV VXhdfph edZkd\ZV `pb
ghd_cdgh hV cV Xd_c^h[ mf[] fV]c^h[ X^ZdX[ eaVoVc^t (g. 134). CVhd ltad hfiZcd bd\[ ZV g[
ef[l[c^ `df[`hcdgh hV cV ^]m^ga[c^thV. *'&*, .)2*. M^cVcgdXV eda^h^`V. K. 2. =paYd-
X[h[ cV :paYVf^t. ;VfcV, 1939, 43–45, 57–58.
56 Hd XpefdgV ]V f[eVfVl^^h[ X\. *'&*, .)2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ ZpaYdX[…, g. 118;
.*6)*, $&*'. I[eVfVl^^ ^ b[\Zigps]c^ ZpaYdX[. :paYVfg`^h[ Zpf\VXc^ ZpaYdX[.

J., 1933, 4–35. 9Xhdfph Wâ Z^f[`hdf cV gai\WVhV cV Zpf\VXc^h[ ZpaYdX[. ;\. dh ^ghdf^l^h[:
"*)$!*, .)-. I[eVfVl^dccVhV eda^h^`V cV Xhdfdhd gYdXdf^gh`d efVX^h[aghXd ^ YfVW^-
h[ag`^h[ ZdbdYXVc^t cV b[\ZicVfdZc^t ^be[f^Va^]pb (1926–1931 Y.). – Aghdf^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z,
22, 1966, 7 2, 10–35.
HpfXVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV. ; ^b[hd cV dW[Z^c^h[ac^t cVl^dcVa[c ^Z[Va W^-

a^ ZVZ[c^ g`pe^ \[fhX^, fV]eâ[c^ Wâ^ dYfdbc^ f[gifg^ ^ `d[hd [ dgdW[-
cd h[\`d – W[] ZV g[ edgh^Yc[ l[ahV. @VYiW^h[ ^ ed`figVhV dh `fV_c^t c[-
ige[k dWtgctXVh ZpaWdm^cVhV cV ga[ZXd[ccVhV `f^]V, ZpaWd`VhV Z[bdfVa^-
]Vl^t ^ ^]gh^XVc[hd `pb cVl^dcVac^t ^Z[Va. ;d_c^h[ Wâ^ ^ VedY[_ cV
:paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t, edga[ZXVa YdZ^c^h[ cV b^fcdXf[b[ccV edZYdhdX`V ^
ef[Xpdfp\VXVc[. Ja[ZXV Z[bdWâ^]Vl^t ^ fV]dfp\VXVc[ ^ ZpapY e[f^dZ
cV Xd[cc^ dYfVc^m[c^t ef^ ]VYiWV cV giX[f[c^h[hV ^ Xpcn[c `dchfda.
I9@;AKA> F9 9IEAUK9 JD>= ;GBFAK>
Frd_g`^th ZdYdXdf ]VZpa\â :paYVf^t ZV ef[bVkc[ cVWdfcVhV ]VZpa\^-

h[acV Xd[ccV gai\WV. Hdghdtcc^h[ Xpdfp\[c^ gâ^ Wâ^ gX[Z[c^ Zd
20 000 Xd_c^l^ ZdWfdXdal^, 10 000 \VcZVfb^ ^ 3000 YfVc^mVf^, dWod
33 000 Zin^. GYfVc^mVXVad g[ ^ Xpdfp\[c^[hd, `Vhd dghVcVadhd hftWXVad
ZV g[ ef[ZVZ[ cV E[\Zigps]c^m[g`VhV `db^g^t. FV `db^g^thV Wâ^ ef[ZV-
Z[c^ 1265 dfpZ^t, cVZ 350 000 ein`^, cVZ 1600 `Vfh[mc^l^, 70 gVbda[hV,
140 bdhdfV ^ Xg^m`^ `dfVW^ ^ edZXdZc^l^. <datbV mVgh dh dfp\^[hd dWVm[
Wâd i`f^hd â^ ^]ìe[cd dh edZghVX[c^ a^lV X ZdWfd gpghdtc^[ ^ XpfcV-
hd cV Xd_g`VhV. :paYVf^t ]VZpaYd ]VYiWâV Xp]bd\cdgh hV ZV edZ Zpf\V
Xpdfp\[cV gâV ^ ZV XdZ^ V`h^XcV XpcncV cVl^dcVacV eda^h^`V.
Hf[] e[f^dZV dh 1923 Zd 1928 Y. Z[_ghXVa `dchfdaph cV E[\Zigps]c^-
m[g`VhV `db^g^t (cVm[ad g jf[cg`^t Y[c[fVa Mifhi, ]Vb[gh[c dh edZe.
=’9bVf]^). Hf^ iefVXa[c^[hd cV :@FJ Vfb^thV WâV Z[bdWâ^]^fVcV ^
ef^X[Z[cV X gpdhX[hghX^[ g Frd_g`^t b^f[c ZdYdXdf. Gh 8 Z^X^]^^ ht W^-
aV f[Zil^fVcV Zd 8 e[kdhc^ eda`V; Vfb[_g`^h[ dWaVgh^ (^ `dbVcZXVc^t) –
ef[dWfV]iXVc^ X YVfc^]dc^; efdZpa\^h[acdgh hV cV Xd[ccVhV gai\WV WâV
cVbVa[cV; Z[_ghXVaV ]VWfVcV ]V dWim[c^[ cV dj^l[fg`^t gpghVX X mi\W^cV.
@[b[Z[ag`dhd efVX^h[aghXd gp]ZVad hfiZdXVhV edX^ccdgh dhmVgh^ ]V ZV
dg^Yif^ b^c^bVacd edaiXd[ccd dWim[c^[ cV baVZ[\hV. Ge^h^h[ ]V ]VdW^-
`Vatc[ cV Xd[cc^h[ àVi]^ dWVm[ c[ Wâ^ dgdW[cd ige[nc^. :dfWVhV cV ][-
b[Z[ag`dhd efVX^h[aghXd efdh^X ZdWfdXdacVhV g^gh[bV cV cVW^fVc[ cV
(eaVh[cV) Xd_g`V, bcdYd dWf[b[c^h[acV j^cVcgdXd, dghVcVaV W[] ige[k.
Hf^ ZdWfdXdam[g`VhV g^gh[bV Xpdfp\[c^h[ gâ^ dh Xd_g`V ^ \VcZVfb[f^t
(`dthd ef[] hd]^ e[f^dZ bd\[ ZV g[ fV]Ya[\ZV `Vhd mVgh dh Vfb^thV) [ZXV
ige[a^ ZV Zdgh^YcVh 10 716 Zin^ `pb sc^ 1922 Y.; h[ Zdgh^YcVa^ fV]f[n[-
cVhV m^ga[cdgh X `fVt cV 1923 Y. ef^ iefVXa[c^[hd cV 9a[`gVcZpf OVc`dX.57
57
+-*, 5!($'. =[_cdghhV cV WpaYVfg`^h[ efVX^h[aghXV…, 46–47.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 145
Hf[Zef^[h^h[ dh ][b[Z[ag`dhd efVX^h[aghXd Z[_ghX^t ed Z[bdWâ^]V-

l^t ^ gp`fVoVXVc[ cV dj^l[f^, Xpef[`^ m[ Wâ^ cVad\[c^ dhXpc, c[ bd\[-
a^ ZV c[ Yd edghVXth X `dcja^`h g ^]eVZcVadhd X h[\`d edad\[c^[ dj^l[f-
ghXd. Go[ edX[m[, m[ ][b[Z[ag`^h[ XdZVm^ Z[bdcghf^fVa^ eVl^j^gh`V ed-
]^l^t ^ g[ Zpf\Va^ ef[c[Wf[\^h[acd g dW[Zc[a^h[ dj^l[f^ (cVf^mVc^ cV
edZW^X „eVflVa^X^h[ dj^l[f^“). CVhd c[ bd\[a^ ZV fV]m^hVh cV Vfb^thV,
][b[Z[al^h[ gp]ZVa^ gXdt Xpdfp\[cV gâV – h. cVf. GfVc\[XV YXVfZ^t.
=paWd`VhV `f^]V, dghf^h[ eda^h^m[g`^ ghpa`cdX[c^t ^ c[ZdXdaghXdhd cV
Z[bdWâ^]^fVc^h[ dj^l[f^ gp]ZVa^ igadX^t ]V cVb[gV cV Vfb^thV XpX Xph-
f[ncdeda^h^m[g`^h[ WdfW^.
Hf[] d`hdbXf^ 1919 Y. (ga[Z [Z^c de^h do[ dh 1914 Y.) X Vfb^thV g[ gp]-
ZVXV `Vhd ghfdYd `dcge^fVh^XcV dfYVc^]Vl^t ;d[cc^th gps] (;d[ccVhV
a^YV) dh f[ZdXc^ ^ ]VeVgc^ dj^l[f^. <aVXc^ dfYVc^]Vhdf^ Wâ^ =Vbtc
;[am[X, C^bdc <[dfY^[X, fVcd edm^cVa^th F^`daV IVm[X, V cVm[ad Wâ edg-
hVX[c eda`. AXVc ;pa`dX. GgX[c m[ g[ ghf[bta ZV dfYVc^]^fV dj^l[f^h[ ]V
]Vo^hV cV h[kc^h[ efdj[g^dcVac^ ^ `dfedfVh^Xc^ ^ch[f[g^, gps]ph g^
edghVXta dWo^ eda^h^m[g`^ l[a^ – ZV ef[ef[m^ epht cV a[X^h[ gâ^, ZV dW-
cdX^ Wif\dV]c^h[ eVfh^^ ^ dW[Z^c^ ghVf^t [a^h, ZV i`f[e^ Zpf\VXVhV ef^
]VeV]XVc[ cV bdcVfk^thV.58 Hf[] 1920 Y. hd_ cVWfdtXVa 1650 dj^l[f^. Hd-
ZdWcV dfYVc^]Vl^t gpg gkdZc^ l[a^, X htgcV Xfp]`V g ;d[cc^t gps], Wâ
Jps]ph cV ]VeVgc^h[ dj^l[f^. =X[h[ Xd[cc^ dfYVc^]Vl^^ X][a^ imVgh^[ X
gp]ZVXVc[hd cV FVfdZc^t gYdXdf – `dcl[chfVl^t dh eVfh^^, m^[hd ^Z[_cd
XdZVm[ghXd ef^[a^. ;d[cc^th gps] dfYVc^]^fVa ^ ^]Xpfnâ ef[XfVhV gf[-
oi ][b[Z[ag`^t f[\^b cV 9 sc^ 1923 Y. Ja[Z ef[XfVhV XV\c^ b^c^gh[fgh-
XV ^ X^gd`^ VZb^c^ghfVh^Xc^ edghdX[ Wâ^ ]V[h^ dh `VZfdX^ ^ ]VeVgc^
Xd[cc^, ma[ciXVo^ X gps]V, V ]VZìa^gcd Z[_ghXVa h. cVf. CdcX[ch d`dad
Y[c. AXVc ;pa`dX (c[jdfbVacV YfieV Xd[cc^ dh fp`dXdZghXdhd cV ;d[cc^t
gps]). CVhd Xd[c[c b^c^ghpf Y[c. ;pa`dX g[ de^hVa ZV dW[]a^m^ ;d[cc^t
gps] ^ ZV edghVX^ Vfb^thV cV fV]edad\[c^[ cV lVft. GhcVmVad Xd[cc^h[
Zdb^c^fVa^ cVZ dW[Z^c[c^h[ eVfh^^ ^ XdZVm^ cV FVfdZc^t (Xedga[ZghX^[
=[bd`fVh^m[g`^) gYdXdf, `d_hd Wâ eda^h^m[g`dhd a^l[ cV ef[XfVhV.
;d_g`VhV WâV ^]eda]XVcV dh dfYVc^]Vhdf^h[ cV =[X[hdscg`^t ef[XfVh
]V f[ef[g^^ gf[oi XZ^YcVa^h[ g[ cV Wich `dbic^gh^ ^ a[X^ ][b[Z[al^. Kt
WâV kXpfa[cV ]V edhinVXVc[ cV Z[X[hdscg`^h[ WichdX[ ^ cV J[eh[bXf^_-
g`dhd XpghVc^[. @VedmcVa ZV Z[_ghXV ^ ]adX[od ^]X[ghc^th g [`][ìl^^h[
cV a[X^ Z[_l^ „[g`VZfdc cV edZeda`dXc^` Hdf`dX“ (hf[hV g[`l^t cV ;d[c-
58 ,&*, "*, $. HVfdaV „JVWt“. @VYdXdf^h[ ^ ef[XfVh^h[ cV ;d[cc^t gps], 1919–1936.
J., FVi`V ^ ^]ìghXd, 1992; "*, $", "'$2&*. Mdfb^fVc[ cV dfYVc^]Vl^dccVhV g^gh[bV, efd-
YfVbVhV ^ hV`h^`VhV cV ;d[cc^t gps] (1918–1920 Y.). – A]X[gh^t cV :paYVfg`dhd ^ghdf^m[g`d
Zfi\[ghXd, h. 32, 1978, 173–203.
cdhd b^c^gh[fghXd ]V WdfWV g a[X^h[ gâ^). KV]^ ^ ZfiY^ Xd[cc^ mVgh^

Wâ^ dghf^[hd cV h[fdfV ga[Z Vh[chVhV X `Vh[ZfVac^t kfVb „JX. F[Z[at“ cV
16 Vefâ 1925 Y. gf[oi Xp]ef^[aVhV ìfg `pb Xpdfp\[cd XpghVc^[ `dbi-
c^gh^m[g`V eVfh^t.59 @V`dcph ]V VZb^c^ghfVl^thV ^ eda^l^thV (dh Vefâ
1925 Y.) Zdf^ ef[ZX^\ZVa imVgh^[ cV Vfb^thV ]V Xp]ghVcdXtXVc[ cV Xphf[n-
c^t f[Z ^ W[]deVgcdgh, `V`hd ^ gpYaVgiXVc[ b[\Zi Vfb^t ^ eda^l^t. Hf^
iefVXa[c^[hd cV 9cZf[_ Dtem[X Vfb^thV WâV dh h[Ya[cV dh eda^h^m[g`^t
\^Xdh.
E[\Zigps]c^m[g`VhV `db^g^t ef[`fVhâV Z[_cdgh hV g^ X :paYVf^t
ef[] 1928 Y., g `d[hd ]VedmXV ed-gXdWdZ[c [hVe X fV]X^h^[hd cV Vfb^thV.
Gg[bh[ eda`V Wâ^ f[dfYVc^]^fVc^ X Z^X^]^^. ;p]ghVcdX[c^ Wâ^ m[h^f^-
h[ Xd[ccd^cge[`l^dcc^ dWaVgh^ (f[ge[`h^Xcd h[kc^h[ Vfb[_g`^ oVWdX[),
Xgt`V g ed 2 Z^X^]^^, `dcc^, Vfhâ[f^_g`^ ^ ^c\[c[fc^ mVgh^. H[kdhc^h[
eda`dX[ dhcdXd ghVcVa^ 24. KdXV Xd[ccdVZb^c^ghfVh^Xcd Z[a[c^[ g[ ]V-
eV]XV Zd ;hdfVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV. Hf[] 1928 Y. g[ fV]fVWdhXV ^ epfX^th
ga[ZXd[c[c eaVc ]V Xd[ccdXf[b[ccd fV]YfpoVc[ cV Xd_g`^h[, `d_hd ef[Z-
X^\ZVa iZXdtXVc[ cV dg[bh[ b^fcdXf[b[cc^ Z^X^]^^ X gaimV_ cV Xd_cV.
Hf[] 1932 Y. f[eVfVl^dcc^h[ ]VZpa\[c^t cV :paYVf^t Wâ^ defdgh[c^.
HfVX^h[aghXdhd cV FVfdZc^t Wad` dheigcVad `f[Z^h ]V Xpdfp\VXVc[, V gp-
odhd cVefVXâ^ ^ ga[ZXVo^h[ efVX^h[aghXV.
; gVbVhV Vfb^t ;d[cc^th gps] ]VeV]XVa X efdZpa\[c^[ cV YdZ^c^ c[-
g^YifcV gVbdghdth[acdgh, ]VeaVn[c g dZpf\VXtXVc[, h. [. g edZm^c[c^[ cV
;d[ccdhd b^c^gh[fghXd. F[ZdXdac^h[ dh hdXV edad\[c^[ ed-baVZn^ dj^-
l[f^ g[ dWdgdWâ^ X „`Ve^hVcg`V dfYVc^]Vl^t“ (1926–1927), V ef[]
1929–1930 Y. c[ibdf^b^th `dcge^fVhdf =Vbtc ;[am[X gp]ZVa cV c[_cV dg-
cdXV KV[c Xd[c[c gps], `d_hd edgh[e[ccd ^]b[ghâ ed Xa^tc^[ „`V]^dc-
c^t“. Hf[] 1934 Y. KV_c^th Xd[c[c gps] Wfdta 814 ma[cdX[ (dh dWod 3000
dj^l[f^). Hdga[ZXVaV cdXV cVb[gV cV ef^ZdWâVhV gVbdghd_cdgh Xd[ccV
dfYVc^]Vl^t X YfV\ZVcg`^t eda^h^m[g`^ \^Xdh. ;dZ[c dh c[ZdXdaghXd dh
„W[]^]kdZ^lVhV“ ef^ iefVXa[c^[hd cV FVfdZc^t Wad`, Z^g`f[Z^h^fVad g[
`Vhd eVfh^]Vcg`d, `dfibe^fVcd ^ c[[j[`h^Xcd, ;d[cc^th gps] ^]Xpfnâ
ef[XfVh cV 19 bV_ 1934 Y., hd]^ eph X gps] g eda^h^m[g`^t `fpY „@X[cd“ cV
C^bdc <[dfY^[X. :â ighVcdX[c deftc cV Vfb^thV VXhdf^hVf[c f[\^b. @V
fV]a^`V dh Xf[b[hd ga[Z ef[XfVhV dh 9 sc^, g[YV Vfb^thV WâV „ef^WfVcV
X `V]Vfb^h[“ ^ c[ imVghXVaV X eda^h^m[g`^t \^Xdh.
„JeVg^h[a^h[ cV dh[m[ghXdhd“ g[ XZpkcdXtXVa^ dh ^Z[^ ]V gâcV Zpf-
\VXcdgh, VXhdf^h[hcV c[eVfh^_cV (^ cVZeVfh^_cV) dWodcVl^dcVacV XaVgh,
gedgdWc^ ^ `dbe[h[chc^ [a^h^, `Vhd X^\ZVa^ fdathV cV Xd[cc^h[ X YVfVc-
59
,$3$), . ;d]c^`cdX[c^[ jVn^]bV…, 140–148; ,$-.*#*, $&*'%. Hd Z^fthV cV
W[]ga[Zcd…; *-3&$, $)&*. 9fb^thV ^ c[_cVhV fdat…
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 147
h^fVc[hd cV edZdW[c Zpf\VX[c f[Z. @V gaVWdgh hV cV Zpf\VXVhV ^ aêgVhV

cV f[Z h[ dWX^ctXVa^ c[ge^fc^h[ `fVbda^ b[\Zi eVfh^^h[ ^ `dfiel^thV cV
eVfh^_c^t \^Xdh (`d_hd ]VWfVcâ^).60 ; edZdWc^ ef[ZghVX^ bd\[ ZV g[ X^-
Z^ ^ [Zcd kVfV`h[fcd ]V Xd[cc^h[ defdgh[cm[g`d X^\ZVc[ cV dWo[ghXdhd,
cVWatYVod Xpfki [Z^cghXdhd, f[ZV ^ Z^glêa^cVhV, cd hXpfZ[ cV^Xcd ed
dhcdn[c^[ cV gf[ZghXVhV, edga[Z^l^h[ ^ gdWghX[cVhV fdat. ;V\c^ j^Yif^
cV cdXVhV XaVgh, Xàsm^h[acd YaVXcdhd a^l[ XpX ;d[cc^t gps] =Vbtc ;[a-
m[X, Wâ^ ^]X[ghc^ g f[eiWa^`Vcg`^ cVghfd[c^t; XpX Xg[`^ gaimV_ ef^ cd-
XVhV g^gh[bV c[ g[ ef[ZX^\ZVaV dgdW[cV fdat ]V bdcVfkV.
Jâ[c X c[a[YVacdgh, ;d[cc^th gps] Wâ dhgaVW[c dh gVbdhd g^ cVXa^-
]Vc[ X iefVXa[c^[hd, `d[hd Yd dh`fâd ]V `Vf^[f^gh^ ^ Xc[gad fV]cdWd_ ed
fV]c^ Xpefdg^ X f[Z^l^h[ bi. Pf[] ib[ad aVX^fVc[ ^ ^]eda]XVc[ cV efdbd-
cVfk^m[g`^ cVghfd[c^ Xd[cc^ cV :df^g III g[ iZVad ZV fV][Z^c^ ;d[cc^t
gps] ^ mf[] ct`da`d ef[kdZc^ efVX^h[aghXV ZV ^]b[gh^ Xd[cc^h[ dh iefVX-
a[c^[hd. =Vbtc ;[am[X Wâ ]VadX[c ^ ef[] 1936 Y. ^ dgpZ[c cV gbpfh i\ ]V
YdhX[c ef[XfVh, cd (g c[bVap` ZfVbVh^]pb) edbâXVc.61 ;d[cc^th gps] Wâ
fV]hif[c ef[] 1936 Y. dh Y[c. Di`dX `Vhd Xd[c[c b^c^ghpf. Ja[Z edghVXtc[
cV Xd[cc^h[ edZ `dchfda ^ ]VWfVcVhV cV Xgt`V`X^ dfYVc^]Vl^^ X Vfb^thV
f[VacVhV XaVgh ef[b^cVaV X fpl[h[ cV lVft ^ hd_ iefVXatXVa g c[eVfh^_c^
efVX^h[aghXV.
;p]ghVcdXtXVc[hd cV Vfb^thV ^ igâXVc[hd 8 efdZpa\âd. Hf[] 1934 Y.
b^fcdXf[b[ccVhV Vfb^t g[ gpghdtaV dh 25 e[kdhc^ ^ 9 Vfhâ[f^_g`^ eda`V
^ do[ ct`da`d ge[l^Vac^ edZfV]Z[a[c^t (^c\[c[fc^, `dcc^, \[a[]dephc^,
gXpf]dmc^) ef^ dWo m^ga[c gpghVX dh 57 262 Zin^, XàsmXVo^ 2615 dj^-
l[f^ ^ 3421 edZdj^l[f^.62 GWVm[ bVh[f^Vacd-h[kc^m[g`VhV WV]V WâV dg-
hVftaV, bdhdf^]Vl^thV – côd\cV, aêgXVa^ hVc`dX[ ^ efdh^XdhVc`dX^
dfpZ^t, ctbVad c^hd [Z^c gVbda[h, V jadhph g[ gpghdta dh 4 dghVf[a^ hdf-
e[Zdcdgl^ ^ ZXV ghfV\[X^ `dfVWV.
;g^m`^ efVX^h[aghXV Zd ;hdfVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV g[ de^hXVa^ ZV bdZ[f-
c^]^fVh Vfb^thV, ]V ZV ef^ZVZVh h[\[gh cV XpcncVhV eda^h^`V. =d`Vhd gp-
60 FVef^b[f X edf[Z^lVhV iXdZc^ ghVh^^ XpX X[ghc^`V cV ;d[cc^t gps] „FVfdZcV dhWfV-
cV“: 9fb^thV ^ eVfh^^h[. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1703, 15 sc^ 1934; =pf\VXVhV. – FVfdZcV
dhWfVcV, 7 1704, 22 sc^ 1934; =paYph c^ `pb Zpf\VXVhV – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1705, 29 sc^
1934; GWcdXVhV. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1706, 6 sa^ 1934; :fVc, cdXVhV XaVgh, eVfh^thV ^ cV-
fdZV. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1707, 13 sa^ 1934; 9fb^thV ^ iefVXa[c^[hd. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV,
7 1712, 17 VXY. 1934; *+*, . =pf\VXcVhV ^Z[t. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1752, 22 bV_ 1935.
;[m[ ga[Z ^]b[ghXVc[hd cV Xd[cc^h[ dh XaVgh hV g[ eiWa^ìXVh f[Z ghVh^^ XpX Xp]kXVaV cV bd-
cVfkV `Vhd XpfkdX[c YaVXcd`dbVcZXVo.
61 "3", $($.4,. Jedb[c^. J., <ih[cW[fY, 2004, 129–138.
62
=Vcc^ i .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*, 5!($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…,
g. 382.
o[ghXiXVa^ dYfVc^m[c^thV ed Frd_g`^t ZdYdXdf, ef[Xpdfp\VXVc[hd Wâd

hV_cd. KV`V Wâd Zd edZe^gXVc[hd cV Jdaicg`dhd gedfV]ib[c^[ dh 31 sa^
1938 Y., `d[hd dhb[câd Xd[cc^h[ àVi]^ cV b^fc^t ZdYdXdf ^ ZVad Xp]bd\-
cdgh ]V gXdWdZcd fV]X^h^[ cV Vfb^thV. <[fbVc^t g[ ef[XpfcVaV X dgcdX[c
ZdghVXm^` cV Xpdfp\[c^[ ]V :paYVf^t X gXd[hd ^`dcdb^m[g`d efdc^`XVc[
cV :Va`Vc^h[ ^ ef^ Wa^]dgh hV cV f[X^]^dc^gh`^h[ eda^h^m[g`^ ^ch[f[g^.
Ft`da`dhd de^hV ]V gàsmXVc[ cV ]V[b ]V Xd[cc^ ci\Z^ dh 9cYa^t ^ MfVc-
l^t, l[ato^ ^]WtYXVc[ cV [ZcdghfVccd dWXpf]XVc[ g Kf[h^t fV_k, g[ efd-
XVaâ^ edfVZ^ XVaihc^ hfiZcdgh^ ^ deVg[c^t ]V WpaYVfg`VhV eda^h^m[g`V
df^[chVl^t ^ h[f^hdf^Vac^ Vge^fVl^^. Hf[] 1938 ^ 1939 Y. <[fbVc^t ZVaV
Xp]bd\cdgh cV :paYVf^t ZV ]Vìe^ dh c[t dfp\^[ (cV à^f^cYdXV dgcdXV)
gf[oi Xcdg cV eda[]c^ ^]`deV[b^. FVfdZcdhd gpWfVc^[ e[f^dZ^m[g`^ YaV-
giXVad ZpaYdgfdmc^ Xd[cc^ `f[Z^h^ cV efVX^h[aghXdhd.
; f[]iahVh dh Y[fbVcg`^t dfp\[[c Xcdg :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t g[ ef[Xpd-
fp\âV g bdZ[fcd dWdfiZXVc[ – hVc`dX[, gVbda[h^, ][c^hc^ dfpZ^t, b^cd-
kXpfYVm`^, YViW^l^, efdh^XdhVc`dX^ ein`^ ^ ef. KdXV ZVad Xp]bd\cdgh ZV
g[ jdfb^fVh ef[] epfXVhV edadX^cV cV 1939 Y. 2 cdX^ e[kdhc^ Z^X^]^^.
LX[a^mâ g[ ^ gpghVXph cV ge[l^Vac^h[ edZfV]Z[a[c^t. Cpb cVmVadhd cV
;hdfVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV :paYVf^t fV]edaVYVaV g dhcdg^h[acd bdZ[fcV Wd[-
gedgdWcV Vfb^t, X gpghdtc^[ ZV g[ W^[ efdh^X [Z^c^m[c efdh^Xc^` ^]b[\-
Zi gpg[Zc^h[ ghfVc^. Gj^l[fg`^ `VZf^ X ghfVcVhV g[ dWimVXVa^ XpX ;d[c-
cVhV V`VZ[b^t (gp]ZVZ[cV ef[] 1924 Y.), ;d[ccdhd imâô[ X Jdj^t, Edf-
g`dhd imâô[ XpX ;VfcV ^ do[ 7 Xd[cc^ n`da^ ]V fV]c^ fdZdX[ Xd_g`^.
; cVX[m[f^[hd cV ;hdfVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV (1939 Y.) :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t
Zdgh^YcVaV m^ga[cdgh 72 250 Zin^, dh `d^hd 4041 dj^l[f^, 4943 edZdj^-
l[f^, 3670 m^cdXc^l^ ^ 59 596 Xd_c^l^. ;d[ccdXp]Zinc^h[ gâ^ (;;J)
^bVa^ 422 gVbda[hV. 9fb^thV fV]edaVYVaV g ct`da`d a[`^ ^ gf[Zc^ hVc`V,
cd ctbVaV Wfdc[hVc`dX^ Xd_g`^; c[ WâV ]VXpfn[cV ^ efdh^XdXp]ZincVhV
dhWfVcV.63
9fb^thV edaimâV ed-cVhVhpncd fV]X^h^[ ^ cdX^ ]VZVm^ ed Xf[b[ cV
;hdfVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV ^ dgdW[cd ga[Z Xa^]Vc[hd cV :paYVf^t X Kf^ghfVc-
c^t eV`h (^ Xd_cVhV) ef[] bVfh 1941 Y. Gìe^fVc[hd cV @VeVZcV KfV`^t ^
;VfZVfg`V EV`[Zdc^t X gpdhX[hghX^[ gpg gedfV]ib[c^thV g <[fbVc^t ^]-
Ya[\ZVad ZpaYddmV`XVcdhd dgpo[ghXtXVc[ cV cVl^dcVac^t ^Z[Va. 9fb^thV
^ gp]ZVZ[cVhV gpg ]V`dc cV 26 tciVf^ 1944 Y. \VcZVfb[f^t Wâ^ ^]eda]XV-
c^ dh efVX^h[aghXdhd ^ ]V WdfWV efdh^X eVfh^]Vcg`dhd ZX^\[c^[. KXpfZ[
W[]fV]gpZcd (^ W[] efd^]h^mVoV dh eV`hV dWXpf]Vcdgh) :paYVf^t dWtXâV
Xd_cV cV 9cYa^t ^ J9R ef[] Z[`[bXf^ 1941 Y. ;edga[ZghX^[ VcYad-Vb[f^-
63
=Vcc^h[ i: +-*, 5!($'. =[_cdghhV cV WpaYVfg`^h[…, 66–68.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 149
`Vcg`^h[ WdbWVfZ^fdX`^ cV Jdj^t ef[] [g[chV cV 1943 ^ efda[h hV cV

1944 Y. X][a^ ]cVm^h[ac^ \[fhX^ ^ gp]ZVa^ Yda[b^ fV]fin[c^t; ]Vgai\VXV
dhW[at]XVc[ hXpfZVhV, bV`Vf ^ dWf[m[cV, Xd[ccdXp]ZincV ]Vo^hV cV bVa-
`VhV WpaYVfg`V Xd[ccV VX^Vl^t.
Hf[] 1944 Y. f[ZdXcVhV Vfb^t Zdgh^YcVaV m^ga[cdgh dh 182 621 Zin^.
Hd hdXV Xf[b[ X f[]iahVh dh Y[fbVcg`^h[ ZdghVX`^ ]V 105 bac. bVf`^ ^ cV
igXd[c^ cVZ 18 bafZ. a[XV ed YaVgiXVc^ dh FVfdZcdhd gpWfVc^[ Xd[cc^
`f[Z^h^ e[kdhVhV WâV gcVWZ[cV g bdZ[fcd dfp\^[, Vfhâ[f^thV cVfVgcVaV
3 eph^ X gfVXc[c^[ g 1939 Y. ^ fV]edaVYVaV g 3245 bdZ[fc^ dfpZ^t; ^bVad
Wfdc^fVcV Wf^YVZV dh 150 hVc`V, V ;;J ef^h[\VXVa^ 694 gVbda[hV ^ ]cV-
m^h[a[c Wfd_ ][c^hc^ dfpZ^t.64
Hf^ dm[fhVa^t g[ ed-fVcd fV]Yfdb cV k^ha[f^gh`^t gps] Xd_cVhV cVW-
a^\VXVaV c[ibda^bd WpaYVfg`^h[ YfVc^l^. @VX][bVc[hd cV XaVgh hV dh `d-
bic^gh^h[ (ga[Z cVXa^]Vc[hd cV JpX[hg`VhV Vfb^t X ghfVcVhV) g[ ^]Xpfn^-
ad h[kc^m[g`^ g Xd[c[c ef[XfVh cV 9 g[eh[bXf^ 1944 Y. A hd_ Wâ dfYVc^-
]^fVc dh W^Xn^t XdZVm cV ;d[ccVhV a^YV =Vbtc ;[am[X (dgXdWdZ[c ef[]
1940 Y.) ^ C^bdc <[dfY^[X, X[m[ `Vhd ma[cdX[ cV FVl^dcVac^t gpX[h cV
Gh[m[ghX[c^t jfdch. (JVb^th ;[am[X ghVcVa dhcVmVad Xd[c[c b^c^ghpf, V
Xedga[ZghX^[ [b^Yf^fVa, ]V ZV g[ geVg^.)
9fb^thV hftWXVad ZV cVeigc[ dìe^fVc^h[ h[f^hdf^^, dW[`h cV cVl^d-
cVac^h[ Vge^fVl^^. Hdepac[cV g Ydatb Wfd_ ]VeVgc^ mVgh^, `pb 1 VXYigh
1944 Y. ht cVWfdtXVaV 506 283 Zin^, Zdgh^YV_`^ bdWâ^]Vl^dccd cVef[\[-
c^[ 25 % dh bp\`dhd hfiZdgedgdWcd cVg[a[c^[. Kt WâV kXpfa[cV XpX
Xd_cVhV efdh^X <[fbVc^t g cVZ[\ZV ]V ed-WaVYdef^th[c b^f[c ZdYdXdf.
:â^ ZVZ[c^ cdX^ 32 000 \[fhX^ X[m[ c[ ]V f[nVXVc[ cV cVl^dcVac^t Xpe-
fdg, V ]V ge[m[aXVc[ cV WaVYdfV]edad\[c^[hd cV edW[Z^h[a^h[.65 KV`V ef[g-
a[ZXVc[hd cV dW[Z^c^h[acVhV cVl^dcVacV l[a XpX ;hdfVhV gX[hdXcV Xd_cV
g[ d`V]Vad ]V edf[Z[c eph k^b[fV.
=VZ[c^h[ ]V Xd[ccd f[nVXVc[ cV cVl^dcVac^t Xpefdg dYfdbc^ \[fhX^
– mdX[n`^ ^ bVh[f^Vac^, gpXg[b c[ g[ defVXZVXVh dh f[]iahVh^h[ cV edXhV-
fto^h[ g[ edfV\[c^t. =fiY [ Xpefdgph, ZVa^ X [edkV cV cVl^dcVa^]pb cV
:Va`Vc^h[ ^ ^be[f^Va^]pb X >XfdeV, `dYVhd Xd_cVhV g[ ef^[bVaV `Vhd ^]-
ltad a[Y^h^bcd gf[ZghXd ]V edgh^YVc[hd cV eda^h^m[g`^ l[a^, [ Wâd Xp]-
bd\cd ZfiYd fV]X^h^[. HdghVXt_`^ dWVm[ cVl^dcVac^t Xpefdg `Vhd ef^d-
f^h[h[c, iefVXatXVo^h[ efdeigcVa^ ZV cVefVXth edX[m[ X dWaVgh^h[ cV
^`dcdb^m[g`dhd ^ gdl^Vacdhd fV]X^h^[.
64 =Vcc^h[ i: .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*, 5!($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…,
385–386.
65 *.", )-.-. =[bdYfVjg`d-^ghdf^m[g`^…, g. 173; "*, $", "*, $. EdWâ^]V-
l^dccdhd cVef[\[c^[…, 139–140.

150 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM

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ll l|zowr|o zjkx|r wj Wwpo{|lx|x, nxlouj nx zqtj yxur|ro{tj yx-
uzrqjr r txw~zxw|jr vopn} z}{x~rur r z}{x~xkr r yzonrqlrtjuj
jknrtjr|j wj twq Nj|owkozm (26 jlm}{| 1886 m.). ûonlj {v}|wx|x „koq-
twpro“ (1886–1887), wx wo{|jkruwx{| |j yzxnupjlj r {uon wjvrzjwo|x
wj wxl twq – aoznrwjn ^jt{txk}zmmx|{tr. Uqxkx zxu|j wj ]}{r l wj-
juwx|x zjqlr|ro wj Numjzr o xmzxvwj r yzon{|jlulj nukxt ~xw r wjs-
1 \xur|ro{tj|j r{|xzr wj Numjzr o yxnzxkwx zjqzjkx|owj { no{o|tr zjkx|r r yx wjs-
„nzokwr“ yzxkuov, txo|x yzjlr lqvxpow – r l{wx{| yx-{vr{uow – onrw yx-xkxkow r |r-
yrqrzj yxnxn. [| xkr|o r{|xzrr wjs-nxkzj (r {nzpjj zonrj yzoxowtr) vr {o {|z}-
lj zjkx|j|j wj -F4F9?B64, "?9A4, -FB=KB DMAK4DB6. U{|xzr wj wxlj Numjzr, 1878–1944,
tx|x |}t o rzxtx rqyxuqljwj. \x x|nouwr|o lyzx{r yxuqljv vwxpo{|lx nz}mr jl|xzr.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM Û^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 151
ljpwj xk{wr|ouwj zjvtj wj yxloo|x yxur|ro{tr zjqlr|r.2 Qrt|j|}zj|j

wj ^|jvkxuxl (1887–1894) vxpo nj {o |ut}lj tj|x z}{x~xk{tr „rqxn x|
tzrqj|j“ – |lzn x|mxlxz |tvx wj |xlj rqlwzonwx yxuxpowro r x|{|xlj-
wo wj woqjlr{rvx{||j.3 ^yxzon onwj txw|zj~jt|rwj ryx|oqj vxpoux o |
nj kno rqkomwj|j l yxuqj wj yx-{lxkxnwx r novxtzj|rwx l|zowx zjq-
lr|ro yzr yx-mxuvj |jt|rwx{| x| {|zjwj wj ]}{r, txo|x kr x|mxljzux
yx-nxkzo r wj {xk{|lowr|o L rw|ozo{r qj qjyjqljwo wj lurwro.4 \xuxpo-
wro|x qjyxlj nj {o wxzvjurqrzj {uon yjnjwo|x wj ^|jvkxuxl x| luj{|
(1894 m.), yzr }yzjluowro|x wj Wxw{|jw|rw ^|xruxl, txmj|x {o {|rmj nx
yzrqwjljwo wj aoznrwjwn x| ]}{r (1896 m.). \zr {uonljr|o yzjlr|ou{|-
lj {o x~xzv |. wjz. urow zoprv wj aoznrwjwn, |. o. mxuvx qj{ruljwo wj
womxlx|x lurwro, txo|x |zjo nx jknrtjr|j v} {uon nlo|o wjrxwjuwr tj-
|j{|zx~r. O {x|x lzovo yzlx|x no{o|ruo|ro wj bb l. o yozrxn wj {|x-
yjw{tr r t}u|}zow lqxn. fo {o {yzj yx-yxnzxkwx wj lquxlr|o vxvow|r
l yxur|ro{tx|x zjqlr|ro.5
\xur|ro{tr| prlx| {|jz|rzj yx y| wj urkozjuwj|j novxtzjr, qj-
uxpowj tj|x yx|owr r l txw{|r|}r|j. d}pn wj yxnxkwx }yzjluowro r
}yujow x| wtxr yzotxvozwx{|r wj novxtzjr|j yzr }yzjluowro|x wj
urkozjur|o (yzjlr|ou{|lx|x wj Wjzjlouxl), twq Muot{jwnz Nj|owkozm
rqlzlj yzolzj| wj 27 jyzru 1881 m., tj|x {lju yzjlr|ou{|lx|x wj urko-
zjur|o r mx qjvow { yzjlr|ou{|lx wj z}{tr mowozju Rzwzx|. Yjtjz nj wo
o wjvozow rqzrow nxt}vow|, nxtjqlj, o twpo{tr|o wjvozowr {j krur
2 _xlj {o o x{qwjljux yx-nxkzo wj lzovo|x. Uqux l tuj wj x|wxowr|j { ]}{r o
wjyzrvoz |ut}ljwo|x wj kumjz{tx|x zjqlr|ro nx tzj wj bIb l. x| -FD4L<@<DB6, AFBA.
Qrt|j|xz|…, 135–147, 150, 177–179. Muot{jwnz cjwtxl, x{low o xk{wlj kumjz{tj|j r{-
|xzr nx lxswr|o tj|x ~}wtr wj x|wxowr|j { ]}{r, nxtjzlj {wtj|j wj nl}{vr{uowr|o
x|wxowr { wo nx Njutjw{tr {q r „rqx{|jlwo|x“ wj Numjzr x| ]}{r (yzonyxouj nj
yxn nzpj ^zkr). Op. 14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo. ^yxvowr. ^., \zxqx-
zo, 1998, x{xk. 44–54, 90–102. Twjowro|x wj ]}{r wtjt {o yxnowlj l yx-t{wj|j r{|x-
zrxmzj~r (wx wo x| ^|xsx Pzwjzxl), {rm}zwx yxwopo {o yzrovj qj o{|o{|lowx r wxzvjuwx.
3 DMAK4DB6, -FB=KB. \xur|ro{tr|o {rur…, x{xk. 4–5, 18–23, 108–110, 198–201. [| {-
lzovowwrr|o qj yxnxkwj rw|ozyzo|jr wj z}{x~xk{|lx|x r ^|jvkxuxlr zoprv tj|x yxzx-

nowr x| lzjpnokwx{| |j wj ]}{r lp. +996-+?4K>B6, %64A. Uq mwtr|o wj vrwjux|x. ^yxvowr
r lyoj|uowr. ^{|. Oo{tj Zrtxuxlj r Ruowj Zxwolj. ^., Mzmo{, 1994, 26–28, 49–53. Ul.
\ool o noo wj Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r r vrwr{|z wj yzx{lo|j|j yzoq 1912–1913 m.
4 DMAK4DB6, -FB=KB. \xur|ro{tr|o {rur…, 19–22, 198–199.
5 Tj |xqr yozrxn lp. -F4F9?B64, "?9A4, -FB=KB DMAK4DB6. U{|xzr wj wxlj Numj-
zr…, 26–245 (j{| |j wj Ruowj ^|j|ouxlj). ^x !<@<FDB6, %?KB. Wwq|, txw{|r|}r|j r
wjzxn|. ^., Uqnj|ou{|lx wj [a, 1972. Xrkozjur|o |}t {j rnow|r~rrzjwr { novxtzjr|j r
„wjzxnj“. [| {lzovowwrr|o lp. ,4896, -<@9BA. ^|zxr|our|o wj {lzovowwj… Wwrmj|j o
{ruwx txuxzr|wj r otqju|rzjwx yj|zrx|rwj, mujlwx {kr|rswj r { xyr{jwr wj urwx{|r, koq
wtjtlr xkr rnor r txwoyrr. Op. r )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, 43–114;
'4D4AB6, %64A. ^yxvowr r kouoptr. – Pzjpnjwrw, 1, 1904, K 5–6, 369–382, x{xk. 376–381.
xnxkzowr x| z}{tr rvyozj|xz Muot{jwnz III, ]}{r qj{|jlj |lznx qjn

yzolzj|j. _xlj yzon{|jlulj yzxvwj l woswj|j nx|xmjljwj urwr qj zjq-
r|jwo wj {jvx{|xswx|x l|zowx zjqlr|ro wj Numjzr r wj yxnzjqkrzj-
x|x {o {xkzjqljwo wj kumjz{tr|o nzpjlwrr { z}{tx|x lurwro l
Numjzr.6 ]}{tj|j yxntzoyj qj Nj|owkozm {qnjlj xyj{ow yzoonow| qj
}zopnjwo wj l|zowr zjkx|r { }pnr {rur. ûon yzxlonowr x| z}{tr tx-
vr{jzr l xk{|jwxltj wj |ozxz rqkxzr krux {lrtjwx Oourtx wjzxnwx {kzj-
wro l ^lrxl (1 ur 1881 m.), txo|x rqyuwrux r{tjwo|x wj twq Muot{jw-
nz qj {}{yownrzjwo wj txw{|r|}r|j r }{|jwxlrux |. wjz. zoprv wj yu-
wxvxr|j. Wwq| }yzjlulju rqlo{|wx lzovo { yzjlr|ou{|lj x| z}{tr mo-
wozjur (^xkxuol r Wj}ukjz{) r txw{ozlj|xzr, wx l{wx{| {|jwju xo yx-
qjlr{rv x| | r l tzjswj {vo|tj {o lrnu yzrw}now nj lq{|jwxlr txw{|r-
|}r|j (wj 6 {oy|ovlzr 1883 m.). ^ |xlj xkjo |xs qjm}kru nxlozro|x wj
z}{tr rvyozj|xz{tr nlxz. ]}{tr|o x~rozr x{|jwjur wj {u}pkj l kumjz-
{tj|j jzvr xo rqlo{|wx lzovo (kumjzx-z}{tj lxowwj txwlowr x|
10 wxovlzr 1883 m.).
ônrwowro|x wj Wwpo{|lx|x { Uq|xwj ]}vour (6 {oy|ovlzr 1885 m.),
qj txo|x x| {jvx|x wjjux {o lxnouj jmr|jr r yxnmx|xltj, krux rqlzo-
wx koq {muj{ro|x wj ]}{r; |x krux qjr|owx l ^zk{tx-kumjz{tj|j lxs-
wj lyzotr rq|omuwo|x wj z}{tr|o x~rozr x| kumjz{tj|j jzvr.7 _xlj
xtxwj|ouwx wj{|zxsux ]}{r yzx|rl twqj r z}{tj|j yxur|rtj {o wj{xr-
uj tv womxlx|x x|{|zjwljwo x| kumjz{tr yzo{|xu. \zr |zjnrrxwwx
{ruwr|o z}{x~ru{tr wj{|zxowr l Numjzr {o {|rmj nx zjqnouowro wj yjz-
|rswr|o nosr r xko{|lx|x wj jw|jmxwr{|rwr mz}yrzxltr – z}{x~rur r
z}{x~xkr (wjrxwjur{|r, yj|zrx|r), – txr|x {o lyuour l xpo{|xowr kxz-
kr. Zoj|j rqmuopnjur ju|ozwj|rlwx – rur { Muot{jwnz Nj|owkozm, rur {
]}{r. ^ wj{zowro|x wj z}{tj|j nryuxvjr mz}yj z}{x~ru{tr wj{|zxo-
wr x~rozr (\o|z Pz}ol, M|jwj{ Nownozol, ]jntx Qrvr|zrol) rqlzrur
yzolzj| wj 9 jlm}{| 1886 m. r yzrw}nrur twqj nj jknrtrzj; x~rozr|o xkj-
o wo }{your nj x{rm}z| jl|xzr|o|wj yxur|ro{tj yxntzoyj wj yzolzj|j.
[| \uxlnrl qjyxwju lxowow txw|zjyzolzj| (wjoux { yxny. ^jlj Y}|t}-
zxl), txs|x {o zjqyzx{|zjwru r l nz}mr mjzwrqxwr r kru xmujlow x| zor-
|ouwr ^|o~jw ^|jvkxuxl l _zwxlx, yx |xlj lzovo yzon{onj|ou wj Zjzxn-
6 DMAK4DB6, -FB=KB. \xur|ro{tr|o {rur…,19–21. Zxlr| t}z{ wj ]}{r qj wjvo{j {uon-
lj }krs{|lx|x x| |ozxzr{| wj rvyozj|xz Muot{jwnz II (x{lxkxnr|ou wj Numjzr) r rnljwo-

|x wj luj{| wj rvyozj|xz Muot{jwnz III {{ qj{ruljwo wj „zojtr|j“.
7 Wjt|x xkzj| lwrvjwro wtxr {lzovowwrr, z}{x~xk{|lx|x nupjux wovjutx wj rw-
|ozo{j wj yxlrowr|o kumjz{tr x~rozr nj qjyjq| yzrnxkr|r|o rwxlo r yx{|xlo r lqvxp-

wx{|r|o qj jljw{rzjwo (txr|x krj qjm}krur yzr olow|}juwx qjlzjwo wj z}{tr|o x~rozr).
Op. 4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr, 1864–1887. ^., NMZ, 1939, 229–230; 2DG>B6, !4A<<?. ^yxvowr
rq yxur|ro{tr prlx| wj Numjzr. ^., 1932, {. 146.
wx|x {kzjwro. Wxw|zjyzolzj|| kru }{yoow r lzwju twqj l {|zjwj|j.

_xs xkjo, koq nj {o {lo|lj {{ ^|jvkxuxl, yx|z{ru {jwtr|j wj ]}{r
r txmj|x | v} kruj x|tjqjwj, jknrtrzju nxkzxlxuwx (wj 26 jlm}{| 1886 m.).
Zj{|yru |opt yozrxn wj „koqtwpro“, yzr txo|x {|zjwj|j {o }yzjl-
uljuj x| zomow|{|lx r yzjlr|ou{|lx, wx l|zowx|x yxuxpowro krux tzjs-
wx wo{|jkruwx. _z{ou {o wxl twq. Zo}zonowx|x lwwx yxuxpowro njux
lqvxpwx{|r qj mz}kj wjvo{j wj ]}{r, wonxlxuwj x| x{|jljwo|x wj luj{|
wj wjrxwjur{|ro{tr|o jw|rz}{tr {rur. Oz wj z}{tj|j wjvo{j yzon{|j-
lulj vr{r|j wj mow. Wj}ukjz{ l Numjzr, txs|x l wjloozro|x wj rqkx-
zr|o qj Oourtx wjzxnwx {kzjwro (qj rqkrzjwo wj wxl twq) jmr|rzju wj{o-
uowro|x yzx|rl zomow|{|lx|x r yzjlr|ou{|lx|x. Numjzx-z}{tr|o x|wxo-
wr {|rmwjur nx zjqzrl, j wj zjqurwr vo{|j l {|zjwj|j (^rur{|zj, ]}{o)
rqk}wjur wj{zjljwr x| ]}{r k}w|xlo wj z}{x~ru{tr x~rozr; |o krur
zor|ouwx yx|}owr. \x |xlj lzovo {o {qnjlj| r nos{|lj| r nz}prwtr|o
„Numjzr qj {oko {r“, txr|x |ozxzrqrzjur z}{x~ru{tj|j xyxqrr (wjzr-
jwj „ozwr n}r“ r „yzonj|our“) r xtjqljur wj|r{t lz} wj{ouowro|x l
yxntzoyj wj }yzjluljr|o. \xur|ro{tr| prlx| l {|zjwj|j nomzjnrzju l
kz}|juwx{| r wj{rur, x| txr|x {|zjnjux wj{ouowro|x.8 Wxw~zxw|jr|j yx
|xqr ~xt}{rzju l {oko {r yxur|ro{tr|o {|zj{|r lyzx{ o rqzjqowj x|
Muot{jwnz cjwtxl |jtj:
Qlo n}r wx{ovo wro, kumjzr|o, jtx vxpo |jtj nj {o tjpo: z}{x~rur
r z}{x~xkr onwxlzovowwx. W}u|}zwx r n}xlwx kurqtr zxnwrwr, yxur-
|ro{tr r xko{|lowx – yzx|rlwrr.9
\zot{ljwo|x wj nryuxvj|ro{tr|o x|wxowr { ]}{r, yzrqwj|j nx|x-

mjlj qj xyot}w wj Numjzr, rw|ozwjrxwjurqrzjux kumjz{tj|j tzrqj.
Zjs-mxuvj|j xyj{wx{| qj wjrxwjuwj|j {jvx{|x|ouwx{| yzovrwjuj { wj-
vrzjwo|x x| kumjz{tr|o yxur|rr wj wxl twq – aoznrwjwn ^jt{txk}zm-
mx|{tr, rqkzjw x| {lrtjwx l _zwxlx Oourtx wjzxnwx {kzjwro wj 25 wr
1887 m. _xs xkjo wo yxu}ru vopn}wjzxnwx yzrqwjwro x| Oourtr|o {rur.
8 Op. DMAK4DB6, -FB=KB. \xur|ro{tr|o {rur…, 86–87. [yr{jwro wj {lzovowwrr }
4F4>?<96, %64A. Pzjn _j|jz-\jqjznprt. U{|xzrtx-moxmzj~{tr yzomuon. ^., 1923, 324–327.

[yr{jwx o rqzjpnjwo|x wj yxur|ro{tr prlx| l jstjnprs{|lx l \jqjznprt yzoq
1890–1894 m.
9 14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo, {. 114. Op. r rw|ozo{wx|x y{rxuxmro{tx
|ut}ljwro wj txw~urt|j tj|x zjqzrl vopn} „kjr“ (z}{x~rur|o, wj{uonwrr wj xzj|j x|

kxzkr|o qj ztxlwj woqjlr{rvx{|) r „noj“ (z}{x~xkr|o, wj{uonwrr wj xlo|o r zolxu-
rxwozr|o, „wrrur{|r“ r „jwjzr{|r“) }: -FD4L<@<DB6, AFBA. Qrt|j|xz|…, {. 138. ^yx-
zon jl|xzj {jvx|x kumjz{tx z}{x~xk{|lx vxpo nj {o |ut}lj (lwx l y{rxjwjur|row tu)
tj|x {ruwx ovxrxwjuow k}w| wj „{rw“ (Numjzr) {zo} „kjj“ (]}{r), qj nj {o {|rmwo l
tzjswj {vo|tj nx „ukxlwx onrwowro { x{lxkxnr|outj|j“ ({. 138).
Zjjux|x wj womxlx|x jz}ljwo yzx|rj rqux yxn qwjtj wj nrt|j|}zj|j

wj ^|jvkxuxl (1887–1894).
Wzjswx x{yxzljwj urwx{|, ^|o~jw ^|jvkxuxl o luqu l r{|xzrxmzj-
~r|j tj|x mxuv nzpjlwrt r wjrxwjuow yxur|rt, }yzjlulju { pouqwj
ztj, wox tj|x kumjz{tr Nr{vjzt; yzrqwjlj| v} {o qj{u}mr r qj vxnozwr-
qjr|j.10 `{|jwxlowj|j x| womx nrt|j|}zj kruj jnotlj|ow x|mxlxz wj qj-
yujj|j qj woqjlr{rvx{| |j r l|zowr|o {v}|xlo. bjzjt|ozwj qj wo o
po{|xtj|j zjqyzjlj { z}{x~rur r nz}mr yzx|rlwrr, lzuwo l qj|lxzj wj
lrnwr yxur|ro{tr urwx{|r (nxzr \o|tx Wjzjlouxl), {vjqljwo wj l{tj
xyxqrr r yzo{uonljwo wj yx-{jvx{|x|ouwr|o nosr. \x n}vr|o wj lrn-
wr z}{tr zr{| r wjkunj|ou wj kumjz{tr yxur|ro{tr prlx| \jlou
Yrutxl, l rvo|x wj woqjlr{rvx{| |j ^|jvkxuxl yxpoz|lju {lxkxnj|j.11
Mtx x|wjjux zoyzo{r|j wjvrzj xyzjlnjwro ll lwwj|j xyj{wx{|, { |o-
owro wj lzovo|x | {|jljuj l{o yx-|z}nwx yxwx{rvj r wjs-{o|wo xkonrwr-
uj l{rtr {rur, z}{x~rur r z}{x~xkr, yzx|rl nrt|j|xzj. [| nz}mj {|zjwj,
yx lzovo|x wj ^|jvkxuxl {o {ujmj wjjux|x wj {|xyjw{tj|j vxnozwrqjr
wj {|zjwj|j r {o xtjqlj mxuvj yxntzoyj wj xkzjqxljwro|x (x|tzrlj {o r
}wrloz{r|o||). Ol lwwj|j yxur|rtj {o yx{|rmj| zonrj }{yor r x{x-
kowx rqnos{|ljwo|x x| _}zr wj kozj|r qj kumjz{tr lujnrr l wtxutx
oyjzrr l Yjtonxwr.
Qxlonow wj yzo{|xuj x| ^|jvkxuxl, aoznrwjwn Wxk}zmmx|{tr numx
lzovo {o }l{|lju |lzno {ujk r x{|jlju l womxlj|j {wtj. Rnlj { wjvju-
ljwo|x wj lwwj|j xyj{wx{| r wjzj{|ljwo|x wj xvzjqj|j tv nrt|j|xz-
{tr zoprv, tj|x {yoouru lxs{tj|j r wj{zru yxur|ro{tj|j xyxqrr,
wj aoznrwjwn {o }njux nj {o x|zlo x| ^|jvkxuxl (txs|x {txzx kru po{|x-
tx }kr|). Zxlxwjqwjowx|x yzjlr|ou{|lx krux txjurrxwwx, wjoux { n-z
Wxw{|jw|rw ^|xruxl (1894–1899).
^{ {vz| |j wj z}{tr rvyozj|xz Muot{jwnz III yzr wxlr rvyozj|xz
Zrtxujs II {o x|njuj lqvxpwx{| r qj rqmujpnjwo wj x|wxowr|j { ]}{r.
\xlxn| kru yzrovjwo|x wj rq|xwx|x zr{|rw{|lx x| yzo{|xuxwj{uonwr-
10 Nr krux rw|ozo{wx nj {o rq{uonlj r{|xzrxmzj~{tr {ljjwo|x wj ^|jvkxuxlj|j nrt|j-
|}zj. _x o yzxkow tjvt qj x|wxowro|x wjs-vjutx tv wtxutx woj – nzpjlwx{||j, „{ru-
wr xlot“, wjrxwjurqvj r x|wxowro|x tv ]}{r, zo{yot|rlwx ^lo|{tr {q, j x| |}t yx
zo~uot{ r tv }{|jwxlowr x| womx txv}wr{|ro{tr zoprv. ]ojkrur|jr|j wj ^|jvkxuxl o
x{xkowx {ruwj } +4AF96, A8D9=. ^|o~jw ^|jvkxuxl. O j{j wj Numjzr. ^., Rnov 21, 1995,
x{xk. {. 115, 118; Pxnrwr wj novxtzjr? ^., Rnov 21, 1992, x{xk. 89–99. ^|jvkxuxl {o rq|t-
lj tj|x mxuv nzpjlwrt r nxzr tj|x wjs-qwjrvr kumjz{tr nzpjlwrt, x|{|xlju |lznx
woqjlr{rvx{||j, {x tj|x zor|ouow vxnozwrqj|xz l zjqwr xkuj{|r; wj {lxs zon nrt|j|}zj-
|j {o xk{wlj (r xyzjlnjlj) { lwwr|o r l|zowr|o yzonrqlrtj|ou{|lj; txw{xurnjr|j wj
wjr|j r nzpjlj|j, rtxwxvro{tr| yzxmzo{ r nxzr novxtzjr|j l wjjux|x rqr{tljur
|lznj ztj r wj{ru{|lowr voztr, txo|x wo vxpoux nj {|jwo { „vo|j|ouwj yxo|rtj“.
11 )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, {. 95.
tj Nxzr{ (wj 2 ~olz}jzr 1886 m.). \xtz{|ljwo|x krux yx{uonljwx x| yzr-

qwjljwo wj aoznrwjwn x| ]}{r, _}zr r nz}mr|o Oourtr {rur. Wjkrwo||
wj W. ^|xruxl o yx{uonljw x| {ozr „yzoxnwr“ yzjlr|ou{|lj, txr|x krur
urowr x| rzxtj xko{|lowj yxntzoyj r kzqx {o rqwx{ljur r yjnjur x|
luj{|. Uvowwx {omj {o }{rulj |. wjz. urow zoprv wj aoznrwjwn, wjzoow
Xr{rj|j, txs|x { r|zj|j {r yxur|rtj wj yzrwryj „zjqnous r lujnos“
nxyzrwo{u wovjutx qj zjqnzxkljwo r x|{ujkljwo wj yjz|rr|o r qj qjm}-
kj|j wj rnoswr rv xkurt l kxzkr|o qj luj{| r „yutj“. ôlzovowwx l
|jtj ljpwj|j qj onwj vjutj nzpjlj lwwj yxur|rtj {o wjvo{rur r nz}mr
~jt|xzr, x{low ]}{r, wj yzlx lzovo x{xkowx Ml{|zx-`wmjzr. _xlj wjy-
zjlrux lqvxpwx rqlo{|wx ujlrzjwo l {|zovopj qj yx{|rmjwo wj {xk{|lo-
wr|o our lvo{|x yzonrwx|x ~rt{rzjwo „qj“ rur „yzx|rl“ onrw{|lowr
~jt|xz ]}{r.12
a[]YU]MZR ZM \M]_UU_R
[o yx lzovo wj `zonr|ouwx|x {kzjwro {o qjzjpnj| nlo yjz|rr, txr|x

wjqxljur {oko {r {yxzon |xmjljwr xkzjqr Wxw{ozlj|rlwj r Xrkozjuwj.
O x{wxlj|j wj zjqnouowro|x {|xur ljpwr yzxkuovr wj txw{|r|}r|j r
knox|x }yzjluowro r wjs-loo lyzx{| qj l|xzj tjvjzj, njur nj rvj rq-
krzj|ouow owq r yz. Wxw{ozlj|xzr|o wo {o nxlozljur wj wjzxnwj|j lxu
l woswr woyx{zon{|low rqzjq, tj|x jzm}vow|rzjur, o wjzxn| xo wo o }q-
zu qj yjzujvow|jzwx {jvx}yzjluowro {uon yxnjzowj|j {lxkxnj r |zklj
nj {o rqjtj nj vrwo lzovo; {x|lo|wx |o yzonujmjur {owj| tj|x lqyrzjj
rw{|jwr l yjzujvow|j r {o xyrzjur yxloo wj vxwjzj. Nnor|o urko-
zjur, xkzj|wx, qj{|yljur yzrwryj wj „wjzxnwr {}lozowr|o|“ l yuwr
v} r woyx{zon{|low rqzjq (onwxtjvjzow yjzujvow|, l{oxkx rqkrzj|ouwx
yzjlx, ury{j wj owq r yz.), vjtjz nj wo wjtzwrur qjuxpowr|o l z}{tr
yzxot| mxuovr yzozxmj|rlr wj vxwjzj. [{low yx txwtzo|wr lyzx{r, zjq-
urtr|o krur r yx |ovyozjvow| r o|x{ – olzxyos{tj }owx{|, |opo{| r yzon-
yjqurlx{| } txw{ozlj|xzr|o, wjzxnwj vnzx{| r yxy}ur{|tj novjmxmr, j
{x nzqx{| } urkozjur|o, wtxr x| txr|x { zolxurxwow {|jp rur yxl-
12
U{|xzrxmzj~r|j, {uonljstr {|zj{|r|o wj lzovo|x, o{|x yzon{|jl |xlj tj|x (wjs-o{-
|x x{nr|ouwx) jl{|zx~ru{|lx rur yx-xkx „wovrqv“ wj zxnxlx {lzqjwr { wov{tr {l|
aoznrwjwn. O{wx{| |x yzon{|jlulj wjlurqjwo r wj nz}mr „lourtr {rur“ l kumjz{tj|j yx-
ur|rtj, zoqozlrzjwj yzonr tj|x z}{tr yozrvo|z. [zrow|jr|j tv |oqr nzpjlr rqzjqlj
wo yzonj|ou{|lx wj wjrxwjuwr rw|ozo{, j |z{owo wj womxlx|x x{o{|lljwo l {q { nz}-
mr „lourtr {rur“ (zjqurwr x| ]}{r).
urwr x| z}{tr wrrurqv. Qlo|o yjz|rr rvj| yzono{|lowrr l yzon-

xnwr lqzxpnow{tr yozrxn.13
_oqr nlo yjz|rr {o nxx~xzv| l xpo{|xowr yxur|ro{tr kxzkr yzoq
yzlr|o mxnrwr wj {lxkxnwr prlx|, yzr txo|x wjyuwx wjn nouuj yxy}-
uzwj|j r {urljj {o { wjzxnj Xrkozjuwj yjz|r, nxtj|x Wxw{ozlj|rlwj|j,
vjtjz r { lr{xtxxkzjqxljwr lxnjr, wvjuj yxy}uzwx{| r kruj vxzjuwx
nr{tzonr|rzjwj {zon wj{ouowro|x (tj|x xzkjnprs{tj). Yxpo nj {o {yxzr
qj jnotlj|wx{| |j wj yzlxwjjuwx yzro|r|o wjqljwr wj yjz|rr|o {{ {-
nzpjwro|x wj |owr|o lqmuonr, wjyzrvoz l tjtl {vr{u „urkozjuwj“
(yzonlrn tuj{ro{tr, yx-{txzx our|jzr{|tr r rwnrlrn}jur{|row urkozj-
urqv) kruj {ruwx yxy}ur{|tj|j Xrkozjuwj yjz|r. Zoswr| wjjuow yx-
y}urqv r l xyxqrr nxzr {lxoxkzjqow „jwjzrqv“ o xyr{jw (vjutx
x|lr{xtx) x| Wxw{|jw|rw Uzoot |jtj:
Wjtlx yzon{|jlulj xyxqrr|j? R{|o{|low x|yxz wj yxu}xkzjqxljwj

{|zjwj {zo} olzxyos{tr jnvrwr{|zj|rlow zon: woxmzjwrowj {lxkx-
nj, koq njwr, koq vxwxyxu, koq vr|j, koq wjkxz r |. w.14
^txzx x| yzlxwjjuwr|o yjz|rr, x{xkowx x| yzo|ownrzjr|o nj yzon-

{|jlulj| wjzxnj urkozjur, {o x|nourur r wjzxrur wxlr yjz|rr.15 O wtxr
{u}jr zjqnouwo|x {|jljux yx txwtzo|wr lyzx{r wj l|zowj|j rur
13?48<><A, (N5B@<D. U{|xzr wj _zwxl{tj|j…, 133–139 (qj urkozjur r txw{ozlj|x-

zr); Black, Cyril. The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria. Princeton, 1943.
Wrzru Nuot rq|tlj wjurro|x wj rqlo{|ow yxur|ro{tr xyr| x|yzonr [{lxkxpnowro|x r }l-
{|lx qj x|mxlxzwx{|, txr|x x|urjljur yzlr|o yxur|ro{tr nosr x| {uonljj|j mowozjr
yxur|ro{tr lxnjr.
14 %D9K9>, 'BAEF4AF<A. Numjz{tr nwolwrt…, {. 39, l {r {vr{u {. 49. Op. qj novj-
mxmr|j wj urkozjur|o r -F4=AB6, +9F>B. Wxvyo|ow|wx{| r wjzxnxluj{|ro…, {. 96 (kou.),

112–118; 048:<=E><, %64A. Nr| r n}olwx{| wj o{wj~j r nzokwr wr {xk{|lowrt {uon [{lx-
kxpnowro|x (woqjlzow ljzrjw|). – Ol: %64A 048:<=E><. Zorqlo{|wx x| womx, worqlo{|wx
qj womx. ^., Uqnj|ou{|lx wj [a, 1989, 168–269, x{xk. 246–252. Ml|xz| rq|tlj yzrvr|rlrq-
vj wj xyxqrrxwwj|j yxur|ro{tj jmr|jr {uon [{lxkxpnowro|x – yzx|rl njwr|o r qjyuj-
|r|o wj rwxlwrr|o, wj{|zxsljwo wj nzokwr|o {xk{|lowrr yzx|rl rw|ourmowr|j, mzjpnj-
wr|o r nzpjlj|j. \x qjkouqjwj x| Qxkzr Pjwol rzxwr, „urkozjurqv|“ } wj{ nxu x| jk-
{xu|r{|rwj ]}{r (|. o. x| z}{tr lqyr|jwrr tj|x \o|tx Wjzjlouxl), j txw{ozlj|rqv| – x|
urkozjuwr Tjyjn (x| qjyjnwr lqyr|jwrr). Op. 4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr, 1864–1887, {. 108.
15
?4=>B6, .B8BD. Zjr|o yjz|rr. – Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6. ^rwowr. _. 5. ^., 1930, 322–
338, x{xk. 322–325 (yzlx y}kurt}ljwx yzoq 1920 m.); \xur|ro{tx|x zjqlr|ro wj Numjzr.
– Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 4, 1906, K 5, 512–536; K 6–7, 650–669; K 9, 964–982; \zxmzjvr,
yzxmzjvwr nxt}vow|r r }{|jlr wj k}zpxjqwr|o yjz|rr l Numjzr, 1879–1918 m. ^{|jl.
Oo{tj Zrtxuxlj, Qrvr|z ^jqnxl. ^., Zj}tj r rqt}{|lx, 1992. ^{|jlr|our|o njlj| {lonowr
qj l{tj yjz|r – txmj o }zonowj, x{wxlwr yzrwryr, x{wxlwr nosr, {xrjuwj jzjt|ozr{-
|rtj, lwwxyxur|ro{tj xzrow|jr, txmj o }yzjluljuj r yz.
lwwj|j yxur|rtj, j l nz}mr – yxzjnr r{|x urwr {yozwro{|lj r kxz-

kr qj lxnjo{|lx. Xrkozjuwj|j yjz|r {o zjqoyruj yzoq 1884 m. wj jwtx-
lr{|r r tjzjlour{|r yx yxlxn „txvyzxvr{j“ wj Qzjmjw cjwtxl { twq
Muot{jwnz r txw{ozlj|rlwx|x yzjlr|ou{|lx qj lq{|jwxlljwo wj {}{yow-
nrzjwj|j txw{|r|}r (wx { yzxvowr); lyx{uon{|lro {o wjkouqlj zjqurro
r yx lwwj|j yxur|rtj, tj|x cjwtxl {o xzrow|rzju l{o yxloo z}{x~ru-
{tr. ûon ônrwowro|x |. wjz. tjqrxwwj yjz|r x| Uq|xwj ]}vour yzo-
vrwjuj tv tjzjlour{|r|o, j {onrwr{|r|o x| Uq|xwj ]}vour – tv jw-
txlr{|r|o.
Ooo yzr ^|jvkxuxlr zoprv Wjzjlouxlx|x tzrux {o zjqnourux wj
Zjzxnwxurkozjuwj ({|jvkxuxlr{|tj) r Xrkozjuwj (zjnx{ujlr{|tj) yjz|r,
j {jvr| Wjzjlouxl kru lzuow l qj|lxz. \jnjwo|x wj ^|jvkxuxl x| luj{|
yzoq 1894 m. {prlrux yxur|ro{tr prlx| r kzx| wj yjz|rr|o {o }lour-
ru wj yo|. \zoq {j|j mxnrwj {o xkzjq}ljuj wxlj Zjzxnwj (wjzrjwj r
Zjzxnwtj) yjz|r x| krlr txw{ozlj|xzr, pwxkumjz{tr {onrwr{|r,
wtxr jwtxlr{|r, lrnwr rw|ouot|}jur r xzj wj {lxkxnwr|o yzx~o{rr,
qjvxpwr yzonyzrovjr, kjwtozr r |zmxlr wjoux { txw{ozlj|xzr|o Wxw-
{|jw|rw ^|xruxl r Pzrmxz Zjxlr; {uonlj lxnj {|jwju Uljw Rl{|zj-
|rol Poxl, j lrnwr nosr krur _oxnxz _oxnxzxl, Yrjru Yjnpjzxl, Qr-
vr|z ikujw{tr. azjtr|j wj Wjzjlouxl kruj lq{|jwxlowj r zo~xzvr-
zjwj l Qovxtzj|ro{tj yjz|r (yzoq 1896 m.); worw {uonlj lxnj {|jwju
Muot{jwnz Yjurwxl, j nz}mr lrnwr nosr krur Zrtxuj Y}jwxl, Yr-
jru _jtol, Muot{jwnz Przmrwxl. cjwtxlr{|tj|j z}{x~ru{tj yjz|r {-
x {o lq{|jwxlruj, kruj xmujlowj x| n-z ^|xw Qjwol (x| 1897 m.) r yzo-
rvow}ljwj l \zxmzo{rlwxurkozjuwj yjz|r (x| 1899 m.). \zxnupjlj {-
o{|l}ljwo|x {r r zjnx{ujlr{|tj|j Xrkozjuwj yjz|r. ûon yjnjwo|x wj
^|jvkxuxl x| luj{| womxlj|j Zjzxnwxurkozjuwj yjz|r rqyjnwjuj l tzrqj
r vrwjuj l x|kzjwj, qj nj {o {|jkrurqrzj l tzj wj bIb l., txmj|x wjoux
qj{|jwju krlr| txw{ozlj|xz r xlot wj twqj Qrvr|z Pzotxl.
]xowo|x yzxnuprux r yx-wj|j|t, tj|x x| ]jnx{ujlxlj|j Xrkozjuwj
yjz|r {o x|nouruj yjz|r|j wj _xwol (koq zjqurtr vopn} nlo|o). ^|jvkx-
uxlr{|tj|j Zjzxnwxurkozjuwj yjz|r yt {o zjqoyruj wj ~zjtr wjoux
{ Zrtxuj Powjnrol r ~zjtr wjoux { Qrvr|z \o|txl, {x koq {o{-
|lowr zjqurtr; lyx{uon{|lro yzlj|j {o xklruj wj {|zjwj|j wj ^mujo-
wro|x, j l|xzj|j – wj {|zjwj|j wj cow|zjuwr|o {rur (yzjlr|ou{|lx|x wj Oj-
{ru ]jnx{ujlxl). \zoq 1905 m. x| Qovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r {o x|nouruj
]jnrtjuwxnovxtzj|ro{tj|j (rur ]jnrtjuwj|j) yjz|r, rs|x yzlr lxnj
kru Zjsx cjwxl, yx{uo ^|xw Wx{|}ztxl; lrnwr nosr krur _xnxz Oujs-
txl, Uur Poxzmxl, Vx{r~ ajnowo|. ^jvx{|x|ouow yzxrqxn rvj {qnj-
nowj|j yzoq 1891 m. Numjz{tj {xrjunovxtzj|ro{tj yjz|r, zjqoyruj {o
yzoq 1903 m. wj |o{wr r rzxtr {xrjur{|r. \zoq 1899 m. lqwrtwju r rvj-

r| mxuvx knoo Tovonou{tr wjzxnow {q.16
i{wx|x r yzrwrywx wjjuwx zjqmzjwrowro vopn} yjz|rr|o yx{|oyow-
wx {o rq|zrlj {uon x|yjnjwo|x wj txw{|r|}rxwwr lyzx{; rnoswr|o r
yzrwrywr|o zjqurtr {o rq|ztlj| r |o {o lyuour l yjz|rqjw{tr yxur|r-
o{tr kxzkr l {|zovopj tv luj{|, yzolzwjur yxloo|x x| | l x|tzxlo-
wx yzjmvj|rwr „{u}pkxmxw{tr yjz|rr“.17 _wx|x yxlonowro wj luj{| {-
x {r yzrurjux l vwxmx x|wxowr, {yorjuwx l |zo|rzjwo|x wj luj{| |j
tj|x rq|xwrt wj vj|ozrjuwr xkujmr („yutj“) qj lxnjr r yxnnzpwrr,
wx wtxr yjz|rr {o x|urrur x{xkowx l |xlj x|wxowro. Ornwr| z}{tr
txw{|r|}rxwjur{| r wjkunj|ou wj kumjz{tr yxur|ro{tr prlx| \jlou
Yrutxl xkzr{}lj woj|j xtxux tzj wj bIb l. |jtj:
O zoq}u|j|, l Numjzr {o xtjqlj| wjuro wtxutx yjz|rswr xzmjwrqj-

rr { yzrqwj|r x| xko{|lowx|x vwowro lxnr|our r { yzrkurqr|ouwx
zjlwr {rur, wx koq tjtlr-mxno {o{|lowr yzrwryrjuwr zjqurr. ^r-
uj|j wj yjz|rswr|o o~xlo {o qjtujlj rqtur|ouwx l |xlj, x|x
xtxux l{otr x| | ~jt|ro{tr nj {o {~xzvrzxlj jk x| qjtuo|r yxur-
|ro{tr nosr l ow|zj r nj {o {{|jlr mz}yj x| yjz|rqjwr-„yzr|o-
ur“ l yzxlrwr|j { yxloo rur yx-vjutx {ruwx lurwro l njnowj
vo{|wx{|. O {u}js „rnljwo|x wj luj{|“ wj wtx x| yjz|rr|o, {zon{|-
lj|j wj woswx|x lurwro rqlwzonwx {o }{rulj| r tv |o{wr tzpxt
x| „yzr|our“ {o yzruoy vwxmx yx-rzxt tzm x| turow|r, txr|x nr-
z| vo{|j r rqmxnr, {lzqjwr { luj{||j; r qj nj {o }nxluo|lxz| |oqr
r{tj|our, l{tj yjz|r, koq zjqurtj, o qj{|jlowj nj yzjt|rt}lj yj|zx-
wjp l wjs-rzxtr zjqvozr. [| rqt}{|lx|x nj yj|zxwrzj r nj nour
xwxlj, txo|x jvozrtjwr|o wjzrj| { |owro{tr |ozvrw spoils, „yu-
tj“, qjlr{r r {|oyow|j wj lurwro|x wj yjz|r|j l {|zjwj|j. Zjs-koqo-
zovxwwr|o l |xlj x|wxowro, tj|x yjz|r|j wj zjnx{ujlr{|r|o, l{tx-
mj {j {o xtjqljur r wjs-lur|ouwr.18
16 ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Zjr|o yjz|rr…, 326–338; -F4F9?B64, "?9A4, -FB=KB DMAK4DB6.
U{|xzr wj wxlj Numjzr, 132–133 (j{| |j wj Ruowj ^|j|ouxlj).

17 Op. l |xqr {vr{u 04D<;4AB6, %64A. \zrwx{ tv jzjt|ozr{|rtj|j…, {. 274; ?4=>B6,
.B8BD. Nouoptr lz} yjzujvow|jzrqvj…, {. 58; )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r,

{. 113.
18 )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, 122–123. Op. jzjt|ozr{|rtj|j wj yjz|r-
r|o }: ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Tj wjr|o yjz|rr. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 8, 1910, K 4, 293–307.

Rnwx rzxwrwx xyr{jwro wj yjz|rswr|o jkxlo („|oto|j“) wj „nozlrr|o“ Qzjmjw cjwtxl r
\o|tx Wjzjlouxl r |owr|o yjz|rqjwr }: 4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr, 1864–1887, 234–235. Zx
tjt|x rq|tlj jl|xz|, yzlr|o vrwr{|zr krur {l{ov konwr xzj, wvjur {lxr tr, j l
tljz|rzr|o rv wvjux yzrurwj vokourzxltj ({. 105).
\xnxkwx x|wxowro wj yjz|rr|o r |owr|o {u}pkxmxw{tr yzrlzpowr-

r tv luj{| |j njux x{wxljwr qj vwxmxkzxswr tzr|rtr r xyzonouowr, tj-
|x „jtrxwozwr nz}po{|lj qj yojukj x| yxur|ro{tx yzonyzr|ro“, „{-
krzj|ouwr nz}po{|lj qj ot{yuxj|jr wj luj{||j“, j wj vo{|wx wrlx –
„nz}po{|lx qj rqyxuqljwo xkrwj|j qj urwr our r qj x|vowro wj yx-
ur|ro{tr|o r urwr yzx|rlwrr“.19 ]jqyxt{ljwo|x wj yjz|rr|o wj tx|o-
zrr koq {nzpj|ouwr zjqurr, {jvx yxzjnr urwr lxnjo{tr jvkrrr r
x| mz}yxl rw|ozo{ x| xkujmr|o x| luj{||j, tjt|x r wo{yx{xkwx{| |j qj xko-
nrwowro r {urljwo {r x{|jlj| |zjow r vwxmxtzj|wx tzr|rt}ljw kouom wj
yjz|rr|o nx lxswr|o (j r yx-t{wx) r {ujkx{| wj yxur|ro{tj|j {r{|ovj.
Uqlo{|wj zjqurtj vopn} yjz|rr|o njljuj lwwxyxur|ro{tj|j rv
xzrow|jr, x|wjjux x{xkowx yx x|wxowro wj ]}{r (z}{x~ru{tr krur
Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r, \zxmzo{rlwxurkozjuwj|j), yx-wj|j|t xzrow|jr|j
tv Ml{|zx-`wmjzr r Pozvjwr (^|jvkxuxlj|j Zjzxnwxurkozjuwj yjz-
|r); yx-t{wx r tv x~xzvr|o {o l Rlzxyj lxowwr kuxtxlo (Qovxtzj-
|ro{tj|j yjz|r kruj {mujowx~ru{tj). O{wx{| yx{uonwj|j kruj yx-
{lxkxnwj yx x|wxowro wj lwwr {rur rqxkx. ]jqurjljux mr r x|wxo-
wro|x tv nlxzoj, yzr txo|x wtxr ({|jvkxuxlr{|r|o) krur x{xkowx
lozwxyxnjwro{tr, j nz}mr (zjnrtjur|o) – {ruwx zoqozlrzjwr. Zjs-{o|wo,
l {xrjuwx x|wxowro wtxr yjz|rr rvjur yx-{xurnow „txw{ozlj|rlow“
xkurt (Zjzxnwj|j, \zxmzo{rlwxurkozjuwj|j), nz}mr krur }vozowr r „yzxm-
zo{rlwx k}zpxjqwr“ ({yorjuwx Qovxtzj|ro{tj|j), |zo|r krur qj zo~xz-
vr r yzoxkzjq}ljwr wj xko{|lowr {|zxs (zjnrtjur|o), j wjs-tzjswr kr-
ur {xrjur{|r|o r qovonour|o.20 Qz}mj jzjt|ozr{|rtj zjqnou yjz|rr|o
x| wjjux|x wj bb l. yx yxlonowro yzx{|x wj jmzo{rlwr r koqx|mxlxzwr
(urkozjur, wjzxnwxurkozjur, vujnxurkozjur), txuokurlr (novxtzj|r r
zjnrtjur) r yj{rlwr (wjzxnwr r yzxmzo{r{|r).21 [|wxowro|x yx njnow
txwtzo|ow lyzx{ (qj wtx pouoqwrj, qjov r yz.) {x zjqnouux yjz|rr-
|o, wx |xlj krur wjs-loo tzj|tx{zxwr txwwt|}zwr zjqurr l qjlr{r-
vx{| x| |xlj, njur njnowj yjz|r o l }yzjluowro|x r poujo nj yzxtjzj xy-
zonouowj vztj, rur o l xyxqrr r {o yzx|rlxyx{|jl. ô{|l}ljuj
„yzrwrywj|j xyxqrr“ wj {xrjur{|r|o, txr|x rvjur wtxr {lxoxkzjqwr
19
B96, BAKB. O|zoow yzomuon. – ^yr{jwro wj Numjz{tx|x rtxwxvro{tx nz}po{|lx,
4, 1900, K 10, 699–719, r|. wj 717–718; '4;4EB6, !<@B. ùrr, xzj, {kr|r, 179–180;
'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Uqkxzr|o qj {ou{tr xkrw{tr {lo|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1911,
K 3, 367–379, x{xk. {. 376.
20 Op. qj |oqr jzjt|ozr{|rtr wj yjz|rr|o r |owr|o lxnjr l wjjux|x wj bb l. '4J4DB6,
'BAEF4AF<A. 60 mxnrwr prlwj…, 27–30.

21 '4;4EB6, !<@B. bxzj, }urr, {kr|r…, 178–179.
{|jwxlrj, wjyzrvoz yx wjrxwjuwr lyzx{ (qj {l{ov wozojur{|rwj|j

kjutjw{tj ~onozjr „x|nxu}“).22
Uw|ozo{ow o lyzx{|, nxtxutx nr~ozowrzjwo|x wj yjz|rr|o {uonlj
rur x|zjqlj {xrjuwx|x zjq{uxljwo l kumjz{tx|x xko{|lx, l j{|wx{|
njur vxmj| nj {o }{|jwxl| yx-onwxqwjwr {x|lo|{|lr vopn} yjz|rr (r
lxnowj|j x| | yxur|rtj) r {xrjuwr yzx{uxstr (r |owr|o {yor~rwr
rw|ozo{r). Yjzt{ro{tr|o jl|xzr, zjwwr r t{wr, {o {|zov| nj x|tzr| wj
lr{xtj owj yxnxkwr {x|lo|{|lr.23 ^yxzon onwj zjqmzwj|j |jtjlj j-
zjt|ozr{|rtj Wxw{ozlj|rlwj|j yjz|r rqzjqljuj rw|ozo{r|o wj „nxx{lx-
kxpnow{tr|o xzkjnprs{tr ouovow|r, n}xlow{|lx|x r yx-qjvxpwr|o xzj
l mzjnxlo|o“; zjwwj|j Xrkozjuwj yjz|r rqzjqljuj „rw|ozo{r|o wj nzok-
wj|j qovonou{tj r qjwj|rs{tj k}zpxjqr r wj rw|ourmowr|j“; Zjzxn-
wtj|j yjz|r kruj {lzqjwj { rw|ozo{r|o wj „x~xzvj|j {o yzx{uxstj
x| yx-onzj |zmxl{tx-yzxvruowj k}zpxjqr r onzr vxnozwr qovolujnou-
r“; zjnx{ujlr{|tj|j Zjzxnwxurkozjuwj yjz|r kruj yjz|r wj „|zmxl{tj
r yzonyzrovjo{tj k}zpxjqr, tjt|x r vwxmxkzxswj vj{j x| u}vyowrqrzj-
wj|j k}zpxjqr“; {|jvkxuxlr{|tj|j (Zjzxnwxurkozjuwj|j) yjz|r kruj
„yzon{|jlr|ou wj x~xzvr {o |zmxl{tx-yzonyzrovjo{tr {uxs x| wxlj-
|j k}zpxjqwj tuj{j“; Qovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r x|wjjux rqzjqljuj rw|o-
zo{r|o wj nzokwj|j k}zpxjqr, j lyx{uon{|lro tv wo {o wj{xruj „j{|
x| |zmxl{tx-yzxvruowj|j k}zpxjqr“; ]jnrtjuwj|j yjz|r kruj yjz|r
wj „}r|our, pouoqwrjzr, wr{r r {zonwr nzpjlwr {u}pr|our r nz.“.24
O{wx{| yxnxkwr lzqtr r {x|lo|{|lr yzr qwjr|ouwj|j {xrjuwj
onwxzxnwx{| wj onwx nzokwx{xk{|lowro{tx xko{|lx r yzr {|zovopj wj
l{tj yjz|r nj {yoour qj yzrlzpowrr xzj x| l{rtr {uxolo wo {j }ko-
nr|ouwr. Qxzr txmj|x wtx yjz|r rvjuj yx-x~xzvow {xrjuow xkurt (tj-
22 \x yxqrrr|o wj yjz|rr|o qj „wjrxwjuwx|x xkonrwowro“ lp. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Nouoptr
lz} lwwj|j wr yxur|rtj. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 12, 1915, K 1, 70–88; ^xrjur{|r|o

r lyzx{| qj wjrxwjuwx|x wr xkonrwowro. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 12, 1915, K 3,
185–197. ^yxzon jl|xzj l nos{|lr|ouwx{| r |o krur qj wjrxwjuwx xkonrwowro, wx zoq uxq}w-
mj qj kjutjw{tj ~onozj|rlwj zoy}kurtj r{tjur nj {o x{lxkxn| x| qjnupowr|j r x|mxlxzwx{-
|r|o wj zojuwj|j yxur|rtj, zoq tx|x l |xqr vxvow| vxpoux nj {o yx{|rmwo xkonrwowro|x.
^x <8<>B6, -F9H4A. Uq|xwr| lyzx{ r kumjz{tr|o wjrxwjuwr rnojur. – Qovxtzj|r-
o{tr yzomuon, 9, 1911, K 10, 1232–1263. Ml|xz| o qj wjrxwjuwx xkonrwowro zoq lxswj tj-
|x onrw{|lowx zojuwx.
23 ]Jwow yzrvoz o zjkx|j|j wj rzxtr {xrjur{| -4>M;B6, 3A>B. coqjzrqv rur novx-
tzjr. ^., 1905. Zomxlj|j rw|ozyzo|jr yxrlj lz} {xrjuwr, rtxwxvro{tr, vr{uxlwx-
{lo|xmuonwr r lqzj{|xlr nrx|xvrr.
24 9DB6, (N59A, #4> *4F4A. U{|xzr wj rtxwxvro{tj|j vr{u l Numjzr. _. 1. ^.,
1971, 266–268 (mujlj|j o yr{jwj x| X. Nozxl); Utxwxvrtj wj Numjzr nx {xrjur{|ro{tj|j

zolxur (zon. Sjt Zj|jw). ^., Zj}tj r rqt}{|lx, 1969, 367–368 (yr{jwx x| X. Nozxl).
|x {{|jlowj|j x| yx-qjvxpwr xzj Zjzxnwtj yjz|r25), |xlj onlj ur o

njljux x|zjpowro lz} woswj|j l|zowj r xo yx-vjutx lwwj yxur-
|rtj. \xwo x|wjjux rw|ozo{r yx-{txzx {o {qnjljur (wjyzrvoz { wj{zo-
wro wj rwn}{|zr|j), x|txutx|x nj {o rqzjqlj| loo ~xzvrzjwr |jtrlj.
Wjt|x yx{xlj _xnxz Oujstxl (l yxuovrtj {{ {xrjur{|j iwtx ^jtqxl),
wo rtxwxvro{tj woxkxnrvx{| r xko{|lowr {rur, j r{|x yxur|ro{tr r
urwx{|wr ~jt|xzr r {rur, tj|x ]}{r r twqj, {|xur l x{wxlj|j wj wjju-
wx|x yxur|ro{tx zjqlr|ro wj Numjzr, j xko{|lowr|o {rur qjn yjz|r-
r|o krur {xnwr.26 U nz}mr {lzovowwrr rq|tlj|, o wj nzokwx{xk{|lo-
wro{tr {xrjuow ~xw r yzr {ujkj|j zjquowowx{| yx tuj{r r {{uxlr
{uon [{lxkxpnowro|x |z}nwx vxmj| nj {o x|tzx| {xrjuwr rw|ozo{r, tx-
r|x nj knj| yxur|ro{tr yzon{|jlwr – x| |}t r kurqx{| |j vopn} yjz-
|rr|o.27 Qz}m lyzx{ o, o rnljwo|x wj njnowj yjz|r wj luj{| xkujmxno|ou-
{|ljux xyzonouowr tzmxlo x| urj zoq lqvxpwx{|r qj yojukj x| nz-
pjlj|j (nx{|jltr, txwo{rr, yx{|zxstr r yz.), wx |xlj wx{oux yx-{txzx
mz}yxl r txzyxzj|rlow jzjt|oz. M txmj|x vopn} lxswr|o {o wjkouqlj|
txw|}zr|o wj onwx yx-{wx zjquowowx tuj{xlx xko{|lx, yjz|rr|o krur l
nukxtj tzrqj r wj yzonow yujw rquoqur nz}mr yxur|ro{tr ~xzvrzxljwr,
j lyx{uon{|lro – r woyjz|rswr }yzjluowr.
Ojpow, j o{|x r mujlow x|urr|ouow kouom wj onwj rur nz}mj yjz|r kr-
uj urwx{| |j wj lxnjj, nx {|oyow yjz|rr|o nj {o wjzrj| yx rvowj|j wj
{lxr|o lxnjr (tjzjlour{|r, jwtxlr{|r, zjnx{ujlr{|r, |xwolr{|r r
yz.).28 [||}t r {ruwx|x yoz{xwjurqrzjwo wj yxur|ro{tr|o kxzkr r wj
25 ^yxzon zjnrtjuj Wx{|}ztxl Zjzxnwtj|j yjz|r kruj yzon{|jlr|ou wj onzr tjyr|ju,
j tjnzr|o L {o wjkrzjur x| yzonyzrovjr, onzr qovolujnour, urljzr r {ou{tr xzkjnprr.

^ruj|j L {o nupjuj wj rtxwxvro{tx|x lurwro wj xzkjnprr|o r urljzr|o lz} nzokwj-
|j {ou{tj r mzjn{tj vj{j. Op. 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko{|low yzomuon (Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r r
urwr zoprv). – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 8, 1910, K 4, 477–487, x{xk. {. 484; \x{uonwr|o
qjtxwxnj|ouwr rqkxzr. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1911, K 7, 901–914, x{xk. {. 904.
26 ?4=>B6, .B8BD. \xur|ro{tx|x zjqlr|ro…, {. 975.
27 Tjx wjr|o yjz|rr wo vxmj| nj knj| x{wxlj wj onrw txw{|r|}rxwow prlx|? (yxnyr-
{jwj { y{olnxwrvj Faith) – Xo|xyr{r, 1, 1900, K 8, 145–147. ^yxzon jl|xzj yzr wozjqlr|r xk-
o{|lowr mz}yr (}yjnt wj {|jzr|o qjwj|rr, wolopj {ou{tj vj{j) yjz|rr|o {j r{|x urwr r
mz}yxlr; |o {o {|zov| nj nxlonj| wj luj{| urwx{|r r mz}yr x| xzj xtxux | r yzon{|jlu-
lj| {jvx |o{wr urwr, j{|wr rw|ozo{r, j rvowwx qj yzozjwj r qjkxmj|ljwo. Op. {x )4-
AB?B6, %6. O|zoow yzomuon. – ^yr{jwro wj Numjz{tx|x rtxwxvro{tx nz}po{|lx, 5, 1901,
K 6–7, 431–442, x{xk. 439–440; )46DB8<96, -F. \xur|ro{tr|o yjz|rr r txjurrr|o. – Qo-
vxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 5, 1907, K 10, 1005–1018, x{xk. 1014–1018; 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko-
{|lowj {xurnjzwx{|. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 14, 1921, K 9, 665–701, x{xk. 681–688.
28 )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, {. 113; Tjx wjr|o yjz|rr… Ol lzqtj
{{ {ruwx urwx{|wr jzjt|oz wj kjutjw{tr|o yjz|rr _zjw ^|xwxlr mxlxzr qj „krx|rwx
x|wxowro vopn} urnoz r yjz|r, |jtj o {{ {vz| |j wj lxnjj o{|x {o rqm}klju r zoqxw|
qj {o{|l}ljwo wj yjz|r|j. Stoianovich, Traian. Social Foundations of Balkan Politics,
}yzjluowro|x, tjt|x {o txw{|j|rzj l zon {lzovowwr wjkunowr, wjyzr-

voz {uonwx|x (x| 1900 m.):
` wj{ rw{|rwt|rlwx, yx wjlrt, {o |}z rvo|x wj onwj urwx{|, wj onrw

lxnr|ou wj yjz|r qj yzon{|jlr|ou wj zoprvj, lvo{|x wj yzrwryr|o r
qjtxwj. \zrwryr r qjtxwr l wjj|j Numjzr lrwjmr {o {vo{lj| { ur-
wx{| |j, { o~j, lujno|ou rur luj{|ljr. […] R|x qjx } wj{ kxzkr-
|o wj yjz|rr|o {j yx|r lrwjmr kxzkr {zo} urwx{||j, x{xkowx wj o-
~j wj onwj yjz|r, tx|x uo{wx {o yzovjlj rur xvjuxvxlj, jtx {o
xvj{tjzr, xtuolo|r rur txvyzxvo|rzj o~| rur }wrxpr yx txs nj o
wjrw |xs r yx-mujlwr|o v} yxn nzpj|our – {|ukxlo.29
O xzmjwrqjrxwwx x|wxowro yjz|rr|o x{|jljur numx lzovo mz}yr-

zxltr xtxux onrw lxnj, { uxtjuwr nzj xtxux rqlowr vo{|wr yjz|rqjwr.
_o wo lxnour zonxlow xzmjwrqjrxwow prlx| r {o xprlljur {jvx yzr rq-
kxzr r txmj|x {j wj luj{|. R|x tjt o jzjt|ozrqrzjwx yxuxpowro|x x| zj-
nrtjuj ^|xw Wx{|}ztxl (l 1910 m.):
`yzjluljur|o yjz|rr yx|r wo prlo| xzmjwrqjrxwwx. _owr|o kzj

{j yxloo twrpwr. _o rvj| vwxmx uowxlo yx rvo, j |lzno vjutx ~jt-
|ro{tr. ^jvr|o kzj wo yzxllj| wrtjtl prlx|. Ozqtr vopn} k-
zj|j r uowxlo|o yx|r wvj. Ztxutx mxuovr l mzjnj, j xkrtwxlowx
onrw l {oux, |xlj o yjz|r|j, yx-yzjlx yx{|xwwr| L {{|jl. Nzx|x
{o zjqnlrplj, txmj|x wjkurpj| rqkxzr, j wjzj{|lj r k}zwx qjprllj
yzr rnljwo yjz|r|j wj luj{|. Tj rnoswr lzqtr vopn} uowxlo|o |lz-
no vjutx vxpo nj {o mxlxzr, qj nj wo tjpj wrtjt.30
\x{|oyowwx yjz|rr|o llurjur yx-rzxtr vj{r l yxur|ro{tr pr-

lx|. „\xur|rqrzjwo|x“ wj xko{|lx|x rqmuopnj l xyr{jwro|x wj _xnxz
Oujstxl tjt|x {uonlj. \zrxkjljwo|x wj j{| x| wjzxnwj|j vj{j yztx
tv yxur|ro{tr prlx| qjyxwjux yzr luj{|ljwo|x wj ^|jvkxuxl, txmj|x
1750–1941. – In: Jelavich, Charles and Barbara (eds.) The Balkans in Transition. Hemden, CT:
Archon Books, 297–345, esp. 318.
29
)<I4=?B6, %64A. \{rxuxmr wj…, 118–119. O |xqr {vr{u (yzoq 1906 m.) r 04D<;4AB6,
%6. \zrwx{ tv jzjt|ozr{|rtj|j…, {. 274. cr|rzjv: „U tjtlx yzon{|jlulj x| {oko {r ku-
mjz{tr| yxur|ro{tr „o~“? `lr, l{rtx r… wrx. _xs o n}j|j r {zo|x wj uj|j yxur-
|ro{tj mz}yj, ~xt}{|, x| txs|x l{oux {o wjyzjlulj nzpjlwj|j r xyxqrrxwwj
no|ouwx{|. Zx rvowwx yx |j yzrrwj „o~|“ o wrx. _xs {o rnow|r~rrzj { yjz|r|j; |
o womxl rw{|z}vow|, wjvo{|x nj kno xkzj|wx|x. _jtj, wjvo{|x nj rvjvo {ruwr yjz|rswr
xzmjwrqjrr, |o x{|jlj| nj qjlr{| {jvx x| {u}jswr {r o~: |o {o yxwrpjlj| nx {ruj|j r
{yx{xkwx{|r|o wj onrw xlot.“
30
'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Wxwmzo{| wj novxtzj|r|o. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1911,
K 4, 539–551, r|. wj {. 540; [ko{|low yzomuon. Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r…, 484–485.
„yx-x|lxzowr r yx-{vour“ xzj krur yzrluoowr qj tvo|xlo, xkrw{tr

{lo|wrr, {|zjpjzr r yz.; |o {ljjur }j{|ro|x {r l yxur|ro{tr pr-
lx| tj|x lqvxpwx{| qj urwx xkxmj|ljwo zoq {zon{|lj|j wj nzpjlj|j r
xkrwj|j, j luj{| |j – tj|x {zon{|lx qj yzo{uonljwo r x|vjljwo wj
yzx|rlwrr. ^ yjnjwo|x wj ^|jvkxuxl xznr|j wj {|jvkxuxlr{|tr zo-
prv yjnwjur, j wj |wx v{|x rqytwjur nz}mr, yx-rqnrmwj|r xzj, wjs-
o{|x yx-rvx|wr (tzvjzr, urljzr), txr|x {|jwjur xznr wj wxlj|j yjz-
|r wj luj{| (Zjzxnwj|j) r wj {lxs zon qjyxwjur nj {o lqyxuqlj| x|
luj{||j. _jtj onwr {uon nz}mr {o xkzjq}ljur „nzj|j“ ({ou{tr|o „kzj“) wj
yjz|rr|o, tj|x l{tj yxzonwj yjz|r wj luj{| yzr{onrwljuj wxlr|o
„wonxlxuwrr“.31
Zxl vxvow| yzon{|jlulj yxlj|j wj |ryj rnoswr (yzrwrywr, {lo|x-
muonwr) yjz|rr. Zx{r|our wj lqmuonr r rnoxuxmrr, |o {o {|zovour nj mr
yzxyjmjwnrzj| {zon vj{r|o, j yx lzovo wj rqkxzr rqurqjur { yuj|~xzvr {
yx-txwtzo|wr yxur|ro{tr voztr r xkojwr. _o {o xyr|ljur nj {qnjnj|
r yx-qnzjlj l|zowj xzmjwrqjr r nj lxn| zonxlow xzmjwrqjrxwow pr-
lx|. Unoswr|o yjz|rr {qnjur r xmzxvwj yxuovrwj r |oxzo|rwj ur|ozj-
|}zj, xo yxloo o qjnumx x{|jwjur rqlw }yzjluowro|x, l yxuxpowro wj
„yzrwrywj xyxqrr“. Qx lxswr|o yjz|rr x| |xqr |ry krur uolr|o – {x-
rjur{|ro{tr|o, qovonou{tj|j, x|j{|r ]jnrtjunovxtzj|ro{tj|j; yx{|o-
yowwx {{ {lxr yzxmzjvr qjyxwjur nj rqurqj| r x{|jwjur|o yjz|rr. 32
Oqmuonr|o wj {qnjnowj|j yzoq 1891 m. ^xrjunovxtzj|ro{tj yjz|r
yzon{|jluljur l wjjux|x {vo{rj x| vjzt{rqv, wjzxnwro{|lx r jwjz-
rqv, yzrlwo{owr yx nlj y| – x| ]}{r r Pozvjwr (x|j{|r azjwr);
vjzt{rqv| {o „yzor{|lju“ yx{|oyowwx. \zoq 1903 m. yjz|r|j {o zjqnour-
uj wj nlo x{|jwjur nxtzjs woyzrvrzrvr j{|r – |o{wr {xrjur{|r, olx-
urzjur lyx{uon{|lro tv kxuolrqv r txv}wrqv, r rzxtr {xrjur-
{|r, olxurzjur tv wtjtl lrn {xrjunovxtzjr. ]jqwxmuj{r|j r yzr-
rwr|o qj zjqoyuowro|x krur {lzqjwr x|wjjux { lyzx{j, njur yzxyj-
mjwnj|j wj {xrjur{|ro{tr|o lqmuonr nj {o lxnr {jvx {zon yzxuo|jz{tr
{zonr (|o{wr lqmuon – Qrvr|z Nujmxol, Poxzmr Wrztxl), rur nj knj|
yzrxkowr rzxtr „yzxrqlxnr {uxolo“ tj|x nzokwr qovolujnour, qj-
wj|rr r yz., r |x { yx-xkx novxtzj|rwj yzxyjmjwnj (rzxtr lqmuon,
wjzoow xkxnou{tr yx rvo|x wj rqnjljwx|x x| iwtx ^jtqxl {yr{jwro).
31
?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} urwr zoprv } wj{, 1182–1190.
32\xlj|j wj |jtrlj yjz|rr r {|zovop| rv tv xzmjwrqjr r {{|jlwo wj yuj|~xzvr
qj jmr|jr {o x|kouqlj x| 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko{|low yzomuon. Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r…
483–484 ; Uqkxzr|o qj {ou{tr…, 375–376; \x{uonwr|o rqkxzr qj xtzpwr {lo|wrr. – Qovx-
tzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 10, 1911, K 2, 227–240, x{xk. 228–229, 238. Tj yjz|rswr|o yzxmzjvr lp.
\zxmzjvr, yzxmzjvwr nxt}vow|r…
\x-wj|j|t {yxzxlo|o qj{mj| {rwnrtjuwx|x nlrpowro: njur nj {|xr yztx

yxn ztxlxn{|lx|x r nj lqyzrovo rnor|o wj {xrjur{|ro{tj|j yjz|r,
rur nj o jl|xwxvwx r { r{|x rtxwxvro{tr r{tjwr (wo}|zjur{|tr lq-
muon), j {x nxtxutx yxuoqwr qj {xrjurqvj {j zjkx|wro{tx|x qjtxwxnj-
|ou{|lx r zo~xzvrqv| rqxkx.33 _o{wr|o {xrjur{|r {o yzxllj| tj|x
yx-nxmvj|rwr, x|{|xljstr „r{|x|j|j“ wj }owro|x l |lzno wojnotlj|-
wr|o r jvxz~wr }{uxlr } wj{, j {x tj|x xzmjwrqjrxwwx yx-{|zxmr, wx
r rzxtr|o (tjt|x qjkouqlj xo Oujstxl) yzonyxr|jur yx-xz|xnxt{ju-
wr Wjzu Wj}tr yzon zolrqrxwrqvj wj Rn}jzn Nozwjsw. erzxtr|o {x-
rjur{|r (iwtx ^jtqxl, Wz{| \j{|}xl, \o|z Qprnzxl) {o zjqlrur
yx yx{xtj wj {lxkxnwr {rwnrtjurqv r {xrjuwr zo~xzvrqv, krur yzx-
|rl vxwjzr|j (nx lxswr|o) r yzxlljur {tuxwwx{| tv rqkxzwr txj-
urrr; |o zjqlrljur r mxuvj vopn}wjzxnwj noswx{|, tuxwostr tv Sjw
Sxzo{.34 Tj zjqurtj x| r{|x yzjmvj|rwr|o yjz|rr, txr|x rqnjljur {jvx
yjz|rswr lo{|wrr, {xrjur{|ro{tr|o yjz|rr {qnjur lw}r|ouwj yjz-
|rswj ur|ozj|}zj – yzxmzjvr, kzx}zr, lo{|wrr, yzolxnr r yz. – r lxno-
ur xpo{|xowr yxuovrtr, x{xkowx yxvopn} {r.
U nlo|o {xrjur{|ro{tr yjz|rr r x{xkowx |o{wr|o {xrjur{|r yzo|ow-
nrzjur, o {j tuj{xlr – jtx wo rqux yx {{|jl, |x ll l{otr {u}js yx vr-
{r r qjr|j wj zjkx|wro{tr|o rw|ozo{r. O nos{|lr|ouwx{| |o ltuljur
mujlwx rw|ourmow|r, nzokwr rwxlwrr r rqxkx nzokwj k}zpxjqr, txo|x
mr rqujmjux wj tzr|rtj r mr wjtjzjux nj zjqlr| lqmuonj, o nzpjlwr|o
33
Tj yzxyjmjwnj {zon „yzxrqlxnr|o {uxolo“ lp. -4>M;B6, 3A>B. _zolxmj qj yzrqzjr.
(Zjo|x x|{|ywro{|lx rur |wx|x wonxvr{uro). ^., axwnjr „iwtx ^jtqxl“, 1991 (yz-
lx rqnjwro x| 1903 m.), x{xk. 75–86. \x yxlxn {rwnrtjuwx|x nlrpowro r zjkx|wro{tx|x qjtx-
wxnj|ou{|lx lp. rzxtr {xrjur{| 3AG?B6, %?<O (yxn y{olnxwrv %?<O %E>DB6). Qlo muonr-
j yx zjkx|wro{tx|x qjtxwxnj|ou{|lx. – Zxlx xko{|lx, 1, 1906, K 4, 348–354; K 5, 443–
450; Oqmuonr|o wj rzxtr|o {xrjur{|r yx {rwnrtjuwx|x nlrpowro. – Zxlx xko{|lx, 1,
1906, K 1, 722–732. U{|xzr|j wj kumjz{tr {xrjurqv x| |o{wtj (lqyzro|j x| txv}wr-
{|r|o) muonwj |xtj o yzon{|jlowj x| ?47B96, !<@<FMD. \zrwx{ tv r{|xzr|j wj {xrjurq-
vj } wj{. – Ol: !<@<FMD ?47B96. Uqkzjwr r{|xzro{tr yzxrqlonowr. _. 1. ^{|. )4D<O 9-
?964. ^., Zj}tj r rqt}{|lx, 1985 (yzlx rqnjwro x| 1906 m.), 181–556; \zx|rl zolrqrxwrqvj
({kxzwrt). ^., \jz|rqnj|, 1973; U{|xzr wj NW\. ^., 1984.
34 ?4=>B6, .B8BD. ]jqoyuowro|x wj ^xrjunovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr
yzomuon, 1, 1902–1903, K 15–16, 313–316; ^xrjurqv| r {xrjur{|ro{tr|o yjz|rr } wj{. –

Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6. ^rwowr, |. 5, 339–348 (yzlj y}kurtjr yzoq 1921 m.). Tj rzxtr|o
{xrjur{|r nx lxswr|o wj{txzx '4?K96, '4?KB. N]^Q\ (xkonrwowj) – |oxzr r yzjt|ro{tj
noswx{| qj zjqlr|ro|x wj Numjzr nx lxswr|o. – Ol: \zxkuovr wj wxlj|j r wjs-wxlj|j yx-
ur|ro{tj r{|xzr wj Numjzr. ^{|. _zownj~ru Yr|ol. ^., 1991, 107–131. [| qjyjnwr|o r{-
|xzrr lp. Bell, John. The Bulgarian ômmunist Party from Blagoev to Zhivkov. Stanford
University, Hoover Institution Press, 1986, esp. 1–76; Rothschild, Joseph. The Communist Party
of Bulgaria: Origins and Development, 1883–1936. New York, 1959.
{u}pr|our r rwxlwrr {j {x wjovwrr r yzxuo|jzrr.35 Uno|j, o {j

tuj{xlr, zjkx|wro{tr yjz|rr, yzon{|jlulj |wj x|urtj x| x{|jwjur|o,
xyzonouowr tj|x k}zpxjqwr yjz|rr, txr|x l koqzjqkxzwj|j kxzkj qj rqkr-
zj|our l{wx{| wvjur yzo|owrr nj yzon{|jlulj| rqtur|ouwx njnow
{uxs. Tj{u}pjlj nj {o x|kouopr {ruwx|x lurwro wj {xrjurqvj yzoq zjw-
wr yozrxn, txmj|x |xs yzrlurju rnoswx wj{|zxowr vujnopr r xlujnu vj-
{xlx }r|ou{|lx|x; yzoq {xrjurqvj l vujnx{| |j {r vrwjlj| {x xzj,
txr|x yx-wj|j|t olxurzj| tv nz}mr lqmuonr (wjyzrvoz Qrvx Wjqj{xl,
Muot{jwnz cjwtxl r nz.). ^xrjurqv| rvyxwrzju { rnor|o qj yzxmzo{ r
{xrjuwj {yzjlonurlx{|, wx r { |lzno zjnrtjuwr|o {zon{|lj qj kxzkj {zo-
} {xrjuwr|o „qurwr“ – |xutxlj yx-yzrluotj|ouwr, txutx|x yx-rqx{|jwj-
ur {j }{uxlr|j.
^{ {lxoxkzjqwj {{uxlwj (rur tuj{xlj) {ou{tj rnoxuxmr {o x|urjlj
r Tovonou{tr| {q, lqwrtwju yzoq 1899 m. tj|x {ou{tx nlrpowro, {qnj-
nowx x| jmzxwxvr r {ou{tr }r|our {xrjur{|r l kxzkj|j yzx|rl qjtxwj qj
no{|tj. ûon zjwwr|o txuokjwr, njur nj yzon{|jlulj r{|x yzx~o{rx-
wjuwj (qovonou{tj) xzmjwrqjr { xko{|lowr rw|ozo{r rur yxur|ro{tj
yjz|r, |xs yxou y| wj yxur|ro{tj|j kxzkj (vjtjz nj yzxnupjlju nj
|lznr, o wo o yjz|r). \x{|oyowwx {o x~xzv {yor~rwj {{uxlwj rnox-
uxmr (x| Qrvr|z Qzjmrol, yx{uo Muot{jwnz ^|jvkxurs{tr), {yxzon
tx|x |zjnrrxwwr|o yxur|ro{tr yjz|rr {j rqprlour {lxo|x lzovo { rq-
lxljwo|x wj yxur|ro{tr yzjlj. Zj{|yrux o lzovo|x wj rtxwxvro{tr
kxzkr vopn} {{uxlwr xzmjwrqjrr, rqzjqljr rw|ozo{r|o wj zjqwr|o
yxvrwwr r yzx~o{rxwjuwr {{uxlr ({ouwr, zjkx|wrr, qjwj|rr r
yz.).36 _jqr rnoxuxmr qjonwx { rqr{tljwo|x uowxlo|o nj {j qovonour (rur
{ou{tr }r|our r {loowrr) xyzjlnjljur yzo|owr|j wj Tovonou{tr
35 ?4=>B6, .B8BD. \zxuo|jzrr ur {j nzpjlwr|o rwxlwrr? – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon,
9, 1911, K 3, 389–409; Wxwmzo{| wj ^xrjunovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr

yzomuon, 1, 1902–1903, K 1, 15–17. [| 2507 uowxlo wj {xrjur{|ro{tj|j yjz|r yx |xlj lzo-
vo rvjux {jvx 62-vj ~jkzrwr zjkx|wrr (204 rwxlwrr, 298 }r|our, 65 {|}now|r r yz.);
'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Xolr|o yjz|rr {yxzon mxnrwr|o rv x|o|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon,
8, 1910, K 7, 823–838, x{xk. 833–838. Tj yx-t{ow yozrxn: Wxwmzo{| wj Numjz{tj|j txv}-
wr{|ro{tj yjz|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 15, 1922, K 5, 366–367. ^yxzon yzrlonowr|o
njwwr qj uow{tr {{|jl wj NW\ 2/3 krur nzokwr {xk{|lowrr, 1/3 yzxuo|jzrr, |. o. | kruj
nzokwxk}zpxjqwj yx {xrjuow xkurt yjz|r.
36
-F4@5B?<=E><, ?9>E4A8MD. \xur|ro{tr yjz|rr rur {{uxlwr xzmjwrqjrr? ^.,
Uqnj|ou{|lx wj NTZ^, 1990 (~x|x|rywx rqnjwro wj yzlx|x x| 1920 m.); !D47<96, !<@<FMD.
Pno o {yj{owro|x wj kumjz{tr|o qovonour? \uxlnrl, 1907, 97–105. Tj rquxpowro r tzr|rtj
wj {{uxlwj|j |oxzr x|{|zjwr lp. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Numjz{tr| qovonou{tr wjzxnow {q. –
Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 6, 1908, K 7, 705–723; K 8, 981–1001 (\zoyoj|jwx ll: .B8BD
?4=>B6. ^rwowr, |. 5, 349–376). ^x <8<>B6, -F9H4A. \jz|rr r {{uxlr. – Qovxtzj-
|ro{tr yzomuon, 15, 1922, K 1, 1–6.
{q qj mx{yxn{|ljj yxur|ro{tj zxu tj|x {{uxlwj xzmjwrqjr wj {o-

uwr|o, {{|jluljr |zr o|lz|r x| wj{ouowro|x l Numjzr; l {ou{tx
xko{|lx |xlj rqmuopnj r tj|x wjs-rzxt novxtzj|rqv („wjzxnxluj-
{|ro“). \jz|r|j {o x|urjljuj { yxy}ur{|tr {|ru, xk}{uxlow x| yzxrqxnj
wj woswr|o lxnjr r x| {|zovopj L nj lxnr jmr|jr {uon wjs-rzxtr {ou-
{tr vj{r (x| |}t rqzjqljwo zoq kurqtr nx {ouwr|o vo|j~xzr r yzr|r,
ouovow|jzrqrzjwo wj }yzjluowro|x wj nzpjlj|j, xyzrurjljwj wj {o-
vos{|lx rur {ou{tj xkrwj). \zxyjmjwnj|j wj NTZ^ kruj |lzno zjnrtju-
wj – | yx{|jluj {oko {r wj zjqurwx wrlx r {o yzx|rlxyx{|jluj x{|zx wj
x{|jwjur|o yjz|rr, wj rwxlwrr|o r nzpjlj|j, wj jnlxtj|r|o r }owr|o,
wj mzjnj.37 O yjz|r|j ury{ljuj mzjn{tj rw|ourmowr. \x{|oyowwx NTZ^
{o yzolzj l wjs-vj{xlj|j yjz|r l Numjzr. O wjloozro|x r yx lzovo
wj lxswr|o qj wo kru jzjt|ozow zoy}kurtjwrqv, wx txmj|x lqouj
luj{||j, wo yzovjwjuj vxwjzro{tr rw{|r|}|.38
Qx jzjt|ozwj rnoswj ~rqrxwxvr wj{|xsrlx {o nxvxmljuj r ]jnrtju-
novxtzj|ro{tj|j (wjtzj|tx ]jnrtjuwj|j) yjz|r. _ lqwrtwjuj yzr x|no-
uwo|x (yzoq 1902 m.) x| Qovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r wj mz}yj|j „vujnr novx-
tzj|r“ xtxux Zjsx cjwxl, kxzor {o yzx|rl yzjt|rtr|o wj urwr zo-
prv, txr|x yzoq 1905 m. {~xzvrzjur wxlj yjz|r. ]jnrtjur|o krur |zo|j
{|xj l uolr {ot|xz {ruj, qj{|ywrt wj nzpjlwj yxur|rtj l qjr|j wj
nzokwr|o {jvx{|x|ouwr {o{|l}ljwr, tj|x qjwj|rr, nzokwr r {zonwr
{ouwr r yz. (Mittelstandspolitik – k}tl. yxur|rtj wj {zonwr|o tuj{r l ku-
mjz{tr ljzrjw|), {x qj zjqlr|ro wj txxyozj|rlwx|x noux. Yjtjz nj xy-
zonouuj {oko {r tj|x {|xj vopn} {xrjunovxtzjr|j r k}zpxjqwr|o
yjz|rr, |jqr yjz|r zor|ouwx x|lzuuj {xrjur{|ro{tr rnoju qj wj-
rxwjurqrzjwo wj {zon{|lj|j qj yzxrqlxn{|lx r x{|jljuj qjr|wrt wj j{-
|wj|j {xk{|lowx{| r {xrjuwr|o zo~xzvr, tjt|x r wj urkozjuwr rwnrlr-
n}jurqv ({lxkxnr|o wj urwx{||j) r yzon{|jlr|ouwj|j novxtzjr. ]jnr-
tjur|o lxnrur wtxr rw|ozo{wr yxuovrtr {{ {xrjur{|r|o yx yxlxn no-
vxtzjr|j r {xrjurqvj.39 ]jnrtjuwj|j yjz|r wrtxmj wo {|jwjuj x{xkowx
37
O |xlj x|wxowro rqlo{|wx yzjlx rvj ^|xw Wx{|}ztxl, tj|x yx{xlj zxu|j wj qovo-
nour|o qj x|}pnjljwo wj wjzxnj x| nzpjlj|j. Op. 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. \xur|ro{tx koqlo-
zro. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 13, 1920, K 2, 97–111, x{xk. 104–111. O nos{|lr|ouwx{| {|j-
lj n}vj qj vxkrurqrzjwo wj wjurwx wonxlxu{|lx.
38
Op. {|j|rr|o wj ^|jvkxurs{tr l yxuqj wj zoy}kurtjw{tx }zjluowro x| 1911–1912 m. r
yx-t{wj|j zjkx|j „Ouj{|, koqluj{|ro, wjzxnxluj{|ro“ (yr{jwj l qj|lxzj r rqnjnowj yzoq 1919
m.) l: -F4@5B?<=E><, ?9>E4A8MD. Uqkzjwr yzxrqlonowr. ^., NTZ^, 1979, 127–136, 176–177.
39 Tj xkzjq}ljwo|x wj ]jnrtjuwj|j yjz|r r woswr rnoow xkurt r zjqurr x| nz}mr yjz-
|rr lp. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Wzrqj l yjz|r|j wj novxtzj|r|o r xkzjq}ljwo wj wxlj|j ]jnrtjuwx-
novxtzj|ro{tj yjz|r. – Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6. ^rwowr, |. 5, 377–400 (yr{jwx yzoq 1928 m.);
Unoju| wj {xrjur{|r|o r rnoju| wj zjnrtjuwj|j novxtzjr. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon,
vwxmxkzxswj, wx {o mxznoouj { yzonrvwx rw|ourmow|{tr {r {{|jl x| lrn-

wr }owr r zr{|r { mzjpnjw{tj yxqrr r qwjr|ouwr xko{|lowrr.
Unoxuxmro{tr| vxvow| yzr „{lo|xmuonwr|o“ yjz|rr {l{ov wo xqwjj-
lj, o yzr | x|{{|ljur urow ouovow| r yjz|rqjw{|lx, o{|x yzrtzr|r
qjn r{|j rnoswx{|; {jvj|j kxzkj qj yzrwryr kruj wox|nourvj x| urwr
{yozwro{|lj r qj|xlj nxzr yx-xpo{|xowj. [{xkowx r{|xzr|j wj {xr-
jur{|r|o rqxkru{|lj { l|zowr kxzkr r rqtuljwr wj „ozo|rwr“ ~zjt-
rr. `j{|ro|x wj rzxtr|o {xrjur{|r l nzpjlwx|x }yzjluowro {uon
\zlj|j {lo|xlwj lxswj (Qrvx Wjqj{xl tj|x vrwr{|z wj pouoqwrr|o l
yzjlr|ou{|lx|x wj Muot{jwnz cjwtxl) mr yzjmvj|rqrzjux; {x|x yx{|rm-
wjux |o{wr|o {xrjur{|r l txv}wjuwx|x }yzjluowro. Zo yzjl| rqtuowro
r zjnrtjur|o (^|xw Wx{|}ztxl l yzjlr|ou{|lx|x wj Zjzxnwr kuxt).40
XUdZUi_ ]RSUY
O tzj wj bIb l. {o }{|jwxllj |. wjz. urow zoprv wj vxwjzj aoznr-

wjwn.41 Zjs-xkx |xs {o xyr{lj tj|x wjqwjjljwo r {vwj wj }yzjluljr-
|o yzjlr|ou{|lj x| vxwjzj, koq nj {o nzpr {vo|tj qj vwxqrw{|lx|x l Zj-
zxnwx|x {kzjwro r koq nj rvj qjnupr|ouwx tzrqj l }yzjluowro|x (wjy-
13, 1920, K 3, 218–227; û}jswr kouoptr (yx yxlxn {|j|r|j wj Pzrmxz Oj{ruol l „Zxlx
xko{|lx“). – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 4, 1906, K 5, 568–579, x{xk. 574–577; Tjx wo {|jwj
{xrjur{|? – Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6. ^rwowr, |. 5, 419–433 (y}kurt}ljwx yzoq 1920 m.);
<8<>B6, -F9H4A. ]jnrtjuwxnovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 3, 1905,
K 14–15, 309–313; Nxzkj wj nlj ~zxw|j. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 4, 1906, K 6–7, 696–710;
'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko{|lowj {xurnjzwx{|…, 684–687; )<L4=>B6, !<@<FMD. ]jnrtjurqv
r {xrjurqv. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 6, 1908, K 1, 1–12.
40 Rnwj wo {l{ov nxkzxwjvozowj tzr|rtj wj zjnrtjur|o (o yjzjnrzjur { rnoswj r{|x|j,
wx yzrovjur { mx|xlwx{| l{tx yzonuxpowro qj }j{|ro ll luj{||j) }: $?4F96, %64A. [konr-
wowro r xkwxluowro wj yjz|rr|o. ^., 1922, 4–6.
41
Zjs-nxkzr|o jwjurqr r tzr|rtr wj urwr zoprv wj aoznrwjwn l rvo|x wj yjzujvow-
|jzrqrzjwo r x|mxlxzwr tjkrwo|r {j wj zjnrtjur|o _xnxz Oujstxl, ^|xw Wx{|}ztxl, Uur Po-
xzmxl, ^|o~jw Wrzxl r nz. Op. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. û}jswr kouoptr. Oz} zjqlr|ro|x wj ur-
wr zoprv } wj{. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 8, 1910, K 6, 718–741; K 7, 839–856; K 8,
978–995; K 9, 1103–1120; K 10, 1174–1197; Oz} urwr zoprv } wj{…; \jzujvow|j-
zrqv|, urwr| zoprv r {|jzr|o novxtzj|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 2, 1903–1904, K 11,
262–264. Op. {{ {xnwr rqlxnr {x: 9BD7B6, %?<O. \zr tjtlr }{uxlr wjr| yjzujvow|
kr vxmu nj rqyuwlj {lxr|o qjnjr? – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 1, 1902–1903, K 15–16,
289–290; \zx|rlxtxw{|r|}rxwwj|j zxu, tx|x twq| rmzjo l }yzjluowro|x, r lzonj|j, tx-
|x {o yzjlr { |xlj wj xko{|lowx|x zjqlrljwo wj wjzxnj wr. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 2,
1903–1904, K 1, 1–2; '<DB6, -F9H4A. \jzujvow|jzow zoprv…; Yrwr{|zr|o {o wjqwjjlj| r
}lxuwlj| x| twqj (uow 152 wj Wxw{|r|}r|j). – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 8, 1910, K 6,
647–671; 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko{|low yzomuon. Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r r urwr|…
zrvoz kujvrzjwo wj yzjlr|ou{|lx|x). `{|jwxlruj|j {o yxur|ro{tj yzjt-

|rtj o wjtzj|tx {uonwj|j. Yxwjz| wjs-wjyzon {qnjlj tjkrwo|, tj|x wjq-
wjjlj vrwr{|z-yzon{onj|ou (txs|x {r yx{xlj vrwr{|zr); tjkrwo|| zjq-
y}{tj yjzujvow|j r xzmjwrqrzj rqkxzr qj wxlx Zjzxnwx {kzjwro, l txo|x
worqvowwx {r {qnjlj vwxqrw{|lx ({{ {zon{|lj, qj txr|x o {|jwo n}vj
yx-wj|j|t). ûon rqlo{|wx lzovo, yzoq txo|x xkrtwxlowx {o wj|z}ylj wo-
nxlxu{|lx x| }yzjluowro|x, vxwjz| {{ rur koq yxlxn }lxuwlj vrwr{-
|z-yzon{onj|ou r njlj wj nz}mx yxur|ro{tx uro vjwnj| nj {{|jlr yzj-
lr|ou{|lx. \zr |xlj |xs njlj luj{| |j wj zjqurwr|o yjz|rr yx|r yxzon,
|jtj o l{tj qwjo r {o wjnlj, o o kno yxlrtjwj nj }yzjlulj.
[yr{jwx|x yxuxpowro x{rm}zljux qwjr|ouwx lurwro wj vxwjzj,
txs|x nzpju urwx wjs-loo lwwj|j yxur|rtj r jzvr|j (tj|x lzx-
low mujlwxtxvjwnlj, wx muonju r lxowwr| vrwr{|z nj o nxlozowx uro).
Yxpo nj {o tjpo, o |xlj yxuxpowro o }nxluo|lxzljux r yjz|rr|o, txutx-
|x r l xyxqrr nj {j womxn}ljur yzx|rl „nlxzxlr zoprv“, xo yxloo
o yzr {lx|j xzmjwrqjrxwwj {ujkx{| |z}nwx krj vxmur nj nxsnj| wj
luj{| yx nz}m wjrw. ^|zj|omr|j wj zx|jr x| vxwjzj wj „{r|r“ r
„mujnwr“ yjz|rr, |. o. wj luj{| r l xyxqrr, o xyr{jwj |jtj:
\zr }{uxlro, x|x wr|x onwj yjz|r nj wo {o qj{|xlj |lzno numx

lzovo wj luj{|, l{rtr yjz|rr wjzon vxmj| nj {o yxuq}lj| { kujmj|j wj
|x {lxoxkzjqow yjzujvow|{tr zoprv r wr onwj wo r{tj nj yzxy}{wo
{lx zon. […] Mtx twq| {uonr lwrvj|ouwx y{rxuxmr|j wj „{r|r|o“
r „mujnwr|o“, l{rtr o knj| nxlxuwr x| womx.42
\jzujvow|jzrqv| wj {lxs zon x{|jlju r{|x lwow r ~rt|rlow, yx-

wopo wo vwxqrw{|lx|x wj Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro rquljux tjkrwo|j, j xk-
zj|wx|x – lonwp wjqwjow, tjkrwo|| {r {qnjlju vwxqrw{|lx, tj|x zjq-
y}{tju Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro r yzxlopnju wxlr rqkxzr (yoouowr zoq
jnvrwr{|zj|rlwj|j vjrwj). Wjt|x {o rqzjqlj onrw jl|xz:
O qjyjnwr|o nzpjlr yzjlr|ou{|lx|x l xkr yzjlruj yzxrqurqj x|

wjzxnj, x| yjzujvow|j; } wj{, wj Uq|xt, yjzujvow|| yzxrqurqj x|
yzjlr|ou{|lx|x.43
\zr |xlj yxuxpowro yzrwry| wj x|mxlxzwx{| wj vrwr{|zr|o yzon Zj-

zxnwx|x {kzjwro r yzjlx|x qj kujvrzjwo x| womx {x x{|jljur wonos{|-
lr|ouwr, yxwopo wjzxnwr|o yzon{|jlr|our krur yx{u}wr wj ltjzjur|o mr l
42
)<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, {. 124.
43
)<I4=?B6, %64A. \{rxuxmr wj kumjz{tr|o yxur|ro{tr yjz|rr. – Numjz{tj {krztj,
7, 1900, K 2, 114–123, r|. wj {. 118.
Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro vrwr{|zr; wox yxloo, xyxqrrxwwr|o tjwnrnj|r {-

x krur tzjswx yzonyjqurlr, yxwopo wo xjtljur nj luqj| l {uonljj|j
tjvjzj. \x {r|o yzrrwr wonos{|lr|ouwx x{|jljux r yzjlx|x qj muj{}lj-
wo r txw|zxu wj knpo|j. (Zjr{|rwj {u}jr wj kujv l{o yjt rvjux, wjyzr-
voz wj txjurrxwwr tjkrwo| Wjzjlouxl–Qjwol yx yxlxn vxwxyxuwr qjov.)
\x |jtl wjrw jzjt|ozwx qj |xqr yozrxn (x{low urwr zoprv) krux
yuwx|x yzoxkujnjljwo wj rqyuwr|ouwj|j luj{| wjn qjtxwxnj|ouwj|j, wj
vrwr{|zr|o wjn Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro, wj }yzjluljr|o yxur|rr wjn
l{rtr x{|jwjur luj{|r. R|x onwj |pwj txw{|j|jr x| wjjux|x wj lotj:
O nos{|lr|ouwx{| wjzxnwr|o {kzjwr } wj{ rqxpnj| xkrtwxlowx wo

rq wonzj|j wj wjzxnj, j wj luj{|ljj|j yjz|r rur tx|ozr. O | wo {j-
vx wx|xzwr wolopr, wx xo r |jtrlj xyxqxzowr urwx{|r {o o {u}lj-
ux nj lujq|, wj txr|x v{|x|x yxloo kr krux l qj|lxzj rur rquxpowr
wj xkx yzoqzowro, x|txutx|x l {kzjwro|x. _oqr xzj, {kzjwr |jv wo
yx lxu|j wj rqkrzj|our|o, j yx lxu|j wj jstr|o rur wj yxurr|j,
{j {o lljur x| {lx {|zjwj t}tur l zo|o wj vrwr{|zr|o, |s x|x
qj wrtjtl txw|zxu x| {|zjwj wj qjtxwxnj|ouwj|j luj{| lz} xnj wj
nzpjlwr|o zjkx|r wo vxpoo nj {o mxlxzr.44
[yr{jwj|j {r{|ovj wj urwr zoprv kruj tzr|rt}ljwj (x{xkowx x|

„vujnr|o novxtzj|r“, knor ]jnrtjur) { rno|j qj yjzujvow|jzrqrzjwo r
qj x|mxlxzwr yzon yjzujvow|j yzjlr|ou{|lj, |. o. wjzxn| nj rqulj yjz-
ujvow|, j |xs – x|mxlxzwr yzon womx yzjlr|ou{|lj (lvo{|x xkzj|wx|x – vx-
wjz| nj wjqwjjlj yzjlr|ou{|lx, txo|x nj {r {{|jl yjzujvow|). _lzno
x|zoqlljx xkjo txw{|r|}rxwjur{|| Yrutxl x|kouqlj wozojur{-
|rwx{| |j qj vxvow|j wj r{tjwr|j qj onrw nos{|lr|ouow yjzujvow|jzr-
qv, txs|x l{wx{| wo {uonlju yztx x| txw{|r|}r|j. \zr x|{{|lro wj
qwjr|ouwx zjqurjljr {o mxuovr yxur|ro{tr yjz|rr, txr|x nj txw|zx-
urzj| qnzjlx r {qwj|ouwx {{|jlowx vwxqrw{|lx, yzr x|{{|lro r wj }{-
|xsrlr vwxqrw{|lj, woqjlr{or x| |xlj, txs yzxlopnj rqkxzr|o, yjzuj-
vow|jzrqv| vxpou nj ~}wtrxwrzj {jvx { rqt}{|lowr rqkxzr rur txjur-
rxwwr tjkrwo|r.45
44 B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, {. 30. Wjt|x rq|tlj r Uur Poxzmxl, yxlo-

o|x noy}|j|r wo {o zojljur nj tzr|rt}lj| rur txw|zxurzj| yzjlr|ou{|lx|x, yxwopo zjqkr-
zjur, o nupj| vjwnj|j {r wj womx r o x{|jwj| wj luj{|, nxtj|x |x o wj luj{| (r o rqxkx
Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro uo{wx vxpo nj kno zjq|}zowx). Op. 9BD7B6, %?<O. \zr tjtlr }{ux-
lr…, 289–290.
45
)<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, 121–122, 144–145.
UTN[]U
\x|r l{rtr rqkxzr yzoq zjqmuopnjwr yozrxn {j vjwry}urzjwr (tjt|x {o

o tjqljux, wjyzjlowr). _o rvjur qj ou wo nj rquj| nos{|lr|ouwx yzon-
{|jlr|ou{|lx, j nj ltjzj| yx tjtl|x r nj o wjrw yzjlr|ou{|lowr|o tjwnr-
nj|r – r l yx|r l{rtr {u}jr {j }{yljur. Oyzx{| o tjt |xwx r |tvx
|}t {o qjkouqlj rqlo{|wx zjqlr|ro – x| zjwwr|o yxkxrj tv yx-zj~rwr-
zjwr vo|xnr qj lqnos{|lro lz} rqkrzj|our|o. O{o yjt x|nouwr rqkxzr
krur {lxkxnwr. _jtrlj krur yzlr|o rqkxzr, yzxlonowr x| txw{ozlj|xzr-
|o (r qjm}kowr x| |); {x {lxkxnwr krur rqkxzr|o x| 1883 m., yzxlono-
wr x| yzjlr|ou{|lx|x wj cjwtxl ({uon x|tjqj wj twq Muot{jwnz x| yu-
wxvxr|j); x|wx{r|ouwx {lxkxnwr krur r yzxrqlonowr|o x| {u}pokwx|x
yzjlr|ou{|lx wj ]jx \o|zxl rqkxzr x| 1901 m., nxlour wj luj{| txjurr-
|j \o|tx Wjzjlouxl–^|xw Qjwol.46 ([{|jwjur|o nlj {lxkxnwr rqkxzj {j
x| 1919 r 1931 m.) \ojuwx {o yzx}lj| { tzljlr wj{rur wtxr rqkxzr x|
yx{uonwr|o nlo no{o|ruo|r wj bIb l. Uqkxzr|o yzoq zjqvrzwr|o 1886 r
1887 m. krur jyxmos x| muonwj |xtj wj yzo{|ywx{| |j wj |uyr|o; {x rq-
kxzr|o x| 1894 m., loo {uon yjnjwo|x wj ^|jvkxuxl, xyr{jwr tjz|rwwx ll
~osuo|xwr|o wj Muotx Wxw{|jw|rwxl.47
Tj yzlr|o rqkxzr {lrno|ou{|lj Uzoot:
O wjjux rqkxzr|o rvjj yojuow rqmuon. Zvjo x|tzr|r yzonuxpo-

wr qj tjwnrnj|r ll lo{|wrr|o rur qjuoyowr yx }urr|o, wrtjtlr
tjwnrnj|{tr zor, wrtjtlr rqkrzj|ouwr {kzjwr {{ {lxkxnwr yzowr
wj mzjpnjwr|o; qjtxw| rqzrwx qjyzojlj l{tjtlj „jmr|jr“, qjx-
|x yxn |xlj {o zjqkrzjo {jvx zjqnjljwro wj yjzr! ^jvx yx-t{wx {o
qjkouqlj yxloo prlx|. [| 1881 m. {o qjyxlj| ot{o{rr yzr rqkxzr|o.
46
Tj x{xkowr|o }{uxlr yzoq wjjuwr yozrxn lp. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} urwr zo-
prv…, 1180–1182. ^lxkxnj|j x| wjvo{j wj luj{| |j wo xqwjjljuj wtjtl yx-nxkz zon rur
ury{j wj ~jur~rtjrr (x| xyxqrr|j), x{xkowx yzr |oqr wjjuwr rqkxzr. Zjurwr|o njwwr
qj yzlr|o wtxutx rqkxzj (x| 1879, x| 1880 r x| 1884 m.) {j jwjurqrzjwr r txvow|rzjwr x|
-4D4HB6, ). Zjr|o uomr{uj|rlwr rqkxzr. – \ozrxnro{tx {yr{jwro wj Numjz{tx|x twrpxl-
wx nz}po{|lx, 1885, K 16, 28–59. Oyoj|uowro yzjlr wr{tr| yzxow| muj{}ljur rqkrzj|our.
\zoq 1879 r yzoq 1880 m. }j{|ljur 32% x| rqkrzj|our|o ({{ {ruwr {vwowr qj koqtxw|zxu-
wx y}{tjwo wj kuo|rwr); yzoq 1884 m. muj{}ljur 28,9% x| rqkrzj|our|o (j mxuv yzxow| rq-
krzj|our yzx{|x wo krur lyr{jwr l rqkrzj|ouwr|o {yr{r r |jtj wo krur nxy}{wj|r nx }j{-
|ro l rqkxzr|o).
47 [yr{jwro wj rqkxzr|o x| 1886 r 1887 m. }: B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…,
10, 1902, K 5, 221–231; K 6, 282–297. Tj rqkxzr|o x| 1894 m. 'BAEF4AF<AB6, ?9>B. Njs

Pjwx yzjlr rqkxzr; \x „rqkxzr|o“ l ^lrxl; `mj{o|o {lor|o. – Ol: ?9>B 'BAEF4AF<AB6.
^rwowr. _. 1. ^., Numjz{tr yr{j|ou, 1989, {x|lo|wx 98–116, 153–158, 187–190.
[||xmjlj now| wj rqkxzr|o o onrw lrn xko{|lowr xzmrr, mno|x {o nj-

lj {lxkxnj wj l{rtr {|zj{|r r x{xkowx wj j{|wr|o x|vowr r mno-
|x {o {zoj| wjs-yojuwr rqwowjnljwr, koq nj rqturv r }krs{|lj.
Pujlwr|o ztxlxnr|our yx xkzjqoj wj vjnpjz{tr|o „txz|or“, wj yuj-
wrw{tr|o yjurtjzr yzoq rqkxzr|o r wj z}vw{tr|o „xvjmjr“ {j {xyj-
nprr|o, {|jzr ovrmzjw|r r vujnr {|zjw{|l}r jmr|j|xzr wj {u}pkj }
yjz|rr|o.48
Zotj {o yx|xyrv xo l j|vx{~ozj|j wj |xlj lzovo. R|x tjt onrw zr{|,
{yorjur{| yx yzxkuovj|rtj|j wj rqkxzwj|j yzo{|ywx{|, jzjt|ozrqrzj
(yzoq 1902 m.) ~xzvrzjwr|o { lzovo|x } {jvr|o rqkrzj|our yzon{|jlr qj
rqkxzr:
Uqkxzr: |x o yxw|ro vxpo kr wo{wx r vmurlx, wx wozjqzrlwx

{lzqjwx { yxw|r|j qj {krljwo, {tjzljwo, mz}u|r, m}ur, yrw{|lj,
qwjvowj, mjsnr rur yt kxs r |ozxz: onrw yzrlruomrzxljw yzxvopn}-
|t qj yzrlruomrzxljwr x{tzkuowr r qjtjwljwr wj {|zjpjzr r ynj-
zr, rur xkzj|wx|x; lzovo wj lrtxlo „}zj“, „mxzo“ r „nxu}“; wjs-{o|wo
n}vj|j rqkxzr yzonrqlrtlj yzon{|jluowro|x qj lzovo, yzoq txo|x qjtxw
r luj{| {j {}{yownrzjwr; lzovo wj wowjtjq}ovr lxuwx{|r r yzxrqlxur;
lzovo, wjs-{o|wo, wj jwjzr, yxnrz tx|x {rm}zwx o rvj wtxo qjtxw-
o qj jvwr{|r.49
^zon rqyxuqljwr|o yx lzovo wj rqkxzr |zrtxlo krur {uonwr|o (rqvr{-

uowr, zjqkrzj {o, wo } wj{): wozjqnjljwo wj rqkrzj|ouwr tjz|r; „moxvo|zr-
wr“ |zrtxlo, tj|x woyzjlruwx zjqyzonouowro wj xkrwr|o yx {otrr r yx{-
|jlwo wj rqkrzj|ouwr y}wt|xlo l x|njuoowr vo{|j (rqxkzo|owx l ^Mf x|
Z. Gerry); rqnrmjwo wj x~rrjuwr tjwnrnj|}zr woyx{zon{|lowx x| yzjlr-
|ou{|lx|x (tjt|x ll azjwr yx lzovo|x wj Zjyxuoxw); vjwry}urzjwo wj
{{|jlj wj rqkrzj|ouwx|x kzx yzr {ou{tr|o rqkxzr zoq r|zx{| yzr
pzokr; x|t}yljwo wj kuo|rwr r rqkrzj|ouwr tjz|r wj yzx|rlwrr|o; qj-
kjlwo wj rqkxzj zoq xk{ryljwo wj kzx|x { yr{vowr r }{|wr qjluowr,
txr|x yzon{onj|ou| o nupow nj yxnuxpr wj zjqr{tljwo; yzotzj|ljwo wj
rqkxzj zoq {tjwnju rur {krljwo l nlxzj; xkzjq}ljwo wj prlj xlotj {|o-
wj yzon lxnj, yzxy}{tjj {jvx {yjz|rqjwr nj muj{}lj| r |. w.
[{xkowx jzjt|ozwx yx{omj|ou{|lx lz} {lxkxnj|j wj rqkxzr|o krux
zjq|}zwo|x x| ow|zjuwj|j luj{| wj wjqwjowr|o x| krlj|j luj{| xkrw-
48
%D9K9>, 'BAEF4AF<A. Wwpo{|lx Numjzr, {. 358. Ztno wo{lrtwjur|o { rqkxzr rq-
krzj|our jtjur nj rv {xk| txmx nj rqkozj|. Op. D9>B6, )<I4<?. ^yxvowr. _. 2 (Wjt wro
x{lxkxpnjljvo Numjzr). ^., Uqnj|ou{|lx wj [a, 1990, 139–140.
49 B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902, K 3, 117–134, r|. wj {. 119.
{tr }yzjluowr, x{xkowx {ou{tr|o, r qjvwj|j rv {{ {lxr |zruowwr txvr-

{rr (x| mx|lowr|o qj wxlr tvo|xlo r xkrwjzr), txr|x nj yzxlonj| rqkxzr-
|o; lqvxpwx krux {x {|jzr|o {lo|r nj {o xkl| qj yjz|rqjwr wj wxlx-
|x yzjlr|ou{|lx. ^|jljur qux}yx|zokr r { rqkrzj|ouwr|o {yr{r (qjyr{-
ljwo wj lwwr urj, wolyr{ljwo wj vo{|wr). \zr {jvr|o rqkxzr |jswj|j
wj muj{}ljwo kruj txvyzxvo|rzjwj – yx mxuovrwj|j r lo|j wj kuo|rwj|j
{o zjqkrzjux txs rqkrzj|ou qj txmx o muj{}lju r m}kor|o o{|x {o xyr|lj-
ur nj xkzwj| woj|j {{ {tjwnju, yxkxs r yz. Zjs-{o|wo, yzxloztj|j wj
rqkxzr|o qj wjzxnwr yzon{|jlr|our {o rqlzljuj x| {jvx|x Zjzxnwx {k-
zjwro (j wo x| {nokwj txvr{r, qj txo|x rvjux yzonuxpowr) r |x yzrkm-
ljux tv yzxrqlxuwx tj{rzjwo wj yzon{|jlr|our wj xyxqrr|j.50
\x rqkxzr|o o{|x {o zjqr{|ljur urwr {vo|tr l {v|jwx|x qj {lxkxn-
wx x| qjtxwr rqkxzwx lzovo, wx x{xkowx |optr krur yzo{|yuowr|j wj
jstr|o r }urwr|o |uyr. Wzjswx xyj{wr r woxk}qnjwr krur zjkx|or|o
qj tjwnrnj|r wj yzjlr|ou{|lx|x jstr – „yzjlr|ou{|lowr jstr“, qjn rs-
|x mzk {|xuj yxurr|j. O | o{|x }j{|ljur yzoxkuoowr wr{r
nupwx{|wr urj, tj|x yxpjzwrtjzr, {|zjpjzr, ynjzr r yz., rur tjwnrnj-
|r qj |oqr nupwx{|r, j wtxr xkrw{tr }yzjluowr nxzr nzpjur wj
{u}pkj x|urrur {o zjqkxswrr r jstjnprr. Qj r|rzjvo:
^|zjwwx lyoj|uowro yzjl| wjr{|rwj wtxutx x| mzjnxlo|o wr nlj-|zr

nowj yzonr rqkxzr|o, x{xkowx yzrlooz, tjt|x r l {jvr now wj rqkxzr-
|o. Puonj urj, wrtxv} worqlo{|wr nx|xmjlj, { wjtzrlowr tjuyjr rur
rq|zr|r jytr, yrwr nx koqxkzjqro l mz}yr x| 3 nx 10 n}r, j vwxmx
y|r yxloo, { nokour |xmr rur kj{|}wr, txr|x yx onwj mxzrlj rzxwr
wj n}vj|j wjzrj| „txw{|r|}rr“ – nj tz{|x{lj| }urr|o, nxuwr|o
tzvr r |}wour; nj mxlxz| { lr{xt muj{ r y{}lj| yzr l{tx n}vj; nj
lzu| yzonrqlrtj|ouwr yxmuonr wj vrw}ljr|o, j yt {|zjpjz|, yx-
tzjs txmx|x vrwjlj|, wo {jvx wo mr {yrzj, jvr {o qnzjlr{lj yzr|ou{-
tr { wtxr x| |. _oqr urwx{|r {{|jlulj| ntj|j r x{wxlwr|o ouo-
vow|r wj }|zowj|j jstj.51
50
Tj l{rtx |xlj }: B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902, K 4, 165–183,
x{xk. 169–175; Tj yzxloztj|j wj rqkxzr|o yzon xtzpwr|o {nrurj. – ^yr{jwro wj Numjz-
{tx|x zrnro{tx nz}po{|lx l ^x~r, 1, 1901–1902, K 4, 176–183; '<D>B6, '. Oz} rqkr-
zj|ouwr|o {yr{r. – hzrnro{tr yzomuon, 17, 1909, K 1, 30–35; )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz-
{tj|j txw{|r|}r, 132–133; DMA9>B6, *. ]o~xzvrzjwo wj kumjz{tr rqkrzj|ouow qjtxw. –
hzrnro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1901, K 4, 217–226; )<A>B6, 0D. \x uow 116 x| Uqkrzj|ouwr qjtxw.
– ^yr{jwro wj hzrnro{tx|x nz}po{|lx l ^x~r, 7, 1907–1908, K 6–7, 299–300; 9BD7<96,
%6. Zoxkxnrvr rqvowowr l rqkrzj|ouwr qjtxw. – ^yr{jwro wj hzrnro{tx|x nz}po{|lx l
^x~r, 5, 1905–1906, K 3, 119–121.
51 B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902, K 5, 224–225.
\zr |xlj yxuxpowro urj|j x| xyxqrr|j rur {o x|tjqljur x| rqkxz-

wj|j kxzkj, rur wj {lxs zon xkzjq}ljur txw|zjjstr r |xmjlj {jvx yx-wo-
}|zjuwj|j lxs{tj vxpouj nj zo{yot|rzj r lq{|jwxlr zonj. Uqxkx wo kr-
lj nj x{|jljvo { rnojurqrzjwj yzon{|jlj r qj xyxqrr|j; | nos{|ljuj mz}-
kx wo {jvx txmj|x kruj yzonrqlrtjwj x| yzjlr|ou{|lowj|j jstj rur x|
yxurr|j, j r {jvj lqrvjuj rwrrj|rlj|j; txmj|x yoour xyxqrr|j, wo
xqwjjlj, o wo o krux yzruxpowx wtjtlx wj{ruro.52
\zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o {o nupjur x|j{|r wj {ujkx{|r l rqkrzj-
|ouwj {r{|ovj ({rm}zwx r }vruowr). Tj yozrxnj {o {vowrur wtxutx rqkr-
zj|ouwr qjtxwj rur qjtxwr|o krur rqvowwr r nxyuljwr. Ztxutx tux-
lr vxvow|j qj{u}pjlj| lwrvjwro.53 Zjs-wjyzon {{|jlwo|x wj rqkxzwx|x
kzx, txo|x nx 1897 m. {o rqlzljux l {jvr now wj rqkxzr|o, {}|zrw, x|
yzr{{|ljr|o rqkrzj|our zoq lwx muj{}ljwo, yx vwxqrw{|lx. _tvx
xtxux txw{|r|}rzjwo|x wj kzx|x {o lxnour wjs-xpo{|xowr kr|tr, |s
tj|x ltjzjuj|j {lxr xzj l kzx|x yjz|r vxpouj nj {yoour rqkxzr|o {
zjqwr woqjtxwwr {zon{|lj – }wrxpjljwo wj kuo|rwr, nxy}{tjwo wj {lxr
yzrlzpowrr nj muj{}lj| yx wtxutx y|r yxn zjqwr rvowj, y}{tjwo l }z-
wr|o wj {wxyxlo kuo|rwr qj {lxr|o tjwnrnj|r, wonxy}{tjwo wj yzx|rlwr-
r nj muj{}lj| r yz. Zj yzjt|rtj wjn nouljuj yjz|r|j { wjs-mxuovr|o
mz}krwr, txr|x qjlqovjur rqkrzj|ouwr|o }zwr r wo mr x|{|yljur. _xlj
yxuxpowro wj woj|j krux yzxvowowx {{ qjtxwj x| 1897 m., {muj{wx txs-
|x kzx|x {o yx{|jlux yxn yzon{onj|ou{|lx|x wj {nr r rvjux xo o|r-
zrvj uowxlo, yzonljzr|ouwx xyzonouowr x| xtzpwx {nruro. ]o~xzvj-
|j wj rqkrzj|ouwj|j {r{|ovj nxlouj nx zqtx }lourjljwo wj rqkrzj|ouwj-
|j jt|rlwx{| – x| xtxux 30% wj xtxux 50% yzr yzlr|o yzxlonowr yx |x-
qr wjrw rqkxzr yzoq 1899 m., txo|x {o qjyjqrux r yzr {uonljr|o.
Tj }lourjljwo wj rqkxzwj|j yzo{|ywx{| nxyzrwj{ur r qjtxwr|o qj
jvwr{|r|j, txr|x Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro muj{}ljux {uon l{rtr rqkxzr, x{x-
kowx {uon 1894 m., tjt|x r o{|x yzjt|rt}ljwr|o yxvruljwr qj yxur|ro{-
tr yzo{|yuowr. _xlj }tzoyljux }kopnowro|x, o o nx{|j|wx yjz|r|j
nj nxsno wj luj{|, qj nj {o yzotzj|| nouj|j {zo} urj x| {j|j yjz|r.
[o yxloo, o yzlxwjjuwx yzo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o krur yxn{nwr
wj xtzpwr|o {nrurj { }j{|ro wj rqkxzwr {nokwr qj{onj|our, j rqkr-
52
\jt |jv, {. 226. Qj r|rzjvo: „Zjyzx|rl, rvj onwr xyr|wr krlr yxuros{tr yzr{|jlr,
{|zjpjzr, jmow|r, wjjuwrr, yj jtx o|o r noy}|j|r, txr|x, vjtjz r nj {j l xyxqrr, wx tj-
|x qjkouopj|, o yxurr|j yryj ju|jlx r wolox, o {r }{|zx| jstj, qj nj lzj| xw}s,
txo|x |o {j lzrur yx-zjwx yxn omrnj|j wj luj{||j.“
53 \x-wj|j|t |o {j xyr{jwr yx B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902,
K 7, 379–386; K 9, 430–444. Op. qj rqkxzr|o r )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r,

126–144. Op. qjtxwr|o qj jvwr{|r } +9K96, .B8BD. \uow }tjqj|ou…
zjwo|x wj yzrwjnuopjr tv }yzjluljj|j yjz|r xzj mjzjw|rzjux koq-

wjtjqjwx{|. Zjrw| wj rqkrzjwo wj {nokwr|o qj{onj|our kru yzxvowow
{{ qjtxwj x| 1897 m., j rvowwx – yx pzokrs, x| {yr{t wj l{rtr rqkrzj-
ovr (yx lqzj{|xl r nz}m owq) mzjpnjwr l xtzmj.
Zjs-{o|wo qj rqkxzwj|j yzo{|ywx{| nxyzrwj{uj {jvj|j yxurr, x{x-
kowx wj vo{|wx wrlx ({|zjpjzr, {nokwr yzr{|jlr), tx|x kruj rqux yjz-
|rqjw{tj r {u}pouj wj luj{|ljj|j yjz|r yxn {|zj x| }lxuwowro. \xur-
os{tr| yoz{xwju {o vowu yx{|xwwx – yzr {vwj wo {jvx wj tjkrwo|j, wx
nxzr wj xtzpow }yzjlr|ou, r wvju yxnmx|xltj, qwjwro r xyr|, wr|x jl|x-
zr|o|. Qr{tzonr|rzjwo|x wj yxurr|j { yjz|rqjw{tr nos{|lr nxzr wjux-
prux zxu|j qj x{rm}zljwo wj zonj yzr rqkxzr nj {o yzolzur ({ rqkrzj-
|ouwr qjtxw x| 1901 m.) x| yxurr|j wj lxs{tj|j, tx|x kruj yxur|ro{-
tr wo}|zjuwj r {o yxuqljuj { nxlozro|x wj rqkrzj|our|o.
O nxtujnj wj yjzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r qj njljwo yxn {n vrwr{|zr|o
x| tjkrwo|j wj _xnxz Uljwxl (yzoq 1901 m.) {o {nzpj| wjzon { nz}mx|x
r {lonowr qj wjz}owr yx rqkxzr|o: yzxrqlxuwx }|lzpnjljwo rur tj{r-
zjwo wj rqkxz x| vrwr{|zj wj l|zowr|o zjkx|r, qjyxlonr x| vrwr{|-
zj wj l|zowr|o zjkx|r nx xtzpwr }yzjlr|our r xtxurs{tr wjjuwrr
nj {o wjvo{lj| l rqkxzr|o l yxuqj wj yx{xowr|o x| vrwr{|zj tjwnrnj|r
(r~zxljwj |ouomzjvj wj Oj{ru ]jnx{ujlxl tj|x vrwr{|z wj l|zowr|o
zjkx|r nx xtzpwr|o }yzjlr|our muj{r: „Oqovo|o voztr qj }{yowr zo-
q}u|j| l {ou{tr|o rqkxzr“), {lxolxuwr zjq|}zljwr yx rqkxzr|o wj xtzp-
wr {lo|r r wj mzjn{tr r xkrw{tr {lo|r, yx|ytljwo wj {lxkxnj|j wj
mzjpnjwr|o qj y}kurwr {kzjwr r yz.54
^ |oowro wj lzovo|x {o qjkouqlj yzxmzo{ x| wj{rur|j l wjjux|x tv
yx-zj~rwrzjwr ~xzvr wj lqnos{|lro lz} rqkrzj|our|o (rzxwrwx wj-
zoowx|x „vxzjuwx lurwro“). _o vxpour nj knj| zjqurwr. Zx l{rtr {o
{lopnj| nx rqyxuqljwo wj lurwro|x wj jnvrwr{|zj|rlwj|j vjrwj – xt-
zpwr }yzjlr|our, xtxurs{tr wjjuwrr r x{xkowx xkrw{tr|o tvo|xlo,
lz} rqkrzj|our|o.55 R|x tjt _xnxz Oujstxl xyr{lj (yzoq 1910 m.) loo
yx-zj~rwrzjwr|o {zon{|lj wj luj{||j:
54
Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI xkrtwxlowx wjzxnwx {kzjwro qj njljwo yxn
{n vrwr{|zr|o x| tjkrwo|j wj _. Uljwxlj. ^., 1901, 139–175 r|. wj 169–170.
55
Wxw{|j|jr|j qj rqoqljwo wj mz}kr|o yxlj|r, wj{rur r yxkxrj yx rqkxzr|o }:
?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} vxzjuj l yjz|rr|o r yxur|ro{tr prlx| } wj{. – Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6.
^rwowr, |. 5, 434–468 (y}kurt}ljwx yzoq 1921 m.), x{xk. 459–460; 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA.
Uqkxzr|o qj {ou{tr…, 378–379; !:<8DB6, +9FMD. \jz|rr r yjz|rqjw{|lx. – Mzrl qj {|xyjw-
{tj r {xrjuwj yxur|rtj, 2, 1926, K 4, 339–347, x{xk. 341–342; /489AI9IF, &BE<H. O|zoow
yxur|ro{tr yzomuon. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 7, 1909, K 1, 81–87, x{xk. {. 84. Wjt|x rq-
|tlj jl|xz|, xzmjwr|o wj luj{| |j {o yzolzj| l jmow|r wj yjz|r|j l rqkxzwj|j kxzkj.
_}t {yjnj|, x| onwj {|zjwj, xkojwr|j wj zjqwr {u}pkr r xkrw{tr r

xtzpwr nupwx{|r, wj zjqwr x|{|ytr r rqmxnr l nzpjlwr r xkrw-
{tr yzonyzr|r, xkojwr|j qj x|y}{tjwo mxzr, xyzxjljwo muxkr,
yzjlowo vx{|xlo, y|rj, }rurj, oztxlr, kxuwrr r nz. yxnxkwr; x|
nz}mj {|zjwj, qjyujljwr { }lxuwljwo x| {u}pkj, { zjq|}zljwo tvo|-
{|lj, urjljwo x| zjqwr yxvxr, {{ {yrzjwo mxzj, { muxkr qj wor{|x-
|j, qj jtrq, { yzotr l yzonyzr|r r yz., r yz. ^ |oqr {zon{|lj xzmj-
wr|o wj luj{| |j vwxmx yxloo, x|txutx|x { mz}kr|o wj{rur, }{ylj| nj
lqnos{|l}lj| lz} wo{qwj|ouwj|j rur {ujkx{qwj|ouwj rqkrzj|ouwj
vj{j r nj lqovj| wj {|zjwj|j wj yzjlr|ou{|lx|x. U |xqr wjrw wj lq-
nos{|lro x| {|zjwj wj luj{| |j x| mxnrwj wj mxnrwj, { l{otr wxl zoprv,
l{o yxloo r yxloo {o }{lzow{|l}lj…56
_. wjz. yzjlr|ou{|lowj qo{|zj {o {{|xuj rvowwx l yxnj|urlx{||j wj

vj{j|j rqkrzj|our wj lurwr|j wj luj{||j, j {x l wjurro|x wj rqkrzj-
|our {u}pkxmxwr (rur „yxur|ro{tr ozmjzr“), xjtljr {zo} yxntzoyj-
|j {r wtjtlj rqmxnj, tjt|x r wj „yxur|ro{tr |zmxlr“, x{rm}zljr rq-
lo{|ow kzxs muj{xlo wj yzjlr|ou{|lx|x. [||}t r x|urljwo|x wj rqkrzj|ou-
wj|j vj{j |} l onwj, |} l nz}mj yx{xtj, txo|x l{o yjt rvjux r nxkzj {|zjwj,
nxtxutx|x lwx wotjnzwx|x }yzjluowro kzqx r uo{wx m}koux yxntzoyj.57
\x-wj|j|wr yxnxkzowr l rqkrzj|ouwj|j {r{|ovj krur mjzjw|rzjwo-
|x wj |jswj|j wj muj{}ljwo zoq llopnjwo wj yurt r |jswj {|jrtj. \zoq
1911 m. yx |xqr rqkrzj|ouow qjtxw {o yzxlour yzlr|o rqkxzr – qj xkrw-
{tr {ou{tr {lo|r. ^{ {r qjtxw krur llonowr r rqkrzj|ouwr twrptr,
yzovjljr lqvxpwx{|r|o qj qux}yx|zokj { rqkrzj|ouwr tjz|r, wozjqnj-
ljwo tjz|r wj yzx|rlwrr|o r yz. \xnxkzru {o r {{|jl| wj rqkrzj|ouwx-
|x kzx zoq ltuljwo|x wj }r|our. (U wjr{|rwj rqkxzr|o yzovrwjur
yzr mxuvj rqkrzj|ouwj jt|rlwx{|, vopn} 60–70% muj{}ljur – wjs-lr{x-
tr| yzxow| nx|xmjlj.)58
Sowr|o x{|jljur urowr x| rqkrzj|ouwr yzjlj r{|x ~jt|ro{tr, yx-
wopo yx txw{|r|}r rqkrzj|ouwx|x yzjlx krux l{oxkx r wo {o lrqrzju
yxu.59 _o yxu}rur yzjlx nj }j{|lj| l rqkxzr onlj yzoq 1937 m. (l xkrw-
{tr rqkxzr), j yzoq 1938 m. – r l yjzujvow|jzwr rqkxzr. Xrowr x| rqkr-
zj|ouwr yzjlj {yxzon zjqwr|o rqkrzj|ouwr qjtxwr nx tzj wj lotj (l wjz}-
56
?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} urwr zoprv…, {. 1182, jwjuxmrwx 1189–1190; Oz} vxzjuj
l yjz|rr|o…, x{xk. 445–459; 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. \x{uonwr|o qjtxwxnj|ouwr…, 905–909.
57 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. \x{uonwr|o qjtxwxnj|ouwr…, 901–902. Tj yxur|ro{tj|j „qo{|zj“
r mxuovr|o yzourljwr wj rqkrzj|our lp. r '4J4DB6, 'BAEF4AF<A. 60 mxnrwr prlwj…,

344–347.
58 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Uqkxzr|o qj {ou{tr…, 367–369.
59 Rnrw jyou qj rqkrzj|ouwr yzjlj wj powr|o xo x| 1901 m. }: DMA9>B6, *. ]o~xzvrzjwo
wj kumjz{tr…, 223–225.
owro wj l{oxkx|x rqkrzj|ouwx yzjlx) krur lxowwr r yxurjr, rmjwr

wozr{|rwr r rmjwr koq yx{|xwwx vo{|xpr|ou{|lx (qjzjnr lrnwj|j rv
zxu l rqkxzwr qux}yx|zokr). Zo vxpour nj knj| rqkrzjwr womzjvx|wr
(wx |jtrlj l{o yjt krur rqkrzjwr, x{xkowx lrwjmr yx{u}wr|o wj yzjlr-
|ou{|lx|x |}zr) r rwxlwrr (x{low jtx wo rquqj| l x{|jltj).60
Ywxmx ljpwj zo~xzvj l rqkrzj|ouwj|j {r{|ovj krux llopnjwo|x wj
yzxyxzrxwjuwj|j ({zjqvozwj|j) rqkrzj|ouwj {r{|ovj yzoq 1911 m.61 Uq-
lo{|wr {j woswr|o jzjt|ozr{|rtr: }{rulj yjz|rr|o r yzxmzjvr|o, {x|-
lo|wx yjz|rswj|j xzmjwrqjr r nr{ryurwj (yzon urwx{|r|o, urwr|o
lzqtr r }{u}mr). [| nz}mj {|zjwj, | njlj yx-{ujkr yzjlr|ou{|lj, yxwopo
ltjzlj yxloo xyxqrrxwwr tjwnrnj|r; x| |}t yx-mxuvj woxkxnrvx{| x|
txjurrxwwr tjkrwo|r r yz. [kzj|wx, yzr vjpxzr|jzwj|j {r{|ovj {o qj-
{rulj urwx{|wr| vxvow| (muj{}lj {o qj x|nouwr urj, wo qj yjz|rswr
ur{|r) r lzqtj|j wj noy}|j|j { womxlr|o rqkrzj|our yx vo{|j (j wo { yjz-
|r|j); wjs-{o|wo, rqulj| {o yx-{ruwr vwxqrw{|lj, zo{yot|rlwx yzj-
lr|ou{|lj.
O wjjux|x yzxyxzrxwjuwj|j {r{|ovj {o yzrlo|{|ljuj x| yjz|rr|o tj-
|x yx-novxtzj|rwj r wj wo {o lqujmjur mxuovr wjnopnr qj yxnxkzljwo
wj rnoswr r xzmjwrqjrxwwr ouovow| (yjz|rswj|j nr{ryurwj); x{low |x-
lj | njljuj lqvxpwx{| nj {o yoou| yxloo vjwnj|r l xyxqrr.62 ûon
wtxutxmxnrwx yzruxpowro, l txo|x {|jlj| lrnrvr r {ujkr|o {|zjwr wj
yzxyxzrxwjuwj|j {r{|ovj, rvj lzjwo tv vjpxzr|jzwj|j {r{|ovj l
zjqwr ljzrjw|r ({ nxyuwr|ouwr vjwnj|r qj {yoourur|o), j l wtxr yozr-
xnr {o yzjt|rt}ljuj r {vo{owj {r{|ovj. Uqxkx {|jlj {wx, o rqkrzj|ou-
wj|j {r{|ovj wo o yjwjo r wjrw| L wj nos{|lro qjlr{r x| yxur|ro{tr
txw|ot{|.
60
)<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r…, 127–128.
61)4AB?B64, )4D<O. \jzujvow|jzwx|x }yzjluowro…, 144–148. \xqr|rlwr x|ql}r x|
{lzovowwrr: 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. \x{uonwr|o qjtxwxnj|ouwr…, {. 914; Rnwj ljpwj zo~xz-
vj. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 10, 1911, K 3, 399–412, x{xk. 401–407; B5K96, %?<O. ^zjq-
vozwx rqkrzjwo r qjnupr|ouwx muj{xyxnjljwo. – hzrnro{tr yzomuon, 20, 1912, K 2, 84–91;
A79?B6, . O{oxkx muj{xyxnjljwo r yzxyxzrxwjuwx yzon{|jlr|ou{|lx. – hzrnro{tr
yzomuon, 18, 1910, K 10, 660–173; (4@5D96, *. Uqkxzwj|j zo~xzvj. – hzrnro{tr yzomuon,
17, 1909, K 1, 53–63. Tj wtxr x{xkowx{|r wj yzxyxzrxwjuwj|j r vjpxzr|jzwj|j rqkrzj|ou-
wr {r{|ovj lp. -F4=AB6, +9F>B. Wxvyo|ow|wx{| r wjzxnxluj{|ro…, 70–75.
62 !:<8DB6, +9FMD. \zxvwj wj }yzjlr|ouwj|j {r{|ovj. – Mzrl qj {|xyjw{tj r {xrju-
wj yxur|rtj, 2, 1926, K 3, 219–236, x{xk. {. 222, 227–228.

\M]_UTMZfUZM U \[XU_UdR^WM W[]`\cUi
^zon wjs-tzr|rt}ljwr|o wonqr wj yjz|rswr prlx| o |. wjz. yjz|rqjw-

rwj. \xn |xlj {o zjqkrzj lqwjmzjpnjljwo wj yzrlzpowrr|o yx zjqwr
wjrwr {uon lqrvjwo wj luj{| |j ({ nzpjlwr r xkrw{tr {u}pkr, nx{|y
nx nzpjlwr lqvxpwx{|r r yz.); rqxkx rqyxuqljwo|x wj luj{| |j qj yjz-
|rswr r urwr xkujmr. \zr xyr{jwj|j {r{|ovj yjz|rqjwrwj|j kruj yzx{-
|x worqkopwx luowro, yxwopo yjz|rr|o {r x{rm}zljur woxkxnrvj|j qj
„yzjlowo wj rqkxzr“ yxntzoyj |tvx { xkojwr qj yx{|xlo r nz}mr xkuj-
mr (rur |xlj {o yxnzjqkrzjux); wj {lxs zon yxloo|x yzrlzpowrr rvjur
mujlwx rur onrw{|lowx vj|ozrjuwr vx|rlr r {uon yxkonj wj yjz|r|j yzon-
lljur yzo|owrr qj lqwjmzjpnowro.
\jz|rqjwrwj|j l wtjtl {vr{u o jzjt|ozwj qj l{tj yjz|rswj {r{-
|ovj. Oyzx{| o qj woswr|o zjqvozr r lqnos{|lro|x L lz} nzpjlwj|j
vjrwj. _ o wo}nzprvj, txmj|x jzjt|oz| wj yxloo|x yjz|rr o {ruwx
urow r mz}kx yzjmvj|row – {yoouljwo wj luj{| |j qjzjnr rqmxnr|o x| wo,
urwx vj|ozrjuwx xkujmxno|ou{|ljwo r x|kujmxnjzljwo wj {yjz|rqjwr|o,
koq yx-{nzpj|ouwr rur yx-rzxtr our. Qzpjlj|j |xmjlj {o {ljj tj-
|x |zjyoqj, wj tx|x {o wjzopnj| qj x|zjwljwo yjz|rqjwr|o wj luj{|ljj-
|j yjz|r, qj nj knj| {vowowr {uon lzovo x| nz}mr. ^yxzon onwx vo|j~x-
zrwx yzo{ruowx wjkunowro wj yxuxpowro|x yzoq 1905 m. {vwj|j wj
luj{| |j } wj{ yzon{|jluljuj „vj{xlx {vowljwo wj mzjkr|ou{tr tx|ozrr
lz} nzpjlwj|j |zjyoqj“, „{rw{tx vj{xlx xt}yrzjwo nzpjlwj|j |zj-
yoqj x| xzmjwrqrzjwr zjqkxswro{tr kjwnr“, „}w}qtx wjo{|lro l {|zj-
wj|j wj mujnwrr-{u}pkxmxwr“.63 Pzjkop| yx{zon{|lxv luj{| |j lqovju
zjqurwr ~xzvr wj ow|zjuwx r vo{|wx wrlx – |zmxlo r {noutr, nzpjl-
wr yzonyzr|r, qjlqovjwo wj vo{|wr|o rqkxzwr }zopnowr r zjqmuopnj-
wo|x rv tj|x „nxxnwr v}rr“, wj{|jwljwo qj xzjwljwo wj rqmujnwour
xzj x| yjz|r|j r yz. Wjt|x rq|tlj nz}m jl|xz (yzoq 1900 m.):
O{rtr xjtljvo yxvrwtj {r x| yxur|rtj|j, x| yjz|rqjw{|lx|x, tj|x

qjljwo|o x| {ou{tj|j xkrwj, o {lzr|o { wjzxnwx|x yzon{|jlr|ou-
{|lx r vrwr{|oz{|lj|j. _ o {|jwjuj onwj tzvjtj r wrs mx }njzrvo
wj nzpjlow {xrjurqv r yzozjwj zoq nzpjlwr {zon{|lj.64
O onwj {lx {|j|r (x| yx-t{wx r wo |xutxlj mz}kx lzovo) _xnxz Oujs-
txl rqkzxlj zjqwr|o yzxlr wj yxur|ro{tx yjz|rqjw{|lx, no~rwrzjwx
63
<8<>B6, -F9H4A. O|zoow yzomuon. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 3, 1905, K 7, 162–
165, r|. wj {. 163.
64 )<I4=?B6, %64A. \{rxuxmr wj kumjz{tr|o…, 129–130, yxnxkow {vr{u wj {. 120.
tj|x „qux}yx|zokj { luj{| |j rur woyx|owx x|wj{wo tv yzx|rlwj yjz|r,

nrt|}ljwx, onwx|x r nz}mx|x, x| yjz|row rw|ozo{“. _jtrlj yzxlr {j l j{|-
wx{| }lxuwljwo|x wj rwxlwrt, koq nj o yzxlrwow l wox, {jvx yxwopo o
x| yzx|rlwrtxlj yjz|r r qj nj {o wjqwjr wj x{lxkxnowx|x v{|x {yjz-
|rqjwrw; rqlzljwo wj wtjtlx kujmx}{|zxs{|lx (}urj rur ovj) wo yx
yujw, j qjx|x wjkurqx prloo lur|ouow xlot wj luj{|ljj|j yjz|r rur
qj nj {o yzrluotj| pr|our|o wj zjsxwj; txmj|x, qj nj x{rm}zr yxntzoyj wj
yjz|r|j l rqkxzr|o, mxz{tx|x }yzjluowro zjqzor nj {o {oo mxzj l woyx-
qlxuowx lzovo rur l qjkzjwow }j{|t; txmj|x yxurr|j yxyzor wj vrz-
wr rqkrzj|our nj muj{}lj|, yxwopo {o qwjo, o {j xyxqrrxwozr. \jz|rqjw-
{|lx xkjo vxpo nj {o yzxlr r x| {|zjwj wj xyxqrrxwwj yjz|r, wjyzr-
voz: txmj|x rwxlwrt o }lxuwow qjzjnr qux}yx|zokj, j l yoj|j {o {xkj-
lj qj }lxuwowro yxzjnr yjz|rqjw{|lx; txmj|x mzjpnjwrw o jzo{|}ljw qj
yzo{|yuowro, wx |xlj {o rqtjzlj yzo{uonljwo wj yxur|ro{tr yzx|rlwrt;
txmj|x wj noo x| yzx|rlwrtxlj|j yjz|r {o yzryrj| yxqxzwr zjkx|r, tx-
r|x wo o rqlzru, {rwlj| {o r {o y}kurt}lj| txvyzxvo|rzjr yr{vj,
txr|x wo o yr{ju, qj nj {o }zxw| urwx|x v} nx{|xsw{|lx r yzo{|rp| wj
womxlj|j yjz|r; txmj|x {o xkxkjlj| onrwrwr mzotr r yzo{|yuowr wj
luj{| |j r {o |lznr, o |xlj o yx-ux x| wjs-uxr zoprv r yz.65
\zjt|rt}ljwj|j koqxmuonwx yjz|rqjwrwj yzr „nouopj wj yutj|j“ r
{yorjuwx zjqnjljwo|x wj {u}pkr (yj|zxwjp) lxnour nx yxnvwj wj mxu-
vj j{| x| jnvrwr{|zj|rlwr jyjzj| yzr l{tj {vwj wj luj{||j. ^vwj|j
wj rwxlwrr {o yzjt|rt}ljuj l x{xkowx mxuovr zjqvozr x| {uonljr|o
yzjlr|ou{|lj {uon yjnjwo|x wj ^|jvkxuxl; wjs-yuwx {o {vowur {lzqj-
wr|o { rqkxzwj|j vjrwj j{|r wj nzpjlwr vojwrqv – yxurr|j, jn-
vrwr{|zjr|j (xtzpwr }yzjlr|our r nz}mr rwxlwrr), mzjn{tr|o r {ou-
{tr|o rqkxzwr {lo|r. [| ow|zjuwr|o lonxv{|lj wjs-vwxmx {|zjnjur l|-
zowr|o zjkx|r r ~rwjw{r|o, qwjr|ouwx yx-vjutx – yxr|o r |ouomzj~r-
|o r yzx{lo|j|j; yx yzjlrux {o {vowur yxloo urj|j wj yx-wr{tr nup-
wx{|r (nx 50%), yx-vjutx – rqr{tljr|o {yorjuwr yxqwjwr r qjo|r x| yx-
lur|ouwr xzj lr{r nupwx{|r (nx 10%). Oxowwx|x vrwr{|oz{|lx – {ru-
wx yzrlruomrzxljwx r yxn lzxlow{|lx|x wj twqj – krux rqljnowx x| {j-
vx|x wjjux x| lurwro|x wj yjz|rswr|o kxzkr; yx lzovo wj urwr zoprv
wjqwjowr|j l Yrwr{|oz{|lx|x wj lwwr|o zjkx|r qjyxwjur nj qjlr{|
l qwjr|ouwj {|oyow x| twqj; yx{|oyowwx {o {|jkrurqrzjux r {nokwx|x
lonxv{|lx.66
65?4=>B6, .B8BD. \jz|rqjw{|lx, r|. wj {. 184; !:<8DB6, +9FMD. \jz|rr r yjz|rqjw{|-
lx; B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 11, 1903, K 3, 154–158.
66
)<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, 147–150; ?4=>B6, .B8BD. \jz|rqjw{|lx,
195–196.
\jz|rqjw{tr| yj|zxwjp lz} {u}pkr|o {o x|zjqlju, zjqkrzj {o,

tzjswx womj|rlwx lz} zjkx|j|j wj jnvrwr{|zjr|j yxzjnr wjqwjowr-
|j wj woyxnxnr (r koq owq) xzj r wo{rm}zwx|x yxuxpowro wj rwxlwr-
r|o, txr|x lrwjmr krur yxn qjyujj|j qj „mujnwr mxnrwr“ (r { txz}yrxw-
wx rqt}owro „nj {o yxnmx|l|“ qj |). _jtj {jvj|j yxur|ro{tj yzjt|rtj
yzjlouj yzxkuovj qj {|jkrurqjr|j r yzx~o{rxwjurqrzjwo|x wj rwxlwr-
o{|lx|x |z}nwxzorv. Zjs-vwxmx (r wjs-numx) yjz|rqjw{|lx|x {o lrzr-
ux l xkrw{tr|o {u}pkr, yxurr|j r ll ~rwjw{xlx|x lonxv{|lx (tno|x
krur r vr|wrr|o), wj vxvow|r r l xkzjqxljwro|x. \x-{o{|lowr {|ytr
qj {|jkrurqrzjwo wj rwxlwro{|lx|x {zo} yjz|rqjw{tr yzxrqlxu krur
wjyzjlowr nx{|j yx-t{wx, yx rzxwr, vjtjz r xk{wrvx, { rnljwo|x wj
luj{| wj woqjlr{or x| yjz|rr jl|xzr|jzwr zoprvr (x{xkowx {uon yzolzj-
|j x| 1934 m.).
\xur|ro{tj|j txz}yr kru nz}m wonm wj yxur|ro{tj|j {r{|ovj.
^zon wjrwr|o qj xkxmj|ljwo {j txvr{rxwr yzr nzpjlwr qjovr r mxuovr
nx{|jltr, qux}yx|zokj wj vrwr{|zr { koqx|o|wr|o ~xwnxlo wj |wx
zjqyxuxpowro, lqovjwo wj {}vr x| nx{|jlrr r yzonyzrovjr {zo}
yzonyxr|jwro tv | r x|{|ytr l |wj yxuqj, yxnt}yr qj zjqwr }{u}mr
r yz. \x yxlxn koqx|o|wr|o ~xwnxlo yzr ^|jvkxuxl r {uon womx kurqt nx
nlxzoj jl|xz x|kouqlj l {yxvowr|o {r:
Noq}{uxlwr|o ~xwnxlo mr {v|jj qj {lxo urwx nx{|xwro yx|r l{r-

tr yx{uon}r vrwr{|zr. Ztxr yxnjnw}ljj x| | yx wox qj nz-
pjlwr w}pnr, nz}mr r, njpo r qj yjz|rswr|o lo{|wrr wo njljj
wrx. \o|z P}nol x| | {r wjyzjlr tj. Wxmj mx {nrj, }{|jwxlr
{o, o |xs { otxlo yujju wj vjs{|xzr|o x| |xqr ~xwn. U {o }noo x-
lot| qjx nj {v|j| |xq wjrw wj jzowo koq}{uxlwr ~xwn qj
tzjpkj! Zjlrtwjj |jtj nj muonj| wj womx l{rtr r qj|}s xo l wjjux-
|x wj mxnrwj|j |o mx rq|omuj r mx |}zj rur wj {lxo rvo l kjwtj|j,
rur l {xk{|lowj|j {r tj{j.67
Tj yzjt|rtj|j wj xkxmj|ljwo zoq lqyxuqljwo x| yxur|ro{tr yx{| r

l }zk wj nzpjlj|j o|ov l {yxvowr|o wj Qrvx Wjqj{xl:
\zr {tuljwo|x wj nzpjlwr|o qjovr {o{|l}ljo onwj }yxzr|x

x|zrjwj, wx wox|tuxwwx {uonljwj yzjt|rtj vrwr{|zr|o nj yxu}jlj|,
tj|x l}umjzwr vjtuozr, txvr{rxwj x| qjovxnjloj.68
67
4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr qj twpo{tx|x lzovo. ^., Uqnj|ou{|lx wj [a, 1983, {. 182.
]jqwr wjrwr wj xkxmj|ljwo {j njnowr }: ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} vxzjuj l yjz|rr|o…,
456–458.
68
'4;4EB6, !<@B. ùrr, xzj, {kr|r, {. 42.
Uqlo{|ow {tjwnju x| {zonj|j wj yzlx|x no{o|ruo|ro wj lotj kruj j~o-

zj|j „ejzu r Sjw“ (yzoq 1903 m.), tno|x „ejzu“ o vrwr{|z-yzon{onj-
|ou| mow. ]jx \o|zxl, j „Sjw“ – vrwr{|z| wj lxswj|j mow. Yrjru ^j-
lxl. ^|jlj n}vj qj mxuvj txvr{rxwj x| yxztj wj kzjt}ljwr yj|zxwr r
nxuwxtjo{|lowr y}tr wj yx-lr{xtr owr x| onwj k}njyoow{tj ~rzvj, j
{tjwnju| qjlzru { x{pnjwo wj y}kurt}ljur rw~xzvjr|j p}zwj-
ur{|. [| \zlj|j {lo|xlwj lxswj o yxur|ro{tj|j Qotuxqrozxlj j~ozj –
xyozjr qj rqt}y}ljwo wj qzwowr zjwr x| loo xyzonouruj|j {o tv cow-
|zjuwr|o {rur Numjzr r rqwx{| rv qj {|zjwr x| Mw|jw|j|j, xzmjwrqrzj-
wj { yxvx|j wj kumjz{tr {mujowx~ru{tr yxur|rr r xko{|lowrr.69
Yrwr{|zr|o x| wtxutx yzjlr|ou{|lj {j yxnlopnjwr yxn x|mxlxzwx{|
qj qux}yx|zokj { luj{| |j { ou {jvxxkxmj|ljwo l }zk wj rw|ozo{r|o wj
nzpjlj|j r |xlj o x~rrjuwx nxt}vow|rzjwx. _}t qux}yx|zokr|o wr rw|o-
zo{}lj| wo qjzjnr txwtzo|wr|o urj r wo qj nj {nrv qj xklj|j wj qux-
}yx|zokj|j { xko{|lowr {zon{|lj (txo|x yzr {tzr|r jzjt|oz wj txz}y-
r|j o wolqvxpwx), j {jvx tj|x rwlow|jz wj |ryrwr {zon{|lj r vo|xnr.
^zon |ryrwr|o wjrwr wj xkujmxno|ou{|ljwo – krux wj vrwr{|z, krux wj
kurqtx nx womx uro, {o {zoj| {uonwr|o: yzr{lxljwr qj urwj yxuqj x|
koqx|o|wr ~xwn wj vrwr{|oz{|lj|j (r x| zjqurwr nz}mr ~xwnxlo),70
yzrtuljwo {vo|tr|o wj zjqwr nz}po{|lj yx zjkx|r qj nzpjlj|j, wjyzr-
voz yx{|zxstj wj py urwr, l yxuqj wj nz}po{|lx|x r l }zk wj nzpj-
lj|j ({zo} {x|lo|wx lqwjmzjpnowro).71 \x-wj|j|t: {yot}ujr r |z-
mxlr { txwo{rr wj zjqwr xkot|r, j rvowwx x|njljwo wj yx-wr{tj owj (l-
wx {zo} yxnt}y) yzr wjurro|x wj yx-rqmxnwr yzonuxpowr rur x|njljwo
wj yxn{|jlowr urj r kurqtr xzj yzr x|lzuwo wj {ozrxqwr tjwnrnj-
|r;72 x|{|yljwo wj ot{yuxj|jr|j wj nzpjlwr rvx|r (wjyzrvoz lxnwj
yux) rur wj xkrw{tj {xk{|lowx{| {zo} vjut wjov l }zk wj nzpj-
lj|j;73 x|wovjwo yxn wtjtl yzonuxm wj loo njnow yxn wjov nzpjlow
rvx| x| onwx uro r yzolzuwo|x v} wj nz}mx (kurqtx nx vrwr{|zj);74
x|{|yljwo wj nzpjlwj lxnwj yux wj ~rt|rlwx jwxwrvwx nz}po{|lx }p
qj yzo{}jljwo, j l{wx{| qj yxuqljwo r {xk{|lowx{|.75
69
'4CK96, 9BD7<. Qoux|x „ejzu–Sjw“; lp. qj |jqr r nz}mr j~ozr wj Yrjru ^jlxl r
]jx \o|zxl r {yxvowr|o wj 4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr qj twpo{tx|x…, 144–150, 155–160;
9BD7<96, 9BD7<. ^x~r r {x~rwr, 1878–1944. ^., Zj}tj r rqt}{|lx, 1983, 343–344.
70 Qxtujn nx XIV…, 3–5.
71 \jt |jv, 6–9, 53.
72 \jt |jv, 20–22.
73 \jt |jv, 22–24; Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 323–329.
74 Qxtujn nx XIV, {. 24.
75
\jt |jv, {. 25.
_ryrwr {j qux}yx|zokr|o { |zmxlo: wjovjwo qj w}pnr|o wj nzpjlj-

|j wj womxnwr qnjwr x| j{|wx uro {zo} lr{xt wjov;76 yzonyxr|jwro
yzr |zm qj xko{|lowr yx{|zxstr rur nx{|jltr (wjyzrvoz wj ljmxwr qj
NQS) wj yx-worqmxnwj|j x~oz|j l wjz}owro wj qjtxwj qj y}kurwr|o |z-
mxlo;77 lxowwr nx{|jltr, xnxkzowr x| yzrlrnwr |zpwr txvr{rr (nxzr „tx-
vr{r“ x| {jvr lxowow vrwr{|z) r nz}mr {lxolxur yzr |zmxlo|o;78 lx-
owwr nx{|jltr x| }pkrwj (wjyzrvoz wj y}tr, yj|zxwr r yz.) koq rur yzr
~rt|rlwj |zpwj txvr{r (tj|x owr|o wj nx{|jltr|o {j xyzonouwr {lxo-
lxuwx l }zk wj jqwj|j x| vrwr{|zj, lqou mxuovr txvr{rxwr);79 nx{|jl-
tr wj zjwr|ouwr yzxn}t|r qj lxs{tj|j wj yx-lr{xtr owr x| yzonujmjwr|o
nz}mjno;80 ~jlxzrqrzjwo (zoq nzpjlwj {}k{rnr) wj }pno{|zjwwx yjzj-
xnwx nz}po{|lx, txo|x wo rqyuwlj nxkzo yxo|r|o qjnupowr.81 Zjs-
{o|wo, {yot}ujrr { mzjn{tr rvx|r, wjyzrvoz yxt}ytj wj vjuxvozwr yjz-
our yxn qjyujj qj x|}pnowro x| xkrwj|j, yzoyzjlwo wj zom}ujrxwow
yujw, qj nj x{|jwo wtjtlj yux l oz|r|o wj mzjnj r nj L {o lnrmwo owj|j,
r yz.82
Uqxkx yzxlljuj {o mxuvj rqxkzo|j|ouwx{| l rqvr{uwo|x wj wjr-
wr qj xkujmxno|ou{|ljwo x| nzpjlwr {zon{|lj, tj|x lzonj|j qj nzpjlj|j
yx yzjlrux kruj vwxmx yx-mxuvj x| urwj|j yxuqj qj {x|lo|wr yxur|rt.
Wxw{|j|jr|j wj jwto|wj|j txvr{r|j yx yxlxn lxowwr|o nx{|jltr, tno-
|x {o lzour wjs-mxuovr qux}yx|zokr yxzjnr yx|r yuwj|j ury{j wj
txw|zxu, o, o yj|zrx|rwr| vx|rl – „qjr|j|j wj x|oo{|lx|x r zjqzoj-
ljwo qjlI|wr|o kumjz{tr rnojur“ – o yzrtzrlju wjs-txzr{|wr urwr
rqmxnr.83
ZMcU[ZMXZUi_ Og\][^ U OgZeZM_M \[XU_UWM
Zjs-xkxkowx vxpo nj {o tjpo, o lzovo|x nx lxswr|o vrwjlj l }|lz-

pnjljwo wj woqjlr{rvx{| |j wj {|zjwj|j r l yzo{uonljwo wj xkonrwr|ouwr
76
Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 337–340.
77 Qxtujn nx bIV…, 28–30, 49–50; Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 321–
323, 340–346.
78 Qxtujn nx bIV…, 30–37.
79 \jt |jv, 37–48.
80
\jt |jv, 29–31, 63.
81 Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 294–305 (wjr{|rwj l {u}j wo {o mxlx-
zr qj urwx xkujmxno|ou{|ljwo).
82
4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr qj twpo{tx|x…, 181–183.
83 Qxtujn nx bIV…, {. 44. Op. r 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Qoux|x wj krlr|o vrwr{|zr l
Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1911, K 1, 85–100.

our, |. o. yzr yzrxzr|o| wj lwwj|j yxur|rtj r vjutx lzovo qj mzjnrlwj

{|xyjw{tj, {xrjuwj r nz}mj l|zowj yxur|rtj. Tjo|r yx|r rqux {
lwwj yxur|rtj (r lxowwx }tzoyljwo) r }luoowr l k}zow l|zowxyxur-
|ro{tr prlx|, yzjlr|ou{|lj|j wo {vxmlj| nj x|nou| nx{|j|wx lwrvjwro
wj rtxwxvro{tx|x r {xrjuwx|x zjqlr|ro. \xur|rtj|j wj nzpjlj|j l
{|xyjw{tx|x zjqlr|ro r nz}mr xkuj{|r tj|x ux {o lxnr yxn qwjtj wj ur-
kozjurqvj, |. o. yzr x|wx{r|ouwx {ujkj wjvo{j. O{o yjt yzoq |xqr yozrxn {o
xkzj qwjr|ouwx lwrvjwro wj xkzjqxljwro|x r qjyxlj yxur|rtj|j wj
rwn}{|zrjuwx wj{zowro (zjqmuonjwj wj {x|lo|wx|x v{|x).
[|{|xljwo|x wj nzpjlwj|j {jvx{|x|ouwx{| {o rqlzljux yxn qwj-
tj wj x|ku{tljwo wj |lzno mz}kr|o z}{tr nxvxmljwr qj lurwro, j {x
zoq nos{|lr qj yxlrjljwo wj {|j|}{j wj {|zjwj|j x| lj{juwx{| nx woqj-
lr{rvx{|. Yopnrwwr o|jyr |}t krur {tuljwo|x wj |zmxl{tr nxmxlxzr
yzoq 1896–1897 m. { Ml{|zx-`wmjzr, ]}{r, Mwmur, azjwr, U|jur r
nz., yzxvowr „{oyjzj|rlwx“ qj Numjzr }{uxlr|j wj nxmxlxzr|o vop-
n} [{vjw{tj|j rvyozr r qjyjnwr|o nzpjlr („tjyr|}ujrr|o“). \x-wj|j-
|t – |zmxl{tr|o nxmxlxzr { ]}{r r zonrj qjyjnwr {|zjwr (koq Ml{|zx-
`wmjzr) x| 1905 m., txr|x x|{ujkljur yzonlrnowr|o l tjyr|}ujrr|o yzr-
lruomrr wj }pnr|o |zmxlr r rwn}{|zrjur r xtjqljur rqlo{|wj vr|wr-
o{tj yzx|otr wj wjrxwjuwx|x yzxrqlxn{|lx. Zjs-{o|wo r mujlwx – lq-
yxuqljwo|x x| Yujnx|}z{tr yzolzj| qj xklljwo wj woqjlr{rvx{| |j (wj
22 {oy|ovlzr 1908 m.), onrw now yzonr jwot{r|j wj Nx{wj r bozomxlrwj
x| Ml{|zx-`wmjzr.84 ûon yzxnupr|ouwr nryuxvj|ro{tr yzomxlxzr r
txvkrwjrr, { yx{zonwro{|lx|x wj ]}{r (tx|x yzr{yjnwjuj kumjz{tr
num tv _}zr x| |}z{tr tv ]}{r), woqjlr{rvx{| |j kruj yzrqwj|j x|
_}zr r Oourtr|o {rur yzoq 1909 m. r Numjzr {o yzolzwjuj l {}lozow-
wj nzpjlj. Tjlzlj| { }{yo r yzomxlxzr|o {{ qjyjnwr|o nzpjlr qj
urtlrnrzjwo wj mjzjw|rzjwx|x x| tjyr|}ujrr|o yzrlruomrzxljwx yxux-
powro wj |owr|o yxnjwrr l {|zjwj|j.
]jqkrzj {o, rqlxljwo|x wj ~xzvjuwj woqjlr{rvx{| (nzpjlow {}lozo-
wr|o|) o onwx, j nos{|lr|ouwj|j {jvx{|xswx{| r |opo{| l vopn}wjzxnwr|o
x|wxowr – {l{ov nz}mx. ^jvx yx-vxwr|o nzpjlr – |. wjz. Oourtr {r-
ur – rvjur nos{|lr|ouwj {jvx{|xswx{| r lqvxpwx{| qj yzxvowx vop-
n}wjzxnwr txw|ot{| {jvx{|x|ouwx nos{|lro, r |x l rqlo{|wr, xyzonouowr
x| kjujw{j wj {rur|o zjvtr. O yozrxnj nx lxswr|o vopn}wjzxnwr|o x|wx-
owr {o xyzonou| x| „txwoz|j“ wj wtxutx olzxyos{tr Oourtr {rur,
txr|x l x|wxowr|j yxvopn} {r {o ztxlxnour x| yzrwryj wj kjujw{ wj
{rur|o (r yzr wjz}jljwo|x v} |z{our {x|lo|wr txvyow{jrr). \zr |x-
84 Tj vopn}wjzxnwj|j {r|}jr xtxux xklljwo|x wj woqjlr{rvx{| |j lp. '4J4DB6, 'BA-
EF4AF<A. 60 mxnrwr prlwj…, 55–75.

lj {|jlj n}vj qj nrwjvrwr r {ruwx ot{yjwqrxwr{|rwr nzpjlr, qj quj|-

wj|j oyxj wj rvyozrjurqvj – zjqtzxljwo|x wj {lo|j wj txuxwrr r }{|j-
wxlljwo wj qxwr wj lurwro.
Yjutr|o nzpjlr {j {ujkr r wo{jvx{|xswr ll lwwj|j {r yxur|rtj,
tno|x {j xmzjwrowr r {yljwr x| rw|ozo{r|o wj Oourtr|o {rur r nos{|-
lj| wj jzowj, rr|x yzjlruj wo xyzonou|.85 \xzjnr {ujkx{| |j {r |o |z{|
yxtzxlr|ou r mjzjw| wj rw|ozo{r|o {r l uro|x wj wtx {ruj (rur wj {q
x| {rur). O{tj |wj {|ytj |zklj nj kno {muj{}ljwj {{ qjrw|ozo{}-
ljwr|o x| zomrxwj Oourtr {rur. O wjs-nxkzr {u}js vxmj| nj ujlrzj| r nj
{o lqyxuqlj| x| yzx|rlxzor l rw|ozo{r|o wj Oourtr|o {rur yzr yzo{-
uonljwo wj {lxr|o rw|ozo{r. ^jvx l nxkzo yzoowowr vxvow|r vjutr|o
nzpjlr {j {yx{xkwr wj {jvx{|x|ouwj rwrrj|rlj yx yx{xtj wj {lx wj-
rxwjuow rw|ozo{. „cowj|j“ wj vjutj|j nzpjlj qj wtx Oourtj {ruj rur
{rur {o yxlrjlj yx lzovo wj lxswj yzr njnowj {|zj|omro{tj {r|}jr
rur qjzjnr lxowwr r xlotr zo{}z{r; |xmjlj qjrw|ozo{}ljwj|j Oourtj {r-
uj rur {rur {j {tuxwwr nj yxntzoy| rw|ozo{r|o, wjs-o{|x |ozr|xzrjuwr,
wj vjutj|j nzpjlj {qwrt. Wjt|x {o rqzjqlj yx |xqr yxlxn Muot{jwnz
cjwtxl:
Tj pjux{|, vjutr|o nzpjlr r yx-{yorjuwx kjutjw{tr|o {j krur lrwj-

mr nzokwr zjqvowwr vxwo|r, { txr|x mxuovr|o nzpjlr {j rqzjlwljur
{vo|tr|o {r.86
O {lo|urwj|j wj tjqjwx|x, txo|x wo o x{xkowx uj{tj|ouwx qj yzo}lour-

jljr {xk{|lowx|x {r qwjowro wjrxwjurqv wj vjutr|o {|zjwr, |zk-
lj nj {o zjqkrzj r yxuxpowro|x wj vujnj|j kumjz{tj nzpjlj. ^jvx|x
{qnjljwo wj kjutjw{tr|o nzpjlr zoq x|nouwo x| [{vjw{tj|j rvyozr
r xyzonouwo|x wj |owr|o mzjwrr, vjtjz r yxn|rtljwx x| l|zowr wj-
rxwjuwr nlrpowr, {o rqlzlj x| olzxyos{tr|o Oourtr {rur tj|x ~}wt-
r wj |owr rw|ozo{r r {yozwro{|lj r koq xmuon wj o|wro{tr tjz|r.
cow|zjuwx|x {kr|ro l xyzonouwo|x wj {nkj|j wj Numjzr, j r wj yxlo-
o|x kjutjw{tr nzpjlr, o Nozurw{tr| txwmzo{, qjuxpru knor rzonow-
|r{|tr our. ^ rqlo{|wr|o {r zoowr |xs xyzonou |xtr|o wj kumjz{tj-
|j wjrxwjuwj yzxmzjvj r yx{xtr|o wj knor|o wjrxwjuwr }{rur.
\zo{uonljwj|j x| Numjzr x| {jvx|x wjjux r { worqvowwj yx{uonxlj-
|ouwx{| lwwxyxur|ro{tj ou {|jlj wjrxwjuwj|j – xkonrwr|ouwj ({ Uq-
85
Tj xmzjwrowr|j r jzjt|ozr{|rtj|j wj lwwj|j yxur|rtj wj vjutr nzpjlr lp.
Roberts, Henry. Politics in a Small State: The Balkan Example. – In: The Balkans in Transition.
Jelavich, Charles and Barbara (eds.). Hemden, CT, Archon, 1974, 376–395.
86
14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo, {. 283.
|xwj ]}vour) r x{lxkxnr|ouwj (wj Yjtonxwr r nz}mr wj{ouowr { xyzo-

nour {o tj|x kumjzr qovr). Wj|x mujlwj qjnjj yzon kumjz{tr|o yxur-
|ro{tr lxnjr {|xux yzrkrzjwo|x wj kumjzr|o r wj{ouljwr|o x| | |o-
zr|xzrr yxn yxtzrlj wj kumjz{tj|j nzpjlj. cuj|j lwwj yxur|rtj o
yxn qwjtj wj |jqr ou, j r l|zowj|j yxur|rtj vxpo nj {o yzrovo l qwjr-
|ouwj {|oyow tj|x wjkrzjwo wj zo{}z{r (vj|ozrjuwr, lxowwr) qj |jqr ou.
_ kruj qjuomwjuj l wjs-rzxtx|x xko{|lowx vwowro r wo {o yx{|jluj
yxn {vwowro x| wrtxo yzjlr|ou{|lx. Qzjvj|rwx tjqjwx: „ônrwowro –
woqjlr{rvx{| – xkonrwowro. _xlj kj |zr|o jt|j wj kumjz{tj|j wjrx-
wjuwj nzjvj. \zlr|o nlj jt|j kj j{|urlx qjlzowr. \zon{|xoo nj
{o rqrmzjo |zo|r| jt|.“87
Oqwrtlj lyzx{|, lqvxpwx ur o krux nz}mx {|oyow}ljwo wj yzrxzr-
|o|r|o x| kumjz{tx|x ztxlxn{|lx – wjs-wjyzon zjqlr|ro r qjkxmj|ljwo,
j yx{uo }{rur qj wjrxwjuwx xkonrwowro. ^yxzon r{|xzrtj ^|xsx
Pzwjzxl |xlj kr kru wjr{|rwj vnz {lo|, wx {{ qjnwj nj|j r koq nj
nzpr {vo|tj qj |xmjljwr|o zojuwx{|r, j rvowwx: mx{yxn{|lx|x wj wjrx-
wjurqvj tj|x rno wjl{tno l Rlzxyj; vujnr| r vwxmx {ruow r jljw|-
zr{|row kjutjw{tr wjrxwjurqv wj nokwor {o {{onr – mztj|j „vomj-
ur rno“, Zjoz|jwro|x wj Pjzjjwrw x| 1844 m., yxlour|o wj Numjz{tx|x
lqzjpnjwo qj x{lxkxpnowro l yuow xklj|.88 Oyzx{| {omj o: yzr yx-
nxkwj mx|xlwx{| qj poz|lr l rvo|x wj wjrxwjuwj|j tj}qj, tjtlr {j krur
lqvxpwx{|r|o qj zojljwo wj kumjz{tr wjrxwjuow lyzx{ { xmuon wj
kjutjw{tr r xkxolzxyos{tr txw|ot{| r jnotlj|wx ur o krux yzonyzro-
|x|x yxur|ro{tx (r lxowwx) nos{|lro?89
\zlxwjjuwx Numjzr {|xuj yxn xyzonoux|x r nxzr ot{tu}qrlwx
(rqtuljx nz}mr) lurwro wj x{lxkxnr|outj|j ]}{r l yxzrlj L tv
\zxurlr|o (Nx{~xzj). _ kruj {v|jwj x| z}{tr|o x~rrjuwr {zonr yx|r
qj qjn}wjs{tj z}{tj m}kozwr, txo|x {o yzrqwjljux r x| nz}mr|o Oourtr {r-
ur r |o nx{|j lzovo wo yzxlljur rw|ozo{, qj nj wo {o {ku{tj| { rw|ozo-
{r|o wj ]}{r. Ornvo tjt yx{|oyowwx r { mxuovr }{rur Numjzr }{y-
lj nj {o ovjwryrzj x| xyotj|j wj x{lxkxnr|outj|j. \x-wj|j|t | loo kr-
87
'4J4DB6, 'BAEF4AF<A. 60 mxnrwr prlwj…, 74–75.
88
DMAK4DB6, -FB=KB. Numjzr 1878–1918. U{|xzro{tj {nkj r wjrxwjuwj yjvo|. –
Yrwjux, 1, 1994, K 2, 77–86, x{xk. 77–81.
89
Op. |zoqlr|o lwwxyxur|ro{tr jwjurqr wj '4J4DB6, 'BAEF4AF<A. 60 mxnrwr prl-
wj…, 40–49, 96–153. Oz} |xlj l yx-nzjvj|row r ovxrxwjuow yujw zjq{pnjlj r yxur|r-
t| x| „|zo|x|x yxtxuowro“ (rququx wj {owj|j yzoq 30-|o mxnrwr wj bb l.), yx-t{wx ovrm-
zjw| +BCB6, -F9H4A. _zrwjno{o| kumjz{tr lotj. – Ol: -F9H4A +BCB6. Numjz{tj|j rno.
Ywow, 1981, 91–130, x{xk. {. 117. ^x 14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo…,
44–54, 90–102. ^yxzon cjwtxl z}{tj|j yxur|rtj xtxux Njutjw{tr {q kruj yxloo yzx-
{zk{tj, j wo yzxkumjz{tj.
uj l {{|xwro nj lxnr yx-{jvx{|xswj yxur|rtj, |. o. nj {o xyr|lj nj ujlrzj

vopn} ]}{r r nz}mr|o Oourtr {rur. Ml{|zx-`wmjzr kruj nz}mj|j {ruwj
nzpjlj { rw|ozo{r wj Njutjwr|o, l nz}mj |wj j{| (Nx{wj r bozomxlr-
wj), txr|x yzx|rlxyx{|jlur wj ^zkr r x{xkowx ljpwx – yzowj{xrur
rw|ozo{r|o wj vjutj|j ^zkr yx yx{xtj wj Yjtonxwr.
Pujlwj lwwxyxur|ro{tj ou wj Numjzr ({uon ônrwowro|x) {|j-
lj Yjtonxwr.90 \xur|rtj|j {yzvx wo ouuj }|lzpnjljwo wj kumjz-
{tr L jzjt|oz l rqjtljwo wj kujmxyzr|ow vxvow| qj woswx|x ux{|wx
yzr{onrwljwo. Wzjtr l |jqr yx{xtj yzon{|jluljur rqnos{|ljwr|o ko-
zj|r qj kumjz{tr lujnrr l Yjtonxwr (4 yzr ^|jvkxuxl – ^txy{tj r
[zrn{tj oyjzr yzoq 1890 m., Oouotj r Zolzxtxy{tj yzoq 1894 m.; 3 yzr
^|xruxl – Nr|xu{tj, Qokz{tj, ^|z}vrtj oyjzr yzoq 1897 m.); womj|rl
krux nxy}{tjwo|x nj {o njno kozj| qj vr|zxyxur| l ^txy{tj oyjzr wj
{zk{tr lujnrtj arzvrurjw (yzoq 1902 m.). ]tj qj ztj { ztxlwx-wj-
rxwjuwx|x {jvxxyzonouowro l Yjtonxwr {o zjqlrljux r kumjz{tx|x
}okwx noux yxn omrnj|j wj Rtqjzr|j.
`{yxzonwx { vrzwj|j noswx{| wj Numjz{tj|j otqjzr {o zjqmzj wj-
rxwjuwxzolxurxwwx nlrpowro.91 Zjjux|x wj O|zowj|j vjtonxwx-
xnzrw{tj zolxurxwwj xzmjwrqjr (OY[][, lyx{uon{|lro {jvx vjto-
nxw{tj) {o {ujmj yzoq 1893 m. l ^xu}w {{ {qnjljwo|x txvr|o| x| Pxo Qou-
ol, Qjvo Pz}ol, bzr{|x _j|jzol r nz. \x-xyzonouow lrn xzmjwrqjr|j
yzrnxkrlj { }zonr|ouwr „txwmzo{“ yzoq 1896 m., txs|x yzrovj }{|jl (yx{-
|jl tj|x ou rqlxljwo wj „yuwj yxur|ro{tj jl|xwxvr“ wj Yjtonx-
wr r [nzrw{tx r yzrovj l{rtr wjzxnwx{|r l kxzkj|j yzx|rl |}z{tr
zoprv), llopnj xyzonouowj sozjzr, zjqnou |ozr|xzr|j wj zolxu-
rxwwr xtzqr r zojlj nj }{|jwxlr qjnmzjwrwx yzon{|jlr|ou{|lx l ^x-
~r. \zoq 1897–1901 m. yxn ztxlxn{|lx|x wj Pxo Qouol {o x~xzv o|-
wro{tr| rw{|r|}| wj OY[][. `{yxzonwx { O|zowj|j xzmjwrqjr
yzoq 1895 m. l ^x~r {o {qnjlj Ozxlow vjtonxw{tr txvr|o| (wjoux {
_zjstx Wr|jwol), xkonrwlj vjtonxw{tr|o nz}po{|lj l Numjzr r ]}-
vwr. _xs xzmjwrqrzju rqyzjjwo|x wj o|r l Yjtonxwr, txr|x {qnj-
ljur lwwxyxur|ro{tr qj|z}nwowr qj kumjz{tx|x yzjlr|ou{|lx. Tj-
zjpnj {o r yzx|rlxyx{|jlwo vopn} l|zowr nosr r lzxlr{|r yx |jt-
|rtj|j wj kxzkj|j.
90
^|xsx Pzwjzxl xkzj lwrvjwro wj yzonljzr|ouwj|j xyzonouowx{| wj kumjz{tj|j
wjrxwjuwj rno qj zjqurtj x| mltjlx{| |j wj wjrxwjuwr|o yzxmzjvr wj {{onwr|o nzpjlr,
txo|x urjljux kumjz{tj|j nryuxvjr x| vjwolzowx yzx{|zjw{|lx. Op. DMAK4DB6,
-FB=KB. Numjzr 1878–1918…, 79–80.
91
Op. x{xkowx -<?OAB6, 0D<EFB. [{lxkxnr|ouwr|o kxzkr l Yjtonxwr. _. 1–2. ^., Zj}tj
r rqt}{|lx, 1983 (yzlx rqnjwro yzoq 1933 m., j l|xzx – yzoq 1943 m.).
Zo}{yo| wj xzmjwrqrzjwx|x x| OY[][ Uurwnow{tx-\zoxkzjpow{tx

l{|jwro (ur-jlm}{| 1903 m.) l Yjtonxwr r [nzrw{tx, yzr txo|x Numj-
zr x{|jwjuj koqnoswj, tjt|x r koqyuxnwj|j noswx{| wj o|r|o yxtjqjur, o
xkonrwowro|x wvj nj kno uo{wx r o |x wo vxpo nj {o zor {jvx{|x|ou-
wx r onwx{|zjwwx. \x{uonljuj|j zo~xzvowj noswx{| wj Oourtr|o {rur l
Yjtonxwr yzoq 1903–1908 m. (nx Yujnx|}z{tj|j zolxur), l tx|x mujl-
wj zxu rmzjur Ml{|zx-`wmjzr r ]}{r { |wj|j Yzom{tj yzxmzjvj
qj zo~xzvr (x| 1903 m.) kruj {l{ov yxuxlrwj|j. ûon yxzjpowro|x wj
l{|jwro|x ll OY[][ wj{|yruj |optj tzrqj; vwxmx nosr qjmrwjur,
vopn} x{|jwjur|o lqwrtwjur zjqwr vwowr r yzx|rlxzor.
Wj|x mujlwr {yxzwr lyzx{r {o x|tzxrur x|wxowro|x tv kumjz{tj-
|j nzpjlj (r njur nj {o yzrovj yxntzoyj x| wo), lyzx{| qj yxur|ro{-
tx|x knoo wj Yjtonxwr (njur jl|xwxvr), tjt|x r xzmjwrqjrxwwr ly-
zx{r (ow|zjurqv rur ~onozjurqv). Wj|x uolrj rur ~onozjur{|r {o
xkx{xkruj mz}yj xtxux iwo ^jwnjw{tr r bzr{|x dozwxyool (ztxlxnr|our
wj ôz{tr r ^|z}vrtr xtzm), yxn lurwro wj {xrjur{|j Qrvx bjnpr-
nrvxl. _o krur qj ~onozj|rlow yzrwry wj }{|zxs{|lx wj nlrpowro|x (|. o.
yzr qwjr|ouwj {jvx{|x|ouwx{| wj xtzqr|o), qj yzrlurjwo wj l{rtr yx-
|r{wj|r wjzxnwx{|r l kxzkj|j, qj {jvx{|x|ouwx{| {yzvx kumjz{tr|o
x~rrjuwr {zonr r (yxn lurwro wj {xrjur{|ro{tr|o rnor) qj jl|xwxvr
l zjvtr|o wj olow|}juwj ~onozj|rlwj kjutjw{tj zoy}kurtj; uolrj|j xk-
lrwljuj x{|jwjur|o ll „lzxlrqv“ r {uonljwo wj „kumjz{tr nzpjl-
wro{tr wjrxwjurqv“. Qz}mj mz}yj xtxux bzr{|x Yj|xl, bzr{|x _j|jz-
ol, Uljw Pjzljwxl r nz., qjn txr|x {|xur Nr|xu{tr|, ^txy{tr|, ^xu}w-
{tr| r [nzrw{tr| zolxurxwow xtzm, kruj qj {o{|l}ljx|x ow|zj-
ur{|rwx }{|zxs{|lx r qj zjqr|jwo wj {nos{|lro x| kumjz{tj|j nzpj-
lj l kxzkj|j {zo} }pnr|o yzxyjmjwnr r |}z{tr|o koqqjtxwr. Yopn} vj-
tonxw{tr|o nosr qjyxwjur lqjrvwr yzo{uonljwr, {ku{r r }krs{|lj
tjt|x l Yjtonxwr, |jtj r l ^x~r. ^rmwju| kru njnow { xzmjwrqrzjwx|x
x| iwo ^jwnjw{tr r rqlzowx x| _xnxz \jwrj }krs{|lx wj Uljw Pjzlj-
wxl r Nxzr{ ^jzj~xl yzoq wxovlzr 1907 m. l ^x~r. Wjt|x {o rqzjqlj uo-
|xyr{o| wj vjtonxw{tr|o kxzkr bzr{|x ^ruwxl:
… |}t rq|zokuowro|x nxkr ~xzvj|j wj vjtonxw{tj lowno|j r {|jwj

|zjswj |zjnrr. \zolzj|r {|jwjj, lxswr r wjrxwjuwr tj|j{|zx~r {o
qjzonrj, Yjtonxwr {o zjqyxt{j r yzxvowr yzx|rlwrr|o {r, wx low-
no|j|j wo }vz.92
92
-<?OAB6, 0D<EFB. [{lxkxnr|ouwr|o kxzkr…, |. 2, {. 517.
O {x|x lzovo l Yjtonxwr lqwrtwjur wjlzopnjr wj tj}qj|j zjq-

wxmuj{r vopn} zjnrtjurqrzjuj|j {o OY][ r lxnoj|j vrzwj ztxlwj r
}rurwj noswx{| Rtqjzr. Wj|x {o lqyxuqljur x| kumjz{tx|x x|{ujk-
ljwo {uon yxzjpowro|x wj l{|jwro|x, {zk{tj|j r mztj|j lxzpowj
yzxyjmjwnj qj{rurur noswx{| |j {r, x{xkowx mztx|x jwnjz|{|lx (tujwo|x
l {. Tjmxzrjwo l Wx{|}z{tx yzoq ~olz}jzr 1905 m.); yzxlxtrzjwr|o x| |x-
lj jw|rmztr wj{|zxowr l Numjzr {o rqzjqrur l yxmzxvr yzoq wr-
ur 1906 m. (nx x{xkowr ot{o{rr {o {|rmwjux l Mwrjux).
\xuxpowro|x l Yjtonxwr {o rqvowrux {o{|lowx {uon zolxur|j
wj vujnx|}zr|o (txvr|o|j „Rnrwowro r wjyzont“), qjyxwjuj rvowwx x| -
|jv wj 11 ur 1908 m. \zlxwjjuwj|j o}~xzr wj „zjlow{|lx vopn} wjzx-
nr|o“ r zjqzoowj yxur|ro{tj noswx{| wj vjurw{|lj|j kruj yx{uonljwj
x| |lznj urwr wj x|xvjwrqjr („{urljwo wj wjzxnwx{|r|o“) r ow|zjur-
qjr. O {x|x lzovo l Yjtonxwr {o qjtzoyrur r }{rurur }pnr|o lx-
zpowr yzxyjmjwnr – {zk{tj r mztj, txr|x {o wj{xrur {zo} wjs-vwx-
mxkzxswr r xzmjwrqrzjw ouovow| l xkuj{| |j – kumjz{tr.
O[VZU_R
Qx t{wx (1911 m.) kumjz{tr|o yzjlr|ou{|lj x|{|xljur |lznx urwr|j qj

jl|xwxvr wj Yjtonxwr, yxnzjqkrzjstr {ruwx kumjz{tx wjnvxro, r x|-
ku{tljur l{rtr {zk{tr yzonuxpowr qj }{|jwxlljwo wj qxwr wj lur-
wro (r olow|}juwx yxnouwo).93 [|{|yljwo|x x| |xqr yzrwry {|jlj yxn
lyoj|uowro wj vopn}wjzxnwr {kr|r, tj|x wjyjnowro|x wj U|jur wjn
_}zr r qjnukxjljj|j {o tzrqj l rvyozr|j, txr|x {qnjur kujmxyzr-
|wj xk{|jwxltj qj x{o{|lljwo wj wjrxwjuwr|o {|zovopr. Tj yx{|rmj-
wo wj {lxr|o wjrxwjuwr our ll lxswj { _}z{tj|j rvyozr, j r qj nj {o
qj{|zjxlj| onwj {yzvx nz}mj, {zjlwr|ouwx vjutr|o kjutjw{tr nzpjlr
|zkljux nj {o txjurzj|. Njutjw{tr| {q vopn} Numjzr, ^zkr, Pz-
r r dozwj mxzj kru rqmzjnow yxn z}{tj omrnj { rno|j qj yzx|rlx|opo{|
wj Ml{|zx-`wmjzr r kru yxtzxlr|ou{|ljw x| Mw|jw|j|j (]}{r, azjwr,
Mwmur). \zr |xlj jyo|r|r|o wj ^zkr r wj Pzr {x {o wj{xrur tv
wozjqyzonouowx|x x{vjw{tx wj{uon{|lx Yjtonxwr, yzr wolqvxpwx{| |j
nj }nxluo|lxz| wjrxwjuwr|o {r yzo|owrr l nz}mj yx{xtj, zo{yot|rzjwr
93 ^|o~jw \xyxl yx{|jl (txw|zj~jt|rwr) lyzx{: njur wo o vxpou nj {o rqjtj nz}m,
yx-kujmxyzr|ow vxvow| qj zjqzojljwo wj wjrxwjuwr lyzx{, txmj|x yzo|owrr|o wj ^z-

kr r ]}vwr krj krur wj{xowr l nz}mr wjyzjluowr, l j{|wx{| tv bjk{k}zm{tj|j rvyo-
zr, yzr olow|}juwj xkxolzxyos{tj lxswj. +BCB6, -F9H4A. _zrwjno{o| kumjz{tr lotj…,
122–123. Zx yxnxkwx wox o krux yzx{|x woyzonlrnrvx.
x| wtx Oourtj {ruj (^zkr – x| Ml{|zx-`wmjzr, Pzr – x| qjouj|j

x{|zxl Wzr| Mwmur). Numjzr kruj yx{|jlowj l x{xkowx worqmxnwx yxux-
powro |tvx yxzjnr {qwjwro|x qj r{|xzro{tr r o|wro{tr yzjlj l xk-
uj{| |j, txo|x xk}{ujlux vjt{rvjur{|rwr r{tjwr r wo{yx{xkwx{| qj
txvyzxvr{ { yx-mltjlr|o yxqrrr wj {zkr r mzr.
Numjzr {o lxnr tv Njutjw{tr|o lxswr x| txjurrxwow tjkrwo| wj
z}{x~ru{tr|o Zjzxnwj r \zxmzo{rlwx-urkozjuwj yjz|r wjoux { Uljw
Rl{|zj|rol Poxl.94 Ywxmxtzj|wx o rq|tljwx, o nryuxvj|ro{tj|j yxn-
mx|xltj wj lxswr|o kruj woqjnxlxur|ouwj, |s tj|x wo zjqyzonouuj onwx-
qwjwx olow|}juwr|o |ozr|xzrjuwr yzrnxkrltr. Qxmxlxz| {{ ^zkr x{-
|jlru |. wjz. {yxzwj qxwj l Yjtonxwr, r|x yzrwjnuopwx{| |zkljux nj
{o zor olow|}juwx yxn jzkr|zjpj wj ]}{r, j nxmxlxz| { Pzr rqxkx
wo zjqmzjwrjlju |ozr|xzrr l Yjtonxwr. _zklj nj {o rvj yzonlrn xkjo,
o koq |jqr woxyzonouowx{| nxmxlxzr|o |z}nwx vxpour nj knj| {tuowr
r kujmxyzr|wr| vxvow| nj kno rqy}{wj|; x| nz}mj {|zjwj, woj|j vxpo-
ur nj {o zoj| yzr wjurro wj ~jt|ro{tj xt}yjr. Qxmxljzwr|j xkjo
wo krur kujmxyzr|wr qj Numjzr r ll lxowwx x|wxowro – | |zkljux
nj wjwo{o x{wxlwr }njz r nj yxovo |opo{| |j wj lxswj|j yx _zjtrs{tr
~zxw|, j wo {o yzonlrpnjur nx{|j|wx kumjz{tr lxs{tr l Yjtonxwr.
Noq nj {o zjqmuopnj| zjqlx| wj lxowwr|o nos{|lr, yzomxlxzr|o, yzr-
vrzr|j r xtjqjur|o {o wo|zjswr vrzwr nxmxlxzr, |zklj nj {o x|kouopj|
nlj|j vxvow|j, txmj|x kumjz{tx|x yxur|ro{tx ztxlxn{|lx nxy}{wjux
~j|juwr mzotr. _xlj o quxyxu}wj|j j|jtj wj |}z{tr|o yxqrrr yzr dj-
|junpj (4 wxovlzr 1912 m.) l qj{uoyowro|x wj aoznrwjwn x| cjzrmzjn, tjt-
|x r j|jtj|j {zo} {zk{tr|o r mztr|o yxqrrr l Yjtonxwr wj 16 wr
1913 m. (loo yzr yzxmzo{rlwxurkozjuwx|x yzjlr|ou{|lx wj ^|xw Qjwol)
– |. wjz. yzo{|ywx koq}vro, { txo|x Njutjw{tj|j lxswj yzovrwjlj l
Yopn}{qwro{tj. [|mxlxzwx{||j (r lrwj|j) qj yxmzowr|o zoowr,
lqo|r yxzjnr wozojur{|rwr {|zovopr r wjnowljwo wj {rur|o, yjnj lz-
} jz aoznrwjwn r wjjuwrt-jkj wj jzvr|j mow. Yrjru ^jlxl. \x{-
|xwwr vxvow|r l nzjvj|j krur zjqvrwjljwr|j vopn} jz r lxowwx|x
ztxlxn{|lx, x| onwj {|zjwj, r yx-{nzpjwx|x r zojur{|rwx rlruwx yzj-
lr|ou{|lx r nryuxvjr|j – x| nz}mj {|zjwj. ^zoj| {o r xklrwowr tv
]}{r, o nxyzrwo{uj qj zjqyjnjwo|x wj Njutjw{tr {q tj|x lxnouj yzx-
94 Op. yxnzxkwx qj lxswr|o )4D>B6, 9BD7<. Numjzr r Njutjw{tr| {q {zo} [{vjw-
{tj|j rvyozr, 1912–1913. ^., 1989; Pxuvj|j lxswj r kumjz{tr| tu qj olzxyos{tr
yxmzok, 1914–1918. ^., 1995; %?K96, %64A. Numjzr r Mw|jw|j|j yzoq \zlj|j {lo|xlwj lxs-
wj. ^., 1990. \x-{kr|x rquxpowro }: -F4F9?B64, "?9A4, -FB=KB DMAK4DB6. U{|xzr wj wxlj
Numjzr…, 246–340.
{zk{tj r jw|rkumjz{tj yxur|rtj (yx-|xwx woswj|j nryuxvjr wjoux

{{ ^. ^jqxwxl).95
\x-zntx {o x|kouqlj nz}m onrw vxvow|: yzotxvozwr|o xjtljwr wj
l{rtr – }yzjluljr, xyxqrrxwwr {rur r wj xko{|lx|x tj|x ux, qj zo-
q}u|j|r|o x| lxswj|j. [{wxljwr wj {xkzjpowr (r yx-o{|x wj ovxrr) qj
o|wro{tx {zxn{|lx, r{|xzro{tr yzjlj r yxwo{owr yx lzovo wj lxswj|j |o-
po{|r r poz|lr, |o wjyzjlrur x|mxlxzwr|o kumjz{tr ~jt|xzr |lzno wo-
x|{|yrlr r wo{yx{xkwr wj txvyzxvr{. \zr |jswr wjrw wj lxnowo wj
yzomxlxzr|o r {otzo|wx{||j wj {mujowr|j {jvj|j xko{|lowx{| kruj quo
x{lonxvowj r { vjt{rvjur{|rwr xjtljwr, txo|x wj {lxs zon |uj{tjux z-
txlxn{|lx|x tv tzjswx{|r. \zr }{uxlro, o kumjzr|o xjtljur qj {oko {r
wjs-mxuovr yzrnxkrltr x| lxswj|j, |o zjqmuopnjur yzxmzo{rlwx wjzj{|lj-
r|o yzo|owrr wj {qwrr|o lz} yzrovjwr qj kumjz{tr |ozr|xzrr l
vxzjuwr |ozvrwr tj|x woxkx{wxljwr juwr yx{omj|ou{|lj (nxzr l r{|xzrx-
mzj~r|j o |jtj). O|lznljwo|x r wo{yx{xkwx{||j qj txvyzxvr{ { x|{|y-
ljwo wj yx-vjutx|x, qj nj {o qjyjqr yx-mxuvx|x, nxlour nx luxjljwo wj
kumjz{tj|j {r|}jr r {x|lo|wx nx o{tjurzjwo wj r{tjwr|j wj }voux
lqyxuqljur|o {o {qwrr ({lzqjur {o vopn}lzovowwx l |jow nxmxlxz
yzx|rl Numjzr), yx{uonljwx x| wxlx l|lznljwo wj kumjzr|o r |. w. nx
xtxwj|ouwr tzj. M lxswj|j l{wx{| {o zojljuj wo x| }{ojwr qj
{yzjlonurlj tj}qj, j x| }vowr qj |zoqlj yzoowtj wj lqvxpwx|x r qj txv-
yzxvr{, poz|ljwo wj wox l rvo|x wj nz}mx.96 _jtj lyzotr yx-mxuovr {r
o|wro{tr, lxowow r nz}m yx|owrju x| ^zkr r Pzr, Numjzr qjm}kr-
uj yzx|rl xkonrwowr|o rv }{rur, tv txr|x woxjtljwx {o yzr{onrwruj
r ]}vwr (r _}zr). N}t}zotr| vrzow nxmxlxz x|wou yxloo|x {yoo-
uowr x| Numjzr |ozr|xzrr, j hpwj Qxkz}npj kruj njnowj wj ]}vwr.
ûon Njutjw{tr|o lxswr woj|j rqmuopnj| {ruwx xk}{uxlowr. Tjm}kr-
uj |ozr|xzrr x| l{rtr {lxr {{onr – ^zkr, Pzr, ]}vwr r nxzr
_}zr, {|zjwj|j kruj qjlujnwj x| yxtz}{j r x|jwro, wx r x| {ruwx wo-
mxn}ljwro. Qjnowr|o poz|lr r {|rjr|o {o x|l{tno kopjwr { |pwr
95
14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo…, 90–102.
96
'BAEF4AF<AB6, 'BAEF4AF<A. \| yzoq mxnrwr|o. ^., Numjz{tr yr{j|ou, 1966, {. 231.
Ml|xz| {r {yxvw xpo{|xowr|o yzoyrzwr l ^x~r qj „{yxzwj|j“ r „koq{yxzwj|j“ qxwj, qj
„nzxkj wj Yjtonxwr“ ^xu}w, qj Xxqowmzjn, [nzrw, [zrn, ^txyro, Wjljuj r Qonojmj, „koq
txr|x Numjzr wo vxmuj nj {o{|l}lj“. U womxlx|x qjtuowro: „Tj {pjuowro {jvx {uon
wtxutx vo{oj lrnvo, o Numjzr vxpo nj {o{|l}lj r koq |jtrlj vjt{rvjur{|rwr
yzo|owrr, qj txr|x lrwjmr {o njlj| {l{ov rqurwr poz|lr.“ Tj vjt{rvjur{|rwj|j y{rx-
uxmro{tj j|vx{~ozj r yxn{|zotj|ou{|lj|j wj yzo{j|j lp. r '4J4DB6, 'BAEF4AF<A. 60 mxnr-
wr prlwj…, 152–153. Tj yzotjuowx|x l|xzjljwo l „{yzjlonurlx{||j“ r „{xk{|lowx|x yzj-
lx“ r 14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo…, {. 101. Tj vjt{rvjurqvj (wjzoow {jw-
{|o~jwrqv) l y{rxuxmr|j wj kumjz{tx|x yxur|ro{tx vr{uowo r wo{yx{xkwx{| |j qj txv-
yzxvr{ r yx{|oyowwj zojurqjr, wjyx{uont r +4AF96, A8D9=. ^|o~jw ^|jvkxuxl…, {. 202.
lo{|r qj wj{rur|j wjn wj{ouowro|x l qjmzjkowr|o x| {{onr|o |ozr|xzrr

}{ruljur }{ojwo|x qj yxnu qjmxlxz r rqvjvj x| {|zjwj wj {{onr|o („{-
qwrr-zjqkxswrr“). Zjr{|rwj, {uon Njutjw{tr|o lxswr Numjzr {o
lq{|jwxllj }nrlr|ouwx kzqx, j x{|jlj r wjnopnj|j qj lq|zpo{|l}lj-
wo wj {yzjlonurlx{||j. Zx |tvx yxzjnr |z}nwx }nxluo|lxzrvr|o yzo|ow-
rr tv l{otr x| {{onr|o, Numjzr wo kruj uo{ow {qwrt qj luoqur|o
vopn}lzovowwx l \zlj|j {lo|xlwj lxswj {qr wj Oourtr|o {rur.97 Zj
luj{| (x| 4 ur 1913 m.) krur |zr|o urkozjuwr yjz|rr wjoux { Oj{ru ]jnx-
{ujlxl, rr|x {rvyj|rr krur wj {|zjwj|j wj cow|zjuwr|o {rur. Qz}mr yjz-
|rr krur wj {|zjwj|j wj Mw|jw|j|j, vjtjz o y{rxuxmro{tr krux |z}nwx-
vr{urvx nj {o lxlj wj {|zjwj|j wj ^zkr. Tovonour, zjnrtjur, rzx-
tr r |o{wr {xrjur{|r {o xklrur yzx|rl wjvo{j ll lxswj|j.
\zr yzonljzr|ouwx|x xzrow|rzjwo wj rw|ozo{r|o, ~xzvrzjwr wj rqx-
nj x| yzonxnwj|j {r|}jr, x{|jljur vjutx worqlo{|wr lourrwr. Zjyjn-
wj|j|j x| Ml{|zx-`wmjzr ({uon }krs{|lx|x wj jl{|zx-}wmjz{tr yzo{|xux-
wj{uonwrt x| pwx{ujlw{tr wjrxwjur{|), ^zkr rvjuj yx {qwr nx-
mxlxzr qjr|j|j wj Mw|jw|j|j (]}{r, azjwr, Mwmur). _}zr yzlj wj
Njutjwr|o {o yzr{onrwruj tv _zxswr {q (cow|zjuwr|o {rur) –
Ml{|zx-`wmjzr, Pozvjwr r U|jur. Numjzr, Pzr r ]}vwr x|wjj-
ux xklrur wo}|zjur|o|, txs|x qj Numjzr kru yx-{txzx wjrw nj {o rqj-
tj kujmxyzr|ow vxvow| qj wjvo{j yzr nx{|j|wr mjzjwrr qj zojljwo
wj wjrxwjuwr lyzx{. \zolzwjuj {o l owow {qwrt, nzpj l zo-
|o {r „tuj“ tv Njutjwr|o, Numjzr kruj |z{owj qj {qwrt r x| nlj-
|j kuxtj. Zx Mw|jw|j|j, {lzqjwj l {q {{ ^zkr r wjnljj {o wj wj-
vo{j wj Pzr wj woswj {|zjwj, wo vxpouj nj yzonuxpr wj Numjzr }nxl-
uo|lxzr|ouwr qj woswr|o wjrxwjuwr rw|ozo{r }{uxlr, j rvowwx |ozr|x-
zrr l Yjtonxwr r Rmos{tj _zjtr. _xlj kru l {{|xwro nj wjyzjlr {jvx
_zxswr| {q r yzr{onrwljwo|x tv womx, rqmuopnj, krux lyzx{ {jvx
wj yxnxn vxvow| r yx-{rm}zwx nxmxljzwo; zjqkrzj {o, yzr |lznj l-
zj l womxlj|j yxkonj. _zxswr| {q xkojlju Ojznjz{tj Yjtonxwr (x|
^zkr) lonwjmj, j {x x|wo|r|o yx N}t}zotr nxmxlxz qovr (jtx Pz-
r r ]}vwr {o xyzonou| tv Mw|jw|j|j). ûon lxnowr x| ]jnx{ujlxl r
jz yzomxlxzr, nzpjwr l |jswj nxzr x| kumjz{tr|o nryuxvj|r l }pkr-
wj, wj 24 jlm}{| 1915 m. l ^x~r kruj yxnyr{jwj |jswj lxowwj {yxmxnkj {
cow|zjuwr|o {rur. Oxowow vrwr{|z (r mujlwxtxvjwnlj) {|jlj yzxmoz-
vjw{tr wj{|zxowr| mow. Zrtxuj Sotxl. \x{uonljux xklljwo wj lxswj wj
^zkr koq rqr{tljwx|x yx txw{|r|}r {muj{ro wj yjzujvow|j – {o{r|j
97 -F4F9?B64, "?9A4, -FB=KB DMAK4DB6. U{|xzr wj wxlj Numjzr…, {. 191. +4AF96,
A8D9=. Pxnrwr wj novxtzjr, 147–148.

wj Zjzxnwx|x {kzjwro o {lrtjwj yx-t{wx, qj nj xnxkzr wjyzjlowx|x. Nru

}{ruow lxowwxwjtjqj|ouwr| qjtxw r llonowj {|zxmj owq}zj, j kxzor|
{o yzx|rl lxswj|j qovonou{tr lxnj ^|jvkxurs{tr kru lzuow l qj|lxzj.
ûon Numjzr ll lxswj|j wj {|zjwj|j wj ^mujowro|x luquj ]}v-
wr, txo|x x|ljz wxl kumjz{tr ~zxw| l Qxkz}npj, j wjs-wjtzj r wj {-
j|j {|zjwj – r Pzr. `{yo| wj Numjzr l{wx{| qjlr{ou x| rqxnj
wj lxswj|j tj|x ux. Njutjw{tr|o ~zxw|xlo (^xu}w{tr| r Qxkz}npjw-
{tr|), wj txr|x }j{|ljuj Numjzr, yzon{|jlulj| {jvx j{| x| xkj|j
tjz|rwj wj nz}mr ~zxw|xlo r nz}mr {rur. Numjz{tr| yzrwx{ tv lxowwx-
|x }{ruro wj cow|zjuwr|o {rur kru qwjr|ouow; {olzovowwx {|zjwj|j {o
|zo|rzjuj x| woswr|o {qwrr wozjlwx{|xswx r xmzjkljx (rqwx{ wj
tzjswx woxkxnrvr|o qj {jvj|j {|zjwj zjwr). ûon wjvo{j|j r wj ^Mf
ll lxswj|j rqxn| l tzjswj {vo|tj {o xtjqlj yuwx yxzjpowro qj kuxtj,
tv txs|x {o xyzonouruj Numjzr. Zxlr| tjkrwo| x| novxtzj|r r zjnr-
tjur wj Muot{jwnz Yjurwxl (x| 21 wr 1918 m.) {o wjnlju wj jvozrtjw-
{tj yxntzoyj qj yx-kujmxyzr|ow vrz l n}j wj `ru{wxlr|o yzrwryr qj
qjr|jwo wj wjrxwjuwx{||j, wx wo kru l {{|xwro nj yzxvowr wrx. \zx-
krl| yzr Qxkzx yxuo wj yzolqxpnjr yx r{uowx{| r lxzpowro {m-
ujow{tr lxs{tr yzoq {oy|ovlzr 1918 m. nxlou rq|xowj|j r novxzjurqr-
zjwj kumjz{tj jzvr nx yxzjpowro. O xnj wj x|{|yuowro|x rqk}lj l{-
|jwro wj x|{|yljr|o lxs{tr, xmujlowx x| qovonou{tr|o lxnjr ]jstx
Qj{tjuxl r (yx-nl}{vr{uowx) ^|jvkxurs{tr r qjyujljx nj yzozj{wo l
mzjpnjw{tj lxswj, wx zjqkr|x l yxn{|yr|o tv ^x~r.
[~xzvowj|j wj \jzrptr txwmzo{ zjqyzjlj wj yxkonr|our|o { yxkono-
wr|o o koqyxjnwj r koqjyoujrxwwj. _xqr txwmzo{, txs|x yzlr rqvopn}
}{|jwxlljr|o vopn}wjzxnow zon ({uon lxswj) txwmzo{r yzxtjzlj wjrx-
wjuwr yzrwry, wo {o {xkzjqru wr wjs-vjutx { o|wro{tr yzrwry yx x|-
wxowro wj yxkonowr|o {|zjwr (Pozvjwr, `wmjzr, Numjzr). \x|lznowj
kruj yxnukj|j wj Yjtonxwr yx N}t}zotr nxmxlxz. Numjzr {omj m}kr
wxlr |ozr|xzrr (lujnowr nx 1919 m.), j rvowwx ^|z}vrtx r Tjyjnwr|o yxt-
zjswrwr (yzonjnowr wj ^zkx-zlj|{tx-{uxlow{tx|x tzju{|lx, |. o. hmx-
{ujlr). hpwj Qxkz}npj, lqlzwj|j yx lzovo wj lxswj|j, x|wxlx {o njlj
wj ]}vwr. Tjyjnwj _zjtr x{|jlj yxn xt}yjr wj {mujow{tr lxs{tr r
lyx{uon{|lro o yzonjnowj wj Pzr, j xkojwr| rqujq wj Rmos{tx vxzo
wrtxmj wo {o zojurqrzj. arwjw{xlr|o }{uxlr wj vrzj {x {j woyx{ruwx
|optr: zoyjzjrr l j{|zxwxvro{tr zjqvoz x| 2 vuzn. 225 vuw. quj|wr
~zjwtj. Noqozovxwwx r mz}kx mzjkr|ou{tx o r |zo|rzjwo|x wj {|zjwj|j x|
xt}yjrxwwr|o j{|r, x{xkowx x| ~zow{tr|o. O ^x~r {o }{|jwxllj
Yopn}{qwro{tj txvr{r yx zoyjzjrr|o, {uonj qj rqyuwowro wj }{-
uxlr|j wj nxmxlxzj, r Numjzr m}kr qj mxnrwr {}lozowr|o|j {r.
[|wxlx {j yxtz}{owr }{rur|j qj wjrxwjuwx xkonrwowro r |xqr y|

tzrqj|j o numj r vr|ouwj, xlotj r rtxwxvro{tj, tzj r wj {jvr|o wj-
rxwjuwr rnojur. Wv {|zjwj|j yxovj| wxlr lzlxurr kopjwr; xoz|jlj
{o xkoqkumjzljwo r wj qjlqo|j|j x| Pzr Tjyjnwj _zjtr. \xzjpowro-
|x, tjt|x r l nz}mr|o yxkonowr {|zjwr, yxzjpnj x{|zj|j {xrjuwj txw~zxw-
|jr r yxur|ro{tr|o tzjswx{|r wj {uonlxowwr yozrxn: wjs-wjyzon uo-
lr r yx|r zolxurxwow qovonou{tr zoprv, yx{uo po{|xtr|o zoyzo{rr
yzr {yzjlwo|x { zolxurxwwr|o (rur nzpjlwxyxnzrlwr|o) {rur. Tj{u}-
pjlj x|kouqljwo r ~jt||, o { jknrtjr|j wj aoznrwjwn vxwjzro-
{tr| rw{|r|}| l Numjzr wo {o yzovjlj (qj zjqurtj x| yxkonowj Pozvj-
wr). ^x |jtj qj zjqurtj x| nz}mr|o yxkonowr wjzxnr } wj{ {j rqkomwj|r
zolxur r mzjpnjw{tj lxswj, txo|x vxpo nj {o yzryro x|j{|r wj
NTZ^.98 ^|zjwj|j wjlurqj l vopn}lxowwr yozrxn o|wro{tr vwxmx yx-x-
vxmowwj l {zjlwowro {{ {yoourur|o yxloo x| xjtljwr|o |ozr|xzrr ]}-
vwr r hmx{ujlr, yxu}rur l wj{uon{|lx r vwxmxkzxswr vjurw{|lj r
lyx{uon{|lro xkljwj|r x| wjrxwjuwr txw~urt|r r yzxkuovr wj j{rvruj-
r|j r „rw|omzjr|j“.99
98
_jqr vr{u {o {zoj } onrw yx-{|jz jl|xz: $?4F96, %64A. [konrwowro r xkwxluowro wj
yjz|rr|o. ^., 1922, 37–38. ^yxzon womx NTZ^ „yx{u}pru tj|x mzvxx|lxn“ wj zolxurxwwj-
|j luwj, tx|x {o „zjquuj“ {zon nz}mr|o yxkonowr wjzxnr; jtx wo kru NTZ^, l{rtr k}w|}-
ljr {o our nj x|rnj| yzr txv}wr{|r|o r |xmjlj mzjpnjw{tj|j lxswj kr kruj vwxmx
lqvxpwj.
99 _xlj yzonrv{|lx l woj{|ro|x wj tj|j{|zx~j|j o {yxvowj|x x| ^|xsx Pzwjzxl { yx-
qxljljwo wj Oozj Y}|j~rolj. Op. DMAK4DB6, -FB=KB. Numjzr 1878–1918…, {. 81.

NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 193

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lx ahurvj (1923–1925), Kulxmq Vwmj (1926–1931); {wxhjsmupmzv uh
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mjvs~pzh uh zvop xmnpt jmm wxmo jvquhzh p wvysmlupzm wxhjpzmsyzjh
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myrhzh ypyzmth, wxp rvmzv vzuhhsv ym ivxhjp y wvuzpmzv |hpot, h
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jhzh jsuh; ivsmjpopxhpzm ym zmyup yv~phspyzp yh lx{kpzm wmmspjp
vz ypz{h~pzh, uv vyzhuhsp jzvxp.
Zvzp uth vishyz uh npjvzh, rlmzv omtmlmsyrhzh jshyz lh um m wxml-
wxpmsh ohrvuvlhzmsup p hltpupyzxhzpjup tmxrp y kvst ohth} p ypsuh yv-
~phsuh xmzvxprh (ywxhjmlspjvyz, uhxvlvjshyzpm, zx{lvjvyz p wx.) – viv
1
Mn. /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh uvjh…, 356–399 (hyz zh m uh
\zvqv Nxuhxvj); !;A;8, A;@G6C:OF. Nshjup xm|vxtp uh omtmlmsyrvzv wxhjpzmsyzjv. \.,
1977; Bell, John. Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliiski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National
Union, 1899–1923. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1977, 154–207.
194 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
uhl 100 ohrvuh. Zv-jhnup p zxhqup ym vrhojhz hkxhxuhzh xm|vxth (uhtmxp-

sh wxvlsnmupm), lxnhjuvzv uhyxhjhum uh rvvwmxhzpjuvzv ljpnmupm
(thrhx p zjxlm ywvxuv), wxvyjmzuhzh xm|vxth, jjmnlhumzv uh zx{lvjh
wvjpuuvyz p lx. M hrzpjh uh omtmlmsyrvzv {wxhjsmupm yh j hyzuvyz jjmn-
lhumzv uh ohlsnpzmsuv wxvkptuhophsuv vixhovjhupm, kxpnpzm oh r{sz{xh-
zh (uv p vwpzp oh xmk{spxhumzv J), yv vwxvyzjhumzv uh wxhjvwpyh (wxm-
lpojprhsv kxvzmyruv wxmypsmuh xmhr~p). ]x{lvjh wvjpuuvyz ym jjmsh
(yy ohrvu vz 14 up 1920 k.) j viyzhuvjrh uh xorv yrxhhjhum uh hxtp-
zh ysml jvqupzm p uhxml yy yzvwhuyrpzm ~msp, pthsh p yv~phsmu zx{lvjv-
jowpzhzmsmu xmovu. Wshlmnpzm p lmjvqrpzm ipsp ohlsnmup lh wvshkhz
ohlsnpzmsmu vimyzjmu zx{l (12 tmym~h oh tshlmnpzm, 6 tmym~h oh lmjvq-
rpzm), imo wxhjv uh ohtmyzjhum psp vyjvivnlhjhum (vyjmu wv olxhjup wxp-
pup); y potmumupm vz 1921 k. ym lvw{yrhsv vzr{w{jhum vz zx{lvjh wvjpu-
uvyz.2 ]xijh lh ym ywvtmum p ohrvuz oh jvlupzm ypulprhzp, rvqzv lhs jo-
tvnuvyz oh wv-xh~pvuhsuv vwvsovzjvxjhum uh jvlupzm pozvup~p.
Myuvyz wxp wxvjmnlhumzv pt tuvkv vz xmjvs~pvuuv poksmnlhpzm
tmxrp ym ytmrhjhz psp vztmuz. ]hrh wvykhhzh p rt hyzup ptmup p
~xrvjup omtp (p wxmlpojprhsh kvst wxvzmyz) wvomtsmuh xm|vxth pthsh
uh wxhrzprh thsr vi}jhz, wvumnm p imo zvjh wxmvishlhjhsv lxmiuvzv yzv-
whuyzjv, h yolhlmupz |vul ips kshjuv oh ytmzrh uh lxnhjup p vipu-
yrp omtp. Ywpzz oh tvuvwvs jx}{ zxkvjpzh yy oxumup }xhup j wvsoh
uh wxvpojvlpzmspzm ips vztmumu wv uhyzvjhum uh Wmnl{youpmyrhzh
rvtpyp (oh lh ym viys{njhz xmwhxh~ppzm). Mjmlmupz wxvkxmypjuv-wvlv-
}vlmu lhur ym vrhohs umyipxhmt. Xhouhhjhumzv uh uhhsup {pzmsp xmo
tmyzmu xm|mxmul{t ym vrhohsv umwxhrzpuv. Yyvimuv umwvw{sxmu ips oh-
rvuz oh wvljpnupzm tpxvjp ylpp, rvqzv kp ohlsnhjhs lh viprhsz yms-
yrpzm xhqvup p vzyzxhujhs hljvrhzyrhzh ohpzh j tpxvjpzm ylpsph. Xm
wv-thsrv wxvzmyzp wxmlpojprhs ohykhpz p kxhlyrhzh i{xnvhop wxvzp-
jvrvuyzpz{~pvumu ohrvu oh vismrmupm uh npspupzm u{nlp vz 16 thq
1921 k. ]vq {yzhuvjjhs uvxtp oh npspuh wsv j kvsmtpzm kxhlvjm p
wxmljpnlhs „ykyzjhum“ uh hyzup {xmnlmup p ymtmqyzjh y uhluvxtmuh
wsv, rhrzv p vyjvivnlhjhum uh kvlup oh npjmmum wvtmmup j lxnhjup
p vimyzjmup {xmnlmup (oh lh ym uhyzhuz zht lx{kp sp~h, vyvimuv vz
uvjp xmnpt) wv xmmupm uh npspup rvtpypp, xhowvshkhp y uhwxhjv po-
2 \wm~phsuv oh zx{lvjhzh wvjpuuvyz p umquhzh vxkhupoh~p jn. #;FB;C:<>;8, '86C. [ho-
jpzpm uh lxnhjup…, 311–319. Rhpuzmxmy{jhup yxmlp xhowxvyzxhujhsp plmzh, m zx{lvjh-

zh wvjpuuvyz m wxprxpzh |vxth uh jvmuuh vxkhupoh~p y ~ms ohviprhsum uh tpxup lvkvjvx;
zvjh lvjmsv lv uhzpyrh uh \kshmupmzv wxvzpj um, jysmlyzjpm uh rvqzv ipsv wxpmzv ywvtm-
uhzvzv potmumupm. S wv vzuvmupm uh zx{lvjhzh wvjpuuvyz {wxhjsmupmzv uh Rmtmlmsyrp y-
o yolhjh wxm~mlmuz uh rvt{upyzpmyrhzh jshyz.
juxmlup wsuvtvp.3 \v zhrh osvwvs{up ipsp hzhrpzm yxm{ ~xr-

jhzh, wvykhumzv uh {upjmxypzmzyrhzh hjzvuvtp p lx.
Ov ypsuh rvu|xvuzh~p y MW[Y lvjmsh juuhzh wvspzprh uh LRX\
uh wxpzmsyzjv p yzx{lupmyzjv y fkvyshjp p ywm~phsuv z. uhx. Xprv
ywvxho{tmupm, rlmzv ym wxhjmsp ouhpzmsup vzyzwrp wxml yxiyrvzv
wxhjpzmsyzjv p ym wvmths mluvyzxhumu hukhnptmuz oh sprjplpxhum uh ih-
opzm uh thrmlvuyrhzh vxkhupoh~p j Lskhxp. Zxmo mymuzh uh 1922 k. p uh-
hsvzv uh 1923 k. ym yzpkuhsv lv pyzpuyrh jvquh y thrmlvuyzjhpzm j Zp-
xpuyrp rxhq, rvzv wxhjpzmsyzjvzv ohk{ipsv ({ipz ips jvmuupz tpup-
yzx uh omtmlmsyrvzv wxhjpzmsyzjv Ksmryhulx Optpzxvj).4
\ xmlp~h rvurxmzup tmxrp, uv p yy yjvmzv ymsyrv yjvmvixhopm, xmjv-
s~pvuuh kx{ivyz p potmyzjhum uh zxhlp~pvuupzm mspzp, rhrzv p y xorh-
zh yp huzpi{xnvhouh, huzpkxhlyrh p huzppuzmsmrz{hsuh xmzvxprh, omtmlms-
yrvzv {wxhjsmupm yp ywmmspsv vtxhohzh uh xhospup yxmlp. Xmlvjvsup
ipsp i{xnvhoupzm whxzpp, pmzv ymyzj{jhum ym wvyzhjsv wvl jwxvy (p
zm}up jplup lmq~p ipsp ylmup vz „uhxvlmu yl“), v|p~mxpzm, zmnrv ohymk-
uhzp vz lmtvipspoh~pzh p umzhrzpuv vipnlhup, thrmlvuyrpzm lmq~p,
xpyzpzm p hrhlmtpupzm yxmlp, jpypz rspx p lx. \mjxmtmuuv LRX\
ips j ywmxupmyzjv p rvu|sprz y rvt{upyzpzm p zjxlv ythohs kvsthzh
zxhuywvxzuh yzhrh wxmo 1919 k. Krv ~pzpxhtm yhtp \zhtivspqyrp:
Oh um jp m {luv, hrv jp rhnh, m uhmzv {wxhjsmupm um m {wxhjsmupm,

h mluh jvquh, mluh ypuyrh jzxmuh p juuh jvquh; jvquh y nmsmo-
uphxp, jvquh y xhoivqup~p po kvxpzm, y xhoivqup~p po kxhlvjmzm, jvq-
uh y {pzmsp, jvquh y whxzpp, jvquh y jvmuuh spkh, jvquh y vtxhoh p um-
lvjmxpm ju vz uhy, jvquh y puvjupmyzjv, jvquh y ishkvuxhjup \j.
ypuvl.5
3 Mn. #;FB;C:<>;8, '86C. [hojpzpm uh lxnhjup…, 331–332. \jxmtmuup rxpzprp uh
ohrvuh vz: !6LD8, *. Rh wxvzpjvrvuyzpz{~pvuupzm up ohrvup vz pt{myzjmu }hxhrzmx. – fxp-

lpmyrp wxmksml, 25, 1924, I 3, 130–134; 6=6CD8, '86C. Rhrvuz oh vismrmupm uh npspuhzh
u{nlh. – fxplpmyrp wxmksml, 23, 1922, I 1, 11–15. Uhzv rvuzxvsmu vxkhu lmqyzjhs Qpspmu
yl (mluvspmu, yyzv ym vz smu uh Yrxnup yl), rlmzv umlvjvsupzm vz xmmupzh uh
rvtpyppzm pthsp wxhjv lh vinhsjhz xmmupzh pt; vihm um tvnmsp lh ilhz vinhsjhup xm-
mup oh uhyzhujhum, uvxtpxhum uh uhmtp, ykyzjhum p xhotmyzjhum. Zxp zvjh zvq vishkv-
lmzmsyzjhs sp~h, pmzv yzvmum j uhymsmuvzv tyzv ym uhshkhsv wvxhlp lxnhjuh, vrxnuh psp
vipuyrh u{nlh (zvmyz zyuv yjxohup y uvjp wvspzpmyrp xmnpt), h yv {mp ym, xhivz-
up~p p ys{nmp. \y yjvmjvsuhzh yp uhtmyh j lmsprhzuh wxvismthzprh ohrvuz wxmlpojprhs
ypsuv umlvjvsyzjv p um zxhs lskv. S z{r omtmlmsyrhzh jshyz yolhjh –uhpyzpuh, zjxlm tmr
– wxm~mlmuz uh rvt{upyzpmyrhzh.
4 Zv-wvlxviuv {: !6G>A;8, !6G>A. Zxhjpzmsyzjvzv uh LRX\, MW[Y p iskhxv-kvyshj-
yrpzm vzuvmup. \., LKX, 1991.

5
apz. wv )6L6FD8, )DCGH6CH>C. 60 kvlpup npjuh…, y. 313.
Xh i{xnvhoupzm p puzmspkmuzyrp yxmlp omtmlmsyrvzv {wxhjsmupm po-

ksmnlhsv uhohluphjv, lpsmzhuzyrv, umrvtwmzmuzuv p vwhxzpohumuv – mluv
hx}hpuv jz{xjhum uh ymsvzv wxvzpj ~pjpspoh~pzh. Zxp wv-imowxpyzxhyz-
uh wxm~murh, uh omtmlms~pzm zx{luv tvnm lh ym wxpwpm urhrj xmyzhjxh-
~pvumu ymsyrp huzptvlmxupot. M lmqyzjpzmsuvyz zm ym yzxmtmsp rt xho-
jpzpm p wxvywmxpzmz uh ymsvzv, imo lh ilhz wxvzpj pul{yzxphsuvzv xhojp-
zpm, h yhtv yxm{ whxhopzupzm p umyjxohup yy yviyzjmuh ihoh pul{yzxpp;
wv-ymyzjmuv zm ipsp oh wxmuhyvjhum uh ilnmzh vz jvmuuhzh rt yzv-
whuyrhzh p yv~phsuhzh vishyz.6 M uhq-svp ys{hq zm tvkhz lh ilhz vw-
xmlmsmup (y [phxl Uxmtzu) rhzv „umv}vzup tvlmxupohzvxp“.7
^wxhjsjhpzm vz LRX\ kvjvxmsp tuvkv oh uhxvlvjshyzpm, uv myzv
pospohsp vz xhtrpzm uh ohrvuuvyzzh, uhwxptmx wxp rhypxhum uh vwvop~p-
vuup lmw{zhzp, wxvpojvsup {jvsumup p uhouhmup uh puvjup~p, wxpmth-
um uh wxvzpjvrvuyzpz{~pvuup ohrvup p wx.; yhtpz lxnhjmu hwhxhz ips
ohviprhsu wxp wxvjmnlhumzv uh urvp vz omtmlmsyrpzm tmxrp (uhwxptmx
wxp hkxhxuhzh xm|vxth). Rmtmlms~pzm um ym ~mxmtvumsp y vwvop~pzh, p zv
rhrzv y i{xnvhouhzh (yl uhl jpuvjup~pzm oh uh~pvuhsupzm rhzhyzxv|p,
wviv uh 17 ymwzmtjxp 1922 k. j ]xuvjv), zhrh p y rvt{upyzpmyrhzh. Zv-
lviuv wvjmlmupm ym viyujh vzhyzp y xmjvs~pvuupzm uhtmxmup uh Rm-
tmlmsyrp yo, wxvrhxjhumzv uh rvpzv uhyzxvqjhsv tuvkv ypsp wxvzpj
umkv, jzjxljhqrp uh yjvq xml vzjmzuhzh xmhr~p. Xm ipjh lh ym ohixhj p
pojuxmlupz, kx{i }hxhrzmx uh ypz{h~pzh ysml jvqupzm, h yv umwvlkvz-
jmuvyz zh uh yoh oh {wxhjsmupm, umvwpzuvyz zh uh umkvjpzm rhlxp.8 \m-
jxmtmuuv wvjmlmupmzv uh tuvkv vz {wxhjsjhpzm ipsv um wv-thsrv whx-
zpohuyrv (uhouhhjhum uh yjvp }vxh p wxmysmljhum uh wxvzpjup~p) p wvlhz-
spjv uh rvx{w~p vz wxhjpzmsyzjhzh uh zhrh rxpzpr{jhupzm i{xnvhoup rv-
zmxpp, rvmzv vz{nlhjhsv lvxp wv-{tmxmupzm yxmlp j ymsvzv.
6 Bell, John. Alexander Stamboliiski and the Theory and Prhctice of Agrarianism in Bulgaria.
– In: Bulgaria. Past and Present. Thomas Butler (ed.). Columbus, Ohio, American Association for
the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976, 78–90, esp. 86.
7
Crampton, Richard . Modernization: Conscious, Unconscious and Irrational. – In: Industria-
lisierung und gesellschaftlicher Wandel in Südostreuropa. Ronald Schoenfeld (ed.). München,
Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1989, 125–134, esp. 128–129. Yixhzmu wxptmx oh ypsuv umkhzpjuh
v~murh uh omtmlmsyrvzv {wxhjsmupm rhzv huzpkxhlyrv, huzptvlmxuv p wx. {: Rothschild,
Joseph . East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. Seattle and London, University of
Washington Press, 1974, 334–339, 341. ]vop hjzvx }hxhrzmxpopxh omtmlmsyrp xmnpt rhzv vy-
uvjhu uh mkhspzhxuh ymsyrh plmvsvkp p wvzp pxh~pvuhsuh vtxhoh rt kxhlvjmzm, poxho uh
ymsyrv umlvjvsyzjv; xmnptz pths „yzhzpuh p pxh~pvuhsuh jpop oh vimyzjvzv“, wxvrhxjh-
uh xmo kx{ipuyzjv p lmthkvkp.
8 ]vjh ym wxpouhjh uhwxptmx vz mlpu vz wxjpzm omtmlmsyrp jvlhp Optpzx Oxhkpmj:
„Xpm um i}tm kvzvjp oh jshyzzh, upm ikh}tm vz jshyzzh, uv jshyz zh up uhyzpkuh p up joyml-
uh.“ apz. wv ";CD8G@>, +>K6>A. S j ytxz zh yh npjp. \., 1947, y. 41.
Soviv jshyz zh uh LRX\ yjymt um m jx} uh i{xnvhouhzh lmtvrxh~p

(rhrzv ym jmsphm j rvt{upyzpmyrhzh pyzvxpvkxh|p),9 h wv-yrvxv umquv
ymyzjmuv uhrxujhum p zxkjhum wv wz uh ymsyrh lprzhz{xh. Sulprh-
~ppzm oh zvjh yh tuvkv p ym ohypsjhsp y jxmtmzv p y povyzxumzv uh rvu-
|xvuzh~pzh. Sojxjhsh ym yjvmvixhouh ivsmjpoh~p uh LRX\, vyvim-
uv wvl jolmqyzjpmzv uh rxhquvsmjp zhmu Uvtpzmz oh ymsyrh lprzhz{xh
(yolhlmu j rxh uh 1921 k. p wvsojh ym yy yptwhzppzm uh \zhtivspqyrp),
rvqzv vxkhupopxhs ymsyrp whxhjvmuup hyzp – z. uhx. Yxhunmjh kjhxlp.
\htpz \zhtivspqyrp wxhjms jym wv-xhlprhsup porhojhup wxvzpj mlxp
rhwpzhs p mlxhzh i{xnvhop p oh rvuzxvs uh lxnhjhzh jx}{ ihurpzm; xh-
ivzmsv ym p jx}{ wxvmrz oh uvjh rvuyzpz{~p y vm wv-pxvrv „uhxvlv-
jshyzpm“ (uh wxhrzprh – ohypsjhum uh lprzhz{xhzh).10 Xhq-ymzum, }hxhrzmx-
uv oh wvmthum wv wz rt lprzhz{xh m msptpupxhumzv uh ywmxup~pzm vz-
sjv p vzlyuv j LRX\ (thrhx }hxpothzpupz ymsyrp zxpi{u \zhtivspq-
yrp lh ips zjxlm lvjmxpj p lvxp uhpjmu, oh lh ym wxmjxum j lprzhzvx).
Soviv LRX\ yolhjh wxm~mlmuz uh mluvwhxzpquh lprzhz{xh p uh yzxmtmn
oh yspjhum uh whxzp p lxnhjh, ywxvjvlmup y wxpupojhum uh ohrvuvlh-
zmsuhzh (p uh ylmiuhzh) jshyz.11 Yz lx{kh yzxhuh, zrtv wvumnm um vz-
9
Vvkprhzh m zhop: hrv rvt{upyzpmyrvzv rxhquvsjv ytzh ymim yp oh „uhq-lmtvrxhzp-
uv“, zv smjpz omtmlmsyrp xmnpt yzvp uhq-ispov lv umkv. \htv m z{r ym ivxhjp y wxmjxhzuv
xhoipxhum oh lmtvrxhzpuvyz; yhtvzv „uhxvlvjshyzpm“, xhoipxhuv rhzv smkpzptuv poixhuh vz
tuvopuyzjvzv poipxhzmsp jshyz, smyuv tvnm lh ym wxmjxum j lprzhz{xh, rvkhzv ym wxmumixmk-
uhz wxhjhzh uh ths~puyzjvzv, vzyship ym jx}vjmuyzjvzv uh wxhjvzv p ym uhrxuz rvxwvxh-
zpjup p lx{kp hjzvuvtuvyzp p z. u. Zxptmxp oh ypsuv wvsvnpzmsuv wxmlyzhjum uh omtmlms~p-
zm j rvt{upyzpmyrhzh pyzvxpvkxh|p yh -;HFD86, #>B>HF>C6. Lskhxyrpz omtmlmsyrp uh-
xvlmu yo, 1899–1944. \., _vulh~p „Omzmspuh“, 1999; .6:IAD8, /H;J6C. ^wxhjsmupmzv uh
LRX\ p iskhxyrhzh i{xnvhop. \., LRX\, 1981, vyvi. 201–222. Kjzvxz xhoksmnlh j umkhzp-
jmu wshu lyuvzv zmmupm vrvsv Whxrv ]{xshrvj, U. ]vtvj, `x. Whuvsvj p lx., lvrhzv rxhquv-
sjvzv – oh „ymsyrh lprzhz{xh“, poksmnlh imowxvismtuv. Uhzv ~sv rvt{upyzpmyrhzh pyzvxp-
vkxh|p m zxijhsv lh potpum pojmyzmu wz vz uhhsup umkhzpjpot rt omtmlms~pzm lv z}-
uvzv wxpouhjhum p lvxp jojmsphjhum.
10 Rh zhqup Uvtpzmz oh ymsyrh lprzhz{xh (Ux{t Zvwvj, Optpzx Umthsvj p lx.) p yolh-
lmuhzh vz umkv Yxhunmjh kjhxlp, h yv oh uhtmxmupzh uh \zhtivspqyrp oh uvjh (rxhquv-

uhxvlvjshyzuh, xmw{isprhuyrh) rvuyzpz{~p p oh vkxhuphjhum uh hyzup rhwpzhs jn. ";CD8-
G@>, +>K6>A. Ksmryhulx \zhtivspqyrp – vzispov p vzlhsmrv. \., LRX\, 1982, vyvi. 144–147,
172–178, 218–219, 237–241, 444–445. Kjzvxz m rymu omtmlmsyrp plmvsvk p wxpjxnmupr uh
\zhtivspqyrp, wv umkvjv jxmtm lmm~ uh tshlmnrhzh vxkhupoh~p uh LRX\. ^wxhjsmupmzv uh
LRX\ ipsv uhxphuv vz jxhkvjmzm t{ „vxhunmj ivsmjpot“. Mn. ";CD8G@>, +>K6>A. Zzz
uh omtmlmsyrvzv ylx{nhjhum. Syzvxpmyrp vmxr. \., 1947, y. 71.
11
/H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh uvjh…, 365–366, 390–394. \zvqv
Nxuhxvj yolhjh jwmhzsmupm, m rhzv ym „ivsmjpopxhsh“ j xml vzuvmup, LRX\ zjxlv
jxjsh rt whxzpquh p spuh lprzhz{xh. \wvxml poxhoh uh mlpu yjxmtmuupr ysml spup xm-
npt uh tvuhx}h lvs „spmu xmnpt uh whxzpzh“ – 'A>;8, *>AD. Zxvismthzh oh uhxvluhzh
jvs. –Omtvrxhzpmyrp wxmksml, 17, 1924, I 7, 609–622, vyvi. 617–618.
}jxss whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p, h vyzhjhs j umqupzm xhtrp p ohwho-

jhs wxpjxohuvyz rt um, xmnptz whluhs xmo ohkvjvx p wxmjxhz.
Mhnuv m lh ym vzimsmnp, m omtmlmsyrpz xmnpt lmqyzjhs wxp (jxmtmu-
uv) msptpupxhum uh kshjup wvspzpmyrp |hrzvx vz jxmtmzv wxmlp jvqup-
zm – tvuhx}h (Lvxpy III ips tshl p umvwpzmu). Yiynlhsv ym lvxp {yzhuv-
jjhumzv uh xmw{isprh.12 ]{r pthtm lmqyzjpm j uhq-pyz jpl uh whxzpquv-
whxshtmuzhxuhzh ypyzmth { uhy. S zrtv zvkhjh, wxp spwyhzh uh ihshuyp-
xh |hrzvx, whxhlvryhsuv ym yzpkh lv umv rhzv whxzpquh lprzhz{xh. [ho-
ipxh ym, um yzhjh l{th oh rhrjh lh m whxzp, h oh thyvjh p ypsuv xmjvs-
~pvuuh ymsyrh whxzp, xrvjvlmuh vz }hxpothzpmu jvlh p lmthkvk (j ~mu-
uvyzuv um{zxhsmu ytpys uh vjmr, xrvjvlmu vz ypsuv jzxmuv {imnlm-
upm p {tmm xmo xm p wvjmlmupm lh {jsph pxvrp thyp).
^wxhjsmupmzv uh LRX\ m yjhsmuv uhypsyzjmuv uh 9 up 1923 k. yy oh-
kvjvx p wxmjxhz uh Mvmuup yo (h um vz MW[Y, vz rvzv zvq vhrjhs
kshjuhzh vwhyuvyz)13 p vimlpumupm vz i{xnvhoup whxzpp p lmq~p – Xhxvl-
up ykvjvx, rvqzv wvms kxhnlhuyrhzh vzkvjvxuvyz. ]vjh m lyuhzh xmhr~p
uh ysmljvmuuvzv vsmjjhum – mlpu pxvrv xhowxvyzxhumu j Pjxvwh tvlms.
L{xnvhoupz xml ips joyzhuvjmu y xmwxmyp uhl smjpzm – omtmlmsyrp p
rvt{upyzpmyrp – ypsp, ppzv i{uzvjm (fuyrvzv p \mwzmtjxpqyrvzv jy-
zhupm) ipsp nmyzvrv wvz{mup.14
ZYO RXKUK XK KM]Y[S]K[SRWK
M iskhxyrhzh pyzvxpvkxh|p ipz{jhz xmlp~h puzmxwxmzh~pp uh {wxhjs-

jhspzm ysml 9 up 1923 k. wxhjpzmsyzjh, xhojpzp wxp ymxpzh wxvjmlmup
lpyr{ypp (wxmo 1966–1968, 1972 p 1983, 1989–1990 k.) p j vzlmsup xhivzp;
wxp zvjh ym uhislhjh vwxmlmsmuh mjvs~p j wxm~murpzm. Zv-xhuuhzh p
zjxlvspumquh rvt{upyzpmyrh puzmxwxmzh~p vijjh jyprp {wxhjsjh-
sp yzxhuhzh wxhjpzmsyzjh vz 9 up 1923 k. lv 9 ymwzmtjxp 1944 k. oh |hp-
yzrp, y vwxmlmsmup uhuyp tmnl{ z}. ]hop puzmxwxmzh~p ysmljh rvt{up-
yzpmyrhzh wxvwhkhulh uh jxmtmzv, pmzv {jmrvjmhjhum ym viyujh y sm-
12 ";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. [hojpzpm uh wvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth uh Lskhxp (1918–1944). –
Mj: Lskhxp 1300. Suyzpz{~pp p lxnhjuh zxhlp~p, z. 1. 1981, 291–317, vyvi. y. 298. ^yzh-
uvjjhumzv uh xmw{isprh ym wxmlshkhsv vz LRX\, L[\OZ p [hlprhsuhzh whxzp (yv vz
LUZ) wxmo 1918–1920 k., uv wvysm ipsv povyzhjmuv wvxhlp ywxvzpjhzh uh zxhlp~pvuupzm
i{xnvhoup whxzpp p umvlvixmupmzv uh \kshmupmzv.
13
Ox{k jwxvy m, m ysml wxmjxhzh MW[Y ym vzsphjh y xmwxmypp uhl omtmlmsyrp lmq~p,
jrspzmsuv nmyzvrvzv {ipqyzjv uh \zhtivspqyrp.
14
Mn. thxzpxvsvkpzh uh omtmlmsyrpzm jvlhp p jplup lmq~p {: ";CD8G@>, +>K6>A. S j
ytxz zh yh npjp…
kpzptpxhhzh |{ur~p uh |hpoth oh rvt{upyzpmyrp xmnpt. Zxp zvjh

wvl |hpot ym rhojh psp wvlxhoipxh (uhxml y pojmyzuvzv vwxmlmsmupm uh
Nmvxkp Optpzxvj)15 uhq-jmm wvspzpmyrp xmnpt uh xmhr~pvuup i{xnvho-
up yxmlp yy ypsuv xmwxmypjmu }hxhrzmx, vyvimuv ywxtv rvt{upyzpzm. Rh
umkvjp xhouvjpluvyzp ym yvhz „jvmuupz |hpot“ (uh lmjmzvu~pzm p
lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm) p „tvuhx}v|hpotz“ (uh wxhjpzmsyzjhzh uh ~hx
Lvxpy III), rvqzv m p „imowhxzpmu |hpot“. ]q rhzv uhsppmzv uh |hp-
ot uh jshyz um wvlsmnp uh lpyr{yp, h ym wxmlwvyzhj rhzv lhlmuvyz, jo-
uprjh umvi}vlptvyz lh ym wvyvhz xhospup vyvimuvyzp uh vzlmsupzm wxh-
jpzmsyzjh p xmnptp. \wvxml xhospupzm hjzvxp urvp yh wv-poxhomuv |h-
pyzrp, h lx{kp – wv-yshiv; pth wxpspjp p vzspjp uh |hpot; wxp urvp
|hpotz yzvp uh wxmlmu wshu (vzrxpzh |hpyzrh lprzhz{xh), h wxp lx{kp
uhwxhjsjh umhzh ohlr{spyuv, ohl |hyhlhzh uh whxshtmuzhxuh lmtvrxh~p
(Xhxvlup isvr, h whxshtmuz pth p wxp Ksmryhulx ahurvj).16
Mwxvmt zjxlm vzxhuv (j lpyr{ypzh vz 1967–1968 k.) zjxlvspumquh-
zh rvt{upyzpmyrh zxhrzvjrh ym wvlshkh uh ytumup p xmjpopp. ]m jxjz
wv urvsrv spupp: wxjv, wv-jupthzmsmu huhspo uh vzlmsupzm wxhjpzmsyzjh
p vzxphum uh |hpyzrp }hxhrzmx uh urvp vz z}. Yzwxhjuh zvrh m rvu-
~mw~pzh oh „wxvipj jj |hpoth“ vz Xhxvlup isvr, rvzv rhzv porhojh-
um uh Nmvxkp Optpzxvj ym wxpouhjh p vz zjxlvspumqupzm (wxp z} y vth-
svjhnhjhup – „wxpjpluvyz“ uh rvuyzpz{~pvuuv-whxshtmuzhxmu xmnpt,
msmtmuzp uh |hpot, „wxm}vlmu“ wxvipj p wx.). Mhxph~ppzm j pyzvxpv-
kxh|pzh yh tuvkvixvqup (wvzp jyprp jotvnup rvtipuh~pp), h wvyvrh-
zh m mluh – rt vkxhuphjhum uh ypuyrp |hpyzrvzv {wxhjsmupm lv u-
rvsrv wxhjpzmsyzjh. ]hrh ysml „wxvipjh“ uh Xhxvlup isvr vz |hpoth vz-
whlhz (psp rt umkv ym wxppysjhz „{ysvjuv“) xmnptz uh Omjmzuhqymzp
thq, wxm}vlupzm wxhjpzmsyzjh lv „tvuhx}v|hpoth“ (yhtpz zvq lhzpxhu
xhospuv), Vwmjvzv wxhjpzmsyzjv, ykvjvxpyzpzm rhzv ~sv (z. m. p ahu-
rvj); wxhjpzmsyzjhzh uh Uvympjhuvj (1935–1940), urvsrvlumjuvzv wxh-
jpzmsyzjv uh W{xhjpmj vz 1944 k., zhrh m zjxlv rhzv |hpyzp uhq-uhrxh
15 _hpotz rhzv vzrxpzh zmxvxpyzpuh lprzhz{xh uh uhq-xmhr~pvuupzm yxmlp uh i{xnv-
hopzh p mlxp tvuvwvspyzpmu rhwpzhs.

16 Zxptmxp oh zjxlvspumquv zxmzpxhum yh 26:<>C>@DAD8, !;G;A>C. Ym oh |hpoth p
umkvjpzm vyvimuvyzp j Lskhxp. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 24, 1968, I 6, 50–63; ,6H6C, %6@.
`hxhrzmx, yuvyz p kshjup mzhwp j xhojpzpmzv uh iskhxyrp |hpot. – Syzvxpmyrp wxm-
ksml, 22, 1966, I 6, 84–96. Mym whr oh zvop hjzvx {wxhjsmupmzv uh Xhxvlup isvr m „ymxpvomu
wxvipj“ jj |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh, h wv wxhjpzmsyzjvzv uh W{xhjpmj „tvnm lh ym xhopyrjh“.
\v )DGHD8, -. ^yzhuvjjhum p }hxhrzmx uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh j Lskhxp. – Syzvxpm-
yrp wxmksml, 23, 1967, I 2, 97–102. Yyvimuv rxhquh m +>A@D86, 16C>. Lskhxyrhzh i{xnvho-
uh lxnhjh wxmo wmxpvlh uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh, 1923–1944. \., Mvmuuv polhzmsyzjv, 1987,
vyvi. 17–18, 36, 69–73, 98–107, 138–139. \wvxml um lvxp Xhxvlupz isvr m wvjmm wxpjpluh
lmtvrxhzpoh~p p um yihx p lvxp um wxmryjh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh.
vyzhjhz yhtv Lvklhu _psvj p mjmuz{hsuv Lhkxuvj.17 Mwxvmt j tuvkv vz

xhivzpzm ym xhorxpjhz ymyzjmup mxzp uh xmnptpzm, jrspzmsuv msm-
tmuzpzm uh i{xnvhouh lmtvrxh~p p ws{xhspot, p ym wxhjz jhnup yxhj-
umup, rvpzv ohwhojhz yjvzh jhspluvyz p hrv ym hiyzxh}pxhtm vz ywvxvjm-
zm oh |hpoth.18
Ox{kh spup uh xmjpopzh m {zvujhumzv uh mxzpzm, rvpzv rjhsp|p~p-
xhz lhlmuv {wxhjsmupm rhzv |hpyzrv (p jjmnlhum uh {nlp hjzvxp wv
jwxvyh); uhq-ymzum, thsrv wxmlp p vyvimuv ysml whlhumzv uh rvt{upyzp-
myrp xmnpt – ohtuhzh uh rjhsp|prh~pzh |hpot y hjzvxpzhxpot,
wv-xlrv p j ywm~phsup ys{hp y zvzhspzhxpot. Ut zvjh ym lvihjz p wv-
smoupzm xhosphjhup tmnl{ „|hpot uh jshyz“ (z. m. rhzv xmnpt, hrv um
rhzv wvspzpmyrh ypyzmth), |hpyzrp msmtmuzp j {wxhjsmupmzv (plmp, pu-
yzpz{~pp, wxhrzprp p wx., uhxphup „|hpoh~p“), |hpyzrp whxzpp p vx-
17
]{r tvkh yhtv lh poixv hjzvxpzm, {hyzjhsp j ywvxh uh xhoup mzhwp, uv um p zm}up rvu-
rxmzmu wxpuvy, rvmzv m zmth oh ywm~phsuv poysmljhum. ]vjh yh: ";CM;8, ,>@DA6?. X{nup yh ym-
xpvoup poysmljhup oh |hpoth j Lskhxp. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml 1968, I 4, 88–92; +>9;8,
!A6:>B>F. Rh wmxpvlpzm uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh vz 1934 lv 1944 k. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml,
23, 1967, I 2, 98–100; #>B>HFD8, 'AMD. Zvysmluvzv wxhjpzmsyzjv uh i{xnvhouh Lskhxp. –
Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 20, 1964, I 5, 3–33; Xrvp yjvmvixhop j xhojpzpmzv uh |hpoth j
Lskhxp. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 24, 1968, I 1, 95–97. Zv-uhzhzr (p wv-ryuv) ysmljhz:
+>9;8, !A6:>B>F. ^zjxnlhjhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh, 1934–1936. \., 1972; #>-
B>HFD8, 'AMD. Lskhxyrhzh lmtvrxhzpuh vimyzjmuvyz, |hpotz p jvquhzh. \., 1976;
";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. [hojpzpm uh wvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth…, 291–317; +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. [m~mu-
op uh [. Z. Nxppuh. Mvoupruvjmupm |hpoth j Lvskhxpp, 1919–1925. – Syzvxpmyrp wxm-
ksml, 34, 1978, I 1, 103–108. Ym wv-ryuv: .6:IAD8, /H;J6C. Yyuvjup zmulmu~pp j iskhx-
yrp |hpot. – Sojmyzp uh Suyzpz{zh oh pyzvxp uh LUZ, z. 63, 1989, 5–64; 6?@D8, 6?@D.
Zvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth uh i{xnvhouvzv vimyzjv j Lskhxp j wxv~myh uh umquhzh |hpoh-
~p (1934–1939 k.). – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 43, 1987, I 6, 11–25. Mn. p ,;:;8, ,;:Q. Zxmry-
uhzvyz psp umwxmryuhzvyz uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh j Lskhxp (1923–1944). – Syzvxpmyrp
wxmksml, 45, 1989, I 8, 76–83.
18 M ywvxh uh jymrp mzhw pth „lvkthzp~p“, wvljmnlhp wvjmm wxhjpzmsyzjh p |muvtmup
wvl wvuzpmzv „|hpot“, p „xmjpopvupyzp“, yzxmtp ym lh vkxhuphz {wvzxmihzh uh wvu-

zpmzv. Yz xhivzpzm wxmlp 1989 k. vyvimuv xhlprhsuvxmjpopvupyzrp p imo vyvimu hukhnptmuz
rt vwxmlmsmupmzv „|hpot“ yh zmop uh Mshlptpx Wpkmj. Yyvimuv yv|pyzp~pxhuh j nmsh-
upmzv lh ohwhop |hpyzrhzh wxmtpyh m xhivzhzh uh .6:IAD8, /H;J6C. Yyuvjup zmulmu~pp j
iskhxyrp |hpot… Kjzvxz kvjvxp oh ljm vyuvjup zmmup jj |hpyzrp shkmx, xmywmr-
zpjuv ljm vyuvjup jotvnuvyzp oh xmhspoh~p j xmnpt uh {wxhjsmupm: „whxzpmu |hpot“
(vwxu uh thyvjh whxzp, rhulplhz oh rhrjzv ipsh X\O uh ahurvj) p „imowhxzpmu |hpot“
(vwxu jx}{ hxtpzh, |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp p tvuhx}h). Zhxzpqupz |hpot um {ywjh lh
wvs{p xmhspoh~p. [mhspopxhs ym imowhxzpqupz jhxphuz uh |hpoth, p zv vzuhhsv y jvmu-
upzm uh wxmlmu wshu (19 thq 1934 k.), mjvspxhs wv-ryuv rt imowhxzpmu tvuhx}v|hpot
y kshjuh xvs uh tvuhx}h, vwxu uh wvspzpmyrp „wshyz“ (uv um whxzpp), tshlmnrp wshyz p jv-
mumu wshyz (hxtp). Omjmzvuyrhzh lprzhz{xh juv ym ytzh oh |hpyzrh, wvumnm ym kvjvxp oh
mlpuvlmqyzjpm tmnl{ jvmumu |hpot (uh Mvmuup yo p lx{kp vxkhupoh~pp yxml v|p~mx-
yzjvzv) p kxhnlhuyrp |hpot (uh Xhxvlup ykvjvx) wv jxmtm uh ahurvjp xmnpt.
khupoh~pp „j vwvop~p“, uhq-ymzum – |hpoth rhzv plmvsvkp p jxorhzh

t{ y lx{kp lmyup plmvsvkpmyrp joksmlp p wx.
Wvkhz lh ym wvyvhz ysmlupzm vyuvjup xmo{szhzp vz wxmv~murpzm p jmm
vz po~sv yjvivluhzh lpyr{yp wv |hpoth ysml 10 uvmtjxp 1989 k.19 Xhq-
uhwxml |hpot y thyvjh tvuvwhxzp, |xmx, uhshkhum uh plmvsvkp p zv-
zhsuv vi}jhhum uh vimyzjvzv uprvkh um m pljhs uh jshyz j Lskhxp; u-
th „jvmumu |hpot“, upzv „tvuhx}v|hpot“ (rvmzv m lhnm wxvzpjvxm-
pm j zmxtpupzm – ~hx-|xmx uth). Wvnm lh ym kvjvxp vihm oh |hpoh-
~p (wxmlwvpzhu vz Mshlptpx Wpkmj zmxtpu)20 uh puhm hjzvxpzhxup
xmnpt, vyvimuv wv jxmtm uh jvquhzh, j ytpys uh plmvsvkpmyrp, wxhjup,
vxkhupoh~pvuup p lx{kp ohmtrp vz xmwmxzvhxh uh |hpyzrpzm whxzpp { uhy
p vz {nlp xmnptp. Lmoywvxuv { uhy ymyzj{jhsp p |hpyzrp p |hpov-
plup (wxvzv|hpyzrp, ptpzhzpjup p wv-hjzmuzpuv |hpyzrp) whxzpp p
vxkhupoh~pp; vwxmlmsmuv xhowxvyzxhumupm wvs{hjhz |hpyzrp plmp p
joksmlp (oh zvjh – wv-uhzhzr). ]vzhspzhxpot rhzv ypyzmth uh wsuv vi-
}jhhum uh vimyzjvzv vz lxnhjup vxkhupoh~pp p rvuzxvs yv uth, uv
pth zvzhspzhxup plmp p wxvmrzp oh vi}jhhum p rvuzxvs uh vimyzjvzv.
Ovixm m lh ym wxhjp xhosprh (umlvyzhzuv yuh j uhhzh pyzvxpvkxh|p)
19 Xhq-jmm Xprvshq Zvwwmzxvj p Mshlptpx Wpkmj, yv \zvqv Nxuhxvj, Zshtmu

ajmzrvj, Uxyzv Whumj. Mn. -DEE;HFD8, ,>@DA6?. Mvlhmyrp y}jhhup j iskhxyrp lm-
ymu wvspzpmyrp wvzvr (30-zm – wxjhzh wvsvjpuh uh 40-zm kvlpup). – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml,
48, 1992, I 1–2, 131–146; Kjzvxpzhxpot – |hpot. (Ut tvlmsh uh wvspzpmyrvzv xhojp-
zpm uh Lskhxp –1918–1944 k.). – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 1997, 53, I 2, 25–48; 38;H@D8,
-A6B;C, ,>@DA6? -DEE;HFD8. Ut zpwvsvkpzh uh wvspzpmyrvzv xhojpzpm uh Lskhxp wxmo
30-zm kvlpup. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 45, 1990, I 2, 63–79; +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. Zvspzpmyrhzh
ypyzmth uh Lskhxp vz 9 up 1923 k. lv 9 ymwzmtjxp 1944 k. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 1990, 46,
I 9, 77–90; Kjzvxpzhxup p |hpyzrp zmulmu~pp j iskhxyrvzv vimyzjv tmnl{ ljmzm yjmzvj-
up jvqup. – Mj: +>H;8, 0F;C:6J>A (yyz.). Zxvismtp uh uvjhzh p uhq-uvjhzh wvspzpmyrh
pyzvxp uh Lskhxp. \., 1991, 228–253; 38;H@D8, -A6B;C. „Yxpkpuhsuvyz“ p ptpzh~p j
iskhxyrpzm zvzhspzhxup lvrzxpup p vxkhupoh~pp (1918–1939). – Mj: Mzvxp tmnl{uhxvlmu
rvukxmy wv iskhxpyzprh. Ovrshlp. ]. 23. \., 1988, 582–601; +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Wvuhx}pzh p
lprzhz{xhzh j Lskhxp, 1934–1944. – Mj: 681–1948. So pyzvxpzh uh iskhxyrhzh uhxvluvyz
p lxnhjh. \., Zmsprhu-Ks|h, 1993, 274–283. Mn. p pyzvxpvkxh|yrhzh xhivzh uh -DEE;HFD8,
,>@DA6?. Motvnuvyzzh oh lphsvk psp „lpyr{yppzm“ oh iskhxyrp |hpot. – Omtvrxhzpm-
yrp wxmksml, 1996, I 4–5, 382–388.
20
+>9;8, !A6:>B>F. Kjzvxpzhxup p |hpyzrp zmulmu~pp… Uhzv vixh jupthupm, m |h-
potz um m xholmsmu vz hjzvxpzhxpoth „y rpzhqyrh yzmuh“ p m ym xhnlh vz huzplmtvrxhzp-
up hjzvxpzhxmu wvzvr ysml Zxjhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh, hjzvxz kvjvxp oh xhospuh yzmwmu uh
„|hpoh~p“ uh xhoup {wxhjsmup { uhy. gjuv xhoksmnlhqrp |hpoth rhzv |vxth uh zvzhspzh-
xpot (yy yzxmtmn oh vi}jhhum uh ~svzv vimyzjv), zvq kvjvxp oh „|hpoh~p uh lxnhj-
uhzh ypyzmth“ j ytpys uh wvshkhum uh {ypsp oh pokxhnlhum uh zvzhspzhxuh (jymvi}jhzuh) lx-
nhjh. ]vjh tp ym jpnlh thsrv wvljmnlhv y vksml uh wv-viphqupzm p „yship“ {wvzxmip uh |h-
poh~p rhzv ohptyzjhum uh hyz vz xmwmxzvhxh uh |hpoth (plmp, puyzpz{~pp p wx.), h wr zv-
zhspzhxupz yzxmtmn (uhwxptmx uh lmjmzuhqymzvthq~p) tvnm lh ym vwpm ptmuuv rhzv zhrj.
tmnl{ zvzhspzhxpoth rhzv ypyzmth uh {wxhjsmupm yy yzxmtmn oh jymvi}-

jhzmu rvuzxvs xmo lxnhjup puyzpz{~pp p lx{kp tm}hupotp, p |hpoth
rhzv wv-pyzvxpmyrv jsmupm, yzpkuhsv lvyzh lhsmm j uhshkhumzv uh zvzh-
spzhxmu tvlms uh {wxhjsmupm (vymyzjmu vz rvt{upyzpmyrpzm xmnptp,
uhq-uhwxml j \\\[).
Zvspzpmyrhzh mjvs~p { uhy ysml omtmlmsyrp xmnpt jxjp, viv
wvksmluhzv, j hjzvxpzhxuh wvyvrh (wr p omtmlms~pzm mjvspxhsp rt lpr-
zhz{xh, thrhx p sjh). Xhxml y smjpzm {mup hjzvxpzhxpotz m vyuvjuh wv-
spzpmyrh rvu~mw~p j tmnl{jvmuuh Lskhxp (p wvurvkh lvtpupxhh p
v|p~phsuh); zvq m p wxpu~pw uh wvspzpmyrh {xmlih, jwszmu j mluh psp
lx{kh |vxth p yzmwmu j xmhsuvyzzh. Kjzvxpzhxpotz ym ywxvjvnlhs y uh-
xhyzjhh uhtmyh uh lxnhjhzh j prvuvtprhzh p yv~phsup npjvz (puzmx-
jmu~pvupot, yzpkh lv mzhzpoh~p). Zv vzuvmupm uh hjzvxpzhxuhzh wv-
spzpmyrh zmulmu~p p uh mzhzpoh~pzh Lskhxp ysmljh vi tmnl{jvmumu
tvlms uh Lhsrhupzm, j amuzxhsuh p fnuh Pjxvwh. Xh jshyz j Szhsp
(1922 k.) p Nmxthup (1933 k.) pljhz lhspzm wxptmx p vrhohsp tvuv jo-
lmqyzjpm jx}{ Sozvuh Pjxvwh |hpot p uh~pvuhsyv~phspot. Kjzvxp-
zhxup xmnptp ym {yzhuvjjhz jj jyprp yymlup uh Lskhxp yzxhup, h
yv j ûkhxp, Zvsh, Kjyzxp, Zvxz{khsp, Sywhup. Zvlviup tmnl{-
uhxvluh ypz{h~p p umwvyxmlyzjmuv virxnmupm tvuv zshyrhz rt y}vl-
up xmmup p j Lskhxp, rvzv um tvnmsh lh vyzhum vyzxvj uh spimxhsuh
lmtvrxh~p.
Kjzvxpzhxpotz m uhq-viv rhohuv ypsuh jshyz, z. m. ypsuh powsupzms-
uh jshyz, ymzhuh y vwxmlmsmup smkpzptpxhp plmp. ]vq wxmlyzhjsjh vk-
xhuphjhum psp wxmth}jhum uh whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p. Zhxshtmuzz
(hrv um m xhow{yuhz) m yshi p |vxthsmu; vwvop~pzh uh xmnpth m vkxhupm-
uh j pojpzm yp; xhoupzm kxhnlhuyrp wxhjh p yjvivlp yh uhrxumup (rhzv
xmwxmypzh tvnm lh m xhospuv ypsuh); jym whr oh xhosprh vz zvzhspzhxpoth
z{r pth tyzv oh vxkhupoh~pvuuh hjzvuvtp p plmvsvkpmyrp ws{xhspot.
Kjzvxpzhxpotz tvnm lh ym yjxnm y mzhzpoh~p, z. m. wxmjxhum uh lx-
nhjhzh j vwxmlms |hrzvx j yzvwhuyrhzh, yv~phsuhzh p l{}vjuhzh y|mxh,
wvmthumzv vz um uh jym wvjmm |{ur~pp uh xmk{sh~p p rvuzxvs. ]hrh {
uhy yzhjh wxjv wxp Ksmryhulx ahurvj p vyvimuv ysml wxmjxhzh vz 19 thq
1934 k.21 Kjzvxpzhxpotz um m umwxmtmuuv vzxp~hupm uh whxzpquvzv uhh-
sv, wvumnm p whxzp tvnm lh pokxhlp hjzvxpzhxmu xmnpt. Ovrvsrvzv zmx-
tpuz tvnm lh vwpyjh zjxlm xhospup xmhsuvyzp, yhthzh t{ {wvzxmih um
m lvyzhzuv wvyujhh p um tvnm lh ohtmyzp huhspoh uh yyzvupmzv uh
umhzh, rvpzv vivouhhjh j rvurxmzup ys{hq. M hyzuvyz hjzvxpzh-
21 Mn. xhoipxhumzv uh mzhzpoth {: +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. ^zjxnlhjhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrh-
zh…, 14–15.
xpotz wvlsmnp uh rjhsp|p~pxhum rhzv jvmumu, whxzpmu, imowhxzpmu, sp-

uh lprzhz{xh p wx. Rh umkv um ipjh lh ym ylp uhq-jmm wv {wvzxmihzh uh
xmwxmypp (rhrzv wvurvkh ym wxhjp, wvlviuv uh |hpoth wxmlp), h p wv xml
lx{kp imsmop. ]hrh hjzvxpzhxupz Omjmzuhqymzvthqyrp xmnpt, oh xhosprh
vz hjzvxpzhxup lmjmzvuyrp xmnpt, um ips zmxvxpyzpmu. Xhq-ymzum, oh
mlpu xmnpt zxijh lh ym ylp um yhtv wv plmvsvkpmyrp wshz|vxtp p ohj-
smup, h p wv {wxhjsmuyrp lmqyzjp; p lvxp wv-jhnuv – wv z}uhzh xmo{s-
zhzuvyz. Xhwxptmx oh rxhzrvzv jxmtm uh jshyz xmnptz uh lmjmzuhqymzv-
thq~pzm {yws lh vymyzjp thsrh hyz vz urvp uhwxhjv zvzhspzhxup
jpopp (rhzv wxvmrz), rvpzv ohyzwjhs.
Xh yjvq xml whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p { uhy (p j wvjmmzv ~muzxhs-
uv- p pozvuvmjxvwmqyrp yzxhup) j tmnl{jvmuup wmxpvl ipsh tuvkv um-
{yzvqpjh p ym lm|vxtpxhsh wv xhoup uhpup. ]hrpjh yh j hyzuvyz: {o{x-
wpxhumzv uh jshyz zh xmo wxmjxhzp (1923 p 1934 k., hrv um ixvpt p „wxmjxh-
zh“ uh Lvxpy III oh potmyzjhum uh lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm),22 huzprvuyzpz{~p-
vuupzm lmqyzjp p vkxhuppzmsupzm ohrvup, uhx{hjhumzv uh kxhnlhuyrp
wxhjh, wvspzpmyrvzv uhypspm p wx. Zhxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p ipsh
wvlsvnmuh uh ypsup hzhrp p vzlyuv, p vzsjv. Mym whr z ym jojxh vz-
uvjv p vzuvjv, h j vxohu jpl (p imowhxzpmu jhxphuz) – p vz 1937 k. uhzhzr.
Krv ym vixuhz wxmlpojprhzmsuv umhzh, jtmyzv umwxmryuhz |hpot y
„wxvipjp“ uh i{xnvhouh lmtvrxh~p ip}tm tvksp lh yp wxmlyzhjpt vi
|vu uh i{xnvhouh lmtvrxh~p y „wxvipjp“ uh hjzvxpzhxpot, jj jymrp
ys{hq hszmxupxhum wxp wxmjmy uh mluvzv psp lx{kvzv. ]hrh psp puhm msm-
tmuzp uh lmtvrxh~p ym ohwhojhsp p wxp hjzvxpzhxup wxhjpzmsyzjh, uhwxp-
tmx zxwuh lmquvyz uh whxzppzm, plmmu ws{xhspot, whxshtmuzhxuh
vwvop~p, wvum juuv lmqyzjpm uh rvuyzpz{~pzh, yxhjupzmsuv umohjpyp-
th wxhjvyluh ypyzmth p wx., lvrhzv rvuzxvsz um tvnms lh yzhum zvzhsp-
zhxmu (um{ywm}z uh zvzhsup wv ohtpys vxkhupoh~pp rhzv wxv|yopzm
psp tshlmnrpzm vxkhupoh~pp, umpowsumupm uh tmxrpzm yxm{ mjxmpzm p
wx.). Uhrzv lmtvrxh~pzh { uhy um wvs{hjh rshypmyrh ohjxmuvyz, zhrh
p lprzhz{xhzh um ipsh umwxmryuhzh p zvzhsuh.23 Ovxp hrv zvjh m „ws{xh-
22
Mn. ywm~phsuh yzhzp oh wxmjxhzpzm j tmnl{jvmuuhzh iskhxyrh pyzvxp vz 0DB6N;8-
G@>, (;<>. Rhkvjvxpzm j wvspzpmyrp npjvz uh Lskhxp wxmo `` jmr. – Mj: Lskhxp
1300. Suyzpz{~pp p lxnhjuh zxhlp~p. ]. 3. \., 1983, 153–163. Suzmxmyup yh vivimupzh
uh hjzvxh, m oh {wxhjsjhpzm wxmjxhzz ips wxpouhzh |vxth uh wvspzpmyrh lmquvyz; wvl-
kvzvjrhzh uh wxmjxhzpzm ipsh vzuvypzmsuv zhquh, uv tsjhzh ym uvymsh po wvspzpmyrp yjz
uh \v|p; ohkvjvxup~pzm ym yzxmtmsp lh yp vypk{xz wvlrxmwhzh uh ~hx p wx.
23 Rh um{yzvqpjvyz zh uh whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p (rvuyzpz{~pvuuv-whxshtmuzhxup
wxhjvj xml) { uhy, uv p wvyzvuuvzv J joviuvjjhum jn. +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Zhxshtmuzhxuhzh

lmtvrxh~p j Lskhxp, 1818–1934. – Mj: 681–1948. So pyzvxpzh uh iskhxyrhzh uhxvluvyz
spot wv yshivyz, h um wv uhtmxmupm“, zvq jym whr ymyzj{jhs p zvjh m

kshjuvzv.24
\sml zmop wxmljhxpzmsup imsmnrp m uhwxhj rxhzr wxmksml p }hxhr-
zmxpyzprh uh {wxhjsjhspzm ysml omtmlms~pzm wxhjpzmsyzjh.25 Mvmuupz
wxmjxhz uh 9 up 1923 k. lvjmnlh uh jshyz Mvmuup yo p |vxth~pzh Xh-
xvlmu ykvjvx, yyzhjmuh vz whxzpqup yxmlp. \olhjh ym hjzvxpzhxmu xmnpt
y wxmtpmx wxv|. Ksmryhulx ahurvj, rvqzv vzuhhsv ym uhtpxhs wvl lvtp-
uh~pzh uh Mvmuuhzh spkh p ywm~phsuv uh um|vxthsuh kx{wh jvmuup (z. uhx.
Uvujmuz vrvsv kmu. Sjhu Msrvj). [mnptz, wvlwvtvkuhz vz z. uhx. imovz-
kvjvxup |hrzvxp, rhzv MW[Y p ywm~phsup jvqyrvjp hyzp, xmwxmypxhs y
kvsth nmyzvrvyz vrhohspzm ywxvzpjh smjp ypsp (omtmlms~p p rvt{upyzp).
Zxhjpzmsyzjmupz zmxvx p rvuzxhzmxvxz, kshjuv vz yzxhuh uh wvmsp r{xy
rt jvxnmuh ivxih rvt{upyzp, yolhjhz ypz{h~p, isporh lv kxhnlhuyrh
jvquh. U{stpuh~pzh m rvt{upyzpmyrp hzmuzhz j ~xrjhzh „\jmzh Xm-
lms“ (16 hwxps 1925 k.), rlmzv ohkpjhz tuvkv wxhjpzmsyzjmup sp~h p km-
umxhsp, p wvysmljhspz rxjhj xhokxvt uh smjpzm ypsp.26 Zxp zvjh ipsp
imoxhoivxuv poipzp p tuvkv umjpuup }vxh, rhrzv p smjp puzmsmrz{hs~p;
ips {ipz lvxp pojmyzupz i{xnvhomu wvspzpr Xprvsh Nmuhlpmj, zvkhjh
vwvop~pvumx. Qmyzvrvyzpzm lpyrxmlpzpxhsp wxhjpzmsyzjvzv wxml ju-
up yjz. Xv xmnptz um ips |hpyzrp, h yhtpz ahurvj vm um ips mjv-
spxhs rt |hpot.
`hxhrzmxuh oh plmvsvkpzh uh Xhxvlup ykvjvx (wxmlp, h p ysml jomth-
umzv uh jshyzzh) m wvohzh uh uhlwhxzpquvyz; xhz{jh ym oh wxmvlvsjhum uh
xholxvimuvyzzh uh whxzppzm, oh xmvxkhupopxhum p ywsvzjhum uh i{xnvho-
upzm wvspzpmyrp ypsp p poviv oh „ypsuh jshyz“. Slmzh oh ypsuh lxnhj-
uh jshyz jxjsh ohmluv yy ypsuv poxhomu yzvwhuyrp puzmxjmu~pvupot,
z. m. uhtmyh uh lxnhjhzh j yzvwhuyrp npjvz (jwxmrp ywxvzpjhzh vz u-
rvp yzvwhuyrp yxmlp), rhrzv p yy yv~phsmu xm|vxtpot y ~ms wxpzwjh-
um uh yv~phsup rvu|sprz, jrspzmsuv xmo ywm~phsuv wxvzmnpxhum uh
p lxnhjh. \., Zmsprhu Ks|h, 1993, 265–273; Wvuhx}pzh p lprzhz{xhzh…, 280–281. Kjzvxz
kvjvxp oh ynpzmsyzjv tmnl{ lmtvrxh~p p lprzhz{xh wxmo ~msp tmnl{jvmumu wmxpvl, y wxm-
jmy uh mluhzh psp lx{khzh.
24 Soxhoz uh Janos, Andrew. The One-Party State and Social Mobilization: East Europe
between the Wars. –In: Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society. Samuel Huntington and Clement
Moore (eds.). New York, London, 1970, 204–235, esp. 233.
25
Mn. vyvimuv \zvqv Nxuhxvj j: /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh
uvjh Lskhxp…, 400–636, vyvi. 377–379, 478–480, 493–496, 520, 525–527, 567–569; +>9;8,
!A6:>B>F. Zvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth uh Lskhxp…; -DEE;HFD8, ,>@DA6?. Kjzvxpzhxpot –
|hpot…; ";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. [hojpzpm uh wvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth…; 38;H@D8, -A6B;C,
,>@DA6? -DEE;HFD8. Ut zpwvsvkpzh uh wvspzpmyrvzv xhojpzpm… .
26 "F>N>C6, .>H6. Mvoupruvjmupm |hpoth…, vyvi. 140–148, 180, 186–189. \v j }{-
lvnmyzjmu jpl: 2F>GHD=D8, ,>@DA6?. Zv lpxzh uh imoysmluv…

xhivzup~pzm (j zvop ytpys ym porhojhz Kzhuhy L{xvj p Ksmryhulx ahu-

rvj). Xhq-ymzum, xhojpjhsh ym plmzh oh wvjmm rvtwmzmuzuvyz j lxnhjuh-
zh hltpupyzxh~p p j whxshtmuzh (Kzhuhy L{xvj, Zmzrv \zhquvj p lx.).
Zvlviup joksmlp juv pospohz vz xhtrpzm uh wxmljvmuup spimxhspot p
wxmlwvshkhz lsivrp wxvtmup. Yihm xm|vxtpzm uh whxshtmuzh p {wxhj-
smuyrhzh ypyzmth, rhrzv p ohypsjhumzv uh xvszh uh lxnhjhzh zxijhsv lh
yzhuhz wv ohrvuup wzph p imo lh ym uhw{yrh wvjhzh uh whxshtmuzhxuhzh
lmtvrxh~p. Zvysmluhzh zxijhsv lh ym xm|vxtpxh p xh~pvuhspopxh, oh lh
ym wxpjmlm j yvzjmzyzjpm y uvjpzm {ysvjp, uv um lh ilm wxmth}uhzh.
Omqyzjpzh uh xmnpth j ouhpzmsuh yzmwmu ysmljhsp uhtmxmupzh.27
Mj jzxmuhzh wvspzprh Ksmryhulx ahurvj ysmljhs hrzpjmu puzmxjmu-
~pvupyzrp r{xy wvl ouhrh uh ohpzh uh vimyzjmupzm puzmxmyp. Lps {yzh-
uvjmu lxnhjmu tvuvwvs uhl zxkvjpzh y lmjpop p rvuzxvs uhl ouhpzms-
uh hyz vz juvyh (uhwxptmx ohixhuh uh juvy uh s{ryvoup yzvrp); jvlmsh ym
ivxih yxm{ ywmr{shzh xmo ohrvu oh ivxih yy yrwvzpzh (vz 7 hjk{yz
1924 k.) p ipsh sprjplpxhuh yjvivluhzh zxkvjp yy oxumup }xhup j wv-
kvsmtpzm kxhlvjm rhzv uhq-ypsmu poxho uh yzvwhuyrp mzhzpot (ohrvuz
ips wxmth}uhz wxmo 1925 k. wvxhlp ivkhzhzh xmrvszh); xmo lxnhjuv rxm-
lpzpxhum p ohmtuh wvspzprh ips {ypsmu rvuzxvsz uhl rvvwmxh~ppzm, y uh-
lmnlhzh zm lh yzhuhz puyzx{tmuz uh mzhzpoth. ]xijh lh ym vzimsmnp yps-
uhzh ywxvzpjh uh urvp yzvwhuyrp yxmlp p mlxp rhwpzhs yxm{ wvlviup
yzvwhuyrp tmxrp, rvzv jvlms lv z}uvzv ytmrhjhum psp vztuh; uhwxptmx
ivxihzh uh wxhjpzmsyzjvzv yy oh}hxup rhxzms p yy yrhulhsuv jpyvrpzm
~mup uh oh}hxzh wxmzxwsh um{ywm}, uhyxhjhumzv uh zzuvwxvpojvlp-
zmspzm ipsv wxvjhsmuv vz mlxpzm mrywvxzup |pxtp, yrvxv ipsh vztmumuh p
ohixhuhzh jx}{ juvyh uh yzvrp um vz wxjh umvi}vlptvyz.
Xhtmyhzh j yv~phsuhzh y|mxh jrsjhsh: kxpnp oh lxnhjupzm puvj-
up~p; hkxhxuh wvspzprh j wvsoh uh ymsupzm (wvlrxmwh uh rvvwmxh~ppzm,
wvjphjhum uh por{wupzm ~mup uh omtmlmsyrp yzvrp lvrhzv zxhmsp vkxhup-
mupzh uh yjvivluhzh zxkvjp, ohzx{lujhum uh pouvyh pt p wx.); wvlrxm-
wh uh xhivzupmyrvzv ohrvuvlhzmsyzjv (xmo Suywmrzvxhzh wv zx{lh) y ~ms
lh ilm wxpzwmu rvu|sprzz tmnl{ zx{lh p rhwpzhsh p lh ym uhthsp jsp-
upmzv uh rvt{upyzpzm yxml xhivzupmyzjvzv; yv~phsup xm|vxtp p uhq-jm-
m ohrvuh oh vimyzjmupzm vypk{xvjrp, yv ohrvuh oh uhyzhujhum uh xh-
ivzh p vypk{xjhum wxp imoxhivzp~h (ips {xmlmu p Uvtpzmz wv yv~phsup
xm|vxtp). Myprv zvjh, xhoipxh ym, zxijhsv lh xhopxp yv~phsuhzh ihoh
uh xmnpth yxml ymsup p xhivzup~p. Wvkhz lh ym uhwxhjz whxhsmsp yy
27
Zxjpz mzhw j {wxhjsmupmzv uh Xhxvlup ykvjvx m viyzvquv xhoksmlhu vz /HDRCD8,
!;G;A>C, !;G;A>C 0;E68>M6FD8. Zvspzpmyrhzh hszmxuhzpjh. fup 1923 – 4 u{hxp 1926 k. \.,
ûpjmxypzmzyrv polhzmsyzjv „\j. Usptmuz Y}xplyrp“, 1992, vyvi. 330– 443.
ypsuv puzmxjmu~pvupyzrhzh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh uh |hpoth,

uhwxptmx: umwxpouzh rt ywmr{shzpjupzm msmtmuzp p wxmlwvpzhupmzv
rt wxvl{rzpjuhzh |{ur~p uh rhwpzhsh p wxvtpsmuvzv wxvpojvlyzjv j
hyzuvyz; powvsojhumzv uh yv~phsup xm|vxtpot (i{xnvhomu p yv~phslm-
tvrxhzpmyrp), uv zvjh um wxhjp xmnpth |hpyzrp.
\ jzvxvzv ykvjvxpyzrv wxhjpzmsyzjv uh Kulxmq Vwmj (1926–1931)
~muzxz uh zmnmyz zh ym potmyzjh vz jvmuupzm rt whxzpqupzm yxmlp j
\kvjvxh (}vxhzh uh Vwmj p Kzhuhy L{xvj). \shkh ym rxhq uh imoxhoivx-
upzm xmwxmypp p uhyzwjh kxhnlhuyrv {tpxvzjvxjhum – RRO vyzhjh j
ypsh, uv wxv~mypzm ym vkxhuphjhz p uhq-jmm pojuohrvuvjpzm xmwxmypp
ohzp}jhz. Kjzvxpzhxpotz vzyshijh. Soviv Vwmj jopths rvuyzpz{~p-
zh uh ymxpvouv. Vmkhspopxhuh ipsh lmquvyz zh uh rvt{upyzp p omtmlms~p y
plmzh, m rhzv posohz uhjm, m wvmthz tpxmu r{xy (h p m ilhz wv-smy-
uv ysmlmup). Xhxml y smkhsupzm yp whxzpqup, wxv|youp p tshlmnrp vx-
khupoh~pp rvt{upyzpzm vihm ohwhopsp p umsmkhsuh yzx{rz{xh. M yzvwhu-
yrhzh wvspzprh Vwmj p L{xvj rhzv wvspzp~p y wv-yzhxh |vxth~p vkxh-
uppsp uhtmyhzh uh lxnhjhzh j wvsoh uh yzvwhuyrp spimxhspot. M hy-
zuvyz wxmyzhjh |hjvxpopxhumzv uh rvvwmxh~ppzm, um ym wxpshkhs ohrvuz
oh zx{lvjpzm omtmlmsyrp yzvwhuyzjh p ljpnmupmzv uh omtzh ym vyzhjsv uh
whohxup wxpu~pw. Yz lx{kh yzxhuh, ips wxvlsnmu uhyxpzmsupz ohrvu
oh pul{yzxpzh (wxmo 1928 k.), h wv jxmtm uh rxpohzh ipsh {xmlmuh lpxmr-
~p „`xhupouvy“ (wxmo 1930 k.), oh lh vismrp wxvpojvlpzmspzm y wv-jpyv-
rp por{wup ~mup. \ lx{kp l{tp, lxnhjuhzh uhtmyh ym uhshkhsh vz yhthzh
yzvwhuyrh ypz{h~p.
Zxmo 1931 k. ysml yjvivlup poivxp (mlup vz xmlrpzm) uh jshyz pljh Xh-
xvlupz isvr – rvhsp~p uhmsv y Omtvrxhzpmyrhzh whxzp p LRX\. Mtm-
yzv wxvysvj{zp „wxvipj“ j umymyzj{jhh |hpyzrh lprzhz{xh (vwxmlm-
smupm uh N. Optpzxvj, wvl lxnhuv lv ryuv vz rvt{upyzpmyrhzh pyzvxpv-
kxh|p) j {wxhjsmupmzv uh Xhxvlup isvr tvnm lh ym vzrxpm ouhpzmsuh
wxpmtyzjmuvyz y jzvxp ykvjvxpyzrp rhipumz. Zxvlsnhjhz ohwvuhzpzm
vz umkv vimyzjmuv {tpxvzjvxjhum p lmtvrxhzpoh~p rhzv {ysvjp oh
yzvwhuyrp uhwxmlr. Moksmlz oh uhxhyzjhum uh xmk{shzpjuhzh xvs uh
lxnhjhzh j yzvwhuyrp npjvz p yv~phsupzm vzuvmup, uhsvnps ym j ~sh
Pjxvwh vm jj jvqupzm p wvysm wxp vwpzpzm oh ywxhjum y lmwxmypzh, ym
ywvlmss vz Omtvrxhzpmyrhzh whxzp. Ruhpzmsuvzv uhrxujhum uh yzv-
whuyrp spimxhspot vihm um wxmtpuhjh j vzyzwsmupm vz wvspzpmyrp
spimxhspot p whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p.
Zxhrzpmyrp uhtmyp uh Xhxvlup isvr j yzvwhuyrp p yv~phsup np-
jvz wvyxml kvsthzh yzvwhuyrh lmwxmyp wxmlyzhjsjhz j hyzuvyz: ohrvup-
zm oh ohrxpsh uh omtmlmsm~h yzvwhupu (khxhuzpxhum uh umvz{nlhmt tpup-
t{t omt) p oh vismrhjhum uh lsnup~pzm (xmo xhoyxvjhum uh wshhup-

zh p uhthsjhum uh sp}jpzm); lhuupzm vismrmup oh ymsupzm; ohwhojh-
umzv uh „`xhupouvy“ rhzv tvuvwvsuv lxnhjuv zxkvjyrv wxmlwxpzpm oh
vismrhjhum uh ymsupzm wv jxmtm uh rxpohzh xmo wv-jpyvrp por{wup ~mup;
vwpzpzm oh zxhuy|vxtpxhum uh ymsyrvzv yzvwhuyzjv wv wvyvrh uh zm}upmy-
rp r{sz{xp xmo ~muvjp p tpzupmyrp tmxrp p wx. Myprp zmop wxmysmljh-
p p yv~phsmu m|mrz prvuvtpmyrp tmxrp vihm pthsp ~muh, rvzv ipsh
wvrxpjhuh vz ilnmzh xmo {jmsphjhum uh rvyjmupzm lhu~p, ohihjum uh
powshhumzv uh ohwshzpzm uh lxnhjupzm ys{npzmsp p wx.
^wxhjsmupmzv uh Xhxvlup isvr ym lpyrxmlpzpxhsv y lxmiuhjp whohx-
s~p j rvhsp~pzh oh tpupyzmxyrp tmyzh, vz xhoth}h uh whxzpquhzh whxzp-
ohupuh p ys{nivkvuyzjvzv, yolhjhumzv uh ypumr{xup lsnuvyzp,
rvx{w~pzh, {lxnhumzv vz ohwshzpzm uh puvjup~pzm, oh lh ym jxnm i-
lnmzz p wx. S zhop zx{luh p xhowhlhh ym rvhsp~p, lhsh mluv „imoplmquv,
umrhlxuv p lxmiuhjv {wxhjsmupm“, rhzv m sp yhth pok{ipsh mumxkp p lv-
jmxpm j ymim yp p whluhsh y mlpu wxmlpojmyzmu p umyxmuhs ywxvzpjh wxm-
jxhz. Rh xhovhxvjhupmzv vz lmtvrxh~pzh lvwxpuhysp pxmpzm ym j
yzxhuhzh rxpzprp wxvzpj whxzppzm p hkpzh~pp oh ypsuh jshyz, rhrzv p wxp-
tmxz uh juup yjz, vyvimuv uh hjzvxpzhxupzm ~muzxhsuvmjxvwmqyrp
xmnptp, poksmnlhp lh vimhjhz m|mrzpjup xmmup.28
Zxmjxhzz uh 19 thq 1934 k. m pojxmu vz joyzhuvjmup Mvmumu y-
o p wvspzpmyrp rxk „Rjmuv“.29 \olhsv ym wxhjpzmsyzjv uhmsv y Up-
tvu Nmvxkpmj, j rvmzv jsmosp }vxh vz pojxpspzm wxmjxhzh vxkhupoh~pp,
uv imo Ohtu Mmsmj (ymrxmzhx uh Mvmuup yo p |hrzpmyrv kshjuv sp-
~m), rvqzv um wxpms v|p~phsmu wvyz. Moksmlpzm uh lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm
oh lxnhjuvzv {wxhjsmupm yh vijmup j polhlmup Whup|myz rt iskhx-
yrp uhxvl (h p j wv-xhuup yzhzpp). ]ht ym wxvrshtpxh uhyzwjhumzv uh
„uvjh mxh“, j rvzv m ym wxmvlvsmm zyuvwhxzpqupz p rshyvj mkvpot p
{wxhjsmupmzv m ym wvmtm vz „uhlwhxzpquh jshyz“ j puzmxmy uh ~shzh uh-
28
Slmquhzh imowzp~h p wvspzpmyrvzv xhosvnmupm wxp zvjh {wxhjsmupm yh vwpyhup vz
lmyup lmq~p, rhzv: -DED8, /H;J6C. Lmoyup~p. \., Vmzvwpyp,1992, 17–108; ,>@DA6;8, ,>@D-
A6?. _xhktmuzp vz tmtvhxp. \., 1994. Kjzvxz ips jpy puvjupr p tpupyzx j ~hxyrp rhip-
umzp. Mn. yv mlpu vz hjzvxpzm uh wxmjxhzh: )6=6GD8, #>BD. Mpluv p wxmnpjuv…,
454–486. \v tmtvhxpzm uh )6L6FD8, )DCGH6CH>C. 60 kvlpup npjuh…, 413–432, 449–451
(z{r ~pz. oh „imoplmquv, umrhlxuv p lxmiuhjv {wxhjsmupm“ uh y. 449); -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wv-
tmup, 45–56. Kjzvxz ips tpupyzx uh wxhjvylpmzv j imowhxzpquv wxhjpzmsyzjv.
29
Rh Omjmzuhqymzvthqyrp wxmjxhz p mjvs~pzh uh xmnpth jn. yv +>9;8, !A6:>B>F.
^zjxnlhjhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh…, vyvi. 14–23, 47–56, 178–180; #>B>HFD8,
'AMD. Lskhxyrhzh lmtvrxhzpuh vimyzjmuvyz… Uhzv vyzhjpt uhyzxhuh pojmyzuh wxml{im-
lmuvyz wv spup uh |hpoth (wv-ypsuh { jzvxp hjzvx), z{r ym ylxnhz tuvnmyzjv |hrzpm-
yrp wxpuvyp, h wxp Mshlptpx Wpkmj – p xmlp~h zmvxmzpup tvtmuzp.
~p. Mshyzzh m m ypsuh p hjzvxpzmzuh p m ym {wxhnujh vz rvtwmzmuzup

}vxh, wvspzpmyrp p puzmsmrz{hsmu mspz. ]hrh m ym wvjpp hjzvxpzmzz
uh lxnhjhzh, z. m. uh wxhjpzmsyzjv p hltpupyzxh~p, rhzv p yhtpz uhxvl
ilm vxkhupopxhu j wvlrxmwh uh lxnhjhzh. Srvuvtprhzh m ilm uhwxhj-
sjhuh vz lxnhjhzh j puzmxmy uh xhojpzpmzv uh wxvtpsmuvyz zh p zxkv-
jpzh, uv p y kxpnp oh ymsvzv p oh prvuvtpmyrp yshipzm ysvmjm, h whxhopz-
upz p ywmr{shzpjmu rhwpzhs m ilm vi{olhu. dm ym xhivzp oh {yzhuvj-
jhum uh yv~phsmu tpx, jrspzmsuv xmo wxm{yzxvqyzjv uh wxv|yopzm j
ohlsnpzmsup p xmo rvxwvxhzpjuv wxmlyzhjpzmsyzjv.30
Omqyzjpzh uh „ywhypzmspzm uh vzmmyzjvzv“ wvlrxmwz uhtmxmupzh.
Zxhjpzmsyzjvzv xhow{yuhsv whxshtmuzh p ohixhupsv whxzppzm (y uhxmlih-
ohrvu vz 14 up 1934 k.); oh lh m wvysmlvjhzmsuv, „Rjmuv“ yv ym yhtvxho-
w{yrh. gjuv wvl jspupm uh pzhsphuyrp |hpot ym wxmljpnlhsv vixho{-
jhum uh yysvjup vxkhupoh~pp, rvpzv lh ilhz wxmlyzhjmup j ilmp whx-
shtmuz y plm oh „wvspzpmyrp rvxmrzpj“ uh yysvjuvyzzh. Zxmth}uhzp ip-
sp rvuyzpz{~pvuupzm wxhjh p yjvivlp (uh ysvjvzv, ylx{nmupzh p wx.) p ym
jjmsh ~muo{xh; zhrh, imo lh ym vztmu |vxthsuv, rvuyzpz{~pzh um ym
ywhojhsh. Yjshlmspzm jshyz zh {wxhjsjhsp y lmrxmzp (uhxmlip-ohrvup), wv-
ovjhjhqrp ym umwxhjvtmxuv uh s. 47 vz rvuyzpz{~pzh (pojuxmluh ypz{h-
~p uh juuh p jzxmuh vwhyuvyz). \olhsh ym Opxmr~p uh vimyz-
jmuhzh viuvjh (y uhxmlih-ohrvu vz 9 up 1934 k. p lx{kh vz 16 vrzvtjxp
1934 k.) rhzv plmvsvkpmyrp p wxvwhkhulmu vxkhu, pzv htip~pvouh ohlhh
ipsh lh vxkhupopxh p uhyvjh vimyzjmup npjvz j l{}h uh „uhlrshyvjh
lxnhjh“, „uhxvluv mlpuyzjv“, „}hxtvup“ p „rshyvj tpx“. ] zxijhsv lh
ilm umv rhzv tvomu zxyz uh xmnpth, xhoxhivzjh umkvjhzh plmvsvkp
p wvspzpmyrh yzxhzmkp. Xh um ym joshkhsp p uhlmnlp oh vxkhupopxhum
uh uvjh vimyzjmuh ypsh j wvlrxmwh uh xmnpth (jj jhr{{th wxp ohixhuh-
zh uh whxzppzm) – urhrjh lxnhjuh whxzp psp ljpnmupm.
\smljhz xmlp~h tmxrp wv wvyvrh uh ~muzxhspoh~p p vlxnhjjhum.31
Mjmnlh ym uvjv zmxpzvxphsuv-hltpupyzxhzpjuv lmsmupm, rvmzv wxmvixh-
o{jh myzuhqymz zm vrxkh j ymlmt vishyzp; {mlxmup yh ymsyrpzm vipup
(vz 2552 uh 837). \msyrpzm rtmzvjm yzhjhz uhouhhmtp (wxp vwxmlmsmu
~muo) p wsuvjshyzup, y rvmzv ym {upvnhjh tmyzuvzv yhtv{wxhjsmupm. Xh
wxhrzprh oh rtmzvjm ipsp uhouhmup ys{nivkvu~p vz X\O uh ahurvj p vz
\kvjvxh, ohwhyup v|p~mxp, hljvrhzp p lx. Zxp xh~pvuhspopxhumzv uh hl-
30
Mn. huhspoh uh thup|myzh {: -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wvtmup, 66–67.
31
Mn. p ypsuv zmulmu~pvouvzv posvnmupm uh ohrvuvlhzmsyzjvzv ysml Omjmzuhqymzv-
thqyrp wxmjxhz {: +>A@D86, 16C>. Lskhxyrhzh i{xnvhouh lxnhjh…, 47–54; Syzvxp uh
iskhxyrhzh i{xnvhouh lxnhjh p wxhjv wxmo wmxpvlh 1918–1944 k. \., Xh{rh p por{yzjv,
1976, 111–171.
tpupyzxh~pzh ipsp yrxhzmup uhl 6000 puvjup~p y plmzh lxnhjupzm

ys{npzmsp lh yzhuhz umytmumtp p lmwvspzpopxhup – mrywmxzp p ywm~p-
hspyzp j vishyz zh yp. Zxmjxhzz lmqyzjpzmsuv lhjh uhhsv uh xhojpzpm uh
wvlvimu wxv~my uh yzhipspopxhum uh puvjup~pzm, wxvlsnps lv 1944 k.
\shkh ym rxhq uh yjvivluvzv wxv|youv ljpnmupm p ypulprhzpzm yzhjhz
mlpuup (z. m. uth hszmxuhzpjup) p ohlsnpzmsup; ohixhujhz ym yzhrpzm.
Omjmzuhqymzvthq~p yzmkuhsp p xmwxmypjup hwhxhz. Zvsp~pzh wvs{p-
sh wv-pxvrp |{ur~pp p hjzvxpzmz. Mjmlmuh ipsh hlxmyuh xmkpyzxh~p wv
tmyzvnpzmsyzjv, oh lh ym rvuzxvspxh ljpnmupmzv uh uhymsmupmzv, vyvimuv
uh wvspzpmyrp sp~h. RRO ym wxpshkhs yzxvkv, vyvimuv wxvzpj rvt{upyzp. S
kshjuvzv – lmjmzuhqymzvthq~p ym xhowxhjpsp y wxmjxuhshzh ym j „lxnhjh
j lxnhjhzh“ MW[Y, pqzv jvlh Sjhu Wp}hqsvj mtpkxpxhs. ]vjh jumysv
{tpxvzjvxmupm jj jzxmuvwvspzpmyrp npjvz p ipsv j rxmlpz uh xmnp-
th. \mjxmtmuuv uh whxzpqupzm jvlhp uh ohixhumupzm whxzpp ym vyzhjsp
jotvnuvyzp oh zhqup xhokvjvxp p yipxhup, ysmlmup vz jshyzpzm.
M yzvwhuyrhzh vishyz uhimsohuhzh wxp wxml}vlupzm {wxhjsmup spup
uh xrvjvlyzjv vz lxnhjhzh ipsh wxvlsnmuh p ohypsmuh. Mjmsp ym lx-
nhjup tvuvwvsp jx}{ zzuh, wmzxvsh, ywpxzh, yvszh. Sowhluhspzm j
yyzvupm uh |hspz (wxp rxpohzh) hyzup ihurp ipsp lmjhsvxpopxhup p
ysmzp j wxhrzpmyrp lxnhjuhzh ihurh „Lskhxyrp rxmlpz“. Yrhojhsh ym
yzhuhshzh jmm zxhlp~pvuuh wvlrxmwh uh rvvwmxhzpjpzm. Zxmlwxpmzp ipsp
yv~phsup tmxrp j wvsoh uh xhivzup~p, ohuhzpp, imoxhivzup.
]hrh vwpyhup, plmpzm p lmqyzjpzh uh lmjmzuhqymzvthq~p yh um wxvyzv
ypsuv hjzvxpzhxup, uv vzpjhz j wvyvrh rt zvzhspzhxmu rvuzxvs uh vim-
yzjvzv, h j urvp w{urzvjm uhwvlvijhz |hpot. Xv zxijh lh ym pth
wxmljpl, m tuvkv vz wxmvixho{jhupzh vyzhuhsp j y|mxhzh uh uhtmxmup-
zh. Opxmr~pzh uh vimyzjmuhzh viuvjh – wxml}vlupr uh jvmuuvjxmtmuuh-
zh Opxmr~p uh wxvwhkhulhzh p wv-ryuv uh rvt{upyzpmyrpzm plmvsvkpm-
yrp vxkhup – uh wxhrzprh um powsupsh wxmluhouhmupmzv yp. Zxvwhkhulhzh
wxml mluv yrmwzpuv rt jshyz zh vimyzjv oj{hsh r{}v. Slmzh oh vim-
yzjmuh ypsh ipsh ixov wvkxmihuh wvxhlp xhouvkshyp oh umqup }hxhrzmx
p vwhymup lh um viys{njh ywmxup~p. Lmoxmo{szhzup ipsp {ypspzh oh
yolhjhum uh mlpuuh tshlmnrh vxkhupoh~p (rvpzv uhtpxhz wxvlsnmupm
wxp ysmljhpzm xmnptp). Zxmljpnlhupzm rhopvuup wxv|yop vyzhuhsp j
uhhsmu mzhw uh |vxtpxhum. Slmzh oh „yysvjmu whxshtmuz“ y rvxwvxh-
zpjuv wxmlyzhjpzmsyzjv ipsh povyzhjmuh. Mwxmrp ohixhupzm ym zvsmxpxhs
pojmyzmu wvspzpmyrp (whxzpmu p plmmu) ws{xhspot. Soviv lmjmzuhqym-
zvthq~p ym vrhohsp wv-lvixp x{pzmsp uh whxshtmuzhxuv-whxzpquhzh ypy-
zmth, vzrvsrvzv yzxvpzmsp uh uvj zpw yv~phsuvwvspzpmyrh {xmlih. Wvuv-
spzuvyzzh uh xmnpth ipsh wxpjpluh p yrvxv ym xhowhluhsh. ]hrh zvzhsp-
zhxupzm ptw{syp, uvymup vz umhlmrjhzupzm jvmuup ypsp p wxp rxhzrvyz zh

uh {wxhjsmupmzv, vyzhjhz wv-yrvxv osvwvs{up mrywmxptmuzp.
M rxhquh ytmzrh xmnptz ym vwpyjh uhq-lvixm rhzv lyuv hjzvxpzhxmu
p j hyzuvyz jvmuuh lprzhz{xh, uv um p rhzv |hpyzrp (psp zvzhspzhxmu).32
Vpwyjh p jyrhrj huzpymtpzpot. Rh vzimsojhum m wxpyyzjpmzv uh tuv-
kv thyvup j {wxhjsmupmzv, jrspzmsuv jmsprpz thqyzvx uh Whyvuyrhzh
svnh Zmzx Wplpsmj uh tpupyzmxyrp wvyz. Suzmxmymu m |hrzz, m mlpu
xrv hjzvxpzhxmu xmnpt ips wvyxmuhz, viv jomzv, y lvixvuhtmxmuv vz-
uvmupm vz vimyzjmup~p p lvxp vz tuvopuh wvspzp~p. Wuvkv wv-ypsuv
hjzvxpzhxmu p mzhzpyzrp wv puyzpz{~pvuhsup wxpouh~p p uhtmxmup vz lm-
jmzvuyrp xmnpt, zvq um wxvjjh wvlviuh wxmrvtmxuh xmwxmypjuvyz p
lvxp juhy kxhnlhuyrv {ywvrvmupm (vyvimuv y xhoz{xjhumzv uh MW[Y).
Ovxp rvt{upyzpmyrhzh pyzvxpvkxh|p, rvzv vwpyjh xmnpth rhzv jvmuuv-
|hpyzrp (p „Rjmuv“ rhzv |hpyzrh vxkhupoh~p), wxvjjh {{ljhv
tmrv vzuvmupm rt umkv oh xhosprh vz „tvuhx}v|hpoth“, wxpouhjhqrp
uhwxptmx pojmyzmu „plmhspot“ uh ojmuhxpzm p v|p~mxpzm.33 Yiyumupmzv
m j zm}up huzptvuhx}pot, joyzhuvjjhumzv uh jxorpzm yy \\\[ p
mjvs~pzh uh jplup lmjmzuhqymzvthq~p rt yo y rvt{upyzpmyrhzh
whxzp jwvysmlyzjpm.
Mvmuuhzh spkh p „Rjmuv“ ipsp vzyzxhumup vz jshyz zh ysml thsrv wvjmm
vz kvlpuh. Lvxpy III pojxps zvjh tuvkv svjrv, rhzv ym jowvsojhs vz
wxvzpjvxmpzh tmnl{ v|p~mxpzm p vz tvuhx}poth uh urvp vz z}. \sml
urvsrv wxm}vlup wxhjpzmsyzjh (uh kmu. Zmuv Rshzmj, Kulxmq ]vmj),
wxvkxmypjuv potmyzjhp Mvmuuhzh spkh, tvuhx}z yyxmlvzvps jshyz zh j
yjvpzm x~m p {yzhuvjps umv rhzv spuh tvuhx}pmyrh lprzhz{xh psp tv-
uhx}pmyrp hjzvxpzhxpot. Zv rvurxmzuhzh lhzpxvjrh uh ~hxyrp xmnpt j
pyzvxpvkxh|pzh pth urvp xhospp: lhsp zvjh yzhjh wxp zxmzvzv wxhjp-
zmsyzjv uh Uvympjhuvj (23 uvmtjxp 1936 k.) psp vm wxp wxjvzv (vz 23
uvmtjxp 1935 k.), lvrvsrvzv zvkhjh Lvxpy III jmm ym ips xhowxhjps y Mvmu-
uhzh spkh p yzhuhs umvywvxpt lxnhzms uh jshyzzh, uv j ys{h zvjh um m
zvsrvjh ymyzjmuv.34
32
Yz {nlpzm hjzvxp [vzpsl vwpyjh xmnpth rhzv „hjzvxpzhxup tvlmxupohzvxp“, yzxm-
tp ym rt uh~pvuhsuv {rxmwjhum xmo „ypsuv {wxhjsmupm“, xh~pvuhspopxhum uh puyzpz{-
~ppzm p mrywmxzuvyz: Rothschild, Joseph. East Central Europe…, 349–355. Zv-huhspzpuv
\zmusp Zmqu ypz{pxh lmjmzuhqymzvthq~p yxml xhlprhsuhzh lmyup~h, tmnl{ rvuymxjhzpjuhzh
hjzvxpzhxuh lmyup~h p |hpoth. Mn. Payne, Stanley. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945.
Madison, Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995, 326–327.
33 Zvop~p uh Qhr Xhzhu, wxmlhlmuh vz )6=6GD8, #>BD. _hpotz p iskhxyrpzm
whxzpp…, 98–99.
34 fxplpmyrp poxho uh wvimlhzh uh ~hx ipsh uhxmlihzh-ohrvu oh ohwhojhum tvxhsuhzh p
thzmxphsuhzh ypsh uh jvqyrhzh vz 12 up 1936 k., rvzv ~msp lh povspxh jvqyrhzh (p nhulhx-
tmxpzh) vz wvspzpmyrp jspup p ohixhujh jyrhrjp zhqup vxkhupoh~pp j um.
ahxz jyuvyz ym jowvsojhs vz lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm, rvpzv xhopy-

zpsp wz uh hjzvxpzhxpoth wxml umkv.35 M uhysmlyzjv vz z} zvq ohwhops
ohixhuhzh oh lmquvyz uh whxzppzm, vzyyzjpmzv uh whxshtmuz p {wxhjsmupm-
zv y lmrxmzp. Myuvyz zvq um {wxhjsjhs wxrv (rvmzv um ipsv p j }hxhr-
zmxh t{),36 h xmo uhouhmup vz umkv imowhxzpqup, puvjupmyrp rhipumzp;
zhrh {wxhjsmupmzv yzhuhsv wv-yrvxv hltpupyzxpxhum (vz myzv ywvyviup
sp~h ywm~phspyzp), h um {wxhjsmupm vz wvspzpmyrp sp~h y plmp, jopthp
yviyzjmup xmmup p uvymp wvspzpmyrh vzkvjvxuvyz.37 Xh wxhrzprh p j
yvzjmzyzjpm y }hxhrzmxh yp Lvxpy III jupthzmsuv ym wvsojhs vz wxmxvkh-
zpjpzm yp y vksml uh vimyzjmupzm uhyzxvmup. [mnptz (ywvxml \zvqv
Nxuhxvj) m wv-ispor wv yuvyz zh yp lv ivuhwhxzpyzrpzm tvuhx}pp vz
yxmlhzh uh Ì` j., vyvimuv j wx{yrp pt jhxphuz, vzrvsrvzv lv yjxmtmu-
upzm t{ |hpyzrp p zvzhspzhxup tvlmsp: „mluh vivkhzmuh y tvlmxup mzh-
zpyzrp wv}jhzp p lvrzxpup ivuhwhxzpyzrh, hjzvxpzhxuh tvuhx}p“. Wv-
uhx}z yzvp uhmsv p uhouhhjh vzkvjvxuv yhtv wxml umkv wxhjpzmsyzjv,
whxshtmuzz yhtv kshy{jh ilnmzh, wvspzpmyrpzm wxhjh uh kxhnlhupzm yh
vxohup, uv wxhjhzh uh spuvyz zh ym yislhjhz yzxvkv ywvxml ohrvupzm.38
Kjzvxpzmzz wv lmyup p |hpyzrp ljpnmup \zmusp Zmqu xhosphjh
„zxp sp~h“ uh wvspzpmyrp hjzvxpzhxpot j tmnl{jvmuup wmxpvl, h
ptmuuv: {tmxmuh psp rvuymxjhzpjuh hjzvxpzhxuh lmyup~h, xhlprhsuh
lmyup~h (yzvh wv-ispov lv |hpoth) p |hpot. M {yzhuvjmup vz Lv-
xpy III xmnpt (uh {tmxmu tvuhx}vixvrxhzpmu hjzvxpzhxpot) smyuv ym
xhowvouhjh ptmuuv wxjpz zpw, lm|pupxhu rhzv yryjhum y whxshtmuzhx-
upzm |vxtp, uv imo xhlprhsuv uhx{hjhum uh wxhjup rvuzpu{pzmz p wxp
yhtv hyzpuh zxhuy|vxth~p uh ypyzmthzh j wv-hjzvxpzhxuh wvyvrh (wxp
jowxpmthum mjmuz{hsuv uh urvp hzxpi{zp p juup mxzp uh |hpoth),
vyuvjhjhum jx}{ xmspkpzh jtmyzv jx}{ urhrjh uvjh r{sz{xuh tpyzprh,
rhzv jpzhspot, pxh~pvuhspot p wx. Ox{kp }hxhrzmxpyzprp uh {tmxmuhzh
psp rvuymxjhzpjuh hjzvxpzhxuh lmyup~h yh mspzpotz p plmzh oh ypsuv
35 Optpzx Zmmj vzimsojh pxvupzh, m jtmyzv lh sphz tvuhx}h vz jshyz zh lh uhouh-
hjh p ytmu wxhjpzmsyzjhzh, lmjmzuhqymzvthq~p uh wxhrzprh t{ xhopyzpsp wz j zvjh vzuv-

mupm p lvxp t{ lhsp jotvnuvyz lh xrvjvlp z}uhzh wvspzprh. Mn. -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wv-
tmup, y. 97.
36 Mn. wyp}vsvkpmyrp wvxzxmz uh Lvxpy III {: #6G@6AD8, #DCMD. ahx Lvxpy III. Zvouh-
zpz p umwvouhzpz. \., Kkhzv, 2001.

37 )6L6FD8, )DCGH6CH>C. 60 kvlpup npjuh…, 452–455, 489–490, 493; -;N;8, #>B>HOF.
\wvtmup, 266–270, 273–294. Uhrzv pozrjhz zmop hjzvxp, {wxhjsmupmzv y puvjup~p m pyzv
hltpupyzxpxhum, h um wvspzprh y plmp p uvymum uh yviyzjmuh wvspzpmyrh vzkvjvxuvyz, rvmzv
m vyvimuv whk{iuv j ylivjup pyzvxpmyrp tvtmuzp. Zmmj xhojpjh p j zmvxmzpmu jpl yjvp-
zm tpysp wv imowhxzpquvzv {wxhjsmupm.
38 /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh uvjh Lskhxp…, 568–569.
jvlhmyzjv, uv zmtwmxpxhup vz zxhlp~pvuup smkpzptuvyzp, poikjhumzv lh

ym |vxtpxhz uvjp mspzp p lh ym jjmnlhz uvjvyzp j lprzhz{xhzh, wvw{-
spotz, uhq-ymzum – yzxmtmnz rt prvuvtpmyrv xhojpzpm p tvlmxupoh-
~p (ywvlmsu p vz lx{kpzm ljm rhzmkvxpp p lvxp uhq-ypsmu wxp |hpoth).
Suzmxmyuh z{r m xhosprhzh y xhlprhsuhzh lmyup~h, rvzv powxvijh wv-uvjp
p xhlprhsup |vxtp uh hjzvxpzhxpot, kvzvjh m lh vzplm wv-lhsmm jj
|vxtpxhumzv uh uvjp mspzp p jjmnlhum uh uvjvyzp j lprzhz{xhzh (uv um
rvsrvzv |hpoth), zxyp wxpjxnmup~p yxml {yzhuvjmup mspz p puyzpz{-
~ppzm p myzv powvsojh jvmuupzm (thrhx m rvuymxjhzpjuhzh lmyup~h tvnm
lh xhopzh uh z} lvxp wvjmm), yv ym yzxmtp rt tvlmxupoh~p, wvu-
rvkh yzhjh rvxwvxhzpyzrh. [hlprhsuh lmyup~h j iskhxyrp jhxphuz ipsp
lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm p zm}upzm jpnlhup p lmqyzjp.39
M mluv zmxtpuvsvkpuv {zvumupm uh }hxhrzmxh uh {yzhuvjmup vz ~hx
xmnpt Xprvshq Zvwwmzxvj uhiskh jx}{ puyzpz{~pvuup tvtmuz – tv-
uhx}pmyrp hjzvxpzhxmu xmnpt jtmyzv spuh tvuhx}pmyrh lprzhz{xh (lv-
rvsrvzv tvuhx}z nmshms lh vyzhum j yurh).40 \wvxml yp hjzvx tvuhx-
}pmyrpz hjzvxpzhxpot wxp yjvzh jvmuuvjxmtmuuh zxhuy|vxth~p ips
wvlsvnmu uh pojmyzuh |hpoh~p p umkvjhzh plmvsvkp wxplvipsh „zvzh-
spzhxmu wxpjr{y“: ohlsnpzmsuv vxkhupopxhum uh tshlmnzh,41 huzpymtpz-
yrp ohrvu,42 plmvsvkpmyrhzh Opxmr~p uh uh~pvuhsuhzh wxvwhkhulh, vwp-
zp oh pokxhnlhum uh lxnhjuh whxzp ysml ytxz zh uh ~hx. Yihm, oh lh m
uhsp~m |hpot (p zvzhspzhxpot), um lvyzpkhz xml umh, vyvimuv vi}jh-
hp vimyzjvzv ohlsnpzmsup yysvjuv-wxv|mypvuhsup, tshlmnrp p
lx{kp vxkhupoh~pp (p zv jwxmrp urvp zvzhspzhxup ptw{syp, vyzhuhsp wv-
svjpuhzp psp povyzhjmup), tvipspopxhum yxm{ jxhk, ypsuh xmwxmypjuvyz
p wvzpyrhum uh plmqup p vxkhupoh~pvuup ws{xhspot p wx. Yzyyzjh p
thyvjh vwvxh uh xmnpth jj jpl uh whxzp psp ljpnmupm. Rh xhosprh vz |h-
39 Payne, Stanley. Fascism. Comparison and Definition. Madison, Wisconsin, The University
of Wisconsin Press, 1980, 14–21 (oh „zxpzm sp~h“ uh hjzvxpzhxpoth), 119–121 (ywm~phsuv oh
Lhsrhupzm), 202–203 (oh rvuymxjhzpjup psp ixvrxhzpuv-uh~pvuhspyzpup hjzvxpzhxup
xmnptp). Mn. p Payne, Stanley. History of Fascism…, 326–327. Kjzvxz ym ywpxh ywm~phsuv uh
iskhxyrp ys{hq: wxmjxhzz vz 19 thq m vwpyhu rhzv lyuvxhlprhsmu, h xmnptz uh Lvxpy
III – rhzv {tmxmuh lyuh hjzvxpzhxuh ypyzmth wvl rvxvuhzh; zvop zpw xmnptp poviv ips }h-
xhrzmxmu oh Lhsrhupzm wxmo 30-zm kvlpup.
40
-DEE;HFD8, ,>@DA6?. Kjzvxpzhxpot – |hpot…, y. 47. \v „tvuhx}pmyrh hjzv-
xpzhxuh lprzhz{xh“ m vwxmlmsmupmzv {: +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Wvuhx}pzh p lprzhz{xhzh…,
y. 282.
41
Rhrvu oh vxkhupopxhum uh iskhxyrhzh tshlmn vz 25 u{hxp 1941, rvqzv ~msp yolhjh-
um uh thyvjh vxkhupoh~p p plmvsvkpmyrv jowpzhupm uh iskhxyrhzh tshlmn j sp~mzv uh vx-
khupoh~pzh „Lxhuupr“.
42
Rhrvu oh ohpzh uh uh~pzh vz 23 u{hxp 1941 k., wvlshkh mjxmpzm uh wvspzpmyrh p
wxhjuh lpyrxptpuh~p.
pyzrpzm p zvzhspzhxupzm wvspzpmyrp ypyzmtp vzsppzmsuh }hxhrzmxpy-

zprh uh xmnpth m zrtv imowhxzpquvyzzh. Xth p |xmx p yvzjmzuh rvu-
~mw~p oh jvlhmyzjv – ~hxz um m |xmx p smkpzptuvyz zh t{ m vzhyzp
zxhlp~pvuuh (h um pojmlmuh po~sv vz „uhxvluhzh viuvyz“). Xhq-ymzum,
pokxhnlhumzv uh |hpyzrp psp poviv zvzhspzhxmu xmnpt, lvxp hrv pth
wvlviup uhtmxmup, ip ipsv ywuhzv vz zjxlm xhospup rvuzmryz uh um-
xhojpzvyz { uhy p yvzjmzupzm uhkshyp – whzxphx}hsmu ymsyrp rvuymxjhzp-
ot p umlvyzhzuh wvspzpmyrh tvipspoh~p (um uh wvysmluv tyzv, wv-
xhlp yship zm}upmyrp yxmlyzjh oh wxvwhkhulh – xhlpvzv mljh uhjspohsv),
spwyhzh uh vxkhupoh~pvuuh lpy~pwspuh p ypsup spup htip~pp, vjshlmsp
p puhm yzmkuhzp X\O.43
Zvl mkplhzh uh ~hx, z. m. wxp uhouhhjhup vz umkv rhipumzp vz umwhx-
zpqup sp~h („~hxyrp rhipumzp“), xmnptz wxvlsnhjh jo}vlhzh spup
uh lxnhjuh uhtmyh p xmk{sh~p uh vimyzjmup p yzvwhuyrp npjvz wvl
ouhrh uh mlpu tmuplnxyrv-ixvrxhzpmu (zm}uvrxhzyrp) rvu~mwz oh prv-
uvtpmyrv xhojpzpm.44 Zxp zvjh ym yzpkh lv ouhpzmsuh xmkshtmuzh~p uh
yzvwhuyzjvzv p wv-m|mrzpjuv xmk{spxhum uh vzuvmupzh tmnl{ zx{lh p
rhwpzhsh. Zxmo 1936 k. ips wxpmz uvj ohrvu oh pul{yzxpzh, rvqzv v|p~p-
hsuv vztmups vishkpzm oh uhyxhjhuhzh wxvtpsmuvyz (thrhx |hrzpmy-
rpz m|mrz lh m ywvxmu) p yzvs po~sv wvl ouhrh uh xmkshtmuzh~pzh. Ox-
nhjhzh wszuv rvuzxvspxhsh jhs{zhzh p juuhzh zxkvjp. \ jpyvrp zmt-
wvjm ym xhopxpsp wzuhzh p nmsmovwzuhzh txmnh. Oxnhjuhzh hltpupy-
zxh~p uhq-ymzum ym yzhipspopxhsh p umquhzh rvtwmzmuzuvyz ym wvjppsh.
^ypsmuv ym tvlmxupopxhsh hxtpzh, oh rvzv ipsp vzw{yrhup kvsmtp rxm-
lpzp. Myprv zvjh ym pojxjh j {ysvjp uh prvuvtpmyrp wvlmt uh yzxh-
uhzh vz 1935 k. uhzhzr (umjpnlhu vz wxjvzv lmymzpsmzpm uh `` j.). Mw-
xvyz, lvrvsrv zvop wvlmt ips pul{~pxhu vz lmqyzjpzh uh wxhjpzmsyzjh-
zh p – vm wv-mrvzspjv rhohuv – lhsp j iskhxyrpzm {ysvjp lmtvrxhzp-
43
38;H@D8, -A6B;C, ,>@DA6? -DEE;HFD8. Ut zpwvsvkpzh uh wvspzpmyrvzv…, y. 71,
76–77. Ym wxmo 1977 k. Mshlptpx Wpkmj vzimsojh xmlp~h imsmop, vzsphjhp pokxhlmuhzh
j Lskhxp ypyzmth vz „rshypmyrp |hpot“ (p jvlmp lv „vkxhupmuvyz uh |hpoh~p-
zh“), h ptmuuv: wxmvishlhjhhzh xvs p ouhmupmzv uh tvuhx}pmyrp puyzpz{z, ohwhojhumzv
uh xplpmyrp |{ulhtmuz uh yzhxhzh i{xnvhouh lxnhjh (yv ]xuvjyrhzh rvuyzpz{~p) p
uh zxhlp~ppzm uh whxzpquvwvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth, spwyhzh uh yviyzjmuh wvspzpmyrh vwvxh
(tvuvwhxzp psp ljpnmupm) p vz z{r rhopvuuvyzzh, ihjuhzh p wvsvjpuhzh zxhuy|vxth~p uh
lxnhjup hwhxhz, yv uh wxv|mypvuhsupzm vxkhupoh~pp. Mn. +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. ^zjxnlh-
jhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh…, 178–180. Mn. uhwvysmlr p +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Wvuhx}pzh p
lprzhz{xhzh…, y. 282. Uhrzv pozrjh zvop hjzvx, j lxmiuvyviyzjmupmyrh ymsyrh Lskhxp u-
thsv {ysvjp oh |hpyzrh lprzhz{xh; yhtv uhsppmzv uh uhypspm, p zv vz ljmzm yzxhup, um lv-
rhojh |hpot. K puhm y wvyzpkuhzvzv vimlpumupm p spuvzv yp wvjmlmupm, lvixm powvsojh-
up wxvwhkhuluv, ~hxz ips wvw{sxmu j pxvrp vimyzjmup yxmlp.
44 Soxhoz m vz Janos, Andrew. The One-Party State…, 212–213.
myrp psp hjzvxpzhxup wxhjpzmsyzjh yh pthsp wv-kvst prvuvtpmyrp

{ywm}, um tvnm lh wvs{p vzkvjvx, wvumnm z{r lmqyzjhsp tvup yjmzvjup
prvuvtpmyrp zmulmu~pp. Rh ytmzrh uh zvjh m yuv, m jvquhzh zshyrhsh
rt {yzhuvjjhum uh vm wv-wsmu lxnhjmu rvuzxvs p lpxpnpxhuh prv-
uvtprh, jrspzmsuv xmk{spxhum uh ~mupzm p rvuzxvs jx}{ wxvlvjvsyz-
jpmzv. Xv z{r jmm lmqyzjhsp lx{kp wxpu{lp p ~msp, wvlpujhp prvuv-
tprhzh uh ymim yp.
Zxp huhspoh uh xmnpth jwmhzsmupm wxhjz urvsrv tvtmuzh. Xhq-uhw-
xml wxvlsnpzmsuvzv ohpkxhjhum uh Lvxpy III y wvspzpmyrpzm jvlhp uh
whxzppzm. Xh wxhrzprh ym zvsmxpxhsh vkxhupmuh wvspzpmyrh lmquvyz (wvl
uhislmupm) j xhoxmo yy ohrvuh wxvzpj whxzppzm. Soksmnlh, tvuhx}z
pths ytumup wv vzuvmupm uh jowxpmzp imowhxzpmu, puvjupmyrp tv-
lms uh {wxhjsmupm p jj jymrp ys{hq wxmljpnlhs xmomxjup jhxphuzp. Yz-
uhhsv zvq lhjhs hjhuyp uh ahurvjvzv ljpnmupm (smuvjm uh rvmzv {hyz-
jhsp j wv-xhuupzm rhipumzp), uv kshjuv oh lh rvuzxpxh vyzhuhspzm. Uvkhzv
hwmzpzpzm uh ahurvjvzv ljpnmupm oh jshyz zh uhxhyuhsp, zv ipsv vzyzxhum-
uv (p ohwvuhs umkvjpz {whlr). Xh rxhquvsmjp rxhq ipsp rvt{upyzpzm,
yzhuhsp wv-m|mrzpjup j wxvwhkhulhzh ysml jowxpmthumzv uh zhrzprhzh uh
mlpuupzm huzp|hpyzrp |xvuzvjm, rvpzv ym „{xhjuvjmyjhsp“ vz ahurvjv-
zv ljpnmupm vzlyuv. Yz jxmtm uh jxmtm poipxhzmsuv ym wxmlwxpmthsp
{lhxp wxvzpj urvp whxzpp, uhwxptmx xhoz{xjhumzv uh hrzpjpopxhsp ym
lmyup |vxth~pp. Xv puhm ipsh zvsmxpxhuh vkxhupmuh whxzpquh lmquvyz
p lvxp |vxtpxhumzv uh vwvop~pvuup ~muzxvjm, z. uhx. Zmzvxrh vrvsv
LRX\ „Mxhih 1“ p vrvsv Omtvrxhzpmyrhzh whxzp, rvzv pososh y pyrh-
up oh joyzhuvjjhum uh ]xuvjyrhzh rvuyzpz{~p, z. m. uh whxshtmuzhxuh-
zh ypyzmth p yjvivlhzh oh ylx{nhjhum (uh rvzv ym vyuvjhjhz whxzppzm).
M rxhquh ytmzrh ~hxz ym vxpmuzpxhs rt vkxhupmup poivxp, uv uh um-
kvjp {ysvjp p uh wxpu~pwh uh „imowhxzpquvyzzh“.45 K zmop {ysvjp ipsp
jotvnuv uhq-yzmyujhp oh whxzppzm: wvyzhjum uh mluvspup rhulplh-
z{xp (um rhzv wxmlyzhjpzmsp uh whxzpp), ywjhum uh lmquvyz zh uh vwvop-
~pzh, zxprvjm y poipxhzmsupzm rvsmkpp; powvsojhum uh hltpupyzxhzpjuhzh
thpuh y wsuh ypsh j wvlrxmwh uh wxhjpzmsyzjmupzm rhulplhzp. Suzmxm-
yuv m, m ymkh oh wxjp wz nmupzm wvs{psp wxhjvzv lh kshy{jhz.46 Xhq-
45 Mn. wv-wvlxviuv +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. _vxtpxhum uh rvu~mw~pzh oh whxshtmuzhxup tv-
lms uh iskhxyrhzh tvuhx}v|hpyzrh lxnhjh (1937–1938 k.). – Mj: Yimyzjmuv-wvspzpm-

yrpz npjvz uh Lskhxp, 1878–1944. (Soysmljhup wv iskhxyrh pyzvxp, z. 10.) \., LKX,
1990, 289–326. Uhrzv wvyvjh hjzvxz, wvlvimu imowhxzpmu xmnpt wv zvjh jxmtm pthsv yhtv
j Vhzjp; j [{tup p fkvyshjp lprzhz{xpzm pthsp lxnhjup whxzpp.
46
Zxp vipuyrpzm poivxp vz 1937 k. – yhtv thqrpzm yy ohrvumu ixhr; wxp whxshtmuzhx-
upzm poivxp vz 1938 k. – nmup, rvpzv pthz psp yh pthsp ohrvumu ixhr (z. m. vtnmup, xhojmlm-
up psp jlvjp~p).
uhwxml ym mrywmxptmuzpxhsv y tmyzup poivxp (thxz 1937 k.), ohjxpsp y

rxh} oh vwvop~pzh, h wvysm p y vip whxshtmuzhxup poivxp (thxz 1938 k.).
M zhrh poixhuvzv Xhxvluv yixhupm jsmosp ouhpzmsmu ixvq wxmlyzhjpzm-
sp uh vwvop~pzh, rhzv wvzp jyprp lmw{zhzp wxpuhlsmnhsp (wxmlp zvjh)
rt wvspzpmyrp whxzpp. Xhxvluvzv yixhupm smkhspopxhsv ~hxyrp xm-
npt, rhzv vlvixpsv polhlmupzm ysml 19 thq 1934 k. uhxmlip-ohrvup. So-
wsupzmsuhzh jshyz vihm um vzlhjhsh kvstv ouhmupm uh whxshtmuzh. Su-
zmxmyuvzv m, m p zhrh zvq xhojps pojmyzuh yhtvyzvquvyz (lvxp wxhjpzms-
yzjmupzm lmw{zhzp um ym vrhojhz vyvimuv wvrvxup), rhzv {yws lh ishtpxh
rhipumzh wv urvp jwxvyp, h ~hxz ym yvixhojhs y jvszh t{ oh vyzhjrh
uh tpupyzxp. Xhljpyuhshzh jvquh ym vzxhopsh umkhzpjuv jx}{ zvr{-v
joyzhuvjmup whxshtmuzhxpot. Xhzpyrz oh poipxhum uh wxhjpzmsyzjmup
rhulplhzp p wxmysmljhupzh uh vwvop~pzh ym ohypspsp, lmquvyz zh uh whx-
shtmuzh ym vimosppsh p j uvjpzm {ysvjp powsupzmsuhzh jshyz uhtmxpsh
vwxhjlhup oh vm wv-rhzmkvxpuv wxmjo}vlyzjv uhl ohrvuvlhzmsuhzh.
Xhq-viv poksmnlh, m Lvxpy III m {jyzjhs umvi}vlptvyz vz urhrjh
vwvxh p smkpzptpxhum uh {wxhjsmupmzv p xmo wvspzpmyrp ypsp. Yzz{r oh-
pkxhjhumzv y wvspzpmyrpzm ypsp p jjmnlhumzv uh vkxhupmu whxshtmuzh-
xpot. \ zvjh yh yjxohup p urvsrv vwpzh oh yolhjhum uh vimyzjmuh yp-
sh uh xmnpth, rvpzv vihm yh povyzhjmup. (M zvjh vzuvmupm Lskhxp ym
xhosphjh vz fkvyshjp p [{tup, rlmzv hjzvxpzhxupzm xmnptp uh Wp-
shu \zvlpuvjp p Uhxvs II yp yolhsp whxzpquh vwvxh, lx{k m jwxvyz, y
rhrj {ywm}.47) Soxhivzjhz ym p tvlmsp uh uvjh rvuyzpz{~p, yvzjmzyzjh-
h uh ~hxyrpzm jpnlhup oh {wxhjsmupmzv, uv wvxhlp xmhr~pzh uh whxzpp-
zm (p wxmjxhumzv uh ]xuvjyrhzh rvuyzpz{~p j lmqyzjmu svo{uk) plm-
zh vzwhluhsh. M rxhquh ytmzrh ym vrhohsv wv-lvixm tshspjv lh ym pkuv-
xpxh ]xuvjyrhzh rvuyzpz{~p, vzrvsrvzv lh ym jjmnlh uvjh. Soviv xm-
nptz ips j wvyzvuuh mjvs~p p yht pozrjhs yjvzh „jxmtmuuvyz“ p
„wxm}vluvyz“; ymyzj{jhsh rvur{xmu~p tmnl{ whxzpmu p imowhxzpmu jh-
xphuz uh {wxhjsmupm p mrywmxptmuzpxhum y imowhxzpmu whxshtmuz. Slmq-
upz p lvxp wvspzpmyrpz ws{xhspot ym ohwhopsp j xhoup |vxtp (uhsp-
pm uh vwvop~pvuup kx{wp j whxshtmuzh p poju umkv), thrhx p j tuvkv
vxohu jpl, lv yhtp rxhq. Mwxvyz, rhrjh ip ipsh mjvs~pzh uh xmnpth,
hrv um imm jvquhzh, p lhsp mm lh pth jxhum rt yjvivlmu whxshtmu-
zhxpot p joyzhuvjjhum uh whxzppzm, m puzmxmymu, uv wv umvi}vlptvyz
47
Mn. Janos, Andrew. The One-Party State… Uhrzv pozrjh hjzvxz, ixvrxhzpuhzh plm
oh thyvjh tvipspoh~p vrvsv {yzhuvjmup xml p umkvjpzm puzmxmyp p yvsplhxuvyzp wxmzxw-
jh |phyrv; lhsmm wv-{ywmuv m tvipspopxhumzv uh thypzm vz xmjvs~pvuup whxzpp (thx-
rypmyrp, ymsyrp, |hpyzrp) y zm}upzm yup ~msp, jxhk, }psphyzpuh wmxywmrzpjh p yolhjhh
yvsplhxuvyz p plmuzpuvyz plmvsvkp.
vyzhjh j y|mxhzh uh lvkhlrpzm.48 Mwxvmt zvjh m jwxvy um yhtv uh jzxm-

uv xhojpzpm, h yzvp j ohjpyptvyz p vz tmnl{uhxvluhzh ypz{h~p, zhrh yps-
uv jspmh uh wvspzprhzh uh thsrp yzxhup rhzv Lskhxp.
dv ym vzuhy lv vxpmuzh~pzh uh yzxhuhzh rt Nmxthup jj Mzvxhzh
yjmzvjuh jvquh, yjplmzmsyzjhzh wvrhojhz, m zvjh ipsv jwxvy um uh lvixv-
jvsuv poixhuh wvspzprh, vm wv-thsrv wvysmlp~h vz ypsuhzh prvuvtpm-
yrh vijxohuvyz, h uh wxpu{lh vz mluh wxmjo}vnlhh juuh jvmuuvwv-
spzpmyrh ypsh. \htpz Lvxpy III um ips kmxthuv|ps, h uh |hpoth ips
lsivrv {nl p y rxhquh umv}vzh (ysml lskv vzshkhum) ym wvlpups uh
|vxythnvxupzm viyzvzmsyzjh, oh lh poimkum vr{wh~p, thxpvumzmu xmnpt
p uhtmyh jj jvquhzh.49 K puhm m yuv, m – rhrzv p j wxml}vluhzh jvquh –
vijxojhumzv y mluh xmjhupyzrh ypsh wv-lvixm yvzjmzyzjhsv uh uh~pv-
uhsup puzmxmy, vzrvsrvzv vijxojhumzv yy ohwhlupzm, lxnhp ym lpy-
zhu~pxhuv ypsp. Xhq-uhwxml ipsh jojxuhzh (wv tpxmu uhpu) Ovix{lnh;
wvysmljhsp wxpymlpujhumzv uh Mhxlhxyrh Whrmlvup p Rhwhluh ]xhrp
p wvxmluhzh psop oh vymyzjjhum uh uh~pvuhsup plmhs wxp „~hx
vimlpupzms“. Mspohumzv jj jvquhzh uh yzxhuhzh uh }pzsmxpyzrp isvr um-
poimnuv {ypspsv |hpoh~pzh uh xmnpth p jzjxlpsv tmxrpzm yxm{ um-
kvjpzm wxvzpjup~p, vyvimuv yxm{ wvmspzm wz uh whxzpohuyrh ivxih rv-
t{upyzp. ]hrh jvquhzh, rvzv j yjmzvjmu thhi ym jvlmsh yxm{ lvtvkjh-
upzh uh uh~pvuhsyv~phspoth lv yjmzvjuv kvywvlyzjv, { uhy wvs{hjh lv-
wsupzmsuv uh~pvuhsuv ouhmupm, h yv ouhmupm uh „kxhnlhuyrh jvquh“,
xholmspsh vimyzjvzv p wvspzpmyrpzm ypsp.
U[S]SUK XK VSLP[KVSRWK. KM]Y[S]K[XS

S _KcS\]US SOPS
Uxhz uh 20-zm p 30-zm kvlpup uh `` j. m jxmtm uh ypsup rxpzprp yxm{

spimxhspoth p whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p j ~sh Pjxvwh. „Ophkuvohzh uh
48 \wvxml Xprvshq Z. Xprvshmj, tpupyzx uh uhxvluvzv wxvyjmmupm wxmo 1936–1938 k.
p uh jzxmupzm xhivzp wxmo 1938 k., Lvxpy III um viphs xvszh uh „lprzhzvx“ p nmshms lh
joyzhuvjp whxshtmuzhxuvlmtvrxhzpup xmnpt p zhrh lh ywvlmsp vzkvjvxuvyz zh uh {wxhjsm-
upmzv y wv-pxvrp vimyzjmup ypsp. Rhzjxnlhjhumzv uh imowhxzpquvzv {wxhjsmupm (zjxlv
wvl lxnhuh vz Nmvxkp Uvympjhuvj spup) ym uhsvnpsv vz juupzm {ysvjp uh jvmuuh ohw-
sh}h. Mn. ,>@DA6;8, ,>@DA6?. _xhktmuzp vz tmtvhxp…, 145–151.
49
Mn. wv zvop jwxvy xhuuhzh p ypsuv xmjpopvupyzpuh xhivzh uh ";CM;8, ,>@DA6?. Mu-
uhzh wvspzprh uh Lskhxp wxmo uhhsup wmxpvl uh Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh (1939–1941). –
Nvlpupr uh \v|pqyrp {upjmxypzmz. _psvyv|yrv-pyzvxpmyrp |hr{szmz, z. 63, 1970, I 3;
1971, 301–441. Mn. p jwmhzsmupzh uh -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wvtmup, 184–201. M mlpu xhokvjvx
~hxz rhohs: „Xhhzh ~ms zxijh lh ilm rvxtpsvzv lh m j uhp x~m.“
jxmtmzv“ wvjymtmyzuv kshyp: rxpoh uh lmtvrxh~pzh (whxshtmuzhxpoth,

whxzppzm). Zxvtuhzh uh wvspzpmyrp rspthz vz spimxhspot p lmtvrxh-
~p rt hjzvxpzhxpot, jwszmuh j uvjp xmnptp uh {wxhjsmupm, m y}jhuh-
zh lvixm vz yjxmtmuup~pzm, rhrzv j ysmluvzv porhojhum uh xpyzh Viv-
tpx Mshlprpu, yht yzhuhs hltpxhzvx uh |hpoth p uh~pvuhsyv~phspoth:
\sml yjmzvjuhzh jvquh lmtvrxh~pzh xrv wvrhoh yjvpzm umlop. Nshj-

uv ohzvjh, ohvzv uhspupzm {wxhjsmup vzyzwp}h vz ohjmzpzm uh py-
zpuyrhzh lmtvrxh~p. ]vjh um ouhp, m z m vzxmmuh p m vjmmyzjv-
zv uth vzuvjv lh ym jojxum rt um rhzv vzuvypzmsuv uhq-lvixh
|vxth uh {wxhjsmupm, uv jxhzh j umquvzv jymypspm p umwvkxmptvyz
m jmm xhorshzmuh. […] Wvup mjxvwmqyrp lxnhjp ym wxm{yzxvp}h
jx}{ uvjp uhhsh, polpkuh}h ym uh~pvuhsuv p yolhlv}h yishoupzm-
smu wxptmx. S hrv m wvojvsmuv lh vwxvyzvzjvxjhtm xhivzpzm, ip}tm
rhohsp: zvkhjh tvlhzh im uhxvlvjshyzpm p spimxhspot, ymkh tvlhzh m
hjzvxpzhxuvyz p rvsmrzpjpot.50
M wvimlmuh, vimlush p {upomuh Lskhxp rxpohzh m wvjmm vz xmhsuh, h

{ymhumzv oh rxpopyuvyz – porspzmsuv ypsuv.51 Rh uhyzxvmupzh wxvzpj
spimxhsuhzh lmtvrxh~p z{r pth p lvwsupzmsup hxk{tmuzp, yjxohup y vi-
sprh uh whxzppzm p porxpjmuvzv wxpshkhum uh whxshtmuzhxpoth. Zhxzppzm
vyuvjhzmsuv yh rxpzpr{jhup oh z}uhzh whxzpohupuh, lxmiuhjh rvzmxpq-
uvyz, wxmysmljhum uh thzmxphsup vishkp vz jshyzzh, imoplmquvyz p umywv-
yviuvyz lh vzkvjvxz uh wvzxmiuvyzpzm uh jxmtmzv, h whxshtmuzhxpotz ym
xhovisphjh rhzv |hspj.52 Rj{p p tvzpjz oh „potuh“ uh puzmspkmu~pzh.
Ohsp p lvrvsrv wvspzpmyrpz tvlms lmqyzjpzmsuv m j rxpoh, m imo ouhmupm;
kshjuvzv m {ymhumzv oh rxpopyuvyz, h zv ipsv pxvrv xhowxvyzxhumuv p
wvl}xhujhsv hjzvxpzhxup zxymup. ]m jhxpxhz vz xm|vxtpxhum uh ymyz-
j{jhp xml lv ohtuhzh t{ yy yjymt xhospmu; myzmyzjmuv m vksmnlhumzv
oh tvlms lx{khlm, vyvimuv rt mrywmxptmuzpxhpzm y uvj wvspzpmyrp xml
yzxhup vz amuzxhsuh Pjxvwh (h oh rvt{upyzpzm – rt ivsmjprh [{yp).
Vpimxhspotz ips j vzyzwsmupm p rhzv prvuvtpmyrh lvrzxpuh uh um-
uhtmyh uh lxnhjhzh j yzvwhuyrpzm p yv~phsupzm vzuvmup. Zv jxmtm uh
50 !A6:>@>C, *Q7DB>F. Syzvxp uh ]xuvjyrhzh…, y. 219.
51
\ouhupmzv oh rxpoh ysml jvqupzm, ~muuvyzuhzh wxmvxpmuzh~p p urvp mympyzpup zm-
thzpopxhup uh uvjvzv {ymhum yh wxmltmz uh poysmljhumzv uh $A;C@D8, '86C. [vluv p
lyuv…, 30–165.
52 Xhwxptmx jn. )>C@;A, '86C. Zxvismtz oh rxpohzh j whxshtmuzhxuv-lmtvrxhzpup p
spimxhsmu xmnpt j uhm jxmtm. – Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 9, 1934, I 3,

193–216; );ED8, '86C. Xhhzh lmqyzjpzmsuvyz. Zsvjlpj, 1927; A;@G>;8, #. Uxpoh j whxsh-
tmuzh p whxshtmuzhxpoth. – Omtvrxhzpmyrp wxmksml, 17, 1924, I 6, 461–476; #<>:FD8, -;-
HOF. Omtvrxh~p p |hpot. \., 1933, vyvi. y. 30, 40, 43–44; Zxvtuh uh {wxhjpzmsuhzh…,
222–227.
Zxjhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh lxnhjhzh (uhjyrlm) puzmxjmupxh ypsuv j yzv-

whuyzjvzv p yv~phsupzm vzuvmup. ]hop zmulmu~p ym ohwhojh p wxmo ysml-
jvmuup wmxpvl. Zxp zvjh yzvwhuyrpzm p yv~phsupzm |{ur~pp uh lxnhjh-
zh ym xhoipxhz xhospuv pxvrv – xmk{sh~p p xmkshtmuzh~p, rvuzxvs,
lxnhjuv {hyzpm, wshupxhum, yv~phsuh wvspzprh (uhhsv uh „yv~phsuh
lxnhjh“) lv lhsmm vzpjhvzv p zjxlm umyuv „yv~phspopxhum“. Zv-wvl-
xviuv uh mzhzpyzrpzm zmulmu~pp ym ywpxhtm wxp xhoksmnlhumzv uh prvuv-
tprhzh p yv~phsuhzh wxvismthzprh. ]{r tvnm yhtv lh ym vzimsmnp, m hj-
zvxpzhxupzm {wxhjsmup um yh ohlsnpzmsuv yzvwhuyrp puzmxjmu~pvupyz-
rp p mzhzpyzrp p vixhzuv, mzhzpotz tvnm lh ym wxhrzpr{jh vz lmtvrxhzp-
up wxhjpzmsyzjh (rhzv zvjh uh Xhxvlup isvr).
Whrhx xmmupzh j tmnl{jvmuuvzv jxmtm lh ym zxymsp, viv jomzv,
wv wvyvrh uh ohypsjhum uh jshyz zh p lxnhjuvyzzh, um jyprp plmp yh hj-
zvxpzhxup p vzxphp wxmlyzhjpzmsuhzh lmtvrxh~p. Sth xhospup rvu-
~mw~pp oh {wxhjsmupm p rvtipuh~pp tmnl{ z}: yzxmtmn rt wvjphjhum
uh „rvtwmzmuzuvyzzh“ (xmo rvlp|prh~pvumu yjmz, yzvwhuyrp yjmz, yjm-
hzmsup vxkhup p rvtpypp, lvwpzjhum lv mrywmxzup sp~h); jrhxjhum uh u-
rhrjh lvoh „rvxwvxhzpot“ j {wxhjsmuyrhzh ypyzmth (uhwxptmx whxzuvx-
yzjv p {hyzpm jj jshyz zh uh wxv|mypvuhsup rvxwvxh~pp p wxv|yop, uh
zm}up wxmlyzhjpzmsp j whxshtmuzh p wx.); ypsuv imowhxzpquv {wxhjsmupm
vz ywvyviup mspzp y poipxhu wv xhoup uhpup whxshtmuz, mjmuz{hsuv imo
{hyzpm uh whxzpp; uhq-ymzum – hjzvxpzhxmu jhxphuz uh {wxhjsmupm imo
whxshtmuz. Zxp zvjh ym mxzhz xhospup yvzuvmup uh ypspzm tmnl{
tvuhx} p wxhjpzmsyzjv, wxhjpzmsyzjv p whxshtmuz (vzyshijhum uh xvszh
uh whxshtmuzh), whxshtmuz p xhoup wxv|mypvuhsup psp rvuy{szhzpjup pu-
yzhu~pp p wx. Xrvsrv wxptmxh psyzxpxhz vi}jhzh uh zxymupzh.
Sojmyzupz xpyz (p smu uh \kvjvxh) Zmzrv \zhquvj xhojpjh yjvzh
rvu~mw~p oh „rvtwmzmuzuh jshyz“, imo lh uhw{yrh wvjhzh uh whxshtmuzhxpo-
th p imo lh vzxph whxzppzm. Uhzv yxmlyzjh oh wv-rvtwmzmuzuv p wxv|mypv-
uhsuv {wxhjsmupm p oh lh ym wvjpp m|mrzpjuvyzzh uh xhivzhzh uh whxsh-
tmuzh, zvq wxmlshkh yolhjhumzv uh umv rhzv wvspzpmyrh jzvxh rhthxh (psp
lxnhjmu yjmz) vz jmp j ohrvuvlhzmsuvzv lmsv sp~h (p wxmlyzhjpzmsp uh
{upjmxypzmzh, l{}vjmuyzjvzv, uh zxkvjyrp, pul{yzxphsup p omtmlmsyrp
rhthxp). Ssp wr vzlmsuh rvuy{szhzpjuh rhthxh y wxv|mypvuhsuv wxmlyzhjp-
zmsyzjv (uh wxv|mypvuhsup vxkhupoh~pp p ypulprhzp), pmzv tumupm lh ilm
poys{jhuv vz whxshtmuzh, uv lh pth p wvspzpmyrv ouhmupm. Zv-uhzhzr:
lh ym pokxhlp umohjpypth p zm}upmyrh wvlkvzjmuh ixvrxh~p j tpupyzmx-
yzjhzh, umohjpypt vz wvspzpmyrp ytmup kshjmu ymrxmzhx – „zm}upr“, p mr-
ywmxzp. Uhzv ~sv zvq vyzhjh wxp {imnlmupmzv, m lmtvrxh~pzh m uhq-kj-
rhjh p uhq-wxpkvluh p wxmth}jhumzv J um m nmshzmsuv, lvxp hrv j urvp lx-

nhjp wvrhojh kvsmtp lm|mrzp p lvxp hrv wvurvkh wxprxpjh lprzhz{xp.53
Yyvimuv puzmxmyuh p ivkhzv lvr{tmuzpxhuh m plmquhzh mjvs~p uh yv-
~phslmtvrxhzh Zmzx Onplxvj. M wvxmlp~h vz yzhzpp j xmlhrzpxhuvzv vz
umkv ywpyhupm „Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh“ p j vzlmsup ixv-
{xp zvq ym vwpzjh lh vivyuvjm plmzh oh ypsuh imowhxzpquh (psp uhlwhx-
zpquh) jshyz p umwhxzpmu whxshtmuzhxpot.54 ]hop jshyz yp wxmlyzhj rhzv
wxhjpzmsyzjv y zjxlh „{wxhjpzmsuh wxvkxhth“ (lumy ip}tm rhohsp „wxvk-
xhtuv wxhjpzmsyzjv“) vz rvtwmzmuzup spuvyzp; wsmlpxh p oh yolhjhum uh
jx}vjmu yzvwhuyrp yjmz y kvsth jshyz j vishyzzh uh yzvwhuyrhzh p yv-
~phsuhzh wvspzprh. Zxp wxvrhxjhumzv uh yjvzh wxvkxhth wxhjpzmsyzjvzv
um ipjh lh m ohjpyptv vz vwhxzpohumupzm whxzpp (ytzhup rhzv kshjuh osp-
uh). Mwxvyz m rhr lh yzhum zvjh p rvq m posp wvlviuv wxhjpzmsyzjv.
Onplxvj wxmlshkh xhoup jhxphuzp, rhzv uhwxptmx wvlrxmwh oh wxvkxhthzh
mluvjxmtmuuv vz urvsrv whxzpp j whxshtmuzh, umwhxzpmu whxshtmuzhxp-
ot (y poivxp uh umwhxzpqup rhulplhzp, kxhnlhup-vimyzjmup~p), vzyshi-
jhum uh whxshtmuzhxup rvuzxvs jx}{ wxhjpzmsyzjvzv, psp wr joshkh
uhlmnlp uh ~hx lh uhouhp (p vmjpluv lh rvuzxvspxh) wvlviuv wxhjpzms-
yzjv. Uhzv wxpouhjh, m plmzh tvnm lh ym porvxpyzp j spmu xmnpt, zvq jym
whr hwmspxh oh umwhxzpquh jshyz rhzv mlpuyzjmuv ywhypzmsuh oh yzxhuhzh,
wxmljpl imoypspmzv p whxzpohuyzjvzv uh whxzppzm; umv wvjmm, yhtv wv
zvop whxhlvryhsmu uhpu – yy ypsuh jshyz – zvq ytzh, m m jotvnuv rvu-
zxpxhumzv uh |hpyzrh psp ivsmjprh lprzhz{xh.55 Myprv zvjh wxpsph
uh rhwpz{sh~p uh ryuhzh yv~phslmtvrxh~p wxml hjzvxpzhxpoth.
53 /H6?CD8, -;H@D. Uvtwmzmuzuvyz p uhxvlvjshyzpm…, vyvi. 48–49, 68–70, 80–89,
134–158.
54 #<>:FD8, -;HOF. Omtvrxh~p p |hpot, 30–56; Zxvtuh uh {wxhjpzmsuhzh…,
228–229, 233–235; So}vl vz lumuvzv wvsvnmupm – Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh,

11, 1936, I 3, 167–204; Zxvismtp j uhp wvspzpmyrp npjvz. – Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~p-
hsuh wvspzprh, 9, 1934, I 2, 85–103; Zxpu~pwp p ohis{nlmup j wvspzprhzh. – Kx}pj oh yzv-
whuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 9, 1934, I 1, 1–14; Xhq-isporhzh ohlhh. – Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p
yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 11, 1936, I 4, 255–266; Zxml kvsmtp wxvismt. – Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p
yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 11, 1936, I 2, 83–92; Lmowhxzpquhzh jshyz p rvuyzpz{~pzh. – Kx}pj oh
yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 9, 1934, I 3, 183–192; Lmowhxzpquhzh jshyz p whxzppzm. –
Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 4, 1928, I 3, 203–224; Kuhspo uh wvsvnmupmzv. –
Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 11, 1936, I 1, 1–13.
55
#<>:FD8, -;HOF. Yyuvjp uh imowhxzpquhzh…; Oxnhjuh jshyz p {wxhjsmupm. – Kx}pj
oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 11, 1936, I 5, 347–359; ^wxhjsmupm p uhxvl. – Kx}pj oh
yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 12, 1937, I 3, 137–147. Vmyuv ip}tm tvksp lh jplpt hjzvxh
rhzv plmvsvk uh wxhjpzmsyzjhzh ysml 19 thq 1934 k. Xv juv xhovhxvjhu, zvq ym lpyzhu~pxh
p vwxhjlhjh (wxmo 1937 k.), m y plmzh oh imowhxzpquh jshyz pyrhs yhtv lh wxmth}um whxzpohu-
puhzh p um yp wxmlyzhjs umv rhzv yzhuhsvzv, m jpuhkp wxmlwvyzhjs xhtrpzm uh ohrvuh p
rvuyzpz{~pvuupzm wxhjh p wx.
M xhospmu ytpys yh wxmlsvnmupzh (vz 1933 k.) uh pojmyzup yv~phs-

xm|vxthzvx p jplmu yv~phslmtvrxhz Ssp gu{svj. ]vq rvuyzhzpxh rvu-
|sprzh tmnl{ lmtvrxh~pzh, vz mluh yzxhuh, p rvtwmzmuzuvyzzh j {wxhjsm-
upmzv, vz lx{kh yzxhuh, rvzv ym popyrjh vz xhojpzpmzv uh uh{rhzh, zm}uprh-
zh p tmnl{uhxvluvzv yzvwhuyzjv p |puhuyp p yolhjh rxpoh uh whxshtmuzh-
xpoth. gu{svj lvixm xhoipxh ospupzm uh whxzppzm { uhy, rvpzv wxmumixmk-
jhz rvtwmzmuzuvyzzh, wvyzhjz rvzmxpqupzm puzmxmyp uhl vimyzjmupzm p
uhuhyz thzmxphsuh jxmlh uh lxnhjhzh p uh yzvwhuyzjvzv. Xv zvop vimy-
zjmupr vyzhjh zjxlv uh wvop~ppzm uh wxmlyzhjpzmsuhzh lmtvrxh~p wxvzpj
jyrh lprzhz{xh, rhzv hwmspxh yhtv oh urvp „rvxmrzpjp uh whxshtmuzhxpo-
th“. Uhzv zhrpjh zvq poixvjh: wvyzhjumzv uh „xmsyp p kxhup~p“ jj jyp-
rp xmyvxp uh lxnhjuvzv {wxhjsmupm, j hyzuvyz jjmnlhum uh ~muo p umy-
tmumtvyz oh ys{nipzm p ohypsjhum uh rvuzxvsupzm lxnhjup puyzpz{~pp,
rhzv ym ohwvum y Mx}vjuhzh ytmzuh whshzh; wvjphjhum uh ouhmupmzv uh
yjmhzmsupzm rvtwmzmuzup zmsh wxp tpupyzmxyzjhzh (jpypzm yjmzp uh
pul{yzxpzh, ohuhzpzm, tpupzm, kvxpzm, omtmlmspmzv, zx{lh, yhupzhxuhzh
ys{nih, yzhzpyzprhzh, {miuvzv lmsv); wxvjmnlhum uh hurmzp vz rvtwmzmuz-
up sp~h wv xhoup jwxvyp, yv whxshtmuzhxup hurmzp vz yjml{p lmw{zh-
zp p jmp sp~h; ohrvuvwxvmrzpzm lh tpuhjhz wxmo ywm~phsuh rvlp|prh~pvu-
uh rvtpyp, oh lh ym poimkuhz wxvzpjvxmp p umyuvzp j ohrvupzm. S kshj-
uv – yolhjhum (wv |xmuyrp vixhom~) uh jpy uh~pvuhsmu yzvwhuyrp yjmz y
lmsmkhzp uh vzlmsupzm yzvwhuyrp yysvjp p uh yzvwhuyrvzv p |puhuyvjvzv
tpupyzmxyzjv, rvqzv lh lhjh tumup wv wxhjpzmsyzjmupzm uhpuhup (imo lh
jomth xmmup, rvmzv vyzhjh ohlhh p vzkvjvxuvyz uh whxshtmuzh).56
Nvstv xhojpzpm p wvw{sxuvyz j rxh uh 20-zm p vyvimuv wxmo 30-zm kv-
lpup uh `` j. wvs{hjhz xrv hjzvxpzhxup, {szxhlmyup plmp p rvu~mw~pp
(z. uhx. uvjh lmyup~h).57 \viyzjmuv |hpotz m yhtv ywm~p|puv, rxhquv
xhojpzpm uh zvop vi hjzvxpzhxmu |vu, h wxm}vlz m wshjmu. ^ xhoup hjzv-
56
5CIAD8, 'A>R. Uvtwmzmuzuvyz p lmtvrxh~p. – fxplpmyrp wxmksml, 34, 1933, I 7–8,
298–302; Mpy yzvwhuyrp yjmz. – \wpyhupm uh Lskhxyrvzv prvuvtpmyrv lx{nmyzjv, 22,
1923–1924, I 4–5, 185–190.
57 ]mryzvjm vz zvop xvl pth tuvkv. Xhwx. +6CD8, !6G>A. ^pspmzv p uvjhzh lxnhjh.
bhyz 1–4. \., Uhohusrh lvspuh, 1935; /HDRCD8, 2F>GHD. Mowpzhupmzv j yjmzspuhzh uh uh-
~pvuhsup plmhs. \., 1935. 0DEI=6CD8, />B;DC. Slmvsvkp, yzxvmn p ohlhp uh Lskhxyrp xh-
ivzupmyrp yo. \., 1937, vyvi. 22–54; !A6?@D8, +6F>C. Mowpzhupmzv j uvjhzh lxnhjh. \.,
1935; D<>CD8, G;C. Xvjhzh lxnhjh p imowhxzpqupz whxshtmuz. \., 1935; #DA6EM>;8, ,.
Xvjhzh lxnhjh. – Mo}vl, I 1, 5 u. 1935. Mmm vz 40-zm kvlpup uh `` j. jn. !A6:>@>C, *Q-
7DB>F. Lvxih oh uvj xml. \., 1943; Xh~pvuhsuhzh lxnhjh. – Nvlpupr uh Oxnhjuvzv jpym
{pspm oh |puhuyvjp p hltpupyzxhzpjup uh{rp. ]. II. \., 1941–1942; #>@D8, *Q7;C. [rvjv-
lmuh vimyzjmuvyz. – ^pzms, 7, 1942–1943, I 6, 208–210. Rh |muvtmuh uvjh lmyup~h j mjxv-
wmqyrp thhi jn. Weber, Eugen. The Right. An Introduction. – In: The European Right. Hans
Rogger and Eugen Weber (eds.). Berkeley, The University of California Press, 1966, 1–28.
xp plmpzm ym jjhz j xhospup jxorp p rvtipuh~pp, y xhospuh hxk{tmu-

zh~p. Xhq-|{ulhtmuzhsuv (rhzv yv~phsuh |psvyv|p) plmpzm oh „uvj xml“
{zjxnlhjhz uvj zpw johptvvzuvmup tmnl{ pulpjpl, vimyzjv, uh~p p
lxnhjh p yh uhyvmup wxvzpj pulpjpl{hspoth p spimxhspoth, rhrzv p
wxvzpj {mupmzv oh rshyvjhzh ivxih. [mpzmsuv ym {zjxnlhjh wxpvxp-
zmzz uh rvsmrzpjh, z. m. uh vimyzjvzv, uh uhxvlh, uhl pulpjplh, rhrzv p
uhl rshypzm p lx{kp kx{wp. Ushyvjhzh ivxih zxijh lh vzyzwp tyzv uh yv-
~phsmu tpx, vimyzjmuh yvsplhxuvyz p rshyvjv yzx{lupmyzjv; jtmyzv
ivxip tmnl{ hyzpzm – }hxtvup uh ~svzv. Yzuvmupzh tmnl{ zx{lh p
rhwpzhsh j hyzuvyz zxijh lh ym pokxhnlhz uh vyuvjhzh uh yzx{lupmyzjv,
wxp hxipzxhnuh xvs uh lxnhjhzh; rhwpzhsz lh yzhum yv~phsuv vzkvjv-
xmu, h um lh mrywsvhzpxh xhivzup~pzm, rvpzv yh jhnuh yyzhjrh uh uh~pzh.
\htv zhrh m oh~hxp yv~phsmu tpx.
Mzvxv, ypsuv ym uhiskh jx}{ xvszh uh lxnhjhzh, }hxhrzmxpopxhuh
rhzv „uvjh“, „uh~pvuhsuh“ (uhlrshyvjh p uhlwhxzpquh); yhtpz wxpu~pw uh
lxnhjuvyzzh, psp „lxnhjuvzv uhhsv“ ipjh polpkhu j r{sz p tpyzp|p-
~pxhu rhzv jwsmupm uh uh~pzh, j ys{nih uh jpyp ~msp. Oxnhjhzh
xmk{spxh vzuvmupzh j vimyzjvzv, uhwxhjsjh p yzvwhuyrp npjvz j
ptmzv uh yv~phsuhzh ywxhjmlspjvyz p }hxtvupuvzv xhojpzpm, ohpzhjh
uh~pzh vz jzxmup p juup jxhkvjm, ys{np uh umquvzv jmsppm. Rhzvjh
lxnhjuhzh jshyz zxijh lh m ypsuh p hjzvxpzmzuh – hjzvxpzhxuh (j wvop-
zpjmu ytpys). Oxnhjupz xml m yzxvkv qmxhx}pmu p jymrp j umkv yp pth
tyzv p |{ur~p. Xhmsv yzvp tvuhx}z, rvqzv jwshjh lxnhjuvyz zh
p xrvjvlp uh~pzh (tvuhx}z rhzv yjvmvixhomu jvlh, uv p pth p jmxypp,
z{pxhp xvszh uh tvuhx}h). Oxnhjhzh ym xrvjvlp vz {wxhjsjhp
mspzp, rvpzv zxijh lh yh wxmlhup uh tvuhx}h, lxnhjhzh p uh~pzh, jymvz-
lhqup j xhivzhzh yp, h yv zjvxmyrp, lhxvjpzp p rvtwmzmuzup; zm um ip-
jh lh yh vzlhlmup uh whxzpohuyrp yzxhyzp psp rvx{twpxhup. M zvop wshu ym
xhojpjhz mspzhxpyzrp plmp oh rhmyzjhzh p wvlivxh uh mspzh.
]xmzv, uh~pzh ym jolpkh j uhq-jpy („jx}vjmu“) wxpu~pw, rvqzv
vivyuvjhjh hjzvxpzhxuhzh jshyz p {wxhjsmupm. Zxp zvjh uh~pzh um m mt-
wpxpupz uhxvl psp vimyzjvzv, h umv lx{kv – l{}vjuhzh (r{sz{xuh)
ywvqrh tmnl{ pulpjplpzm; yv jyprp tpuhsp, uhyzvp p ilmp wvrv-
smup; uhq-ymzum – jpy wxpu~pw p plmhs. Stmuuv j umquv ptm pulpjplp-
zm (p vimyzjvzv rhzv ~sv) ym wxpovjhjhz rt lpy~pwspuh p rt nmxzjp.
]hrh jshyz zh pojmnlh smkpzptuvyz zh yp um vz (jvszh uh) „uhxvlh“ psp
(xmo „vimyzjmu lvkvjvx“) vz vimyzjvzv, vm wv-thsrv ohjpyp vz lmtv-
rxhzpup wxpu~pw uh tuvopuyzjvzv, h wxvpo}vnlh vz mlpu po~sv tmzh|p-
opmu, hiyzxhrzmu wxpu~pw – uh~pzh. \htv lxnhjhzh tvnm lh zsr{jh
jx}vjupzm (p vzpjhp vzjl uhyzvmzv) puzmxmyp uh uh~pzh p rvsmr-
zpjupzm uhyzvp puzmxmyp uh vimyzjvzv p lh ym kxpnp oh z}uvzv vy-

myzjjhum. Rhmluv y zvjh z zxijh lh ym kxpnp oh vivzv ishkvlmuyzjpm
p lh wvmtm yv~phsup |{ur~pp. Oh ~pzpxhtm mlpu hjzvx:
Xvjhzh lxnhjh ym yzhxhm lh {ouhm jvszh uh uhxvlh p lh vymyzjp,

uv z mluvjxmtmuuv yvixhojh zh jvs y jvszh uh uh~pzh, uh wvrv-
smupzh, rvpzv yh yzjvxpsp lxnhjhzh, p uh vup, rvpzv m uhysmlz,
p ywvxml zvjh powxhj p lvwsu. Oxnhjhzh ouhm jvszh uh uh~pzh.
]hop jvs wvjmsjh: uh~pzh lh vymyzjjh yhth ymim yp rhzv vzlmsmu
r{sz{xmu zpw; lh ym yhtvohwhojh p lh ym xhopxp.58
Yz pulpjplh ym popyrjh (poju umkvjhzh rvurxmzuh lmquvyz) ys{nih uh

uh~pzh p lxnhjhzh, jxh j uh~pvuhsupzm plmhsp, jvs p nmxzjvkvzvjuvyz
oh vymyzjjhumzv pt. Zvlviup rhmyzjh ym yolhjhz xmo jymyzxhuuv p
~msmuhyvmuv jowpzhupm (j {pspmzv, rhohxthzh, xhoup vxkhupoh~pp p
wx.), rvmzv zxijh lh |vxtpxh „uvjp iskhxpu“ rhzv „uhxvluvyzmu vjmr“.
Wshlmnzh rhzv ilmm uh uh~pzh m vimrz uh ywm~phsuv jupthupm p uh
wxmjouhyum, h jowpzhzmsupzm {ypsp yh yyxmlvzvmup zrtv jx}{
um. \zxmtmnz m z lh ilm po~sv vi}jhuhzh j „yv~phspopxhp“ viuv-
yzp p lmquvyzp – tshlmnrp, ywvxzup p lx{kp vxkhupoh~pp (lvxp lm~hzh ym
zxmzpxhz rhzv „uh~pvuhsuh yviyzjmuvyz“). Kxtpzh yv m jowpzhjhh p
lpy~pwspupxhh puyzpz{~p p „pz“ uh vimyzjvzv p uh~pzh. Oxnhjhzh
poviv ym jowxpmth rhzv „Oxnhjh jowpzhzmsrh“ oh xhosprh vz spimxhs-
uhzh lxnhjh j wvohzh uh um{zxhsmu hxipzx m uhzvjhxmuh y plmvsvkpmyrp
p „uxhjyzjmup“ ohlhp oh |vxtpxhum j uh~pvuhsmu l{}. Uxhquh ~ms m vy-
myzjjhumzv uh uh~pvuhsupzm plmhsp, psp rhrzv ym poxhojh mlpu hjzvx,
wvyzpkhum uh „uh~pvuhsuv vimlpumuh lxnhjuvyz“, powsumupm uh „jx-
}vjupzm pyzvxpmyrp zmulmu~pp uh uhxvluvyzuv ohrxksjhum p ohjx-
jhum“.59 M yp ytpys yh p ysmlupzm l{tp:
M uvjhzh lxnhjh spuvyz zh uhl}jxs ymim yp; z ym yspjh l{}vjuv y

uh~pzh p ym wvlpujh uh mluh jpyh vimrzpjuh jvs, rvzv yzvp ju
vz um, rvzv J wvjmsjh, rvzv J uhshkh lskh, uxhjyzjmup ohrvu – zv-
jh m jvszh uh uh~pzh, uv um yhtv uh lumuvzv wvrvsmupm, h uh jxjv-
sp~hzh wvrvsmup, rvpzv yh ipsp p m wxmilhz. ]vjh polpkh spuvyzzh
lv jpyvzhzh uh youhzmsmu smu uh mluv l{}vjuv p mzpuv vimyzjv –
lv mluv xmspkpvouv jojpyjhum. bvjmrz m vjmr yhtv zvkhjh, rvkhzv m
j ys{nih uh zhrj jojpmu p mzpmu l{}vjmu wxv~my. M zvop ytpys
58
!A6?@D8, +6F>C. Mowpzhupmzv j uvjhzh lxnhjh…, y. 59, huhsvkpuv uh y. 21.
59
D<>CD8, G;C. Xvjhzh lxnhjh p imowhxzpqupz… Kjzvxz m vz z. uhx. zxmzv wvrvsm-
upm p rxkh vrvsv j. „^zxv“ – thsvixvquh lyuh |vxth~p.
uvjvzv {mupm m xmspkpvouv, oh rvmzv lxnhjhzh m ~xrjhzh, h ys{nihzh

j lxnhjhzh – yjmmuvlmqyzjpm.60
[hoipxh ym, uh~pvuhspotz y wxpyvzv t{ uhiskhum jx}{ uh~pvuhs-

up rvsmrzpj oh ytmzrh uh pulpjplh um m uvjv jsmupm. Xv oh xhosprh vz sp-
imxhsup uh~pvuhspot uh wv-xhuuhzh mwv}h zvop uvj uh~pvuhspot m v-
jpupyzpuv ohvyzxmu p jvquyzjh; j umkv oj{hz uvzrp uh tmyphuyzjv („py-
zvxpmyrp wz“ uh uh~pzh, „tpyp“) p vzxp~hupm uh lx{kpzm. Xh~pzh ip-
jh tpyzp|p~pxhuh j urhrjh jpyh „l{}vjuvyz“, „rvsmrzpjmu kmupq“ p tm-
zh|popuv polpkhuh uhl mtwpxpuhzh xmhsuvyz uh yyzhjsjhpzm }vxh;
tvnm lh ym rhnm, m jvixhnhmthzh uh~p, z. m. uh~pzh rhzv hiyzxhrzuh
wxmlyzhjh oh viuvyz, wvksh xmhsuvzv vimyzjv y umkvjpzm kx{wp p kx{-
wvjp puzmxmyp. \psuv ym uhiskh jx}{ uh~pvuhsuhzh yhtvipzuvyz p vyv-
imuvyz, uh~pvuhsuhzh „|popvuvtp“, wxp rvmzv ym xhojpjhz jymjotvnup
jmxypp uh „iskhxpot“ j ytpys uh plmvsvkp p tpyzp|prh~p uh „is-
khxyrvzv“.61 ]m zxijh lh ju{hjhz uh~pvuhsuh kvxlvyz. Rh iskhxyrp
ys{hq um m }hxhrzmxuv yjxojhumzv uh uh~pzh y {mupmzv oh xhyvjh py-
zvzh, uv vip y uh~pvuhsyv~phspoth yh uhxvluvyzupzm (völkisch) yyzhj-
rp, uhwxptmx rvkhzv ym kvjvxp oh jowpzhupm uh „uhxvluvyzmu vjmr“, „j
uhxvluvyzmu l{}“ p wx. Xh~pvuhsyv~phspyzpmyrvzv {mupm oh „uhxvluhzh
viuvyz“ (Volksgemeinschaft) wvyz{spxh, m yuhxvlup~pzm yh ywvmup y
lsivrh vxkhupuh jxorh p y viuvyzmu l{}; yjxohuv y zvjh m {mupmzv
oh jvlhh rhzv umwvyxmlyzjmu poxhopzms uh uhxvlup viuvyzmu l{} p jvs
(imo u{nlh vz wvyxmlupmyzjv p wxmlyzhjpzmsyzjv).62 Yihm {mupmzv oh
jvlhh vyzhjh umlvxhojpzv j iskhxyrp ys{hq. ]xijh lh ym vixum jup-
thupm p jx}{ vyvimup mopr, vzsppzmsupzm l{tp p tmzh|vxp, y rvpzv yp
ys{nhz uvjpz uh~pvuhspot p uvjvzv lyuv (uhwxptmx jym wvopzpjuv:
„jx}vjmu“, „imoohjmzmu“, „wshtz“, „|huhzpmu“, „r{sz“, „tpz“ p wx.);
}hxhrzmxup yh wxpwvjlpkuhzvyz zh uh yzpsh p vwzptpotz, uhiskhumzv jx-
}{ lsk, nmxzjvkvzvjuvyz, tvxhs, l{}vjuvyz p wx.
60
!A6?@D8, +6F>C. Mowpzhupmzv j uvjhzh lxnhjh…, ~pz. uh y. 19, huhsvkpuv y. 35.
61
Xhwxptmx 4;?H6CD8, ,6?:;C. Mmsprviskhxyrp yjmzvksml. bhyz 1. Lhsrhuv-iskhxyrp
zpzhupot. \., 1939; Lskhxyrp yjmzvksml. – Zxvyjmzh, 8, 1942, I 4, 193–204. Kjzvxz hxk{-
tmuzpxh pokxhnlhumzv uh „jmsprviskhxyrp yjmzvksml“ (psp „tpzpopxhu uhxvluv-lxnhjup-
myrp yjmzvksml“) y zxp yyzhjrp: jxh, tpzvsvkp p wvspzprh. Mxhzh m ym yyzvp vz „ihs-
rhuyrh zhquvjmlh, jmxvzjvxup nlxmsh, uhxvluh wxhjvyshjuh jxh p tmyphuyzjv; tpzpuhzh
hyz m vrxpsjh oh wvljpk, h wvspzprhzh m ilm jmsprviskhxyrh. Mmsprviskhxpotz m
vwpyhu yy ysmlupzm wvyz{shzp: xvluhzh omt jrsjh Wpop, ]xhrp p Whrmlvup „y myzmy-
zjmupzm pt xhopxmup“; iskhxyrpz uhxvl m kshjmu vipzhzms uh xvluhzh omt, h vyzhuhspzm
uhxvluvyzp yh yhtv kvyzp; iskhxpzm yh uhq-yzhxpzm lxnhjvzjvx~p uh Lhsrhupzm.
62
^mupmzv oh lxnhjhzh rhzv „uhxvluh viuvyz“ ym wxmlyzhj y vlvixmupm vz !A6:>@>C,
*Q7DB>F. Lvxih oh uvj xml…, 62–65.
[hoksmlhupzm hiyzxhrzup wxpu~pwp ym wxmjmnlhz uh moprh uh puyzpz{-

~ppzm wv ysmlup uhpu. \psuh lxnhjuvyz p xml vouhhjhz wxmlp jyprv
ypsuv wxhjpzmsyzjv, lxnhjuh hltpupyzxh~p, hxtp p wvsp~p. Rh lh m
ypsuh p hjzvxpzmzuh lxnhjhzh, z zxijh lh m hjzvxpzhxuh p zvzhsuh wv
vi}jhz p ohlhp; lxnhjuhzh uhtmyh p mzhzpoh~pzh zxijh lh yzpkhz lhsm-
m (thrhx um lv yv~phspot). Zhxshtmuzz y wxpypzm t{ wxhoup wxprho-
rp p umm|mrzpjuvyz zxijh lh ym vkxhupp psp lvxp lh ym wxmth}um. Xm zvq
rhzv poxho uh mluv wxvtmuspjv mtwpxpuv tuvopuyzjv, h ~hxz p lxnhjh-
zh jwshjhz (jmuvyz zh uh) uh~pzh. Krv whxshtmuzz ym ohwhop, zvq
zxijh lh ilm uh umwhxzpquh vyuvjh, uhwxptmx vz pojmup spuvyzp, vi-
myzjmup~p p wxv|mypvuhspyzp, mjmuz{hsuv y rvxwvxhzpjuv wxmlyzhjpzms-
yzjv (uh wxv|mypvuhsup vxkhupoh~pp, ypulprhzp p wx.). Zhxzppzm yh uvyp-
zmsp uh whxzpohupuh p rvx{w~p j vimyzjmup npjvz; wxp zvjh zm xhom-
lpujhz vimyzjvzv – ohzvjh uhq-lvixm m lh ym wxmth}uhz. ^wxhjsmupmzv
zxijh lh ilm „uhlwhxzpquv“ p „umwhxzpquv“. Yyvimuv jxmlup yh wvlxp-
jhpzm lxnhjup xml smjp whxzpp, yxm{ rvpzv zxijh lh ym jomthz uhq-
yzxvkp tmxrp. Zxv|mypvuhsupzm vxkhupoh~pp zxijh lh ym vxkhupopxhz wv
po~sv uvj uhpu (lh yzhuhz ohlsnpzmsup p jymvi}jhzup) p lh yzx{lup-
hz uh lxnhjhzh wxp {xmnlhum uh vzuvmupzh tmnl{ zx{lh p rhwpzhsh,
rhzv ym yvixhojhz y puzmxmypzm p uh lx{kp wxv|mypvuhsup kx{wp, jtmyzv
lh jvlz ivxip oh yjvp mkvpyzpup ymr~pvuup puzmxmyp. \zhrpzm lh ym oh-
ixhuz, h rvu|sprzpzm lh ym pokshnlhz xmo lxnhjmu hxipzxhn; uhq-lvi-
xm m vzuvmupzh lh ym xmk{spxhz zhrh, m lh kp powxmjhxjhz p wxmlvzjxh-
zjhz. Zxv|mypvuhsupzm kx{wp tvnm psp lvxp zxijh lh yh wxmlyzhjmup wv
urhrj uhpu j lxnhjuvzv {wxhjsmupm. Uhwpzhsz zxijh lh ilm wxp-
jsmmu rt yzx{lupmyzjv y lxnhjhzh p lh ilm uhrhxhu lh xhivzp oh yv-
~phsup ~msp. ^pspmzv p hxtpzh, rhrzv p ~xrjhzh yh jhnup jowpzhzms-
up puyzpz{~pp, xhivzmp oh |vxtpxhum uh „uvjp vjmr“. Wshlmnzh zxi-
jh lh smu{jh j mlpuuh whzxpvzpuh p lpy~pwspupxhuh vxkhupoh~p.
Mx}{ vip lmymu hjzvxpzhxmu |vu ym vzrxvjhz p yviyzjmuv |hpyz-
rp plmp. amuzxhsuh oh iskhxyrp |hpot, z. m. oh uvympzm kv |hpyzrp
vxkhupoh~pp, m mluh rxhquh (vjpupyzpuh) plm oh uh~pzh p umquvzv jo-
jmsphjhum „uhl jyprv“; yv r{szz rt „ypsuh jshyz“ j rxhmu jhxphuz
p jpnlhumzv uh ymim yp j xvszh uh ywhypzms. M zjxlm umxhoxhivzmu jpl
vyzhjh |hpyzrvzv {mupm oh tvuvwvsuhzh whxzp, lmkpopxhuv ohl {zjx-
nlhjhuhzh „uhlwhxzpquvyz“ uh |hpyzrpzm vxkhupoh~pp p j wxmzmu~ppzm
pt lh yh ljpnmupm. Motvnuv viyumupm m vzjxhmupmzv vz whxzpquvyz zh
(p vz jyrh uvjh whxzp) j iskhxyrp {ysvjp, rhrzv p yshivyz zh uh |hp-
yzrpzm vxkhupoh~pp. [hoipxh ym, urvp |hpyzrp |vxth~pp xhoksmnlhsp
ymim yp rhzv wvzmu~phsuh tvuvwvsuh ypsh, uv yhtv X\O pthsh wv-xhokx-
uhzp yzx{rz{xp. Zv-uhzhzr yh ohyzwmup jvlhmyrhzh plm p qmxhx}pmy-

rpz wxpu~pw, rvpzv yh wxvrhxhup p j urvp vz yhtpzm |hpyzrp vxkhupoh-
~pp ohmluv y juup ouh~p uh tpspzhxpoh~p ({up|vxtp, wvolxhj). M is-
khxyrp yp jpl vihm jvlhmyrhzh plm wxmzxwjh wxpywvyvijhum rt
tvuhx}poth, h wxp urvp lvxp vzyzwjh uh mlpu hrzpjmu tvuhx}pot, rvq-
zv jpnlh tvuhx}h rhzv „|xmx“. Xhxml y |hpyzrpzm jvlhmyrp p mspzpy-
zrp y}jhhup pth p zhrpjh y lx{k wxvpo}vl p xhospuv oj{mum – zxhlp-
~pvuuhzh joxvnlmuyrh plm oh puzmspkmu~pzh rhzv l{}vjmu jvlh uh
vimyzjvzv, rhrzv p plmpzm oh rvtwmzmuzmu xrvjvlmu mspz. `hxhrzmxuv oh
|hpoth m p vixhumzv uhq-jmm rt tshlmnzh.
Lskhxyrpzm |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp xhojpjhz ypsmu huzprvt{upot,
pojmyzmu huzpymtpzpot (thrhx umtuvkv }hxhrzmxuv), h j urvp ys{hp p
xhypot. \jvmvixhomu pozvupr uh jl}uvjmupm m }{uyrhzh zmvxp oh wxv-
po}vlh uh iskhxpzm (y ptwsprh~pp oh yjxmtpmzv) psp |huzhoup jmsprv-
iskhxpyzrp wvyzxvmup (Xhqlmu cmqzhuvj). Rh vzimsojhum m plmvsvkp-
myrvzv tvipspopxhum uh zxhlp~pvuup pozvup~p uh hjzvxpzmz p smkpzpt-
uvyz rhzv Lskhxyrvzv joxhnlhum, ppzv plmp p ohjmzp ym wxmrxvjhz wv
hjzvxpzhxmu uhpu, uv ym wxmlyzhjz rhzv „ohjxhum“ rt Moxhnlhumzv
psp „jzvxv Moxhnlhum“.63 ]pwpuv iskhxyrp |muvtmup yh p jupthupmzv
rt wxvismtpzm uh iskhxyrvzv ymsv, yv xmjmxhuypzm rt rvvwmxh~pzh.
Uhzv ~sv tvnm lh ym kvjvxp oh wshjuv wxmspjhum p „yptipvoh“ (X.
Zvwwmzxvj) tmnl{ |hpoth p hjzvxpzhxpoth j iskhxyrpzm {ysvjp. ]hrh
|hpotz ywvlms plmpzm oh ypsuh lxnhjuvyz, lxnhjuh uhtmyh j yzvwhu-
yrhzh, yv~phsuhzh, l{}vjuhzh p lx{kp y|mxp, wshuvjv uhhsv, yv~phsuh
lxnhjh; yhtv m wxp umkv uh~pvuhspotz, plmpzm oh ypsuh jshyz (p ypsuv
jvlhmyzjv), huzprvt{upotz, vzxphumzv uh spimxhspoth p whxshtmuzhx-
uhzh lmtvrxh~p yh vm wv-uhismkuhzp. _hpotz rhzv vwvop~p ips wxp-
u{lmu lh wxhjp rvtwxvtpyp y hjzvxpzhxuhzh tvuhx}pmyrh jshyz – yvixh-
ojhum y xvszh uh ~hx p wxpmthum uh yv~phsuvwvspzpmyrp xml (rvqzv
|hpyzpzm { uhy pyrhz wv-yrvxv lh ixhuz vz rvt{upyzpmyrhzh p lx{kp
vwhyuvyzp, vzrvsrvzv lh wxvtmuz). Wvnm lh ym kvjvxp oh pojmyzuv „poomt-
jhum“ uh rxhquvlmyupzm p |hpyzrp plmp vz v|p~phsuhzh jshyz j umquhzh
(|hpopxhh ym) wxvwhkhulh, rvmzv wxmmsv uh rxhquhzh lmyup~h lh ym vz-
rxvp wv-xrv, h p iskhxyrpz |hpot um yolhjh vxpkpuhsup yjvp rvu-
~mw~pp p tvipspopxhp svo{ukp.64
63 Mn. #6G@6AD8, .IB;C. Uhr ym tpysp Lskhxyrvzv joxhnlhum. \., VSU, 2002, 321–334;
+>9;8, !A6:>B>F. ^zjxnlhjhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh…, y. 18, 20, 48.
64 Mn. wxmlyzhjumzv uh hjzvxpzhxupzm, zvzhspzhxup p |hpyzrp plmp wxp -DEE;HFD8,
,>@DA6?. Kjzvxpzhxpot – |hpot…, vyvi. 41–44; Mvlhmyrp y}jhhup… \v: +>9;8,

!A6:>B>F. ^zjxnlhjhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh…, 14–15, 18–20; /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?-
MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh uvjh Lskhxp…, 493–496.
\wm~phsuv rvxwvxhzpjuhzh plm (p ypyzmth) yxmh zjxlm yshi vzrspr

{ uhy.65 ] poviv ym y}jhhsh j zjxlm xhojvlumu jpl, wv-yrvxv rhzv u-
rhrjv yzvwhuyrv wxmlyzhjpzmsyzjv j whxshtmuzh uh wxv|mypvuhsup zmsh,
uv rhzv yzxhupuv ywxtv wvspzpmyrvzv wxmlyzhjpzmsyzjv p imo lh ym yzp-
kh lv wsuh rvxwvxhzpjuh {xmlih.66 Sojmyzmu ywvx wvxvlps }hxhrzmxz uh
lxnhjupzm wxv|mypvuhsup vxkhupoh~pp, yolhlmup ysml 1934 k., h ptmu-
uv: lhsp yh vxkhupoh~pp uh w{ispuvzv psp uh hyzuvzv wxhjv, j rhrjp vz-
uvmup yh y lxnhjhzh. \jymt yuv m vihm, m vimyzjmupzm ohlhp, y
rvpzv ipsp uhzvjhxmup, lhsmm um kp lvispnhjhsp lv rvxwvxhzpjuv {y-
zxvqyzjv vz xvlh uh Szhsp p Zvxz{khsp, rlmzv rvxwvxh~ppzm ys{nmsp
oh uhwxhjsjhum uh ~svyzuhzh yzvwhuyrh lmquvyz j yzxhuhzh p lvxp ipsp
mlpu vz msmtmuzpzm uh ohrvuvlhzmsuhzh jshyz.67 Wuvkv m jotvnuv ywxv-
zpjhzh wxvzpj rvxwvxhzpjuhzh plm { uhy lh ym lsnp vzhyzp uh hyv~ph~p-
pzm yy yysvjuvzv wvspzpmyrv wxmlyzhjpzmsyzjv j omtmlmsyrhzh „yy-
svjuh zmvxp“.
ZK[]SS]P S O[^NS ZYVS]SbP\US \SVS

\VPO MYTXS]P
M xhojpzpmzv uh wvspzpmyrpzm whxzpp ysml jvqupzm tvkhz lh ym uhimsmnhz

xmlp~h uvjp jsmup.68 Xhq-uhwxml: wxmjxhumzv uh urvp whxzpp j thyv-
jp {ywvxmluv yy ysmljvmuuvzv jjsphum uh wv-kvsmtp thyp j wvspzprh-
zh. ]vjh ipsp uhq-jmm omtmlmsyrhzh p wxmo vwxmlmsmup wmxpvlp rvt{up-
yzpmyrhzh whxzp, wv-ryuv p oh pojmyzuv jxmtm ljpnmupmzv uh Ksmryhu-
65 Slmzh oh rvxwvxhzpjmu whxshtmuz p rvxwvxhzpjuh lxnhjh (wvlviuv uh Szhsp p Zvx-
z{khsp) ym ohpzhjh vz /H6A>?G@>, A;@G6C:OF. So}vlz. \., 1936, vyvi. 19–31. Uvxwvxh~pp-
zm yh wv rsvuvjm uh wxvpojvlyzjvzv p j z} yh wxmlyzhjmup xhivzup~p, pul{yzxphs~p, zxkvj-
~p, lxnhjhzh p wx.; zm yh vxkhu uh lxnhjhzh. Kjzvxz wxpouhjh, m { uhy vm uth pokxhlmu
lxnhjmu ypulprhspot (jwxmrp yzwrpzm rt ohlsnpzmsup wxv|yop), uh rvqzv lh ym vy-
uvjhz rvxwvxh~ppzm, uv ytzh, m uh wxjv jxmtm oh zhop ~ms tvkhz lh wvys{nhz ymyzj{jh-
pzm wxv|mypvuhsup yop p rvvwmxh~ppzm.
66 ]hrh ytzhz uhwxptmx: 'A>;8, *>AD. Zxvismthzh oh uhxvluhzh jvs…, vyvi. 619–622;
0DEI=6CD8, />B;DC. Slmvsvkp, yzxvmn p ohlhp…, 140–149. Slmzh ym vz}jxs poviv vz

,>@DAD8, #. Zxv|mypvuhsuvzv wxmlyzhjpzmsyzjv p ohlhpzm uh wxv|youvzv ljpnmupm. –
Kx}pj oh yzvwhuyrh p yv~phsuh wvspzprh, 11, 1936, I 5, 375–393.
67 '86CD8, "DF6C. Uvxwvxhzpjuhzh plm j yjxmtmuuvzv wxhjv. – Nvlpupr uh Mpymzv
zxkvjyrv {pspm Mhxuh, z. 12, 1938–1939, 1–141, vyvi. 98–133; 0DEI=6CD8, />B;DC. Slmv-
svkp, yzxvmn p ohlhp…, 90–92.
68 Mn. hyz zh uh \zvqv Nxuhxvj j: /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh
uvjh Lskhxp…, 341–636, vyvi. 369–383, 403–407, 412–423, 441–450, 489–500, 557–562.
\v: ";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. [hojpzpm uh wvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth… ]{r |hrzpmyrpz thzmxphs m
ypyzmthzpopxhu wv lx{k uhpu.
lx ahurvj. Zv-uhzhzr: yolhjhum wvl whxzpquv xrvjvlyzjv uh yzxhup-

up |vxth~pp rt urvp whxzpp – wxv|yop, tshlmnrp yop p ywvxzup
vxkhupoh~pp, nmuyrp yop, rvvwmxhzpjp p wx., vxpmuzpxhup rt vwxmlm-
smup ~msmjp kx{wp (xhivzup~p, tshlmnp, nmup). ]vjh m vyvimuv wxpyv
uh yzxmtpzm ym rt thyvjvyz whxzpp. Xhwxptmx y ivsmjpopxhumzv yp
LUZ yolhjh Lskhxyrp rvt{upyzpmyrp tshlmnrp yo (LUW\), [hivz-
upmyrp tshlmnrp yo ([W\), kptuhyzpmyrpzm kx{wp „\whxzhr“, Yi-
p xhivzupmyrp ypulprhsmu yo (Y[\\), rvvwmxh~pzh „Yyjvivnlm-
upm“, h wxmo 1930 k. – p Lskhxyrp vi uhxvlmu yz{lmuzyrp yo (LYX\\).
Wshlmnrh |vxth~p, yz{lmuzyrh kx{wh p ypulprhzp pthsv p ahurvjvzv
ljpnmupm.
Uxhquvsmjpzm p rxhquvlmyupzm whxzpp yolhjhz p yjvp umsmkhsup (h uh
jshyz – wvs{smkhsup) whxhjvmuup vxkhupoh~pp: umsmkhsuh jvmuuh vxkhupoh-
~p rt LUZ (vyvimuv hrzpjuh wxmo 1923–1925 k.) p Yxhunmjhzh kjhxlp
uh LRX\ wv jxmtm uh umquvzv {wxhjsmupm. Ywpz lh yolhlm yjv ivquh vx-
khupoh~p wxhjp p X\O uh Ksmryhulx ahurvj wxmo 1936 k. (rvkhzv umkvjp
}vxh {hyzjhz j wxhjpzmsyzjvzv) wvl ptmzv „Xh~pvuhsuh vzixhuh“, rvt-
wsmrzvjhuh vz smuvjm uh |hpyzrpzm vxkhupoh~pp „U{ixhz“, „[vluh ohp-
zh“ p X\O.
Rhys{nhjhv jupthupm jsmupm yh vwpzpzm oh vimlpumupm (j yhtvvz-
ixhuh) uh y}vlup i{xnvhoup whxzpp. ^wxhjsjhspzm Lskhxp lv uh~pv-
uhsupzm rhzhyzxv|p zxp spimxhsup whxzpp yh lpyrxmlpzpxhup p yspohz vz
wvspzpmyrp }vxpovuz oh pojmyzuv jxmtm; wxmo 1920 k. zm ym vimlpujhz j
Xh~pvuhsuvspimxhsuh whxzp. \v wxmo 1920 k. ljmzm ipjp x{yv|psyrp
whxzpp – Xhxvluhzh p Zxvkxmypjuv-spimxhsuhzh ({wxhjsjhsp wxmo Lhs-
rhuyrpzm jvqup), ym vimlpujhz wvl xrvjvlyzjvzv uh Kzhuhy L{xvj j Yim-
lpumuh uhxvluvwxvkxmypjuh whxzp. Xhthsjh jspupmzv p uh vyzhuhspzm
zxhlp~pvuup i{xnvhoup whxzpp – Omtvrxhzpmyrhzh p [hlprhsuhzh. Zv y-
vzv jxmtm uh ypsmu uhzpyr jx}{ lyuhzh hyz uh zxhlp~pvuup wvspzp-
myrp ywmrzx vz xhopxpsvzv ym sjv wxvyzxhuyzjv (omtmlms~p, rvt{up-
yzp) ym kvjvxp lvxp oh vimlpujhum uh jyprp „whxzpp uh xmlh“, uv zv um ym
vymyzjjh.69
Mtmyzv zvjh ym wvjjhz lx{k zpw „uhlwhxzpqup“ |vxtpxvjhup y wv-
spzpmyrh uhyvmuvyz, xhivzmp oh vimlpumupm uh jyprp i{xnvhoup ypsp.
Yz zvop zpw m Xhxvlupz ykvjvx, joupruhs wxmo mymuzh uh 1919 k. y wxm-
zmu~pp oh xmvxkhupopxhum p plmvsvkpmyrv viuvjjhum uh i{xnvhoupzm yp-
sp uh „uhlwhxzpquh“ vyuvjh p uhq-jmm oh vzwvx yxm{ omtmlms~pzm. Yxkh-
upoh~pzh vzuhhsv m yzxvkv ~muzxhspyzpuh p mspzhxuh, yolhlmuh yy
69
Mn. uhwxptmx wxpopjh oh vimlpumupm uh jyprp „zxhlp~pvuup“ i{xnvhoup whxzpp yxm-
{ vwhyuvyz zh vz omtmlms~p p rvt{upyzp {: &A6H;8, '86C. Yimlpumupm p viuvjsmupm…
ouhpzmsuh xvs uh Lskhxyrhzh thyvuyrh svnh p uh Mvmuup yo. ] jo-

uprjh wv-yrvxv rhzv tvomu zxyz p plmmu ~muzx y {hyzpmzv uh jplup
vimyzjmup p whxzpqup lmq~p (Ksmryhulx Nxmrvj, Kzhuhy L{xvj) p wxv-
|myvxp (Ksmryhulx ahurvj, Optpzx Wphqrvj, Zmzrv \zhquvj), uv
ysml rhzv jopth jshyzzh, ym xhojpjh rhzv whxzp. Xhxvlupz ykvjvx uh zvop
mzhw xhojpjh plmp oh yv~phsmu tpx p ywxhjmlspjvyz (jpopxhp vyvimuv xh-
ivzupmyzjvzv), uhtmyh uh lxnhjhzh j yzvwhuyrp p yv~phsup npjvz, xm-
|vxtpxhum uh {wxhjsmupmzv p whxshtmuzhxpoth wv wvyvrh uh rvtwmzmuz-
uvyz p wx. Zv-ryuv urvp smuvjm uh \kvjvxh mjvspxhz rt |hpyzrp
plmp p {imnlmup. \kvjvxz vxkhupopxhs i{xnvhoupzm whxzpp j Uvuyzpz{-
~pvumu isvr (wxmo sp 1922 k.), uv wvysmlupz wxvymyzj{jh lv yjhsum-
zv uv omtmlms~pzm vz jshyz. Soviv wvspzpmyrvzv ywsvzjhum uh i{xnv-
houp mspz ym {lhjh jxmtmuuv, lvrhzv zxhm vwhyuvyz zh vzsjv, imo lh ym
wxmjxum j umv zxhquv.
\sml wxmjxhzh uh 9 up 1923 k. ym wxhjp uvj vwpz oh ywsvzjhum uh i{x-
nvhoupzm ypsp vz ykvjvxpyzrp lmq~p p vz Whyvuyrhzh svnh wvl uhzpyrh p uh
Mvmuup yo p MW[Y, j xmo{szhz uh rvmzv wxmo hjk{yz 1923 k. ym vixho{jh
Omtvrxhzpmyrpz ykvjvx, jrsjh Xhxvlup ykvjvx, Omtvrxhzpmyrhzh
whxzp, [hlprhsuhzh whxzp p Yimlpumuhzh uhxvluvwxvkxmypjuh whxzp (sp-
imxhsupzm whxzpp vyzhuhsp poju). ]hop |vxth~p, yolhlmuh ytupzmsuv
lvixvjvsuv, um ym wxmjxh j mlpuuh whxzp, h vyzhjh umv rhzv rvu|mlmxh-
~p vz ohwhopsp yjvpzm yzx{rz{xp p hjzvuvtuvyz whxzpp. ] {wxhjsjh ysml
poivxpzm wxmo uvmtjxp 1923 k., {ohrvupsp Omjmzvuyrp wxmjxhz. Plup ysml
lx{kp vz um pospohz pxvrpzm yv~phspyzp, xhlprhslmtvrxhzpzm p lmtv-
rxhzpzm, zhrh m vm wxmo 1924 k. Omtvrxhzpmyrpz ykvjvx k{ip |mlmxhzpj-
up yp }hxhrzmx p ym wxmjxh j vipruvjmuh whxzp, j rvzv kx{wpzm y xho-
spmu wvspzpmyrp wxvpo}vl uhxphsp ymim yp „wsmtmuh“. Xhxml y „pyzpzm
ykvjvxpyzp“ uh Ksmryhulx ahurvj, zyuv yjxohup y Mvmuup yo, ipsp
z. uhx. whxzpqup yxmlp uh Kulxmq Vwmj (lmtvrxhz) p Kzhuhy L{xvj (vz ipj-
pzm uhxvlu~p), rvpzv ohwvuhsp lh pospohz uh wxmlmu wshu vz yxmlhzh uh
1925 k. ]x{luvyzzh oh yspjhum uh yxvlup whxzpp pljhsh vz wxmzmu~ppzm oh
jshyz uh zm}upzm jvlhp p vz wvlvoxpzmsuvyzzh pt mluh rt lx{kh; yhtv tv-
tmuzp uh vwhyuvyz ipsp j yyzvupm lh lvjmlhz lv jxmtmuuv yojhum.
\jvmvixhouv jsmupm yh vwpzpzm oh pxvrp p yshiv vijxohup rvhspxh-
up tmnl{ whxzpp („isvrvjm“ psp „|xvuzvjm“) y urhrjh vih ~ms. Zxptmx
m Xhxvlupz isvr – jokshjjhuhzh vz Omtvrxhzpmyrhzh whxzp wxmlpoivx-
uh rvhsp~p, ywmmspsh poivxpzm wxmo 1931 k. ]hrh p vxkhupopxhupz vz rv-
t{upyzpzm wxp ypzm poivxp xhivzupmyrv-ymsyrp ]x{lvj isvr wxpjsrs
oh z} kshyvjmzm uh tuvkv ymsup. Ywpz oh whxzpquv rvhspxhum y ~ms joyzh-
uvjjhum uh ]xuvjyrhzh rvuyzpz{~p p joviuvjjhum uh wvspzpmyrp np-
jvz wxhjz i{xnvhoupzm whxzpp ysml ohixhuhzh pt vz lmjmzuhqymzvthqyrp

xmnpt (z. uhx. Zmzvxrh ~muzxpyzrp whxzpp vrvsv omtmlmsyrhzh „Mxhih 1“).
\xml ohwhopspzm (psp joyzhuvjpsp) yhtvyzvzmsuvyz zh yp i{xnvhoup
whxzpp uhq-hjzvxpzmzuh wxmo ~msp wmxpvl ipsh Omtvrxhzpmyrhzh, yzvh
zjxlv uh wxpu~pwpzm uh whxshtmuzhxuvlmtvrxhzpuv {wxhjsmupm. ] lh-
sh lmq~p oh xhoup wxhjpzmsyzjh p ipsh uhmsv uh Xhxvlup isvr, h ysml
ohixhuhzh uh whxzppzm lmqyzjhsh rhzv jzvxp vimlpupzmsmu ~muzx uh wxv-
zmyzh (uhxml y „Mxhih 1“). Lsporv lv um wv joksmlp yzvsh thsrhzh [hlp-
rhsuvlmtvrxhzpmyrh (psp [hlprhsuh) whxzp, pojmyzuh y lmtvrxhzpuv
tpuhsv. Mwxmrp tpupthsuvzv yp {hyzpm (y mlpu tpupyzx) j {wxhjsm-
upmzv uh Xhxvlup isvr p z {ywsh lh ym lpyrxmlpzpxh y whxzpohuyrh wv-
spzprh. Zv-uhlyuv ipsp ljmzm uh~pvuhsuvspimxhsup whxzpp.
\sml uhypsyzjmuvzv yjhsum vz jshyz p nmyzvrpzm wxmysmljhup LRX\
powhluhsh j lsivrh p wxvlsnpzmsuh rxpoh. Wuvkv lmq~p mtpkxpxhsp;
wxhjmsp ym p urvp vwpzp oh yispnhjhum yy yv zhrh wxmysmljhupzm rvt{-
upyzp. LRX\ ym xho~mwpsh wxmo jzvxhzh wvsvjpuh uh 20-zm kvlpup uh `` j.
uh vzlmsup rxpsh psp whxzpp y xhospuv jspupm p uh xhospuv tyzv j wv-
spzpmyrp ywmrzx: tpuhjhpz oh sj LRX\ „Mxhih 1“ (Nmvxkp Whxrvj
p Optpzx Npmj), rvqzv lskv vzyzvjhs spupzh oh yhtvyzvzmsuv lmqyz-
jpm; ~muzxpyzrpz LRX\ „Zshlum“ (uhmsv y Nmvxkp Wp}hqsvj Optpz-
xvj–Nmtmzv), vz rvqzv wxmo 1932 k. ym vzlmsps LRX\ „Ksmryhulx \zhtiv-
spqyrp“ (uh Xprvsh Zmzrvj); LRX\ „\zhxh Rhkvxh“ (uh yzhxp jvlh Optp-
zx Oxhkpmj); ypsuv lmyupz LRX\ „Yxhunmj“ (uhmsv y Uvyzh ]vtvj). Ov
rxh uh wmxpvlh omtmlms~pzm zhrh p um ym vimlpujhz, rhzv uhq-kvsmtp p
jspzmsup ipsp „Mxhih 1“ p „Zshlum“. Uhrzv ym poxhojh mlpu hjzvx:
M zm}upzm „rxpsh“ p „rxps~h“ pthm rhswp oh jyrhrjp u{nlp – p oh

i{xnvhoup rhipumzp wxp hiyvszuh ohpzh uh hyzuhzh yviyzjmuvyz, p
oh rxhquvsmjp rhipumzp wxp wsuv vzxp~hupm uh yviyzjmuvyzzh. ]m i-
}h j yyzvupm lh lhlhz tpupyzxp p oh i{xnvhouv {wxhjsmupm, p oh rv-
t{upyzpmyrv, p oh umv yxmluv.70
]xijh lh ym vzimsmnp vihm, m wvtpxjhumzv uh i{xnvhoupzm yxmlp

yy omtmlms~pzm ipsv {ysvjpm oh uvxthspopxhum uh wvspzpmyrp npjvz, h
wv-ryuv urhrjv z}uv wxpyyzjpm ym xhoksmnlhsv rhzv xhopxjhum uh
yv~phsuhzh ihoh p {ysvjpm oh wxmlyzhjpzmsuvyz uh {wxhjsmupmzv.71
70
)6L6FD8, )DCGH6CH>C. 60 kvlpup npjuh…, y. 400.
71
DM;8, /H;J6C. Lmsmum. \rhohupm oh rvu~shkmxuh Lskhxp. \., _vulh~p „Lskhxyrh
uh{rh p r{sz{xh“, 1999, 178–179. Kjzvxz m ypu uh jplup i{xnvhomu yzvwhuyrp lmm~ p prv-
uvtpyz \zvu Lvmj (p ips powxhzmu j rvu~shkmx). \v: -DED8, /H;J6C. \zv kvlpup is-
khxyrh yjvivlh. – Mj: /H;J6C -DED8. Lskhxyrhzh plm. Wu}mu, 1981, 60–90, vyvi. y. 81.
Ojmzm yv~phspyzpmyrp whxzpp ym wxvtmuz ouhpzmsuv ysml jvqupzm,

uhq-jmm wvl juuv jspupm: ivsmjpopxhum uh zmyupzm yv~phspyzp ysml
Yrzvtjxpqyrhzh xmjvs~p vz 1917 k. (zm jspohz j ]xmzp puzmxuh~pvuhs
wxmo 1919 k.); yv~phslmtvrxhzpopxhum uh pxvrpzm yv~phspyzp wvl umtyrv
jspupm (zm ym wxpymlpujhz rt Mzvxp puzmxuh~pvuhs). Slmhsz uh yv-
~phspyzpmyrpzm whxzpp m {yzhuvjjhum uh xhospmu p wv lm|pup~p ywxh-
jmlspj vimyzjmu xml, uv plmpzm oh zvjh, rhr zxijh lh poksmnlh zvop xml
p y rhrjp yxmlyzjh lh ym wvyzpkum, yh wxpu~pwuv xhospup. Ovrhzv yv~phs-
lmtvrxhzpzm ohyzhuhsp uh wvop~ppzm uh „yv~phsup xm|vxtpot“ oh {y-
jxmuyzjhum uh ymyzj{jhhzh vimyzjmuh ypyzmth, rvt{upyzpzm ipsp
oh zvzhsuvzv J xhox{hjhum p pokxhnlhum uh po~sv uvj rvt{upyzpmyrp
xml y uh~pvuhspoh~p uh yxmlyzjhzh oh wxvpojvlyzjv p rvsmrzpjpoh~p uh
omtzh. Mmm ymyzj{jhhzh ivsmjprh [{yp (wv-ryuv \\\[) jws-
hjh plmhsh p lhjh tvlmsh uh nmshuhzh wxvtuh; vz zht pljhz p thzmxphs-
up yxmlyzjh. Wmzvlpzm oh wvlviuh yv~phsuh zxhuy|vxth~p wxp umnmsh-
upmzv uh {wxhjsjhpzm p tuvopuyzjvzv lh wxpmthz tvkhz lh ilhz yhtv
uhypsyzjmup, uhyvmup wxvzpj ymyzj{jhp xml p lxnhjhzh rhzv umkvj
whopzms. Yzz{r xhlprhspopxhumzv uh rvt{upyzpzm, rvpzv um ipsp vipruv-
jmuh whxzp, ivxmh ym y smkhsup yxmlyzjh p j xhtrpzm uh whxshtmuzhxuh-
zh lmtvrxh~p, h pthsp p umsmkhsuh rvuywpxhzpjuh vxkhupoh~p (yv jv-
muuh ymr~p) p lmqyzjhsp j puzmxmy uh {nlh lxnhjh.
Xhq-kvsmtpzm yp {ywm}p rvt{upyzpzm wvyzpkhz wv jxmtm uh {wxhjsm-
upmzv uh LRX\, wxp vivzv vsmjjhum uh thypzm ysml um{ywmupzm jvqup
(wxmo 1920 k. whxzpzh ixvsh vrvsv 22 500 smuvjm, vz rvpzv vrvsv 2/3 ym-
sup). Ov johptvlmqyzjpm tmnl{ rvt{upyzp p omtmlms~p vihm um ym yzpkh
wvxhlp xhospupzm pt ~msp p yviyzjmup htip~pp. K wr jowxpmzpz jwvy-
smlyzjpm ivsmjprp zmopy oh ymsupzm rhzv youpr uh wxvsmzhxphzh ym
xhoipxhs j ytpys, m zm zxijh lh ym wxpymlpuz, rhzv uhw{yuhz yjvzh
whxzp. Uvt{upyzpzm ipsp wvlsvnmup uh nmyzvrp wxmysmljhup ysml wxmj-
xhzh vz 9 up 1923 k. p vyvimuv ysml vxkhupopxhuvzv vz z} \mwzmtjxpqyrv
jyzhupm p wxvlsnhjhumzv uh r{xyh uh jvxnmuh ivxih (z. uhx. {szxhsj
{rsvu), r{stpupxhs j zmxvxpyzpup hzmuzhz j ~xrjhzh „\jmzh Xmlms“ uh
16 hwxps 1925 k. Uvt{upyzpmyrhzh whxzp ipsh smkhspopxhuh vz Vwmj
wxmo 1927 k. wvl ptmzv Lskhxyrh xhivzupmyrh whxzp. [rvjvlmupz vz
um ]x{lvj isvr ohms zxmzv tyzv j poivxpzm wxmo 1931 k. Zv jxmtm uh {w-
xhjsmupmzv uh Xhxvlup isvr (1931–1934) whxzpzh p uhtpxhpzm ym wvl
umpu rvuzxvs yop xhojpsp {ypsmuh wxvwhkhuluh p vxkhupoh~pvuuh lmq-
uvyz, |puhuypxhuh vz Uvt{upyzpmyrp puzmxuh~pvuhs (z. m. vz \jmzyrp
yo). ]vkhjh m p i{tz uh rvt{upyzpmyrpzm wmxpvlpup polhup. ]xijh
lh ym vzimsmnp, m rvt{upyzpzm uthsp tvuvwvs jx}{ xhivzupmyrhzh
rshyh; xhivzup~p smu{jhsp j xhoup whxzpp, jrspzmsuv jj |hpyzrvzv

ljpnmupm uh ahurvj, pzv yv~phsuh lmthkvkp ipsh um wv-thsrv imo-
vksmluh.
\zxhzmkpzh uh rvt{upyzpzm rt vyzhuhspzm smjp ypsp vm ysml bmz-
jxzp rvukxmy uh LUZ (1922 k.) ipsh oh „mlpumu (huzp|hpyzrp) |xvuz“,
uv „vzlvs{“, z. m. xmo wxpjsphum uh smuvjmzm uh lx{kp whxzpp wvl xrv-
jvlyzjv uh rvt{upyzpzm. Nshjuhzh „huzp|hpyzrh“ lmquvyz uh LUZ wxp
{wxhjsmupmzv uh Xhxvlup isvr j ykshypm y rvtpuzmxuvjyrhzh spup ipsh
uhyvmuh (vyjmu yxm{ ahurvj) wv pxvup yxm{ LRX\ p yv~phslmtvrxh-
zpzm, z. m. yxm{ smjpzm ypsp; uhpyzpuh rvur{xmu~pzh oh jspupm j smjp
ymrzvx viyujh tuvkv. Mmm ysml ohixhuhzh uh whxzppzm p whxzpquhzh lmq-
uvyz vz lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm LUZ ym vxpmuzpxh rt uvjp r{xy (|vxt{-
spxhu vz Nmvxkp Optpzxvj uh \mltp rvukxmy uh Uvtpuzmxuh wxmo 1935 k.)
oh mlpuup |xvuzvjm yxm{ |hpoth xmo pxvrp rvhsp~pp lvxp y lmyup,
uv huzp|hpyzrp whxzpp. ]vjh lhsv jotvnuvyz uh iskhxyrpzm rvt{upy-
zp lh xhopxz wmxptmzxh yp uh lmquvyz, uv imo lh {ywmz lh lvyzpkuhz
jspupmzv uh ahurvj uh lmyup |shuk.
Uhzv ~sv lmquvyz zh uh iskhxyrpzm rvt{upyzp ym uhwxhjsjhsh vzju,
vz Uvtpuzmxuh, jpyp |{ur~pvumxp uh rvqzv ipsp Mhyps Uvshxvj p Nmvxkp
Optpzxvj. ]m jowxpmsp tmnl{uhxvluhzh yzxhzmkp p ~mspzm uh Uvtpuzmx-
uh, rvpzv |hrzpmyrp ym vwxmlmssp vz \zhspu p puzmxmypzm uh \\\[. Yyv-
imuv umwvw{sxup ipsp wvl lxnhupzm wxmo vwxmlmsmu wmxpvl zmop wv uh-
~pvuhsup jwxvy oh ymyzj{jhum uh thrmlvuyrh, zxhrpqyrh p lvix{lnhu-
yrh uh~p. Mym whr j vwxmlmsmup ys{hp iskhxyrpzm rvt{upyzp um ysmljh-
sp yswv juup xhowvxmnlhup, uhwxptmx wv-lskvzv ohwhojhum uh {szxh-
smjp {rsvu, jwxmrp rvtpuzmxuvjyrpzm rxpzprp.
Uxhquvsjh ypsh wxmlyzhjsjhz p huhx}pyzpzm – wxvzpjup~p uh lxnh-
jhzh, rhwpzhspoth p xmspkpzh. Ov jvqupzm ymyzj{jhsp vzlmsup huhx-
}pyzrp rxnv~p p kx{wp, h wv-vxkhupopxhuv huhx}pyzrv ljpnmupm ym yo-
lhjh y {xmljhumzv uh _mlmxh~pzh uh huhx}vrvt{upyzpzm j Lskhxp
wxmo up 1919 k. ]v ywvlms ylihzh uh vyzhuhspzm smjp ypsp. \sml wvlmth
uh ljpnmupmzv wv jxmtm uh omtmlmsyrvzv {wxhjsmupm huhx}pyzpzm wvwhlhz
wvl {lhxpzm uh lmjmzvuyrhzh jshyz p rhzv hjzvxp uh zmxvxpyzpup {ipq-
yzjh p {hyzup~p j mzp (1924–1925) yh xhokxvtmup p lhjhz tuvkv nmxzjp.
^ysvjp oh joyzhuvjjhum uh huhx}poth ym wvjjhz vzuvjv wxmo 1926–
1931 k., h oh uvj wvlmt – wxmo lmtvrxhzpupzm 1931–1934 k. (zvkhjh oh po-
jmyzuv jxmtm zm vjshljhz xrvjvlyzjvzv uh Wshlmnrp jolxnhzmsmu
yo), wvysmljhup vz uvjh xmwxmyp p pojmyzuv joyzhuvjjhum wxmo 1936–
1939 k. Kuhx}pyzpzm um ipsp kvsth ypsh p ixvz pt jhxpxhs tmnl{ urvs-
rv yzvzp~p p 1600 l{p. Wvnm lh ym vzimsmnp, m zm ipsp {jsmmup p jj
jzxmup |xhr~pvuup ivxip (tmnl{ huhx}vrvt{upyzp, huhx}vypulp-

rhspyzp, |mxmypyzp – vz _mlmxh~p uh xhivzup~pzm p ymsupzm) p vzlmssp
tuvkv mumxkp oh ivxih yxm{ rvur{xmuzpzm rvt{upyzp, pzv „lprzhz{xh
uh wxvsmzhxphzh“ vz}jxssp.72
\v~phslmtvrxhzpmyrhzh whxzp vyzhjh lhsmm uhohl vz rvt{upyzpzm wv
jspupm; z {hyzjhsh y mlpu tpupyzx (uh nmsmoup~pzm) j wxhjpzmsyzjvzv
uh ahurvj, ysml rvmzv hzxv|pxhsh wvspzpmyrp. Wvnm lh ym wvyzhjp wv-vi-
v jwxvyz, ohv yv~phslmtvrxh~pzh { uhy ym vrhohsh j k{imh wvop~p.
]vjh juv pthsv yzx{rz{xup wxppup j spwyhzh uh pxvrp yxmlup ysvmjm
rhzv uvypzmsp p wvllxnup~p uh mluh wv-{tmxmuh xm|vxtpyzrh wvspzprh,
uhyvmuh rt wvyzmwmuuv {xmnlhum uh uhivsmspzm yv~phsup jwxvyp (xh-
ivzupmyrpz m yhtv mlpu vz z}). Vpwyjhsp p yxmlyzjhzh oh yv~phsuh wv-
spzprh, rvpzv tvnmsh lh vypk{xp xhojpzh p jo}vlh prvuvtprh. Mtmyzv
zvjh prvuvtpmyrpzm p wvspzpmyrpzm yzxmymup wvsxpopxhsp vimyzjv-
zv p {ypsjhsp yv~phsuhzh rvu|xvuzh~p, rvzv lpyrxmlpzpxhsh „xm|vxtpo-
th“ j vpzm uh umlvjvsupzm thyp, vxpmuzpxhp ym rt wv-xhlprhsuh wvsp-
zprh. ]xijh lh ym vzimsmnp p zvjh, m yv~phsuhzh wxvismthzprh wvyzmwmu-
uv ym poomth vz lmyup ypsp, rvpzv xhz{jhsp oh „rshyvjh }hxtvup“, „rshyvj
tpx“ p „yzx{lupmyzjv tmnl{ rshypzm“, xmk{spxhum uh vzuvmupzh tmn-
l{ zx{lh p rhwpzhsh p poviv oh „yv~phsuh ywxhjmlspjvyz“. Xhmurpzm uh
„yv~phsuh lxnhjh“ { uhy wv pxvup ym pokxhnlhz vz hjzvxpzhxup wxhjp-
zmsyzjh (ahurvj, lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm p imowhxzpqupzm tvuhx}pmyrp rh-
ipumzp), uh wxhrzprh imo {hyzpm uh yv~phslmtvrxhzpzm (p xhlprhspzm).
Xh lmyup p rxhquvlmyup ymrzvx tmnl{ jvqupzm jouprjhz kvst ixvq
uh~pvuhspyzpup p hjzvxpzhxup, |hpovplup p |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp,
wvjmmzv wxmzmulpxhp oh umwhxzpquvyz psp uhlwhxzpquvyz (p ohzvjh po-
ikjhp uhptmuvjhupmzv „whxzp“).73 Xhq-thyvjh potmnl{ lmyupzm p wx-
72 #6G@6AD8, #DCMD. Kuhx}potz j Lskhxp. \., ûpjmxypzmzyrv polhzmsyzjv „\j. Usp-
tmuz Y}xplyrp“, 1995.

73
-DEE;HFD8, ,>@DA6?. Yxkhupoh~ppzm „Yzm~ Zhpypq“ p „Lskhxyrh vxlh“ wxmo Mzvxhzh
yjmzvjuh jvquh. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 43, 1987, I 9, 32–49; Slmquv-wvspzpmyrpzm y}jhh-
up uh \oh uh Lskhxyrpzm uh~pvuhsup smkpvup p „[hzup~p oh uhwxmlrh uh iskhxpuhzh“
j kvlpupzm uh Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 47, 1991, I 6, 53–67; Mvlhm-
yrp y}jhhup…, 130–146; Kjzvxpzhxpot – |hpot…, vyvi. 39–47. Mn. }hxhrzmxpyzprhzh
uh „Rjmuv“ p uh ahurvjvzv ljpnmupm j yxhjupzmsmu wshu {: +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. ^zjxnlhjhum
uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh…, 32–35. Uhzv thsvixvmu wvspzpmyrp p plmmu rxk „Rjmuv“ ips oh
„mspzhxuh jshyz“ (uh rvtwmzmuzupzm), ypsmu mzhzpot p yysvjuv-rvxwvxhzpjuv wxmlyzhjpzms-
yzjv wv pzhsphuyrp |hpyzrp tvlms; ~hurvjpyzpzm ym yzxmtmsp lh yzhuhz thyvjh |hpyzrh
whxzp yy ypsmu jvlh, xhojpsp ypsuh yv~phsuh p huzprhwpzhspyzpmyrh lmthkvkp, uv puhm
ipsp oh ohwhojhum uh poivxuvwhxshtmuzhxuhzh ypyzmth (wvumnm ym uhljhsp lh lvqlhz wv zv-
op uhpu uh jshyz). Rh lmyupzm vxkhupoh~pp jn. p ";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. Whyvuyzjvzv j Lskhxp.
\., Xh{rh p por{yzjv, 1986, 274–309.
rv |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp yzhjh Xhxvluvzv yv~phsuv ljpnmupm (X\O) uh

Ksmryhulx ahurvj. ]v m yolhlmuv wxmo 1932 k., rvkhzv zvq pojmnlh vz
\kvjvxh yjvpzm hkxmypjup wvl lxnup~p lmjmzvu~p (uv ptmzv X\O m vz
1934 k.). Mx}z uh wvw{sxuvyz zh yp ahurvjvzv ljpnmupm imsmnp wxmo
1934 k., rvkhzv uh |mjx{hxyrpzm poivxp oh ymsyrp vipuyrp yjmzup~p ym
uhxmlpsv uh zxmzv tyzv (ysml ljmzm kshjup whxzpp uh Xhxvlup isvr) p oh-
wvuhsv lh kvzjp {ypsmuv yjv „wv}vl rt jshyzzh“. Zv zvjh jxmtm zv wxm-
zmulpxh oh 20 000 smuvjm (wv jmxvzuv wxm{jmspmup lhuup uh umkvjvzv
xrvjvlyzjv) p uhltpuhjh wv wvw{sxuvyz rxhquvsjvzv rvt{upyzpmyrv
ljpnmupm. Yxkhupoh~pzh ipsh yzxvquh p yzmkuhzh, wvyzhjmuh uh jvlhm-
yrp wxpu~pw, rhzv xrvjvlyzjhzh uh jyprp upjh ym uhouhhjhsp vz ahu-
rvj. bsmuvjm uh X\O yh jrsmup j urvp wxm}vlup p ~hxyrp wxhjpzmsyz-
jh, uv jo}vlz wxvlsnps lv mymuzh uh 1936 k., ysml rvmzv ljpnmupmzv oh-
wvjh lh ohwhlh. Zxjv wxmjxhzz vz 1934 k. p wvysm ~hxyrpz xmnpt m|mr-
zpjuv wxmwxmpsp wz t{ rt (wv-ouhpzmsuv {hyzpm jj) jshyzzh. S {
uhy, rhrzv j tuvkv lx{kp lxnhjp, lmyupzm {tmxmuvhjzvxpzhxup xmnptp vz
30-zm kvlpup uh `` j. m|mrzpjuv wxmlvzjxhzjhz jomthumzv uh jshyz zh vz
rxhqupzm |hpyzrp ypsp, rhzv poomtjhz p hyz vz z}uhzh wxvkxhth.74
Wvnm lh ym ohlhlm jwxvyz: ohv |hpyzrvzv ljpnmupm { uhy um wvy-
zpkh wv-kvst {ywm}? Plpu yjxmtmumu wvspzpr vzlhjh zvjh uh jmolmyv-
zv whxzpohuyzjv, vz rvmzv jymrp hrh spup vishkp p rvmzv um wvojvsjh lh
ym wvyzpkum umvi}vlptvzv oh wvlviuv ljpnmupm vimlpumupm uh ypspzm; po-
rhojhz ym ytumup p j spuhzh wxpkvluvyz uh Ksmryhulx ahurvj oh |h-
pyzrp jvnl.75 Zv-yzx{rz{xuv vihm spwyjhsh wvl}vlh yv~phsuh ypz{h-
~p uh xhopxjh ym yxmlmu ymrzvx p |hpotz um m por{mupm upzv oh
uhwsuv xhojpzp, upzv oh povyzhuhsp hkxhxup yzxhup.76 Ut yrmwzpuvyz zh
uh ymsupzm, rvpzv vyjmu zvjh pthsp yjv whxzp, ym lvihjz p yshipzm zm}-
upmyrp yxmlyzjh oh wxvwhkhulh p tvipspoh~p.
Zxjvzv „wvrvsmupm“ rxhquvlmyup |vxth~pp lv rxh uh 20-zm kvlpup
uh `` j. lhjh Lskhxyrpz uhxvlmu yo „U{ixhz“ (yolhlmu wxmo 1922 k.),
„Lskhxyrh xvluh ohpzh“ (\o uh iskhxyrpzm |hpyzp), yoz „\spj-
up~h“, wvspzpmyrpz rxk „Rjmuv“ (rvqzv mlpuyzjmu popkxhs ouhpth wv-
spzpmyrh xvs). Zxmo 1930 k. m yolhlmu wv-thyvjpz \o uh iskhxyrp-
zm uh~pvuhsup smkpvup, h wxmo 30-zm kvlpup uh `` j. ym wvjjhz vxkhupoh-
~ppzm „Wshlh Lskhxp“ (1932 k.), Lskhxyrp uh~pvuhsmu yo (1933 k.) p
Xh~pvuhsyv~phspyzpmyrh iskhxyrh xhivzupmyrh whxzp (rvzv rvwpxh
i{rjhsuv wxvkxhthzh uh whxzpzh uh `pzsmx).
74
Payne, Stanley. Fascism. Comparison and Definition, 18–19.
75
#<>:FD8, -;HOF. Omtvrxh~p p |hpot, 28–29, 30.
76
Payne, Stanley. Fascism. Comparison…, 205–206.
Uxhquvlmyupzm p |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp { uhy tvkhz lh ym rshyp|p~p-

xhz p }hxhrzmxpopxhz wv xhoup wxpouh~p. Plpu vwpz kp wxmlyzhj wv ysml-
up uhpu. [huupzm „Lskhxyrh xvluh ohpzh“ p „U{ixhz“ ipsp wxvzv|h-
pyzrp, y jym vm umv|vxtmu |hpyzrp }hxhrzmx, uv wvxhnlhp |hpyz-
rh hztvy|mxh; puywpxh~p z{r m p „wxmnpjuvzv jj jvquhzh“. \mjxm-
tmuuv xvlvohpzup~pzm mlup vz wxjpzm vwxmlmsz tyzvzv uh tvuhx}h uh
jx}h uh mlpu imowhxzpmu xmnpt, vyuvjhu jx}{ jvlhmyrp wxpu~pw p vw-
xu uh hxtpzh; tvuhx}z zxijh lh m jvlhz.
\jvmvixhomu lmymu |muvtmu wxmlyzhjsjhs p yolhlmupz wxmo 1927 k.
yo „Rjmuv“ (Optv Uhohyvj – ipj yv~phslmtvrxhz, Uptvu Nmvxkpmj, Zm-
zx ]vlvxvj – ipj xhlprhs, Sjhu `hxpohuvj – yv ipj xhlprhs, p lx.).
„Rjmuv“ rxpzpr{jhsv whxzppzm rhzv imoplmqup p rvzmxpqup (z. m. xhowvryh-
up) p ym vijjhsv: oh ypsuv {wxhjsmupm uh rvtwmzmuzup puzmsmrz{hsmu
mspz uh uh~pzh; oh uhlwhxzpquh p uhlrshyvjh lxnhjh, vsp~mzjvxjhh pu-
zmxmypzm uh ~shzh uh~p; oh ymxpvoup hltpupyzxhzpjup xm|vxtp; oh jjmn-
lhum uh msmtmuzp uh lxnhjuvtvuvwvspyzpmyrp rhwpzhspot; wvlvixjh-
um uh ymsyrvzv yzvwhuyzjv; yv~phsuv ohrvuvlhzmsyzjv p kxpnp oh „yv~phs-
uv yshipzm“. ]vjh vmjpluv um yh ypuyrp |hpyzrp plmp, uv lvyrvxv-
uvzv vwxmlmsum uh xmnpth ysml 19 thq 1934 k. j thxrypmyrhzh pyzvxpv-
kxh|p rhzv „jvmuuv|hpyzrp“ myzv xm|smrzpxh vixhzuv jx}{ „Rjmuv“.
Ox{k jwxvy m, m urvp ojmuhxp hltpxpxhsp |hpoth p uh~pvuhsyv~phspo-
th (h lx{kp – „wxvyjmzmuhzh lprzhz{xh“ uh \hshohx j Zvxz{khsp).77
So~sv v|vxtmu |hpyzrp }hxhrzmx jmm wxmo kvlpupzm uh Mzvxhzh
yjmzvjuh jvquh pthsp \oz uh iskhxyrpzm uh~pvuhsup smkpvup (kmu.
`xpyzv V{rvj, wvysm kmu. Xprvsh Qmrvj) p „[hzup~p oh uhwxmlrh uh is-
khxpuhzh“ (Ksmryhulx Lmsmj, V. [{ymj). M plmvsvkpmyrp pt hxymuhs
jspohz viphqupzm rxhquvuh~pvuhspyzpup p vjpupyzpup, hjzvxpzhxup
p zvzhspzhxup plmp, uv vm wv-ohvyzxmup p umwxptpxptp rt jyrhrjp
whxzpquv-whxshtmuzhxup |vxtp p spimxhsuv-pulpjpl{hspyzpup plmp; h
yv – p wv-}hxhrzmxuv – jvnlpot p mspzhxpot, xhypot, huzpymtpzp-
ot p wx. ]pwpuv |hpyzrpzm plmp (uhwxptmx jvlhmyrhzh) vihm vyzhjhz
umlvxhojpzp wv zhrzpmyrp wxppup uh yvixhojhum y {yzhuvjmup tvuhx-
}pmyrp xmnpt.
Xrvp rxhquvlmyup p |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp ipsp huzpymtpzyrp (xvlv-
ohpzup~p, smkpvumxp, xhzup~p), h lx{kp rxpzpr{jhsp zm}up huzpymtpzp-
77
Mn. }hxhrzmxpyzprhzh uh „Rjmuv“ {: ";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. L{xnvhoupzm p lxmiuvi{xnvho-
upzm…, 50–57; #>B>HFD8, 'AMD. Lskhxyrhzh lmtvrxhzpuh…, 15–16. \v j ywvtmupzm uh
,>@DA6;8, ,. _xhktmuzp vz tmtvhxp…, 103–104, 141–142. \wvxml umkv urvp ojmuhxp ym {j-
sphsp wv |hpoth (Sjhu `hxpohuvj, Optv Uhohyvj), h lx{kp (Uptvu Nmvxkpmj, Zmzx ]vlv-
xvj) – wv hjzvxpzhxup xmnpt uh \hshohx j Zvxz{khsp. Uhzv |hpyzrh vxkhupoh~p m }hxhr-
zmxpopxhuh „Rjmuv“ vz +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. Zvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth…, y. 82.
ot (Xhxvluvzv yv~phsuv ljpnmupm, Lskhxyrpz tshlmnrp yo „Yzm~

Zhpypq“, „U{ixhz“). Xrvp ipsp oh rvuyzpz{~pvuhspot (Xhxvluvzv yv~p-
hsuv ljpnmupm, „U{ixhz“), h lx{kp xhojpjhsp rvxwvxhzpjup p mspzpyzrp
plmp. Xrvp |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp ipsp po~sv ptpzhzpjup, rhzv wxmwp-
yhshzh wxvkxhthzh uh umtyrhzh uh~pvuhsyv~phspyzpmyrhzh whxzp Xh~pv-
uhspyzpmyrh iskhxyrh xhivzupmyrh whxzp; zhrpjh ipsp p Xh~pvuhsuhzh
ohlx{kh – |hpyzp, p vxkhupoh~pzh \o uh iskhxyrpzm |hpyzp (jyp-
rp zm – umouhpzmsup).
\psuv yjvmvixhouh m vjpupyzrhzh (uv um |hpyzrh) p mspzhxuv ohzjv-
xmuh „Lskhxyrh vxlh“, wxvwvjljhh zmohzh oh yhtvipzuv iskhxyrv xho-
jpzpm j wxpmtyzjmuvyz y jvmuuv-wsmtmuuhzh }huyrh Lskhxp. [hojpjh ym
xhypyzrhzh rvu~mw~p oh (wxh)iskhxyrhzh porspzmsuvyz p ym jo}jhs-
jh lxmjuvzv „}{uvxyrv“ uhhsv (ywvlmsuv vz Lskhxp p gwvup), z. m.
yolhjhum uh lxnhjhzh vz }{uvxyrp vxlp, yyzvp ym vz xvlvjm, wxml-
jvnlhup vz ypsmu jshlmzmsyrp xvl. Yzz{r ym pojmnlh joksmlz oh umvkxh-
upmuh ~hxyrh jshyz p j uhyzvmzv, rhzv wxvlsnmupm uh pyzvxpmyrp
iskhxyrp wz. Zxpsprp y |hpoth yh tpspzhxpyzrvzv uhhsv, jvlhz (j
ys{h jshlmzmsz), umvi}vlptvyz zh vz „npoumuv wxvyzxhuyzjv“ oh iskhx-
yrp uhxvl.78
bpyzv uh~pvuhspyzpuh, xmjpopvupyzrh p hjzvxpzhxpyzrh wv joksmlp
vxkhupoh~p ips Mymiskhxyrpz yo „Yzm~ Zhpypq“; j kvlpupzm uh jvq-
uhzh j umkv ohoj{hsp p ypsup tvuhx}pmyrp p urvp hjzvxpzhxuv-|hpyz-
rp uvzrp. Xv rhzv ~sv zvjh ipsh rvuymxjhzpjuv-mspzhxuh, puzmspkmuzyrh
wv yyzhj, pyzv wxvwhkhuluh vxkhupoh~p, imo jshyzvjp ~msp.
Ut hjzvxpzhxpyzrpzm vxkhupoh~pp tvnm lh ym wxppysz p wv-htvx|-
upzm rxkvjm „Wshlh Lskhxp“ p „Xh~p p wvspzprh“ vz z. uhx. zxmzv wv-
rvsmupm vrvsv Vhohx Zvwvj, \zm|hu Zvwvj p lx. ]m xhojpjhsp joksmlp oh
ypsuh p jvsmjh ~muzxhsuh jshyz p wxvjjhsp wxpjxohuvyz rt tvuhx}p-
myrp xmnpt.
Yz lmyupzm p uh~pvuhspyzpup vxkhupoh~pp wvlmxzhuv tshlmnrp ip-
sp ywvtmuhzpzm xhzup~p p smkpvumxp p Lskhxyrpz tshlmnrp yo „Yzm~
Zhpypq“. [hzup~pzm yh pojmuv |hpyzrh ypsh, smkpvumxpzm – um zvsrvjh,
h wv-yrvxv vjpupyzpuh. Wshlmnrpz yo „Yzm~ Zhpypq“ (vzuhhsv
ymr~p rt Mymiskhxyrp yo „Yzm~ Zhpypq“, wv-ryuv yhtvyzvzmsmu)
ips pyzv uh~pvuhspyzpuh vxkhupoh~p uh yxmluvrvsyrhzh tshlmn (p
78 \wvxml plmvsvkh uh „Lskhxyrh vxlh“ Optpzx \ymsvj iskhxyrhzh lxnhjh zxijh
lh ym ohjxum rt yjv pyzvxpmyrp wz, rvmzv vouhhjh wxmxvkhzpjp uh ~hx, lvrhzv whxsh-
tmuzhxpotz, yysvjuvyz zh p whxzpquvyz zh yh {nlp uh pyzvxpmyrhzh zxhlp~p p zxijh lh
ym wxmth}uhz. Mn. /OG;AD8, #>B>HOF. Rh iskhxyrhzh rvuyzpz{~p. \., 1937. Mmxypzh oh zv-
op pyzvxpmyrp wz {: /OG;AD8, #>B>HOF. Zzz uh Lskhxp. \., 1936.
lvxp vz}jxss |hpyzrpzm xmnptp); zvq ym wvsojhs y wvlrxmwhzh uh jsh-

yz zh p jvlms ivxih yxm{ rvt{upyzpmyrp [W\. Omyupzm tshlmnrp vxkh-
upoh~pp vi}jhhsp vrvsv 5–6% vz iskhxyrhzh tshlmn. Ywpzpzm oh yolh-
jhum uh mlpuuh lxnhjuh tshlmnrh vxkhupoh~p vz zpwh uh pzhsphuyrhzh
„Lhspsh“ p kmxthuyrhzh „`pzsmxkmul“ vihm vyzhuhsp imo{ywmup. \ zh-
op plm wxmo 1941 k. ips yolhlmu „Lxhuupr“, rvqzv zxijhsv lh xrvjvlp
tshlmnzh j {psphzh p lx{kpzm tshlmnrp vxkhupoh~pp p lh ilm vwvxh uh
jshyzzh, uv uths vyvimu {ywm}.79
Xrvp vz rxhquvlmyupzm ypsp yp yolhsp yzxvqup jvmupopxhup vxkhup-
oh~pp uh jvlhmyrp wxpu~pw (ahurvjvzv ljpnmupm, smkpvumxpzm, xhzup~p-
zm, tshlmnrhzh „Lxhuupr“), lx{kp – um. Xrvp vxkhupoh~pp, rhzv smkpvum-
xpzm, ipsp wv-yrsvuup lh yzx{luphz y xmnpth, lx{kp, rhzv xhzup~pzm, ip-
sp wv-ypsuv vwvop~pvuuv uhyzxvmup („vwvop~pvumu |hpot“ j zvop ytp-
ys) p wxmysmljhup vz jshyzpzm. Uxhquvlmyupzm vxkhupoh~pp uhipxhsp
wxpjxnmup~pzm yp vz xhouvvixhoup yv~phsup yxmlp: jvmuup p ohwhyup jv-
muup, puzmspkmuzp ({pzmsp, hljvrhzp), puvjup~p, vzlmsup wxmlyzhjpzmsp
uh mlxhzh i{xnvhop, s{twmupopxhup kxhlyrp p ymsyrp msmtmuzp, rhrzv p
tuvkv tshlmnp.
XKaSYXKVXYY\MYLYOS]PVXS]P Y[NKXSRKaSS
S MeXcXK]K ZYVS]SUK
Uhzv |hrzvx j iskhxyrhzh wvspzprh ysml jvqupzm ohlr{spyuv lmqyzjhsp p

lx{kp, wvurvkh uhxphup „imovzkvjvxup“ wvspzpmyrp |hrzvxp (z. m. poju
wxmlyzhjpzmsuvzv {wxhjsmupm), rhzv Mvmuup yo (xhoksmlhu uh yvzjmz-
uvzv tyzv), uh~pvuhsuvvyjvivlpzmsupzm vxkhupoh~pp p thyvuyzjvzv.80
dm ym ywxh uh wvysmlupzm ljm.
\sml jvqupzm iskhxyrhzh rh{oh j Whrmlvup p Ylxpuyrh ]xhrp wvwh-
lh j po~sv xhospuh ypz{h~p. Prohx}pzh j ahxpkxhl m ohrxpzh p wxmtmy-
zmuh j \v|p, h iskhxyrpzm mwhx}pp poju Lskhxp yh ohk{imup. ]vjh
yshkh rxhq uh uh~pvuhsupzm wxv~myp zht, rvpzv ym vixhz j lmuh~pvuhsp-
opxhp. Xh~pvuhsuvvyjvivlpzmsuvzv ljpnmupm wvyzmwmuuv pok{ijh wvjh
wvl rxhrhzh yp, powxhjmuv um wxvzpj zmwxjh wvmthpzm wv uh~pvuhsmu
wz z{x~p, h wxvzpj tshlp p hkxmypjup uh~pvuhsup lxnhjp yy ypsup hyp-
tpshzvxyrp p }vtvkmupopxhp yzxmtmnp. Solmjhzmsyzjhzh, tvxhsupz
79 +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. _hpyzrpzm tshlmnrp vxkhupoh~pp p wvspzpmyrvzv xhojpzpm uh
Lskhxp (1934–1939). – Sojmyzp uh Lskhxyrvzv pyzvxpmyrv lx{nmyzjv, z. 29, 1974, 43–64.

80 ]mxtpuz „imovzkvjvxup |hrzvxp“ m {wvzxmijhu wv vzuvmupm uh MW[Y, uv tpys, m
tvnm lh ym xhowxvyzxm p jx}{ vyzhuhspzm ohlr{spyup wvspzpmyrp ypsp.

zvxtvo p pozxmijhumzv uh iskhxpzm – vixhom~ uh mzupmyrv wxvpyzjhum –

ohwvjhz vm wv jxmtm uh jvqupzm p wxvlsnhjhz wxmo ~msp wmxpvl. Xh
jyrh uh~pvuhsuh hr~p {nlpzm jshyzp vzjxhsp y xmwxmypp, vz rvpzv
yzxhlhsv ~svzv uhymsmupm, p zv wvyzmwmuuv k{imsv v}vzh lh wvlrxmw ljp-
nmupmzv. Xh~pvuhsuv i{luhzh iskhxyrh puzmspkmu~p ({pzmsp, yjmmup-
~p p lx.), wxmysmljhuh ohxhlp uh~pvuhsuvzv yp yhtvyouhupm, thyvjv uh-
w{yuhsh xvlupzm rxhph p ym wxmymspsh j wxmlmspzm uh iskhxyrhzh lxnh-
jh. Yz mluh yzxhuh, zvjh vyzhj Whrmlvup p ]xhrp imo hrzpjup iskhxyrp
msmtmuzp, h vz lx{kh yzxhuh, yolhjh ishkvwxpzuh wvjh oh MW[Y j is-
khxyrhzh lxnhjh.
Xh~pvuhsupz jwxvy ym {ysvnujhs lvwsupzmsuv vz |hrzh, m rhzv
wvimlmuh lxnhjh j tmnl{uhxvluh p ihsrhuyrh povsh~p p yy yymlp uh
yzxhuhzh uh wvimlpzmspzm Lskhxp uthsh jotvnuvyz lh vrhojh wvtv
uh yjvpzm vyzhuhsp ohl kxhup~pzm yuhxvlup~p. Rhpzhzh uh ths~puyzjhzh
ywvxml tpxupzm lvkvjvxp p Yimyzjvzv uh uhxvlpzm rhzv rvuzxvsmu vxkhu
ym vrhojh hiyvszuv umm|mrzpjuh. Xmv wvjmm, imo vksml uh |hrzpzm Ls-
khxp ipsh wvyzvuuv posvnmuh uh vijpumup vz yzxhuh uh fkvyshjp p uh
Nx~p, m wvlrxmw wxmtpuhjhp mzp p zhrh ym uhtmyjh jj jzxmupzm
pt xhivzp. Myrv wvlvixmupm uh vzuvmupzh y zmop lxnhjp wr popyrjh-
sv vzrho vz uh~pvuhsupzm yzxmtmnp. \wm~phsuv jyrh wvspzprh uh lvixv-
yymlyzjv y fkvyshjp jvlmsh p lv rvu|xvuzh~p y MW[Y. \zhtivspqyrp
yrwv ohwshzps Xprvzv ywvxho{tmupm oh {upvnhjhum uh mzupmyrvzv
ljpnmupm wv iskhxv-kvyshjyrhzh kxhup~h (vz thxz 1923 k.), h Mvmuuhzh
spkh {ywsh lh wvlvixp vzuvmupzh y fkvyshjp yhtv ysml rhzv xmpzms-
uv xhokxvtpsh ihohzh uh MW[Y j Lskhxp (1934 k.).
MW[Y ym xmvxkhupopxhsh j rxh uh 1919 k. uh zmxpzvxpzh uh iskhx-
yrhzh lxnhjh, ywm~phsuv j Zpxpuyrp rxhq (wxpymlpumu ysml L{r{xm-
rp tpx vz 1913 k.), wxmjxuhz wvl umquv jspupm j umv rhzv „lxnhjh j
lxnhjhzh“.81 Xhq-kvstv spuv jspupm pthsp ]vlvx Ksmryhulxvj, kmu.
Ksmryhulx Zxvzvkmxvj p Zmzx bh{smj. Yxkhupoh~pzh xhowvshkhsh p y
tuvkvixvmu p lvixm vxkhupopxhu mzupmyrp puyzpz{z. \mkh svo{ukz ips
oh hjzvuvtuh p umohjpypth Whrmlvup (y uhlmnlp oh wxpymlpujhum rt
Lskhxp, rvkhzv zvjh yzhum jotvnuv), vz z{r p uhojhupmzv „hjzvuvtp-
yzp“.82 Rh lh um poshkh tpxuvzv uhymsmupm j Whrmlvup uh xmwxmypp,
81
Mn. wv zmop jwxvyp #D7F>CD8, #;MD. ]vlvx Ksmryhulxvj p thrmlvuyrvzv xmjvs~pvu-
uv ljpnmupm. – Mmrvjm, 9, 1980, I 1, 82–90; !6G>A;8, !6G>A. Zxhjpzmsyzjvzv uh LRX\,
MW[Y…, vyvi. 313–321.
82
Wuvkv ym m ywmr{spxhsv y „hjzvuvtpoth“ p y „pyzpuyrpzm“ uhtmxmup uh mlup psp lx{-
kp thrmlvuyrp lmq~p. \wm~phsuv oh „hjzvuvtpoth“ yh ipsp pozrjhup urvsrv jotvnup jh-
xphuzh: 1) hjzvuvtpzh rhzv „zhrzprh“ p wxjh yzwrh rt ilmv wxpymlpujhum rt Ls-
MW[Y jym wvjmm ym povspxhsh p wxpmthsh zmxvxpyzpuh zhrzprh, ywm~p-

hsuv j \xiyrh Mhxlhxyrh Whrmlvup (Nx~rh Whrmlvup ipsh wvlsvnmuh
uh vimoiskhxjhum), uv zhop zhrzprh ipsh imowmxywmrzpjuh p yhtv lpy-
rxmlpzpxhsh. Kjzvuvtpyzpzm powhluhsp j vyzx rvu|sprz p yy omtmlms-
~pzm, rvpzv pyrhsp lh wxmrxhzz mzupmyzjvzv p jvxnmupzm lmqyzjp j
Whrmlvup. Mj MW[Y yrvxv uhyzwpsp xhouvkshyp. Zxmo 1920 k. ym yo-
lhsh uvjh vxkhupoh~p uh vyuvjhzh uh \mxyrhzh sjh kx{wh wvl ptmzv _m-
lmxhzpjuh (Nvxm Zmzxvj, Optv `hlnplptvj), vijjhh ym oh „pyzpu-
yrh“ hjzvuvtp j xhtrpzm uh |mlmxh~p uh ihsrhuyrpzm uhxvlp; z ipsh p
wxvzpj jvxnmuhzh ivxih. Wmnl{ hjzvuvtpyzp p |mlmxhspyzp ohwvuhsh
johptuv pozxmipzmsuh ivxih (mymuzh uh 1922 – uhhsvzv uh 1923 k.) j rvu-
zxvspxhuhzh vz MW[Y Zpxpuyrh Whrmlvup, rvzv ym wxmumysh p j \v|p.
_mlmxhspyzpzm (wvlrxmwup vz wxhjpzmsyzjvzv) ohk{ipsp ivxihzh. Zxp zv-
jh ips {ipz isporpz uh omtmlms~pzm thrmlvuyrp lmm~ Nvxm Zmzxvj, rhr-
zv p yhtpz omtmlmsyrp tpupyzx uh jzxmupzm xhivzp Ksmryhulx Op-
tpzxvj. MW[Y um {hyzjhsh lpxmrzuv j wxmjxhzh uh 9 up 1923 k. (kmu.
Ksmryhulx Zxvzvkmxvj {hyzjhs rhzv wxmlyzhjpzms uh Mvmuuhzh spkh), uv
{hyzjhsh j xhokxvth uh omtmlms~pzm, rlmzv powsupsh wvtvuh mromr{-
zvxyrh xvs.
\sml wxmjxhzh vzuvmupzh tmnl{ lmjmzvu~pzm p ]vlvx Ksmryhulxvj
ym jsvpsp. Yz zvjh jxmtm lhzpxh mluv hjhuzxpyzpuv yispnmupm uh th-
rmlvuyrvzv ljpnmupm y Uvt{upyzpmyrp puzmxuh~pvuhs (US). _mlmxhsp-
yzpzm (ywmmsmup vz US) p hjzvuvtpyzpzm (uh ]vlvx Ksmryhulxvj) ohwv-
uhsp jj Mpmuh y wvyxmlupmyzjvzv uh Nmvxkp Optpzxvj wxmkvjvxp oh th-
zmxphsuh wvtv vz Uvtpuzmxuh, rvqzv nmshms lh kp vimlpup j ihsrhuyrp
xmjvs~pvumu |xvuz oh yjvp ~msp. Uvtpuzmxuz shuypxhs zmopzm oh thrm-
khxp; 2) rhzv yzwrh rt yhtvyzvzmsuh Whrmlvup; 3) rhzv hjzvuvtuh wvspzpmyrh mlpup~h,
rvzv lh jsmom j ilmh ihsrhuyrh |mlmxh~p (rvt{upyzpmyrh plm); 4) hjzvuvtuh wvspzp-
myrh mlpup~h, rvzv lh jsmom j kvyshjuyrh |mlmxh~p. Ut xhospupzm mjmuz{hsup uhtmxm-
up uh lmq~pzm ym wxpihjz puzmxwxmzh~ppzm uh zmop uhtmxmup vz pyzvxp~pzm j mluh psp lx{-
kh wvyvrh. ]hrh Optpzx Nv~mj xhoksmnlh „hjzvuvtpzh“ wv wxpu~pw p poviv rhzv zhrzprh
oh wxpymlpujhum rt Lskhxp (uh wvzp jyprp thrmlvuyrp |xhr~pp), thrhx lh wxpouhjh,
m sjhzh MW[Y (vimlpumuh) pyrhsh Whrmlvup lh jsmom j ilmh ihsrhuyrh |mlmxh~p p m
xmmupzh uh Uvtpuzmxuh vz |mjx{hxp 1934 k. oh yolhjhum uh thrmlvuyrh uh~p „vixrhsp“
lmq~pzm uh MW[Y (vimlpumuh). Mn. "DL;8, #>B>HOF. Slmzh oh hjzvuvtp rhzv zhrzprh j wxvk-
xhtpzm uh uh~pvuhsuvvyjvivlpzmsuvzv ljpnmupm j Whrmlvup p Ylxpuyrv, 1893–1941. \.,
LKX, 1983. Zv xhospuv jxmtm xhoupzm rvu~mw~pp oh ilmmzv uh Whrmlvup – wxpymlpu-
jhum rt Lskhxp, umohjpyptvyz wvl wxvzmrzvxhzh uh Mmsprpzm ypsp, yhtvyzvzmsuvyz j xht-
rpzm uh ihsrhuyrh psp kvyshjuyrh |mlmxh~p, pthsp xhospmu huy oh vymyzjjhum. Mn.
oh zmop vw~pp -6A;NIHG@>, )DGH6:>C. Lskhxyrpz uh~pvuhsmu jwxvy…, y. 259. Yyuvjuhzh
p uhq-ypsuh |xhr~p uh MW[Y (|mlmxhspyzpzm tp}hqsvjpyzp) juv yjxojhsh zyuv ylihzh
uh Whrmlvup y Lskhxp p uh zhop vyuvjh wvl lxnhsh zyuh jxorh y iskhxyrp wvspzp~p.
lvuyrh p zxhrpqyrh (wv-ryuv lvix{lnhuyrh) uh~p y wxhjv uh yhtvvwxmlm-

smupm, h wv-lhsmupz wshu ips lh xho~mwp hjzvuvtpyzpzm p lh yolhlm „xm-
jvs~pvuuh smjp~h“, rvzv lh ym vimlpup y |mlmxhspyzpzm wvl rvt{upyzp-
myrv xrvjvlyzjv. M xmo{szhz uh wxmkvjvxpzm ips wvlwpyhu z. uhx. Whqyrp
thup|myz (6 thq 1924 k.), vimlpujh hjzvuvtpyzp p |mlmxhspyzp. \sml
rhzv rvt{upyzpzm w{ispr{jhsp thup|myzh, oh lh osmwvyzhjz ]vlvx Ksmr-
yhulxvj wxml umkvjpzm yplmqup~p p wxml ahurvjvzv wxhjpzmsyzjv (p lh
wvyzhjz }vxh uh US uhmsv uh vxkhupoh~pzh), vimlpumupmzv ym vrhohsv
rxhzrvzxhquv. ]. Ksmryhulxvj ips {ipz (umpojmyzuv vz rvkv), uv p yzxmtm-
nz uh rvt{upyzpzm lh ohjomthz MW[Y um ym {jmuhs y {ywm}; yolhlmuhzh
vz z} uh vyuvjhzh uh thqyrvzv ywvxho{tmupm MW[Y (vimlpumuh) vyzhuhsh
y upvnuv jspupm. Ykshjpspz hjzvuvtpyzpzm uvj jvlh – Sjhu (Mhum)
Wp}hqsvj, wvlsvnps |mlmxhspyzpzm p rvt{upyzpzm jj MW[Y uh
pozxmismupm. Rhyzxmsup ipsp p kmu. Zxvzvkmxvj (1928 k.), vijpumu j {ipq-
yzjvzv uh ]. Ksmryhulxvj, yv rvt{upyzz Optv `hlnplptvj.
Zxp Mhum Wp}hqsvj y jjmlmup vz umkv yzps uh pulpjpl{hsmu zmxvx
j Whrmlvup jtmyzv jym wv-umwxpsvnptvzv mzupmyzjv p thyvjv rvuywp-
xhzpjuv ljpnmupm, p y uhyvjhumzv uh lmquvyz zh uh MW[Y j Lskhxp, vx-
khupoh~pzh wxplvipsh zmxvxpyzpmu vispr. Xhymsmupmzv j Whrmlvup ym
vzlxwuhsv vz um p j vzhupmzv yxml umkv joupruhsp uh~pvuhsuv lmyz-
x{rzpjup zmulmu~pp (p ohwvuhs lh ym xhojpjh thrmlvupotz). Uh{ohzh uh
MW[Y ym vimosphjhsh j }vlh uh wvyzvuupzm tmnl{vyviup jvqup tmnl{
umqupzm |xhr~pp, yv wvxhlp zmxvxh uhl um{lviup iskhxyrp wvspzpm-
yrp lmq~p, rhrzv p wvxhlp ysvnupzm johptvvzuvmup y {nlp ypsp (Szh-
sp, \\\[, Nmxthup), j rvpzv jspohsh j ohpzh uh yjvzh rh{oh. Yz lx{kh
yzxhuh, yhtpzm wvspzpmyrp whxzpp p vxkhupoh~pp zxwmsp p lvxp wxpjsp-
hsp MW[Y j zxymum uh ypsmu p xmpzmsmu youpr; z uhtpxhsh wvlrxm-
wh p j urvp mtpkxhuzyrp yxmlp. \sml rhzv spwyjhsh wvspzpmyrh jvs oh
vi{olhjhumzv J, xrvjvlupzm wvspzp~p um tvnmsp lh wxmumixmkuhz j yjv-
zh wvspzprh, imo xpyr oh npjvzh yp. bmyzpzm wxmyzxmsrp tmnl{ thrmlvu-
yzjhp |xhr~pp po {sp~pzm uh yzvsp~hzh lxnhsp j yzxh} p uhwxmnmupm
kxhnlhupzm. Uhrzv yp ywvtu mlpu hjzvx:
Zxmo kvlpupzm wvlpx Zxjhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh }vlmumzv po {sp~pzm uh

\v|p wxmlyzhjsjhm umv rhzv |xvuz: hrv yp thrmlvum~, tvnm lh
ilm {ipz vz wxvzpjuvzv rxpsv; hrv yp vwvop~pvumx – vz jshyzupr;
hrv yp vipruvjmu kxhnlhupu – tvnm lh ilm {ipz wv wvkxmrh…83
83 FO=>LD8, 2F>GHD. Xrvkh j \v|p. \., Lskhxyrp wpyhzms, 1970, y. 102.

MW[Y p umquhzh ihoh j yzxhuhzh ipsp xhokxvtmup (p zv {{ljhv smy-

uv) vz lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm wxmo 1934 k. y wvtvzh uh jvqyrhzh, rvmzv jumy-
sv {tpxvzjvxmupm j yzxhuhzh p wvlvixmupm p j vzuvmupzh y fkvyshjp.
M }vlh uh 1919 k. joupruhsh p Mzxmuhzh lvix{lnhuyrh xmjvs~pvu-
uh vxkhupoh~p (MO[Y) y wvlmsmup j vr{wpxhuhzh vz [{tup Ovix{lnh
p j Lskhxp. [hojpzpzh j lvix{lnhuyrvzv ljpnmupm l{ispxhz j ouhp-
zmsuh yzmwmu zmop j thrmlvuyrvzv. S z{r oh jspupm j ljpnmupmzv ym ivxm-
sp lmyup (vrvsv Xprvsh Utpsmj – rtpsmj~p), rvpzv ipsp oh wxpymlpu-
jhum uh Ovix{lnh p zyuv johptvlmqyzjpm y iskhxyrpzm jshyzp (p vrhoh-
sp wvtv uh ahurvjvzv wxhjpzmsyzjv), hjzvuvtpyzp oh „hjzvuvtuh Ovix{-
lnh“ (vrvsv Zmzx Mpmj) p rvt{upyzp y |huzhyzpuhzh zmoh oh lvix{-
lnhuyrh uh~p p jrsjhum uh Ovix{lnh j ihsrhuyrh |mlmxh~p. \sml um-
{ywm}h pt lh ohjshlmz vxkhupoh~pzh, rvt{upyzpzm |vxtpxhsp yjv vz-
lmsuh Ovix{lnhuyrh xmjvs~pvuuh vxkhupoh~p (O[Y). Xv MO[Y pthsh
kshjuv jspupm, h j um uhltvpm wvs{psv lmyuphxyrvzv rxpsv uh Utp-
smj, huhsvk uh tp}hqsvjpyzrvzv MW[Y. Yxkhupoh~pzh m xhoz{xmuh yv
vz lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm. \myzj{jhs p smkhsmu thyvj yo „Ovix{lnh“
j Lskhxp, imo huhsvk j thrmlvuyrvzv ljpnmupm; ~mszh uh zvop yo,
jrsjh wxmlyzhjpzmsp uh jyrhrjp joksmlp, ipsh lh ilm vyjvivlmuh p
jojxuhzh Ovix{lnh.84
Sojmyzuv jxmtm j vr{wpxhuhzh vz Nx~p ysml Zxjhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh
Rhwhluh ]xhrp ymyzj{jhsh p iskhxv-z{xyrh Mzxmuh zxhrpqyrh xmjv-
s~pvuuh vxkhupoh~p, vixho{jhuh wxmo uvmtjxp 1922 k. ] wxm{yzhuvjpsh
lmquvyz zh yp ysml wxmjxhzh uh 9 up 1923 k., rvkhzv mzpzm J ipsp xhovx-
nmup uh iskhxyrh zmxpzvxp; vz zvkhjh wxvlsnpsh lh ymyzj{jh yhtv j
Lskhxp rhzv tpxuh vxkhupoh~p. M Rhwhlupzm wvrxhqupup, wxpymlpum-
up rt \xip, lmqyzjhsh xmjvs~pvuuhzh vxkhupoh~p „Mxzvw“ y ~ms
wxpymlpujhum rt Lskhxp.
Xhq-viv, jwxmrp m xmjpopvupotz viyuptv ips vyuvjuh uhyvrh uh
iskhxyrhzh juuh wvspzprh tmnl{ jvqupzm, xmhsupzm jotvnuvyzp ipsp
upvnup.85 \htpz xmjpopvupot ym yyzvs uhq-jmm j ivxih oh vismrh-
jhum uh |puhuyvjpzm zmnmyzp, oh joyzhuvjjhum uh uh~pvuhsup y{jmxm-
84
Rh uh~pvuhsupzm vxkhupoh~pp tmnl{ jvqupzm jn. jjmnlhhzh yuvzh xhivzh uh -6A;-
NIHG@>, )DGH6:>C. Lskhxyrpz uh~pvuhsmu jwxvy…, 255–264. \v: /H6H;AD86, $A;C6,
/HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh uvjh Lskhxp…, 388–390, 426–435, 466–471, 596–597.
85 Muuhzh wvspzprh uh Lskhxp tmnl{ jvqupzm y umqupzm poivxp p vkxhupmup m po-
svnmuh tuvkv yuv p zxmojv vz +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Syzvxp uh Lhsrhuyrpzm uhxvlp (1918–
1945). \., Zhxhlpkth, 2000, 151–239; -6A;NIHG@>, )DGH6:>C. Lskhxyrpz uh~pvuhsmu jw-
xvy…, 262–264; #>B>HFD8, 'AMD. Lskhxp j mjxvwmqyrhzh wvspzprh ysml Zxjhzh yjmzvjuh
jvquh. – Mj: 'AMD #>B>HFD8. Lskhxp uh Lhsrhupzm p j Pjxvwh. \., Xhxvluh wxvyjmzh,
1983, 5–20.
upzmz (z. m. sprjplpxhum uh {nlp rvuzxvs p uh jvmuupzm vkxhupmup) p

wvlrxmwh uh wxhjhzh uh iskhxyrpzm ths~puyzjh j yymlup lxnhjp (vzuh-
hsv oh jxhum uh imnhu~pzm wv xvlupzm pt rxhph) j yvzjmzyzjpm y
wxpu~pwpzm uh Yimyzjvzv uh uhxvlpzm. Rhpzhzh uh ths~puyzjmupzm wxh-
jh vihm ipsh yjymt um{ywmuh wvxhlp umm|mrzpjuvyz zh uh tmnl{uhxvl-
upzm ywvkvlip p vxkhupoh~pp p wxvjmnlhuhzh vz Nx~p, fkvyshjp p [{-
tup wvspzprh uh vimoiskhxjhum uh Whrmlvup, Lmsvtvxyrh ]xhrp p
Ovix{lnh xmo tmxrp rhzv rvsvupoh~p (vyvimuv uh Pkmqyrh Whrmlvup p
Rhwhluh ]xhrp vz Nx~p, uh fnuh Ovix{lnh vz [{tup), uhypsyzjmuh
hyptpsh~p (vz yxiyrh yzxhuh jj Mhxlhxyrh Whrmlvup) p wxvkvujhum
(jrspzmsuv wv ywvkvlihzh y Nx~p).
Zxp uhsvnmup vz yzxhupzm wvimlpzmsrp tmnl{uhxvlmu xml uh ohpzh
uh jmxyhqyrvzv yzhz{rjv p jxhnlmiuvzv ihsrhuyrv virxnmupm, zmxpzvxp-
hsuhzh xmjpop p „vimlpumupmzv“ um tvnmsp lh ilhz umwvyxmlyzjmuh ~ms
oh Lskhxp, h wv-yrvxv lhsmmu plmhs, pmzv wvyzpkhum lh yzhum imo jvq-
uh (zhrhjh zmvxmzpuh jotvnuvyz ym lvw{yrhsh vz s. 48 uh Xvqyrp lv-
kvjvx p vz s. 19 vz Zhrzh uh Yimyzjvzv uh uhxvlpzm). \ vksml uh iskhx-
yrpzm uh~pvuhsup puzmxmyp ymyzj{jhs jhxphuz oh yispnmupm y fkvysh-
jp (p |xmuyrhzh ypyzmth vz yop) p yyxmlvzvhjhum uh {ypspzh oh uh-
zpyr jx}{ Nx~p oh wvs{hjhum uh vimhup posho uh Pkmqyrv tvxm; lx{-
kpz jhxphuz ips xhojpjhum uh lvixvyymlyzjvzv y ]{x~p p Nx~p, yo
y Szhsp p uhyvjhum uh {ypspzh (wxvzpj fkvyshjp) rt Rhwhlupzm wv-
rxhqupup, Whrmlvup p mjmuz{hsuv fnuh Ovix{lnh. Yz Mmsprpzm ypsp
wxmo 20-zm kvlpup uh `` j. yhtv Szhsp, thrhx p yxml wvimlpzmspzm j Zx-
jhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh, ipsh umlvjvsuh p xmjpopvupyzpuv uhyzxvmuh. Xh
Lhsrhupzm z ym yzxmtsh rt Klxphzprh, rvmzv popyrjhsv vzyshijhum p
lvxp xhowhl uh fkvyshjp; j yzxmtmnh yp lh „virxnp“ fkvyshjp y
jxhnlmiup yymlp, z uhyxhjhsh xmjpopvupoth uh ûkhxp p Lskhxp,
vwpzjhsh ym lh wxpjsmm ]{x~p p Nx~p, lvw{yrhsh {yzhrp jvmuup shkm-
xp uh yjv zmxpzvxp. Xv zhop wvspzprh ipsh rvuzxpxhuh y lvkvjvxh oh
wxpzmsyzjv tmnl{ fkvyshjp p _xhu~p (uvmtjxp 1927 k.), rvqzv oh tv-
tmuzh vzyzxhups vwhyuvyz zh oh fkvyshjp.
M vwpyhup xmkpvuhsmu rvuzmryz iskhxyrpzm wxhjpzmsyzjh ym vxpmuzp-
xhsp, viv jomzv, rt yispnmupm y fkvyshjp (pthh wxjvyzmwmuuh
xvs jj |xmuyrhzh ypyzmth vz yop p rs rt \xmluh Pjxvwh) rhzv
uhq-lvixh wmxywmrzpjh oh wxmvlvsjhum uh povsh~pzh uh Lhsrhupzm, p zv
jwxmrp tuvkvixvqupzm wxvismtp j vzuvmupzh (thrmlvuyrhzh mtpkxh-
~p p lmquvyz zh uh MW[Y j Lskhxp, iskhxyrhzh omtmlmsyrh mtpkxh~p
ysml 9 up j fkvyshjp). M zhop uhyvrh ipsv Xprvzv ywvxho{tmupm uh
LRX\ y fkvyshjp (vz thxz 1923 k.), rvmzv wxmljpnlhsv tmxrp yxm{ m-
zpzm p huzhkvupopxhsv MW[Y. \sml Omjmzvuyrp wxmjxhz uhl lmsmsp lmq-

~p p whxzpp, rvpzv xhopzhsp uh wvlrxmwhzh uh Szhsp (p Kuksp), uv jw-
xmrp ohzx{lumuvzv wvsvnmupm uh fkvyshjp iskhxyrhzh juuh wvspzp-
rh um ym xmhjhsh lh ym vijxnm po~sv y xmjpopvupyzrh Szhsp. Ywpzpzm
vz 20-zm kvlpup uh `` j. (wxp LRX\, ahurvj p Vwmj) lh ym polmqyzjh po-
sho wxmo Nx~p uh Pkmqyrv tvxm um {ywmsp.
Zxmo 30-zm kvlpup uh `` j. uh wxmlmu wshu j iskhxyrhzh juuh wv-
spzprh posos lvix{lnhuyrpz jwxvy, lvrhzv kshjuhzh wxmzmu~p oh Wh-
rmlvup um ym h|ppxhsh, h ym jvlmsh wvspzprh uh yispnmupm y fkvyshjp.
Yyvimuv lmjmuhqymzvthq~pzm jvlmsp wvspzprh oh ispovyz y fkvyshjp
(p xho|vxtpxhsp p MW[Y), uv imo lh yjhsz uh~pvuhsup jwxvy. Zxmo
1934 k. ips yrsmu z. uhx. Lhsrhuyrp whrz (Nx~p, [{tup, ]{x~p,
fkvyshjp), rvqzv pths oh ~ms lh ohypsp |xmuyrhzh ypyzmth vz yop yxm-
{ |hpyzrhzh mrywhuop; Lskhxp vzrhohsh lh ym wxpymlpup, wvumnm
zvjh |hrzpmyrp ip vouhhjhsv wxpouhjhum uh kxhup~pzm uh Lhsrhupzm.
fkvyshjp wxp {wxhjsmupmzv uh Wpshu \zvlpuvjp wvmsh uvj p poumuhl-
jh r{xy uh wxrv „{xmnlhum“ uh vzuvmupzh y xmjpopvupyzpupzm Nmx-
thup p Szhsp, rvqzv wvlxvujhs |xmuyrv-kvyshjyrvzv yzx{lupmyzjv p
ips ishkvwxpzmu oh iskhxyrhzh juuh wvspzprh. \zpkuhsv ym lv wvl-
wpyjhum uh iskhxv-kvyshjyrp whrz oh „jmuv wxpzmsyzjv“ wxmo u{hxp
1937 k., rvqzv um ylxnh rsh{op p wxvzvrvsp, uv m jmxvzuv lh m pthsv
{yzup lvkvjhxup p ykshy{jhup. Zxmo sp 1938 k., jmm wxp ymyzjmuv
wxvtmumuh tmnl{uhxvluh viyzhuvjrh j wvsoh uh xmjpopvupyzrpzm ypsp, ym
wvlwpyjh (wvl hukspqyrp uhzpyr) \vs{uyrhzh ywvkvlih, xhoxmhjhh uh
Lskhxp lh ym jvxnhjh (rvmzv z wxhjmsh vz kvlpup).
Nvst {ywm} oh iskhxyrhzh juuh wvspzprh wxmlyzhjsjh tpxuvzv
jojxhum uh Ovix{lnh xmo Uxhqvjyrhzh ywvkvlih (7 ymwzmtjxp 1940 k.),
uhpyzpuh wvl kmxthuyrp uhzpyr jx}{ [{tup, uv xmo lj{yzxhumu iskh-
xv-x{tuyrp lvkvjvx, imo kmxthuyrp hxipzxhn. ]vjh viyzvzmsyzjv wvojv-
spsv ohwhojhumzv uh ywvxho{tmupmzv ysml Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh (oh xho-
sprh vz vzyzwmuhzh uh ûkhxp ]xhuypsjhup, jxuhzh ysml jvquhzh uh
[{tup).86
Yz yshihzh wvop~p uh Lskhxp p umkhzpjup J vwpz ysmljhsh p jup-
thzmsuhzh wvspzprh uh umwvmthum uh juuvwvspzpmyrp hukhnptmuzp, vz-
ikjhumzv uh mluvyzxhupjp vijxohuvyzp p ohwhojhum uh yjvivlh uh lmq-
yzjpm, ysmljhuh lvxp rvkhzv xmjpopvupotz uh ]xmzp xhq} wxvtmups ish-
kvwxpzuv umhzh p oh Lskhxp. [hoipxh ym, xmjpopvupotz zshyrhs is-
khxyrhzh juuh wvspzprh rt hkxmypjupzm ypsp, h hiyvszupz um{zxh-
86 -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wvtmup, 177–182.

spzmz, vyjmu m ips umxmhspyzpmu wxp kmxthuyrvzv uhltvpm p ohwsh}h,

zx{luv tvnms lh lvjmlm lv vymyzjjhum uh uh~pvuhsupzm ~msp. Mwxmrp
zvjh Lvxpy III rxhquv umv}vzuv p yhtv wxml sp~mzv uh lpxmrzuh ohwsh}h ym
xmps lh wxpmtm yoh y |hpyzrhzh Yy.87
WK\YX\]MY]Y
Ox{k |hrzvx j iskhxyrhzh wvspzprh ipsh Whyvuyrhzh svnh uh Lskhxp.88

Whyvuyzjvzv yp wvyzhj oh ~ms wvlkvzvjrhzh uh l{}vjmu mspz uh vimyzjv-
zv p uxhjyzjmuv {yjxmuyzjhum uh vjmmyzjvzv; uh wxhrzprh { uhy zv ym
xhojpsv rhzv jpl mspzhxmu rs{i, ylmqyzjh oh yvsplhxpopxhum uh i{xnvh-
opzh p oh {rxmwjhum uh {yzhuvjmup xml p vimyzjv. \sml Yyjvivnlmupm-
zv ym yolhjhz vz vzlmsup puzmspkmuzp zxp thyvuyrp svnp, imo vyvimuv
jspupm; thyvuyzjvzv ym xhoxhyzuhsv ysml jvqupzm, rvkhzv svnpzm yzhjhz
myz (y vrvsv 300 thyvup wxmo 1922 k.) p j z} uhjspoh mlxh i{xnvhop,
i{xnvhouh puzmspkmu~p, yzhxp v|p~mxp, lmq~p uh i{xnvhoupzm whxzpp p
vimyzjmup~p. Zvl jspupm uh Mmsprhzh svnh uh _xhu~p ym {xmljh Mm-
sprhzh svnh uh Lskhxp. ] lvwxpumysh oh {yzhuvjjhum uh wv-isporp
jxorp tmnl{ smuvjm uh xhospup wvspzpmyrp p jvmuup |vxth~pp (Mvmu-
up yo, \oh uh ohwhyupzm v|p~mxp, „Rjmuv“, wvspzpmyrp whxzpp) p
wv zvop uhpu oh rvvxlpuh~p p vxkhupopxhum uh i{xnvhoupzm ypsp uh
„uhlwhxzpquh“ p „wxmowhxzpquh“ vyuvjh. Zvrhohzmsuv rvt{upyzp p omtm-
lms~p um ipsp lvw{yrhup lh smu{jhz j svnpzm.
Whyvuyzjvzv pkxhmsv xvs wxp vixho{jhum uh Xhxvlup ykvjvx p wxp
wxmjxhzpzm vz 1923 p vz 1934 k.; xrvjvlpzmspzm uh Mvmuup yo X. [hmj,
U. Nmvxkpmj p O. Mmsmj ipsp thyvup. M wxhjpzmsyzjvzv uh Ksmryhulx
ahurvj vz 9 tpupyzxp wmzpth ipsp thyvup (jrspzmsuv ahurvj); j wxhjp-
zmsyzjvzv uh Vwmj pthsv myzpth thyvup; j zvjh uh Xhxvlup isvr –
zxpth; wxhjpzmsyzjvzv uh lmjmzuhqymzvthq~pzm ipsv yyzhjmuv wvzp po~-
sv vz thyvup, jrspzmsuv jmsprp thqyzvx uh svnhzh Zmzx Wplpsmj rh-
zv tpupyzx uh jzxmupzm xhivzp; j ysmljhpzm ~hxyrp wxhjpzmsyzjh, rhr-
zv p wv jx}vjmzm uh xhoup hltpupyzxhzpjup puyzpz{~pp, yv pthsv th-
yvup. Zv-uhzhzr thyvuyzjvzv wvwhluhsv wvl rxpzprh (m ym wvlpujh uh
juup ypsp) vz yzxhuh uh |hpyzrp vxkhupoh~pp p uh ~xrjhzh. \psuv hu-
zpthyvuyrh ipsh p v|p~phsuhzh wvspzprh j Nmxthup p Szhsp, rvzv y wxp-
ymlpujhumzv rt Yyzh ym jowxpmsh p { uhy. Whyvuyrhzh svnh ipsh xho-
87
";CM;8, ,>@DA6?. Muuhzh wvspzprh uh Lskhxp…, 301–441.
88
";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. Whyvuyzjvzv j Lskhxp, vyvi. 66–71, 114–116, 140–143, 150–151,
426–434.
w{yuhzh wv ohrvuh oh ohpzh uh uh~pzh vz 24 lmrmtjxp 1940 k. yy ylmq-

yzjpmzv uh thyvupzm Lvklhu _psvj, Zmzx Nhixvjyrp p Xprvsh Nmmj. Yk-
xvtuhzh xvs uh urvp thyvup j iskhxyrhzh wvspzprh vz 1923 k. lv 1935 k.
(p wv-thsrh lv 1939 k.) jym whr um ipjh lh ym xhoipxh j ytpys, m Mmsprhzh
svnh kp m rhxhsh lh vxkhupopxhz wxmjxhzp. ] wv-yrvxv ym jjhsh |hrzvx (p
tyzv) oh yispnhjhum uh i{xnvhoupzm wvspzp~p p jvmuup p oh {smyujhum uh
rvuzhrzpzm tmnl{ z}, rhzv lhjhsh p lmq~p oh wxhjpzmsyzjhzh; thyvupzm
poviv yp wvthkhsp johptuv, yv oh ys{nmiuv hjhuypxhum.
ZYVS]SbP\UY XK\SVSP S \YaSKVPX UYX]PU\]
\wm~phsuv jupthupm rhzv ihxvtmzx uh vyzxvzhzh uh wvspzpmyrpzm p yv-

~phsupzm rvu|sprzp ohys{nhjh wxpikjhumzv rt uhypsp j wvspzpmyrp
npjvz – thyvjp xmwxmypp, {ipqyzjh, pozmohup p wx.89 M wmxpvlh lv jvq-
upzm imoywvxuv p vyuvjhzmsuv uhq-svh yshjh yp ywmmsps \zhtivsvjpz
xmnpt y nmyzvrhzh xhowxhjh y x{yv|pspzm p lx{kp wvspzpmyrp wxvzpjup-
~p;90 yhtpz \zhtivsvj ips yymmu. Zxmo 1900 k. ipsp wvz{mup yjxoh-
up y lhu~pzm ymsyrp i{uzvjm j O{xhur{shr p ]xyzmupr, wxp rvpzv ipsp
{ipzp tmnl{ 90 p 150 l{p. Xv zvjh ismlumm wxml xhoth}h uh uhypspmzv
tmnl{ jvqupzm – poxho uh vyzxp wvspzpmyrp yzsruvjmup.
\ uhypspm, wxmtpuhjhv uh tvtmuzp j imoxhoivxmu zmxvx, yp ys{nmsp
yhthzh lxnhjuh thpuh (wvsp~p p jvmuup), smjpzm ypsp p uhq-jmm rv-
t{upyzpmyrhzh whxzp p huhx}pyzpzm, rhrzv p MW[Y. M urvp ys{hp, vyv-
imuv ysml Omjmzvuyrp wxmjxhz, {wxhjsjhpz xmnpt p „ypspzm uh xm-
lh“ yzpkuhsp j xmwxmyppzm lhsmm vzjl umvi}vlptvzv oh „ohpzh uh lx-
nhjhzh“, rvmzv pt wxplhjh zmxvxpyzpmu vispr. ]vjh, m lmqyzjhsp vz ptm-
zv uh v|p~phsuhzh jshyz (uv wxmjomzh y wxmjxhz), um tvnm lh vwxhjlhm wv-
lviup mry~mypp. Uhzv zpw wvspzpmyrv uhypspm yh }hxhrzmxup i{uzvjmzm
(rhzv fuyrvzv p \mwzmtjxpqyrvzv jyzhupm vz 1923 k.), zmxvxpyzpup
hzmuzhzp (uhq-kvst m rvt{upyzpmyrpz j „\j. Xmlms“), wvsp~mqyrp p jv-
muup xmwxmypp p tmup wv {hyz~p p ohzjvxp, mlpupup wvspzpmyrp
{ipqyzjh (uhq-}hxhrzmxup yh thrmlvuyrpzm, wvysm umsmkhsupzm rvt{upyzp-
myrp kx{wp oh mromr{~pp wv jxmtm uh Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh).
89
Mn. #6G@6AD8, #DCMD. Zvspzpmyrp {ipqyzjh j uvjhzh pyzvxp uh Lskhxp. \., Zmzx
Lmxvu, 1999; +6F@D8, ";DF9>. Mx}vjmzm wxpjsphz tsupp. Zvr{mup p wvspzprh j Lskh-
xp, 1878–1919. \., Zhxzpolhz, 1989.
90 Rh tmup wxp wvz{hjhumzv uh x{yv|psyrpzm i{uzvjm j [{ym wxmo |mjx{hxp 1887 k.
jn. !6G>APD8, 0DB6. Wvz lumjupr. \., Krhlmtpuv polhzmsyzjv „Whxpu Oxpuvj“, 1994,
32–33; +6F@D8, ";DF9>. Mx}vjmzm wxpjsphz tsupp…, y. 11.
Zxmjxhzz vz 9 up 1923 k. m wmhsuv vouhtmu{jhu vz {ipqyzjvzv y nm-

yzvrp tmup uh \zhtivspqyrp (vz thrmlvuyrp lmq~p), rxjhjvzv wvz{-
hjhum uh ymsyrhzh ywxvzpjh wxmo up, wvysm nmxzjpzm uh jlpkuhzvzv vz
rvt{upyzpzm \mwzmtjxpqyrv jyzhupm (tpupthsmu ixvq 1130 l{p, lx{kp
~p|xp – 1350 l{p), wvysmljhuv vz wxv~myp p vynlhup.91
Oskv wvl lxnhupz z. uhx. {szxhsj jvxnmu r{xy uh LUZ y umquhzh
wvs{hjzvuvtpopxhsh ym jvmuuh vxkhupoh~p r{stpupxh j hzmuzhzh j ~xr-
jhzh „\j. Xmlms“ uh 16 hwxps 1925 k. ({ipzp yh zxpth uhxvlup wxmlyzhjp-
zmsp, 36 v|p~mxp, viv 140 l{p, uv ~mszh ipsp ~hxz p wxhjpzmsyzjvzv).
[mhr~pzh uh jshyzpzm m imowvhluh – tpupt{t 670 l{p (lx{kh ~p|xh
860) {ipzp imo yl p wxpylh, yhlpyzpup tmup, wxmwsumup ohzjvxp p
tuvkvixvqup lmsh, 179 ytxzup wxpylp (urvp ohlvup).92 ]mxvxz vz
yzxhuh uh xmnpth ym jvlms vz osvjmv wxv{shzh ym ]xmzh xho{ouhjhzmsuh
ymr~p uh Mvmuuvzv tpupyzmxyzjv (pojmyzuh rhzv Pyrhlxvuh uh wvlwvsr.
Zvxrvj). \zxhuhzh ym uhtpxhsh j yyzvupm isporv lv kxhnlhuyrh jvquh lv
rxh uh 1925 k., rvkhzv ips yjhsmu r{xyz uh LUZ oh jvxnmuv jyzhupm.93
Zv zvjh jxmtm j yzxhuhzh ym wvjpsp p „mzp“, vijmup oh yzvp poju oh-
rvuh xhoivqupmyrp ihulp, thrhx m j z} uhxml y imoplmqup xhoivqup~p
jspohsp p ikhp vz wxmysmljhup rvt{upyzp p huhx}pyzp (uv mzpzm um
ipsp wvl uppq rvuzxvs).
Xh lx{kv tyzv im xhoksmlhu pojuxmlupz uhrhohzmsmu ohrvu oh ohpzh
uh lxnhjhzh, wxpmz wxmo 1924 k. p wxpshkhu wxmo ~svzv jxmtm lv rxh uh
Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh, kshjuv yxm{ smjpzm ypsp. Oh wxpwvtupt uhrxhz-
rv, m ylmiuhzh xmwxmyp vz 1923 lv 1940 k. ym poxhojh j 6469 vylmup
wvspzpmyrp ohzjvxup~p; vm 10 000 l{p wv jxmtm uh Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh
jvquh p ywxvzpjhzh (vz z} uh ytxz – 1590 l{p, xmhsuv mromr{zpxhup
199 l{p). Yz 1923 lv 1944 k. wxmo ohzjvxpzm wxmtpuhsp (rhzv ysmlyzjmup
psp vylmup) viv 33 892 l{p wvspzpmyrp ohzjvxup~p, uhq-tuvkv wxmo
jvquhzh.94
91 #6G@6AD8, #DCMD. Zvspzpmyrp {ipqyzjh…, 94–95.
92
)DG6N@>, ,>C@D. Rhl nmsmoupzm xmmzrp…, 16–17. Yz 16 hwxps lv rxh uh thq j \v|p
ipsp {ipzp imo yl p wxpylh 500 l{p; vz 16 hwxps lv 10 hjk{yz ipsp vixho{jhup wv RRO jj
jvmuuvwvsmjp ylpsph lmsh y 2975 vijpumtp; vylmup uh ytxz lv yp tvtmuz – 159 l{-
p. Kjzvxz vwpyjh (uh y. 32–46) yhlpyzpup tmup y xhoup {xmlp, yxml rvpzv osvjmhzh
„rvyzmu{xrh“ (ljm wvs{y|mxpup yrvip, ohzkhup jx}{ kshjhzh y jpuz lv ythojhum uh mxmwh)
p {lhxp y {r wv jvsmjpzm ~muzxvjm uh tvorh, lvrhzv vjmr um ouhm rhrjv kvjvxp. Mn. p #6G-
@6AD8, #DCMD. Zvspzpmyrp {ipqyzjh…, 128–129.
93 Rh „nmxzjpzm uh kxhnlhuyrhzh jvquh wxmo 1923–1925 k.“ kvjvxp 5CIAD8, 'A>R. îpqyz-
jh p yhtv{ipqyzjh j Lskhxp. \., 1930, y. 7; Yimyzjmuv poxhnlhum p ivxih y umkv. \., 1928,
y. 8. Yz pyzvxp~pzm /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp uh uvjh Lskhxp…,
y. 407.
94
Ohuup uh )DG6N@>, ,>C@D. Rhl nmsmoupzm xmmzrp…, 95–97, 105–106.
Nvst pozvupr uh uhypspm ipsh jvxnmuhzh MW[Y, rvzv wmxpvlp-

myrp ym powxhjsh yxm{ jshyz zh p pojxjhsh wvspzpmyrp {ipqyzjh, h
vm wvjmm ipsp jzxmupzm rxjhjp xhowxp. M xhowxhzh ysml {ipqyzjvzv
uh ]vlvx Ksmryhulxvj wxmo 1924 k. whluhsp {ipzp 193 l{p; ysml {ipqyz-
jvzv uh Ksmryhulx Zxvzvkmxvj wxmo 1928 k. – 225 l{p.95
îpzpzm (imo yl) jj jvxnmuhzh whxzpohuyrh ywxvzpjh wv jxmtm uh
Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh umsmkhsup, whxzpohup p zh~p jospohz uh 2750 l{-
p (wv jmxvzuv umwsup lhuup).96
Wuvkv iskhxyrp mtpkxhuzp ohkpjhz j yzhspuyrpzm xmwxmypp j \\\[
wxmo 30-zm p 40-zm kvlpup uh `` j. – 579 l{p yh xhoyzxmsup psp powxh-
zmup j ohzjvxp p shkmxp.
Uhzv ~sv i{xupz p uhypsyzjmu wvspzpmyrp npjvz tmnl{ jvqupzm
yzvp wvl ouhrh uh rxhqup – smjp, lmyup, uh~pvuhspyzpup – wvspzpmyrp
ypsp p |vxtpxvjhup. L{xnvhoupzm „whxzpp uh xmlh“ ipsp thxkpuhspopxh-
up wxml sp~mzv uh xmjvs~pvuup smjp ypsp p xhlprhsup lmyup ypsp. Mshyz -
zh uh rvuymxjhzpjupzm (umvspimxhsup) mspzp p zm}upz xml yh ypsuv vywv-
xmup p xhorshzmup. ]vjh yshkh vzwmhzr jx}{ ~svyzuhzh wvspzprh, rlm-
zv myzv lvtpupxh vnmyzvmuh rvu|xvuzh~p p ym yzpkh lv xmwxmypjup
rxhquvyzp. M lxnhjuvzv {wxhjsmupm ym povyzhj whxzpquv-whxshtmuzhx-
uhzh lmtvrxh~p p wvspzpmyrpz xmnpt xmpzmsuv ym potmyzjh rt
hjzvxpzhxpot. Wvnmt lh ym ohwpzhtm: ohv {tmxmuhzh wvop~p uh whxsh-
tmuzhxuv p ohrvuvyvixhouv {wxhjsmupm ipsh zx{luv {lxnpth? Yzrlm
pljhsh wxpjsmrhzmsuvyz zh uh rxhqupzm {mup p ypsp?
[hlprhspopxhumzv p rvu|xvuzh~pzh ym pojxjhz j vihzh xhtrh uh
lsivrhzh ysmljvmuuh rxpoh – prvuvtpmyrh p tvxhsuv-wyp}pmyrh mluv-
jxmtmuuv. Mvqupzm p jvmuupz vwpz vimo~mupsp vjmrp npjvz p wxp{p-
sp tuvnmyzjv }vxh rt {wvzxmih uh vxnpm, yolhsp p rvthulup rhmyzjh j
z}. Ut rvurxmzupzm wxppup oh xhoth}h uh uhypspmzv zxijh lh ym ywvtm-
um uhtmyhzh p uh juup ypsp p |hrzvxp. Lskhxyrpzm rvt{upyzp, xrvjv-
lmup vz Uvt{upyzpmyrp puzmxuh~pvuhs (xmo yjvmzv Rhlkxhupuv ixv) p
wvlpumup uh umkvjpzm yjmzvjuvxmjvs~pvuup p }mkmtvupyzpup ~msp, ip-
sp mlup vz uhq-wvlxpjupzm p huzplxnhjup ypsp. \v y wvksml uhju lmq-
yzjhsh MW[Y. Xhpyzpuh, z lmqyzjhsh j ptmzv uh uh~pvuhsuh rh{oh, uv wxp-
mthuh wvyjvmt{ p j xhoxmo y xho{tuhzh p vzkvjvxuh lxnhjuh wvspzprh.
Sth p lx{kv. \v~phsupz rvu|sprz um ip joms zvop xhotmx, hrv uthm
zvsrvjh umlvjvsup }vxh rhzv yxmlh, yxml rvzv rxhqupzm ypsp lh xmrx{zp-
xhz yjvpzm tuvkvixvqup wxpjxnmup~p – mlpu „yjvivluv wshjh uhxvlmu
95
#6G@6AD8, #DCMD. Zvspzpmyrp {ipqyzjh…, y. 108, 142.
96
Zhr zht, y. 200. ]{r um yh jrsmup {ipzpzm whxzpohup, zh~p p kxhnlhup j Whrmlvup
p Lmsvtvxyrh ]xhrp (oh rvpzv ym ytzh, m yh vrvsv 10 000).
xhlprhspot“.97 Zxp uhsppmzv uh vimrzpjup wxppup oh umlvjvsyzjv, rv-

xmup ym j svpzm {ysvjp uh npjvz p j uhpuh uh {wxhjsmupm, viys{n-
jh vivyvipsp ym wvspzpmyrp rshyp, lvixvuhtmxmup p yv~phsuv i{lup
}vxh smyuv tvkhz lh ym vovjhz j xmlp~pzm uh rxhqupzm ypsp. M zvop ytpys
m yv~phsuvwyp}vsvkpmyrvzv xhoynlmupm uh mlpu iskhxyrp hjzvx (vz
1906 k.) oh ypspzm, zshyrhp ywm~phsuv vixhovjhupzm (puzmspkmu~pzh) rt
rxhqup {mup p whxzpp:
Oh, pth yzxhup, lmzv i{qupz xyz uh rhwpzhsh m ywvyvimu lh vysmwp

yy yjv isyr lhnm p uhq-lvixpzm puzmspkmuzup ypsp, lmzv i{xnvh-
opzh vishlhjh um yhtv prvuvtpmyrh, uv p puzmsmrz{hsuh tv, lmzv
lvipzpzm wxmlptuv xmo umquhzh }mkmtvup yjvivlh p pxvrvjshyzmu
pulpjpl{hspot tvkhz lh wxpjsmrhz }vxhzh uh uh{rhzh, uh tpyszh,
jvim }vxhzh uh {tyzjmup zx{l. M zhrpjh yzxhup uh {ypsmu puzmuop-
jmu npjvz tvkhz lh ilhz wxpjsmmup vz pul{yzxphsuhzh i{xnvhop kv-
st wxv~muz puzmsmrz{hsup ypsp p zhrh z lh yzhum ~muzx uh wvspzp-
rhzh p uh jyprp |{ur~pp uh {wxhjsmupmzv. Ksh uhhzh yzxhuh wxml-
yzhjsjh umv lphtmzxhsuv wxvzpjvwvsvnuv. Nxvoupzm |vxtp uh
mrywsvhzh~p, ixvrxhzpupzm ypsp, wvyzhjmup j ys{nih uh rxhquv
ymxjpsuhzh i{xnvhop, tvkhz yhtv lh vzisyuhz j wxvzpjmu shkmx jyp-
rv myzuv, jyprv npjv, rvmzv vishlhjh umwvtxhmu {t p umwvrjhxmuv
yx~m.98
M wvlvimu ytpys mlpu pyzvxpr uh lmyupzm zmmup p |hpoth j Sozv-

uh Pjxvwh ohimsojh, m j xhospup yv~phsmu rvuzmryz z{r rxhqupzm zmm-
up um vouhhjhz yvzv, rvmzv j {smkuhsp ohwhlup lmtvrxh~pp y pxvrp
yxmlup ysvmjm, rlmzv zm yh wxpouhr oh yv~phsuh umhlhwzpjuvyz p uhipxhz
wxpjxnmup~p potmnl{ umlvjvsup, um{ywmsp }vxh, umvixhovjhup, prvuv-
tpmyrp umypk{xup psp hjzvxpzhxup spuvyzp. ]{r zm vouhhjhz lx{kv:
M vimyzjh, rlmzv prvuvtpmyrvzv xhojpzpm, vixhovjhzmsuvzv wvyzp-

nmupm p vimyzjmupz tvxhs yh upyrp, myzupz p xhivzspj vjmr tvnm
lh ym vrhnm umlvjvsmu p wyp}vsvkpmyrp imolvtmu; ypshzh uh }hxhrzmxh
tvnm lh jmhm spmu um{ywm}, wxmlwxpmtpjvyz zh p myzuvyz zh tvkhz
lh jvlz lv prvuvtpmyrh umypk{xuvyz. […] Yimyzjh y wvlviuv vwp-
yhupm um yh porsmupm; zm}upzm rxpzp~p powsujhz wvsmouh |{ur~p
97 Soxhoz m uh Janos, Andrew. East Central Europe in the Modern World. The Politics of
Borderlands from pre-to Postcommunism. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 2000,
p. 199. \wvxml hjzvxh j Lskhxp zvop uhxvlmu xhlprhspot ips {svjmu vz whxzppzm vzsjv,
vyvimuv xhlprhsupz thxrypot p wvw{spotz, h j ûkhxp p [{tup – vz zjxlp lmyup
whxzpp.
98 26F>=6CD8, '86C. Zxpuvy rt }hxhrzmxpyzprhzh…, 282–283.
p wvurvkh m jwxvy uh ohx, lhsp zhrpjh rxpzp~p m ym suhz rt

rxhquvlyuv psp rxhquvsjv.99
Vpimxhsuhzh lmtvrxh~p p umqupzm mspzp pthz oh yjv uvxthsuh yv~p-

hsuh yxmlh xhojpzp whohxuv-rhwpzhspyzpmyrp vimyzjh yy ypsuh i{xnvh-
op p pxvrp yxmlup rshyp; yhtpz whxshtmuzhxmu xmnpt |{ur~pvupxh wv-
lvixm wxp vkxhupmuh tuvkvwhxzpquvyz.100 Yixhzuv, p pyzv yv~pvsvkp-
myrp, mluv spimxhsuv whxshtmuzhxuv {wxhjsmupm m zx{luv {lxnptv j
prvuvtpmyrp umxhojpzv vimyzjv yy yshih i{xnvhop p zurp yxmlup
ysvmjm; yhthzh lxnhjh z{r m y thsrp |puhuyvjp jotvnuvyzp oh rvvwzp-
xhum uh umlvjvsup yv~phsup ypsp p shjpxhum j rxpopyup ypz{h~pp. Xmhzh
ym povyzxz wxp uhsppm uh wvspzpmyrh tvipspoh~p p „vzjhxum“ uh wv-
spzprhzh oh thypzm. ]vkhjh j xvszh uh wvspzpmyrp jvlh (psp wvspzpm-
yrp „wxmlwxpmth“) ym jjh vz{nlmuh vz kvywvlyzjhp xml p xhlprhsp-
opxhuh puzmspkmu~p, oh lh vkshjp p rhuhspopxh wv yjvp wzph umlvjvs-
yzjvzv. ^wxhjsjhpzm mspzp zpwpuv xmhkpxhz xmo wxmtpuhjhum j yhtv-
vzixhuh p hjzvxpzhxuv {ypsjhum uh jshyz zh vz jym wv-„xmpzmsup ths~pu-
yzjh“.101 [mwxmypzh m mluv vz yxmlyzjhzh, wv-zvuv rxhquvzv yxmlyzjv,
xmo rvmzv zm vwhojh yjv xml vz hzhrp uh yv zhrh wxpshkhp uhypspm –
p j zvop ytpys rxhqup – wvspzpmyrp ypsp.
\sml wv-xhuv wvjpshzh ym rxhquvsjh puzmspkmu~p, ysml jvqupzm {
uhy ym uhlpkh lmyupz xhlprhspot, rvqzv jspoh j ivxih y smjpzm ypsp p
wxvjjh yzxmtmn rt jshyz zh j lxnhjhzh. ]xhlp~pvuupzm umvspimxhsup
mspzp j xvszh uh whomh xmlh rvuymxjhzpjuh ypsh ym ivxmsp vnmyzvmuv
yxm{ smjp xhlprhspot p ym vwpzhsp lh rvvwzpxhz lmyup. ]vjh pt ym
{lhsv, uv xmo nmxzjhum uh whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p p jjmnlhum uh
hjzvxpzhxuv, lyuv {wxhjsmupm.
99
Weber, Eugen. The Right. An Introduction, 10–11.
100
M zvop ytpys p +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Zhxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p…, 271–273.
101 Janos, Andrew. East Central Europe…, 141–143, 148–151, 160–181, 190–210. \wvxml hj-
zvxh j uhhsvzv uh `` j. j Sozvuh Pjxvwh ym wvjjh wvspzpmyrh rshyh uh xhlprhsuh puzm-

spkmu~p, rvzv tvipspopxh thypzm p vywvxjh spimxhsupzm xmnptp. Omyupz (psp uh~pvuhs-
upz xhlprhspot) wr ym polpkh ysml Zxjhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh, wvysm pojmyzuv jxmtm }pimx-
upxh p wxmo 30-zm kvlpup uh `` j. m j wvlmt, h rvuymxjhzpjupzm ypsp uh pyzmisptuzh (umv-
spimxhsp) kv rvvwzpxhz hyzpuv.
McYOIKI. XWTQ[QSI. QSWVWUQSI : McYOIKI, XYIKW, XWTQ[QSI 249
´ ˛—
¨˚˛˝˛ ¨˚

,
Wx Wwhtgtljksnkxt jt Kxtvfxf whkxthsf htosf Jqifvn twxfhf fivfvsf

wxvfsf w uvktgqfjfhft wkqwpt sfwkqksnk. [t wwxfhqhfqt 80,7% tx |qt-
xt sfwkqksnk uvkm 1880 i.; 80,5% uvkm 1887 i.; 80,9% uvkm 1910 i.; 79,4%
uvkm 1926 i.; 78,52% uvkm 1934 i.; 77,81% uvkm 1939 i. K wvfhsksnk ww w-
wkjsn jvlfhn uvkm 1910 i. Jqifvn nrfqf rfqpt ut-itqrt wkqwpt sfwk-
qksnk tx Lv|n (80% wkqwpt sfwkqksnk) n Yyrsn (80,8%) n rfqpt ut-
rfqpt tx xthf sf Zvgn (81,6%). Xt xthf hvkrk sfo-rfqpt wkqwpt sfwkqk-
snk nrfqn Kkqnptgvnxfsn – 31,8%, ^tqfsjn n Jkqin – 40%.1
Wk ut-nmvfmnxkqsn wf jfssnxk mf fpxnhst mfkxnxk h wkqwptxt wxtufs-
wxht qn|f – wvkjst tptqt 82% mf |kqn ukvntj tx 1924 jt 1939 i. (n jt
1945 i.), jtvn w kjst utpf}hfsk jt 84% uvkm ukvntjf 1930–1936 i. [thf wk
tgwshf w y}fwxnkxt sf lksnxk n jk|fxf sfj 14-itjn~sf hmvfwx h wkqwpn
xvyj, jtpfxt h ivfjthkxk }fwx tx lksnxk gnqn jtrfpnsn, f rqfjklnxk y}kqn
jt ut-pwst.2 Zxvypxyvfxf tx 4/5 wkqwpt sfwkqksnk wk tpfmhf pvfost yw-
xto}nhf, f ivfjthkxk n nsjywxvnnxk – wqfgt utiqfkrn. Xvnvfwxx sf mk-
rkjkqwptxt sfwkqksnk wn twxfhfq sf wkqt. Kuvkpn sfvfwxhfskxt sf sptn
tx ivfjthkxk rnivf|nxf tx wkqtxt pr ivfjf gnqf whwkr tivfsn}ksf.
Zkqwptxt wxtufswxht (ufvn}sf uqw sfxyvfqsf }fwx) ztvrnvfqt sfj
utqthnsfxf tx sf|ntsfqsn jt{tj jtvn uvkm ukvntjf 1924–1943 i. Vf xtmn
kxfu wk sfgkqmhf ywxto}nhf xksjks|n pr sfrfqhfsk sf skithn jq uvn
txstwnxkqst yhkqn}ksnk sf jt{tjf tx nsjywxvnxf, xvithnxf n jv., f
nrksst: 1924–1928 i. – wvkjst tptqt 60% tx sf|ntsfqsn jt{tj; 1929–
1933 i. – wvkjst 53,7%; 1934–1938 i. – wvkjst 51,5%; 1939–1943 i. – wvkj-
st 51,2%.3 Jqifvn uvkm gyvltfmsfxf kut{f tgf}k sk ywuhf jf twkwx-
1
Mfssnxk jt 1910 i. wf tx 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Zxtufswpf Jqifvn. Zgtvsnp sf Jqifvwpf fpf-
jkrn sf sfypnxk. [. 8. Z., 1916, 13–14. Xt-sfxfxp: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf h
}ylgnsf n y sfw. Z., 1946, 157–159; Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 32, 1940.
Z., 1940, w. 90.
2 ;=F=GJ?, 'MBI. Vf|ntsfqsnx jt{tj n vfm{tj sf Jqifvn, 1924–1945. Z., 1946, w. 122,
124.
3 Xfp xfr, 114–116.
250 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 ÌZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
hn uvk{tj tx wkqwpt pr ivfjwpt tgkwxht, tx fivfvsf pr nsjywxvnfqsf

nptstrnpf. K utwt}ksnxk jtxyp sfo-tgn vfrpn wkqwptxt wxtufswxht hwk
ufp uvkxvuqt vfmhnxnk ut vkjn|f utpfmfxkqn.
QP^WMVI[I ZQ[\I_Qe
Zxtufswpfxf wnxyf|n skutwvkjwxhkst wqkj Wwhtgtljksnkxt gnqf rstit

uvnrnxnhsf. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqnkxt k tunwfst ut wqkjsn sf}ns.
Wvfsxf gnqf uqnxpf, xo pfxt vfqtxt gnqt uvtwxt – gkm ptqkqf, w rfqpt lk-
qmt mf ufqk~snp; mf tgvfsk sf gvfmjnxk hrkwxt khvtukowpfxf uqyithf
qtufxpf wqylkqt pvnqttgvfmst nmhnxt lkqmt – „y~n“, mfj ufqk~snpf. Xt-
jtgst vfqt sk hqnmf jqgtpt h mkrxf n sk twxfh gvfmjn, f skvfhst nmtvf-
sf snhf w itqkrn gy|n; uvn uqnxpfxf tvfs rkljy lnxsnxk pqfwthk vfwxfx
xvkhn n uqkhkqn. Kv~nxgfxf wxfhfqf sf wfrtxt utqk – sf pviqt iyrst
({fvrfs) tx txupfsf n hxhvjksf iqnsf; hv~kkqt wk w ptsk, ptnxt wk jhn-
lkqn h pvi ut vfmuvwsfxnxk wstun, }kwxt hqf}kn jnpfsn, wwxfhksn tx
ivkjn ww mfgnxn txjtqy pvkr}kxf. Pvstxt wk txhhfqt }vkm {hvqsk w
qtufxn sfitvk – hxvx txhhfq twnqf, f mvstxt ufjfqt jtqy. Znqsfxf mk-
r wk twxfhqf utj yifv wqkj xvn itjnsn, wvkjst wnqsfxf – wqkj jhk, f wqf-
gfxf – uvkm itjnsf. Xt vfhsnsnxk h [vfpn n Mysfhwpfxf tgqfwx uvktgqf-
jfhfqf xvnutqsfxf wnwxkrf, f nm utjgfqpfswpnxk jtqnsn (Pqfxn|f) n ut
Zvkjsf itvf – jhyutqsfxf. Xt uqfsnswpnxk rkwxf snhnxk sk wk twxfhqn
utj yifv, f pyqxyvnxk wk wrksqn utwxtsst. [tvksk ut}xn sk wk uvnqfifqt,
st mfut}sfq jf wk nmutqmhf xtvx sf th|k, ithkjf, ptmn n uv., ptoxt uvn tw-
pjstwx xf sf tgtvn mf mfxhfvsk sf jtgnxpf gnq skjtwxfx}ks. Pf vfgt-
xks jtgnxp wqylkqn htqthk n gnhtqn, sk ptsk (twhks h [vsthwpt). Pf-
uvlpfxf gnqf qt~f – wfrt iqfhnxk sf lnhtxsnxk wk uvtrphfqn h vkr,
vfmjkqks sf jhk w lkiqt, xfpf }k |qfxf wnqf sf xkiqkskxt ufjfqf hv{y
hvfxf, f sk hv{y ivjnxk sf lnhtxsnxk (ptnxt wf ut-wnqsn). Pfut}sfqn jf
wk yutxvkghfx n whvkrkssn lkqkmsn uqyithk, st xk wvkfqn wuspn ut-
vfjn skmsfksk pfp jf wk yuvfhqhfx n xvyjstwx xf jf wk utuvfhx.4
Vf}fqstxt wwxtsnk sf skfxf k txvfmkst n h nmqtlksnxf sf tpvl-
snxk yuvfhnxkqn mf wwxtsnkxt sf tpvmnxk, unwfsn uvkm 80-xk n 90-xk it-
4
/LBSBF, 1JIMN=INDI. Sslkwxht Jqifvn. `fwx. 1. Jqifvwpf jvlfhf. Xqthjnh, ^v.
L. Mfsth, 1899, 200–208. Pf mkrkjkqnkxt uvkjn Wwhtgtljksnkxt hl. 1JIMN=INDIJ?, 4. Pkrk-
jkqnkxt h Jqifvn uvkjn Wwhtgtljksnkxt. – Zgtvsnp mf sfvtjsn yrtxhtvksn, sfypf n
psnlsnsf, ps. 26, 1910–1911, 1–83.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 251
jnsn sf Î^ h.5 Stswxfxf|nnxk wk uthxfvx: nmtwxfsfqtwx n uvnrnxnhstwx

sf mkrkjkqnkxt n ut-xt}st rstit mkr (jt utqthnsfxf) utj yifv, uvnrnxnh-
sf xk{snpf sf tgvfgtxpf (jvhkst tvfqt) n snwpn jtgnhn, skvfmhnxtwx sf
thtfvwxhtxt n txiqkljfskxt sf mkqks}y|n, qt~tpf}kwxhksn utvtjn jtgn-
xp, iqkjfsn h qt~n ywqthn, qnuwf sf mkrkjkqwpn pvkjnxn n vfmuvtwxvfsk-
snk sf qn{hfvwxht n mkqksn}fvwxht (x. k. uvkjhfvnxkqsf uvtjflgf sf vkptq-
xfxf – „sf mkqkst“). [nun}st wk txgkqmhfx n qt~nxk, kwksst hvkrk sfuvf-
ht skuvt{tjnrn uxnf, pfpxt n mfskrfvkstxt {ninksn}st wwxtsnk sf
sfwkqksnxk rkwxf. Ykinwxvnvf wk gkmvkjst nmwn}fsk n nmptvkshfsk sf it-
vnxk mf snhn n uv.
Zuk|nfqst wk ptswxfxnvf uvnrnxnhstxt wwxtsnk sf lnhtxsthjwxht-
xt, sfuvnrkv iqkjfskxt sf th|kxk:
Vnijk ut}xn h Sslkwxhtxt sk wk ivnlfx mf sfuvfhf sf t-itjk wstwsn

utrkksn mf th|kxk; kjnswxhkstxt skt, ptkxt wk uvfhn mf x{, k ti-
vfjksf w uqkx pt~fvf, kjsf }fwx tx ptxt k utpvnxf txitvk w qkwn, sf-
xvyufsn w ~yrf. [thf whvifqnk wqyln mf mfxhfvsk sf th|kxk stkr,
5 Kl. Mtpqfj mf tgtxt wwxtsnk sf Jyvifwpn tpvi uvkm 1889–1890 i. Jyvifw, 1890; Mt-
pqfj mf tgtxt wwxtsnkxt sf Jyvifwpn tpvi uvkm 1890–1891 i. Jyvifw, 1891; Mtpqfj mf
tgtxt wwxtsnk sf Jyvifwpn tpvi uvkm 1891–1892 i. Jyvifw, 1892; Mtpqfj, uvkjwxfhks sf
[fxfv-Xfmfvjln~pn tpvlks whkx mf tgtxt wwxtsnk sf tpvlnkxt. Xqthjnh, 1890; Mtp-
qfj, uvkjwxfhks sf Xqthjnhwpn tpvlks whkx mf tgtxt wwxtsnk sf tpvif. Xqthjnh, 1888;
Mtpqfj mf wwxtsnkxt sf Zkhqnkhwptxt tpvlnk. Zkhqnkht, 1895; Mtpqfj mf wwxtsnkxt sf
ayrskswpn tpvi uvkm 1889–1890 i. ayrks, 1890; Mtpqfj, uvkjwxfhks sf ^fwpthwpn iqfhks
whkx h wkwnxf ry uvkm wkuxkrhvn 1884 i. mf wwxtsnkxt sf tpvif n vfmsnxk h skit tgn
wqylgn. Xqthjnh, 1884; Mtpqfj sf hnjnswpn tpvlks yuvfhnxkq mf wwxtsnkxt sf tpvif
uvkm 1888 i. Knjns, 1888; Wx}kx mf wwxtsnkxt sf Xqkhkswptxt tpvlnk h nptstrn}kwpt, mkr-
qkjkq}kwpt, uvtrn~qkst n jvyin txst~ksn uvkm 1891 n 1892 itjnsn. Xqkhks, 1892; Mtpqfj
mf wwxtsnkxt sf Xqkhkswptxt tpvlnk uvkm 1894–1895 i. Xqkhks, 1895; Mtpqfj sf wxfvtmf-
itvwpn tpvlks yuvfhnxkq mf wwxtsnkxt sf Zxfvtmfitvwptxt tpvlnk tx 1 fhiywx 1889 i. jt
1 fhiywx 1890 i. Xqthjnh, 1890; Mtpqfj sf Zqnhkswpno tpvlks yuvfhnxkq mf wwxtsnkxt sf
tpvif n {tjf sf vfmsnxk h skit tgn wqylgn. Zqnhks, 1889; Qmqtlksnk mf wwxtsnkxt sf
Swxksjnqwptxt tpvlnk uvkm 1900–1901 i. Swxksjnq, 1901. Kl. h utjtgks jy{ n: /GDB?,
'N=I=M. Zxfvtmfitvwpn tpvi h nptstrn}kwpt txst~ksnk. Zxfvf Pfitvf, 1885. Mtpqfjnxk wf
tgtgksn h wxfxn sf )=MDGVJ?, 8JH=. Jkqklpn hv{y hxvk~stxt wwxtsnk sf Jqifvn
uvkm 1888 i. – Xkvntjn}kwpt wunwfsnk, G 1889, 28–31, 571–585. Zt hl. jtpqfjnxk sf xv-
ithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsnxk pfrfvn (jt rnsnwxvf sf xvithnxf n mkrkjkqnkxt): Mtpqfj tx J-
vtxt sf Xqthjnhwpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf mf nptstrn}kwptxt wwxtsnk sf vfot-
sf sf Xqthjnhwpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf uvkm 1895 n 1896 itjnsn. Xqthjnh, 1897;
Mtpqfj jt i-s Unsnwxvf sf xvithnxf n mkrkjkqnkxt mf nptstrn}kwptxt wwxtsnk sf vfot-
sf sf Ztznowpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf uvkm 1896 n 1897 i. Z., 1898; Mtpqfj tx Qs-
jywxvnfqsfxf ptrnwn. Z., 1890; Mtpqfj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt wwxtsnk sf vfotsf sf
Kfvskswpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf uvkm 1896 i. Kfvsf, 1897. Qsxkvkwst k, }k ut}xn
wnxk wqfgtwxn wk txgkqmhfx h kjns jtpqfj tx 1931 i.: Wgwxtxkqwxhks jtpqfj mf wxtufswpt-
xt wwxtsnk sf vfotsf sf Kfvskswpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf. Kfvsf, 1932.
mf jf sk gjfx tivfgksn tx hq|nxk n jf sk gjfx mfxvyufsn whv~k-

st tx wskif. Vt xfphfm pt~fvf sk uvkjwxfhqhf snpfphf uvk}pf mf hx-
vf, jljf n wskif. […] Yfmgnvf wk, }k styhfskxt h utjtgst utrkk-
snk h pfqxf, twtgkst kwksst n mnrst hvkrk, ptifxt th|fxf k nmrtpvksf
tx jljf n wskif, sk rtlk jf sk tpflk hvkjst hqnsnk hv{y mjvfhkxt
H. Ustit rfqpt wk ivnlfx sf~nxk th}fvn n mf {vfsfxf sf th|kxk. Xvt-
qkxn, qkxk, kwksn, f jflk n mnrk, ptifxt srf jqgtp wsi, th|kxk ufwfx
ut ufwgnfxf, qnhfjnxk, uxnfxf n snhnxk. Pnrk, ptifxt ufjsk jqgtp
wsi n th|fxf sk rtlk jf vthn wskif n jf tpwhf xvkhfxf ut ufwgnkxt,
sko wk jfhf wqfrf nqn ~yrf. Vf~fxf th|f k tx tsfmn pfxkitvn lnhtx-
sn, ptnxt sk hnljfx uvkm lnhtxf wn wkst n mvsksf {vfsf.6
Ykmyqxfx tx qt~txt {vfsksk n iqkjfsk sf th|kxk n sf jtgnxpf htgk,

pfpxt n sf hxvk~stvtjwxhkstxt vfmrstlfhfsk gnqn nmjvkgshfskxt n
hqt~fhfskxt sf pf}kwxhfxf sf jtgnxpf, f wt gtqkwxnxk, uvkjfhfsn n sf
{tvfxf }vkm rqptxt n rkwtxt (wy~kst sf ufwxvrf n wyjly|n) n }vkm st-
wkskxt sf ptln.
Kqfwxnxk uvkjuvnkqn sptn tunxn mf utjtgvksn, st vkfp|nxf sf wk-
qsnxk sk gnqf sfwv}nxkqsf. [k wk txskwqn gkm nsxkvkw pr mfpyuksnxk tx
tpvlsnxk whkxn (ww wvkjwxhf sf mkrkjkqwpnxk pfwn) n vfmuvfxksn ut wk-
qfxf ut-ywhv~kswxhfsn mkrkjkqwpn tvjn – uqyi, lxhfvpf, ptwf}pf,
hv~nqpf, n sk in yutxvkghfqn: uqyix – utsklk nwpf wnqks jtgnxp, f mk-
rkjkqwpnxk rf~nsn – utsklk nmnwphfx yrksn n r}st wk utuvfhx.7 V-
ptn tx tpvlsnxk yuvfhnxkqn wn jfhfqn jtgvk wrkxpf, h pfpht wk wwxtn
uvtivkwx h mkrkjkqnkxt n lnhtxsthjwxhtxt n pfp rtlk jf wk nsxksmnzn-
|nvf wxtufswxhtxt – sthn vfwxksn, vkjyhfsk sf pyqxyvnxk, hhkljfsk sf
uqyif, vfmhnxnk sf qtmfvwxht n wjvylfhfsk mf utwxvthfsk sf hnsfvwpn
nmgn, thtfvwxht n tgqfitvtjhfsk sf thtsn jvhkxf, utjtgvhfsk sf
uxnfxf n xvithnxf n uv. K xtmn wrnwq wf n whkxnxk mf utjtgvhfsk
sf {vfskskxt sf jtgnxpf, h }fwxstwx }vkm nmpywxhkst mfwhfsk sf xvkhf n
twniyvhfsk sf wkst, mf ut-vf|ntsfqst sfuvfhksn pt~fvn, tgtvn, whnsfv-
sn|n n uv., uvkpvfxhfsk sf vtjwxhkstxt vfmhljfsk, rkvpn mf utjtgvhf-
sk sf vfwfxf (th|kxk jf wk pvwxtwhfx w pfvstgfxwpn thsn, pvfhnxk – ww wn-
hf utvtjf nwpvwpn gnpthk, whnskxk jf wk utjtgvx ww wvgwpn pqksfvkwx
~yrfjnowpn skvkm, ptskxk – w jkqntvrfswpn lvkg|n).8
[vithnxf w lnxt k uvkjrkx sf wuk|nfqst hsnrfsnk, utsklk ut xthf
hvkrk wkqsnxk uvtjfhfqn iqfhst lnxt n xt wwxfhqhfqt kjnswxhksnx nr
6 Mtpqfj tx nsjywxvnfqsfxf ptrnwn, 39–40, fsfqtin}st mf kjvn vtifx jtgnxp sf 49–53,
mf whnskxk – 55–57, mf ptsk, pfxvn n ryqkxf – 57–61.

7 Mtpqfj tx Zxfvtmfitvwpno…, 9–10; Mtpqfj mf wwxtsnkxt sf ayrskswpno…, 11–13;
)=MDGVJ?, 8JH=. Jkqklpn hv{y hxvk~stxt…, 573–574.

8
Mtpqfj tx nsjywxvnfqsfxf…, 40–41.
ufvn}ks jt{tj. Vyljfxf in pfvfqf jf it uvtjfhfx hkjsfif kwksxf, ptifxt

|ksnxk gnqn sfo-snwpn (hrkwxt sfuvtqkx). Xtjhtmhfskxt sf lnxtxt jt
wgtvsn uyspxthk wk wgqwphfqt w itqkrn xvyjstwxn utvfjn vfmpfqsnxk u-
xnf. [vith|nxk lnxfvn n vfmsn utwvkjsn|n ptrnwntskvn (pvjlnn) rf-
rkqn ut hwkhmrtlsn sf}nsn wkqsnxk, twtgkst fpt utwqkjsnxk sk rtlkqn
jf wrxfx.9 Pf jf tgtwsthk sktg{tjnrtwx xf tx lkqkmtuxsf qnsn tx Mtg-
vn} jt Mkhs, kjvnx mkrkhqfjkqk| tx Mtgvyjlf Xkxv Lfgk tunwhf pfv-
xnsst ptqpt xvyjst gnqt mf mkrkjkq|nxk jf uvtjfhfx whtnxk lnxf uvn
kjnswxhkstxt jkgy~k Jfq}np: xkwks ux, wxvrks n tufwks, mfjvwxhfsn
sf pfvy|nxk, }fpfsk w }fwthk jt nmxtksnk, mqtyutxvkgn sf utwvkjsn|nxk
ptrnwntskvn n withfvsk sf xvith|nxk jf jvlfx snwpn |ksn, nmrfrn h
pfsxfvf, sfo-wkxsk – tufwstwx tx vfmgtosn|n, jkgskn hvfn wk w uf-
vnxk tx |kqtitjn~sn wn xvyj mkrkjkqk|.10
Kwk ufp txvfst wk wvkfx n uvnrkvn mf uvtivkwnhst wxtufsnwhfsk. Sqf-
wn}kwpn uvnrkv (uvnrkv n mf vfssn wjvylksn) k ivfjnsfvwxhtxt (gf{}k-
hfsjlnqp), vfmhnxt tk uvkjn Wwhtgtljksnkxt h [vsthwpn tpvi n uvk-
jnrst tptqt Twpthk|.11 Lvfjnsfvnxk wk wgnvfqn sf ivyun („xfozn“) n {t-
jkqn hwpf uvtqkx jf vfgtxx h gqnmtwx jt itqkrn ivfjwpn |ksxvthk h Yy-
rsn, Zvgn, \sifvn n dlsf Yywn. [fr xk sfkrfqn mkr n wmjfhfqn
ivfjnsn, pfxt nmpywxhtxt wk wwxtqt h txiqkljfskxt sf vfmwfj n txhkljf-
skxt sf htjf mf sfuthfsk; uvtjyp|nxf uvtjfhfqn sf njhfn uvn x{ {tvf
nqn sf ivfjwpnxk ufmfvn, f kwks wk hvfqn ut jtrthkxk wn. Wwhks }k uk}k-
qkqn jtgvk n wk mfutmsfhfqn w }yljn pvfnf n svfhn, ivfjnsfvnxk tx [v-
sthwpt nrfqn |nhnqnmfxtvwpf vtq, pfxt vfmuvtwxvfshfqn wht mfsfx
xfr, st n y sfw, sfuvnrkv wvkj gfqpfsjlnnxk n ~tunxk h Pfufjsf Jqifvn:
Stoxt tx x{ k vfgtxnq sptk hvkrk sf ivfjnsf w ivfjnsfvnxk nm [v-

sthwpt, wst k wk mfgkqkln h skit, }k xto sk k hk}k xo mfwufq pfxt
wwkjnxk n wwkqsnxk wn nmtgt. [to k ut-gtjv, ut-sf}ks n sk jvk-
rk hk}k, ptif ithtvn w xkgk. Ipt qn up twxfsk h wkqtxt wn, txhfv wfr
gf{}f, sk wxtn h utjmkrsf pf (gtvjko) pfpxt wwkjnxk wn, f uvfhn p-
fxf wn sf qn|k ut rtjkvks sf}ns n w xthf jfhf uvnrkv pfpxt sf wwk-
9
Mtpqfj hv{y utqtlksnkxt sf sptn txvfwqn sf xvithnxf, nsjywxvnxf n uvtnmhtj-
wxhtxt h vfotsf sf Kfvskswpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf uvkm 1903 i. Kfvsf, 1905,
twtg. 76–114; Mtpqfj tx gvtxt sf Xqthjnhwpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf…, 134–143.
10
*=>B, 5BNUL. Xt lkqkmtuxsfxf qnsn Mkhs–Mtgvn}. Mtgvn}, 1905; Xt mkrqkjkq}k-
wpn huvtw. Yywk, 1890, 37–39.
11
*DISB?, :=ID. Vptqpt jyrn tx nwxtvnxf sf sf~kxt ivfjnsfvwxht (gf{}nhfsqp) n mf
yvkjgfxf sf ivfjnsfxf. – Kh: :=ID *DISB?. Xt sptqpt jyrn (mf mfsfxnxk, gnqpfvwxhtxt n
uthkvnxf sf gqifvwpn sfvtj). Z., Pkrnmjfx, 1988, 262–323, twtg. 309–314, 320–323; 9DI-
FJ?, 9LDMNJ. Lvfjnsfvwxhtxt n ivfjnsfvwpnxk wjvylfhfsn h [vsthwpn tpvi. – Zunwfsnk
sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 4, 1900–1901, G 1–2, 150–165.
jnxk wn, xfpf n sf tptqsnxk wkqsn. [fpf }k ivfjnsfxf twhks ijkxt jfhf
sf ygnxn gfqpfsjln n ~tu wvkjwxhf mf ut-t{tqks lnhtx, st x ry jf-
hf tk wnqf n kskvin n it uvfhn ut-gtjv hh hwpt uvkjuvnxnk.12
Znx fhxtv uvnunwhf sf ivfjnsfvwxhtxt n „ivfjnsfvwpn jy{“ iqfh-

sf vtq h sfuvkjpf sf [vsthwpn tpvi – kjns tx sfo-vfmhnxnxk n gtif-
xnxk h wxvfsfxf; gqfitjfvksnk sf skit xyp wk hhkqn sthn rkxtjn sf tgvf-
gtxpf sf mkrxf, pfxt tvfskxt w ptsk, sthn vfwxksn (jkxkqnsf n q|kvsf)
n mkrkjkqwpn tvjn n rf~nsn (uqyithk, hkqpn).
Qsthf|nxf n sfuvkjpx rtifx jf wk uvtwqkjx ut sptn nmxt}sn|n sf
„rnpvtsnht“. Vthtwxnxk njhfqn sfo-}kwxt txhs – tx uvkwkqsn|n, tx xv-
ith|n, uxyhfn ivfjnsfvn, ut uvfhnxkqwxhksf nsn|nfxnhf – n wk vfmuvtw-
xvfshfqn }vkm uvnrkv n utjvflfsnk; tgf}k wfrtxt Unsnwxkvwxht sf mkrk-
jkqnkxt hst sk uvfhkqt rstit.13 Njns jtpqfj mf wwxtsnkxt sf Xqkhks-
wptxt tpvlnk uvkm 1891 n 1892 i. wtgfhf sfvkj w vfmsn skifxnhsn skf
n sptqpt sfwv}nxkqsn hqksn: hhkljfskxt sf vfun|fxf (tx uvkwkqsn|n
tx Jfsfx), vfmuvtwxvfsksnkxt sf ivfjnsfvwxhtxt h gqnmtwx w ivfjf (uvnrk-
vx n nsn|nfxnhfxf, pfpxt n wkrksfxf gnqn jtskwksn tx hs~sn ivfjnsfvn
– tx Twptht n Stwxyv); jtwxfhsk tx hqfwxnxk ut jhf qkpn uqyif sf tgnsf,
ptnxt wk {fvkwfqn sf wkqsnxk n sptn mfut}sfqn jf wn in utv}hfx.14
Iivtstr wtgfhf mf wkqsns tx w. Stmfvkhk| (h [vsthwpt), ptoxt
uvkm 1895 i. uvtnmhkljfq sf whtnxk mkrn q|kvsf n q|kvstht wkrk, twm-
sfhfopn hflstwx xf sf q|kvsfxf pfxt {vfsf mf jtgnxpf. Znx gnq {t-
jnq pfxt rqfj w ivfjnsfvnxk hh Kqf~pt, pjkxt hnjq rqk}sn pvfhn n pyq-
xyvnxk vfun|f n q|kvsf. Xvkm 1880 i. wn jtwxfhnq tx Ihwxvn q|kvstht
wkrk n mfwq }fwx tx mkrxf wn w q|kvsf, f w sfptwkstxt wkst tx sk {vf-
snq pvfhnxk n htqthkxk wn. Wxxtifhf huvkpn uvhtsf}fqsn uvnwrk{ sf
wwkqsnxk wn vfm~nvhfq q|kvsthnxk wn qnhfjn – „kjns mkqks tfmnw ut-
wvkj uywxtxnxf sf wkqwpnxk xvswfqn snhn n qnhfjn“, f q|kvsthtxt wk-
st n wkrk uvtjfhfq nmitjst h [vstht.15
Sfxt uxyhfq tx Ztzn jt uvhtxt nmqtlksnk h Xqthjnh uvkm 1893 i.,
kjns fhxtv utwkxnq Zxfsnrfpf (jskw Iwksthivfj) n wk hm{nxnq tx uvt}y-
12
9DIFJ?, 9LDMNJ. Lvfjnsfvwxhtxt n ivfjnsfvwpnxk…, w. 162. K wn wrnwq *DISB?,
:=ID. Vptqpt jyrn tx nwxtvnxf…, 319–320.
13 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtiqkj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt vfmhnxnk sf Jqifvn. – Zunwfsnk sf
Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 11, 1907, G 4–5, 209–246, twtg. 240–242. Mf |nxnvf-
rk: „Ykwukpxnhsnx jvlfhks nswxnxyx k hvhq hnsfin h fvnkifvjf sf sththhkjksnkxt n
wqkj pfxt jflk k uvk}nq txsf}fqt, utj}nshfq wk k txwkxsk, utj rtxnhnxk sf {nxvt uvnwutwt-
ghfn wk pr ywqthnxf vfznsnvfs gvtpvfxnmr.“
14
Wx}kx mf wwxtsnkxt sf Xqkhkswptxt tpvlnk…, twtg. 41–47.
15 +DSB?, 5BNFJ. Qm gqifvwptxt mkrqkjkqnk. Z., 1897, 80–82.
xnxk rfhvyjthn qtm, pfpxt n tx vfmhnxnkxt sf ptuvnsfvwxhtxt („gqifvwpn

Tnts“); mfwqyif nrfqn n hqfwxnxk, wsfgjhfn sfwkqksnkxt w gygkst
wkrk.16 Xvn uxyhfsnxf wn nm dlsf Jqifvn kxstivfzx Kfwnq Ss}th
tunwhf kjns wqy}fo sf ywxvtowxht sf vngsnp mf uqfsnswpf uwxvhf h
tptqstwx xf sf w. Lfgfvkht (h utjstlnkxt sf Zxfvf uqfsnsf, Sfmfsq~pf
tptqn) tx uvkjuvnkr}nh rqfjkl, ptoxt tvifsnmnvfq mf |kqxf n fp|ntskv-
st jvylkwxht w {tvf tx wkqtxt.17 \uvfhnxkqx sf xfxfvufmfvjln~pn tg-
vfm|th }nzqnp sfuvfhnq itqrt xtvnk, f wtxt wxtvnq mf Ynqwpn rf-
sfwxnv sfkx tx }nzqnpf mkrkjkqwpn wuk|nfqnwx.18
Qmtgt hnsfin k nrfqt txjkqsn sthfxtvwpn sfwxvtksn n jkosn qn}st-
wxn. Qrfqt n |kqn ut-vfmhnxn n nmjnisfxn vfotsn, wuk|nfqnmnvfsn h jfjk-
st nsxksmnhst uvtnmhtjwxht. Wwhks [vstht w skithtxt ivfjnsfvwxht, xf-
pnhf gnqn wqfhkfxf wk w uvtnmhtjwxhtxt sf vtmtht rfwqt Ytmthf jtqnsf
(ut lsn wpqts sf Zxfvf uqfsnsf – tptqt Sfvqtht n Sfmfsqp), f Xqth-
jnhwpt n wvkjstxt xk}ksnk sf Ufvn|f (^fwpthwpt) gnqn uvt}yxn w uvtnm-
htjwxhtxt sf mkqks}y|n n xk{sn}kwpn pyqxyvn (fsfwts, wywfr, rfp). [x-
stuvtnmhtjwxht wk vfmhnhfqt h uvnwkjnsksfxf wqkj htosnxk }fwx tx
Ufpkjtsn. Vt sk xthf jfhfqt rfwthn tgqnp sf mkrkjkqnkxt.
YIPKQ[QN[W VISYI[SW
Yfmhnxnkxt sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht y sfw rtlk jf wk t}kvxfk wnsxkxn}st n

h kjvn vn{n, uvkjn jf uvkrnskr pr txjkqsn fwukpxn h ut-itqkrn utj-
vtgstwxn n w |nzvn.19 Vfo-sfuvkj wk nmhv~hf whtktgvfmks wxn{nks „fi-
vfvks uvkhvfx“, ptoxt wk nmvfmhf h mfhmkrfsk nqn nmpyuyhfsk tx gqifvn
sf mkrnxk sf nmgifqn xyv|n (twtgkst kjvn mkrkhqfjkq|n), xfxfvn, }kvpkmn
n jv. Xvt|kwx sf nmpyuyhfsk sf mkr tx gqifvwpn wkqsn mfut}sfq tk
uvkjn Wwhtgtljksnkxt n tk xtifhf jvkgstxt wxtufswxht wxfsfqt uvktg-
qfjfhff ztvrf sf mkrkjkqnk. Vt wqkj Wwhtgtljksnkxt vfmjkqskxt sf
kjvnxk nrksn (}nzqn|n) n vfmjvtghfskxt sf mkrxf txnhfx tk ut-jfqk-
}k. Vthttwsthfsfxf jvlfhf wk uvkhvf h wxvfsf nmpq}nxkqst sf jvkg-
16 +=RJ?, 7=?=. Wx Ztzn jt Xvfsif. – Xkvntjn}kwpt wunwfsnk, 1894, G 45, 424–445,
twtg. 433–435.
17 1UISJ?, )=MDG. Qm dlsf Jqifvn. – Unwq, 11, 1901, G 10, 635–645, twtg. w. 636.
18
Yfutvxn sf y}nxkqnxk tx jvlfhsnxk mkrkjkq}kwpn y}nqnf mf nmhv~ksnxk tx x{
mfkjst w y}ksn|nxk kpwpyvmnn uvkm 1896 i. ayrks, 1897, 12–13. /?=IJ?, 7N. Pnrsf vfm{tjpf
(uxsn gkqklpn). Z., 1899, w. 56. _nx. ut /GSB?, /?=I. Utjkvst hvkrk, w. 148.
19
Kl. +=I=DGJ?, *BJL@D. Zt|nfqsf n wxtufswpf wxvypxyvf sf Jqifvn. Znsxkxn}kwpf
wxyjn. Z., Ssnuivfz, 1934, twtg. 8–25.
sn mkrkjkqwpn wxtufsn ww wht mkr.20 Xt-kjvn ufv|kqn twxfsfqn iqfhst

h Mtgvyjlf, pjkxt uvkm Î^ h. nrfqt itqkrn ufwnf, uvkhvsfxn utwxk-
uksst h vfgtxsf mkr. Xvnjtgnhfskxt sf mkr, jtgnxp n nshksxfv tgf}k
jthkqt jt mfjqlshfsk sf rstit wkqsn n (uvn qnuwfxf sf gfspth mkrk-
jkqwpn pvkjnx) nmufjfsk h mfhnwnrtwx tx qn{hfvn.21 [k{snpfxf sf uvtnm-
htjwxht, iqfhst sf mvst, twxfhfqf h uvnrnxnhsn ztvrn, f wufjfskxt sf |k-
snxk sf lnxtxt h pvf sf Î^ h. jtuqsnxkqst yxklsnqt utqtlksnkxt sf
wkqsnxk n pvnmfxf (ptxt gnqf pvnmf n sf jvlfhsnxk znsfswn) jtwxnisf-
qf hv{ uvkm 1898–1902 i.
Mtgvk jtpyrksxnvfsfxf hkvwn sf wxtufswpfxf nwxtvn sf Jqifvn tx
Wwhtgtljksnkxt jt sf}fqtxt sf ^^ h. (f n jt htosnxk) sf gvnxfswpn wxt-
ufswpn nwxtvnp U. Xfqfovkx k twtgkst skgqfituvnxsf.22 Zutvkj skit
uvkm sptqptxt uvkj{tljfn Wwhtgtljksnkxt jkwkxnqkxn gqifvwpfxf
uvtrn~qkstwx utwxnisfqf msf}nxkqst vfmhnxnk sf uvtxtnsjywxvnfqsf tw-
sthf, f (h wnrgntmf w sk) wkqwptxt wxtufswxht jtwxnisfqt nmhkwxsf ptrkv-
wnfqnmf|n n rtskxnmf|n. Vkmfhnwnrtwxxf wqtlnqf pvfo sf xfmn hm{tj-
f xksjks|n. Vfwxunqn vkivkwnhsn wxtufswpn xksjks|nn sf „wvgnmf-
|n“ sf gqifvwpfxf nptstrnpf, sfo-hk}k „twkq}hfsk“ sf wkqwptxt wxt-
ufswxht n uvkrnsfhfsk pr wfrtuvk{vfsf, wuvthtjksn w yufjp sf fpxnh-
sn mfsfx}nowpn n xvithwpn lnhtx n sfrfqhfsk sf msf}ksnkxt sf ivfj-
wpn wkpxtv. Pfut}sfqfxf h sf}fqtxt sf ^^ h. hm{tjf xksjks|n kjhf
jtwxnisfqf h sfhk}kvnkxt sf htosnxk wxtufswptxt snht tx 60-xk itjnsn sf
Î^ h. (nmrkvkst h jt{tj sf iqfhf tx sfwkqksnkxt).23
20
Isiqn}fsnsx Njyfvj Mfown {fvfpxkvst tmfiqfhhf uvkm 1894 i. psnifxf wn mf Jqifvn
„Zkqwpfxf jvlfhf“: Dicey, Edward. The Peasant State. An Account of Bulgaria in 1894. London,
John Murray, 1894.
21 Pf qn{hfvwxhtxt n mkqksn}fvwxhtxt (uvtjfhfskxt sf vkptqxfxf „sf mkqkst“) nrf msf}n-
xkqsf qnxkvfxyvf. Kl. 7NJXIJ?, .=Q=LD. Pkrqkjkq}kwpn sn pvkjnx n mkrqkjkq}kwpnxk pfwn. –

Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 3, 1899, G 7, 295–303; G 10, 432–440; 4,
1900, G 8–9, 580–597; 9LDMNJ?, 7NJXI. Tn{hfvwxhtxt h Jkvpthwpf tptqn. – Zunwfsnk sf
Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 4, 1900, G 1, 47–56; 1JIMN=INDIJ?, 4. Tn{hfvwxhtxt.
– Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 14, 1910, G 3–4, 161–182, twtg.
171–174. Kl. n tzn|nfqsnxk Zhkjksn ut mfjqlksnxf sf mkrkjkq|nxk pr qn{hfvnxk. Qmjf-
snk sf |ksxvfqstxt yuvfhqksnk sf mkrqkjkqwpnxk pfwn, 1901; /LBSBF, 1JIMN=INDI, 3DQ=DG
7=L=PJ?. Yfutvx tx ptrnwnxf, nmuvfxksf h Swxksjnqwpn tpvi jf nmy}n utqtlksnkxt sf
gkmmkrqksnxk wkqsn. Z., 1880.
22
Palairet, Michael. The Balkan Economies, 1800–1914. Evolution without Development.
Cambridge University Press, 1997, esp. 81–84, 171–202, 243–258, 271–297, 310–341, 357–370.
23 Palairet, Michael. The Balkan Economies…, v. 187, 201–202, 323–326, 339–341,
366–367. Ihxtvx uvnhkljf jfssn mf wufjf sf wkqwptwxtufswpfxf uvtjyp|n (sf iqfhf tx

sfwkqksnkxt) wqkj Wwhtgtljksnkxt jt htosnxk n xhvjn, }k txst~ksnkxt wkrk pr jtgnh sf
lnxtxt snptif sk jtwxnif pwsn txtrfswpn ukvntj. Xfqfovkx wk utmthfhf (sf w. 323) n sf
nm}nwqksnxf sf sf|ntsfqsn jt{tj y Snvnq Xtuth, wutvkj ptitxt xto sfvfwsfq tx 335 qkhf
Wwtgkst qt~t wk txvfmnqt sf nptstrn}kwptxt vfmhnxnk wqkj Wwhtgtl-

jksnkxt vfmuvkjkqskxt sf mkrxf (sfuywsfxnxk xyvwpn mkrn), ptkxt jthkqt
jt uqst uvktgqfjfhfsk sf jvkgsn wfrtwxtxkqsn wkqwpn wxtufsn n mfwn-
qnqt nptstrnpfxf sf wfrtuvk{vfsf, f xthf sfrfqnqt jkqf sf nmsfwsfxf sf
ufmfvf uvtjyp|n. K wfxf utwtpf jkowxhfqf n txwqfgksfxf uvnsyjf hv-
{y wkqsnxk jf uvtjfhfx }fwx tx uvtjypxf mf nmuqffsk sf jfs|n sf xyv-
wpfxf jvlfhf (gqifvwpfxf jqit sk ywuhf jf tvifsnmnvf wgnvfskxt sf
jfs|n) n mf vksxn sf xyvwpn mkrkhqfjkq|n. Xvn xthf utqtlksnk wkqsnxk
ptswyrnvfqn uthk}kxt tx uvtnmhkjkstxt wfrn, pfxt sfrfqnqn n xvyjthnxk
ywnqn nmtgt. Xvk{tjx pr wfrtptswyrf|n nrfq mf vkmyqxfx yufjp n
sf xvithnxf n wuk|nfqst sf kpwutvxsfxf xvithn. Vk wkwxhyhfq n
uvnsyljfhf pr nsxksmnznpf|n sf mkrkjkqnkxt skjtwxni sf mkr, ptxt
twxfsfqf h nmtgnqnk }fp jt 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. Xtvfjn uvtrksnxk sf
ivfsn|nxk, f wt h vkmyqxfx tx vfmtvfhfskxt sf tgnswpnxk ufwnf n nm-
wn}fskxt sf itvnxk mfut}sfq yufjp n sf lnhtxsthjwxhtxt, twtgkst sf
utjhnlstxt (strfjwptxt), pfpxt n hqt~fhfsk sf utvtjnxk jtgnxp, sfrn-
vf wk wkif iqfhst h wkqwpn v|k (hrkwxt sf itqkrn wxfjf y kjvn lnhtxst-
hjn). [thf wk txvfmnqt n hv{y wfrtxt mkrkjkqnk, jtptqptxt sfrfqhfsk-
xt sf kwxkwxhksn xtv txwqfghf uqtjtvtjnkxt sf ut}hfxf; xfpf wk sfvy~n-
qf wnrgntmfxf rkljy uqfsnswpt n vfhsnsst wxtufswxht. Qmwkqhfskxt sf
xyv|nxk up sfhvkjnqt sf txiqkljfskxt sf pyqxyvn pfxt tvnm n xxs, w-
t sf gygfvwxhtxt.24
Zqkjhf ukvntj sf whmkrfsk n hm{tj sf gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht,
uvtwqthyxnxk „xqwxn itjnsn“ jt htosnxk. Xvn gqfituvnxsn lnxsn |ksn sf
khvtukowpn ufmfv n txuywpfskxt sf mkrkjkqwpn pvkjnx tx jvlfhfxf wkq-
snxk ywukqn jf wk twhtgtjx tx jqithk n jf wxfsfx txstht uqsn itwutjfvn
sf mkrxf. Xtjtgvnqf wk mkrkjkqwpfxf xk{snpf; fivtstrn n hkxkvnsfvn uvt-
uthjhfqn nsxksmnznpf|n sf mkrkjkqnkxt n lnhtxsthjwxhtxt, twtgkst
hhkljfskxt sf lkqkmsn uqyithk, sf ut-nmgvfsn wtvxthk lnxt n sf ut-jtg-
vn utvtjn lnhtxsn. Xvkm xtmn ukvntj hwk tk nrfqt jtwxfx}st tgvfgtx-
sf }thkp uvkm 1892 i. sf 374,2 qkhf sf }thkp uvkm 1911 i., st gkm jf it ptvninvf w tiqkj sf
nszqf|nxf (ptxt wutvkj wfrn skit mf wn ukvntj k 41,3%), xfpf }k hwstwx nrfqt
20,9% sfrfqhfsk sf wvkjsn jt{tj sf }thkp (n xt gkm jf wk hmkrfx utj hsnrfsnk tk 10%
sfrfqhfsk tx wfrtxt Wwhtgtljksnk jt 1892 i.). Zutvkj fhxtvf wufjx k wuvs h sf}fqtxt sf
^^ h., ptifxt mfut}hf gfhks nptstrn}kwpn vfwxkl, pfxt jt htosnxk kjhf k jtwxnisfxt snhtxt
sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht tx 70-xk itjnsn sf Î^ h., f skfivfvsnx wkpxtv wk vfmvfwxhf;
gqifvwpfxf nsjywxvn n mkrkjkqnk uvtjqlfhfx jf vfwxfx gvmt rkljy htosnxk.
24
Palairet, Michael. The Balkan Economies…, 171–186, 310–321. Ltqkrnxk wxtufswxhf w
}ylj xvyj wxfsfqn sknmitjsn n gnqn qnphnjnvfsn n utvfjn yhkqn}ksnxk sfjsn|n (uvn qnuwfxf
sf gkmnrtxsf vfgtxsf vpf) n sfrfqksnxk |ksn sf uvtjypxf. Wxgkqmhf wk n hvmpfxf rkljy
ut-hnwtpfxf ivfrtxstwx n ptrkvwnfqnmf|nxf sf wxtufswxhtxt, wuk|nfqst h [vsthwpn tpvi
w skithtxt ufmfvst ivfjnsfvwxht.
hfkrf mkr n vkmkvhn, xfpf }k sk wk ywkfq skjtwxni sf mkr. Km{tjtxt

vfmhnxnk gnqt uvkpwsfxt tx htosnxk, ptnxt nmrksnqn n ivfsn|nxk n wnqst
tivfsn}nqn lnxsfxf xvithn (ww mfiygfxf sf lnxsn|fxf Mtgvyjlf).
Zqkj htosnxk mfut}hf xvkxn ukvntj tx vfmhnxnkxt. Qmhv~hf wk fivfvsf
vkztvrf n tmkrqhfsk sf gklfs|nxk tx Ufpkjtsn n [vfpn ww mkrn iqfh-
st tx jvlfhsn ztsj n tx tgnsnxk. [thf mfxhvjnqt jvkgstxt (zfrnqst)
wkqwpt mkrkhqfjksnk hv{y wtgwxhksf (f sk sfkxf) mkr n ww wtgwxhks wkrk-
ks (sksfkrks) xvyj – x. sfv. xvyjtht wxtufswxht. Z kwxkwxhkstxt sfvfwxhfsk
sf sfwkqksnkxt mfut}sfqf jf wk }yhwxhf syljf tx mkr n ut mfptssn n skmf-
ptssn sf}nsn wk nmhv~hfqf „hxvk~sf ptqtsnmf|n“, x. k. vfmivfghfsk sf
tgnswpn rkvn n jvlfhsn mkrn, uvkwy~fhfsk sf gqfxf, vfmvfgtxhfsk sf
ut-rfvinsfqsn mkrn n uv. Zqkj pvfxpn gyr sf xxsf hv{y sthtuvnjtgn-
xnxk mkrn wqkj htosnxk, wxfsfq sthf sfjkljf sf nmstwf, skithnxk rkljysf-
vtjsn |ksn wufjsfqn; hutwqkjwxhnk xk txstht wk uthn~nqn n wxfgnqnmnvfqn.
Onxtxt mfufmnqt msf}nxkqst, st sfrfqhft rwxt h nmstwf, f snwpnxk rkl-
jysfvtjsn |ksn (tgywqthksn tx sfwxunqn h vfmhnxnxk wxvfsn rf~nsks fi-
vfvks pfunxfqnmr) utjxnphfqn jvlfhfxf pr utqnxnpf h utjpvkuf sf
wkqsnxk. Wwtgkst wnqst wufjsfqn |ksnxk sf mkrkjkqwpnxk wxtpn ut hvkrk
sf Mkuvkwnxf. Xvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. gnq hhkjks lnxks rtstutq –
jnvkp|n „^vfsnmstw“, ptoxt ywxfsthnq mfhn~ksn nmpyusn |ksn sf lnxtxt
n vlxf. [thf tgf}k gnqf ufqnfxnhsf n wqfgt ywuk~sf ztvrf mf mfnxf sf
jvkgstxt n nmtwxfsfqt mkrkjkqnk tx sfwxuqksnkxt sf rf~nsnmnvfstxt pf-
unxfqnwxn}kwpt mkrkjkqnk sf rkljysfvtjsnxk ufmfvn.
Xvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. n h Jqifvn wk sfgkqmfqn pqsthk sf ut-
vf|ntsfqst n (xvyjtht) nsxksmnhst mkrkjkqnk, sfo-hk}k yhkqn}ksn uqtn
n uvtnmhtjwxht sf sthn n ut-vksxfgnqsn pyqxyvn: nsjywxvnfqsn vfwxksn
(ufryp, xxs, wqs}tiqkj n jvyin rfwqtjfosn vfwxksn, mf{fvst |hkpqt n
uv.), zyvflsn pyqxyvn, uqtjthk n mkqks}y|n. Vfgkqmfqt wk n nmhkwxst ut-
jtgvksnk sf lnhtxsthjwxhtxt n sfvfwxhfsk sf nmstwf tx skit: uxn|n n
o|f, rkwt n jv. Zkhvkrksst wk sfxvyuhfqn wxvypxyvsn uvtgqkrn, uvk-
}kn sf uvk{tjf pr ut-nsxksmnhst wkqwpt wxtufswxht. K {tjf sf jkowxhf-
txt y sfw vfhst sfwqkjhfsk wk wxnisfqt jt skvf|ntsfqst vfmjvtghfsk
sf mkrxf rkljy hwk uthk}k wkqwpn jtrfpnswxhf, vfmjvtghfsk n sf txjkq-
stxt wxtufswxht sf uthk}k ufv|kqn. Wwxfhfskxt sf wkqt sf yhkqn}fhft wk
sfwkqksnk uvn wqfgf utiqfkrtwx sf vfgtxsf vpf tx ivfjwptxt wxtufs-
wxht n nsjywxvnxf jthkqt jt x. sfv. mkrkjkqwpf uvksfwkqkstwx, uvn ptxt
itqrf }fwx tx vfgtxsfxf vpf twxfhf sktutqmtxhtvksf, st xkisk ptswyrf-
xnhst hv{y wxtufswxhtxt; xthf sf whto vkj wsnlfhf lnmsksn wxfsjfvx n
utwxfh utj huvtw nm{vfshfskxt. „Xvksfwkqkstwxxf“ gnqf txstwnxkqsf,
txsfwf wk jt ptspvkxstxt (wxfisnvft) snht sf uvtnmhtjnxkqstwx sf mk-
rkjkqwpn xvyj, st hkjsl wmjfjksf, sf whto vkj uvk}kqf mf vf|ntsfqn-

mnvfsk sf xvyjf. Mtpvfo uvtgqkr twxfhfqn n sfvfwxhfnxk uvn hwpf sk-
gqfituvnxsf wxtufswpf ptsspxyvf (qt~f vkptqxf, snwpn mkrkjkqwpn |k-
sn) jqithk sf wkqsnxk. Pfptstjfxkqsfxf sfrkwf sf jvlfhfxf mf x{stxt
vfmwvt}hfsk sk gnqf gkm skifxnhsn utwqkjn|n (mf pvkjnxf). Xt-sfxfxp wk
wunvfr sf txjkqsnxk wxvfsn sf vfmhnxnkxt.
YIPXYNMNTNVQN VI XWPNUTNVI[I ZWJZ[KNVWZ[
[kvnxtvnxf sf wxvfsfxf wk uvtrksqf wvfhsnxkqst rfqpt, pfpxt wqkjhf:

1897–1912 i. – 96 345 ph. pr;
1913–1916 i. – 87 974 ph. pr;
1917–1919 i. – 96 345 ph. pr;
1919–1940 i. – 103 146 ph. pr;
1941–1946 i. – 110 842 ph. pr.
Wgvfgtxhfkrfxf mkr uvkm ukvntjf 1907–1934 i. hfvnvfqf rkljy 36%
n 40% tx |qfxf mkr. Pfwhfsfxf uqt, ptxt gnqf wfrt }fwx tx tgvfgtx-
hfkrfxf mkr, wk utpf}hfqf pfxt uvt|ksx tx sk, pfpxt wqkjhf:
1907–1911 i. – 68,56%, tx ptnxt 19,52% yifvn, 9,33% kwxkwxhksn
qnhfjn;
1920–1924 i. – 66,58% (22,78% yifvn, 8,73% kwxkwxhksn qnhfjn);
1930–1934 i. – 77,16% (12,34% yifvn, 7,49% kwxkwxhksn qnhfjn).
Vfrfqksnkxt sf mfwhfsfxf uqt uvkm 1920–1924 i. wk jqln sf htosf-
xf. Mfssnxk whnjkxkqwxhfx mf yhkqn}ksf utxvkgstwx tx mkr h vkmyqxfx tx
sfvfwxhfskxt sf sfwkqksnkxt, ptkxt htjkqt jt sfrfqhfsk sf yifvxf n vfm-
vfgtxhfsk sf kwxkwxhksnxk qnhfjn.25
Xvkm |kqn ukvntj gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqnk gnqt uvkjnrst jvkgst, w
jvkgsn n wvkjsn ut itqkrnsf wxtufswxhf h wtgwxhkst hqfjksnk. Uffgx
mf itqkrnsf, w ptoxt wk utj{tljf pr vfmuvkjkqksnkxt sf wxtufswxhfxf h
pfxkitvnn, rtlk jf gjk vfmqn}ks. Vfuvnrkv uvkjqtlksfxf tx Snvnq Xt-
uth pqfwnznpf|n, hmuvnkxf n tx fivfvsn y}ks Vfyr Mtqnswpn, tuvkjk-
q pfxt „xhvjk jvkgsn“ wxtufswxhfxf jt 20 jpf, jvkgsn (nqn rfqpn) – tx
20–100 jpf, wvkjsn – tx 100–300 jpf, itqkrn – tx 300–1000 jpf, n kjvn –
sfj 1000 jpf. [vghf jf wk nrf uvkjhnj, }k wxtufswxht tx tptqt 50 jpf, pfp-
hnxt gnqn wvkjst wxtufswxhfxf h pfxkitvnxf „rfqpn“, twniyvhf uvk{vfsf
sf wkrkowxhtxt h sktg{tjnrn rnsnrfqks vfmrkv, f „wvkjstxt“ wxtufswx-
ht jfhf nmhkwxks ufmfvks nmqn~p.26 Mvyif pqfwnznpf|n tuvkjkq pfxt
25
Kwn}pn jfssn wf ut *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 141–142.
26
+JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf. Kfvsf, 1933, 188–191, 193.
jvkgsn wxtufswxhfxf tx 1–20 jpf, rfqpn – tx 20–50 jpf, wvkjsn – tx 50–

100 jpf, itqkrn – tx 100–500 jpf, n kjvn – sfj 500 jpf.27 K jvyi wqy}fo pf-
xt jvkgsn wf tuvkjkqksn wxtufswxhfxf tx 1–30 jpf, rfqpn – tx 30–60 jpf,
wvkjsn – tx 60–150 jpf, itqkrn n kjvn – tx 150 jpf sfitvk.28 ewst k, }k vfm-
uvkjkqksnkxt sf mkrxf ut pfxkitvnn k nmiqkljf vfmqn}st h mfhnwnrtwx
tx uvnkxn rffg.
Mfssn mf vfmuvkjkqksnkxt sf utmkrqksfxf wtgwxhkstwx wk wjvlfx h
uvthkjksnxk uvkm 1897 n 1908 i. uvkgvthfsn, ptifxt wk sfgqjfhfqn uvn-
xklfsnxf, x. k. ufv}kxfxf mkr (wuk|nfqst uvkm 1908 i. xk wk jkqx n sf rkwx-
sn n ukvkpksjkxsn, x. k. uvnxklfsnk h jvyif tgnsf) n uvkgvthfsnxf uvkm
1926, 1934 n 1946 i., ptifxt wk sfgqjfhfx wxtufswxhfxf.29 Zqkjthfxkqst
wvfhsksnk rtlk jf wk sfuvfhn wfrt mf utwqkjsnxk xvn uvkgvthfsn. Vfo-hf-
lks utpfmfxkq k txstwnxkqsnx jq sf vfmsnxk vfmrkvn wxtufswxhf (ut gvto
n ut uqt), ptoxt tvnksxnvf h pfvxnsfxf sf vfmuvkjkqksnkxt sf utmkrqksfxf
wtgwxhkstwx n skosfxf jnsfrnpf. Xt-sfjtqy hmuvtnmhkljfr }fwxn}st xfg-
qn|fxf sf wxtufswpn nwxtvnp Tgks Jkvth mf mkrkjkqwpnxk wxtufswxhf:30
Jvto wxtufswxhf (h {nq.) Zxtufsnwhfsf mkr (h %)

Lvyun wxtufswxhf 1926 i. 1934 i. 1946 i. 1926 i. 1934 i. 1946 i.
jt 50 jpf 428 559 712 23,6 30 37,5

50–100 jpf 210 232 254 34,5 36,9 39,3
100–200 jpf 94 81 64 29,3 24,3 18,6
200–500 jpf 17 12 6 10,6 7,2 3,9
sfj 500 jpf 0,8 0,5 0,2 2 1,6 0,7
Kwn}pt 750 884 1036 100 100 100
27
8JTB?, +=FJ. Jjkfxf sn utmkrqksf utqnxnpf n mfptsx mf sfwqkjwxhtxt. Z., 1938,
w. 4.
28
*=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 144–146.
29
Kl. wxfxnwxnpfxf sf uvnxklfsnxf tx uvkgvthfsnxf tx 1897 n 1908 i. y: 5JKJ?,
1DLDG. Zxtufswpf Jqifvn, 87–91. Xvnxklfsnxf wf vfmjkqksn sf rkwxsn n ufvkpksjsn h
mfhnwnrtwx tx xthf, jfqn qn|kxt lnhkk n uqff jfsp h wtxt sfwkqkst rwxt, pjkxt ry k
nrtxx, nqn lnhkk sf jvyit rwxt. Kl. jfssnxk mf mkrxf wutvkj uvkgvthfsnxf tx 1926 n
1934 i. h: Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 1939, w. 181.
30 (BLJ?, 2W>BI. Qptstrn}kwptxt vfmhnxnk sf Jqifvn uvkm hkpthkxk. Z., Xvtznmjfx,
1974, w. 122. Vkmsf}nxkqsnxk vfmqnpn w xfgqn|fxf wk jqlfx sf rtnxk uvknm}nwqksn sf jfs-

snxk tx uvkgvthfsnxf uvkm 1926 n 1934 i. ut: Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp tx 1939 i., w. 181. Kl.
n wxvypxyvnvfskxt sf mkrxf (tx uvkgvthfsnxf tx 1926 n 1934 i.) uvn jvyit tuvkjkqsk sf
wxtufswxhfxf ut vfmrkv y: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf, 144–146; +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfv-
sf utqnxnpf, 186–193; 8JTB?, +=FJ. Jjkfxf sn utmkrqksf…, 2–6.
[ksjks|nnxk wk hnljfx wst: yhkqn}fhfsk gvt sf wxtufswxhfxf h pfxk-

itvnnxk jt 50 jpf n 50–100 jpf, xtkwx rfqpnxk n wvkjsnxk, ptnxt mfkrfx hwk
ut-itqr uvt|ksx tx wxtufsnwhfsfxf mkr. K wtxt hvkrk – sfrfqhfsk
gvt sf wxtufswxhfxf h pfxkitvnnxk 100–200 jpf, 200–500 jpf n sfj
500 jpf, msf}n sf kjvnxk n rstit kjvnxk wxtufswxhf, ptnxt mfkrfx n hwk ut-
rfqp uvt|ksx tx wxtufsnwhfsfxf mkr. Stswxfxnvf wk n sfvfwxhfsk sf tg-
n gvto sf wfrnxk wxtufswxhf tx 750 000 uvkm 1926 i. sf 1 036 000 uvkm
1946 i., ptkxt uvn whwkr rfqptxt sfvfwxhfsk sf wxtufsnwhfsfxf mkr tx
pviqt 42 rqs. jpf uvkm 1926 i. sf pviqt 44 rqs. jpf uvkm 1946 i. tmsf}fhf
sfrfqhfsk sf njkfqsn wvkjks vfmrkv sf wxtufswxhfxf.
Zxtufswxhfxf jt 100 jpf (ptnxt h mfufjsfxf fivfvsf qnxkvfxyvf tgnp-
sthkst wk wrxfx mf rfqpn) uvkm 1934 i. tg{hffqn 89,3%, x. k. 9/10 tx wxt-
ufswxhfxf n 66,8% tx wxtufsnwhfsfxf mkr.31 ewst k, }k mkrxf y sfw gnqf
vfmuvkjkqksf xhvjk vfhstrkvst, iqfhst rkljy jvkgsn n wvkjsn wxtufs-
wxhf, f rstit kjvnxk n rstit jvkgsnxk gnqn rfqpt sf gvto n ut uqt.
Jqifvwptxt mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht nmtgt wk {fvfpxkvnmnvf pfxt wkq-
wpt, wkrkostxvyjtht, x. k. mkrxf wk tgvfgtxhf tx wxtufsnxk n }qksthkxk sf
xk{snxk wkrkowxhf. [fpf uvkgvthfskxt tx 1926 i. ywxfsthnqt, }k jkqx sf
sfkrsn xvyj h wkqwptxt wxtufswxht k wfrt 1,3% (utj 33 000 jy~n sfkrsn
vfgtxsn|n n fjrnsnwxvf|n) n }k wfrt 5,7% tx wxtufsnwhfsfxf mkr wk tg-
vfgtxhf tx sfkrfxkqn (fvksjfxtvn).32 Mvkgstxt „xvyjtht“ mkrkjkqnk, x. k.
tgvfgtxpfxf sf mkrxf ww wtgwxhks (sf wkrkowxhtxt) xvyj, wk tpfmhf nm-
pq}nxkqst lnqfhf n ywxto}nhf ztvrf h gqifvwpnxk ywqthn.
^fvfpxkvx sf mkrkhqfjksnkxt h Jqifvn k wvfhsnr w xtmn h Zvgn.
Wgvfxst, h Yyrsn jt htosnxk (n h sptn }fwxn sf Lv|n) uvktgqfjfhf-
qt kjvtxt (}tptowpt) mkrkhqfjksnk, f nrksnxf gnqn tgvfgtxhfsn tx jtpf-
vfsn jt snkxf n jvlfsn h „sktpvkutwxsn}kwpf“ mfhnwnrtwx wkqsn. Zt-
|nfqsnxk utwqkjn|n tx utmkrqksfxf wxvypxyvf gnqn gqfituvnxsn mf Jq-
ifvn, pjkxt wkqwptxt sfwkqksnk snptif sk nmufjsfqt h nptstrn}kwpt,
mjvfhst n pyqxyvst txst~ksnk jt utqtlksnkxt sf vyrswpnxk wkqsn. Vt
n h jhkxk fivfvsn yvkjgn sk gnq utwxnisfx vk~nxkqks nptstrn}kwpn uvt-
ivkw, rfpfv gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht jf uvthnqt pr pvf sf uk-
vntjf uvnmsf|n sf nsxksmnzn|nvfsk.
31 8JTB?, +=FJ. Jjkfxf sn utmkrqksf…, 3–5. Zt h xfgqn|fxf (66,9 %).

32
+JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Wvifsnmf|nxf sf gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht. Kfvsf, 1932,
w. 4, 80.
ZQZ[NUQ VI QPXWTPKIVN VI PNUe[I

Q YNM\KIVN VI S\T[\YQ[N
Zkwxhyhfx vfmqn}sn wnwxkrn sf nmutqmhfsk sf mkrxf.33 Sfxt sk gvt-

nr nmxtfhffxf mkrxf uvnrnxnhsf rtstpyqxyvf, sfo-vfmuvtwxvfsksn h
Nhvtuf h uvkjrtjkvsfxf n vfsstrtjkvsfxf kut{f gnqn jhyutqsfxf n xvn-
utqsfxf wnwxkrf. Xvn jhyutqpfxf mkrxf wk vfmjkq sf jhk vfhsn }fwxn, kj-
sfxf tx ptnxt wk mfwhf, f jvyifxf wk twxfh utj yifv (mf jf hmwxfsthn uqt-
jtvtjnkxt wn), f sf wqkjhffxf itjnsf twxfhksfxf utj yifv wk mfwhf, f jvy-
ifxf wk twxfh utj yifv. \ifvxf wk nmutqmhf pfxt ufwnk sf jtgnxpf. [fmn
wnwxkrf k xhvjk kpwxksmnhsf, utsklk hwpf itjnsf utqthnsfxf tx mkrxf
wxtn sknmutqmhfsf. Vt nrf utjtgvks hfvnfsx, uvn ptoxt }fwx tx yifvsfxf
mkr wk mfwhf w vfmsn yifvsn vfwxksn (gtgthn, ptvkstuqtjsn, xvkhn n jv.).
Xvn xvnutqsfxf wnwxkrf mkrxf wk vfmjkq sf xvn vfhsn }fwxn (pqnsf):
kjsfxf – ww mnrsn utwkhn, jvyifxf – w qkxsn utwkhn, f xvkxfxf – utj yifv.
Xvkjsfmsf}ksnkxt sf txjkqsnxk }fwxn wk vkjyhf, xfpf }k hwpf }fwx twxfhf
utj yifv uvkm jhk itjnsn; sf hwpf txjkqsf }fwx wk vkjyhfx yifv, mnrsn
(lnxsn) utwkhn, qkxsn (lnxsn) utwkhn. Vkjtwxfx|nxk sf xfmn uvktgqfjf-
hfqf jqin hkpthk h Nhvtuf wnwxkrf wf, }k hwpf itjnsf msf}nxkqsf uqt
(kjsf xvkxf) twxfhf gkm tgvfgtxpf; uvtnmhtjnxkqsnxk wnqn sf ut}hfxf sk wk
nmutqmhfx tuxnrfqst, f kjsttgvfmstxt wkksk sf lnxsn vfwxksn sk twxfh
rwxt mf zyvflsn xvkhn mf lnhtxsthjwxhtxt. Xvn utjtgvksn hfvnfsx sf
xvnutqpfxf n yifvsfxf mkr wk mfkrf w utwkhn, f nrksst w x. sfv. yifvsn
vfwxksn – gtgthn, pvrsn (x. k. xvkhn pfxt q|kvsf, jkxkqnsf n jv.) n pt-
vkstuqtjsn (pfvxtzn, mf{fvst |hkpqt n jv.), ptnxt sk wfrt sk sfrfqhfx
uvtnmhtjnxkqsnxk wnqn sf ut}hfxf, st jflk in ywnqhfx mf wqkjhfnxk pyq-
xyvn. [thf wk jqln sfo-hk}k sf uqtjtwrkshfskxt (vkjyhfskxt sf pyqxy-
vnxk), uvn ptkxt yifvsnxk vfwxksn nmutqmhfx ut-jqgtpnxk wqtkhk sf ut}-
hfxf. Wwhks xthf xk jtwxfhx zyvflsn {vfsn mf jtgnxpf n sptn {vfsn-
xkqsn uvtjypxn mf {tvfxf. Zxfhf hmrtlst {vfskskxt sf uthk}k jtgnxp,
f tx xyp – uthk}k lnhtxnswpn uvtjypxn, pfpxt n xtv mf mkrkjkqnkxt. Onhtx-
sthjwxhtxt wk uvkhvf hh hflks n wfrtwxtxkqks txvfwq sf wkqwptxt
wxtufswxht. Xtjtgvksfxf xvnutqsf wnwxkrf hwk ufp twxfhf mvskst-yifv-
sf, jtptqptxt ut wxfvn vkj jhfxf y}fwxpf wqylfx mf uvtnmhtjwxht sf mv-
sksn {vfsn, f yifvxf – mf hmwxfsthhfsk sf wnqnxk sf ut}hfxf n utjitxth-
pfxf H ufp mf lnxsn vfwxksn.
33 Pf vfmqn}snxk wnwxkrn hl. +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf, 52–62. Zt *BLH=IJ?,
5BNFJ. Qwxtvn}kwptxt vfmhnxnk sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht. Z., 1901, twtg. 8–17.

Xvtivkwx h mkrkjkqnkxt wk wwxtn h uvkrnsfhfsk tx jhyutqpfxf n xvn-

utqpfxf pr uqtjtwrkssf (vkjyhff pyqxyvnxk) wnwxkrf. Xvn utwqkjsfxf
uvns|nux sf uqtjtwrkshfsk wk uvnqfif sk }fwxn}st, f wnwxkrfxn}st n
kjsthvkrksst hv{y |qfxf uqt, uvn ptkxt txiqkljfsnxk vfwxksn wk rk-
sx klkitjst h tuvkjkqks vkj, utmhtqhf utwqkjthfxkqst nmutqmhfsk sf
hwn}pn wqtkhk sf ut}hfxf, tx ptnxt vfmsnxk pyqxyvn nmhqn}fx wuk|nzn}st
sktg{tjnrnxk nr {vfsnxkqsn kqkrksxn. Vfo-{fvfpxkvsf k utwqkjthfxkq-
stwx xf tx lnxsn vfwxksn (nmutqmhfn itvsn wqto sf ut}hfxf), ptvkst-
uqtjsn (nmutqmhfn ut-jqgtpn uqfwxthk) n utwkhsn xvkhn (fmtxtwgnvf-
n). [fmn wnwxkrf k sfo-nsxksmnhsf, jtptqptxt |qfxf ut}hf wk tgvfgtxhf
(srf yifv), f wt utsklk ptvkstuqtjsnxk nmnwphfx ut-itqr vfm{tj sf
xvyj (uthn~fhf wxtostwx xf sf uvtjypxf). Qwxtvn}kwpn uvk{tjx pr ut-
jtgvksf xvnutqpf n pr uqtjtwrkssf wnwxkrf nmnwphfq vkztvrnvfsk sf
wt|nfqst-uvfhsnxk ywqthn, f nrksst – twhtgtljfhfsk sf wkqsnxk tx pvk-
utwxsn}kwxht n tx hqfwx xf sf tgnsfxf (ptxt sfqfifqf xvnutqsfxf wnwxk-
rf n uvnsyjnxkqst mfwhfsk w tuvkjkqksn pyqxyvn). Xntskvn h uvk{tjf
pr uqtjtwrkssf wnwxkrf, ptoxt wk hhf nwxnswpf fivfvsf vkhtq|n, gn-
qn Isiqn n Jkqin, txpjkxt wnwxkrfxf uvkrnsfqf h jvyin khvtukowpn
wxvfsn.
K Jqifvn wk uvnqfifqf mvskst-yifvsfxf wnwxkrf, x. k. iqfhst ww
mvsksf sfwtpf sf mfwhfsnxk pyqxyvn, st rkljy fivfvsnxk y}ksn wkwx-
hyhf nmhkwxst skwiqfwnk, pto xt}st hfvnfsx tx sk uvktgqfjfhfq – jfqn
jhyutqsf wnwxkrf w tx}fwxn mfwxf yifv nqn utjtgvksf xvnutqsf wnwxkrf w
tx}fwxn mfwxf yifv. Yfmstiqfwnkxt njhf txxfr, }k utj yifv wk twxfhqf
tptqt 20% tx tgvfgtxhfkrfxf uqt, ptkxt hst sk k snxt }nwxf jhyutqpf
(xtifhf yifvxf wqkjhf jf k 50%), snxt }nwxf xvnutqpf (xtifhf utj yifv wqkj-
hf jf nrf 33%). Yfmqnpfxf hwstwx sk k xtqpthf itqrf, utsklk n jhkxk
wnwxkrn wk {fvfpxkvnmnvfx w itwutjwxht sf mvsksnxk {vfsn hv{y tgvf-
gtxhfkrfxf uqt n w sfqn}nkxt sf yifv.
Xt rsksnkxt sf Mtqnswpn y sfw jtrnsnvfqf xvnutqsfxf wnwxkrf w }fw-
xn}st mfwhfs yifv n ww wpvfxks qkxks pqns h wvfhsksnk ww mnrsn (ut-
vfjn pqnrfxn}snxk twtgkstwxn, uvn ptnxt mnrsnxk lnxf wxfhfx ut-jtgvn);
wutvkj Qh. Zxvfswpn y sfw jtrnsnvfqf jhyutqsfxf wnwxkrf w tx}fwxn mfw-
xf yifv.34 Zutvkj fivfvsn wuk|nfqnwx Xfhkq Nitvth (n sptn nswukpxtvn
ut mkrkjkqnkxt) uvktgqfjfhff h Jqifvn n uvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h.
gnqf jhyutqsfxf wnwxkrf – uvn sk wk wqkjhfx u~ksn|f (mnrks utwkh) n |f-
vkhn|f (qkxks utwkh). Vpjk wk wvkfqf xvnutqsf wnwxkrf, uvn ptxt wqkj
yifv wqkjhfx mnrsn mvsksn {vfsn, wqkjhfsn tx qkxsn mvsksn {vfsn. Kwk
34 +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf, 60–62.

ufp jkqx sf yifvxf – uvnmsfp sf kpwxksmnhst mkrkjkqnk – sfrfqq tx

20,39% uvkm 1908–1912 i. sf 12,8% uvkm 1929–1933 i. K wtxt hvkrk
xvkhstxt mkrkjkqnk, uvn ptkxt zyvflsnxk xvkhn mfkrfx msf}nxkqsf }fwx tx
tvsfxf mkr, n uqtjtwrkssfxf wnwxkrf, uvn ptxt twtgkst mfwxuksn wf pt-
vkstuqtjsn pyqxyvn, wk wvkfqn vjpt h Jqifvn.35 Qm}kmhfskxt sf yifv-
xf h sptn tptqnn, pvfo itqkrn sfwkqksn rkwxf n h ut-nsxksmnhsn wxtufs-
wxhf wk wt}n pfxt uvnmsfp mf rtjnzn|nvfsk sf jhyutqpfxf tx mvsksf h
uqtjtwrkssf wnwxkrf.36
Mfssnxk tx kjsf wkqwptwxtufswpf fspkxf tx 1933–1934 i. wt}fx pfxt
uvktgqfjfhff y sfw jhyutqpfxf hv{y 71,1% tx mfwkxnxk mkrn; xvnutqpf-
xf mfkrfqf 17,5 % tx mfwkxnxk mkrn, skuvfhnqstxt vkjyhfsk – 8%, f kjst-
utqpfxf –3,4% (xkmn |nzvn wf uvn nmpq}hfsk sf 17,1% h pfxkitvnxf „sk-
tuvkjkqksn“). Xvn jhyutqpfxf ut vfmuvtwxvfsksnk h wxvfsfxf uvktgqfjf-
hfqf „sfvy~ksf uvfhnqstwx“ h nmutqmhfskxt sf yifvstxt utqk (tptqt
30%), wqkjhfqt vkjyhfskxt u~ksn|f – |fvkhn|f, ptkxt mfkrfqt tptqt 23%
tx hwn}pn wknxgttgvfksn, n vkjyhfskxt yifv–u~ksn|f (uvn ptkxt nrf
sfo-itqrf mfiygf sf mkr) – tptqt 17%. Zfxf fspkxf utpfmhf, }k w yhk-
qn}ksnk sf wvkjsn vfmrkv sf wxtufswxhfxf jhyutqpfxf utwxkuksst tx-
wxuhfqf rwxt sf xvnutqpfxf.37
Sfmfstxt jfhf hmrtlstwx jf wk ptswxfxnvf pfxt |qt kjst uvk{tjst
wwxtsnk sf gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqnk rkljy mvskst-yifvsfxf wnwxkrf (w
}fwxn}st mfwxf yifv) n uqtjtwrkssfxf; uvhfxf gnqf khtqnvfqf msf}n-
xkqst tx sf}fqsfxf wn ztvrf (w itqrf yifv), st hxtvfxf sk wk gnqf sfqt-
lnqf. Pvsksfxf sfwtpf sf mkrkjkqnkxt uvktgqfjfhfqf n sk wk gnqt wxni-
sfqt jt }nwxf uqtjtwrkssf wnwxkrf, ptifxt yifv nmtgt qnuwhf n zyvfl-
sn xvkhn, pfxt q|kvsf n jkxkqnsf, f wt pvrst |hkpqt, mf{fvst |hkpqt,
pfvxtzn n jv. wf ut-jtgvk mfwxuksn.38
35Kl. Egoroff, Pawel. Die Landnutzung. – In: Die Sozialökonomische Struktur der bulgari-
schen Wirtschaft. Molloff, Janaki (Hrsg.). Berlin, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1936, 106–125,
esp. 121–123. Zutvkj nswukpxtvn ut mkrkjkqnkxt xt gnqt h vfm|hkxf sf jhyutqst wknxgttgvf-
ksnk tx mvsksfxf utqwpf wnwxkrf, st w 2/3 mfwxf yifv; utqkxt sf yifvxf hwk uthk}k wk mfk-
rfqt tx uvtqkxsn pyqxyvn (|fvkhn|f, wqs}tiqkj, |hkpqt, zno, zfwyq n jv.); sf wqkjhffxf it-
jnsf sf rwxtxt sf uvtqkxsn|nxk wk mfwhfqn mnrsn|n, f sf mnrsn|nxk – uvtqkxsn|n. Kl. (J-
NB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn. Z., 1930, 128–130.
36 (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 128–130.
37 Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 29, 1937. Z., 1937, 186–189. Kl. n 5D-
KBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht sf Jqifvn. Z., 1939, 66–67.

38 (=FULACDB?, +. Khkljfskxt sf uqtjtwrkssf pfxt uvkjutwxfhpf mf utjtgvksnk sf {vf-
skskxt y sfw. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 42, 1943, G 9–10,

602–618.
PNUNMNTZSQ QVKNV[IY, ILYW[N^VQ`NZSQ UNYSQ,

ILYWVWUQ`NZSI ZT\OJI
Vkpf wkif {hvqnr utiqkj pr xk{sn}kwptxt wsfvlksnk sf gqifvwpt-

xt wkqwpt wxtufswxht. Xvnmsfp mf uvtivkwf sf mkrkjkqnkxt txsf}fqt gnqt
mfrkwxhfskxt sf uvnrnxnhstxt jvhkst vfqt w utqylkqkmks nqn lkqkmks
uqyi, utmhtqhf ut-jqgtpf tgvfgtxpf sf ut}hfxf. Xvkm 1911 i. wfrt tpt-
qt 20% tx mkrkjkqwpnxk jtrfpnswxhf y sfw nrfqn uqyithk.39 Xqstxt mf-
rkwxhfsk sf vfqfxf w uqyithk xfpf n sk wk twkwxhnqt jt Kxtvfxf whk-
xthsf htosf, f mf ut-itqrf rk{fsnmf|n xvyjst rtlk jf wk ithtvn. Xvkm
1933 i. hwk tk 58% tx wxtufswxhfxf wn wqylkqn w vfqf, f uqyithk nrfqn
tptqt 46% tx x{. Z hkqpn wn wqylkqn tptqt 18% tx wxtufswxhfxf (xk wk
uvtnmhkljfqn h Jqifvn), pypyvymtvts nrfqn tptqt 3%, f hwn}pn twxf-
sfqn rf~nsn (xvfpxtvn, gvfsn, vkjtwkqpn, lxhfvpn, hv~f}pn, ptwf}pn,
xvntvn, wkstwgnvf}pn) wk wvkfqn h utj 1% tx wxtufswxhfxf. [vfpxtvx k
wnrhtq sf uvtivkwf h wkqwptxt wxtufswxht n ysnhkvwfqst uvnqtlnrt mf
vfmsn |kqn tvjnk (mf mfjhnlhfsk sf hv~f}pnxk, mf tvfs, gvfsyhfsk,
wknxgf, lxhf, uvkhtmhfsk sf xklkwxn n uv.). Xvkm 1920 i. xvfpxtvnxk y sfw
gnqn kjhf 20, f uvkm 1927 i. – 767, uvkm 1933 i. – 1503 (h 0,19% tx wxtufs-
wxhfxf).40 Njhf uvkm hxtvfxf utqthnsf sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. hstwx sf
xvfpxtvn wk yhkqn}nq.41
Pkrxf sf txjkqstxt wxtufswxht tgnpsthkst sk k kjst |qt, f wk ww-
xtn tx ufv}kxf sf vfmsn rkwxf. [thf ufv|kqnvfsk nrf vkmts, jtptqptxt sf-
qn}nkxt sf snhn sf vfmqn}sn rkwxf k nmhkwxsf twniyvthpf wvky ivfjy~pf
n jvyin uvnvtjsn gkjwxhn. Vt uvkptrkvstxt vfmjvtghfsk sf mkrxf jf-
hf msf}nxkqsn mfiygn tx wnstvn n mfxvyjshf vf|ntsfqstxt wxtufsnwhfsk
utvfjn txjfqk}kstwx n vfmuvwsfxtwx sf ufv}kxfxf, skuvnitjstwx sf rfq-
pnxk ufv}kxf mf uvnqfifsk sf xk{snpf n uv.42 Xvkm 1908 i. wvkjst sf wxtufs-
wxht wk ufjfqn 12,5 ufv}kxf, uvkm 1926 i. – 15,2 ufv}kxf, f uvkm 1934 i. –
13,4 ufv}kxf, pfxt sfrfqksnkxt gnqt vkmyqxfx tx mfut}sfqfxf ptrfwf|n.43
Zutvkj kjst nm}nwqksnk ptrfwf|nxf gn yhkqn}nqf tgvfgtxhfkrfxf mkr w
39 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Zxtufswpf Jqifvn, w. 141.

40
*=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, w. 153.
41
Kl. Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 1940, w. 289. Vt hstwx sf xvfpxtvn
k jfjks sk h gvt, f h xtsthk – 110 xtsf uvkm 1930–1934 i., 366 uvkm 1937 i., 683 uvkm 1938 i.,
653 uvkm 1939 i.
42
Pf skjtwxfx|nxk sf ufv|kqsnxk mkrkjkqwpn wxtufswxhf hl. (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP
1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 114–119.
43
*=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, w. 147, 149.
10%.44 Vkywxfsthkstwxxf sf ivfsn|nxk up htjkqf jt rstitgvtosn

wutvthk. Ltqrf }fwx tx {tvfxf jtvn srfqn jtpyrksxn mf uvnxklfsnk sf
txjkqsnxk ufv}kxf mkr (ptkxt mfxvyjshfqt nutxkpfvsn pvkjnx).
Iivtxk{sn}kwpf rvpf wvky uvkptrkvstxt vfmjvtghfsk sf txjkqstxt
wxtufswxht k x. sfv. ptrfwf|n, x. k. wgnvfskxt (h njkfqks vfmrkv) sf vfm-
uvwsfxnxk nm mkrqnkxt rfqpn ufv}kxf mkr, wtgwxhkstwx sf kjst qn|k.
[fmn fivtxk{sn}kwpf rvpf tgf}k nmnwphf xt}st nmrkvhfsk sf mkrxf n ww-
xfhsk sf pfjfwxvfqks uqfs, x. k. iktrkxvn}st nmtgvfmhfsk n tunwhfsk sf
skjhnlnrnxk nrtxn. Xvkm 1928 i. gnqt pfjfwxvnvfst uvhtxt wkqt y sfw. Mt
1945 i. gnqn pfjfwxvnvfsn wfrt 193 wkqf. Strfwf|nxf mfut}sfqf w ptrfwn-
vfsk sf mkrqnkxt sf kjst wkqt uvkm 1930 i. Pf ukvntjf 1930–1940 i. gnqn
ptrfwnvfsn wfrt 47 wkqf n 4,24% tx tgn gvto sf wxtufswxhfxf – snt-
lks vkmyqxfx, nmtwxfhf n tx wt sksfuvkjsfqn pfjfwxv.45
Kflsf fivtxk{sn}kwpf rvpf k nmpywxhkstxt sfuthfsk, ptkxt htjn jt
vmpt uthn~fhfsk sf jtgnhnxk tx rstit pyqxyvn. Vt xt wxvyhf wput n
uvkm vfmiqkljfsn ukvntj sk gnqt sfuvfhkst rstit. dvnjn}kwpn uvtgqk-
rx w htjsfxf wtgwxhkstwx, htjsnxk wkvhnxyxn n utqmhfskxt sf htjnxk gnq
yvkjks uvkm 1904 i. ww mfptsf mf nrykwxhfxf, mf wtgwxhkstwx xf n wkvhn-
xyxnxk, f uvkm 1906 i. wk wmjfhf txjkqksnk mf htjnxk uvn Unsnwxkvwxhtxt
sf xvithnxf n mkrkjkqnkxt. Xvkm 1912 i. gnq uvnkx mfpts mf ztsj mf pyq-
xyvsnxk rkvtuvnxn ut htjnxk n itvnxk w |kq jf wk znsfswnvfx sfutnxkq-
sn rkvtuvnxn, uvkjnrst h dlsf Jqifvn. Vt htosnxk txqtlnqn hu-
vtwnxk sf htjstxt wxtufswxht.
Xvkm 1920 i. gnq uvnkx mfpts mf htjsnxk wnsjnpfxn, ptoxt vkiqfrksxn-
vfq uvfhtxt mf utqmhfsk sf tgkwxhksnxk htjn tx jvlfhfxf, htjsnxk wns-
jnpfxn, tgnsnxk, jvylkwxhfxf n }fwxsnxk qn|f. Ktjsn wnsjnpfxn rtlkqn
jf wk wmjfhfx ut jtgvthtqst vk~ksnk sf mfnsxkvkwyhfsnxk qn|f, }vkm
uvnsyjf skwiqfwstxt rfq|nswxht jf wk uvnwkjnsn pr hmkxt tx rstmns-
wxhtxt vk~ksnk n jtvn (mf tgkwxhkst hflsn mfjf}n) ut vk~ksnk sf rfq-
|nswxhtxt nqn ut nsn|nfxnhf wfrt sf fjrnsnwxvf|nxf ut htjsnxk uvtg-
qkrn. Xt xthf htjsnxk wnsjnpfxn wk txqn}fhfx tx uqsfxf jtgvthtqstwx
uvn pttukvf|nnxk.
Wx hqnmfskxt h wnqf sf mfptsf mf htjsnxk wnsjnpfxn uvkm 1920 jt
1939 i. gnqn tgvfmyhfsn 69 htjsn wnsjnpfxf. Mvlfhfxf n htjsnxk wnsjn-
pfxn nmhv~nqn tx 1918 jt 1939 i. wqkjsnxk vfgtxn ut htjstxt wxtufswxht:
44 <L=IJ?, 'N=I=M. Msk~sf n yxvk~sf Jqifvn. Z., [. `nukh, 1928, 58–59. Zutvkj fhxt-
vf ptrfwf|nxf gn jfqf tptqt 400 000 {kpxfvf vfgtxsf mkr. [thf k tptqt 10% tx tgvfgtxhfk-
rfxf mkr uvkm 1929–1933 i., ptxt gnqf tptqt 4 rqs. {kpxfvf. [fmn |nzvf y: ;JG=FJ?, 7N=I-
SJ. Pfunwpn ut wxtufswpf iktivfzn. Kfvsf, 1936, w. 79.
45 Kl. *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 188–198.
nmivfljfsk sf sfutnxkqsn pfsfqn n wtvlksn mf sfuthfsk sf 277 000

jpf utqwpn nrtxn; ptvninvfsn vkpn – 139 pr (uvkjufmksn tx mfqnhfsk
70 000 jpf); jnin n txhtjsnxkqsn pfsfqn – 284 pr (txhtjsksn 412 000 jpf
utqwpn nrtxn); htjsn |ksxvfqn w tgf rtstwx 4440 ptswpn wnqn (gkm
„K}f“).46 Vt qnuwfxf sf wvkjwxhf wuhfqf uvthkljfskxt sf htjsn rkvt-
uvnxn n uthk}kxt tx xkmn vfgtxn gnqn nmhv~ksn h utwqkjsnxk itjnsn sf
ukvntjf.
Pf utjutrfifsk vfmhnxnkxt sf mkrkjkqnkxt gnqf nmivfjksf jvlfhsf
fivtstrn}kwpf wqylgf.47 Vkosnxk sf}kspn wf h gtvgfxf wvky znqtpwkvf-
xf, ysntlnqf gqifvwpnxk qtm, twtgkst h mfufjsnxk }fwxn sf wxvfsfxf
uvkm 80-xk n 90-xk itjnsn sf Î^ h. Xvkm 1888 i. wk wmjfqf wqylgf ut zn-
qtpwkvsfxf mfvfmf w nswukpxtvn, ptnxt ptswxfxnvfqn mfvfmfxf n sfqfifqn
pfvfsxnssn rkvpn; xk hhkljfqn sthnxk frkvnpfswpn qtm, pfxt mfutmsfhf-
qn qtmfvnxk w sthfxf pyqxyvf n vfmjfhfqn gkmuqfxst jtwxfhksn tx jvlf-
hfxf qtmthn uv}pn. Xvkm 1889 i. h gjlkxf ywutvkjst ww wqylgfxf ut
znqtpwkvsfxf mfvfmf gnqn uvkjhnjksn wvkjwxhf mf ukxnrf jy~n „uxyhfn
mkrqkjkqwpn y}nxkqn“, f sf wqkjhffxf itjnsf gvtx nr gnq yhkqn}ks sf
15. [k tgnpfqqn ut wkqfxf n nmsfwqn wpfmpn, sfo-}kwxt finxnvfopn mf h-
hkljfsk sf uqyif n nm{hvqsk sf tvfqtxt, mf ut-jtgvf tgvfgtxpf sf ut}-
hfxf, xtvksk n uv. Xvkm 1894 i. wqylgfxf gnqf sfvk}ksf „mkrqkjkq}kwpn
sfjmnvfxkqn“ w fsfqtin}sn mfjf}n (wpfmpn, gkwkjn n jkrtswxvf|nn) n uvn-
jfjksf pr rkwxsfxf fjrnsnwxvfxnhsf hqfwx (tpvlsnxk yuvfhqksn) pfxt
skns tvifs mf utjutrfifsk sf mkrkjkq|nxk. Ukljyhvkrksst gnqn txuywsf-
xn pvkjnxn mf tunxsn utqkxf, vfmwfjsn|n, gygfvsn|n, vfmjfhfqn wk mkrk-
jkqwpn wkrksf sf sfwkqksnkxt, tvifsnmnvfqn wk rkwxsn ptspyvwn w uvkrnn
mf txqn}nqn wk mkrkjkq|n, f uvkm 1894 i. gnqn wmjfjksn jvlfhks ptskmf-
htj h ayrks n tgtv mf lvkg|n „Sqkrksxnsf“ pvfo Xqkhks.
Pf vfmuvtwxvfsksnk sf mkrkjkqwpn msfsn uvkm 1883 i. gnqn wmjfjksn
n jvlfhsn mkrkjkqwpn y}nqnf pvfo Yywk (Wgvfm|th }nzqnp) n h Zfjtht,
Xqthjnhwpt. Vt vkmyqxfxnxk h sf}fqtxt sk gnqn sfwv}nxkqsn – tx mfhv-
~nqnxk jt 1896 i. 217 y}ksn|n wfrt 8 wk txjfqn sf mkrkjkqnk, f twxfsfqn-
xk wxfsfqn }nsthsn|n n y}nxkqn. ehst tk sk wk hnljfqf utqmfxf tx sthn-
xk mkrkjkqwpn xktvnn.48 Xvkm 1891 i. h Xqkhks gnqt txpvnxt n qtmfvwpt (hn-
sfvwpt) y}nqnk.
46
Pf rkqntvf|nnxk hl. +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf, 464–472; 7N=IDTB?, 9LDM-
NJ. Qwxtvn sf wxvtklnxk n wtgksnxf h Jqifvn tx Wwhtgtljksnkxt jt pvf sf 1939 i.
Z., 1948, 62–67, jfssnxk sf 66–67.
47 Kl. (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 407–428.
48 <>G=IMFD, +DHDNUL. Pkrqkjkq}kwpfxf pvnmf y sfw n wvkjwxhf mf skostxt uvkrf{hfsk. –
Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 1, 1896, G 4, 233–249, twtg. w. 248.

Xvkm 1900 i. mkrkjkqwpnxk sfjmnvfxkqn gnqn tgkjnsksn w nswukpxtvn-

xk ut qtmfvwxhtxt h wqylgfxf vfotssn nswukpxtvn ut qtmfvwxhtxt n mkrk-
jkqnkxt. Jvtx sf vfotssnxk nswukpxtvn wk ptqkgfkq utvfjn uvfpxnpfxf sf
klkitjst uvkjhnljfsk sf pvkjnxn h gjlkxf (hrkwxt xvfost yvkljfsk sf
hkjtrwxhtxt). Lqfhsn mfjf}n sf wqylgfxf gnqn uvtufifsjfxf sf fivtstrn-
}kwpn msfsn, rkvpn uvtxnh znqtpwkvsfxf mfvfmf, vpthtjksk sf tpvlsn
vfmwfjsn|n, vfmjfhfsk sf mkrkjkqwpn wkrksf, jvh}kxf, qtmn, }kvsn|n n jv.
(jtwxfhksn tx jvlfhfxf nqn tpvlsfxf utwxtssf ptrnwn), wgnvfsk sf
wxfxnwxn}kwpn jfssn mf utwkhnxk n vkptqxnxk, uvnqfifsk sf fjrnsnwxvf-
xnhsnxk sfvkjgn sf Unsnwxkvwxhtxt sf mkrkjkqnkxt. Xvkm 1909 i. nswukp-
xtvnxk ut mkrkjkqnkxt gnqn xvfswztvrnvfsn h jvlfhsn fivtstrn. Xt xt-
hf hvkrk nrfqt 26 vfmwfjsnpf n 3 tunxsn wxfs|nn, pfpxt n tk sptqpt jk-
uf mf lvkg|n ({vn).
Kuvt}kr tx xthf hvkrk (1907 i.) jfxnvf wqkjsfxf wnqst pvnxn}sf uvk-
|kspf sf jtgvk twhkjtrksn Snvnq Xtuth mf jkostwx xf sf Unsnwxkvwxht-
xt sf xvithnxf n mkrkjkqnkxt uvkm uvhnxk 30 whtgtjsn itjnsn. Xvnhkl-
jfr pfxt ptsxvfuyspx sf uvtwxtxt nmgvthfsk sf jvlfhsn nsn|nfxnhn h
mkrkjkqnkxt:
Vkpf sk wutrksyhfrk, }k uvkm |kqnxk 30 itjnsn sf wkwxhyhfsk sf mk-

rqkjkqwptxt sfuv. txjkqksnk xt n jt jskw tk sk k utrnwqnqt jf nmjf-
jk kjst pfpht-itjk yuxhfsk nqn sfwxfhqksnk ut spto wkqwptwxtufswpn
huvtw, sk k utrnwqnqt jf nmjfhf whto tzn|nfqks gqkxns, sk k sfuvf-
hnqt sn kjsf fsfqnmf sf gqifvwpfxf mkrqkjkqwpf ut}hf, sf gqifvwptxt
mvst […] Vkpf sk wutrksyhfrk, }k h ivnlnxk wn mf wptxthjwxhtxt xt-
hf rnsnwxkvwxht k jfqt zfpxn, pfxt sfuv. ts, jkxt jtpfvfsnxk tx wxvfs-
wxht lvkg|n mf uvnuqtj wf wk tpfmfqn gkm fxvngy|nnxk wn mf hmuvtnm-
hkljfsk n mf uvnpvnhfsk wpfsjfqf tx whnjkxkqn lnhtxsnxk wf gnqn ht-
jksn sf htjtuto st, h xrstxt. Vkpf sk utrksyhfrk, }k mf wxtufsw-
ptxt nmy}fhfsk sf wxvfsfxf xt jkufvxfrksx wn k wqylnq w ut{hfxn n
rkxtjn, pfxt sfuv. xt, jf nwpf }vkm „tpvlst“ tx tgnswpnxk prkxthk
jf ry wtgx tzn|nfqst ptqpt pnqtivfrf vngf nrf h vkpnxk n kmkvf-
xf h tgnsnxk nr. Vkpf sk wutrksyhfrk, }k mf mfgqyljksnk sf tgkwx-
htxt n {hvqsk uvf{ mf tg~nvsf wxtufswpf jkostwx sf xthf rnsnwxkv-
wxht ywxvthf{f wk wptxthjsn n mkrqkjkqwpn ptspyvwn nm uvthns|nxf,
sf ptnxt hrkwxt lnhtxsn n mkrqkjkqwpn uvtnmhkjksn jtpfvhf{f wk
uk{qnhfsn jf wk gtvx, }k mf wfxf |kq xthf rnsnwxkvwxht wn k utmht-
qnqt jf uygqnpyhf hst wpvtksn n zfq~nzn|nvfsn wxfxnwxnpn.49
49
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtiqkj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt…, 240–241.
Wx 1910 i. mfut}sfqt tvifsnmnvfsk sf utjhnlsn mkrkjkqwpn y}nqnf

(pfxkjvn), uvn ptkxt fivtstrn htjkqn pyvwthk n jvlfqn wpfmpn ut wkqfxf,
uvfhkqn jkrtswxvf|nn n yvkljfqn sfiqkjsn snhn, qtm, ivfjnsn n qnhfjn.
Zqkj htosnxk (uvkm 1919 i.) jkostwxxf sf utjhnlsnxk mkrkjkqwpn pfxkjvn
uvtjqlnqf ut-wnwxkrst n wxfsfqf mhkst sf wxvtosf fivtstrn}kwpf wnwxk-
rf. Kwpf pfxkjvf utqy}nqf pfxt vfots sf jkostwx fjrnsnwxvfxnhsn tpvi;
pr pfxkjvnxk gnqn uvnjfjksn fivtstrn wuk|nfqnwxn (ut qtmfvwxht, tht-
fvwxht, gygfvwxht), mkrkjkqwpn fjrnsnwxvfxtvn n xk{sn|n (mf jkrtswxvn-
vfsk sf mkrkjkqwpf xk{snpf). Kh hwpf tptqn wk wmjfqt tptqnowpt fivt-
strwxht n gnqn sfmsf}ksn ut kjns fivtstr, mkrkjkqwpn fjrnsnwxvfxtv n
xk{snp. Pfjf}nxk nr gnqn uthk}k uvtwhkxsn n jkrtswxvf|ntssn: pyvwthk,
wpfmpn, gkwkjn, qkp|nn, jkrtswxvf|nn, tunxn, nmqtlgn n uv., pfpxt n vfmu-
vkjkqksnk sf utwfj}sn rfxkvnfqn (tx vfmwfjsn|nxk), vfmuvkjkqksnk sf
pvkjnxn mf utjtgvksnk sf mkrkjkqnkxt tx tpvlsn gjlkx n uv. Qmtgt
wnwxkrfxf sf fivtstrn}kwpf utrt gnqf nmivfjksf ut jtgvnxk khvtukowpn
tgvfm|n n ww msf}nxkqks ukvwtsfq. [fpf sfuvnrkv gjlkxx mf 1929 i.
uvkjhnljfq 16 jnvkpxtvn sf pfxkjvn, xvnrf tgqfwxsn nswukpxtvn, 120 fivt-
strn, 135 mkrkjkqwpn fjrnsnwxvfxtvn, 95 wuk|nfqnwxn, 50 xk{sn|n n uv.
PNUNMNTZSQ S\T[\YQ
Jqifvwptxt mkrkjkqnk nrfqt wst nmvfmksf mvsksf sfwtpf uvkm |kqn

ukvntj. Pvsksnxk {vfsn jfqk}k nmuvkhfvhfqn hwn}pn twxfsfqn pyqxyvn ut
uqt, pfxt uvt|ksxx nr hfvnvfq, st tx 1897 jt 1934 i. sk ufjfq utj 70%
(f wxnifq jt n 77%), x. k. xk mfkrfqn tptqt 3/4 tx tgvfgtxhfkrfxf uqt. Vf
hxtvt rwxt ut uqt gnqn zyvflsnxk vfwxksn n qnhfjnxk w ut}xn sknm-
rkssnxk 17%. Ttmxf mfkrfqn xvkxt rwxt h tgvfgtxhfkrfxf uqt, pfxt xk
sfrfqkqn tx 4,69% uvkm 1897 sf 2,89% uvkm 1935 i. (wqkj kjst ufjfsk utj
2% ut hvkrk sf htosnxk n wqkj x{) n sf 2,34% uvkm 1938 i. Ufwqtjfosnxk
n nsjywxvnfqsnxk vfwxksn xvisfqn tx sntlsnxk 0,36% uvkm 1897 i., mf
jf sfjrnsfx 4% wqkj 1928 i. n jf jtwxnisfx 7,41% uvkm 1935 i. Pkqks}ypt-
hnxk ivfjnsn n gtwxfsnxk mfkrfqn rfqpf uqt, hfvnvff rkljy 1 n 1,5%;
thtsnxk ivfjnsn gnqn 0,21% uvkm 1897 n 0,68% uvkm 1935 i.50
50
Mfssnxk y: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 142–143. Mfssn mf uqtnxk tx 1903 jt
1933 i. nrf y: +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Xvthnxk sf pvnmfxf h gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht. –
Ltjn~snp sf Knw~kxt xvithwpt y}nqnk Kfvsf, x. 8. 1934–1935, 1–92, twtg. w. 5 n 7. Mfssn
tx uvkgvthfskxt uvkm 1926 i. nrf y: +JGDIMFD, 4fyr. Wvifsnmf|nxf sf gqifvwptxt…, 127–
187. Kl. n w{tjsn jfssn tx 1918 jt 1936 i. y: 5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht…,
w. 79.
Ykptqxnxk y sfw sk gnqn twtgkst hnwtpn. [thf sk k }yjst, pfxt wk nrfx

uvkjhnj xhvjk uvnrnxnhsnx sf}ns sf tgvfgtxpf sf ut}hfxf, skjtwxfx}-
stxt xtvksk n qnuwfxf sf nmpywxhkst sfuthfsk. Ykptqxnxk tx u~ksn|f sf
kjnsn|f uqt tx 1903–1907 i. gnqn sfjrnsfxn kjhf uvkm 1928–1932 i. [k
gnqn 2 jt 3 uxn ut-rfqpn tx vkptqxnxk h Lkvrfsn, Jkqin, ^tqfsjn n
Mfsn (sfo-hnwtpn), wvfhsnrn w vkptqxnxk h Zvgn n Yyrsn n rfqpt ut-
hnwtpn tx xkmn h \sifvn. Jqifvwpnxk vkptqxn gnqn w{tjsn w vkptqxnxk h
ZIb, ut-hnwtpn tx xkmn h Ivlksxnsf n Ihwxvfqn n sk rstit ut-snwpn tx
vkptqxnxk h Sfsfjf – xtifhf hwk wxvfsn w kpwxksmnhst mvstuvtnmhtjwxht,
st hv{y tivtrsn n vjpt sfwkqksn uqtn.51 Vk ut-jtgvt gnqt utqtlksnk-
xt w uvtnmhtjwxhtxt tx jkpfv n sf vkjn|f jvyin pyqxyvn, pjkxt nmtwxfhf-
skxt tx sfo-vfmhnxnxk wxvfsn gnqt 1,5–2 uxn.52
Wx}fwxn ufvfqkqst sf mfkrfsfxf uqt k txstwnxkqstxt rwxt sf txjkq-
snxk ivyun mkrkjkqwpn uvtjypxn h tgfxf wxtostwx sf mkrkjkqwptxt uvt-
nmhtjwxht (vfwxksnkhjwxhtxt). Xvkm 1903–1932 i. mvsksnxk {vfsn hfvn-
vfqn rkljy 65 n 70% tx tgfxf wxtostwx, sf hxtvt rwxt gnqn zyvflsn-
xk pyqxyvn – rkljy 10 n 15%, f xvkxtxt rwxt (w 5 jt 10%) wn twutvhfqn
rfwqtjfosnxk n nsjywxvnfqsnxk pyqxyvn (ptnxt gkqklfx hv{ h itjnsnxk
wqkj htosnxk mfvfjn xxsf) n qtmxf; twxfsfqnxk pyqxyvn wf uvkjwxfhksn
w skmsf}nxkqsn txstwnxkqsn wxtostwxn. Pf jnsfrnpfxf sf vfmhnxnkxt rtlk
jf wk pflk, }k huvkpn sfuvkjpf sf nsjywxvnfqsnxk n rfwqtjfosnxk pyq-
xyvn, wt n sf pfvxtznxk, okvfv{nxf sf pyqxyvnxk sk wk sfvy~nqf, f mv-
sksfxf sfwtpf sf mkrkjkqnkxt wn twxfsfqf sktwutvnrf. [yp mfwqylfhf jf wk
txgkqkln wuk|nfqst hnwtpfxf ptsspxyvf sf gqifvwpn xxs wqkj hto-
snxk jt 1927 i. utvfjn hvkrksstxt kqnrnsnvfsk sf Lv|n n [yv|n tx x-
xskhnxk ufmfvn, pfpxt n wnqstxt wufjfsk sf |ksnxk sf xxsf wqkj x{-
stxt mfhvfsk sf ufmfvf.53
Yfmsnxk hnjthk pyqxyvn jfhfqn wqkjsn uvt|ksx h tgn jt{tj tx
vfwxksnkhjwxhtxt:54
51
+JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Ykptqxnxk sf mvsksnxk {vfsn h Jqifvn. Kfvsf, 1935, w. 34.
52
Zvfhsnxkqsn wxfxnwxn}kwpn jfssn mf vkptqxnxk tx jkpfv w vl, k}krnp, thkw, pfvxtzn,
mf{fvst |hkpqt, ptstu n ufryp uvkm 1945 i. y: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, w. 165.
Zvfhsnxkqsn jfssn mf jtgnhnxk tx u~ksn|f, k}krnp, vl n thkw mf ukvntjf 1926–1930 i. (tx
Annuaire international de statistique agricole. Rome, 1934–1935) y: 5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkq-
wptxt wxtufswxht…, w. 83.
53 +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Xvthnxk sf pvnmfxf…, 7–8.
54 ;=F=GJ?, 'MBI. Vf|ntsfqsnx jt{tj…, w. 25.
Mt{tjn tx 1924–1928 i. 1929–1933 i. 1934–1938 i. 1939–1943 i.
Pvs. {vfsn 64,5% 58,8% 57,5% 41,3%

Qsjywxv. vfwxksn 13,8% 15,7% 15% 18%
Ttm 8,7% 10,3% 10,7% 10%
Whtsn ivfjnsn 4,3% 5,9% 5,3% 11,9%
Kfvnhf 2,1% 2,7% 2,4% 6,2%
Pkqks}y|n 1,2% 1,7% 1,9% 2,8%
Sfvxtzn 0,5% 0,9% 1,3% 3,1%
Npwxksmnhsn pyqxyvn wf mvsksnxk {vfsn, kwxkwxhksnxk qnhfjn, pfvxt-

znxk; nsxksmnhsn pyqxyvn wf rfwqtjfosnxk, nsjywxvnfqsnxk, zyvflsnxk,
nmpywxhksnxk qnhfjn, ivfjnsnxk, qtmxf, hfvnhfxf, mkqks}y|nxk (gtwxfsn-
xk).55 [ksjks|nxf k wsf – skuvkpwsfxt sfrfqhfsk sf jt{tjf tx mvsk-
snxk {vfsn n sfvfwxhfsk sf jkqf sf jt{tjf tx nsxksmnhsnxk pyqxyvn (st gkm
xk jf wxfsfx htjkn). [thf vfmhnxnk wk txjfhf sf rfqpn jt{tj tx kpwxks-
mnhsnxk pyqxyvn, ptkxt tvnksxnvfqt sfo-hk}k jvkgsnxk wxtufswxhf hwk ut-
hk}k pr ut-jt{tjsn nsxksmnhsn pyqxyvn.
Zutvkj kjst sfgqjksnk wxtufswxhfxf w ut-rfqpn vfmrkvn, h wxvkrklf
wn jf sfrkvx uvnqtlksnk mf nmqn~sn xvyj n jf uthn~fx jt{tjnxk wn,
uvtnmhkljfqn hv{y ut-itqr uvt|ksx tx whtxf uqt nsxksmnhsn pyqxy-
vn.56 [thf wk utxhvljfhf n tx fspkxnxk utj vpthtjwxhtxt sf esfpn Utq-
qth (tx Iivtstrn}kwpn zfpyqxkx) hv{y jt{tjnxk sf wxtufswxhfxf, uvthk-
jksn h sf}fqtxt sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. Vkithtxt tgwsksnk k, }k uvn it-
qkrnxk wxtufswxhf n uvn kpwxksmnhst tgvfgtxhfsk sf mkrxf jt{tjnxk wf
jtwxfx}sn mf nm{vfshfsk sf mkrkjkqk|f n mfxthf xto sk wk wxvkrn pr ns-
xksmnzn|nvfsk (uvn ptkxt gn utwxnisfq ut-qt~t mfuqffsk sf hqtlksn
jtuqsnxkqst xvyj), jtpfxt uvn rfqpnxk wxtufswxhf mkrkjkqk|x wk wxfvfk
jf yhkqn}n skjtwxfx}sfxf (mf nm{vfshfskxt) jt{tjstwx }vkm nsxksmnzn-
|nvfsk sf hqtlksn xvyj, rfpfv n ut-mqk vksxnvfs. Yfmgnvf wk, xyp wxfhf
jyrf mf xvyjtht nsxksmnzn|nvfsk, f sk mf pfunxfqtht nsxksmnzn|nvfsk
(x. k. mf hqfifsk sf uthk}k pfunxfq).57
Zuk|nfqnwxnxk wf kjnstjy~sn mf nvf|ntsfqstwx xf sf wnqst uvktgqf-
jfhftxt mvstuvtnmhtjwxht, ptkxt k kpwxksmnhst (x. k. sk nmnwphf rstit
55
+JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Xvthnxk sf pvnmfxf…, w. 47.
56
+JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Wvifsnmf|nxf sf gqifvwptxt…, w. 241.
57 3JGGJ?, <I=FD. Wvifsnmf|ntssf wxvypxyvf sf gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht. –
Ltjn~snp sf Ztznowpn ysnhkvwnxkx. Iivtstrn}kwpn zfpyqxkx, x. 14, ps. 1, 1935–1936, 391–

432, twtg. w. 414. Zxtufswxhfxf jt 50 jpf, x. k. rfqpn, jfhfqn tptqt 25% ut-itqr gvyxks jt{tj
sf kjnsn|f uqt (utvfjn uthk}k hqtlks xvyj), st xo pfxt xk fsiflnvfx uthk}k vfgtxsn v|k,
jt{tjx sf kjns rlpn vfgtxks jks k ut-rfqp.
xvyj n sk rtlk jf utiqsk whtgtjsn xvyj), f twhks xthf |ksnxk sf mvstxt

sf rkljysfvtjsn ufmfv wufjfqn utvfjn ut-khxnst uvtnmhkjksn jvyifjk
lnxf, pfpxt n utvfjn sfrfqksf ptswyrf|n sf mvsksn {vfsn. Kwn}pn w-
hkxhfx mf ut-itqrt vfmhnxnk sf ivfjnsfvwxhtxt (mf ptkxt y sfw nrf txqn}-
sn ywqthn, st up gnqt sktg{tjnrt jf wk utwxvtx wy~nqsn n ptswkvhsn
zfgvnpn), wt mf vfmhnxnk sf xfpnhf jt{tjsn n xvyjtutiqfn pyqxyvn,
pfxt qtmfvwxhtxt, thtfvwxhtxt, }kvsn}khnxk ivfjnsn n jv. Vfo-jtgvk gn-
qt mvsksnxk pyqxyvn jf wk whkjfx jt syljnxk mf hxvk~st utxvkgqksnk,
pfxt sptn mvsksn uvtjypxn wk uvktgvfmyhfx h uvtjypxn sf lnhtxsthj-
wxhtxt (w |fvkhn|f jf wk {vfsx whnsk).58 Vt vfmyrsnxk sf rfpvtsnht kpw-
ukvxsn whkxn hqnmfqn h vfmvkm w jtwxf wnqsn vkmts sf mvstuvtnmhtj-
wxhtxt tx iqkjsf xt}pf sf mkrkjkqwpnxk wxtufsn, ptnxt xfpf ifvfsxnvfqn
wtgwxhkstxt wn nm{vfshfsk n nrfqn qkwst w{vfshff wk vkptqxf mf uvt-
jfs; twtgkst uvkm vfssn ukvntj itqrf vtq nivfkqf n qnuwfxf sf jtgvn
ptrysnpf|nn, txjfqk}kstwx xf sf ufmfvf n skwniyvstwx xf mf uvtjflgnxk.
Vfvkj w sf}kspnxk sf ut-nsxksmnhsn pyqxyvn, mkrkjkqwpnx sfuvkjp
sfrnvf nmvfm h uthfxf sf sptn ut-wuk|nfqnmnvfsn wxtufswxhf, ivyunvfsn
h tuvkjkqksn vfotsn. [k wk wuk|nfqnmnvfqn h tuvkjkqkst uvtnmhtjwxht mf
ufmfvf n vfm}nxfqn sf ufvn}sn jt{tjn, mf jf wn sfgfhx sktg{tjnrtxt. [thf
gnqn h }fwxstwx qtmfvwpn wxtufswxhf h rstit qtmfvwpn pvfnf; thtfvwpn
– h Swxksjnqwpn n [vsthwpn tpvi n h rstit gfqpfswpn rkwxstwxn; x-
xskhn – h Svjlfqnowpt, Myusn~pt, Vkhvtptuwpt (js. Lt|k Mkq}kh), Xkx-
vn}pt n jv.; ivfjnsfvwpn wxtufswxhf – sfo-hk}k tptqt itqkrnxk ivfjwpn
|ksxvthk; gygfvwpn – h ^fvrfsqnowpt, Zhnqksivfjwpt, ^fwpthwpt; tvnmfv-
wpn – tptqt Xfmfvjlnp n Xqthjnh; vtmtuvtnmhtjnxkqsn – h Sfvqthwpt n
Sfmfsq~pt; wt lnhtxsthjsn wxtufswxhf, twtgkst h Xqkhkswpt.59 Zut-
vkj kjst nmwqkjhfsk tx sf}fqtxt sf 40-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. sfo-nsxksmnhsn
(nmrkvkst h gvyxsn jt{tj tx jkpfv) gnqn tptqnnxk sf Xkxvn}, Lfgvtht,
Utr}nqivfj; wqkjhfx Iwksthivfj, Svjlfqn, Xqthjnh, Ltvsf Wv{thn|f,
Ufqpt [vstht, Ltvsf Mlyrf (js. Jqfitkhivfj), Xfmfvjlnp n jv.60
58
Vfuvnrkv +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Wvifsnmf|nxf sf gqifvwptxt…, w. 137, 140–141, 185.
59
(JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 121–124.
60 3JGGJ?, <I=FD. Pkrkjkqwpt-wxtufswpn vfotsn h Jqifvn. Z., 1942. Ihxtvx ywxfsth-
hf snhtxt sf nsxksmnhstwx sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht ut tptqnn; wt txjkqst ut hnj n vfmrkv

sf vfmqn}snxk pyqxyvn n sf hnjthkxk jtrf~sn lnhtxsn. Xtpfmfxkq mf ywxfsthhfsk sf nsxks-
mnhstwxxf pfxt |qt k gvyxsnx jt{tj tx jkpfv mkrkjkqwpn pyqxyvn uqw lnhtxsn.
OQKW[VWKcMZ[KW
Onhtxsthjwxhtxt k jq tx wkqwptxt wxtufswxht, }nkxt msf}ksnk utwxts-

st sfvfwxhfqt. Xvtivkwx h wfrtxt mkrkjkqnk wk wwxtq jt itqrf wxkuks
h twniyvhfskxt sf uthk}k zyvfln, utmhtqhfn vfm~nvhfsk sf lnhtxst-
hjwxhtxt n vfmhnxnkxt ry h wfrtwxtxkqks n hflks wxtufswpn pqts. [thf
hpq}hf uvkrnsfhfsk pr tgtvst (wxf|ntsfvst) lnhtxsthjwxht ww wuk-
|nfqst {vfsksk n wkqkp|ntsnvfsk sf uvtjypxnhsn utvtjn jtgnxp, jfhfn
itqr jtgnh tx vfmsnxk lnhtxnswpn uvtjypxn – rkwt, rqpt (txxyp rfwqt,
wnvksk, pf~pfhfq), o|f, hqsf n uv. Mtgnxpx mf yithfsk wk jnzkvks|n-
vf tx xkiqnxkqsn, nmnwphf jvyin pf}kwxhf (f w uvkrnsfhfsk pr rk{fsn}-
sf xif msf}ksnkxt ry sfrfqhf). Wgf xksjks|n k w sfuvkjpf sf rfxkvn-
fqstxt gqfitjkswxhnk ptswyrf|nxf jf wk nmrkwxhf tx {qgf pr lnhtxns-
wpnxk uvtjypxn. Uqk}snxk n rkwsnxk uvtjypxn, pfpxt n o|fxf, jvlfqn tx-
stwnxkqst hnwtpn |ksn sf rkljysfvtjsnxk ufmfvn uvkm xtmn ukvntj n gnqn
uvhtpqfwks nmstwks fvxnpyq. Xvn xthf |ksnxk sf vfmsnxk lnhtxnswpn uvt-
jypxn wk utpf}hfqn h wvfhsksnk w |ksnxk sf mvsksnxk n zyvflsnxk {vfsn
mf jtgnxpf, ptkxt utpfmhf uvkjnrwxhtxt sf lnhtxsthjstxt wxtufswxht.61
Mf hnjnr pfp wk k vfmhnhfqt vfmhljfskxt sf jtgnxp h Jqifvn.
Sfxt |qt wk ptswxfxnvf txstwnxkqst jtgvf wsfgjkstwx sf gqifvwptxt
wxtufswxht w jtgnxp (sf iqfhf tx sfwkqksnkxt).62 Zkhvkrksst jtgnx-
px, wt n xkiqnxkqsnx, gnq skutvtjnwx n xhvjk wqfg utvfjn skjt{vfs-
hfsk n skmfjthtqnxkqst iqkjfsk. [thf k whvmfst sfo-tgt n w itwutjwxht-
xt sf mvsksfxf wxtufswpf wnwxkrf, uvn ptxt mf {vfsf wqylkqf iqfhst wqf-
rf tx mvsksnxk {vfsn, ptxt k wqfgt {vfsnxkqsf. Yfmjvtgkstwxxf sf wxt-
ufswxhfxf up htjkqf jt utj jvlfsk sf nmqn~ks vfgtxks jtgnxp, ptkxt
wsnlfhfqt skithfxf vksxfgnqstwx.
Xvh ut hflstwx h gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht gnq kjvnx vt-
ifx jtgnxp (ithkjf – pvfhn, htqthk63 n gnhtqn), mfkrf ut gvto hxtvt rw-
xt wqkj th|kxk n nmutqmhfs kjsthvkrksst pfxt vfgtxsf wnqf n mf uvtnmhtj-
wxht sf rqpt n rkwt. Vfo-uvnwutwtgkst mf gqifvwpnxk ywqthn ww wht-
xf itqrf nmjvlqnhtwx n vfgtxtwutwtgstwx, uvn skhmnwpfxkqstwx pr
{vfsf n iqkjfsk wk tpfmfqt rkwxstxt wnht nwpvwpt ithkjt (rfpfv n skrst-
61 Zxfxnwxnpf mf txstwnxkqstxt uthn~fhfsk sf |ksnxk uvkm ukvntjf 1895–1927 i. hl. y:
(JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 319–323.

62
5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht…, 40–65; +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Zptxthjwxht-
xt h Jqifvn. Z., JIV, 1935; (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn…,
336–373.
63
Ulpnxk ithkjf wk jkqx sf xkq|n (jt kjsf itjnsf), gn}kxf n s|n wptuksn (1–3 itjn-
sn), wtxhkxst gnpthk n htqthk (sfj 3 itjnsn); lkswpnxk ithkjf wf xkq|n (jt kjsf itjnsf),
sn|n (1–3 itjnsn) n pvfhn (sfj 3 itjnsn).
it rqk}st). Zhwkr rfqp uvt|ksx (1–2%) tx gnhtqnxk n htqthkxk gnqn

iqkjfsn wfrt mf yithfsk, f nsf}k – nmpq}nxkqst pfxt xkiqnxkqsf wnqf.
Xvtgqkrx mf mfrsf sf kjvn vtifx jtgnxp w ptsk wn twxfsfq skvk~ks.
Xvkjn htosnxk pvfhnxk, }noxt gvto uvkm 1905 i. gnq tptqt 493 000, gn-
qn nmutqmhfsn uvkjnrst (sfj 70%) mf vfmuqtj n rqpt; wqkj htosnxk – jt
itqrf wxkuks (sfj 60%) n pfxt huvkifxsf wnqf (uvkm 1926 i. nrfqt 554 000
pvfhn). Xvn}nsfxf mf xfmn uvtrsf sf uvkjsfmsf}ksnkxt sf pvfhfxf fhxt-
vnxk xvwx h yjvkgshfskxt sf mkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht, utvfjn ptkxt
utj jvlfskxt sf }nzx htqthk wxfsfqt „qypw“ n xk gnqn mfrkssn w pvfhn,
ptnxt ptswyrnvfx ut-rfqpt {vfsf, f rtifx jf wk nmutqmhfx n pfxt nmxt}snp
sf rqpt n rkwt. [fpf wqkj htosnxk pvfhfxf wk uvkhvf h ysnhkvwfqst jt-
rf~st lnhtxst, wt n h nmxt}snp sf jtgvf {vfsf mf jk|fxf n sf nmhs-
vkjsn jt{tjn tx uvtjflgfxf sf rqpt. Wgf}k rqk}stwx xf sf pvfhnxk y sfw
twxfhfqf snwpf, ptkxt wk jqlfqt tx}fwxn sf vfwthn pf}kwxhf, tx}fwxn sf
qt~t {vfsksk n iqkjfsk n sf nmutqmhfskxt nr pfxt huvkifxsf wnqf. Zvkj-
sfxf rqk}stwx sf pvfhnxk tx wnhfxf nwpvwpf utvtjf gnqf 1000–1200 qnx-
vf itjn~st (uvn jtgvt iqkjfsk – jt 2000 qnxvf); h wtxt hvkrk vkptvj-
snxk mfufjstkhvtukowpn utvtjn (zvnmnowpf n jv.) jfhfqn wqkjst 3500 qnx-
vf tk h sf}fqtxt sf ^^ h. n sfj 4500 qnxvf wqkj htosnxk. Kwstwx wf-
rtxt uvkjsfmsf}ksnk sf pvfhfxf y sfw mf huvifsk uvkjtuvkjkqqt skuvn-
qtlnrtwx xf sf hnwtptuvtjypxnhsn utvtjn. Wunxnxk mf hstw n uvnwutwtg-
hfsk sf ut-rqk}sn ithkljn utvtjn, pfxt wnrksxfqwpfxf nqn rtsxfztswpf-
xf (fqunowpf wnht-pfzhf), jfqn txvn|fxkqsn nqn }fwxn}sn vkmyqxfxn. K
wtxt hvkrk h lnhtxsthjsn mfhtj „Sqkrksxnsf“ gnqn sfuvfhksn yw-
uk~sn tunxn (uvkm 1925 i.) mf yhkqn}fhfsk rqk}stwx xf sf wnhtxt nwpvwpt
ithkjt }vkm jtgvt {vfsksk n iqkjfsk (jt 4000 qnxvf).64
Wh|kxk gnqn iqkjfsn mf rqpt, rkwt, hqsf, ptln, pfxt y sfw rqptxt n
rqk}snxk uvtjypxn (rfwqt, wnvksk n pf~pfhfq) wxfsfqn iqfhsfxf nptstrn-
}kwpf |kq; uvtnmhtjwxhtxt sf hqsf nmiygnqt msf}ksnkxt wn, f ptswyrf|n-
xf sf rkwt gnqf tivfsn}ksf.
Ltqrt gnqt msf}ksnkxt sf ptmfxf – „pvfhf“ mf jvkgsn mkrkjkqk| y
sfw, utsklk x twniyvhfqf mjvfhtwqthsf {vfsf mf jk|fxf n gtqsnxk. Q pt-
mnxk gnqn iqkjfsn skgvklst n gvtx nr gnq itqr, st rqkptsfjtx – rfqp
(2–3 uxn ut-rfqp tx kqnxsfxf wffswpf utvtjf ptmn).
Zhnskhjwxhtxt gnq sfo-wnqst utj|ksksnx pqts sf lnhtxsthjwxht-
xt y sfw, pfxt mf whnskxk sk wk utqfifqn ut}xn snpfphn ivnln; xk gnqn {vf-
sksn w txufj|nxk tx jtrfpnswxhtxt, jvlfsn h sk{ninksn}sn pt}nsn,
uywpfsn uvkm jks sf whtgtjf ut jhtvthkxk n yqn|nxk, twxfhsn jf vthx
64 5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht…, 54–55.

nm sk}nwxtxnnxk n jf vfmuvtwxvfshfx mfvfmsn gtqkwxn. Njhf wqkj htosnxk

wk vfmhnhf ut-wnwxkrst whnskhjwxht, t wk txsfw jt utvtjf n sf}ns sf
txiqkljfsk; st n xtifhf xt jfqk}k nmtwxfhfqt tx htjknxk }yljn utvtjn
whnsk n jfhfqt ut-rfqpt rkwt. `vkm pvwxtwpf w x. sfv. ikvrfswpf gqfit-
vtjsf whns gnqf wmjfjksf utvtjf rkwxsf utjtgvksf whns w txstwnxkqst
jtgvf yitnxkqsf wutwtgstwx uvn wvfhsnxkqsf skuvkxks|ntmstwx; uvkm
1926 i. sfj 10% tx gqifvwpnxk whnsk gnqn tx xfmn utvtjf. Npwukvxnxk tg-
vfx hsnrfsnk sf itqkrn utxks|nfq sf whnskuvtnmhtjwxhtxt utvfjn
jtgvfxf {vfsnxkqsf gfmf (tutqmtxhtvhfsk sf vfmsn {vfsnxkqsn txufj|n
w snwpn |ksn) n utvfjn msf}nxkqstxt utwpuhfsk sf whnswptxt rkwt h wvfh-
sksnk w yutxvkghfsfxf mf nm{vfshfsk |fvkhn|f, ptkxt uvfhkqt whnsxf
vksxfgnqst n jt{tjst lnhtxst.
Vfo-wkxsk, uxn|khjwxhtxt wt jqit hvkrk gnqt utj|kskst mfsxnk
h tgnxk wxtufswpn vfgtxn; xnun}st gnqt twxfhskxt ry sf lksnxk, ptnxt
vfmutqfifqn n ww wrxfsnxk mf skmsf}nxkqsn jt{tjn tx skit. Pf jtrf~sn-
xk uxn|n ut}xn sk wk ivnlkqn; wtxhkxst wvkjstitjn~sfxf stwqnhtwx gnqf
tptqt jhf uxn ut-rfqpf, txptqptxt uvn jtgvk iqkjfsnxk ptpt~pn h sfu-
vkjsfqnxk wxvfsn. Zqkj htosnxk nmstwx sf o|f wxfsfq rstit hflst kpw-
utvxst ukvt (uvkm 1925 i. jtvn nmqnmf sf hxtvt rwxt wqkj xxsf).
Pf vfmhnxnkxt sf lnhtxsthjwxhtxt rtlk jf wk wjn iqtgfqst n ut sk-
ithn jq h tgn jt{tj tx wkqwptxt wxtufswxht. Ukljy 1924 n 1944 i. xto
hfvnvfq rkljy 20,7 n 28,6%, gkm jf txgkqkln nmvfmks sfuvkjp.65 Jvtx sf
lnhtxsnxk twxfhfq utj hqnsnk sf vkptqxnxk n sf skjtwxnif sf zyvfl, n xt
huvkpn sfvfwsfqn jq lnhtxnswpn uvtjypxn h nmstwf. Wwsthks uvtgqkr
mf gqifvwptxt lnhtxsthjwxht twxfsfqn qt~nxk utvtjn n wtxhkxst snw-
pfxf uvtjypxnhstwx. Zfrt skuvkxks|ntmsn lnhtxsn nmjvlfqn iqkjfskxt h
skutj{tjn ywqthn, wqfgfxf {vfsf, jkivfjnvftxt utvtjfxf hxvk~st-
vtjwxhkst vfmrstlfhfsk n h vkmyqxfx hqt~fhfskxt sf pf}kwxhfxf sf jtgn-
xpf n sf uvtjypxnxk tx skit. Zuk|nfqst kjvnx vtifx jtgnxp wk txiqkl-
jfq uthk}k w vfgtxsn |kqn (mf huvifsk, pfxt xkiqnxkqsf wnqf), f utqy}fhf-
snxk uvtjypxn gnqn wxvfsn}sf zysp|n. Nwxkwxhkst, tx huvkifxks jtgnxp
sk rtlk jf wk t}fphf hnwtpf uvtjypxnhstwx. I xprt h nsxksmnhstxt tgtv-
st (wxf|ntsfvst) lnhtxsthjwxht gnqn vkmkvhnxk mf nmstwf n ukvwukpxn-
hnxk mf vfmhnxnk sf gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht.
K tgtgksnk: uvkm vfmiqkljfsn ukvntj gqifvwptxt wkqt n mkrkjkqnk
txgkqmhfx nmhkwxks uvtivkw. [to wk nmvfmnq h vkjn|f sfuvfhqksn n wk
uvthnq sfo-hk}k uvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. \hkqn}nq wk jkqx sf nsxks-
mnhstxt mkrkjkqnk w tiqkljfsk sf x. sfv. xk{sn}kwpn (nqn nsjywxvnfqsn)
65
;=F=GJ?, 'MBI. Vf|ntsfqsnx jt{tj…, w. 34, 46.
pyqxyvn, pfxt xxs, mf{fvst |hkpqt, ufryp, qks, ptstu, wywfr, zwx|n,
wt, wt rfwqksnxk pyqxyvn (vfun|f, wqs}tiqkj), ptnxt wf hwk xvyjtkrpn
n wqkjthfxkqst htjx jt ut-uqst nmutqmhfsk sf sfqn}sfxf vfgtxsf vpf,
pfxt nrfx n ut-hnwtpn ufmfvsn |ksn. Yfmhnhf wk n thtfvwxhtxt (gqpn,
wqnhn n jv. mf nmstw), ivfjnsfvwxhtxt (mf nmstw, twtgkst sf jtrfxn) n qt-
mfvwxhtxt (jkwkvxst ivtmjk).66 Vfuvkjp txgkqmhf n rqk}stxt wxtufswxht,
twtgkst h gqnmtwx w itqkrn ivfjwpn ufmfvn, pfpxt n xvithnxf w vkj ln-
htxnswpn uvtjypxn (o|f, hqsf), rfpfv }k zyvflx twxfhfq skjtwxfx}ks.
Zkqtxt, twtgkst h vfotsnxk jt ivfjwpn ufmfvn, gnqt hhqk}kst ut-uqxst
h tvgnxfxf sf ufmfvf. Vt xkmn uvtivkwnhsn xksjks|nn wfrt wk sfgkqmhfx
n twxfhfx utqthns}fxn.
PNUNMNTZSQ QPVWZ
Kflst k jf wk uvtwqkjn vfmhnxnkxt sf nmstwf sf wkqwptwxtufswpn uvtnmhk-

jksn, ptnxt wwxfhqhfqn ut}xn |kqn gqifvwpn nmstw. Vfo-sfuvkj, pfp-
hf }fwx tx uvtnmhkjksn mkrkjkqwpn uvtjypx wk nmsfwqf (vkwukpxnhst pfp-
hf }fwx wk ptswyrnvfqf h wxvfsfxf). Zutvkj jfssn mf ukvntjf 1903–1927 i.
nmstwx hfvnvfq wnqst – rkljy 3,7 n 29,6% tx uvtnmhkjkstxt, uvn tgwsn-
rt sfrfqhfsk ut hvkrk sf htosnxk (1915–1919); wfrt uvkm jhk itjnsn nm-
stwx sfjrnsfq 20%.67 Xt-sfxfxp – n twtgkst hflst, pfph k jkqx sf tx-
jkqsnxk pyqxyvn h nmstwf tgt tx wkqwptxt wxtufswxht (vfwxksnkhjwxht
uqw lnhtxsthjwxht). Mt htosnxk mvsksnxk {vfsn gnqn twsthks nmst-
wks fvxnpyq w txstwnxkqst xkiqt sfo-rfqpt 3/4 tx tgn nmstw (73,6% uvkm
1911–1915 i.). Mfssnxk mf hvkrkxt tx 1896 jt 1925 i. whnjkxkqwxhfx mf wnq-
st nmvfmksf n rtstxtssf xksjks|n pr sfrfqhfsk sf txstwnxkqsfxf
wxtostwx sf nmstwf sf mvsksn {vfsn h tgn nmstw tx wkqwptxt wxtufs-
wxht, f nrksst: tx tptqt 84,7% uvkm ukvntjf 1896–1900 i. jt 40,3% uvkm
1921–1925 i., uvn kjns wufj sf 22,9% uvkm 1916–1920 i. (htosnxk n wqkj
x{). Zfxf xksjks|n uvtjqlfhf n ut-sfxfxp, pfxt nmstwx sf mvsk-
sn {vfsn vk~nxkqst wufjf jt 12,6% uvkm 1935–1939 i., ptifxt twxfhf sf
}kxhvxt rwxt (wqkj xxsf, uqtjthkxk n mkqks}y|nxk n lnhtxnswpnxk
uvtjypxn).
66 Pf uvtivkwnhsnxk xksjks|nn h wkqwptxt wxtufswxht uvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. hl. n
Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present. Manchester, Sherratt and Hughes, 1936, 194–210. Vt
fhxtvx mfpq}fhf, }k gkm hs~sn ufmfvn mf uvtjyp|nxf wn gqifvwpnx sfvtj srf jf rtlk
jf uvktjtqkk xvyjstxt utqtlksnk.
67 (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, w. 195.
[xsx wxfhf kpwutvxsf pyqxyvf strkv kjst wqkj htosnxk, vkmyqxfx

tx ptnxt gnqn mfiygfxf sf lnxsn|fxf Mtgvyjlf n uvnjtgnhfskxt sf xx-
stuvtnmhtjnxkqsn }fwxn tx Ufpkjtsn (Vkhvtptuwpn, Ukqsn~pn, Xkxvn}-
pn n Ltvstjlyrfowpn vfots) n tx Ytjtunxk. Pf xthf wutrtisfqf n htosfxf
rkljy Lv|n n [yv|n tx 1921–1922 i., ptxt nmhkqf hvkrksst tx wxvt
xkmn jhk itqkrn nmstwnxkqpn sf tvnksxfqwpn xxsn; wqkj mfhvfskxt
nr sf ufmfvf uvkm 1926 i. |ksnxk hvkrksst wufjsfqn, wt ut hvkrk sf
Mkuvkwnxf h sf}fqtxt sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h., st ut-pwst txstht wk ut-
hn~nqn n wxfgnqnmnvfqn. Xvkm 1921–1925 i. xxsx jfq 37,2% tx gqifv-
wpn nmstw; uvkm 1926–1930 i. – 38,5%; uvkm 1935–1939 i. – 38,7%, uvkm tx-
jkqsn itjnsn (1929, 1935, 1938, 1939 i.) – sfj 40%.68
Qsxkvkwst k utqtlksnkxt w nmstwf sf lnhtxsn n lnhtxnswpn uvtjypxn,
ptoxt pfxt |qt sfvfwsfq: 13% uvkm 1896–1900 i.; 16% uvkm 1907–1911 i.;
20,6% uvkm 1921–1925 i.; 17,5% uvkm 1935–1939 i. Wk ut-hflst k, }k jt-
pfxt nmstwx sf lnhn lnhtxsn wufjfq (7,5% uvkm 1896–1900 i.; 5,6% uvkm
1907–1911 i.; 4,7% uvkm 1921–1925 i.; 2,8% uvkm 1935–1939 i.), nmstwx sf
uvtjypxn tx lnhtxsthjwxhtxt wk uthn~fhfq (5,5% uvkm 1896–1900 i.;
10,4% uvkm 1907–1911 i.; 15,9% uvkm 1921–1925 i.; 14,7% uvkm
1935–1939 i.). [thf whnjkxkqwxhf mf uvtivkwnhks uvt|kw sf nsxksmnznpf-
|n sf lnhtxsthjwxhtxt.69
Vfvfwxhf msf}ksnkxt n sf nmstwf sf uqtjthk n mkqks}y|n – tx sntl-
snxk 1,9% uvkm 1907–1911 i. sf 19,2% uvkm 1935–1939 i., nmqnmfopn sf hxt-
vt rwxt wqkj xxsf.70
K vkmrk rtlk jf wk ptswxfxnvf nmrkwxhfsk sf nmstwf tx uvtjypxn sf
ut-kpwxksmnhst wkqwpt wxtufswxht (mvsksn {vfsn) pr uvtjypxn tx ut-ns-
xksmnhst wxtufswxht (xxsn, lnhtxnswpn uvtnmhkjksn, uqtjthk n mkqks-
}y|n).
Psf}ksnkxt sf nmstwf mf nptstrn}kwptxt vfmhnxnk wk utj}kvxfhf tx s-
ptn xktvnn mf vfmhnxnkxt n wuk|nfqst tx kjsf xktvn mf vfwxkl }vkm twsth-
sf kpwutvxsf pyqxyvf (wmjfjksf tx pfsfjwpn nptstrnwxn), x. sfv. staple
theory. Zutvkj sk spto rfwth wkqwptwxtufswpn kpwutvxks fvxnpyq rtlk
jf wxfsk uvhtsf}fqks „jhnifxkq sf vfwxklf“, pfpxt gnqt w nmstwf sf uf-
ryp tx ZIb, sf lnxt tx Sfsfjf n uv. Pf |kqxf tgf}k xvghf utwxuqksn-
68
Kl. Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 1940, w. 507.
69
+JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Nhtq|n h nmstwf sf gqifvwpnxk wkqwptwxtufswpn uvtnmhkjksn. –
Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 27, 1928–1929, G 3, 128–144, twtg.
131–133. Pf hvkrkxt tx 1900 jt 1911 i. hl. 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Zxtufswpf Jqifvn, w. 367. Pf
1907–1911 n 1935–1939 i. jfssnxk wf tx Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp, 1940, w. 507.
70 Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 1940, w. 507. Pf wqfgtwxnxk sf nmstwf
ut xkmn fvxnpyqn hl. +LUCFJ?, ). Qmstwx sf hnst, ivtmjk, thtn n mkqks}y|n tx Jqifvn.
– Zxtufswpf rnwq,1, 1929, G 1, 173–176.
xf jf wk hqfifx uvtnmhtjnxkqst h nptstrnpfxf; t}fphf wk wt xfpf yhkqn-

}fhfnx wk nmstw jf uvnhqk}k }yljn nshkwxn|nn. Wwhks xthf h ptqptxt
ut-uvkvfgtxks hnj wk nmsfw wkqwptwxtufswpfxf uvtjyp|n, xtqpthf ut-
jtgvk, utsklk xthf jtgfh pr wxtostwx xf sf kpwutvxf (sfuvnrkv gvf~st
hrkwxt lnxt, uvtjypxn tx rqk}stxt uvtnmhtjwxht n uv.). Km twsthf sf xf-
mn xktvn nptstrnwxnxk sf vfmhnxnkxt Q. Jkvksj n L. Yfspn vfmiqkljfx nw-
xtvn}kwpfxf ukvwukpxnhstwx sf sptn kpwutvxsn wxtpn (jvhkwnsf, lnxt,
wxfznjn, mk{xns, xxs) w tiqkj sf rkljysfvtjsfxf |ksthf ptsspxyvf tx
pvf sf Î^ n sf}fqtxt sf ^^ h. n hmrtlstwxnxk mf ut-sfxfx~sfxf nr
uvkvfgtxpf. Qmhtjx sf fhxtvnxk k, }k uthk}kxt tx x{ nmnwphfqn wfrt rn-
snrfqsf uvkvfgtxpf n sk jtuywpfqn vfmhnxnk sf nwxnswpf uvkvfgtxhfxkq-
sf {vfsnxkqsf uvtrn~qkstwx, twhks lnxtxt, ptkxt wfrt \sifvn ywuqf jf
uvktgvfmyhf h itqrf gvf~sksf nsjywxvn n kpwutvx.71
Qsxkvkwst k jf wk hnjn pfp wxtq tx xfmn iqkjsf xt}pf huvtwx w tw-
sthsnxk nmstwsn pyqxyvn sf Jqifvn n wuk|nfqst w lnxtxt n xxsf.
Jqifvwpnx kpwutvx uvkjn htosnxk wk wwxtq iqfhst tx lnxsn pyqxyvn,
nmsfwsn uvkjnrst h skuvkvfgtxks hnj (ut-rfqpt pfxt gvf~st). Xt xthf
hvkrk tgf}k |ksfxf sf lnxtxt mfut}sfqf jf wufjf, wqkj pfxt h vkmyqxfx sf
vkhtq|nxf h xvfswutvxf (uvkmtpkfswptxt uqfhfsk) sf khvtukowpn ufmfv
wk uthhfx mfjrtvwpn lnxf tx Sfsfjf n ZIb (h utwqkjsfxf xvkxnsf sf
Î^ h.). Xvn xthf utqtlksnk n uvn wvfhsnxkqst wqfgfxf xvfswztvrf|n sf
kpwutvxf tx lnxt h gvf~st, xto sk ywuq jf nmnivfk vtqxf sf wxnryq sf
vfwxklf. Kwstwx, pfpxt utwt}hf wxtufswpnx nwxtvnp sf Jfqpfsnxk
Mlts Tfrun, gqifvwpnx lnxks nmqn~p sk gnq jtwxfx}st itqr, f n
xvuq wnqsfxf ptspyvks|n sf Jypyvk n Jyjfukf, pfxt utwqkjsfxf gn-
qf sfo-itqkrnx vkintsfqks |ksxv sf uvtnmhtjwxhtxt sf gvf~st.72
Kwk ufp jf hnjnr txhxvk n ut-txgqnmt pfp wxtqn skfxf w lnxsfxf
xvithn. Njns jtpqfj sf Xqthjnhwpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf
(mf 1895–1896 i.) hhkljf h wnxyf|nxf sf uvtnmhtjwxhtxt sf lnxt n lnx-
sfxf xvithn h Jqifvn sf uvk{tjf rkljy Î^ n ^^ h., n xt xprt tx
rtjkvsnmf|ntssf iqkjsf xt}pf.73 Sfxt sf}fqt wk nmxphf qt~txt utqtlk-
snk sf uvhn uvtnmhtjnxkq – mkrkjkqk|f, ptoxt sk rtlk jf utqy}n uvn-
qn}st hmsfivfljksnk mf xvyjf wn, mf jf rnwqn mf utjtgvksn nqn mf wht-
71 Berend, Ivan, Georgy Ranki. Underdevelopment in Europe in the Context of East-West
Relations in the 19th Century. Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, 1980, 16–19.

72 Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century. London and Sydney,
Croom Helm, 1986, 24–31.

73 Mtpqfj tx gvtxt sf Xqthjnhwpfxf…, 132–153; Kl. n 1JMB?, 6. Mtpqfjsf mfunwpf
(hv{y gvf~ssfxf nsjywxvn n lnxsfxf xvithn nmtgt h Jqifvn). – Zunwfsnk sf Jq-

ifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 5, 1901, G 2–3, 164–185; +DHJ?, -BFJ. Onxsfxf xvithn
hh Kfvsf. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 10, 1906, G 4, 278–286.
nxk qn}sn utxvkgstwxn. `kwxt wk sfqfifqt jf wk uvngihf pr vfmtvhfn

qn{hksn mfkrn n vkptqxfxf jf wk uvtjfhf „sf mkqkst“. Xtj sfxnwpf sf utx-
vkgstwx xf tx ufvn mf nmuqffsk sf mfkrn, jfs|n, mf syljnxk sf wkrkowx-
htxt n uv. uthk}kxt mkrkjkq|n sk rtlkqn jf jt}fpfx hvkrkxt, ptifxt |ksn-
xk sf lnxtxt wf sfo-hnwtpn (sfuvtqkx n h sf}fqtxt sf qxtxt), f uvtjfhfqn
iqfhst sfkwks, ptifxt xk gnqn sfo-snwpn. Sr xthf wk jtgfh qnuwfxf sf
jtgvn (sfwxqfsn) utjhtmsn uxnf jt lu wxfs|nnxk nqn jt sfo-gqnmpn
lnxks ufmfv – uxnfxf gnqn wfrt mkrqksn n skuvt{tjnrn kwksst hvkrk
uvn jljthkxk. K mfhnwnrtwx tx vfmwxtsnkxt rkljy wkqfxf n lu wxfs|nn-
xk ut-jfqk}snxk wkqnf y}fwxhfqn xhvjk rfqpt h lnxsfxf xvithn n
wtxhkxst sfrfqhfqn lnxsnxk wn utwkhn. Zfrtxt lnxt, ptkxt wkqsnxk nm-
sfwqn mf uvtjfs, sk gnqt jtwxfx}st t}nwxkst tx uvnrkwn n gtpqy|n (wqf-
rf, uvwx n uv.) utvfjn uvnrnxnhstxt txjkqsk tx wstuthkxk, xfpf }k wk sf-
qfifqt jtuqsnxkqst uvt}nwxhfsk; f up vfsstxt nmsfwsk sf lnxtxt, jt-
pfxt k tk wyvtht, it nmqfifqt sf tufwstwx tx mfufvhfsk n vfmhfqsk n wk
sfqfifqt xvithk|x jf it uvkwhf n uvthkxvhf w |ksfxf sf twpuhfn
vfmstwpn.
Onxsfxf xvithn mf nmstw wk nmhv~hfqf tx jvkgsn lnxfvn n wgnvf-
}n sf ufvxnjn hh hxvk~stwx xf n tx sptqpt kjvn xvithwpn znvrn h
Jyvifw n Mkjkfif} (Iqkpwfsjvyutqnw). Vfo-nmitjsf mf wkqsnsf gnqf uv-
pfxf uvtjflgf sf xvithk|f, st utsptif rkljy skit n xvithk|f lnxfv
mfwxfhfq xvithwpn fiksx nqn utwvkjsnp (wfrwfv), ptoxt hmnrfq ptrnwntsf
tx xvithk|f n xfpf twpuhfq mf skit wjkqpfxf, pfxt wk wxvkrq jf nmqlk
n wkqsnxk (uvn tuvkjkqsk sf pf}kwxhtxt n twtgkst uvn rkvkskxt). Mvkg-
snxk lnxsn xvith|n (lnxfvn), ptnxt gnqn h qn}sn txst~ksn w uvtnmht-
jnxkqnxk, }kwxt wxfhfqn xk{sn qn{hfvn n in tivfghfqn, jfhfopn nr ufvn h
mfkr utj hnwtpf qn{hf wvky gjkfxf vkptqxf. Xtvfjn rfqpn wn pfunxfq
n sktg{tjnrtwx xf jf xvwx fhfsw mf utpyupnxk, lnxfvnxk sf whto vkj }kw-
xt gnqn mfhnwnrn tx kjvnxk uvnwxfsnsn kpwutvxtvn. Xtwqkjsnxk sk in
twxfhqn jf wk hmutqmhfx tx jhnlksnkxt sf |ksnxk n jf nm}fpfx gqfituvn-
xks rtrksx mf uvtjflgf sf mfpyukstxt lnxt n xfpf in qn~fhfqn tx hm-
rtlstwx xf jf wuk}kqx. Mvkgsnxk lnxfvn xvukqn twhks xthf ptspyvks-
|nxf sf vfgtxkn uvn itqkrnxk kpwutvxsn znvrn ptrnwntskvn, ptnxt nm-
pyuyhfqn lnxtxt ut-wput, utsklk vfgtxkqn nm|qt w }yljn ufvn n sk st-
wkqn vnwp.
Mvyi uvtgqkr gnq w{vfshfskxt n xthfvkskxt sf lnxtxt. Mkutmnvfsk-
xt h {frgfvn (h nm}fphfsk sf ut-hnwtpn |ksn) sk gnqt twtgkst vfmuvtwxvf-
skst utvfjn qnuwfxf sf wtgwxhksn {frgfvn, hnwtpfxf |ksf mf sfkr sf rf-
ifmnn, f wt utsklk uthk}kxt kpwutvxsn pn sk vfgtxkqn mf wht wrkx-
pf. Vrfqt n rk{fsn}sn wvkjwxhf mf uvnkrfsk n xthfvksk h uvnwxfsnfxf.
Vfo-wkxsk, skjtgvtwhkwxsn xvith|n utjgnhfqn wuk}kqkstxt vkstrk sf

nmsfwstxt tx gyvifwptxt uvnwxfsnk hnwtptpf}kwxhkst lnxt, pfxt it
uvnrkwhfqn w ut-snwptpf}kwxhkst lnxt n w vl, mf jf wuk}kqx hvkrksst,
sfsfwopn yjfv hv{y ut-jqitwvt}snxk nsxkvkwn.
Mtpqfj tx Ztznowpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf, wt tx pvf
sf Î^ h., wk wunvf uvtwxvfsst hv{y rstit ukvwukpxnhsfxf xvithn w
gvf~sf n pfpht wqkjhf jf gjk sfuvfhkst. Zutvkj uvkjqfifsfxf xvithwpf
wxvfxkin nmstwx twhks pr _fvnivfj wqkjhfqt jf wk sfwt}n pr Ufqf
Imn, Ninukx n uvnwxfsnfxf sf Zvkjnmkrst rtvk n jf wk sfuvfhn tunx mf
uvtjflgn sf mfufjstkhvtukowpnxk ufmfvn n wuk|nfqst h Isiqn, Jkqin n
^tqfsjn. Pf |kqxf gnqt sktg{tjnrt uvty}hfsk, pfph xt}st xnu gvf~sf
xvwx vfmqn}snxk ufmfvn, n jf wk uvtnmhkljfx jtgvtpf}kwxhksn hfq|thn
gvf~sf, pfxt wk xnunmnvfx ut pf}kwxhf h tuvkjkqksn rfvpn. Vktg{tjnrf
gnqf n tvifsnmf|n sf nmstwsfxf xvithn – hvmpn w rfpqkvwpn znvrn h
Ttsjts, y}vkjhfsk n sf wtgwxhksn fiksxwxhf n wpqfjthk sf ufmfvnxk tx
sfo-itqr nsxkvkw. [thf sf whto vkj uvkjutqfif tuvkjkqksf tvifsnmf|n
(wnsjnpfx) sf gqifvwpnxk uvtnmhtjnxkqn, sfxvyuhfsk sf tg ztsj, f w-
t nmhkwxsn lkvxhn uvn uvhtsf}fqstxt yxhvljfhfsk sf ufmfvnxk; sktg-
{tjnrf gnqf n |kqksfwt}ksf jvlfhsf gfspthf n xvfswutvxsf utqnxnpf,
hpq}hff h }fwxstwx nsjywxvnfqks n xvithwpn pvkjnx tx JVJ mf uvtnm-
htjnxkqnxk n xvith|nxk sf gvf~st, uvkrf{hfsk sf nmstwstxt rnxt hv{y
gvf~stxt, sfrfqhfsk sf lu xfvnznxk sf gvf~sfxf, y}vkjhfsk sf vkjth-
sn ufvf{tjsn vkowthk rkljy gqifvwpnxk uvnwxfsnf n tskmn, mf ptnxt wk
nmsfw, n uv.74
K nsf}k uqsn w nvtsn uvkiqkj sf nsjywxvnfqsnxk sf}kspn h sf}fqt-
xt sf hkpf Snvnq Xtuth txgkqmhf ywqthnxf mf „gqwpfht wkwxhyhfsk“
sf gvf~sksfxf nsjywxvn y sfw, pfpxt n zfpxf, }k xprt xyp }fwxsfxf nsn-
|nfxnhf sf xvith|nxk n nsjywxvnfq|nxk wk uvthnqf twtgkst yutvnxt.75
Xvkjnrwxhfxf sf xfmn nsjywxvn gnqn h xthf, }k k twsthfsf sf uvtjypx sf
gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqnk n }k sk nmnwphf msf}nxkqsf pts|ksxvf|n sf pfun-
xfqn n wqtlsf xk{stqtin; rkqsn|n rtifx jf wk nmivfjx jtvn sf pttukvf-
xnhsn sf}fqf. K wtxt hvkrk xthf k tx xnuf nsjywxvnn, pjkxt jtuqsn-
xkqsfxf uvkvfgtxpf uthn~fhf |ksfxf sf hqtlksn uvtjypx. Wgf}k xvfsw-
ztvrf|nxf sf gqifvwpn nmstw sf lnxt h nmstw sf gvf~sf twxfsfqf wh-
wkr }fwxn}sf.
Nhksxyfqks pfsjnjfx sf xktvnxf mf vfwxkl }vkm xnun}sf kpwutvxsf
pyqxyvf k n xxsx, nmqmq sf uvht rwxt wqkj htosnxk. Njsf kpwukvx-
74 Mtpqfj tx gvtxt sf Xqthjnhwpfxf…, 184–204.

75
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtiqkj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt…, w. 216.
sf vfgtxf sn hhkljf ut-utjvtgst h uvtgqkrnxk sf xxskhtxt uvtnmhtj-

wxht n xvithn uvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. K xxskhtxt wxtufswxht gn-
qn mfkxn tptqt 122 000 wkqwpn wkrkowxhf n wvkjsnx itjn~ks jtgnh gnq
tptqt 30 000 pi, uvngqnmnxkqst 1/4 tx uvtnmhtjwxhtxt sf Jqifvn, Lv-
|n n [yv|n, hmkxn mfkjst. Ufsnuyqf|nxf sf xxsf wk nmhv~hf sfo-
sfuvkj tx uvtnmhtjnxkq – gvfskxt sf xxsf sf „v|k“, ut sptqpt qnw-
xf w kjns vfmrkv (nrfqt 7 „v|k“ w vfmqn}sn pf}kwxhf). [vithwpfxf rfsn-
uyqf|n gnqf pqfwn}kwpf (jhf hnjf – „gfwrf“ n „~nvtp ufwxfq“) n xtsif,
ptxt k rf~nssf n ywuqf ut}xn jf nmrkwxn jvyinxk; xfpf xxsx wk wxfs-
jfvxnmnvfq ut pf}kwxhf, st rstit vfgtxsn|n twxfsfqn gkm vfgtxf. Zkwx-
hyhfqf wnqsfxf ptspyvks|n sf iv|pnxk xxsn n xvith|n, ptnxt wk
wxvkrkqn jf utjgnhfx gqifvwpnxk pfxt ut-snwptpf}kwxhksn, rfpfv }k xk
ut}xn sk nr txwxuhfqn (f n iv|nxk zfq~nzn|nvfqn rstit tx wht ut-
snwptpf}kwxhks xxs pfxt sfo-jtgv). Lqfhks pyuyhf} sf gqifvwpnxk
xxsn gnqf Lkvrfsn, wt Ihwxvn, `k{twqthfpn, Xtq~f n jv., ptnxt
t|kshfqn gqifvwpnxk xxsn ut jtwxtoswxht. Kxvk~sfxf ptswyrf|n
gnqf xklpt tgqtlksf w gfsjkvtq, wwxfhqhf tptqt 80% tx uvtjflsfxf
|ksf sf |nifvnxk, ptkxt stwkqt tivtrks uvn{tj sf jvlfhfxf.76 [xsx
tgf}k wt sk wxfsfq }yjtjkosfxf pyqxyvf sf vfmhnxnkxt, n xt sk wfrt ut-
vfjn xhvjk wyvthn (skuvkvfgtxks) hnj, h ptoxt wk nmsfwq (n ut-snwpnxk
|ksn), f n utvfjn wqtlsnxk uvtgqkrn sf wxtufswxhtxt pfxt |qt. Zfrtxt
nptstrn}kwpt vfmhnxnk gnqt txstht uvkpwsfxt tx jvfrfxn}sn rkljysf-
vtjsn wgnxn.
Psf}nxkqks utxks|nfq mf vfmhnxnk nrfqt rqk}stxt wxtufswxht – rqk-
ptuvtnmhtjwxht n nsjywxvnn mf rqk}sn uvtjypxn, pfpxt n nmstwx sf jvy-
in lnhtxnswpn uvtjypxn. Xvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. wk sfgkqmhfx nmhkwx-
sn ywuk{n h nmstwf sf lnhtxnswpn uvtjypxn (o|f n uv.). Vt nmtwxfsfqtwx -
xf sf wfrtxt lnhtxsthjwxht sk utmhtqhfqf ut-itqkrn ywuk{n, h }fwxstwx
skjtwxnix sf zyvfl uvn jfjksn sf}ns sf wxtufsnwhfsk sf mkrxf, wqf-
gtuvtjypxnhsnxk utvtjn n jvyin vfmiqkjfsn hk}k tgwxtxkqwxhf.
Xvtgqkrx tgf}k sk k wfrt h fpyryqnvfskxt sf pfunxfqn tx nmstw sf
wkqwptwxtufswpn wxtpn, st n pfp jf wk nshkwxnvfx uvn{tjnxk h nsjywxvnfq-
st uvtnmhtjwxht, ptkxt sk wqkjhf fhxtrfxn}st tx sfqn}nkxt sf uvn{tjn tx
76 7NJXIJ?, 4=EABI. Jqifvwpnx xxs. Xvtnmhtjwxht, rfsnuyqf|n, xvithn.
Z., 1940, twtg. 11–40; 9DIFJ?, 9LDMNJ. Svnmfxf h sf~nxk xxsn. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt
nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 25, 1926–1927, G 9–10, 423–451; 7NL=IMFD, /?=I. [xstuvtnm-
htjwxhtxt n sthnx mfptstuvtkpx mf xxsf. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvy-
lkwxht, 21, 1922, G 4–5, 191–214; 4BIJ?, 7U>SJ. Xkvwukpxnhnxk sf sf~kxt xxstuvtnmhtj-
wxht. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 27, 1928–1929, G 5, 259–265;
[xskhfxf pyqxyvf y sfw n xnunmnvfskxt H. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvy-
lkwxht, 27, 1928–1929, G 1–2, 63–72; +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Nhtq|n h nmstwf…
nmstwf. Njst vk~ksnk sf xtmn xnun}ks mf vfmhnhfn wk nptstrnpn uvtg-

qkr k sfwnqwxhkstxt wgnvfsk sf wkqwptwxtufswpn nmqn~p n rfwnvfst
jvlfhst nshkwxnvfsk h nsjywxvnxf (vkfqnmnvfst tx ZZZY, hutwqkjwxhnk
tx jvyin ptrysnwxn}kwpn jvlfhn). Mvyit vk~ksnk k hwk ut-hnwtpt uvkvf-
gtxhfsk sf uvkjsfmsf}ksnxk mf kpwutvx wkqwptwxtufswpn wxtpn (hpq}n-
xkqst }vkm uvkvfgtxhfn pttukvf|nn), pfpxt xthf gnqt twkwxhkst sf
hvkrkxt tx Mfsn (twtgkst h uvkvfgtxhfskxt sf rqpt).77 \ sfw wk sfgkq-
mfqn sf}kspn sf utjtgst vfmhnxnk h pvf sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. utj mfu-
qf{fxf sf sthfxf whkxthsf htosf. Vt nsf}k xvghf jf wk txgkqkln mfhqfj-
hfskxt sf nmstwf tx }yljn kpwutvxsn znvrn, ptnxt nmhqn}fqn twsthsnxk
xvithwpn uk}fqgn sfhs.
Sfxt |qt gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht sk ywuhf jf twkwxhn |-
qtwxsf nqn jtvn sfuvkjsfqf xvfswztvrf|n tx kpwxksmnhst pr nsxksmnh-
st mkrkjkqnk, tx mvstuvtnmhtjwxht pr nsjywxvnfqsn n rfwqksn pyqxyvn,
pr vfmhnxnk sf lnhtxsthjwxht, tx utqysfxyvfqst wxtufswxht pr ufmfv-
st, snxt jf yhkqn}n nmstwf. Vt twhks jvyinxk uvn}nsn xvghf jf wk nrf
uvkjhnj, }k hvkrkxt gnqt xhvjk pvfxpt mf uvnjtgnhfsk sf wtxhkxsn yrk-
sn n wrsf sf sfiqfwnxk.
XYWJTNUQ VI VNYIPKQ[WZ[[I
Xvkm 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht wk nmuvfhnqt

uvkj vkj xklpn uvtgqkrn, skwuvfhskxt w ptnxt htjkqt pr mfjsksf yqn-
|f. [thf gnqn mkrkjkqwpfxf uvksfwkqkstwx n sfrfqhfnx vfmrkv sf wxt-
ufswxhfxf, snwpfxf jt{tjstwx n wqfgtxt tufmfvhfsk sf mkrkjkqwpfxf uvt-
jyp|n. Mf in vfmiqkjfrk uttxjkqst.
Mqit wqkj Wwhtgtljksnkxt nrfqt nmtgnqnk tx mkr h wtxst~ksnk
pr sfwkqksnkxt. Xvn syljf wk nmhv~hfqf „hxvk~sf ptqtsnmf|n“, x. k.
ywhthfsk sf sthn mkrn, sfo-hk}k tgnswpn rkvn n jvlfhsn nrtxn (wthf-
xn), nmwn}fqn wk skmfptsst n itvn. Kxvk~sfxf ptqtsnmf|n nrfqf n ikti-
vfzwpf sfwt}kstwx – tx Jfqpfsf pr vfhsnsnxk n twtgkst pr Mtgvyjlf n
Mkqntvrfsf (Tyjtitvnkxt), `kvstrtvwptxt n Mysfhwptxt pvfogvklnk.
\whthfskxt sf sthn mkrn wxfhfqt uvkjnrst wxn{nost n gnqt ymfptshfst
hutwqkjwxhnk. Wmkrqhfskxt sf gkmnrtxsn n twtgkst sf uvnnljfnxk tx
wwkjsn wxvfsn gqifvwpn gklfs|n wk nmhv~nqt }vkm fivfvsfxf vkztvrf
tx 1921 i. n skostxt uvtjqlksnk ww mfptsf tx 1924 i. Xvkm 1926 i. ww
wvkjwxhf tx gklfswpn mfkr wk wmjfqf wuk|nfqsf Mnvkp|n mf sfwxfshf-
77 Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 28, 70–71.

sk sf gklfs|nxk.78 Vt w nm}kvuhfsk sf whtgtjsfxf mkr hxvk~sfxf ptqt-

snmf|n n hmrtlstwxnxk mf vfmwkqhfsk n wsfgjhfsk ww mkr jtwxnisfqn
uvkjkq.
K {tjf sf kwxkwxhksn jkrtivfzwpn uvnvfwx wtxst~ksnkxt rkljy sf-
wkqksnk n tgvfgtxhfkrf uqt wk nmrksnqt skgqfituvnxst. \wnqnq wk „sf-
xnwpx“ sf sfwkqksnkxt hv{y itjsfxf mf mkrkjkqnk mkr. Kmsnpsfq uvtg-
qkrx mf mkrkjkqwpf „uvksfwkqkstwx“, x. k. sfwkqksnk, ptkxt hwk ut-xvyjst
rtlkqt jf wk nm{vfsn tx sfjvkgsksfxf n qt~t wxtufsnwhfsf mkr; jvyifxf
wxvfsf sf uvtgqkrf k skuqstxt nmutqmhfsk sf vfgtxsfxf wnqf h wkqwptxt
wxtufswxht. Vkvfmhnxtxt ivfjwpt wxtufswxht n nsjywxvnn sk wk tpfmfqn h
wwxtsnk jf utiqsfx sksylsfxf sf wkqt vfgtxsf vpf, ptxt twxfhfqf sf
rwxt. Pf wtxt y sfw jtuvnsfwqn n xnux sfwqkjhfsk (w vfmjkqsk sf
mkrxf), n ufxvnfv{fqsfxf xvfjn|n.
Sfpxt utwt}hfx wuk|nfqnwxnxk ut uvtgqkrf, „whv{sfwkqksnkxt“ sk k
uvkpvf}hfsk sf spfpht fgwtqxst wtxst~ksnk rkljy {tvf n tgvfgtx-
hfkrf uqt, f k txstwnxkqst n mfhnwn sfo-tgt tx uvtjypxnhstwx xf sf
wxtufswxhtxt. Njst n wt ptqn}kwxht mkr rtlk jf nm{vfshf xhvjk vfm-
qn}ks gvto {tvf h mfhnwnrtwx tx utwxnisfxn uvtivkw h mkrkjkqnkxt. Wgf-
}k sf hwpt jfjkst fivtxk{sn}kwpt vfhsnk (sf}ns sf tgvfgtxpf sf ut}hf-
xf, xk{snpf, fivtutjtgvksn n uv.) wkwxhyhf tuvkjkqksf ivfsn|f mf sf-
wkqksnkxt n skostxt sfj{hvqsk (fpt sk wk uvnjvylfhf w uvtivkw sf fivt-
xk{snpfxf) utvfljf whwkr vkfqsn uvtgqkr mf „whv{sfwkqksnk“ n skit-
htxt nm{vfshfsk. [tmn uvtgqkr y sfw mfut}sfq jf wk }yhwxhf uvkm 30-xk it-
jnsn sf ^^ h., w sfvfwxhfskxt sf mkrkjkqwptxt sfwkqksnk n nm}kvuhfskxt
sf vkwyvwnxk tx whtgtjsf mkr, hpq}nxkqst vfmvfgtxhfskxt sf rkvnxk,
ywhthfskxt sf uywxkkn mkrn, nmptvkshfskxt sf itvn n uv.
Kuvtwx mf mkrkjkqwpfxf uvksfwkqkstwx sf Jqifvn k xvkxnvfs tx vk-
jn|f fhxtvn, xktvkxn}st twtgkst fhxtvnxkxst tx I. [txkh. Zutvkj skit
uvn jfjkst xk{stqtin}st n nptstrn}kwpt vfhsnk mkrkjkqwpfxf uvksfwk-
qkstwx wk {fvfpxkvnmnvf w sptqpt }kvxn: hnwtpf iwxtxf sf mkrkjkqwptxt
sfwkqksnk ut txst~ksnk sf tgvfgtxhfsfxf uqt („mkrkjkqwpf iwxtxf“);
utxks|nfqst nmqn~sf vfgtxsf vpf h mkrkjkqwpnxk wxtufswxhf; snwp vk-
fqks jt{tj n snwpt lnmskst vfhsnk sf mkrkjkqwptxt sfwkqksnk. Ipt hmk-
rkr mf utpfmfxkq wfrt kjst tx xvnxk, vnwpyhfrk jf wxniskr jt utivk~ks
nmhtj. Kwk ufp sfo-hflks utpfmfxkq wf jt{tjnxk sf iqfhf tx mkrkjkqwptxt
sfwkqksnk pfxt pvfks vkmyqxfx tx wxtufswpfxf jkostwx n snht sf mfjthtqk-
stwx sf syljnxk. Z jvyin jyrn, mkrkjkqwpfxf uvksfwkqkstwx wk hhf zys-
p|n sf snwpf uvtnmhtjnxkqstwx sf mkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht; uvn ut-vfm-
78
Pf hxvk~sfxf ptqtsnmf|n hl. +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf, 335–343.
hnxn tvifsnmf|ntssn n xk{sn}kwpn ztvrn sf nmutqmhfsk sf mkrxf tx sk

rtifx jf wk nmhqkpfx ut-itqkrn jt{tjn, jf wk yhkqn}n jt{tjx sf iqfhf tx
sfwkqksnkxt n xfpf jf wk sfrfqn mkrkjkqwpfxf uvksfwkqkstwx. Pkrkjkqwpf-
xf uvksfwkqkstwx k sfo-skgqfituvnxsf, ptifxt utqtlksnkxt k qt~t n ut
xvnxk utpfmfxkq.79
Ykjn|f jfssn mf Jqifvn tx 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. ithtvx mf wwxt-
snk sf pvfosf mkrkjkqwpf uvksfwkqkstwx. Pkrkjkqwptxt sfwkqksnk sf phfj-
vfxks pnqtrkxv tgvfgtxhfsf uqt y sfw (uvkm 1930–1934 i.) gnqt 116 jy-
~n; mf wvfhsksnk: h ditwqfhn – 114, Yyrsn – 97, \sifvn – 72, Xtq~f
– 91, Qxfqn – 90, Lkvrfsn – 52, ]vfs|n – 48, Isiqn – 30, ZIb – 17,
Sfsfjf – 11.80 Wk ut-{fvfpxkvst: nmqn~sfxf mkrkjkqwpf vfgtxsf vpf wk
nm}nwqhf (ut rkxtjnpn, sf ptnxt xyp srf jf wk wunvfr) sf rstit hnwtpn
wxtostwxn, xhvjk gqnmpn uvn vfmqn}snxk fhxtvn. Zutvkj Xfhkq Nitvth
tk uvkm 1926 i. h gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqnk nrfqt 584 000 ywqthsn xvyjthn
kjnsn|n nmqn~st sfwkqksnk (x. k. xvyjf sf xtqpthf vfgtxtwutwtgsn rlk),
ptkxt gnqt 1/3 tx sfqn}snxk vfgtxsn kjnsn|n; I. [txkh jfhf mf 1930–
1934 i. 650 000 vfgtxtwutwtgsn rlk nmqn~st sfwkqksnk.81 Z jvyin jyrn,
sfrfqhfskxt sf fpxnhstxt mkrkjkqwpt sfwkqksnk w 1/3 sk gn wk txvfmnqt
sf wxtufswpnxk vfgtxn h jfjksn tgkr. Km twsthf sf fspkxn h wxtufswxhf
w vfmqn}sn vfmrkvn esfpn Utqqth nm}nwqhf, }k uvkm 1929–1932 i. gqifv-
wptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht vfgtxkqt wfrt w tptqt 60% tx xvyjthn wn pfuf-
|nxkx (40% gnqn sknmutqmhfsn).82
Q ut xvkxn utpfmfxkq – jt{tjnxk – gqifvwptxt sfwkqksnk pfxt |qt
(sk wfrt mkrkjkqwptxt) nrfqt uvkm 1934 i. kjsn tx sfo-snwpnxk jt{tjn h
Nhvtuf – utj xtmn sf \sifvn, ditwqfhn n Yyrsn. Vfnwxnsf hmrtlsn
wf vkmkvhn pr utjtgst wvfhsksnk, st sk n w ut-vfmhnxnxk wxvfsn, pjkxt
vfmqnpnxk gnqn 3–4 n uthk}k uxn. Wwtgkst snwpt vfhsnk sf lnhtxf n
rfqpn ufvn}sn jt{tjn nrfqt wkqwptxt sfwkqksnk.83
Xvkutv}hfsnxk tx wuk|nfqnwxnxk rkvpn mf uvktjtqhfsk sf mkrkjkq-
wpfxf uvksfwkqkstwx xhvjk qtin}st |kqx utpf}hfsk sf uvtnmhtjnxkq-
stwx xf n jt{tjnxk n sfrfqhfsk sf wkqwptxt sfwkqksnk. Vf uvht rwxt,
xthf k nsxksmnznpf|n sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht, twtgkst ut qnsn sf tx-
79
8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf uvksfwkqkstwx h Jqifvn. – Zunwfsnk sf
Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 39, 1940, G 6, 353–384.
80 Xfp xfr, 13–20.
81
Egoroff, Pawel. Die Arbeit in der Landwirtschaft. – In: Die Sozialökonomische Struktur
der bulgarischen Wirtschaft. Molloff, Janaki (Hrsg.). Berlin, Weidmannische Buchhandlung, 1936,
131–159, esp.151–153; 8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf…, w. 364.
82 3JGGJ?, <I=FD. Xvtgqkrn sf gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqnk. Z., 1935, w. 24.
83 8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf…, w. 20.
vfwqn n wxvfsn}sn mfsxn w nsxksmnhks xvyj. Zt wjvylfhfsk (sf pttuk-

vfxnhsn nqn jvyin sf}fqf) h mkrkjkqwpn sf}nsfsn, ptnxt sk sfrnvfx wht
tuxnryr n wxtufswpt tuvfhjfsnk h nsjnhnjyfqstxt wxtufswxht (sfuvnrkv
rqkpfvsn|n, hnsfvwpn nmgn, rfwqtgtosn, rkqsn|n); wtxt hfln mf utpyu-
pfxf n nmutqmhfskxt sf ut-wpu nshksxfv (vkjtwkqpn, hv~f}pn, xvfpxt-
vn). Q sfo-hk}k – vfmhnxnk sf skmkrkjkqwpnxk txvfwqn (nsjywxvn, wxvtn-
xkqwxht n rnsst jkqt), mf jf wk uvkqkk xfr }fwx tx utxks|nfqst nmqn~stxt
mkrkjkqwpt sfwkqksnk, f n jf wk wmjfjk ut-itqr hxvk~ks ufmfv mf mkrk-
jkqwpn uvtjypxn. Svfost wvkjwxht wk hhf krnivf|nxf pr wxvfsn w ut-
itqkrn wxtufswpn hmrtlstwxn.
[klpn uvtgqkrn sf gqifvwptxt wkqt gnqn snwpfxf jt{tjstwx, sfxyvfq-
stwxxf n wqfgtxt tufmfvhfsk sf wkqwptwxtufswpfxf uvtjyp|n. Vkfxf rt-
ifx jf wk utiqkjsfx sfo-sfuvkj sf snht txjkqsn wxtufswxhf. Ykjn|f uvkj-
wxfhnxkqsn nmwqkjhfsn tx 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. utpfmhfx snwpfxf jt{tj-
stwx sf mkrkjkqwpnxk wxtufswxhf. Vfo-hflks k }nwxnx jt{tj, jkznsnvfs
pfxt vfmqnpf rkljy gvyxsn jt{tj n wxtufswpnxk vfm{tjn; nmvfmks pfxt
uvt|ksx pr hqtlksn pfunxfq, xto jfhf hmrtlstwx jf wk wvfhsn jt{tj-
stwxxf sf mkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht w xfmn sf nsjywxvnfqsnxk, xvithwpnxk
n mfsfx}nowpnxk uvkjuvnxn. Zutvkj kjst nmwqkjhfsk sf jt{tjstwxxf sf
44 mkrkjkqwpn wxtufswxhf (skjnzkvks|nvfsn ut itqkrnsf) mf 1929–1930 i.
40 nrfqn }nwx jt{tj, 4 srfqn, f fgwtqxks }nwx jt{tj (x. k. twxfhftxt,
wqkj pfxt tx }nwxn jt{tj wk nmhfjn ufjftxt wk sf hqtlksn pfunxfq uvn
tgnpsthksf pvkjnxtvsf gfspthf qn{hf) nrfqn 1/3 tx wxtufswxhfxf.84
Isfqtin}st tx 66 mkrkjkqwpn wxtufswxhf uvkm 1931–1932 i. }nwx jt{tj
vkfqnmnvfqn 86% (92% tx wxtufswxhfxf sfj 100 jpf, 89% tx wxtufswxhfxf
rkljy 50–100 jpf n 43% tx wxtufswxhfxf utj 50 jpf). Igwtqxks }nwx jt-
{tj vkfqnmnvfqn 23% tx uvty}ksnxk wxtufswxhf, iqfhst nmrkljy wxtufs-
wxhfxf sfj 100 jpf, n snxt kjst wxtufswxht utj 50 jpf. Vfo-itqr }nwx jt-
{tj sf jkpfv nrfqn wxtufswxhfxf sfj 100 jpf, wqkjhfsn tx xkmn rkljy
50–100 jpf, f sfo-snwp – utj 50 jpf.85
Q txstht, tx 57 mkrkjkqwpn wxtufswxhf uvkm 1932–1933 i. }nwx jt{tj
utqy}nqn 82% tx wxtufswxhfxf (71% tx xkmn utj 50 jpf), fgwtqxks }nwx
jt{tj – 5% tx uvty}ksnxk wxtufswxhf (snxt kjst utj 50 jpf). `nwxnx jt-
84 3JGGJ?, <I=FD, 4DFJG= 1JIAJ?. Mt{tjstwxxf sf 44 mkrkjkqwpn wxtufswxhf h Jqifvn

mf 1929–1930 itjnsf. Z., 1932, twtg. 20–21, 54–55. Mvyit nmwqkjhfsk sf 73 mkrkjkqwpn wxt-
ufswxhf uvkm 1930–1931 i. vkinwxvnvf vkfqnmnvfsk sf }nwx jt{tj sf 86% tx wxtufswxhfxf, f
fgwtqxks }nwx jt{tj – sf 7%. Kl. 3JGGJ?, <I=FD, 4DFJG= 1JIAJ?. Mt{tjstwxxf sf 73 mkrk-
jkqwpn wxtufswxhf h Jqifvn mf 1930–1931 itjnsf. Z., 1934, w. 55.
mf 1931–1932 wxtufswpf itjnsf. Z., 1936, 156–158.

{tj sf jkpfv gnq sfo-itqr uvn wxtufswxhfxf sfj 100 jpf, wqkjhfs xkmn utj
50 jpf, f sfo-rfqp – uvn 50–100 jpf.86
Onmskwutwtgstwxxf wuk|nfqst sf whwkr jvkgsnxk wxtufswxhf gnqf
utwxtsst utj huvtw, f skfxf wxfhfqn xvyjst yjvlnrn uvn qt~n vk-
ptqxn, pvnmn n wufjfsk sf |ksnxk (pfxt uvn Mkuvkwnxf wqkj 1929 i.). [tif-
hf mfjqlshfskxt sfvfwxhfqt n wfrt wt|nfqsn rkvpn tx wxvfsf sf jvlf-
hfxf (tuvtfhfsk n vfmwvt}hfsk sf mfjqlksnxf, skwgnvfsk sf jfs|n
n uv.) rtlkqn jf wufwx wxtufswxhfxf, vfmgnvf wk, sf wtxhkxsfxf |ksf.
Zkwxhyhfx n nmwqkjhfsn hv{y jt{tjstwx xf sf wxtufswxhf w vfmqn-
}ks {fvfpxkv – uvktgqfjfhft mvsksn, uvktgqfjfhft lnhtxsthjsn n w
uvktgqfjfhfsk sf qtmfvwxht n mkqks}y|n, ptnxt wt}fx pfxt sfo-jt{tjsn xk-
mn tx hxtvfxf n xvkxfxf ivyuf.87
Zkqwptxt wxtufswxht twxfhfqt h msf}nxkqsf wxkuks sfxyvfqst, tvnks-
xnvfst pr wfrtuvk{vfsf n wfrtmfjthtqhfsk (wt jtrf~st nmitxhsk
sf jvk{n n uv.), n wfrt tx}fwxn ufmfvst. Ztxhkxst jt{tjnxk sf wkqwptxt
sfwkqksnk gnqn uthk}k h sfxyvf – ptswyrf|n sf uvtjypxn tx wtgwxhkstxt
wxtufswxht, ut-rfqpt h ufvn. Ykjn|f nmwqkjhfsn sf vkuvkmksxfxnhsn wxt-
ufswxhf nqn fivkinvfst mf wxvfsfxf jfhfx uvkjwxfhf mf wxkuksxf sf
sfxyvfqstwx, vkwukpxnhst ufmfvstwx. K sf}fqtxt sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h.
kjhf tptqt 35–40% tx gvyxsn jt{tj tx gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht
rnsfhfqn uvkm ufmfvf (ut wtxt hvkrk h ZIb – 70%, Lkvrfsn – 81%,
ahko|fvn – 85%, Mfsn – 92%).88 Xvty}hfsnxf sf ivyun wxtufswxhf
(wutrksfxn uvkjn) wt jfhfx 35–40% ufmfvstwx sf gvyxsn jt{tj.89
mf 1932–1933 wxtufswpf itjnsf. Z., 1936, w. 100.

87 3JGGJ?, <I=FD, '. 5JKMNJXIJ?. ^fvfpxkvsn ivyun mkrkjkqwpn wxtufswxhf h Jqifvn.
Wvifsnmf|n n jt{tjstwx. Z., 1938. Wx 109 sfgqjfhfsn wxtufswxhf uvkm 1935–1936 i., tgt-
wtgksn h xvn ivyun – uvktgqfjfhft mvsksn, uvktgqfjfhft lnhtxsthjwxht, uvktgqfjf-
hft qtmfvwxht n mkqks}y|n – nmhtjx (sf 76–78) k, }k sfo-jt{tjsn gnqn xkmn tx hxtvfxf n
xvkxfxf ivyuf.
88 8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf…, w. 30. Kl. wt Egoroff, Pawel. Die
Landnutzung, p. 106. Zutvkj fhxtvf h sf}fqtxt sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. kjhf tptqt 35% tx
wxtostwxxf sf vkptqxfxf h Jqifvn wxnifqf jt ufmfvf, f 65% txnhfqf mf utpvnhfsk sf wtg-
wxhksnxk syljn. Zt y: ,@JLJ?, 5=?BG. Wunx mf ywxfsthhfsk ufmfvstwxxf sf gqifvwptxt
mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht. – [vyjthk sf Zxfxnwxn}kwpn nswxnxyx mf wxtufswpt uvty}hfsk uvn
Ztznowpn jvlfhks ysnhkvwnxkx, 1938, G 2–3, 133–162, twtg. w. 160. Xvkm 1926 i. wk tufmf-
vhfqn 30,6% tx gvyxsn jt{tj tx vfwxksnkhjwxhtxt n 13,5% tx lnhtxsthjwxhtxt.
89 3JGGJ?, <I=FD, 4DFJG= 1JIAJ?. Mt{tjstwxxf sf 57…, w. 84. 37% tx gvyxsn jt{tj
rnsfhfqn uvkm ufmfvf, sfo-itqr uvt|ksx h wxtufswxhfxf sfj 100 jpf, sfo-rfqp – h xkmn utj
50 jpf. Zt y: 3JGGJ?, <I=FD, 4DFJG= 1JIAJ?. Mt{tjstwxxf sf 66…, w. 116. Ukljy 40–65%
tx gvyxt jt{tjf rnsfhfqn uvkm ufmfvf, sfo-itqr uvt|ksx h wxtufswxhf sfj 100 jpf, wvkjks –
utj 50 jpf, sfo-rfqp – 50–100 jpf.
Zqfgfxf ufmfvstwx sf wkqwptwxtufswpfxf uvtjyp|n (uvn msf}nxkqsf

wfrtptswyrf|n) qtin}st tmsf}fhf ut-rfqp ufvn}ks jt{tj tx sk. Xfvn}-
snx jt{tj tx wkqwptxt wxtufswxht (vfwxksnkhjwxht uqw lnhtxsthj-
wxht) mf ukvntjf 1924–1944 i. wwxfhqhfq wvkjst rfqpt sfj 40% tx tgn
jt{tj tx wkqwptxt wxtufswxht. Xvn xthf tx 1936 i. sfxfxp wk sfgkqmhf
xksjks|n mf uthn~fhfsk sf ufvn}sn jt{tj, sfjhn~fhf uvkm sptn itjn-
sn 50%, ptkxt gnqt vkmyqxfx tx tvnksxf|n pr ut-jt{tjsn pyqxyvn, uvkj-
sfmsf}ksn mf ufmfvf. Vfo-itqr jq h ufvn}sn jt{tj tx wkqwptxt wxtufs-
wxht mfkrfqt vfwxksnkhjwxhtxt w rnsnryr tx 57% uvkm 1932 i. n rfpwn-
ryr tx 69,2% uvkm 1939 i. (ut-sfxfxp sfj 70% mf 1942 n 1943 i.). Onhtx-
sthjwxhtxt y}fwxhfqt h ufvn}sn jt{tj tx wkqwptxt wxtufswxht ww
wxtostwxn rkljy 21,5% (uvkm 1938 i.) n 29,5% (uvkm 1932 i.).90
Zvfhsnxkqst wqfgtxt tufmfvhfsk sf uvtjyp|nxf tmsf}fhf ut-rfqp
ufvn}ks jt{tj sf wkqwptxt sfwkqksnk. Xfvn}snx jt{tj sf wkqwptxt sfwk-
qksnk hfvnvfq tptqt 40% tx tgnxk ry jt{tjn mf ukvntjf 1924–1939 i., f
tx 1939 i. wk utpf}hf jt sfj 50% uvkm wqkjhfnxk sptqpt itjnsn. Pf wvfh-
sksnk: ufvn}snx jt{tj sf ivfjwptxt sfwkqksnk wwxfhqhfq tptqt 95% tx
jt{tjnxk ry uvkm |kqn ukvntj tx 1924 jt 1939 i. (n jt 1945 i.). Pf ukvnt-
jf tx 1924 jt 1939 i. ufvn}snx jt{tj sf iqfhf tx wkqwptxt sfwkqksnk gnq
6 jt 7 uxn ut-rfqp tx ufvn}sn jt{tj sf iqfhf tx ivfjwptxt sfwkqksnk
(ut-sfxfxp wtxst~ksnkxt sfrfqhf jt 5 uxn).91 Ipt wk tx}kxk mfjthtq-
hfskxt ww wtgwxhksn uvtjypxn, wvkjstitjn~snx jt{tj sf iqfhf tx fpxnh-
stxt wkqwpt sfwkqksnk hwk ufp gnq w 30–40% ut-snwp tx wvkjstitjn~sn
jt{tj sf vfgtxsnp (ptoxt sf whto vkj gnq uthk}k tx 2 uxn ut-snwp tx xt-
mn sf wqylnxkq n tk uthk}k tx xtmn sf „wfrtwxtxkqsnxk“ – pfxkitvn, tg-
{hfff mfsfx}nn, jvkgsn xvith|n n jv.).92
Xtiqkjsfxt tx tk kjns iq, ptswyrf|nxf h sfxyvf mf wxvfsfxf ww-
xfhqhfqf wvkjst 30% tx tgn sf|ntsfqks jt{tj (hpq}hf n jt{tjf tx
nsjywxvn, xvithn n uv.) mf ukvntjf 1924–1939 i., rfpfv xksjks|nxf
pr sfrfqhfsk jf k gkmwutvsf: uvkm 1924–1928 i. ptswyrnvfstxt h sfxy-
vf gnqt wvkjst 34,6% tx tgn sf|ntsfqks jt{tj; 1929–1933 i. – 30,1%;
uvkm 1934–1938 i. – tptqt 30%; uvkm 1939–1943 i. – 25,4%. Vfrfqhfskxt
sf wfrtptswyrf|nxf tmsf}fhf, }k mkrkjkqwptxt sfwkqksnk wk tgvfqt
hwk uthk}k pr ufmfvf, pfxt pyuyhfqt uthk}k wxtpn tx xfr n wtxhkxst uvt-
jfhfqt uthk}k tx whtkxt uvtnmhtjwxht.93
90 ;=F=GJ?, 'MBI. Vf|ntsfqsnx jt{tj…, w. 59.

91 Xfp xfr, 118–120.
92 Xfp xfr, w. 127.
93 Xfp xfr, 129–131.
Zutvkj xktvnxf mf (ywuk~stxt) vfmhnxnk, rkljy ivfj n wkqt, nsjywx-

vn n mkrkjkqnk xvghf jf nrf xkwsn hvmpn n hmfnrtjkowxhn. Lvfjx wk
syljfk tx mkrkjkqwpn uvtjypxn mf ptswyrf|n; nsjywxvnxf wt xvghf
jf wk vfmhnhf, pfxt uvkvfgtxhf iqfhst rkwxsn mkrkjkqwpn uvtjypxn. Qmpy-
uyhfopn wkqwptwxtufswpnxk uvtjypxn, ivfjx k hhqk}k wkqtxt h ufmfvks
tgrks n k wmjfjk utpyufxkqsf wnqf sf wkqwptxt sfwkqksnk, ptkxt sf whto
vkj k pyuyhf uvtnmhkjksn tx nsjywxvnxf n xfpf k wxfsk wxnryq mf ut-
sfxfx~stxt H vfmhnxnk. Zt xfpf vfmhnhffxf wk nsjywxvn nmnwphf vf-
gtxsf vpf n uvnhqn}f wkqwpt sfwkqksnk, }nkxt giwxht tx wkqtxt pr ivf-
jf twhtgtljfhf mkrxf mf ut-kjvt n vf|ntsfqst uvtnmhtjwxht – x. sfv. rk-
{fsnmr sf uvnhqn}fsk (tx ivfjf) n sf txgqwphfsk (tx wkqtxt) – pull and
push. Vfvfwxhftxt ivfjwpt sfwkqksnk sf whto vkj yhkqn}fhf ivfjwpfxf
ptswyrf|n sf mkrkjkqwpn uvtjypxn n wxnryqnvf mkrkjkqwptxt uvtnmhtj-
wxht.
Yfmrsfxf rkljy ivfjf n wkqtxt y sfw uvtxn}fqf h tivfsn}ks rffg
uvkm vfmiqkljfsn ukvntj n sk jthkqf jt vk~nxkqsn wxvypxyvsn uvtrksn.
Zkqtxt hqnmfqt h xvithwpn hvmpn w ivfjf xhvjk ryjst n jkqx sf sktuf-
mfvhfsfxf uvtjyp|n (mf wtgwxhksf ptswyrf|n) twxfhfq xhvjk itqr;
ivfjx sk uvnhqn}fq wkqsnxk, ptnxt wk mfjvlfqn h mkrkjkqnkxt, wmjf-
hfopn w hvkrkxt wutrksfxn uvtgqkr sf whv{sfwkqksnk. Ipt k uvns|nust
hvst, }k mkrkjkqnkxt (wkqtxt) k txstwnxkqst ut-nskvxst, h wqy}f xt ut-
qy}fhfqt wqfgn wnisfqn n txhs – tx nsjywxvnxf n ivfjwptxt vfmhnxnk
nmtgt. Sfxt vkpfunxyqnvf uvhnxk 30 itjnsn whtgtjst vfmhnxnk w wst
wmsfsnk mf tunwfsn rk{fsnmr, Snvnq Xtuth nmxphf wqkjstxt:
Zkqsnsx y sfw srf ijk jf gif, srf ptry jf uvtjfhf, srf n mft
jf uvtjfhf. I n pfunxfqnwxx srf tk wrkxpf jf pyuyhf n pts|ksxvnvf
kjvf mkrqkjkqwpf wtgwxhkstwx nqn wxtufswxht. Mvkgstxt mkrqkjkqwpt
wxtufswxht y sfw sk wk vy~n n sk wk utjvfh mfxyo, mftxt nptstrn}k-
wpnx sn lnhtx uvtjqlfhf jf wn gjk xn{, ryjks, skxhtv zfpxtvn
mf vy~ksnk n xvfswztvrf|nn. Wgkjshfskxt n jflk tgtifxhfskxt wk
fwnrnqnvf hxvk~st h wxtufswxhtxt, gkm jf nmupsk sfhs n jfjk mf
vkmyqxfx, tx kjsf wxvfsf, uvtqkxfvnmnvfsk, f tx jvyif – pts|ksxvf|n
sf kjvn wxtufswxhf. [thf k tgfxf {fvfpxkvnwxnpf sf utqtlksnkxt jt
jskw.94
Sfpxt hnj{rk, utqtlksnkxt wk uvtrks ut-twkmfkrt ut utwtpf sf sfu-

vkjhff ptrkvwnfqnmf|n sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht kjhf uvkm 30-xk itjnsn
sf ^^ h. Pfut}sfqn jf wk ztvrnvfx wuk|nfqnmnvfsn wxtufswxhf, nmsfwn
94
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtiqkj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt…, w. 219.
nmpq}nxkqst sf ufmfvf tuvkjkqksn uvtjypxn n sfgfhn wn sf whto vkj

ut ufmfvks ux hwn}pt sktg{tjnrt. Vt wtgwxhkstxt wsfgjhfsk n nm{vfs-
hfsk h kjst hwk tk wnqst sfxyvfqst wxtufswxht wn twxfhfqt sfo-hflst n
wfrt khksxyfqsnxk nmqn~|n wk uqfwnvfqn sf ufmfvf. [thf jvlfqt snwp
ufvn}sn jt{tj sf wxtufsnsf n utpyufxkqsfxf ry wutwtgstwx, ptkxt sf
whto vkj whnhfqt xvwkskxt sf nsjywxvnfqsn n mfsfx}nowpn uvtnmhkjksn
n tpfmhfqt mfjvlft hmjkowxhnk hv{y |qtxt wxtufswxht.95
Qmhkwxst jnsfrnmnvft hmjkowxhnk hv{y wkqwptxt wxtufswxht rtiqf
jf tpflk jvlfhfxf }vkm tuvkjkqksf wxtufswpf utqnxnpf. Wgf}k mkrkjk-
qnkxt h Jqifvn pfxt |qt gnqt utj|kskst tx utqnxn}kwptxt vpthtj-
wxht, rfpfv n sk xtqpthf, ptqptxt h wwkjsnxk wxvfsn. Xvtrsfxf sf mkrk-
jkqnkxt nmnwphfqf sk utrtsn n wufwnxkqsn rkvpn, f sfwxto}nhf n jqitw-
vt}sf utqnxnpf, w ptxt gqifvwpfxf jvlfhf sk wk sfivgnqf. \wnqnxf n
vkwyvwnxk txnhfqn iqfhst h jvyin tgqfwxn – nsjywxvn n twtgkst mf htks-
sfxf tgqfwx. I pfpxt wt}n khvtukowpnx tunx, vfmhnxnkxt sf nsjywxvn
uvkm Î^ n sf}fqtxt sf ^^ h. wk uvkj{tljfqt n wuvthtljfqt tx utjkr h
pqtsthkxk sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht n wxfhfqt sfo-hk}k }vkm vfm~nvhfsk sf
hxvk~sn ufmfv.96
K xfmn hvmpf skrwpnx nwxtvnp ^tqr Pysj{fymks ithtvn mf „uvtuyw-
sfxf fivfvsf vkhtq|n“ h ditnmxt}sf Nhvtuf. [to txjfhf xthf n utwqkj-
hfqfxf „gqtpfjf sf vfmhnxnkxt“ tx}fwxn sf jvlfhsfxf utqnxnpf (sf ivygt
utj|kshfsk sf mkrkjkqnkxt), tx}fwxn sf qnuwfxf sf rtxnhf|n n ptruk-
xks|n mf rtjkvks sf}ns sf wxtufsnwhfsk y wfrnxk wkqsn, sf qtinpfxf sf
utqysfxyvfqst wxtufswxht wutvkj xvfjn|ntssn uvns|nu sf „utpvnhfsk
sf utxvkgstwxnxk“, pfxt twtgkst nmtwxfsfqt gnqt mkrkjkqnkxt sf Zvgn,
jtpfxt gqifvwptxt txgkqmfqt nmhkwxst vfmhnxnk.97
[vyjst rtlk jf wk pflk ptk tx hwn}pn tgwxtxkqwxhf wk tpfmfqt iqfhsf
wunvf}pf mf vfmhnxnkxt sf gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht n tgywqthnqt
95
[tmn vkj vfmwljksn sfuvnrkv y: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 151–152. Ih-
xtvx hnsn mf utjtgst utqtlksnk sfo-hk}k yjvkgshfskxt sf wxtufswxhfxf n snwpnxk |ksn sf
mkrkjkqwpnxk uvtnmhkjksn, ptnxt sk wf wnqks wxnryq mf uvtnmhtjwxht mf ufmfvf.
96 Kl. twtgkst Senghaas, Dieter. The European Experience. A Historical Critique of
Development Theory. Leamington Spa/Dover, New Hampshire, Berg Publishers, 1985.

97 Sundhaussen, Holm
. Die verpaßte Agrarrevolution. Aspekte der Entwicklungsblokade in
den Balkanländer vor 1945. – In: Industrialisierung und gesellschaftlicher Wandel in Südost-
europa. Roland Schönfeld (Hrsg.). München, Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1989, 45–60. Zuk|n-
zn}snxk skpfunxfqnwxn}kwpn uvns|nun, wutvkj ptnxt jkowxhf utqysfxyvfqsfxf „wkqwpf npt-
strnpf“, wf fsfqnmnvfsn tx Chayanov, Aleksandar. The Theory of Peasant Economy. Homewood,
Illinois, 1966. Zkwxhksf xyp k tvnksxf|nxf pr yjthqkxhtvhfsk sf wtgwxhksnxk utxvkgst-
wxn sf wkqwptxt wkrkowxht (tuvkjkqsn tx xvfjn|nxf) n uvkpvfxhfsk sf xvyjf („wfrt-
kpwuqtfxf|nxf“), ptifxt xk wf twniyvksn; pfunxfqnwxn}kwpfxf vksxfgnqstwx sk nivfk vtq.
}kwxnxk pvnmn h skit n ptk k ut-hxtvtwxkuksst n utwqkjn|f tx jvyit.98 Wx

kjsf wxvfsf wf zfpxtvn pfxt xhvjk skkqfwxn}sfxf wxvypxyvf sf utmkrqk-
sfxf wtgwxhkstwx, nm{tjstxt vfmjvtghfsk sf mkrxf, yhkqn}kst h {tjf sf
sfwqkjhfskxt. Sr xthf wk jtgfhx n skmfhnwkn tgwxtxkqwxhf, pfxt ww-
xtsnkxt sf hs~snxk ufmfvn n ptsspxyvfxf sf |ksnxk sf mkrkjkqwpnxk
uvtjypxn. Ustit hflks zfpxtv gnqn ptrysnpf|nnxk, ptnxt xvghfqt jf jt-
gqnlfx mkrkjkqk|f jt ufmfvf – qtpfqks n hs~ks. Wx jvyi vtj gnqn mfhn-
wkn h ut-itqrf wxkuks tx wfrn mkrkjkqk| tgwxtxkqwxhf, pfxt nmuvtg-
hfskxt sf sthn sf}nsn mf tgvfgtxpf sf ut}hfxf n ut-nsxksmnhsn pyqxyvn,
uvkrnsfhfsk pr ut-uvtivkwnhstxt lnhtxsthjwxht, nmsfwsk sf ufmfvf
sf ut-itqr jq tx uvtjyp|nxf n uv., ptnxt tgf}k nmnwphfqn nmhkwxsn msf-
sn n ptrukxksxstwx, pfpxt n nsn|nfxnhstwx n utkrfsk sf vnwp. Z xk}ksnk
sf hvkrkxt sfwxunqn sptn utmnxnhsn uvtrksn. Vt pfxt }k qn h rstlkw-
xhtxt jvkgsn wxtufswxhf sfj hwn}pt twxfhfq jf xkisk huvtwx mf twniyv-
hfsk sf uvk{vfsfxf (twsthst }vkm wfrtmfjthtqhfsk), f sk rnwqxf mf ut-
hn~fhfsk sf uvtjypxnhstwx xf n nmstw mf ufmfvf. Xt-wnqks utjxnp mf utmn-
xnhsf uvtrsf jt~q h sfhk}kvnkxt sf Kxtvfxf whkxthsf htosf, tx}fwxn w
xvwkskxt sf wkqwptwxtufswpn uvtjypxn tx Lkvrfsn, st wqkj htosfxf vfm-
hnxnkxt utkqt h xhvjk vfmqn}f sfwtpf.
SWWXNYI[QKVW MNTW
Sttukvfxnhstxt jkqt wk vfmiqkljf h xtmn ptsxkpwx, jtptqptxt pttukvfxnh-

stxt wjvylfhfsk gnqt uvkutv}hfst pfxt iqfhst wvkjwxht mf uvktjtqhf-
sk sf uvtgqkrnxk sf sf~kxt jvkgst mkrkjkqnk n mf utwxnifsk sf wxtufswpn
uvtivkw. [t k tuvfhjfst n tx itqrtxt msf}ksnk sf mkrkjkqwpnxk pvkjnxsn
pttukvf|nn y sfw h sf}fqtxt n ut-pwst (rfpfv }k xk wf wfrt kjns tx xnut-
hkxk). Vfo-wkxsk, mkrkjkqwptxt yuvfhqksnk wnqst zfhtvnmnvfqt pttukvf-
|nnxk pfxt nswxvyrksx sf whtxf utqnxnpf n xprt mkrkjkqwpn jko|n uvk-
hvsfqn pttukvfxnhnmrf h njktqtin sf „xvkxn ux“, vfmqn}ks tx pfunxf-
qnmrf n wt|nfqnmrf.
Sttukvfxnhstxt wjvylfhfsk n hmfnrtutrt nmtgt wf uvnwn sfo-
hk}k sf jvkgsn wkwxhyhfsn pfxt mkrkjkq|nxk (n ivfjwpnxk mfsfx}nn).
98
Kl. mf uvtgqkrnxk sf vfmhnxnkxt sf Jfqpfsnxk jt Kxtvfxf whkxthsf htosf y: Daskalov,
Roumen. Development in the Balkan Periphery Prior to World War II: Some Reflections. – In:
Südost-Forschungen, 57, 1998, 207–244. Kl. wt mf sf}kspnxk sf rtjkvsnmf|n sf Jfqpfsnxk
(h wfhxtvwxht w ^tqr Pysj{fymks). Daskalov, Rumen, Holm Sundhaussen . Modernisierungs-
ansätze. – In: Südosteuropa. Gesellschaft, Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur. Ein Handbuch. Hatchikjan,
Magarditsch und Stefan Troebst (Hrsg.). München, C. H. Beck, 105–135.
Knjsnx xktvkxnp sf pttukvfxnhnmrf n vfjkxkq n jkk| sf pttukvfxnhstxt

jhnlksnk y sfw Snvnq Xtuth tuvkjkq wstwx xf n |kqxf sf pttukvf|nnxk
xfpf:
Sttukvf|nxf nrf mf |kq }vkm hmfnrtutrt n wjvylksnk sf wqfgnxk jf

wmjfjk ywqthn, mf jf wk uvthhfx xk sf pfunxfqnwxn}kwptxt wxtufs-
wpt utqk pfxt xhtv}kwpn kqkrksxn n zfpxtv ww wxvtit tuvkjkqksf |kq:
utkhxnshfsk vkmyqxfxnxk sf wxtufswpn xvyj mf wfrnxk pttukvfxtvn.
Sttukvf|nxf k nmhnpfsf pfxt vkfp|n sf kpwuqtfxf|nxf. […] Sttuk-
vf|nxf nrf mf |kq }vkm vfmhnxnkxt sf }yhwxhtxt sf wtqnjfvstwx, sf
njkostwx, sf ivfljfswpt n wxtufswpt wmsfsnk jf utwxfhn twsthnxk sf
sthtxt tgkwxht.99
Mtpfxt Snvnq Xtuth vfmiqkljf pttukvf|nxf pfxt wxtufswpn zfpxtv

hwk ufp sf utqkxt sf ufmfvst-pfunxfqnwxn}kwpf jkostwx, pfxt kjsf jtuq-
snxkqsf wxtufswpf ztvrf, jvyin fhxtvn uvtxnhtutwxfhx vmpt sf pfun-
xfqnwxn}kwptxt uvkjuvnxnk pfxt tvifsnmf|n sf wfrtjkostwx n wfrtmf-
nxf sf ~nvtpnxk rfwn. Zutvkj Xvtptun Snvfsth pfunxfqnwxn}kwptxt
uvkjuvnxnk uvkwqkjhf uvkjuvnkrf}kwpf uk}fqgf, f pttukvf|nxf vkfqnmn-
vf „ut-hnwtp jt{tj sf xvyj nqn nptstrn h ptswyrfxnhsn gjlkx sf jt-
rfpnswxhfxf“; fp|ntskvstxt jvylkwxht k gkmqn}st n fstsnrst n fp|nxf k
fgwxvfpxsf hkqn}nsf, f pttukvf|nxf k „wxtufswpn ptqkpxnhnxkx“, „skvfm-
jkqst n tvifsn}kwpt |qt“, „whpyustwx tx txst~ksn“; }qksthkxk sf pf-
unxfqnwxn}kwptxt jvylkwxht wf whvmfsn wfrt }vkm uvkjwxfhqhfsn tx
x{ pfunxfq n }vkm uvt|ksxf sf uk}fqgfxf, f }qksthkxk sf pttukvfxnhstxt
wjvylfhfsk y}fwxhfx h tgt wxtufswxht n wkwxhyhf hmfnrst uvtsnphf-
sk rkljy skit n wxtufswxhfxf sf skosnxk }qksthk. Vfnwxnsf, pttukvf|nxf
y}fwxhf sf whtgtjsn ufmfv pfxt txjkqks wxtufswpn wygkpx (ptoxt uvtjfhf
nqn pyuyhf wxtpn nqn uvkjqfif xvyj), st vk~fhfn mf sk wf sk xkmn hs~-
sn txst~ksn, f hxvk~snxk txst~ksn rkljy }qksthkxk (uvtjflgf sf
x{, wgnvfsk sf uvtnmhkjksn tx x{, pvkjnxnvfsk n uv.).100
Vfpvfxpt, pttukvf|nxf xyp wk vnwyhf „njkfqstxnun}kwpn“ pfxt wtqnjf-
vnwxn}sf, ukvwtsfqnwxn}st-tvifsn}sf, xvyjthf n h pvfosf wrkxpf skpfun-
xfqnwxn}kwpf mf vfmqnpf tx fstsnrstxt, uvkwqkjhft uk}fqgf pfxt wfrt-
|kq, kpwuqtfxnvft }ylj xvyj pfunxfqnwxn}kwpt uvkjuvnxnk. Wgwsnrt
fhxtvx hmjnif h njkfq xprt ut-wtqnjfvnwxn}sn xnu pttukvf|n, pfphn-
99 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtqtlksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk h Jqifvn. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt
nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 19, 1919–1920, G 9–10, 449–463, |nx. sf 461–462. Pf jkostwxxf sf

Snvnq Xtuth h pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt hl. 7NJXIJ?, +DHDNUL. Qwxtvn sf pttukvfxnhstxt
jhnlksnk h Jqifvn. `fwx 1 (1863–1910). Z., 1937, 200–215.
100 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn. Z., 1928, 8–15.
xt wf ut njk mkrkjkqwpnxk pvkjnxsn pttukvf|nn (sf Yfozfomks), f sk ut-

„nsjnhnjyfqnwxn}sn“ xnu (sf ayq|k–Mkqn}), mfqkisfq h twsthfxf sf utuy-
qvsnxk gfspn.101 Wk ut-jfqk}k txnhf jvyi xktvkxnp sf fivfvnmrf n pttuk-
vfxnhnmrf – Un{fnq Lksthwpn, ptoxt hnljf h xtxfqstxt pttukvnvfsk xvkxn
ux sf vfmhnxnkxt n sth „tgkwxhks wxvto“, f nrksst wtqnjfvnwxpn, xvyjth,
gkm kpwuqtfxf|n, snxt wt|nfqnwxn}kwpn, snxt pfunxfqnwxn}kwpn.102 Zt|nf-
qnwxnxk (~nvtpn) tx wht wxvfsf wf uvfhnqn tunxn jf tghvlfx pttukvfxn-
hnmrf ut spfph sf}ns ww wt|nfqnwxn}kwpn |kqn, sfuvnrkv pfxt „ut-snm-
~f“ n uvk{tjsf ztvrf sf wt|nfqnmf|n sf wtgwxhkstwxxf n wvkjwxhfxf mf
uvtnmhtjwxht (jt „tpts}fxkqstxt hqnhfsk sf pttukvfxnmrf h wt|nfqnmrf“),
st n pfxt wvkjwxht mf nmjvlpf sf ufvxnosn finxfxtvn n zysp|ntskvn. Xvn
xthf sf pttukvfxnhnxk, utjtgst sf wnsjnpfxnxk, wk k uvkjunwhfqf vtq sf
wvkjwxht h gtvgfxf mf wt|nfqnmr (f sk sf |kq wfrf ut wkgk wn).103
Xvkjn jf uvtwqkj vfmhnxnkxt sf pttukvf|nnxk y sfw, skpf wpn|nvfr
sptn tgn utqtlksn n rkljysfvtjsn vfmhnxn. Qrf sfo-vfmqn}sn hnjt-
hk pttukvf|nn wutvkj xnuf jkostwx: pvkjnxsn, ptswyrfxnhsn (mf wjvylksf
101 Pf vfmqnpfxf rkljy njknxk sf ayq|k–Mkqn} mf tvifsnmnvfsk sf pttukvfxnhks pvkjnx,
ptnxt wf h twsthfxf sf utuyqvsnxk gfspn, n xkmn sf Yfozfomks, ptnxt wf h twsthfxf sf

mkrkjkqwpnxk pvkjnxsn pttukvf|nn, hl. 1=TB?, 7. Sttukvfxnhsnxk njkn h sf~nxk wxtufswpn
n wt|nfqsn txst~ksn. – Zxtufswpf rnwq, 1, 1929–1930, G 4, 130–153, twtg. 151–152. K
pttukvf|nxf sf ayq|k–Mkqn} uvktgqfjfhfx nsjnhnjyfqnwxn}sn xksjks|nn (wt wfrtut-
rt, wfrtyuvfhqksnk, wtqnjfvsf txithtvstwx), f h xfmn sf Yfozfomks – {vnwxnswpt-kxn}sn
n ptqkpxnhnwxn}sn (hpq}nxkqst wxvyjsn}kwxht txhs, tx jvlfhfxf, tx tgkwxhksn n }fwx-
sn tvifsnmf|nn). Pkrkjkqwpfxf pttukvf|n uvkwqkjhf twhks wxtufswpn |kqn, wt n wt|nfqsn
– |qtwxst uthjnifsk sf gnxf sf mkrkjkqk|f. Pf jf nrf x ywuk{, wf sktg{tjnrn xkwsn wxtufs-
wpn n jy{thsn hvmpn rkljy }qksthkxk. Wgvfxstxt k uvn ivfjwpnxk pttukvf|nn, pjkxt nrf
wfrt wxtufswpn nsxkvkw.
102 *BIJ?MFD, 3DQ=DG. Wgkwxhkstwx n pyqxyvf. Z., 1939, 148–149, 193–216. Xt-utjvtgst
xkmn hmiqkjn wf vfmiqkjfsn h }fwxxf mf wkqsnxk.

103
K Jqifvn wxfsthnkxt mf pttukvfxnhnmrf pfxt wt|nfqnwxn}kwpt jkqt wk mfwxuhf
sfuvnrkv tx (LUIBFJ?, 5BNUL. Sttukvfxnmr, jkrtpvfxnmr n wt|nfqnmr. – Vtht tgkwxht,
1, 1906, G 6, 527–534; Sttukvfxnmrx h Jqifvn. – Wgt jkqt, 5, 1904–1905, G 7–8, 570–
576. Xvtxnh wt|nfqnwxn}kwpnxk njkn mf pttukvf|nxf, hl. 6=EFJ?, +. Vktwsthfxkqsn uvkxks-
|nn. – Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn uvkiqkj, 4, 1906, G 8, 824–831; Sttukvfxnhstxt jkqt n ~nvtpnxk wt-
|nfqnwxn. – Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn uvkiqkj, 3, 1905, G 17–18, 401–404 ; )G=EFJ?, 8JAJL. Yfjnpfqst-
jkrtpvfxn}kwpfxf ufvxn n pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt. – Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn uvkiqkj, 7, 1909, G 8,
849–856; *DADFJ?, 7NBP=I. Sttukvfxnmr, jkrtpvfxnmr, wt|nfqnmr. – Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn
uvkiqkj, 4, 1906, G 9, 961–963; Sttukvfxnmrx. – Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn uvkiqkj, 2, 1903–1904,
G 11, 246–251; G 12, 267–270; G 13–14, 317–321. Sfpxt nmxphfx xkmn fhxtvn, pttukvf|nxf
sk htjn pr wt|nfqnmr, utsklk sk ysntlfhf }fwxsfxf wtgwxhkstwx, f wfrt nmrks sf}nsnxk
sf nmutqmhfskxt H; x sfnwxnsf nrf wt|nfqsf vtq pfxt tvlnk sf wt|nfqst wqfgnxk h nptst-
rn}kwpfxf gtvgf, st h vfrpnxk sf jkrtpvf|nxf, n tx xthf sk wqkjhf wt|nfqnmr n uv. Kw-
stwx wt|nfqnwxnxk wf nwpfqn ut-wptvt jf nmutqmhfx pttukvf|nxf mf znsfswnvfsk n khksxyfq-
st mf wt|nfqnwxn}kwpf uvtufifsjf n hmunxfsnk sf pttukvfxtvnxk. Kuvt}kr wtxt mf whtn
|kqn uvfhx n vfjnpfqnxk.
utpyupf n jtwxfhpf sf kjvt), uvtnmhtjnxkqsn (mf uvkvfgtxpn n uvtjflgn),

wukwxthst-mfwxvf{thfxkqsn, xvyjthn n uv. Zfrnxk pttukvf|nn ut whtxf
njk rtifx jf gjfx tvnksxnvfsn uthk}k pr uk}fqgf nqn pr hmfnrtut-
rt (pfxt Yfozfomksthnxk – ut nrkxt sf twsthfxkq nr h Lkvrfsn). Xt-
sfxfxp, h pttukvf|nnxk rtlk jf gjk mfwxukst uthk}k nqn ut-rfqpt jv-
lfhstxt sf}fqt, sfuvnrkv ptifxt nr wk txuywpfx jvlfhsn pvkjnxn nqn wk
ptsxvtqnvf jkostwx xf nr.
Qsxkvkwn pr pttukvf|nnxk uvthhfqn n ufvxnnxk, ptnxt xvwkqn
}vkm x{ tgkwxhkst hqnsnk, uqfxksn wqylgn mf whtn zysp|ntskvn (h
yuvfhnxkqsn tvifsn sf pttukvfxnhsnxk |ksxvfqn) n nmxt}snp sf ufvxnosn
wvkjwxhf (h wqy}f w }nwxt ufvxnosn pttukvfxnhn). Wxxyp wk utvfljfqn
uvtxnhtvk}n, pfxt sf uvns|nuf sf „}nwxn pttukvfxnhnmr“ (utqnxn}kwpn
skyxvfqnmr) uvtxnhtwxtn ufvxnosnx pttukvfxnhnmr. K Lkvrfsn wk
wxnisfqt jt vfmjhtksnk sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk, pfxt utxvkgnxkqsn-
xk pttukvf|nn wk tgtwtgnqn h txjkqks wm, whvmfs ww wt|nfqnwxn}kw-
pfxf ufvxn; tx xfr ptszqnpxx wk uvk{hvqnq h Ukljysfvtjsn pttukvf-
xnhks wm. Zqkj htosfxf |ksxvtgklsnxk wnqn h pttukvfxnhsnxk wvkjn sf
Pfufj wk mfwnqnqn: whtn pttukvf|nn wmjfhfqn n vfmsn wwqthn n pqfwn
(mkrkjkq|n, vfgtxsn}kwxht, mfsfx}nowxht, }nsthsn}kwxht), f wt vfmsn
vkqninn n |vphn (pfxtqn|n, uvtxkwxfsxn n jv.). Zuk|nfqst wt|nfqnwxnxk
wqkj htosfxf wk sfjhfqn jf nmutqmhfx pttukvf|nxf pfxt nswxvyrksx mf
wt|nfqnmf|n sf gqfifxf n xfpnhf tunxn wk uvfhx h Lkvrfsn n Ihwxvn,
wt h vkhtq|ntssf Yywn. K mkrkjkqnkxt tunxnxk mf wt|nfqnmf|n wk
sfxphfqn sf twtgksn xvyjstwxn, jtptqptxt mkrkjkqwpnxk wxtufsn wf ygk-
jksn uvnhvlksn|n sf }fwxsfxf wtgwxhkstwx n uvtxnhsn|n sf wt|nfqnmrf;
|ksxvfqnwxn}snx wt|nfqnmr up txvn}f njkxf mf wfrtutrt n wfrtyu-
vfhqksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk. Pfxthf h Yywn x. sfv. ptqkpxnhnmf|n gnqf sf-
qtlksf w pvh n iqfj n hwstwx uvkjwxfhqhf skt ptvksst vfmqn}st.104
Xvtufifsjfxf sf pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt h Jqifvn mfut}hf tx wkqtxt,
pjkxt wk wqfif n sf}fqtxt ry.105 Xvhnxk nsn|nfxnhn gnqn sfwt}ksn pr
wmjfhfsk sf wkqwpn pvkjnxsn pttukvf|nn, mf jf wk mfjthtqn syljfxf sf
gqifvwpn mkrkjkqk| tx jvkgks qn}ks pvkjnx n jf wk nmxvisk tx v|kxk
104
Pf uvtxnhtgtvwxhtxt rkljy „}nwxn pttukvfxnhnmr“ n nmutqmhfskxt sf pttukvf|nnxk
(uvht tx wt|nfqnwxnxk) mf ufvxnosn |kqn n pqfwthf gtvgf h rkljysfvtjks uqfs hl. 1=TB?,
7. Sttukvfxnhsnxk njkn…, 143–146. Pf sfwnqwxhksfxf ptqkpxnhnmf|n tx wxfqnswpn xnu y sfw,
ptxt srf snt tgt w jtgvthtqstxt pttukvnvfsk, hl. 3D@B?, )G=ADHDL. Stqkpxnhnmf|nxf
sf gqifvwptxt wkqt (1948–1958). Z., \snhkvwnxkxwpt nmjfxkqwxht „Zxtufswxht“, 1995.
105 Kl. fhxtvnxkxsnxk vfgtxn sf 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…; 5JKJ?,
1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt n vfmhnxnkxt sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk h Jqifvn. – Zun-

wfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 23, 1924, G 1–3, 3–24; 7NJXIJ?, +DHDNUL.
Qwxtvn sf pttukvfxnhstxt…
sf qn{hfvnxk. Yfssn uvtufifsjfxtvn sf pttukvfxnhsfxf njk gnqn Jqifv-

wptxt mkrkjkqwpt jvylkwxht (twsthfst uvkm 1896 i.) }vkm skithtxt wunwf-
snk „Wvfqt“ n Qptstrn}kwptxt jvylkwxht }vkm skithtxt wunwfsnk (ptkxt
nmqnmf tx 1897 i.). Xvhfxf pttukvf|n – pvkjnxsf, tx Yfozfomksth xnu –
wk wmjfhf uvkm 1890 i. h w. Unvptht, Xnvjtuwpf tptqn, tx y}nqnsn ns-
wukpxtv [. Rts}kh, utjutrtisfx tx [tjtv Kqfopth (xtifhf y}nxkq xfr). Vt
x twxfsfqf nmtqnvfst jkqt. K pvf sf hkpf mfut}hf ut-~nvtpf finxf|n mf
njkxf sf pttukvfxnhst wjvylfhfsk, n xt iqfhst mf twsthfhfsk sf pvkjnx-
sn mkrkjkqwpn wjvylksn, x. k. hmfnrtwutrfifxkqsn pfwn tx Yfozfomksth
xnu. Vtwnxkqn sf xfmn uvtufifsjf gnqn fivtstrn n wqylnxkqn sf mkrkjkq-
wpnxk pfwn, uvktgvfmyhfsn uvkm 1903 i. h Jqifvwpfxf mkrkjkqwpf gfspf
(JPJ), mfkjst w rkwxsn {tvf – y}nxkqn, whkksn|n, tgnswpn wqylnxkqn n
jv. Xvkm 1899 i. rkwxsn jko|n (y}nxkqn n whkksn|n) twsthfqn pttukvf|nn
h sptqpt wkqf h Yywkswpt utj utpvthnxkqwxhtxt sf gfspthn ptsxvtqtv
sf Yywkswpfxf mkrkjkqwpf pfwf Qqn Zxkzfsth, ptnxt wk mfpvkunqn. Xvkm
1903 i. h Yywkswpf tptqn hk}k nrfqt 20 wjvylksn, tx ptnxt 19 gnqn pvk-
jnxnvfsn tx mkrkjkqwpfxf pfwf.106
Zmjfhfskxt sf pttukvf|nn uvkm vfssn ukvntj wvkfqt vkjn|f xvyj-
stwxn – skjthkv}nhtwx xf sf rfwfxf wkqsn pr „tvxf~pn uvkjuvnxn“,
nmnwphfsfxf wtqnjfvsf txithtvstwx n mfjqlksn pr |qtxt, itsksnxf
sf pttukvfxnhsn jko|n, twtgkst rkwxsn y}nxkqn, tx wkqwpnxk }tvgfjlnn n
qn{hfvn n uv. Njsf tx uvk}pnxk mf wmjfhfskxt sf pttukvf|nn gnq xvith-
wpnx mfpts, ptoxt xvkxnvfq hwpt pvkjnxst wjvylksnk pfxt fp|ntskvst
jvylkwxht n tx }qksthkxk sf yuvfhnxkqsn whkx wk nmnwphfqn itqkrn uf-
vn}sn ifvfs|nn, skutwnqsn mf jvkgsnxk wkqsn h yuvfhnxkqsnxk whkxn sf
pttukvf|nnxk; uvkm 1903 i. ifvfs|nxf gnqf sfrfqksf.
Zqkj 1903 i. pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt wxfhf jvlfhsf utqnxnpf. Jqifvwpf
mkrkjkqwpf gfspf wxfsfqf iqfhks nswxvyrksx mf tgvfmyhfskxt sf pttukvf-
|nn n nmrkwxnqf }fwxsfxf nsn|nfxnhf. Zxnryqx gnq uvkjtwxfhskxt }vkm
JPJ sf jvlfhks pvkjnx utj ztvrfxf sf „ptqkpxnhsn mfunwn“ mf wtqnjfv-
st txithtvsfxf pttukvf|n, f sk pfxt qn}ks mkrkjkqwpn pvkjnx sf txjkqsn
nsjnhnjn; nrksst xtmn pvkjnx, f sk xtqpthf sfgnvfsnxk tx }qksthkxk rfq-
pn wtgwxhksn wvkjwxhf, wxfsfq iqfhks wxnryq mf pttukvnvfskxt.107 K qn|k-
106 Xt-utjvtgst mf vfssnxk mkrkjkqwpn hmfnrtwutrfifxkqsn wjvylfhfsn hl. 7NJXIJ?,
+DHDNUL. Qwxtvn sf pttukvfxnhstxt…, 145–171.

107 [thf k whwkr wst pfmfst h tpvlst sf gfspfxf tx 24 qn 1904 i.: „Wvifsnmf|nxf sf
mkrqkjkqwpnxk wukwxthsn jvylkwxhf k rstit uvtwxf. Xt-jtgvnxk wkqsn h kjst wkqt, sf gvto
jt 20 jy~n, twsthfhfx xo sfvk}kstxt jvylkwxht nqn wkqwpt-mfkrsf pfwf, ptxt nrf mf |kq jf
nr txuyf mfkrn, ptifxt nr utxvghfx. Wwhks }qkswpnxk hstwpn, xk sk hsfwx jvyin wyrn; mf-
xthf sylsnx pfunxfq nr wk jtwxfh tx sf~nxk pqtsthk…“ _nxnvfst ut 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD.
Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, w. 58. Qrfqt n wqy}fn sf mqtyutxvkgn. K wkqt [kqn~ pttukvf|n-
xt sf whtnxk }nsthsn|n h rkwxsnxk pqtsthk JPJ wk uvkhvsfqf h twsthks

finxfxtv n uvtufifsjfxtv sf pttukvf|nxf; skt uthk}k, wfrnxk }nsthsn-
|n twsthfhfqn pttukvf|nn n hqnmfqn h x{. Pf utjrsfxf sf }fwxsfxf wfrt-
nsn|nfxnhf w jvlfhks ut}ns n nmpywxhkstxt sfwfljfsk sf pttukvf|nn
rtifx jf wk uvnhkjfx vkjn|f whnjkxkqwxhf, pfxt wqkjstxt:
Vf}fqsn|nxk n ut-rfqpnxk }nsthsn|n sf pqtsthkxk wxfsf{f fiksxn sf

pttukvf|nxf, ptxt, tx jvyif wxvfsf, wk w}nxf~k ptrfo mf sk ut-jvyit
tx kjsf tgnpsthksf fiks|n sf gfspfxf. Jfspfxf gk xhvjk kjvf h tx-
uywpfskxt sf pvkjnxn n mf gfspthn }nsthsnp sk gk~k xvyjst jf uvn-
jyrf sptqpt jy~n wkqsn jf wn twsthfx „pttukvf|n“.108
[fpf pttukvfxnhsfxf nsn|nfxnhf nm{tljfqf tx „nsxkqniksxsn jko|n“, h

wkqfxf – sfo-hk}k y}nxkqn, fivtstrn, whkksn|n, utj vpthtjwxhtxt sf
gfspthnxk }nsthsn|n. Zkqwptxt sfwkqksnk gnqt tk xhvjk skhklt n w ti-
vfsn}ks {tvnmtsx, mfxhtvkst h pvif sf whtxf hwkpnjskhsf vfgtxf, mf jf
wk wfrttvifsnmnvf ut pfphxt n jf gnqt sf}ns. Xvn xthf utqtlksnk h sf-
}fqtxt sk rtlk jf wk ithtvn mf ygkjkst hmuvnkrfsk sf pttukvfxnhsfxf
njk n wmsfxkqst wjvylfhfsk, f ut-wptvt mf jthkvnk sf wkqsnxk h gfspf-
xf, jfwpfqf n utuf. Kuvtwx k, }k hrkwxt wfrt jf wxnryqnvf pttukvfxnh-
stxt jhnlksnk h sf}fqtxt, jvlfhsfxf nsn|nfxnhf n ut-sfxfxp utjrks-
qf }fwxsfxf n tukpyswxhfqf, w ptkxt jkztvrnvfqf wstwx xf sf pttukvf-
|nxf. Yfmgnvf wk, xprt xthf ifvfsxnvfqt ut-itqr vfmrf{ sf pttukvfxnh-
stxt jkqt. Sttukvfxnhnxk wk wmjfhfqn sfo-hk}k mf jf utqy}fx jtwxu jt
jvlfhst pvkjnxnvfsk uvn nmitjsn ywqthn (ut-snwpf qn{hf, xvunrtwx
pr uvtwvt}hfsk sf mfjqlksnxf n uv.); uvn xthf JPJ uvn pvkjnxnvfsk-
xt txjfhfqf uvkjut}nxfsnk sf pttukvfxnhn uvkj nsjnhnjn.
Mt 1903 i. nrfqt kjhf 37 pttukvf|nn (wutvkj jvyin whkjksn – 28), qt-
pfqnmnvfsn iqfhst h Yywkswpn tpvi n sptqpt h Ztznowpn tpvi. Zqkj pf-
xt JPJ wk mfkqf kskvin}st w pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt pfxt wht utqnxnpf, xkr-
ux sf twsthfhfsk sf pvkjnxsn pttukvf|nn wk mfwnqnq n jt pvf sf 1910 i.
gnqn tgvfmyhfsn 721 pvkjnxsn wkqwpn pttukvf|nn (tx tgt 900 pttukvf-
xf gnqf twsthfsf tx ut-uvhnxk wkqsn, x. k. xvith|n, qn{hfvn n uv., n sptqpt gkjsn mkrkjkq-
|n mf pfryzqfl. [k nmxkiqnqn |kqn vfmvk~ks pvkjnx, vfmuvkjkqnqn it utrkljy wn n it nmutq-
mhfqn h xvithwpnxk wn uvkjuvnxn (ufp xfr, w. 43).
108
1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, w. 68. K utjtgks wrnwq n itv}nhnxk
jyrn sf kjns pttukvfxnhks jkk|: „Vk wf wkqsnxk, ptnxt in wmjfhfx. Sttukvf|nnxk snpsfx h
v|kxk sf }nsthsn|nxk sf Jqifvwpf mkrqkjkqwpf gfspf. [k wf w }yhwxhtxt, }k pttukvf|nnxk
wf xk{sn. \}nxkqn, whkksn|n, n xk wf hxvk.“ – Kh: +DSB?, 5BNFJ. Pf gqifvwptxt wkqwpt
wxtufswxht n mf pttukvf|nxf h 40 itjnsn. Zgtvsnp tx xvyjthk 1890–1930. [. 1. Z., 1933,
w. ^Î.
|nn) w ut 10–20 }qksthk, wwxfhksn iqfhst tx jvkgsn n wvkjsn mkrkjkqwpn

wxtufsn, st w jtgvk uvkjwxfhksn h vpthtjwxhfxf y}nxkqn n whkksn|n.109
Zkwxhks huvtw k pfp wk yutxvkghfq vfmjfjksnx tx jvlfhfxf }vkm
JPJ sf mkrkjkqwpnxk pttukvf|nn pvkjnx, sfvn}fs h tx}kxnxk sf gfspfxf
„uqfwrksx sf wvkjwxhfxf“. Zutvkj nmxt}sn|nxk (rfxkvnfqn h JPJ) tivtr-
sfxf }fwx tx pvkjnxnxk txnhfqf mf skjhnlnrtwxn (utpyupf sf nrtxn n wxvt-
kl sf wivfjn) nqn mf skuvtnmhtjnxkqsn |kqn (nmuqffsk sf jfs|n, sf mfk-
rn n mf vfmsn ptswyrfxnhsn jtrf~sn syljn); rstit rfqp uvt|ksx (kjhf
13% tx pvkjnxf mf 1907 i.) txnhfq mf uvtjypxnhsn |kqn (utwkhn, utpyupf sf
jtgnxp, mkrkjkqwpn tvjn), pfphtxt gn xvghfqt jf k nwxnswptxt uvkj-
sfmsf}ksnk sf pttukvfxnhsn pvfxptwvt}ks pvkjnx. Z jvyin jyrn, hrkwxt
jf wqyln mf vf|ntsfqnmnvfsk sf wkqwptxt wxtufswxht pfxt kjns nptstrn-
}kwpn vf|ntsfqks pvkjnx, pttukvfxnhsnx pvkjnx wqylkq uvkjnrst mf pts-
hkvxnvfsk sf }fwxsn mfkrn n txvhfhfsk tx qn{hfvwxhtxt, pfpxt n mf pts-
wyrf|n. Xvn xthf utqtlksnk pvkjnxsnxk pttukvf|nn uvkjn htosnxk sk yw-
ukqn jf tpflfx ut-jqgtpt hqnsnk hv{y wkqwptxt wxtufswxht ut utwtpf
vf|ntsfqnmnvfsk n nsxksmnzn|nvfsk.
Pfkjst w xthf mfjqlsqtwx xf sf pttukvf|nnxk pr JPJ sfvfwxhfqf.
Zfrfxf JPJ nrtgnqnmnvfqf rstit tx wvkjwxhfxf wn }vkm vfmjfhfsk sf pvk-
jnx sf pttukvf|nnxk n h kjns rtrksx (wqkj 1907 i.) gnqf uvnsyjksf jf sf-
rfqn pvkjnxnvfskxt, ptkxt utpfmfxkqst nrfqt mf vkmyqxfx sfrfqhfsk sf
xkrutxt sf yhkqn}fhfsk sf pttukvf|nnxk n jthkqt jt pvnmf h rstit tx x{
(utvfjn ivk~pn n qnuwf sf mjvfhf pvkjnxsf utqnxnpf y wfrnxk pttukvfxt-
vn). Qrtgnqnmnvfskxt sf pvkjnxf sf gfspfxf, jqlft wk sf uvtwvt}hfsk
n txqfifsk sf hvfskxt sf wvkjwxhfxf tx pttukvf|nnxk, wxfhf xvfosf {f-
vfpxkvnwxnpf sf utvxzkoqf sf JPJ, jtuvnsfwopn mf skithfxf skutjhnl-
stwx n skvkjthstwx.110
K sf}fqtxt sf hkpf mfut}hfx jf wk wmjfhfx n ivfjwpn pvkjnxsn wjvylf-
hfsn tx xnuf sf ayq|kht–Mkqn}thnxk utuyqvsn gfspn h Lkvrfsn. Xvkm
1903 i. gnqf twsthfsf uvhfxf utuyqvsf gfspf h Ztzn, f jt pvf sf
1910 i. nrfqt 12 utuyqvsn gfspn, sfo-hk}k pfxt ztvrf sf pvkjnxsf hmf-
nrtutrt sf mfsfx}nnxk. Mt Xvhfxf whkxthsf htosf (1915 i.) gnqn tw-
sthfsn tk 13 utuyqvsn gfspn.
Wwsthfhfx wk n jvyin hnjthk pttukvfxnhn – utxvkgnxkqsn, x. k. ptswy-
rfxnhsn (mf nmitjst mfpyuyhfsk sf wxtpn sf kjvt), n mfwxvf{thfxkqsn. K
pvf sf hkpf gnqf twsthfsf (utj hqnsnk sf wt|nfqjkrtpvfxnxk) uvhfxf
109 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, w. 65, 67, uvn pvkjnxnvfskxt w. 74;
7NJXIJ?, +DHDNUL. Qwxtvn sf pttukvfxnhstxt…, 174; 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhf-

skxt…, w. 14.
110 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, 75–79.
utxvkgnxkqsf pttukvf|n – pttukvfxnhsf zyvsf h Xqthjnh (1899 i.), utw-

qkjhfsf tx utxvkgnxkqsn pttukvfxnhsn wjvylksn h ergtq, Sfmfsqp n
Zqnhks. Knjks jkk| h xfmn wzkvf gnq wt|nfqnwxx S. Jtmhkqnkh. Zt utj
wt|nfqnwxn}kwpt hqnsnk uvkm 1903 i. gnqf twsthfsf ptswyrfxnhsfxf pt-
tukvf|n „Jvfxwpn xvyj“ sf }nsthsn|nxk (iqfhst tx JVJ) h Ztzn. Xvkm
1904 i. gnqf twsthfsf \}nxkqwpfxf wukwxthst-mfwxvf{thfxkqsf pttukvf|n
(pfwf) – mf mfwxvf{thpf „Onhtx“ sf y}fwxsn|nxk y}nxkqn. Xvkm 1905 i. wk
wmjfqt `nsthsn}kwptxt pttukvfxnhst wukwxthst-mfwxvf{thfxkqst jvylk-
wxht, ptkxt wk uvkhvsfqt h itqr mfwxvf{thfxkqks nswxnxyx (mf lnhtx, ut-
lfv n mqtutqypf) w sfj 100 000 }qksthk h |qf Jqifvn. [fpf pttukvfxnh-
stxt jhnlksnk sfj{hvqnqt wkqtxt n tg{hfsfqt ivfjwpfxf nsxkqniks|n,
twtgkst }nsthsn|n n y}nxkqn.111 Zfrfxf wkqwpf pvkjnxsf pttukvf|n wk
vfmhnqf ut utwtpf n sf tgn jtwxfhpn n uvtjflgn (x. k. pr utxvkgnxkqsf).
Vf xtmn kxfu pttukvf|nnxk mfut}sfqn jf nmunxhfx syljf tx wuk|nfqst
mfptstjfxkqwxht n utpvthnxkqwxht sf jvlfhfxf, pfpxt n tx tgkjnshfsk h
ut-~nvtpn wmn. Xvkm 1907 i. gnq uvnkx uvhnx mfpts mf pttukvfxnhsn-
xk wjvylksn h Jqifvn (nmvfgtxks wutvkj ysifvwpn). Zt uvkm 1907 i.
h Ztzn ut nsn|nfxnhf sf rkwxsn jko|n n sf pttukvfxnhstxt txjkqksnk sf
JPJ wk wwxtq ptsivkw sf gqifvwpnxk mkrkjkqwpn pttukvf|nn, sf ptoxt
gnq twsthfs Lqfhks wm sf gqifvwpnxk mkrqkjkqwpn pttukvf|nn. Zmx
wk utwxfhnq tx twsthfxkqnxk sf uvns|nuf sf uqks utqnxn}kwpn skyxvfqn-
xkx.112 Wgf}k tk txsf}fqt wk tztvrnqn ivyun w vfmqn}sn hmiqkjn n ns-
xkvkwn – gfspthn }nsthsn|n, tx kjsf wxvfsf, pttukvfxnhsn n utqnxn}kwpn
jko|n (sfo-hk}k vfjnpfqjkrtpvfxn), tx jvyif wxvfsf. K pvf sf 1909 i. h
Jqifvn hk}k nrfqt 604 pttukvf|nn, tx ptnxt 559 pvkjnxsn, f pr Lqfh-
sn wm wk }nwqkqn 318 tx utwqkjsnxk.113
Wwhks ut utqnxn}kwpn skyxvfqnxkx (n mf wwxfhf sf vpthtjstxt xqt)
hmsnpsfqn wutvthk n ut pvkjnxnvfskxt sf pttukvf|nnxk. Mtxtifhf hwn}pn
pttukvf|nn wk pvkjnxnvfqn tx JPJ, ptxt nrfqf wuk|nfqks pttukvfxnhks
txjkq, st w yrstlfhfskxt sf nwpfsnxf mf pvkjnx xthf wxfsfqt mfxvyjsnxkq-
st mf sk. Tfswnvfqf wk njkxf mf wuk|nfqks pvkjnxks nswxnxyx sf pttukvf-
|nnxk. `fwx tx vpthtjnxkqnxk njktqtmn sf pttukvf|nxf h Lqfhsn wm
gnqn mf skmfhnwnrf pvkjnxsf |ksxvfqf pr wmf (rfpfv n wmjfjksf w jv-
111
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 6–9.
112
Xt-utjvtgst mf wmjfhfskxt sf xtmn pttukvfxnhks wm y: 7NJXIJ?, +DHDNUL. Qwxt-
vn sf pttukvfxnhstxt…, 254–262. Sfpxt nmxphf fhxtvx, tk ut hvkrk sf xtmn uvhn pts-
ivkw wk wmjfqn jhf qfikvf: kjnsnx – sf }nsthsn|nxk tx JPJ, f jvyinx – sf jko|n tx uvthns-
|nxf, rstit tx ptnxt uvnhvlksn|n sf Yfjnpfqjkrtpvfxn}kwpfxf ufvxn n fivtstrn tx Jq-
ifvwptxt mkrqkjkqwpt jvylkwxht. [fpf wk wqtlnqt sf}fqt sf gtvgn mf hqnsnk, wt rkljy
ufvxnnxk. Kl. mf wmf wt 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, 254–263.
113
Mfssnxk tx 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 10–11.
lfhsn wvkjwxhf), f jvyin gnqn mf pvkjnxks tgkwxhks nswxnxyx ww mfwnqk-

st jvlfhst y}fwxnk, ptoxt jf tgwqylhf hwn}pn pvkjnxsn pttukvf|nn (f sk
wfrt tgkjnsksnxk h Lqfhsn wm). Vf utvkjks ptsivkw uvkm wkuxkrhvn
1909 i. h Xqthjnh Lqfhsnx wm wk vfm|kunq h vkmyqxfx sf tgkmwrnwqnqnxk
„skyxvfqnxkxf“ ufvxnosn gtvgn, pfxt }fwx tx pttukvf|nnxk wk txjkqnqn n
tgvfmyhfqn sth _ksxvfqks wm sf mkrkjkqwpnxk pttukvf|nn. Mhfxf wmf
hqkmqn h gtvgf, f wuk|nfqst Lqfhsnx wm – n w pttukvfxnhstxt txjkqksnk
sf JPJ (ptkxt zfhtvnmnvfqt _ksxvfqsn wm).114
Yk~ksnkxt sf wutvf mf pttukvfxnhsn pvkjnxks nswxnxyx jt~qt tx jv-
lfhfxf w twsthfhfskxt uvkm 1910 i. sf Jqifvwpfxf |ksxvfqsf pttukvfxnh-
sf gfspf (J_SJ) ut nsn|nfxnhf sf rnsnwxvf sf znsfswnxk Isjvko Tu-
}kh, ptxt jf pvkjnxnvf hwn}pn pttukvf|nn h Jqifvn. Xt wxfxyxf sf xfmn
gfspf jvlfhfxf mfufmhfqf uqks ptsxvtq sfj pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt, jtptq-
ptxt hwn}pn pvkjnxnvfsn tx sk pttukvf|nn wk wrxfx mf skosn }qksthk,
wqkjthfxkqst utj skost uvpt vpthtjwxht. Wwhks pvkjnxsfxf zysp|n x
nrfqf txjkq mf jtgvthtqst mfwxvf{thfsk uvtxnh ivfjy~pf n sf kjvn vtifx
jtgnxp – uvtxnh gtqkwxn. Vt x vfmutqfifqf w rstit tivfsn}ksn wvkjwxhf,
utsklk JPJ H uvk{hvqnqf whtnxk xvyjstwgnvfkrn hmkrfsn tx pttukvf-
|nnxk (ut xtmn uthtj wk pfmfqt, }k „hvmfqn pttukvf|nnxk mf uvfmsf wqf“).
Vthfxf gfspf gnqf fxfpyhfsf hkjsfif tx Lqfhsn wm n sf whto vkj hqmqf
h ptszqnpx w pttukvfxnhsnxk wmn n |ksxvfqn, pfxt in nistvnvfqf n tg-
yhfqf uvpt w txjkqsnxk pttukvfxnhsn wjvylksn. Kmuvnkxfxf tx gfspf-
xf utqnxnpf sf sfrkwf hh hxvk~sn lnhtx sf pttukvf|nnxk n skuvnms
pr xk{snxk tvifsnmf|nn gnqf n vkfp|n sf skmjvfhtxt wxtufsnwhfsk n sk-
vkjthstwxn h jkostwx xf sf rstit tx x{ (n xvwksk sf ifvfs|n mf whtnxk
pfunxfqn).115 Xvkm 1920 i. JPVZ hvsfq pttukvf|nnxk mf pvkjnxnvfsk tx-
stht pr ut-rtsfxf JPJ.
114 Pf wxvfsnxk n tgwxtxkqwxhfxf tptqt vfm|kuhfskxt hl. 7NJXIJ?, +DHDNUL. Qwxtvn sf
pttukvfxnhstxt…, 271–283. Zqylnxkqnxk uvn JPJ wrxfqn, }k mkrkjkqwpnxk pttukvf|nn sk

wf h wwxtsnk jf vpthtjx wtgwxhksf pvkjnxsf |ksxvfqf, f nrfqt n vfmqn}n ut huvtwf mf
ptshkvxnvfsk sf wxfvnxk mfjqlksn sf pttukvfxnhsnxk wjvylksn pr gfspfxf. Vt wfrtxt
vfm|kuhfsk, rfpfv uvkjhfvnxkqst tvifsnmnvfst, gnqt vkmyqxfx sfo-hk}k sf gtvgn rkljy ufv-
xnnxk mf hqnsnk h vpthtjwxhtxt (~nvtpn wt|nfqnwxn n mkrkjkq|n, pr ptnxt wk uvnwkjn-
snqn n sptn gfspthn }nsthsn|n uvtxnh vfjnpfqn, jkrtpvfxn, uvtivkwnwxn), uvnpvnhfsn mfj
qtmysin mf utqnxn}kwpn skyxvfqnxkx sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk. [fpfhf k hkvwnxf mf vfm-
|kuqksnkxt sf )G=EFJ?, 8JAJL. Kv{y vfm|kuqksnkxt h Zmf sf mkrkjkqwpnxk pttukvf|nn. –
Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn uvkiqkj, 7, 1909, G 8, 953–978. Xtjtgst k rsksnkxt sf Xkxpt Mn}kh, wutvkj
ptitxt huvtwnxk mf pttukvf|nxf gnqn vfmrkwksn w ufvxnosnxk gtvgn mf hqnsnk: +DSB?,
5BNFJ. Pf gqifvwptxt wkqwpt…, w. ^Î.
115 Xt-utjvtgst mf tgwxtxkqwxhfxf tptqt wmjfhfsk sf gfspfxf n mf sf}fqsfxf H jkostwx
y: 7NJXIJ?, +DHDNUL. Qwxtvn sf pttukvfxnhstxt…, 287–305. Jfspfxf gnqf wmjfjksf pfxt

jvlfhst y}vkljksnk, f sk pfxt pttukvfxnhsf pfwf uvn kjns tx jhfxf hvfljyhfn wmf, ptk-
Xvkm 1914 i. jhfxf hvfljyhfn wmf wk wqkqn h Wg wm sf mkrqk-

jkqwpnxk pttukvf|nn. [fmn tvifsnmf|n vfmivsfqf twsthsfxf wn jkostwx
wqkj htosnxk, pfxt txsf}fqt wk mfsnrfhfqf w skywuk~sf xvithn ww mv-
sksn {vfsn n w jvyin skywuk~sn xvithwpn nsn|nfxnhn, f utwqk wk tivfsn-
}nqf h utwvkjsn}kwxht sf pttukvf|nnxk uvn jtwxfhpn sf mkrkjkqwpn nshks-
xfv; h pvfosf wrkxpf wmx sfxvyufq itqr ufwnh h wrkxpfxf wn uvn JPJ.
Xvkm 1914 i. n ivfjwpnxk pvkjnxsn pttukvf|nn – utuyqvsn gfspn –
wmjfqn whto Zm sf utuyqvsnxk gfspn. [to gnq msf}nxkqst ut-ywuk-
~ks. Znswpfxf ry jkostwx mfut}sfqf wqkj htosnxk, ptifxt wk mfsnrfhfq
w jtwxfhpn mf ivfjwpnxk pttukvf|nn sf uvtjthtqwxhksn uvnufwn, rfxkvnf-
qn n mfsfx}nowpn nswxvyrksxn. Lqfhsnxk wvkjwxhf mf xfmn jkostwx wmx
sfgnvfq sk tx JPJ (n J_SJ), f tx hqtithkxk sf }qksyhfnxk h skit utuy-
qvsn gfspn, ptnxt sf whto vkj hmkqn itqkrn pvkjnxn tx JPJ n J_SJ; ut
xtmn sf}ns xto ywuq jf wk uvkhvsk h pvkjnxsf |ksxvfqf sf whtnxk utuy-
qvsn gfspn.116
SWWXNYI_QQ[N XYNP KWRVQ[N Q ZTNM [e^
K vfmhnxnkxt sf pttukvf|nnxk ut hvkrk sf htosnxk n wqkj x{ wk sfgkqm-

hfx sptn sthn rtrksxn. Mvlfhfxf wk tgvsfqf pr pttukvf|nnxk tx pts-
wyrfxnhks xnu pfxt fiksx h vfmuvkjkqksnkxt sf skjtwxnifnxk {vfsnxkqsn
uvtjypxn. Zmjfjksfxf uvkm Xvhfxf whkxthsf htosf Mnvkp|n ut uvk{vf-
sfxf jfqf wnqks utjxnp mf tgvfmyhfsk sf sthn pttukvf|nn, ptnxt gnqn nm-
pq}nxkqst ptswyrfxnhsn n uvn stvrnvfsnxk ufmfvsn |ksn vkfqnmnvfqn
itqkrn uk}fqgn. Mfjksnxk sf pttukvf|nnxk uvnhnqkinn uvn wsfgjhfskxt
n xvithnxf w uvtjypxn wmjfqn xvkwpfh wukpyqfxnhks jy{ h rstit tx x{.
K fsfv{nxf sf wxtufswpnxk txst~ksn }fwxsnx xvithwpn pfunxfq wt
wk hmutqmhfq tx utqtlksnkxt n mfut}sfq jf jkowxhf utj rfwpfxf sf ptt-
ukvf|nn. Nxt pfp tunwhf Snvnq Xtuth nmtuf}fhfskxt sf wstwx xf sf ptt-
ukvf|nxf ut hvkrk sf htosnxk n ut-pwst:
Q snk jskw y sfw, h Jqifvn, wrk uvkj kjst wxvfsst hqksnk: fsxfit-
snwxnxk sf pttukvf|nxf sfhqkmqn h sk n wxvkrn wk jf wk }yhwxhy-
xt qt jf nmqtln jvlfhsnxk pfunxfqn sf tufwstwx tx vfm{nksnk uvn ufvxnosn n nmtgt

ufvxnmfswpn gtvgn. J_SJ uvtwkwxhyhfqf jt 1934 i., ptifxt wk wqqf w JPJ. Pf gfspfxf hl.
wt *=IB?, )BIBGDI. _ksxvfqsfxf pttukvfxnhsf gfspf n sf~nxk mkrkjkqwpn pttukvf|nn. –
Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 16, 1912, G 6, 341–375.
116
1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, 263–266; 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx
wmjfhfskxt…, 11–15.
hfx h sk pfxt y jtrf wn! Krkwxt kqnrnsnvfsk sf xvithk|f-utwvkjsnp

– twsthsnx uvns|nu sf pttukvf|nxf, – sf{qxhfsk n ~nvksnk sf utw-
vkjsn|nxk-xvith|n h pttukvf|nxf; hrkwxt mfrkwxhfsk sf fp|ntskv-
sn pfunxfq n ztvrf w pttukvfxnhks pfunxfq n ztvrf – jvyinx twst-
hks uvns|nu sf pttukvf|nxf, – sf{qyhfsk n ~nvksk sf fp|ntskvsn
pfunxfq h pttukvf|nxf n nmutqmyhfskxt H; hrkwxt mfjvylstwx n hmf-
nrtutrt sf wqfgnxk h nrkxt wfrt sf xk{snxk wxtufswpn nsxkvkwn n
wxtufswpf wtqnjfvstwx n uqst kqnrnsnvfsk sf utqnxn}kwpnxk n ufv-
xnosn vfmqn}n – uqst utqnxn}kwpt gtjnwhfsk sf pttukvf|nnxk.
Krkwxt wjvylksnk n wmn sf qn|f – wjvylksnk n wmn sf pfunxfqn.
Ykmyqxfxx k hks. [to k sfqn|k. Vnk jskw wrk uvkj uvfif sf uvtzfsf-
|n, jkivfjnvfsk n nmvfljfsk sf pttukvf|nxf. Vnk jskw wrk uvkj zfp-
xf sf uwkhjtpttukvf|nxf.117
Qrfqt h }fwxstwx uwkhjtpttukvf|nn sf pv}rfvn n gfpfqn, pttukvf|nn

w sktuvkjkqksn jqthk, h ptnxt hqnmfqn fp|ntskvn n |kqn zfgvnpn, pttuk-
vfxnhsn |ksxvfqn sf}kqt w uvkjwkjfxkqn sf yuvfhnxkqsn whkxn sf kjvn
fp|ntskvsn jvylkwxhf (n ut xtmn sf}ns sfhqnmfsk sf fp|ntskvks pfunxfq
h pttukvf|nnxk), utuyqvsn gfspn sf xvith|n, xvwkn uqfwrksx sf
whtnxk pfunxfqn n uv.
Mtpfxt uvkjn htosnxk nrfqt ut}xn nmpq}nxkqst wkqwpn pvkjnxsn
pttukvf|nn, wqkj htosnxk xk gnqn tptqt utqthnsfxf wvkj sfo-vfmsttgvfm-
sn jvyin pttukvf|nn n znsfswtht sfo-wqfgn. Xvkm 1920 i. jkowxhfqn 977
pvkjnxsn wjvylksn (tx x{ 75 utuyqvsn n qtpfqsn gfspn); uvkm 1924 i. –
1241 (tx x{ 110 utuyqvsn n qtpfqsn gfspn); uvkm 1926 i. – 1413 (tx x{
155 utuyqvsn n qtpfqsn gfspn). Wgnx gvto sf nsjnhnjyfqsnxk }qkst-
hk sf hwn}pn xkmn wjvylksn gnq sfj 178 000 uvkm 1924 i. n ut}xn 218 000
uvkm 1926 i.118 Lvfjwpnxk pvkjnxsn wjvylksn gnqn msf}nxkqst ut-itqkrn
n ut-jtgvk wsfgjksn w pfunxfq tx wkqwpnxk; vfmrkvx sf wkqwpnxk gnq wvkj-
st ut wxtxnsf jy~n, sf ivfjwpnxk – 4–5 uxn uthk}k. Xtuyqvsnxk gfspn
vfmutqfifqn w nmhkwxsn whtgtjsn wvkjwxhf n jtvn wk hhfqn pvkjnxtvn,
jtpfxt mkrkjkqwpnxk pttukvf|nn gnqn w {vtsn}kwpn skjtwxni sf wvkjwxhf
n itqrf mfjqlsqtwx pr whtxf pvkjnxsf |ksxvfqf. Q uvkm xtmn ukvntj
uvtjypxnhsnx pvkjnx sf }qksthkxk sf wkqwpnxk pvkjnxsn pttukvf|nn jf-
qk}k nmtwxfhfq tx skuvtjypxnhsn (mf jfs|n, mfkrn, jtrf~sn syljn n
uv.); msf}nxkqks gnq n jkqx sf mfkrnxk mf utpyupf sf mkrn n wxvtkl sf
pn, ptoxt gn xvghfqt jf k jqitwvt}ks nrtgnqnfvks pvkjnx.
117 5JKJ?. 1DLDG. Xtqtlksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk…, 452–453. K utjtgks wrnwq mf wukpyqf-
xnhsn jy{ n nmptvnwxhfskxt sf pttukvf|nnxk ut xthf hvkrk hl. n 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Stt-
ukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, 47–54.
118
Mfssnxk tx 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nnxk h Jqifvn…, w. 83, 87, 321.
Xvn tunwfstxt utqtlksnk wqkj htosnxk sf uvkjks uqfs h pttukvfxnh-

stxt jhnlksnk nmqkmqn ptswyrfxnhsnxk (utxvkgnxkqsnxk) pttukvf|nn, mf-
snrfhfn wk w pttukvfxnhsn jtwxfhpn n tgn uvtjflgn, n uvtnmhtjnxkq-
snxk pttukvf|nn (mf jtwxfhpn sf rfxkvnfqn, uvkvfgtxpn n uvtjflgf), f
qn}snx jvkgks pvkjnx (pvkjnxsfxf pttukvf|n) txwxunq sf mfjst rwxt.
Zfrnxk ivfsn|n rkljy xnuthkxk pttukvf|nn wk vfmrnqn, jtptqptxt uthk-
}kxt wk mfsnrfhfqn w tgn jtwxfhpn n uvtjflgn. Xvkm 1920 i. nrfqt 387
jkowxhfn utxvkgnxkqsn pttukvf|nn, uvkm 1924 i. – 220, f uvkm 1926 i. –
168. [vghf jf wk txgkqkln pvfxptxvfostwx xf sf rstit tx wmjfhfsnxk utx-
vkgnxkqsn pttukvf|nn, uvkwqkjhfn ptspvkxsn |kqn.
Psf}nxkqst vfmuvtwxvfsksnk wqkj htosnxk utqy}nqf n uvtnmhtjnxkqsf-
xf pttukvf|n h tgfxf ztvrf mf utpyupt-uvtjflgn, f sptn gnqn whvmf-
sn w uvkvfgtxpn. Wx xtmn xnu nrfqt rqkpfvwpn n wnvksfvwpn pttukvf|nn, f
wt qtmfvwpn (sfuvnrkv hnsfvwpfxf pttukvf|n „Lrmf“ h w. Zy{nsjtq,
twsthfsf uvkm 1912 i.), thtfvwpn, xxskhn (sfuvnrkv itqrfxf xxsk-
hf pttukvf|n „Iwksthf pvkutwx“ h Zxfsnrfpf, js. Iwksthivfj, twsthfsf
uvkm 1919 i.), u}kqfvwpn (pfxt u}kqfvwpfxf pttukvf|n „Vkpxfv“, wmjfjk-
sf uvkm 1920 i.) n jv. Wx xtmn xnu gnqf n itqrfxf kqkpxvtuvtnmhtjnxkqsf
pttukvf|n „K}f“, twsthfsf uvkm 1919 i. n uvkhvsfxf uvkm 1921 i. hh
htjks wnsjnpfx.
Xtj hqnsnk sf wkwxhyhffxf wqkj htosnxk lnqnsf pvnmf hmsnp-
sfqn n lnqnsn pttukvf|nn mf wxvtkl sf lnqnf. Vfo-wkxsk, wmjfqn wk
n sptn mfwxvf{thfxkqsn pttukvf|nn n utwrvxsn pfwn; pfpxt wk pfmf, unt-
skv h xfmn tgqfwx gnqt `nsthsn}kwptxt wukwxthst-mfwxvf{thfxkqst jvy-
lkwxht (1905 i.).
Qrfqt txjkqsn wqfgn tunxn mf pttukvfxnhsf tgvfgtxpf sf mkrxf h
pvf sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. (wqkj sptqpt skywuk~sn uvkj{tjsn|n), st
pfxt |qt xfmn ztvrf wk sfxphfqf sf skjthkvnk huvkpn uvknrykwxhfxf
uvn nmutqmhfskxt sf wkqwptwxtufswpf xk{snpf n uv. Yfmgnvf wk, xyp wxfhf
jyrf mf pttukvnvfsk uvn mfufmhfsk sf wtgwxhkstwxxf.119
Zqkj htosnxk wk wmjfhfx n tk sptqpt tgn pttukvfxnhsn wmf:
Zm sf uvtnmhtjnxkqsnxk pttukvf|nn (1919 i.), Zm sf qtmfvt-hnsfvnxk
(1920 i.), Zm sf mfsfx}nowpnxk pttukvfxnhsn wjvylksn (1919 i.) n jv.
119 Pf sf}kspnxk sf xthf hl. wnqst uvtptrysnwxn}kwpfxf Qwxtvn sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhn-
lksnk h Jqifvn. [. 1. Z., 1987; x. 2. Z., 1990, twtg. 75–80, 279–296. Pf whvkrkssn whnjk-
xkqwxhf hl. .=DHJ?, 9LDMNJ. Sttukvfxnhstxt tgvfgtxhfsk sf mkrnxk. – Qmhkwxn sf Unsn-
wxkvwxhtxt sf hxvk~snxk vfgtxn n sfvtjstxt mjvfhk, 15, 1941, G 12–13, 11–22. Ihxtvx
tunwhf ut-utjvtgst kjns tunx tx 1939 i. h w. Kvgthpf, Zkhqnkhwpt.
`qksthkxk sf hwn}pn pttukvf|nn hfvnvfqn rkljy 470 000 n 570 000

jy~n.120
Zqkj htosnxk ufvxnnxk vk~nxkqst sfwt}nqn hsnrfsnkxt wn pr pttuk-
vf|nnxk.121 Xvhf Zt|nfqjkrtpvfxn}kwpfxf ufvxn twsthfqf uvkm 1919 i.
wht pttukvfxnhsf |ksxvfqf „Vfuvkj“ w tg~nvsn mfjf}n. Pfut}sfqf w tgk-
jnshfsk sf wmjfjksnxk tx sk 7 ptswyrfxnhsn pttukvf|nn, h pvf sf
1923 i. x hk}k nrfqf utj whtxf |ksxvfqf 67 pttukvf|nn w 50 000 }qksthk;
uvnxklfhfqf zfgvnpf mf uqfxst, itqrf rkqsn|f n vfmsn jvyin uvtnmhtj-
wxhf. Zt uvkm 1919 i. ptrysnwxn}kwpfxf ufvxn twsthfqf itqrfxf ptt-
ukvf|n „Wwhtgtljksnk“ sf wxvtit |ksxvfqnwxn}sn sf}fqf n ww msf}nxkq-
sf jkostwx – uvtjthtqwxhksn rfifmnsn n vfmuvkjkqnxkqsn uyspxthk h rst-
it sfwkqksn rkwxf, mfpyuyhfsk n uvtjflgn sf msf}nxkqsn wyrn. Xvkm
1923 i. x gvtqf tptqt 70 000 nsjnhnjyfqsn }qksthk. Xvkm rfvx 1923 i.
gnqf vfmxyvksf ut PPM pfxt nrff skutwvkjwxhksf hvmpf w tghksfxf nm-
hs mfptsf ptrysnwxn}kwpf ufvxn.122 Wunxn jf wmjfjfx whtn pttukvfxnh-
sn |ksxvfqn uvkjuvnkqn n Vfvtjsfxf ufvxn – sfvtjs|nxk (|ksxvfqfxf
„Unv“), n Mkrtpvfxn}kwpfxf ufvxn („Ztqnjfvstwx“), st xk nrfqn pvfxp
lnhtx. Yfjnpfqnxk twsthfqn „Qmivkh“, f mkrkjkq|nxk – „Vfvtjks rfifmns“
n Pkrkjkqwpfxf wmsf pttukvfxnhsf gfspf.
Xvnhvlksnpx sf utqnxn}kwpn skyxvfqnxkx h pttukvf|nnxk, S. Xtuth,
tgwshf pfpht tmsf}fhf sfrkwfxf sf ufvxnosn uvns|nu h pttukvf|nnxk:
[t msf}n pttukvf|n, h yuvfhqksnkxt sf ptxt jf wk sfwxfsx I=TD {t-

vf (p. f., S. X.), jf nmutqmyhfx tgqfinxk tx yuvfhqksnkxt sf~n QJL=, jf
wk wmjfhfx wnskpyvn mf I=TD {tvf, jf wk yutxvkgn pttukvf|nxf mf
120
1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, 177–233, jfssn sf w. 219, 324; 5JKJ?,
1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 15–16; Pf vfmqn}snxk wzkvn sf jkostwx sf pttukvf|nnxk
wt 6=GB?, 5. Ywx sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk h Jqifvn. – Iv{nh mf wxtufswpf n wt|n-
fqsf utqnxnpf, 7, 1932, G 3, 280–284.
121
Pf ufvxnosnxk jtrtihfsn pr pttukvf|nnxk xtifhf hl. n )G=EFJ?, 8JAJL. Mf ufmnr
pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt. – Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn uvkiqkj, 13, 1920, G 7, 511–521. Pf ufvxnosnxk ptt-
ukvf|nn n 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 17–18; Xtqtlksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk…,
456–458.
122 Kqnsnkxt sf JSX hv{y pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk k uvtwqkjkst utjvtgst h sfunwf-
sfxf tx ptrysnwxn}kwpn utmn|nn Qwxtvn sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk…, x. 1, 189–194 (Xt-

xvkgnxkqsnxk pttukvf|nn utj wt|nfqnwxn}kwpt hqnsnk), 349–360, 365–369 (Lvfjwpnxk
utxvkgnxkqsn pttukvf|nn sf JSX wqkj gtq~khnmnvfskxt); x. 2, 13–18 (Sttukvf|n „Wwht-
gtljksnk“ n vfmxyvhfskxt H); 159–165 (Ltvwpnx pttukvfxnhks wm n utmn|nnxk sf JSX n
JPVZ h skit), 223–229, 375–376 (Zm sf lksnxk pttukvfxtvpn), 300, 305–310 (Xtmn|nnxk
sf JSX h Ltvwpn pttukvfxnhks wm), 364–367 (Zm sf pttukvf|nnxk h Jqifvn utj
hqnsnk sf JSX), 371–375 (Zm sf pttukvfxnhsnxk wqylnxkqn utj hqnsnk sf JSX), 398–
413 (Uqfjklpt pttukvfxnhst jhnlksnk utj hqnsnk sf JSX), 478–494 (Ltvwpnxk pttukvf|nn
n ufvxnmfsnxk).
wmjfhfsk sf I=TD {tvf. Xvktgvsfxt xthf h |nzvn, xthf sk rtlk jf

sk jfjk uvkjn hwn}pt ut-itqkrn uvtnmhtjwxhksn vfmstwpn, f wqkj xthf
pfxt tg vkmyqxfx, sfrfqksnk sf ptspyvksxtwutwtgstwxxf, f pfxt pvf-
ks vkmyqxfx – skhmrtlstwx xf jf ywxtn utjtgsf pttukvf|n h gtvgfxf
w ptspyvks|nxf. Vt xthf sk k hwn}pt. […] ufvxnosnxk pttukvf|nn
t}fphfx txhs, tx K=LNDXN=, twtgkst jt~qf sf hqfwx, jf nr wmjfhf
gqfituvnxsn ywqthn. Knk vfmgnvfxk hk}k msf}ksnkxt sf xt gf|nq sf
vfmqtlksnk. Knk vfmgnvfxk, }k w pfphxt vkmts rtlk jf wk }fpf jf jto-
jk sf~fxf ufvxn sf hqfwx, mf jf jfjk nmitjn sf I=TDNB pttukvf|nn,
ww wn vkmts xvghf jf t}fphfrk, ptifxt ufjsk I=T=N= ufvxn tx
hqfwx n jtojk jvyif, I=TDNB pttukvf|nn jf gjfx utisfxn, f jvyinxk –
zfhtvnmnvfsn.123
Wwtgkst hsnrfsnk mfwqylfhfx fwunvf|nnxk sf JPVZ pr pttukvfxnh-

stxt jhnlksnk n wvkjwxhfxf mf x{stxt utwxnifsk. Wwsthfstxt uvkm 1909 i.
pttukvfxnhst wjvylksnk uvn JPVZ „Vfvtjks rfifmns“ wk vfmvfwsfqt n ni-
vfkqt itqrf vtq ut hvkrk sf mkrkjkqwptxt yuvfhqksnk. Kk}k sf hqfwx,
JPVZ wk wxvkrq jf uvkhvsk pttukvf|nxf nmtgt h nswxvyrksx sf wxt-
ufswpfxf wn utqnxnpf, pfxt wqtln utj whto ufvxnks ptsxvtq hwn}pn pttuk-
vf|nn h wkqfxf n in tgkjnsn h wht |ksxvfqsf tvifsnmf|n. _kqxf gnqf |-
qfxf xvithn sf wkqtxt (wt nmstwx) jf wk nmhv~hf utwvkjwxhtr pts-
xvtqnvfsn tx JPVZ pttukvf|nn, ptnxt jf wqylfx n pfxt skithf utqnxn}k-
wpf tutvf n nmxt}snp sf rfxkvnfqsn wvkjwxhf.
K pvf sf 1919 i. JPVZ twsthfq Pkrqkjkq}kwpf wmsf pttukvfxnhsf
gfspf (PZSJ), ptxt mfut}sfqf jf finxnvf mf uvnwkjnshfsk pr sk sf
hwn}pn mkrkjkqwpn pttukvf|nn n hqmqf h gtvgf w Wgn wm sf gqifv-
wpnxk mkrkjkqwpn pttukvf|nn. Pf mfwnqhfsk sf whtnxk pttukvf|nn yuvfhq-
hfnx JPVZ uvngisfq pr Stswtv|nyrf, x. k. wmjfjksn rtstutq mf nm-
stw sf mvsksn {vfsn, jkowxhfq tx 5 jkpkrhvn 1919 jt 24 wkuxkrhvn
1921 i. (ptifxt gnq vfmuywsfx wqkj sfrkwf sf Ykufvf|ntssfxf ptrnwn).
Sttukvf|nnxk sf JPVZ utqy}nqn wuk|nfqsn uvnhnqkinn uvn nmpyuyhfsk-
xt sf mvsksnxk {vfsn mf Stswtv|nyrf, h ptoxt y}fwxhfqf n PZSJ. Xvkm
1920 i. PZSJ wk xvfswztvrnvfqf h wnsjnpfqsf |ksxvfqf, mf jf jkowxhf ut-
ywuk~st mf uvnwkjnshfsk sf hwn}pn mkrkjkqwpn pttukvf|nn, wnsjnpfxn
n wmn. Pfut}sfqf ww 17 nsjnhnjyfqsn }qksthk, uvkm 1923 i. x gvtqf
89 ptqkpxnhsn n 4974 nsjnhnjyfqsn }qksthk. Zhfqskxt sf JPVZ tx hqfwx
uvkpwsfqt skithnxk tunxn mf thqfjhfsk sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk.
Qrksst ut hvkrkxt sf JPVZ pttukvf|nnxk utqy}nqn sfo-rstit uvnhn-
qkinn: pr pvkjnxnvfskxt wkif wk jtgfhnqn n rtstutq h nmpyuyhfskxt sf
lnxtxt (ut mfptsf mf nmstwf sf mvsksn {vfsn), n jfs}sn tgqkp}ksn.
123
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtqtlksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk…, w. 457.
Mtvn ksxywnfwx sf pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt pfxt Snvnq Xtuth hnljf h wmjf-

hfskxt sf utjtgsn uvnhnqkinn mf pttukvf|nnxk sfvy~fhfsk sf wlnxkqwx-
htxt w }fwxsfxf nsn|nfxnhf n (pfxt wxvfsn}ks kzkpx) utj{vfshfsk sf sthn
fukxnxn sf uwkhjtpttukvf|nxf.124 Wwhks }k pttukvf|nxf wxfsfqf rwxt
mf tx{vfshfsk sf ufvxnmfsn, w twniyvhfskxt sf xfpf gqfitjfxsf ut}hf mf
jkostwx, xfr sf{qyq pfunxfqnwxn}kwpn jy{. Xvk{hvqskxt sf pttukvfxnh-
stxt jkqt nm|qt pr jvlfhfxf up tmsf}fhf uvk{hvqsk hv{y sk n sf
hwn}pn txithtvstwxn, vnwpthk n utwqkjn|n.125 Sfmfst sf jsk~ks kmnp –
uvnhfxnmnvfsk sf uk}fqgnxk, wt|nfqnmnvfsk sf mfiygnxk. Q sfnwxnsf, mk-
rkjkqwptxt yuvfhqksnk uvkjwxfhqhf hv{ h nmwryphfskxt sf Jqifvwpfxf
mkrkjkqwpf gfspf, pr ptxt txstht gnqn uvnjfjksn pttukvf|nnxk (uvkm
1920 i.) n wvkjwxhfxf H gnqn sfwt}ksn pr frgn|ntmsn nshkwxn|ntssn
uvtkpxn.
Qmpq}nxkqsnxk uvnhnqkinn, ptnxt JPVZ jfq sf pttukvf|nnxk, gnqn
txrksksn wqkj whfqskxt sf mkrkjkq|nxk tx hqfwx. Xt-sfxfxp pttukvf|n-
nxk nrfqn nmhkwxsn, st skitqkrn znsfswthn tgqkp}ksn – twhtgtljfhfsk
tx jfsp mfsxnk, f uvt|ksxx sf tgqfifsk sf pttukvf|nnxk ut jfspf hv-
{y uvn{tjnxk sf qn|fxf n jvylkwxhfxf gnq ut}xn uvnvfhsks w xtmn sf }fwx-
snxk qn|f n jvylkwxhf (wutvkj mfptsf tx 1925 i.).126
Xvkm 1934 i. JPJ n J_SJ gnqn wqkxn h kjnssf gfspf – Jqifvwpfxf mk-
rkjkqwpf pttukvfxnhsf gfspf (JPSJ). Znxk wqfgtwxn sf pvkjnxnvfskxt
wk uthxfvx – nrtgnqnmnvfsk sf wvkjwxhfxf sf gfspfxf, „uqfwnvfsn“ h ptt-
ukvfxnhnxk (st n h jvlfhfxf n tgnsnxk) n xvyjsf hmhvfkrtwx. Mtvn
uvkm jtgvfxf ut vkptqxf 1936 i. wfrt 15% tx jqlsn|nxk sf gfspfxf wk nm-
jqlnqn. [thf wmjfhfqt sf gfspfxf uvtgqkrn w qnphnjstwx xf n tivfsn}f-
hfqt hmrtlstwxnxk mf jfhfsk sf jvyi pvkjnx. Vkosnx nmgtv gnq rkljy
xthf, jf uvkjfjk mfjqlksnxf mf wjkgst wgnvfsk nqn jf in uvkjwxfhn pf-
xt hqtlks pfunxfq; n x wk ywutpthf h tx}kxf wn, }k „ivfrfjsfxf }fwx tx
sfwkqksnkxt nrf lkqfsnk mf uqffsk, wxnif mf xthf jf nrf n sfo-rfqpfxf
hmrtlstwx“. Xthk}kxt x. sfv. uqfwrksxn, x. k. mfkrn (pjkxt mfkrnxk sf
pttukvfxnhsnxk wjvylksn mfkrfx jtrnsnvfn rwxt), gnqn hwstwx sk-
wgnvfkrn hmkrfsn (qt~n pvkjnxn), uvk{hvqsn tx itjnsf sf itjnsf.
_kqnxk, mf ptnxt wk nmutqmhfqn mfkrnxk (uvkm 1936 i.), gnqn txstht wn-
xk – sk uvtjypxnhks pvkjnx (mf utpyupf sf rf~nsn n utjtgvksnk sf wxtufs-
wxhtxt), f iqfhst tgtvtxks pvkjnx mf utwvkfsk sf jqithk n utxvkgnxkq-
124
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 18–20; Xtqtlksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk…,
w. 460.
125
1=TB?, 7. Sttukvfxnhsnxk njkn…, twtg. 147–152.
126
1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nnxk h Jqifvn…, 343–344.
sn syljn (sfj 50%) n pvkjnx mf utpyupf sf nrtx n wxvtkl sf wivfjn (sfj

21%) n mf jtgnxp (24%).127
K kjsf nmqmqf sfwptvt psnif wxtufswpnx nwxtvnp Yyrks Ihvfrth
xqpyhf pttukvfxnhnmrf wnqst skifxnhst tx iqkjsf xt}pf sf nptstrn}kw-
pn qngkvfqnmr n vf|ntsfqstwx. I nrksst pfxt wxtufswpf ztvrf sf (ufx-
vnfv{fqnwxpf) ptrysfqstwx w kifqnxfvnwxpf n utuyqnwxpf njktqtin (sf
hmfnrtutrtxf“, }vkm ptxt wk xvwn wufwksnk tx (nqn fqxkvsfxnhf sf)
gkmqn}sn pfunxfqth ufmfv n wxtufswpn nsjnhnjyfqnmr. Zutvkj fhxtvf
h Jqifvn pttukvfxnhnmrx nrfq itqr ywuk{, utsklk wk tuvq sf jqgt-
pn ufxvnfv{fqnwxpn, wtqnjfvnwxpn sfiqfwn wvkj kjst gkjst n xvwkt tut-
vf h wxfgnqsn tgstwxn sfwkqksnk. [to wk utjpvkuq wnqst tx jvlfhfxf
n wk uvkhvsfq sfuvfht h jvlfhsf jtpxvnsf, pfxt sk wfrt wk uvtufifsjn-
vfq n sfwv}fhfq tx sk, f gnq zfhtvnmnvfs (h pvkjnxnvfsk, xvithn, jf-
s}st tgqfifsk n uv.) uvkj jvyin ztvrn sf }fwxks pfunxfq (sfuvnrkv fp-
|ntskvks). Vt iqfhstxt – pttukvf|nnxk wk vfmhnqn pfxt nswxnxy|nn, tgk-
jnsksn h wmn, nmivfjnqn rtsf znsfswthf wxvypxyvf (tptqt gfspnxk
JPJ n J_SJ) n htjkqn gtvgf mf nptstrn}kwpt hqnsnk. [k ikskvnvfqn
uvkvfmuvkjkqnxkqsn w{krn n gqyljfkn znsfswthn utxt|n, uvny}hfqn
pr rkpn znsfswthn tivfsn}ksn n xfpf jkowxhfqn hh hvkjf sf }fwxsn
pfunxfq n sf kjsf ut-mjvfhf znsfswthf utqnxnpf. Mtpfxt jvyifjk pttukvf-
xnhnmrx wk w{hffq pfxt ptvkpxnh sf pfunxfqnmrf, y sfw ut-wptvt wk
uvnkrfq pfxt skithf fqxkvsfxnhf. Sttukvfxnhnmrx wxfhf mfufmksf rfvpf
sf gqifvwpfxf nptstrn}kwpf wfrtgnxstwx. Znx fhxtv nmxphf wvtjwx-
htxt sf pttukvfxnhnmrf w jvyin ptrysfqsn njktqtinn, pfxt wt|nfqnmrf n
ptrysnmrf.128
Vkfxf wniyvst wxtx xfpf tx iqkjsf xt}pf sf }nwxfxf nptstrn}kwpf
vf|ntsfqstwx, nmnwphfsf tx qngkvfqsfxf jtpxvnsf (uvnqfifsf huvt}kr sk
whwkr utwqkjthfxkqst n jvyifjk). Vt xthf k jtwxf wxvtif rvpf mf gqifv-
wpnxk vkfqstwxn – xtifhf n ut-pwst. Kh hwkpn wqy}fo, pttukvf|nxf y sfw
h {tjf sf skostxt vfmhnxnk tmsf}fhfqf xhvjk vfmqn}sn skf w vfmqn}ks
wxtufswpn n wt|nfqks wrnwq. Vptn hnjthk pttukvf|nn n txjkqsn pttuk-
vfxnhsn sf}nsfsn nrfqn mjvfh wxtufswpn vkmts n kzkpx. Mvyin gnqn pt-
tukvf|nn sf htksstxt n wqkjhtksstxt „ivsjkvwxht“ w skithnxk wnqst
wukpyqfxnhks wrnwq n kznrkvstwx. Sfunxfqx (fp|ntskvks n uv.) xyp uvt-
wxt rnrnpvnvfq pfxt pttukvf|n, mf jf nmutqmhf vfmsnxk zfhtvnmf|nn.
Zhwkr jvyit skt wf tunxnxk mf nmutqmhfsk sf pttukvf|nnxk pfxt ns-
127
5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht…, 98–101. Zt sfwptvt: '?L=HJ?, 6O-
HBI. Zxtufswpnx ^^ hkp sf Jqifvn. Z., _ksxv mf qngkvfqsn wxvfxkinn, 2001, w. 136.
128
'?L=HJ?, 6OHBI. Zxtufswpnx ^^ hkp…, 26–30.
wxvyrksx sf wxtufswpf (n ufvxnosf) utqnxnpf tx yuvfhqhfnxk. Xvn ut-

jtgst whvmhfsk w hqfwx xf pttukvf|nxf qkwst wk uvkhvf h nswxvyrksx
sf „wt|nfqnmnvfsk“ sf mfiygn n „uvnhfxnmnvfsk“ sf gqfif n wmjfqf whtn-
xk mfnsxkvkwyhfsn tx nmxt}hfsk sf jvlfhsn vkwyvwn qn|f.
Sttukvfxnhstxt wjvylfhfsk wuk|nfqst h mkrkjkqnkxt nrfqt tuvkjkqk-
st msf}ksnk, rfpfv jvlfhstxt pvkjnxnvfsk jf wk nmvfm{tjhfqt iqfhst mf
vfmsn utxvkgstwxn nqn mf mkr n jf sk jtuvnskwqt twtgkst mf skithtxt
vf|ntsfqnmnvfsk. Xt xtmn sf}ns xt wfrt tx}fwxn nmuqshfqt wxtufswpn
|kqn, f nrfqt uthk}k wt|nfqks wrnwq, ptoxt wt sk k mf utj|kshfsk –
utjutrfifsk sf wkqsn, tgqkp}fhfsk utqtlksnkxt sf jqlsn|n n uv. [fpf
xt nmnivfqt hflsf vtq mf mfpvkuhfskxt sf jvkgstxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht.
Vfnwxnsf pttukvnvfskxt sk wk tpfmfqt – n xvyjst rtlkqt jf gjk – ufsf-
|kxf sf jvkgstxt mkrkjkqnk. Vt xprt utsklk skithnxk hmrtlstwxn wf
uvns|nust tivfsn}ksn, srf twtgks wrnwq jf wk vfmiqkljf pfxt wxtufsw-
pn skywuk{.
CJ@B@ PEDK@. HLDRPQOHZ 307

Pf`_][timi cbfia`hc` mku^][ im lulmixhc`mi h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ h`jilk`_lm-

]`hi lf`_ Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi. Pjck[g l` h[ ljik[ „ch_nlmkcx cfc b`g`_`-
fc`“ c h[ ]i_`h[m[ im _uka[][m[ jifcmce[ h[ b[tcm[ h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ ] k[b-
hcm` ? oikgc. O[b^fà_[ l` k[b]cmc`mi h[ „`_k[m[“ (jkimàck[h[) ch_nlm-
kcx c l` im\`fxb][m efihi]`m`, eu_`mi \cf jilmc^h[m ji-bh[rcm`f`h h[jk`-
_ue, e[emi c h`nlj`pcm`. M\lua_[ l` òèmc]hilm m[ h[ ch_nlmkc[fhcx jki-
mèqcihcbug ji k[bhc jie[b[m`fc, ]efwrcm`fhi luimhis`hc`mi gà_n k`-
bnfm[mc c a`km]c. L[d-l`mh`, im\`fxb][ l` jix][m[ h[ hxeic hi]c oikgc h[
ik^[hcb[qcx lul lmk`gà eug gihijifcbck[h`.
RN@DXI L@ G@L@ZQHQE H O@LL@ HLDRPQOHZ
Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi b[][kcfi lmk[h[m[ l cb]`lm`h jkigcsf`h jim`hqc[f, h[d-

]`r` k[b]cmi b[h[xmrcdlm]i c g[hco[emnk[, ^f[]hi mèlmcfh[ (]ufh`h[) ]
ji_\[fe[hlecm` ^k[_r`m[. B mi][ imhis`hc` Auf^[kcx \cf[ ji-_i\k` im
Puk\cx c Cukqcx ] h[r[fimi h[ mxph[m[ h`b[]clcgilm. Q]uk_` leiki b[jir-
h[f c ]u] ]lèc lfnr[d kxbei l` b[lcfcf nj[_ueum h[ b[h[xmrcdlm]imi ([ei
jkc`g`g l hxeic []mikc, r` ` b[jirh[f ji-k[hi). Qi][ ` ceihigcr`lec
o[em, h[jk[]cf i^kighi ]j`r[mf`hc` h[ lu]k`g`hhcqcm`, ilm[]cfc k`_
muahc l]c_`m`flm][ b[ b[gck[h`mi h[ q]`mntc jk`_c ^k[_r`m[ l jk`lup][-
h`mi h[ m`phcx jigchue.1
V`lmi _[][hcm` i\xlh`hcx b[ nj[_ue[ h[ b[h[xmcm` l[ b[j[_h[m[ o[\-
kcrh[ eihenk`hqcx (b[jirh[f[ it` lf`_ Ikcgle[m[ ]idh[), b[^n\[m[ h[ i\-
sckhcm` ilg[hlec j[b[kc c i^k[hcr[][h`mi ] m`lhcm` hi]c ^k[hcqc. Ni-
eigjfèlhi i\xlh`hc` h[ lcmn[qcxm[ _[][ lcfhi k`]cbcihclmec h[lmki`-
hcxm \kcm[hlec lmij[hlec clmikce K. N[f[dk`m.2 B jk`_pia_[tcm` Ml]i-
\ia_`hc`mi _`l`mcf`mcx \uf^[kle[m[ jkigcsf`hilm jilmc^h[f[ bh[rcm`f-
1 Dief[_ im \wkimi h[ Nfi]_c]le[m[…, 98–99. Puti [he`m[m[ b[ ceihigcr`leimi lulmix-
hc` h[ acm`fcm` h[ I[kfi]i c Pijim, jk`_cb]ce[h[ im \nhmi]` h[ imr[xhc jk`_[rec lk`tn

]hil[ h[ `]mch[ o[\kcrh[ ]ufh`h[ jkà_[, ei`mi ^c fcs[][fi im jk`jcm[hc`. Ba. O[jikm h[
eigclcxm[ ji cbnr[][h`mi h[ ceihigcr`leimi jifia`hc` h[ h[l`f`hc`mi ] ^k[_i]`m` I[kfi]i
c Pijim (im N. L[\imei], jk`_l`_[m`f).
2
Palairet, Michael. The Balkan Economies…, 81–84, 171–202, 243–258, 271–297, 310–341,
357–370. Ucmck[hcm` lmk[hcqc b[lx^[m lj`qc[fhi Auf^[kcx.
308 AXJC@OPIMQM MAWEPQBM. QMK 1 V@PQ BQMO@: HIMLMKHI@
hi k[b]cmc` h[ jkimich_nlmkc[fh[ ilhi][ ] lcg\cib[ lul l`fleimi lmij[h-

lm]i, ei`mi h[ l]id k`_ jilmc^h[fi cb]`lmh[ eig`klc[fcb[qcx c gih`mcb[-
qcx. Pf`_ Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi h[lmujcfc k`^k`lc]hc lmij[hlec m`h_`hqcc h[
„luk\cb[qcx“ h[ \uf^[kle[m[ ceihigce[, h[d-]`r` il`fxr][h` c jk`gch[-
][h` h[ l`fxhcm` eug l[gijk`pk[h[, lujki]i_`hc l nj[_ue h[ [emc]hcx
jk`_c b[h[xmrcdlec c mukî]lec ac]im c h[g[fx][h` h[ bh[r`hc`mi h[
^k[_lecx lèmik. Rj[_ueum h[ jkimich_nlmkc[fh[m[ jkigcsf`hilm l` _uf-
a[f ljik`_ mibc []mik h` mifei][ h[ ]hil[ im]uh (g[e[k r` c mid cg[f bh[-
r`hc`) c h` mifei][ h[ b[^n\[m[ h[ j[b[kc (ilg[hlecxm ]luthilm l` b[j[b-
][ _i ]idhcm`, [ l` ^n\xm \ilh`hlecxm, lku\lecxm c _kn^c), eifeimi h[ lm`l-
hx][h`mi h[ ]umk`shcx j[b[k, fcjl[m[ h[ _ilm[murhi lnki]chc c jileuj-
][h`mi h[ k[\imh[m[ kue[. Pm`lhx][h`mi h[ j[b[k[ h[ l]id k`_ l` _ufa[fi
h[ im m`^fxh`mi h[ l`fxhcm` ] bh[rcm`fh[ lm`j`h eug h[mnk[fhi lmij[hlm]i
c _ig[shi mue[h` jkc lh[\_x][h`mi cg lul b`gx c ljck[h`mi h[ mnklecx
_[hur`h h[mcle, imr[lmc c h[ `gc^kck[h`mi h[ ][ahcm` b[ j[b[k[ mnklec
jimk`\cm`fc. Pnki]chcm` (c lj`qc[fhi ]ufh[m[) h` l[gi h[g[fxfc jik[_c
ji]cs`h[m[ l[gieihlng[qcx, hi c l` ]fiscfc l nj[_ue[ h[ ac]imhi]u_-
lm]imi. Dkn^ _`dlm][t ]ukpn b[h[xmcm` o[emik \cf h`_ilmcûm h[ k[\imh[
kue[ jik[_c jk`l`f][h`mi h[ ghiî pik[ im lm[kcm` b[h[xmrcdlec q`hmki-
]` eug k[]hchcm` cfc h[ [_gchclmk[mc]hc _fuahilmc ] Piocx c _kn^cm`
îf`gc ^k[_i]`, it` ji]`r` r` jkc ]fis`hcm` nlfi]cx b[jf[t[h`mi h` gi-
a`fi _[ ` ]cliei. Pj`qc[fhi ti l` imh[lx _i ochcm` ]ufh`hc jf[mi]` c
_k`pc, ^k[_lecm` jimk`\cm`fc, ili\`hi ji-b[giahcm`, l` ikc`hmck[fc eug
]hil, [ ki_h[m[ ch_nlmkcx l` x]x][f[ hèihenk`hmh[ ] mibc lèmik h[
j[b[k[. Q[e[ ]umk`shcxm j[b[k h[ g`lmh[m[ mèlmcfh[ ch_nlmkcx l` imkxb-
][ imeug _][ ek[x: „imîk`“ – rk`b ]hil[, c „im_ifn“ – rk`b _ig[sh[m[ „ch-
_nlmkcx“.3
Qkx\][ _[ l` im\`fàc, r` h` ]lcrec b[h[xmc b[j[_h[fc cfc jih` h` ]
`_h[e][ lm`j`h, [ hxeic nlj`fc _[ l` lu]b`g[m; ji-h[m[mue ]ubhceh[fc c l`
k[b]cfc c hi]c b[h[xmc.4 Kà_n lm[kcm` b[h[xmc c jix]x][tcm` l` hi]c
ch_nlmkcc cg[fi cb]`lmh[ jkc`glm]`hilm. Li]c mèlmcfhc o[\kcec ]ub-
hceh[fc imr[lmc ] lm[kcm` jkimich_nlmkc[fhc q`hmki]` (C[\ki]i, Pfc-
]`h), imr[lmc h[ hi]c g`lm[ ] _kn^c ^k[_i]` (B[kh[), jihxei^[ lub_[_`hc
im rna_`hqc.
3
Ibidem, 81–84, 186–202, 243–258, 271–297.
4
#9BD7B6, '?<L. A`fàec ji ]ujkil[, e[e][ h[ki_ilmij[hle[ jifcmce[ mkx\][ _[ lf`_][
Auf^[kcx. – D`giek[mcr`lec jk`^f`_, 3, 1905, > 14–15, 326–332; 0<A>B6, 0D<EFB. Li]imi b[-
h[xmrcdlei b[eihi_[m`flm]i. – Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 14, 1910,
> 7–8, 499–515, ili\. 500–501, 514; G[h[xmrcdlm]imi c lk`_lm][m[ b[ ji_jig[^[h`mi gn ]
Auf^[kcx. – D`giek[mcr`lec jk`^f`_, 8, 1910, > 9, 997–1012; > 10, 1125–1147.
Pub_[][t[m[ l` ch_nlmkcx l` p[k[em`kcbck[ lul lf`_hcm` r`kmc. „S[\-

kcecm`“ \cfc _k`\hc c jk`_lm[]fx][fc ji-leiki îf`gc b[h[xmrcdlec k[-
\imcfhcqc. P[gi hxeic \cfc lh[\_`hc l g`p[hcrh[ lcf[, [ ] ilm[h[fcm`
jkì\f[_[][f kurhcxm mkn_. B hxeic efihi]` _ig[shimi jkicb]i_lm]i, b[-
h[xmum c gi_`kh[m[ o[\kce[ _ufî ilm[h[fc _[ luacm`flm][m, jihxei^[ ]
lcg\cib[. L[jkcg`k m[g, eu_`mi mue[h`mi l` cb]uks][fi h` l g`p[hcrh[
lcf[, [ h[ _uk]`hc lm[hi]` c kurhi (e[emi ] Pfc]`h ] ek[x h[ TIT ]. b[ k[b-
fce[ im C[\ki]i, I[kfi]i, P[giei] c jk.), ch_nlmkcxm[ l` k[bfcr[][f[ l[-
gi eifcr`lm]`hi im _ig[shimi jkicb]i_lm]i. B mibc lfnr[d o[\kcecm` _i-
kc k[b_[][fc k[\im[ h[ a`hc ji _igi]`m` – _[ mue[m l o[\kcrh[ jkà_[
jf[mi]`. Dig[shimi jkicb]i_lm]i ] lfnr[x lm[][ jkc_[mue h[ o[\kcrh[m[
ch_nlmkcx, h[ji_i\x][dec `_ch ]c_ k[bjkulh[m[ g[hco[emnk[, [ eu_`mi
hxg[ o[\kcec, mi lut`lm]n][ l[gilmidhi (] mibc lfnr[d l[gi lc jkcîm]x
c jkà_[m[ im ]ufh[).5
Qkn_hi l` lub_[][f lfid im gi_`khc jk`_jkc`g[rc, g[e[k _[ h` fcjl][-
fc a`f[`tc _[ ijcm[m. E_h[ cb][_e[ im _ief[_ h[ mukî]lei-ch_nlmkc[fh[
e[g[k[ im ek[x h[ TIT ]. k[bekc][ jki\f`g[:
R h[l cg[ `_hi ili\`hi jihxmc` b[ kifxm[ h[ jk`_jkc`g[r[ ] jkicb-

]i_lm]imi. Blèc, eidmi cg[ g[fei-ghiî j[kc, lg`fi lc jkce[r[ mcm-
f[m[ jk`_jkc`g[r ] jkicb]i_lm]imi, tig n h`î _id_` `_h[ c_`x _[ ji-
lmkic `_h[ j[kh[ g`fhcq[, `_h[ ljckmh[ o[\kce[, `_h[ jk`_[rhcq[ l
mue[rhcq[, `_h[ jc]i][khcq[ c jk. Li ilhi][m`fhi k[b\ck[h` h[ m`p-
hce[m[ h[ ch_nlmkcxm[, ] eixmi ]f[^[ e[jcm[fcm` lc, ilhi][m`fhi jib-
h[][h` h[ nlfi]cxm[ h[ jkicb]i_lm]imi, h[rch[ h[ _ilm[]e[m[ h[ lnki-
]c g[m`kc[fc, h[rch[ h[ jki_[a\[m[ h[ jkicb]`_`h[m[ lmie[, lulmi-
xhc`mi h[ ]uhsh[m[ eihenk`hqcx ji h`î][m[ o[\kce[qcx, kifxm[ h[
i\k[t[`gcd e[jcm[f ] jkicb]i_lm]imi c jk., c jk. h`t[ – l[ ji]`r`mi
jumc h`cb]`lmhc h[ ilhi][m`fcm` h[ k[bfcrhc o[\kcec. […] Khiî ju-
mc jilf`_lm]cxm[ \c][m j`r[fhc b[ jk`_jkc`g[r[.6
T[k[em`khcm` lf[\ilmc h[ `_hi h[rch[`ti c h`bkxfi ch_nlmkc[fhi

jkicb]i_lm]i jkibck[m ] ijcl[hc`mi h[ mèlmcfh[m[ ch_nlmkcx ] C[\ki]i
] h[]`r`kc`mi h[ ]idhcm`, eu_`mi mx \cf[ h[d-h[jk`_h[f[ c g`p[hcbck[h[
(_ie[mi ] Pfc]`h l` k[\im`fi it` h[ _uk]`hc lm[hi]`). Pk`_ mxp l[: _k`\-
hc jk`_jkcxmcx jik[_c lmk`gà[ h[ ]lèc eug l[gilmixm`fhilm, fcjl[ h[
5 Dief[_ im \wkimi h[ Nfi]_c]le[m[…, 81, 99–101. Nk`gch[][h`mi im l[gilmixm`fhilm
h[ mue[rcm` eug b[]clcgilm im mukî]qcm` (m. h[k. k[bjkulh[m[ g[hco[emnk[) ` h[^f`_hi ji-
e[b[hi im K[hifi] ji jkcg`k[ h[ ecfcg[klm]imi ] Vcjki]qc: +4AB?B6, '6. Icfcg`h[m[ ch-
_nlmkcx ] Vcjki]qc. – Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 5, 1901, > 4–5,
264–274.
6 Dief[_ im \wkimi h[ Nfi]_c]le[m[…, 6–7.
_i]`kc` c im mne – h`ljili\hilm h[ jk`_jkc`g[rcm` _[ l` l_kna[m c _[ i\`-

_chxm e[jcm[fcm` lc (il]`h gà_n \fcbec jkcxm`fc cfc ki_hchc), e[emi c
_[ h[\`k[m rna_c e[jcm[fc, gclf`h` h[_k`\hi c h`_[fhi]c_hilm c ji]m[-
kxh` h[ lm[kimi c jk.7 E_ch _ief[_ h[ Piocdle[m[ mukî]lei-ch_nlmkc[f-
h[ e[g[k[ im 1896–1897 ^. k`^clmkck[ h[r[fhcm` mkn_hilmc b[ l_kna`hc`
im ]lxe[eu] ]c_ (eiij`k[qcx, [eqcih`khc _kna`lm][), _ufa[tc l` c h[
fcjl[m[ h[ _i]`kc` gà_n _k`\hcm` c k[bjieul[hc jkicb]i_cm`fc:
Kà_n h[s`mi h[l`f`hc`, e[emi ]`r` l` e[b[, hce[e h` ` k[b]cm[ c_`xm[

b[ lu_kna[][hcxm[, eicmi l[ _[fc \fxle[]c k`bnfm[mc ] enfmnkhcm`
lmk[hc. Mmlulm]c`mi h[ _i]`kc` c h[ h[d-`f`g`hm[kh[ r`lmhilm, im `_-
h[ lmk[h[, [ im _kn^[ – \`bek[dhcxm ch_c]c_n[fcbug – `lm`lm]`hc jfi-
_i]` h[ enfmnkh[m[ c gik[fh[ h`k[b]cmilm h[ b[h[xmrccm` – jk`r[m h[d-
ghiî h[ _kna`lm]`himi _`fi _[ l` ]u_]ikc c _[ ]b`g` ji-îf`gc
k[bg`kc.8
Ni-h[m[mue: fcjl][fi lu^f[lc` c `_chi_`dlm]c` _ikc gà_n lu_knahc-

qcm`, eicmi r`lmi l` lmk`g`fc _[ cb]fè[m ji]`r` i\f[^c fcrhi b[ l`\` lc.
Nihxei^[ cb\k[hcm` (im lu_knahcqcm` c [eqcih`kcm`) b[ kuei]i_cm`fc h[
_kna`lm]imi lc ijk`_`fxfc jkèig`khi ]cliec b[jf[mc c ] mkn_hc gig`h-
mc _[][fc j[kc ] b[`g h[ li\lm]`himi _kna`lm]i l îfxg[ fcp][. L` l` gcl-
f`fi j`kljèmc]hi c g[t[\hi. Dikc jkc h[fcrc` h[ bh[rcm`fhi mukl`h`
(im mnklec mukî]qc) jk`_jkcxmc`mi h` l` k[bsckx][fi. Put`]k`g`hhi l`
jkix]x][f lcf`h lmk`gà eug i\f[^c im _uka[][m[, eixmi ]lxe[ o[\kce[ l`
lmk`gxf[ _[ cg[ e[mi lc^nk`h c jilmixh`h efc`hm. @ muegi ] ihcx jk`_-
jkcxmcx, eicmi _uf^c î_chc jki_[][fc ^f[]hi h[ _uka[][m[, gia`fc _[ l`
eihlm[mck[m lm[^h[qcx, fcjl[ h[ k[bsckx][h` c nlu]uks`hlm][h`.
Ox_ei l` jk[]`fi jkinr][h` h[ j[b[k[, imlulm][f[ û]e[]ilm ] jkclji-
li\x][h` eug ]enli]`m` h[ eihlng[mik[, [ mcjcrhimi ji]`_`hc` \cfi j[-
lc]hilm c ir[e][h` efc`hmum _[ _id_` l[g:
H h[clmch[, eid _ckèmik, njk[]fxwt mèlmcfhi b[]`_`hc`, ` b[^n\cf

20–30 _`h[, [ei h` ji]`r`, ] lul`_hcm` lmk[hc, l eicmi \uf^[kle[m[ mè-
lmcfh[ ch_nlmkcx cg[ mk[_cqcihhc ]kubec it` e[mi _ig[sh[ ch_n-
lmkcx? Iid lmij[hch cfc njk[]fxwt h[ \uf^[kle[ ]ufh`h[ o[\kce[ `
i\ceifcf @kpcj`f[^[, \k`î]`m` h[ K[f[ @bcx c _k.? @ juk]imi nlfi-
]c` b[ nlj`sh[ èljikmh[ mukî]cx ` ]l`lmk[hhi c mirhi jkinr][h` h[
jimk`\hilmcm` h[ l[gcm` eihlng[mikc. […] L[scm` ch_nlmkc[fqc l`
7
1BAH96, -9FJD. L[]`xhc gclfc ]ukpn mèlmcfh[m[ ch_nlmkcx n h[l. P., 1909, l. 4 (imj`-
r[mue im Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 12, 1908, > 7–8, 449–462).
8 Dief[_ _i ^-h Kchclmuk[ h[ mukî]cxm[ c b`g`_`fc`mi…, l. 63; [h[fi^crhi h[ l. 42.
b[_i]ifx][m l mi][, r` „f[bi]`m`“ l[gc, h[ ek[e[ cg c_[m, c e[mi cbefw-

rcg hxeic l`f[ c ^k[_i]` im M_kchlei c K[e`_ihcx, eicmi l` jil`t[-
][m im hxeic h[sc ]ufh[kc c ^[dm[h_acc, hc` h` bh[`g _kn^[_` _[ l[
pi_cfc h[kirhi l q`f b[ mukl`h` j[b[k. […] Lc` t` ji]mikcg j[e, r`
mnklecxm j[b[k, ei^[ î lu]uks`hi b[^n\cg, mi^[][ t` l` l`mcg _[ î
muklcg.9
Mli\`hi p[k[em`khc \cfc lf[\[m[ ]umk`sh[ lj`qc[fcb[qcx h[ jkicb-

]i_lm]imi c jk`_jircm[hc`mi eug ji-`]mchcx hè][fcocqck[h c h`jilmi-
xh`h mkn_ (èljfi[mck[h l _ufî k[\imhi ]k`g`) jk`_ jilmixhhc k[\imhc-
qc c lj`qc[fclmc, eicmi mkx\][ _[ l` ]ubh[^k[a_[][m ji-_i\k`, hi rcxmi
k[\im[ ` ji-jkicb]i_cm`fh[:
O[\imhcr`lecxm j`klih[f ] \uf^[klecm` mèlmcfhc o[\kcec, l cbefw-

r`hc` h[ Pfc]`h, ` g[fei jilmixh`h, b[timi ghibchlm]imi ` a`hlec c
_`mlec, ili\`hi ] C[\ki]i. Hh_nlmkc[fqcm`, e[mi h` lubh[][m mibc h`-
_ilm[mue h[ mkn_[ – h`jilmixhlm]imi gn, – l[gc l _`dlm]cxm[ lc î ji_ -
_uka[m. Q[e[ h[jkcg`k r`lmi jumc l` n]ifhx][ ji-_i\kcxm k[\imhce
cfc g[dlmik, b[timi „lm[h[f leuj“, c î b[g`lm][m l hi][e cfc ji-g[f-
ei ijcm`h; g`lmxm l` r`lmi jumc k[\imhcqcm` im `_h[ g[sch[ h[ _kn^[,
[ hxeic o[\kcrhc b[]`_`hcx lc ji_g[g][m k[\imhcqcm` c g[dlmikcm`,
e[mi juk]cm` h` ]lèc jum ilm[]xm h[ lut[m[ k[\im[. […] L[scm` k[-
\imhcqc _h`l l[ ji-lf[\c _ilàhi cbk[\im`himi c ] eifcr`lm]`hi, c ]
e[r`lm]`hi imhis`hc` im _kn^[kcm` lc h[ G[j[_, \f[î_[k`hc` cg`hhi
h[ mi][ h`jilmixhlm]i h[ mkn_[.10
Jcjl[m[ h[ lj`qc[fcb[qcx, h`k[bjif[^[h`mi l `_hiki_hc lnki]chc,

e[emi c pcmkn][h`mi b[ h`jilk`_lm]`h[ cbî_[ cg[fc b[ k`bnfm[m h`k[]hi-
g`khilm h[ e[r`lm]imi c h`lpi_lm]i h[ jkicb]`_`himi l gilmkcm` (m. `. im-
lulm]c` h[ lm[h_[kmcb[qcx), [ im mne c h`[enk[mhilm jkc cbjufh`hc` h[ ji-
kurecm` cbi\ti. Blcrei mi][ ]i_`fi _i b[^n\[ h[ _i]`kc`mi h[ efc`hm[ c
] ek[dh[ lg`me[ – _i b[^n\[ h[ j[b[k[.11
PNMOXQ „HLDRPQOHZ HJH GEKEDEJHE“
B m]uk_` jkcgcmc]hcm` lmij[hlec nlfi]cx lf`_ Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi c jkc lf[-

\ilmm[ h[ r[lmhcx e[jcm[f _uka[][m[ mkx\][fi _[ ji`g` cbx]`hi gi_`khc-
bck[t[ kifx ] ceihigce[m[. Mt` ji]`r`, r` h[r`fi h[ njk[]f`hc`mi b[lm[-
9
1BAH96, -9FJD. L[]`xhc gclfc…, 8–9.
10
N[e m[g, 10–11.
11
N[e m[g, l. 12.
h[fc gi_`khcb[qcihhi h[lmki`hc i\k[bi][hc `fcmc (chm`fc^`hqcx). L[li-

ecm` h[ lmij[hle[m[ jifcmce[ lm[h[fc jk`_g`m h[ i\t`lm]`h ljik (jki_uf-
acf _ieug 1903 ^.), h[ek[mei c b[ilmk`hi e[b[hi – „ch_nlmkcx cfc b`g`_`-
fc`“.12 Nkc]uka`hcqcm` h[ [emc]h[ ch_nlmkc[fh[ jifcmce[ – ji-h[lmuj[-
m`fh[m[ lmk[h[ ] _`\[m[ – [k^ng`hmck[fc ] _np[ h[ ch_nlmkc[fhcx jkimè-
qcihcbug (b[ h[rch[`tc ch_nlmkcc) h[ Skc_kcp Jclm; immne c_][ c lk`t-
h[fcxm im]ik`hc nsc h[qcih[f`h [k^ng`hm b[ ch_nlmkc[fcbck[h`mi e[mi
lk`_lm]i b[ l[gilmixm`fhilm c h`b[]clcgilm h[ _uka[][m[. Pk`_ xkecm` b[-
tcmhcqc h[ [emc]h[ ch_nlmkc[fh[ jifcmce[ l[ Cìk^c Q. D[h[cfi] (luilhi-
][m`f h[ Heihigcr`leimi _kna`lm]i), H][h E]lmk[mc`] C`si], J[b[k N[x-
ei] c H][h Aix_ac`] (mi^[][ k`_[emikc h[ cb_[][himi ] P]cti] ljcl[hc`
„Nkigcsf`hilm“), B. Yk_[hi], H]. Gf[m[ki], @fèl[h_uk U[hei] c _k.13
G[ ji_jig[^[h` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ l` cbe[b][ ji l]ic lui\k[a`hcx c li-
qc[fclmcr`leimi _]ca`hc` ] fcq`mi h[ Dcgcmuk Af[î`] (ili\`hi k[_c-
e[fhi) c Zhei P[eubi] (l cb]`lmh[ ^kca[ b[ b[l`^h[mcm` lfi`]` c jkimc]
ih`bc, eicmi l[ „jki]ub^f[lcfc iocqc[fhi e[jcm[fcbg[“). L[ ]ujkil[,
„ch_nlmkcx cfc b`g`_`fc`“, Dcgcmuk Af[î`] imî][kx k`scm`fhi: „ch_n-
lmkcx“. P`fleimi lmij[hlm]i ljik`_ h`î l` k[b_ki\x][, imlf[\][ c l`
jkif`m[kcbck[. Pu]k`g`hhcxm jki^k`l l` cb]uks][ l[gi ] ch_nlmkcxm[,
eixmi ]uk]c eug ]l` ji-îfxg[ eihq`hmk[qcx ] `_ki g[schhi jkicb]i_-
lm]i.14 Nkcrch[m[ b[ m[eu] `hmnlc[bug b[ e[jcm[fclmcr`lei k[b]cmc`, k[b-
\ck[ l`, ` h[_à_[m[, r` m[e[ t` l` lub_[_` jkif`m[kc[m, im rc`mi cg` li-
qc[fclmcm` l` \ikxm b[ eik`hhi jk`nlmkidlm]i h[ i\t`lm]imi.15 Mm m[bc
12
Nk`_lm[]xh`mi h[ ljik[ n: /BI96, $<A>B. Nkchil b[ cbnr[][h` ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmc-
e[ h[ Auf^[kcx im Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi _i A[fe[hle[m[ ]idh[. B[kh[, 1941, 74–87.
13 #9IB6, '64A %6EF. Nilm[hi]f`hc` h[ Nuk]cx \uf^[klec b`gf`_`fr`lei-jkigcsf`h
lu\ik. – Bu]: '64A %6EF. #9IB6. Pjig`hc c lmn_cc. P., 1928 (k[\im[m[ ` im Nfi]_c]leimi cb-
fia`hc` jk`b 1892 ^., ei^[mi b[l`_[][f mibc lu\ik), 319–339, ili\. 333–337. Nk`jikur][ l`
h[lukr`hc` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ ji ji_i\c` h[ knguhlecx b[eih, hi cg[ c ghiî jk`jikuec b[ k[b-
]cmc` h[ b`g`_`fc`mi, mk[hljikm[ c jk. Puti: $4A4<?B6, #9BD7<. Hh_nlmkcx cfc b`g`_`fc`. –
J`mijclc, 2, 1901, > 5, 107–109; I[e]c mkx\][ _[ \u_[m b[_[rcm` h[ h[s[m[ ceihigcrh[
jifcmce[. – J`mijclc, 2, 1901, > 7, 149–152; -4L>B6, *4;4D. Heihigcr`lec ji^f`_ ]ukpn
Auf^[kcx. – Nkigcsf`hilm, 1, 1888, ili\. l. 4, 113, 134–137; !BL8:<96, '64A. Lxeifei _n-
gc b[ ji]_c^[h`mi h[ h[ki_h[m[ hc jkigcsf`hilm. – Nkigcsf`hilm, 1, ili\. 38–42, 54–58.
Ba. c 14A>B6, ?9>E4A8JD. L[s[m[ ch_nlmkc[fh[ jifcmce[. – Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi cei-
higcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 13, 1909, > 1, 1–26, ili\. 14–18.
14 !?47B96, $<@<FJD. Heihigcr`leimi k[b]cmc` h[ Auf^[kcx. Hh_nlmkcx cfc b`g`_`fc`.
B[kh[, 1903, 57–59, 78–79, 82–84, 92–93, 96–100, 261, 264–266, 271–275. Zhei P[eubi] jcs`
] ljcl[hc` „D`h“.
15 !?47B96, $<@<FJD. Heihigcr`leimi k[b]cmc`…, l. 82, 126, 282. I[emi b[\`fxb][ k[_c-
e[fum P. Cc_cei], liqc[fclmcm` e[mi r` fc cle[m jkif`m[kcbck[h`mi h[ „lk`_h[m[ ef[l[“ (b`-

g`_`fqc c b[h[xmrcc). Ba. #<8<>B6, .F9G4A. D`giek[qcx c ceihigcr`lei k[b]cmc`. – D`gi-
ek[mcr`lec jk`^f`_, 2, 1903–1904, > 4, 76–79, ili\. l. 79.
^f`_h[ mire[ _k`\hcm` li\lm]`hcqc (]l` `_hi _[fc b`g`_`fqc cfc b[h[xm-
rcc) l[ i\k`r`hc h[ k[bikx][h` c h` mkx\][ _[ l` jk[]xm ijcmc _[ cg l` ji-
g[^[, [ h[jkimc] – mkx\][ _[ l` i\fèrc lub_[][h`mi h[ `_k[ ch_nlmkcx.
Hkihcxm[, r` Af[î`] b[_gch[][ _ikc C`si] ] h[lmix][h`mi b[ k[b]cmc` h[
ch_nlmkcx c ] jk`h`\kà`hc`mi eug l`fimi, ` b[\`fxb[h[ im ]c_hcx lmi-
j[hlecx clmikce @fèl[h_uk C`ks`hekih, b[hcg[][f l` lj`qc[fhi l \uf-
^[klecx lfnr[d:
B `hmnlc[bg[ lc b[ e[jcm[fclmcr`lei k[b]cmc` c ] îmi]hilm m[ lc _[

cbjifb][ ]lxei iku_c` h[ jk[]cm`flm]`h[m[ jifcmce[ C`si], jkilmi e[-
jcm[fclmcr`lec \cbh`lg`h, i\nr`h ] mèlmcfhcm` o[\kcec h[ J[he[-
suk, h` gia` _[ luj`khcrc h[ liqc[fclm[ Af[î`], eidmi ` jki_nem h[
k`]ifwqcihhimi _]ca`hc` lk`_ knlecm` nhc]`klcm`mlec lmn_`hmc c
jilf`_i][m`f h[ Nf`p[hi].16
Bub^f`_um b[ h`jk`g`hhi jkij[_[h` h[ _k`\hcm` li\lm]`hcqc (b[h[xm-

rcc c l`fxhc) l` iljik][f im jkc]uka`hcqc h[ O[_ce[fh[m[ j[kmcx ]ub il-
hi][ h[ \uf^[klec c rna_c _[hhc; m` _ikc l` b[lmuj][m b[ b[b_k[]x][h`mi
cg rk`b `_h[ jifcmce[ ] jifb[ h[ „lk`_hcm` ef[lc“ (Mittelstandspolitik).17
P jk`_cglm]imi h[ ji^f`_[ h[b[_ l` ]ca_[, r` ] \uf^[klecm` nlfi]cx b[h[-
xmcm` c _k`\himi jkicb]i_lm]i ] sckie lgcluf jkix]cfc cbefwrcm`fh[
acf[]ilm r[e ek[x h[ j`kci_[. L`ti ji]`r`, mne mkn_hi gia` _[ l` jilm[-
]c kxbe[ ^k[hcq[ gà_n ch_nlmkcx c b[h[xmrcdlei jkicb]i_lm]i, jihà`
l[g[m[ ch_nlmkcx ilm[][f[ jk`_cghi _k`\h[ c jifnb[h[xmrcdle[.
Dkn^[m[ lmk[h[ ] ljik[ l[ jkc]uka`hcqcm` h[ ji-[emc]h[ [^k[kh[ ji-
fcmce[. Qne \cfc pik[ l h[ki_hcr`lec lp][t[hcx c cb]`lm`h „kig[hmcbug“
(L. Iuk_ac`], N`muk C[\` c _k.), eicmi ]ubk[bx][fc lk`tn ]cliecm` _[hu-
qc h[ l`fxhcm`, \wkiek[mcbck[h`mi h[ _uka[]hcx [j[k[m c ]cliecm` b[j-
f[mc h[ _uka[]hcm` rchi]hcqc, [ hxeic l` cbe[b][fc c b[ b[j[b][h` h[ b`-
g`_`fle[m[ b[_kn^[. Li h[d-[]mikcm`m`h b[tcmhce h[ [^k[kh[m[ jifcmce[ ]
ljik[ ` Dcgcmuk Z\f[hlec (lk`_ ilhi][m`fcm` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigc-
r`lei _kna`lm]i), eidmi l` i\x]x][ cbkcrhi jkimc] ]lxe[e]c a`km]c b[
g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx c ] ji_ek`j[ h[ gi_`khcbck[h`mi h[ b`g`_`fc`mi c
16
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Some Aspects of Industrialization in Bulgaria, 1878–1939. – In:
Alexander Gerschenkron. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge,
Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966, 198–234, esp. 218–219.
17 #9BD7B6, '?<L. B b[tcm[ h[ jkiji]x_][hcm` im h[l jkchqcjc. – D`giek[mcr`lec jk`-
^f`_, 1, 1902–1903, > 5, 87–89; A`fàec ji ]ujkil[…, ili\. 329–331; ,98L?>B6, ?. G[h[xm-
rcdlecxm ]ujkil c b[eihijkièmum b[ `lh[olm]imi. – D`giek[mcr`lec jk`^f`_, 1, 1902–1903,
> 2, 23–27; #<8<>B6, .F9G4A. D`giek[qcx c ceihigcr`lei k[b]cmc`; Ba. c 0<A>B6, 0D<EFB.
Li]imi b[h[xmrcdlei b[eihi_[m`flm]i…, ili\. 500–501, 514; G[h[xmrcdlm]imi c
lk`_lm][m[…, ili\. 1134–1135.
ac]imhi]u_lm]imi. Jw\cg h`î] jkcg`k ` D[hcx, eixmi jkc ji-g[fe[ m`-

kcmikcx im Auf^[kcx cg[f[ ghiî k[b]cmi c jki_nemc]hi b`g`_`fc` c ac-
]imhi]u_lm]i c luim]`m`h l`fleilmij[hlec cbhil. Pk`_ jk`_f[^[hcm` g`k-
ec b[ ji_jig[^[h` h[ b`g`_`fc`mi l[ imekc][h`mi h[ „i\k[bqi]c o`kgc“,
eicmi _[ nr[m l`fxhcm` h[ ji-_i\ki k`_n][h` h[ jil`]cm`, mik`h`, l``h` h[
onk[ahc pk[hc, _[ cg _ilm[]xm l`g`h[ c b`g`_`flec chlmkng`hmc c g[sc-
hc, jiki_clm _i\cmue b[ k[b]ua_[h` c jk. Dkn^[ gxke[ ` b`g`_`fle[ jkil-
]`m[ h[ h[l`f`hc`mi im „jumn][tc nrcm`fc“ c ] e[b[kg[m[ – rk`b jk[emc-
r`lec enkl ji b`g`_`fc` c leimi]u_lm]i. Z\f[hlec i\kut[ lj`qc[fhi ]hc-
g[hc` h[ ac]imhi]u_lm]imi c ac]imchlecm` jki_nemc (lck`h`, g[lfi c
jk.) jik[_c ]clie[m[ ]ubh[^k[a_[`gilm h[ mibc mkn_.18 H _kn^c ]c_hc i\-
t`lm]`hcqc c ceihigclmc l` b[lmuj][fc b[ ji_jig[^[h` h[ b`g`_`fc`mi,
hi \`b _[ l` jkimc]ijilm[]xm h[ [emc]h[m[ ch_nlmkc[fh[ jifcmce[ (h[jkc-
g`k Lceif[ C`h[_c`], H][h E]lm. C`si], Ckcîk L[ri]cr). L[ jk[emce[
jk`jikur][himi im Z\f[hlec c _ikc ji]`r` \cfi ilut`lm]`hi im [^k[kh[-
m[ jifcmce[ h[ _uka[][m[ (b`g`_`flec nrcfct[, i\k[bqi]c b`g`_`flec
lmij[hlm][, ek`_cmck[h` h[ l`fxhcm`); _kn^ ]ujkil `, r` [^k[kh[m[ jifcmc-
e[ l` jkcf[^[f[ ji]ukphilmhi c h`_ilm[murhi h[lmidrc]i.
Hhm`k`lhi `, r` jkimc] ch_nlmkc[fhcx jkimèqcihcbug l` rn][m ^f[li-
]` im l[gcm` mukî]lei-ch_nlmkc[fhc e[g[kc. L[jkcg`k ] `_ch _ief[_ (h[
B[kh`hle[m[ mukî]lei-ch_nlmkc[fh[ e[g[k[) im 1897 ^. l` jk`jikur][
ji_ek`j[ jk`_c ]lcrei h[ b`g`_`fc`mi. Hb\kix][m l` ] r[lmhilm g`kec e[-
mi `]mch b`g`_`flec ek`_cm, b`g`_`flec l_kna[][hcx, jk[emcr`lei b`g`-
_`flei i\k[bi][hc`, h[g[fx][h` h[ _[huqcm` c jk. Ni]_c^[h`mi h[ \f[î-
lulmixhc`mi h[ b`g`_`fleimi h[l`f`hc` t` n]`fcrc h`î]cm` jimk`\cm`f-
hc lcfc c m[e[ t` lub_[_` nlfi]cx c b[ `_h[ (lekigh[) ch_nlmkcx. Putcxm
[]mik ` le`jmcr`h ji imhis`hc` h[ ]ubgiahilmcm` b[ k[b]cmc` h[ ch_n-
lmkcx, jihà` ]umk`shcxm j[b[k n h[l ` m]uk_` m`l`h, ]uhshc j[b[kc fcj-
l][m, [ c lmk[h[m[ h` gia` _[ \u_` eihenk`hmiljili\h[ jkc mifei][ ji-
k[b]cmc lmk[hc. B k`bnfm[m qceufum h[ k[b]cmc` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ leiki t`
ljk`, _ikc jkc h[fcrc` h[ jifcmcr`lei jieki]cm`flm]i. Ml]`h j[b[kc h[
ch_nlmkcxm[ l[ hì\pi_cgc c `]mchc l]i\i_hc e[jcm[fc, c „lkurh[“ k[\im-
h[ kue[, eicmi n h[l luti m`juk][ mkx\][ _[ l` lub_[][m. Bu]à_[h`mi h[
jkimèqcihclmcrhc gcm[ t` luek[mc ]hil[, t` ji]_c^h` q`hcm` c t` h[-
g[fc ]umk`shimi jimk`\f`hc`, l ei`mi t` l` imk[bc bf` ]ukpn i^kigh[m[
18 35?4AE><, $<@<FJD. G`gf`_`fr`le[m[ ekcb[ n h[l…, ili\. 244–249; I[e][ mkx\][ _[
\u_` ceihigcr`le[m[ jifcmce[ h[ Auf^[kcx – cbi\ti, c r[lmhi – ljkxgi lul`_hcm` ?

_uka[]c. – Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 5, 1901, > 4–5, 205–263,
ili\. l. 226, 232–247. Bjilf`_lm]c` i\[r` Z\f[hlec jkig`hx ]ub^f`_cm` lc c ]ubjkc`g[ mi][,
ei`mi ` imkcr[f.
r[lm im h[l`f`hc`mi, \`b _[ gia` _[ lmcgnfck[ ch_nlmkcxm[ (jik[_c h[g[-

f`himi jimk`\f`hc`); h[d-l`mh`, _kn^cm` lmk[hc t` jk[]xm luim]`mhc
ljuhec b[ \uf^[klecx cbhil, eidmi ` ^f[]hi b`g`_`flec, c m[e[ t` ji]fcxxm
bf` ]ukpn ilhi]h[m[ r[lm im h[l`f`hc`mi.19 Bl` jk`_]ca_[hcx, eicmi t` l`
ie[a[m jkikir`lec.
Ni ji_i\`h h[rch jk`_l`_[m`fxm h[ Piocdle[m[ mukî]lei-ch_nlmkc-
[fh[ e[g[k[ jk`_njkà_[][ ] l]ix _ief[_ im 1898 ^., r` jkimàck[hcm` ch-
_nlmkcc gia` _[ h` nlj`xm _[ lm[h[m eihenk`hmiljili\hc (h[ ]uhsh[m[
eihenk`hqcx), _ie[mi \u_[m jkimàck[hc l gcm[, m[e[ r`, lf`_ e[mi ljk`
gcmhcr`le[m[ jkimèqcx: „ch_nlmkc[fhimi k[b]cmc` h[ lmk[h[m[ t` l` ie[-
a` l[gi `_ch o[kl, [ leujcm` jkicb]`_`hcx, jik[_c ]hilhcm` gcm[, l[gi
`_ch _[hue, eidmi ` \cf cbe[k][h im e`lccm` h[ eihlng[mikcm`“.20
Bujkèc mi][ lmij[hle[m[ jifcmce[ b[ ji_ek`j[ h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ \cf[
(ljik`_ `_ch ji-eul`h h`ch cblf`_i][m`f) jk`_ijk`_`f`h[ c h` b[]cl`f[ im
cbpi_[ h[ ljik[. Qi][ l` i\xlhx][ l k`_ mi^[][shc i\lmixm`flm][. L[d-
i\ti, lf[\[m[ _co`k`hqc[qcx h[ liqc[fhcm` lfi`]` h` ` i\]ukb][f[ c ji-
fcmcr`lecm` j[kmcc l jk`_lm[]xh` h[ acbh`hc chm`k`lc h[ m`phcm` jilf`-
_i][m`fc, m[e[ r` lmij[hle[m[ jifcmce[ ] h[r[fimi l` ijk`_`fxf[ ] b[]clc-
gilm im ]ub^f`_cm` h[ jifcmcr`lecm` ]i_[rc cfc ji_ h[mcle[ h[ g[fec i\-
t`lm]`hc ^knjc ]uh im jifcmce[m[. @ ]i_[rcm` h[ jifcmcr`lecm` j[kmcc
\cfc n\`_`hc ] hì\pi_cgilmm[ im `_k[ ch_nlmkcx, ]efwrcm`fhi e[mi h[rch
b[ lub_[][h` h[ ]ubgiahilmc b[ b`g`_`fc`mi. S[em `, r` b[eihcm` b[ h[luk-
r[][h` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ l[ lub_[_`hc im mkc k[bfcrhc j[kmcc (b[eihum im
1895 ^. – im L[ki_h[m[ j[kmcx jkc e[\ch`m[ h[ Iihlm[hmch Pmicfi] l gc-
hclmuk h[ och[hlcm` H][h E]lm. C`si]; b[eihum im 1905 ^. – im Jc\`k[fh[-
m[ j[kmcx jkc e[\ch`m[ h[ O[ri N`mki] l gchclmuk h[ b`g`_`fc`mi c mukî-
]cxm[ L. C`h[_c`]; b[eihum im 1909 ^. – im D`giek[mcr`le[m[ j[kmcx h[
@fèl[h_uk K[fchi] l gchclmuk h[ mukî]cxm[ c b`g`_`fc`mi @h_k`d Jxj-
r`]). Q[bc n\`_`hilm \cf[ lji_`fxh[ c im ji]`r`mi h[ki_hc jk`_lm[]cm`fc,
c im jifcmcr`lec [emc]h[m[ chm`fc^`hqcx, a[_h[ b[ eihlmknemc]h[ lmij[h-
le[ _`dhilm (c jkicbpia_[t[ r`lmi im b[h[xmrcdlec lk`_c). Blcrec lmixfc
ji_ _uf\ieimi ]j`r[mf`hc` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ ] h[jk`_h[f[m[ r[lm h[ E]kij[,
eixmi ]ujfut[][f[ jki^k`l[. Bca_[fi l` `, r` jkigcsf`hilmm[ ` ji-jki-
_nemc]h[ c hilc ji]`r` _ipi_c im l`fleimi lmij[hlm]i. L[d-l`mh`, ]u] ]k`-
g` h[ ]lì\t j[mkcimcr`h jikc] h[lukr[][h`mi h[ „ki_h[m[ jkigcsf`-
hilm“ l` ]ubjkc`g[fi e[mi ]ujkil h[ r`lm c j[mkcimcr`h [em b[ nek`j][h`
19 Dief[_ ]ukpn ceihigcr`leimi lulmixhc` h[ k[dih[ h[ B[kh`hle[m[…, ili\. 7–8,
11–19, 87. Dief[_um ` im T. Lceifi].

20
Dief[_ _i ^-h Kchclmuk[ h[ mukî]cxm[ c b`g`_`fc`mi…, l. 27. @h[fi^crhi n:
-<C9DB6, ,<>B?4. D[huqcm` ] Auf^[kcx. P., 1901, 108–111.
h[ l[gilmidhilmm[ c h`b[]clcgilmm[ h[ lmk[h[m[ lk`tn rna_`hqcm` (eicmi

hc „imh`g[m pfx\[“), \`b _[ l` gclfc b[ `]`hmn[fhcm` jimukj`]sc.
Iug mi][ mkx\][ _[ l` _i\[]xm h[lmix][hcxm[ h[ cb]`lmhc b[chm`k`ln-
][hc lmk[hc, g[feimi ]`r` cb^k[_`hc ch_nlmkc[fqc, hi c njf[s`hc im rna-
_[m[ eihenk`hqcx b[h[xmrcc; it` ji]`r` r` h[lukr[][h`mi h[ ch_nlmkcxm[
l` jk`_lm[]xfi e[mi ji_jig[^[h` c h[ b[h[xmcm` (\`b _[ l` cbmue][m jkimc-
]ik`rcxm[ gà_n mxp). Nkcmà[m`fcm` h[ l]i\i_hc e[jcm[fc, h[mknj[hc
rk`b mukî]cx, lmkicm`flm]i, _uka[]hc _ilm[]ec, fcp][klm]i, îf`gc b[j-
f[mc c jk., luti l[ gclf`fc, r` gi^[m _[ jilmc^h[m j`r[f\c rk`b ]f[^[h` ]
ch_nlmkcx. M\k[mhi, [^k[khcm` chm`k`lc h` \cfc xlhi ioikg`hc c _i\k`
b[tcm`hc, _ikc ei^[mi lf`_ 1900 ^. ] L[ki_himi lu\k[hc` ]f`bfc jk`_lm[-
]cm`fc h[ AGLP; c O[_ce[fh[m[ j[kmcx, eixmi ji mi][ ]k`g` l` i\x]x][f[
] b[tcm[ h[ „lk`_hcm` lfi`]`“ (m. `. b[h[xmrcc, e][fcocqck[hc k[\imhcqc,
l]i\i_hc jkio`lcc), h` jkimc]ijilm[]xf[ k[bfcrh[ lmij[hle[ jifcmce[.21
Qkx\][ _[ l` ji_r`km[`, r` ]`_hua ]ubjkc`m[, ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmc-
e[ \cf[ lf`_][h[ ] k[bfcrhc oikgc jk`b q`fcx j`kci_ _i Bmik[m[ l]`mi]-
h[ ]idh[. Qi][ ` gia` \c h[d-jilf`_i][m`fhi jki]à_[h[m[ n h[l _uka[]-
h[ lmij[hle[ jifcmce[.
HLDRPQOH@JEL NOMQEIUHMLHGXK
L[d-i\ti, cg[ _][ mcj[ g`kec b[ ji_jig[^[h` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ – gcmhcr`-

le[ jifcmce[ e[mi oikg[ h[ eil]`hi h[lukr`hc` (ef[lcr`lecxm jkimèqci-
hcbug h[ Jclm) c jkxei h[lukr[][h` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ rk`b lj`qc[fhc ch_nl-
mkc[fhc b[eihc.22 Kcmhcr`le[m[ jkimèqcx rk`b ]cliec b[tcmhc gcm[ _[-
][ ]ubgiahilm h[ _[_`h[ ch_nlmkcx _[ k[\imc jkc ji-]cliec jkicb]i_lm-
]`hc k[bhilec, imeifeimi rna_[m[, c m[e[ _[ cb_uka[ h[ eihenk`hqcxm[.
Pj`qc[fhcm` g`kec jue h` jk`r[m h[ rna_[m[ ch_nlmkcx _[ jkihceh` h[
]umk`shcx j[b[k, hi ]hilhcm` jkicb]`_`hcx lk`t[m g`lmhc jk`_jkcxmcx,
eicmi h` jf[t[m _[huqc, ]h[lxm \`bgcmhi, jk`]ib][m `]mchi lmiecm` lc c
m. h. c ji mibc h[rch h[g[fx][m jkicb]i_lm]`hcm` lc k[bhilec. Qi][ i\[r`
21
/BI96, $<A>B. Nkchil b[…, l. 74–75, 87–90, 98; O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[ ch_nlmkcx ] Auf^[-
kcx jkc lclm`g[m[ h[ jkimèqcihcbg[. B[kh[, Duka[]`h nhc]`klcm`m „Ickcf Pf[]xhi\uf^[k-
lec“, 1946, 28–29, 34–36.
22
Mjcl[hc` h[ lclm`g[m[ h[ jkimèqcihcbg[ c h[ b[eihcm` jkc: /BI96, $<A>B. Nkchil b[
cbnr[][h`…, 90–139; Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[ h[ Auf^[kcx lf`_ Nuk][m[ l]`mi]h[ ]idh[.
B[kh[, 1943, 9–31; O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 36–55; !B5H96, )BAEF4AF<A. Nkigcsf`h[
jifcmce[. P., 1932, ili\. 140–194, lj`q. b[ b[eihcm` 172–194. Puti ijcl[hc` h[ b[eihcm` n:
/B8BDB6, $<@B. L[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx c ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[ ] Auf^[kcx. P., 1933,
6–15 (imj`r[mue im Pmij[hle[ gcluf, 3, 1932–1933, > 4).
jilm[]x b[tcm`h[m[ ch_nlmkcx ] jkc]cf`^cki][hi jifia`hc` ljkxgi ilm[-

h[f[m[ g`lmh[ ch_nlmkcx, _ie[mi rclm[m[ gcmhcr`le[ b[tcm[ h` jk[]c k[b-
fce[ gà_n g`lmhcm` ch_nlmkcc.
Auf^[klecxm jkimèqcihcbug lc ` lfnacf c l _][m[ mcj[ g`kec – jilf`-
_i][m`fhi cfc `_hi]k`g`hhi. M\]ukb[hilmm[ h[ _uka[][m[ (ji A`kfchlecx
_iî]ik) lul lefwr`hcm` im Qnkqcx mukî]lec _iî]ikc, m. h[k. e[jcmnf[qcc
(jk`_]ca_[tc l[gi 8% [_][fikhi gcmi), h` _[][f[ imh[r[fi ]ubgiahilm _[
l` ]i_c gcmhcr`le[ jifcmce[, ]ujkèc r` muegi m[e[ ]ca_[fc h[ki_hcm`
jk`_lm[]cm`fc \ik\[m[ lk`tn k[bikx][tcx ]hil. G[mi][ l` mku^][ ji jumx h[
jkxei h[lukr`hc` rk`b lj`qc[fhc b[eihc. Kcmhcr`leimi eil]`hi h[lukr`-
hc` l` b[lcf][ ] j`kci_[ _i ]idhcm` lul lefwr][h`mi h[ _]nlmk[hhc mukî]-
lec _iî]ikc, hi _ilmc^[ _i ek[dhilm ] gà_n]i`hhcx j`kci_, jk`gch[][d-
ec b[ ijk`_`f`hi ]k`g` ] l]kupjkimèqcihcbug. Die[mi _`dlm][f[ gcmhc-
r`le[m[ b[tcm[, jkxeimi h[lukr`hc` luti l` b[j[bcfi ji_ k[bfcrhc oikgc.
G[eihcm` b[ h[lukr[][h` h[ g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx l` jk`_pia_[m im hx-
eifei ji-k[hhc ijcm[. Nk`b 1883 ^. \cf jkc`m b[eih b[ k[b]cmc`mi h[ h[ki_-
h[m[ jkigcsf`hilm, lu^f[lhi eidmi lmk[a[kcm` c ]idhcqcm`, [ luti k[b-
lcfhcm` mkx\][fi _[ l` i\fcr[m l g`lmhc ]ufh`hc jf[mi]` (s[xqc c [\c),
k[bsck`h lul b[eih[ b[ b[_ufacm`fhi hil`h` h[ g`lmhc _k`pc c i\nt[ im
14 g[km 1897 ^., ljik`_ eidmi ]lcrec _uka[]hc lfnacm`fc mkx\][fi _[ l`
i\fcr[m c i\n][m l jkicb]`_`hcx h[ g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx. H_`xm[ _[ l` ]ub-
_`dlm][ ]ukpn eihlng[mikcm` ] jifb[ h[ g`lmh[m[ mèlmcfh[ ch_nlmkcx
i\[r` cg[f[ m]uk_` lekighc nlj`pc. Kia` _[ l` ljig`h` c `_ch b[eih b[
„ji]_c^[h` h[ eijkch`h[m[ ch_nlmkcx“ (im 1891 c 1896 ^.), _kn^ – b[ h[luk-
r`hc` h[ k[b]ua_[h`mi h[ i]q` l _i\kie[r`lm]`h[ ]ufh[ (im 1891 ^.), c jk.
Acfc jkc`mc i\ti hxeifei lj`qc[fhc b[eih[ b[ h[lukr`hc` h[ ki_h[m[
ch_nlmkcx: b[eih im 1895 ^. (l _ijufh`hc` jk`b 1897 ^.), b[eih im 1905 ^.,
b[eih im 1909 ^., [ lf`_ ]idhcm` – b[eih im 1928 ^. Pjig`h[mcm` b[eihc l[
mcjifi^cr`lec lpi_hc. Hg[ it` `_ch b[eih b[ ch_nlmkcxm[ (im 1936 ^.), hi
l k[bfcr`h p[k[em`k. Nuk]cm` r`mckc b[eih[ ijk`_`fxm h[lukr[][hcm` ]c-
_i]` jkicb]i_lm][ c k[bg`k[ h[ h[lukr[][hcm` jk`_jkcxmcx (q`hb), p[k[e-
m`k[ h[ h[lukrcm`fhcm` g`kec (i\f[^c) c lkie[, jk`b eidmi m` l[ ] lcf[.
U`hbum, eidmi mkx\][ _[ cg[ `_hi jk`_jkcxmc`, b[ _[ \u_` h[lukr[][hi, `
ijk`_`f`h ] k[bhcm` b[eihc ljik`_ \kix h[ k[\imhcqcm` (20 _nsc ji b[-
eih[ im 1895 ^., 15 – ji b[eih[ im 1905 ^., 10 – ji b[eihcm` im 1909 c im
1928 ^.), ljik`_ _]c^[m`fh[m[ githilm (h[d-g[fei 5 eihlec lcfc ji b[eih[
im 1905 ^., 10 e. l. ji b[eih[ im 1909 ^.) cfc ljik`_ ]fia`hcx e[jcm[f
(25 000 f`][ ji b[eih[ im 1895 ^., 20 000 f`][ ] lf`_][tcm` mkc b[eih[).
M\ti q`hbum ` m]uk_` hclue, ei`mi ijk`_`fx m]uk_` _k`\hcx k[bg`k h[
\uf^[kleimi „`_ki“ jkicb]i_lm]i.
P[gcm` i\f[^c l[ im _][ mcj[: i\tc, b[ eicmi h` ` hì\pi_cg q`hb c l[

ji-g[fec, c lj`qc[fhc, eicmi cg`hhi l[ ^f[]hcm` c cbcle][m q`hb. Qcjcrhc
lj`qc[fhc i\f[^c ji h[scm` b[eihc \cfc: il]i\ia_[][h` b[ cb]`lm`h lkie
im hxeic _[huqc (_[hue ]ukpn b[hxmc`mi, _[hue l^k[_c) c im ^`k\i]c m[elc
(]ukpn _iî]ikc, [eqcc c _k.); il]i\ia_[][h` h[ ]hilhcm` lnki]chc im gc-
mi; jk`]ib h[ g[schc, lnki]chc c jkicb]`_`hc lmiec ji ADF l 35% im-
lmuje[; imjnle[h` \`bjf[mhi im _uka[][m[ h[ g`lm[ b[ o[\kcrhc jilmkidec
]uh im h[l`f`hcm` g`lm[ (luti b[ jilmkide[ h[ sil` cfc aj fchcx im o[\-
kce[m[ _i hxeid _uka[]`h jum); jk`_jircm[h` b[ _uka[]hc c i\tchlec
hna_c h[ jkicb]`_`hcxm[ h[ h[lukr[][hcm` o[\kcec jk`_ rna_cm`, [ei jkc
k[]hi e[r`lm]i q`h[m[ cg ` _i 15% (ljik`_ b[eih[ im 1926 ^. – 5%) ji-]c-
lie[ im rna_cm` jkicb]`_`hcx l jf[m`hi gcmi; l]ukb][h` h[ _uka[][m[ l
_iî]ikc b[ _ilm[]ec im m[ec][ o[\kcec (jkc ^[k[hmck[h[ j`r[f\[ h[ jk`_-
jkcxmc`mi 20% h[_ eilmn`g[m[ q`h[). G[eihcm` im 1905 c 1909 ^., luti mi-
bc im 1928 ^. _[][m eihq`lcc, m. `. lj`qc[fhc i\f[^c b[ jkicb]à_[h` h[ _[-
_`h jki_nem ] ijk`_`f`h k[dih l[gi h[ `_hi jk`_jkcxmc` (hi \`b b[\k[h[ c
_kn^c jk`_jkcxmcx _[ jkicb]à_[m lutcx jki_nem ] lutcx k[dih, e[mi jif-
b][m l[gi i\tcm` i\f[^c). Hh_nlmkc[fhc eihq`lcc l` _[][m l[gi h[ ji-`_-
kc jk`_jkcxmcx, eicmi imî][kxm h[ ijk`_`f`hc nlfi]cx. G[eihum im 1928 ^.
i^k[hcrcf lj`qc[fhcm` i\f[^c h[d-]`r` l jk`g[p][h` h[ \`bgcmhcx ]hil h[
lnki]c g[m`kc[fc, h[ hxeic _[hurhc i\fèr`hcx c h[g[fx][h` h[ k[bg`k[
h[ b[eihi]i ijk`_`f`h[m[ j`r[f\[ jkc _uka[]hcm` _ilm[]ec (im 15 h[ 5%).
M\tcm` i\f[^c (]u]`_`hc b[ juk]c jum ] b[eih[ im 1905 ^.) h` cbcle][m
q`hb im jk`_jkcxmc`mi, ei`mi gia` _[ ` \fcbei _i b[h[xmrcdlei, c l[ ] ji-
g[fue k[bg`k. Q[ec][ l[ h[jkcg`k \`bgcm`h ]hil h[ g[schc c chlmkng`h-
mc, \`bgcm`h ]hil h[ lnki]c g[m`kc[fc, ei^[mi m` l` ]h[lxm b[ jk`k[\im][-
h` l q`f _[ \u_[m cbh`l`hc (b[ k[bfce[ im \`bnlfi]hcx \`bgcm`h ]hil h[ ln-
ki]chc e[mi lj`qc[fh[ i\f[^[), \`bjf[mhi imlmuj][h` h[ _uka[]hc c i\-
tchlec g`lm[ _i 5 _e[ b[ lmkià h[ jk`_jkcxmc`, \`bjf[mhi jifb][h` h[
]i_h[ lcf[, 35% imlmuje[ b[ jk`]ib ji a`f`bhcqcm`, jk[]i _[ l` l]uka`
jk`_jkcxmc`mi l sil` cfc aj fchcx l ADF c _k. M\tcm` i\f[^c l` jk`-
g[p][m lul b[eih[ im 1928 ^.; ji-mirhi i\f[^c l` _[][m l[gi h[ jk`_jkcx-
mcx l q`hb, eicmi jkch[_fà[m eug cb\ki`hc im b[eih[ ch_nlmkcc. T[k[e-
m`khi `, r` ]u] ]lcrec b[eihc _i 1936 ^. h[g`l[m[ h[ _uka[][m[ ` i^k[hc-
r`h[ l[gi _i eihmkif h[ cbjufh`hc`mi h[ b[eihcm` b[ ch_nlmkcxm[ c mkn_[,
[ ch[r` l]i\i_[m[ h[ ch_nlmkc[fqcm` \cf[ jufh[.
Pf`_ ]idhcm` jifcmce[m[ h[ jieki]cm`flm]i h[ g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx _i-
lmc^[ _i ek[dhilmcm` h[ l]kupjkimèqcihcbug. Qi][ l` cb]uks][ h[d-]`-
r` rk`b b[lcf][h` h[ gcmhcr`leimi jieki]cm`flm]i, ei`mi lm[][ ji-][ahi
im jkxeimi h[lukr[][h`. Ni_i\h[ jifcmce[ \cf[ ] _np[ h[ gà_nh[ki_h[-
m[ lmij[hle[ i\lm[hi]e[ c ] k[b]cmcx G[j[_, eu_`mi imhilcm`fhi l]i\i_-

h[m[ mukî]cx im jk`_]i`hhcx j`kci_ l` b[g`hx l i^k[a_[h` lk`tn rna_[-
m[ eihenk`hqcx, ei`mi kxbei l]cfi i\`g[ h[ gà_nh[ki_h[m[ mukî]cx.
Kcmhcr`le[m[ (h`jkxe[) jkimèqcx n h[l l` b[lcf][f[ jilmixhhi c ili-
\`hi jk`b 1928 c 1930 ^. c lf`_ ]u]à_[h`mi h[ „eihmch^`hmh[ mukî]cx“,
m. `. h[ i^k[hcrcm`f`h kàcg ]ukpn ]hil[ jik[_c h`_ilmc^ h[ ][fnm[ lf`_
1931 ^. B ghiî lfnr[c lm`j`hm[ h[ gcmhcr`le[m[ b[tcm[ _ilmc^[f[ b[\k[-
hcm`fhc gcm[ ] k[bg`k h[ 50–100–200% h[_ lmidhilm m[ h[ lmie[m[, ei`mi
ljck[fi ]lxe[eu] ]hil. P ]cliec gcm[ l` b[tcm[][fc e[emi lm[kcm` ch-
_nlmkcc (g`fhcr[kle[, ]ufh`hi-mue[r`le[, eia[kle[, ljckmi][kh[), m[e[ c
hi]i]ubhce][tc. Ni_ gcmhcr`le[ jkimèqcx lf`_ ]idhcm` l` lub_[][m hx-
eic hi]c ch_nlmkcc, ^f[]hi a`f`bif`xklm]i c jkicb]i_lm]i h[ hxeic g`-
m[fhc cb_`fcx, h[ qcg`hm, onkhckc c sj`kjf[m, j[gnrhi jk`_[r`lm]i c
eijkch`hi mue[r`lm]i, e[nrnei]c cb_`fcx, \ic c f[ei]`, l[jnh, p[kmcx, b[-
p[k c b[p[khc cb_`fcx, g`lhc c k[lmcm`fhc eihl`k]c, k[lmcm`fhc g[lf[ c
_k. Kia` _[ l` ljig`h` c _ijufhcm`fhimi (ji_gifhi) n]`fcr[][h` h[ gcm-
hcr`leimi i\f[^[h` rk`b lu\ck[h`mi gn h` ]ukpn iocqc[fhcx (nlm[hi]x-
][h im ALA) k[bg`h`h enkl gà_n bf[mhcx c ehcahcx f`] ] nlfi]cxm[ h[
chof[qcx im ek[x h[ ]idh[m[, [ rk`b k[bfcr`h enkl, nlm[hi]x][h im gcmhc-
qcm` cbefwrcm`fhi l q`f n]`fcr[][h` h[ gcmimi (c^kcm` l enkl[ jki_uf-
acfc c lf`_ lm[\cfcbck[h`mi h[ f`][.).
Die[mi ]hilum h[ jkicb]à_[hc c im g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx lmiec l` i\-
f[^[f l ]cliec gcm[, hì\pi_cgcm` b[ h[lukr[][h[m[ g`lmh[ ch_nlmkcx ln-
ki]c g[m`kc[fc (c jifno[\kce[mc) \cfc i\f[^[hc gchcg[fhi. Bu]`_`h[m[
jk`b 1922 ^. [_][fikh[ m[el[ ]ukpn ]hil[ h[ lnki]chc ` l[gi 3%. Nk`b
1931 ^. \cfi jkc`mi n]`fcr`hc` h[ [_][fikh[m[ m[el[ (]ukpn \`bgcmhcx
]hil) h[ 8–25%, [ jk`b lf`_][tcm` î_chc – it` hxeifei n]`fcr`hcx, eic-
mi o[emcr`lec jk`g[ph[fc m[bc ][ah[ i\f[^[ h[ ch_nlmkcxm[. Nkc`m[m[
jk`b 1936 ^. gcmhcr`le[ m[kco[ ]`r` h` _ijnle[ hce[e][ lmie[ \`b gcmhc-
r`lei i\f[^[h`, [ lnki]cm` g[m`kc[fc l` i\f[^[fc jihxei^[ _i 60% im
lmidhilm m[ cg, ei`mi i\`blcf][fi jkc]cf`^ccm` h[ jkimèqcihcbg[.
Ik[dhimi gcmhcr`lei i\f[^[h` n]`fcr[][ q`hcm` h[ ]umk`shcx j[b[k,
jihà` h[ jk[emce[ ibh[r[][ ]efwr][h` h[ (r[lm im) lmidhilm m[ h[ gcmimi
] q`hcm` h[ jkicb]`_`hcm` im g`lmhcm` ch_nlmkcc jki_nemc, _ieifeimi
m`phcm` q`hc l` k[]hx][m ji i\gcm`hcx ]hil. Q[e[ gcmhcr`le[m[ l]kupjki-
mèqcx _i]à_[ _i h[g`l[ h[ lcf`h cb]uhj[b[k`h o[emik jkc ijk`_`fxh`
h[ q`hcm` h[ ki_hcm` ch_nlmkc[fhc jkicb]`_`hcx (ili\`hi h[ hi]cm` jki-
cb]i_lm][) c _ijkch[lx b[ jkilfi]nm[m[ „hiacq[ h[ q`hcm`“ gà_n mxp c
l`fleilmij[hlecm` lmiec, b[ i\k[bn][h`mi h[ eicmi _`dlm][f jk`_cghi j[-
b[khcxm o[emik. K[e[k b[ „hiacq[ h[ q`hcm`“ _[ b[jir][ _[ l` î]ikc `_][
lul lmij[hle[m[ ekcb[ im 1929 ^., ji_i\hi h`luim]`mlm]c` lut`lm]n][fi

jk`b q`fcx j`kci_. L[d-l`mh`, ] nlfi]cx h[ \[]hi n]`fcr[][h` cfc _ikc
h[g[fx][h` h[ _ipi_cm` h[ l`fleimi h[l`f`hc` gcmhcr`lecxm l]kupjkimè-
qcihcbug c i\nlfi]`himi im h`î ji]cs[][h` h[ q`hcm` cg[fc b[ jilf`_c-
q[ lm`lhx][h` h[ ]umk`shcx j[b[k b[ ch_nlmkcxm[, h[ ei`mi mx k`[^ck[f[ l
ileujx][h` h[ lmiecm` (]g`lmi _[ h[g[fx][ jkicb]i_lm]`hcm` k[bhilec
rk`b k[bsckx][h` h[ j[b[k[).23
Ik[`h jkcg`k ] mi][ imhis`hc` ` le[h_[fh[m[ b[p[kh[ ch_nlmkcx (b[
k[ochck[h` h[ b[p[k) jk`b ]mik[m[ jifi]ch[ h[ 20-m` c h[r[fimi h[ 30-m`
î_chc h[ TT ]. – h[clmch[ mx l` h[gck[f[ ] kuq`m` h[ rna_c ch_nlmkc[f-
qc. Ni_ b[tcm[m[ h[ b[\k[hcm`fhi ]cliei cgjikmhi gcmi b[ ]hil[ h[ b[-
p[k ] Auf^[kcx \cfc ilhi][hc 5 b[p[khc k[och`kcc. G[`_hi l ]cliecx [e-
qcb q`h[m[ h[ b[p[km[ ] lmk[h[m[ ] ek[x h[ 20-m` c h[r[fimi h[ 30-m` î_chc
h[ TT ]. _ilmc^h[f[ 10 jumc h[_ gà_nh[ki_h[m[. O`bnfm[mum \cf i^kighc
j`r[f\c b[ [eqcih`kcm` (_c]c_`hm ] k[bg`k h[ 50% im ch]`lmck[hcx e[jc-
m[f jk`b 1927 ^.) c g[fe[ eihlng[qcx h[ b[p[k ] lmk[h[m[ (5–10 jumc ji-
g[fe[ im k[b]cmcm` lmk[hc). P]kup]clie[m[ q`h[ \cf[ c jk`re[ jk`_ k[b]c-
mc`mi h[ \uf^[kle[ eihl`k]h[ ch_nlmkcx (b[ eihocmwkc c eihl`k]ck[hc
jfi_i]`). Pe[h_[fum lul b[p[km[ gia` _[ l` i\xlhc l[gi l h[f[^[h`mi h[
ghiî lcfhc rna_c chm`k`lc.24
Q]uk_` jinrcm`fhi enklum h[ jkimàck[h` \cf cbilm[]`h h` b[timi l`
]ca_[fi, r` ]i_c _i j[k[bcmck[h` h[ b[tcm`hcm` ch_nlmkcc, [ ji-leiki
jik[_c ocle[fhc lui\k[a`hcx – jkc lcfh[m[ och[hli][ ekcb[ p[bh[m[ h`
gia`f[ ji]`r` _[ l` fcs[][ im gcm[ ] jifb[ h[ ch_nlmkc[fqcm`. Bu] ]lèc
lfnr[d eug m[bc gcluf h[]à_[m jkc]`_`hcm` im `_ch och[hli] lj`qc[-
fclm _i]i_c, r` l` jkclmuj][ eug i\f[^[h` l gcmi c h[ lnki]cm` g[m`kc[-
fc, hi h` c eug h[g[fx][h` gcmimi h[ ]hilhcm` o[\kcrhc jkicb]`_`hcx.25
23 /BI96, $<A>B. Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 51–74; O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 81–95. H
Iihlm[hmch Ai\r`] cbmue][ ]k`_[m[ im l]kupjkimèqcihcbg[, [ cg`hhi „l]kupe[jcm[fcbck[-

h`“, m. `. ji]`r` im hì\pi_cgcm` jk`_jkcxmcx, k[\im`tc ji_ e[j[qcm`m[ lc, c fcjl[ h[ lmc-
gnf b[ k[qcih[fcbck[h` (jik[_c ^[k[hmck[hi ]cliecm` q`hc). Ba. !B5H96, )BAEF4AF<A. Buh-
sh[m[ mukî]le[ jifcmce[ h[ Auf^[kcx. – Bu]: Qkn_i]` h[ Pm[mclmcr`lecx chlmcmnm b[ lmi-
j[hlec jkinr][hcx jkc Piocdlecx _uka[]`h nhc]`klcm`m. Ih. 4. P., 1938, 1–50, ili\. l. 31.
24 Ba. '64AB6, '6. Ikcb[m[ ] h[s[m[ b[p[kh[ ch_nlmkcx. – Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi cei-
higcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 31, 1932, > 10, 618–628. U`h[m[ h[ b[p[km[ n h[l jk`b 1929–1930 ^. \c-
f[ 26–28 f`][ h[ e^, [ h[ \nrec – c 32 f`][ h[ e^ (]efwr][t[ c [eqcb im 9 f`][ h[ e^). Mm rna-
\ch[ b[p[k gia`f[ _[ l` enjc b[ 3–4 f`][ h[ e^ (jk`b 1932 ^.). Puti: Logio. Bulgaria. Past and
Present, 198–200. I[emi jilir][ mibc []mik, k`[fcbck[hcm` im b[p[khcm` k[och`kcc ]cliec
j`r[f\c gia`fc _[ imc_[m ] _uka[][m[, [ei mx jkilmi cgjikmck[f[ b[p[k im rna\ch[ c x jki-
_[][f[ h[ h[l`f`hc`mi ji lutcm` q`hc.
25 ,98>B6, !BD<E. O[b]cmc`mi h[ \uf^[kle[m[ och[hli][ lclm`g[. P., 1937, l. 156.
Kà_n ]idhcm` jki_ufacfi c jkxeimi h[lukr[][h` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[, g[-

e[k c rk`b _kn^c lk`_lm][. Pf`_ ]fcb[h`mi ] ekcb[m[ im 1929 ^. l` cb]uksc-
fi jilm`j`hhi jk`g[p][h` h[ lclm`g[m[ h[ i\f[^cm`. G[ lg`me[ h[ mi][ i\[-
r` it` ] h[r[fimi h[ 30-m` î_chc h[ TT ]. b[jirh[f _[ l` jk[emcen][ \`b
lj`qc[f`h b[eih jkchqcjum h[ „jk`lcm`hilmm[“, jkc ei`mi _uka[][m[ ime[b-
][f[ _[ _[_` k[bk`s`hcx b[ imekc][h` h[ hi]c jk`_jkcxmcx ] ji]`r`mi ][a-
hc imk[lfc ji_ jk`_fi^, r` h[fcrhcxm jkicb]i_lm]`h e[j[qcm`m h` l` cbjif-
b][ _ilm[murhi. I[emi cbmue][ `_ch l`kcib`h cblf`_i][m`f h[ \uf^[klecx
jkimèqcihcbug, g[e[k ] nlfi]cxm[ h[ ekcb[m[ h[clmch[ _[ cg[fi l]c][h`
h[ ]umk`shcx j[b[k, ]luthilm mi][ jk`_lm[]fx][fi lcfh[ oikg[ h[ h[luk-
r[][h` h[ lm[kcm` jk`_jkcxmcx, _ieifeimi cbefwr][fi eihenk`hqcx im
hi]c. B lutcx lgcluf \cfi nf`lhx][h`mi h[ e[km`fck[h`mi h[ jk`_jkcxmcx,
ji_]à_[ti kèf[gck[hi e[mi „onbcihck[h`“ (ei`mi ch[r` mkx\][ _[ ibh[-
r[][ n`_kx][h` c k[qcih[fcbck[h`) c q`fxti ]luthilm b[j[b][h`mi cg im
ek[p jkc lf[\i cbjifb][h` h[ jkicb]i_lm]`hcx e[j[qcm`m rk`b ji__uka[h`
h[ ]cliec q`hc. Mjcmcm` h[ _uka[][m[ _[ eihmkifck[ e[km`fck[h`mi rk`b
jkimc]ie[km`fhc k[bjikà_[hcx c b[eihc ilm[h[fc h`òce[lhc jik[_c
lujkimc][m[ h[ b[chm`k`ln][hcm` lk`_c, [ c l[gimi imhis`hc` h[ _uka[][-
m[ eug gihijifclmcrhcm` m`h_`hqcc h` \cfi `_hibh[rhi jik[_c lmk`gà[
? _[ h[lukrc n`_kx][h`mi c k[qcih[fcbck[h`mi; l[gcm` jk`_jkcxmcx jue h`
a`f[`fc _[ l` lfc][m k`[fhi, jihà` l` rn]lm][fc _ilm[murhi lc^nkhc.
OEGRJQ@QH MQ L@PXOV@B@L@Q@ HLDRPQOHZ
L[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx i\p][t[f[ ]luthilm ji-îfxg[m[ r[lm im ch_n-

lmkcxm[, \`b h[d-_k`\h[m[, jifnb[h[xmrcdle[m[. Mm ji-`_k[m[ ch_nlmkcx
l[gi mwmwh`][m[ h` \cf[ h[lukr[][h[. Nkc mi][ jifia`hc` _[hhcm` b[ h[-
lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx, rc`mi k[b]cmc` ` lf`_`hi lm[mclmcr`lec ji-_i\k`,
l[ ]luthilm _[hhc b[ qxf[m[ ti-î_` bh[rcg[ ch_nlmkcx. Mm_`fhi ilm[][m
b[h[xmcm` c _ig[shimi jkicb]i_lm]i.
O[lmàum c jilmca`hcxm[ h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx l[ imk[b`hc ]
jki]`_`hcm` [he`mc c jn\fce[qcc im 1909 c 1935 ^.26 Nk`b 1909 ^. cg[fi
26 Pf`_][tcm` [h[fcbc n: /BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 107–143; /B8BDB6, $<@B.
L[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx c ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 15–34; F4A4EB6, F4A4E. Auf^[k-

le[m[ ch_nlmkcx. – Bu]: 100 î_chc \uf^[kle[ ch_nlmkcx, 9–14. Pjik`_ h`î h[lukr[][hcm`
jk`_jkcxmcx jk`b 1909 ^. \cfc 345 (h` 266, e[emi ` jkc Qis`]). Pm[mclmcr`lecxm g[m`kc[f ` ]
@he`m[ h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ im _uka[][m[ ch_nlmkcx jk`b 1909 ^. M\t jk`^f`_. P., 1912; Pm[mcl-
mce[ h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx 1934 ^. P., 1936. D[hhc b[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx (] jk`-
\kix][hcxm[ c ] lm[mclmcr`lecm` î_cshcqc) l` jn\fcen][m _i 1935 ^., jihà` l jkc`g[h`mi
h[ hi]cx b[eih b[ ch_nlmkcxm[ jk`b 1936 ^. i\èmum h[ lm[mclmcr`lei h[\fw_`hc` l` jkig`hx.
i\ti 266 h[lukr[][hc jk`_jkcxmcx ] k`_cq[ ch_nlmkc[fhc imk[lfc – gchc

c e[kc`kc, g`m[fc, e`k[gce[, pcgcr`le[ jkigcsf`hilm, pk[hc c jcmc`m[,
mèlmcf, _uk]ii\k[\im][h`, eia[klm]i, p[kmcx, _i\c] h[ `fèmkcr`le[
`h`k^cx. G[ bh[r`hc`mi h[ m`bc imk[lfc c h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx cbi\-
ti gia` _[ l` lu_c ji jie[b[m`fc e[mi ]fia`h e[jcm[f, githilm h[ g`p[-
hcrhcm` _]c^[m`fc, b[`mc k[\imhcqc c lmidhilm h[ jkicb]i_lm]imi. M\t[m[
lng[ h[ ]fia`hcx e[jcm[f jk`b 1909 ^. ]ubfcb[f[ eku^fi h[ 66 gfh. f]., im
eicmi ji]`r` im jifi]ch[m[ ] g[schc (ilm[h[fimi ] jilmkidec). Gh[r`hc`-
mi h[ im_`fhcm` imk[lfc ljik`_ îf`gch[m[ h[ ]fia`hcx e[jcm[f \cfi lf`_-
himi: pk[hc c jcmc`m[ (^f[]hi g`fhcr[klm]i c b[p[khi jkicb]i_lm]i) –
40% im q`fcx e[jcm[f, mèlmcf – 19%, `fèmki_i\c] – 10%, e`k[gce[ – 8%,
_uk]ii\k[\im][h` – 5%, c m. h. O[bg`kum h[ ]fia`hcx e[jcm[f lk`_hi h[
jk`_jkcxmc` \cf h[d-îfxg ] `fèmki_i\c][, h[d-g[fue – ] eia[kle[m[ ch-
_nlmkcx; l[gi 12 jk`_jkcxmcx cg[fc h[_ 1 gfh. f]. ]fia`h e[jcm[f. Ni-`_-
kcm` ch_nlmkc[fhc jk`_jkcxmcx \cfc [eqcih`khc c ]fia`hcxm ] ch_nlm-
kcxm[ e[jcm[f cbi\ti jkch[_fà[f ^f[]hi h[ _kna`lm][ (lu\ck[m`fhc, ei-
g[h_cmhc, [eqcih`khc); l[gi 1/5 im h`î jkch[_fà[f[ h[ `_hifcrhc ock-
gc. Nifb][hcm` ] ch_nlmkcxm[ jk`b 1909 ^. _]c^[m`fc \cfc ^f[]hi j[khc,
ji-g[fei ]i_hc, [ h[d-g[fei gimikhc. @ei l` cbefwrc `fèmki_i\c]um,
lk`_hi h[ b[]`_`hc` l` j[_[fc 50 e. l. g`p[hcrh[ mx^[ (b[`_hi l h`î –
78,4 e. l.). L[d-îfxg[ githilm h[ _]c^[m`fcm` h[ jk`_jkcxmc` cg[f[ mè-
lmcfh[m[ ch_nlmkcx, [ei h` l` \kic ji-githcxm `fèmki_i\c].
Nkicb]i_lm]imi ] h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx jk`b 1909 ^. ]ubfxbfi h[
i\t[ lng[ eku^fi 78 gfh. f]., im eicmi 54,5% l` j[_[fc h[ pk[hc c jcmc`m[,
23,5% – h[ mèlmcf[, 6,1% – h[ eia[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx, c ji-g[fue jkiq`hm
– ] ilm[h[fcm`. Hfc jkicb]i_lm]imi h[ pk[hc c mèlmcf b[`_hi _[][fi jir-
mc 4/5 im qxf[m[ jki_neqcx.
M\tcxm \kid h[ k[\imhcqcm` \cf ieifi 13 000 _nsc (l[gi ] r[lmhcm`
jk`_jkcxmcx – ieifi 11 000), lk`_hi h[ b[]`_`hc` – ji 42-g[ _nsc, m. `. b[-
]`_`hcxm[ cg[fc, i\ti ]b`mi, _k`\`h p[k[em`k. P[gi ] hxeifeimi _uk-
a[]hc jk`_jkcxmcx k[\im`fc ji-îfxg \kid k[\imhcqc: ] gchcm` lk`_hi
675 _nsc, ] a`f`bijumhcm` k[\imcfhcqc – lk`_hi 262 _nsc. P[gi 28 b[]`-
_`hcx cg[fc h[_ 100 k[\imhcqc; l[gi 3 h[`g[fc ji]`r` im 500 _nsc. Akixm
h[ k[\imhcqcm` ] hxeic ch_nlmkcc ][kck[f ] b[]clcgilm im l`bihh[m[ k[-
\im[. Nie[b[m`fhi b[ k[bg`k[ h[ ji-`_k[m[ ch_nlmkcx e[mi qxfi `, r` \kixm
h[ ch_nlmkc[fhcm` k[\imhcqc ] h[lukr[][hcm` jk`_jkcxmcx \cf jirmc 5
jumc ji-g[fue im mibc h[ k[\imhcqcm` c rck[qcm` ] b[h[xmrcdlecm` b[]`-
_`hcx (eku^fi 59 000 _nsc ljik`_ jk`\kix][h`mi im 1905 ^.).
P i^f`_ h[ [k^ng`hm[ b[ k[b]cmc` rk`b „b[g`lm][h` h[ ]hil[“ ghiî ][-
a`h ekcm`kcd b[ jk`q`he[ h[ òèmc]hilm m[ h[ jkimèqcihcbg[ ` jki-
q`hmum h[ njimk`\x][hcm` ] h[lukr[][hcm` ch_nlmkcc g`lmhc c rna_c ln-

ki]chc. Rjimk`\`hcm` g`lmhc lnki]chc i\ti ]u] ]lcrec ch_nlmkcc jk`b
1909 ^. \cfc ghiî ]cliecm` 73,4%, ei`mi l` _ufa[fi h[ îfxg[m[ mà`lm
h[ k[\im`t[m[ ^f[]hi l g`lmhc lnki]chc ch_nlmkcx b[ pk[hc c jcmc`m[
(g`fhcr[kle[, jc]i][kh[, b[p[kh[, ljckmi][kh[). Li muegi ] ch_nlmkccm`,
eicmi \c mkx\][fi _[ l` ikc`hmck[m eug jk`k[\ime[ h[ g`lmhc jki_nemc
e[mi mèlmcfh[m[ c eia[kle[m[, h`t[m[ h` lmixfc _i\k`. Rjimk`\x][hcxm ]
mèlmcf[ j[gne l` ]h[lxf cbefwrcm`fhi im]uh, luti f`hum c eihijum. P[-
gi ]ufh`h[m[ ch_nlmkcx njimk`\x][f[ (_i ]idhcm`) cbefwrcm`fhi g`lmh[
lnki][ ]ufh[ c jkicb]à_[f[ ^kn\c ]ufh`hc jf[mi]`, ji]`r`mi im eicmi b[
cbhil (^f[]hi b[ mnklecx j[b[k), ] luim]`mlm]c` l jkimèqcihclmcrhcm`
ir[e][hcx.
B lf`_]i`hhcx j`kci_ nlfi]cxm[ b[ k[b]cmc` h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlm-
kcx (rc`mi lm[mclmcr`lei imrcm[h` ljck[ jk`b 1934–1935 ^.) \cfc ji-\f[-
îjkcxmhc ]ujkèc h[g[fxf[m[ eihlng[mc]h[ ljili\hilm h[ h[l`f`hc`mi
jik[_c h[k[lm][h`mi gn ji \kid c h[d-]`r` l ji-îfxg[m[ j[b[khilm h[
l`fleimi lmij[hlm]i. Ik`_cmck[h`mi h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ _i D`jk`lcxm[ \cfi
m]uk_` i\cfhi, g[e[k jkc ]cliec fcp]`hc jkiq`hmc jik[_c h[]f`bfcx ]
lmk[h[m[ rna_ e[jcm[f, [ lf`_ g[li]imi gn cbm`^fxh` k[brcm[fi ^f[]hi h[
\uf^[klec \[hec (c ili\`hi \[he[ „Auf^[klec ek`_cm“) c h[ ]ubgiahilmc
b[ l[giek`_cmck[h`.
Akixm h[ h[lukr[][hcm` jk`_jkcxmcx jk`b 1935 ^. h[k[lh[f jirmc r`m-
]ikhi ] lk[]h`hc` l 1909 ^. – h[ ieifi 1000 jk`_jkcxmcx. B lutimi ]k`g`
\kixm h[ k[\imhcqcm` l` n]`fcrcf ieifi 3 jumc (1934–1935 ^. – ieifi
36 000 _nsc, 1936 ^. – ieifi 40 000 _nsc).27 I[mi r[lm im qxfimi [emc]hi
h[l`f`hc` h[ lmk[h[m[ i\[r` ch_nlmkc[fhcm` k[\imhcqc \cfc g[fei ji]`-
r` im 1% (jkc 0,7% jk`b 1909 ^.). Pk`_hcxm \kid k[\imhcqc h[ (h[lukr[][-
hi) b[]`_`hc` lj[_h[f im 50 h[ 32-g[ _nsc ] lk[]h`hc` l 1909 ^. Ni-îfx-
g[ \cf[ eihq`hmk[qcxm[ h[ k[\imhcqc ] p[kmc`h[m[ c mèlmcfh[m[ ch_nlm-
kcx. Hbjifb][h[m[ g`p[hcrh[ _]c^[m`fh[ lcf[ \cf[ ieifi 9 jumc ji-îfx-
g[ im 1909 ^. c im_`fhi im mi][ l` jifb][f[ _ijufhcm`fh[ githilm (`fèm-
27
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 143–167. G[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx jk`b lf`_-
]i`hhcx j`kci_ luti: 2B?4>B6, .F4AHB. M\t`lm]`hi-lmij[hle[ p[k[em`kclmce[ h[ \uf^[kl-
e[m[ ch_nlmkcx. B[kh[, 1936, 16–17. O[\imhcqc ] h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx (\`b gchcm` c
e[kc`kcm`) jk`b 1933 ^. cg[fi 37 620 jfwl 3840 _nsc ]cls j`klih[f; jk`b 1934 ^. k[\imhc-
qcm` ] ch_nlmkcxm[ cbi\ti (h[lukr[][h[ jfwl h`h[lukr[][h[) \cfc 64 650 (im mxp 42 430 gu-
a` c 22 220 a`hc). Mm mxp h[d-ghiî k[\im`fc ] mèlmcf[ (17 400), lf`_][m e[g`hi]u^f`hcm`
gchc (9700), g`m[fh[m[ ch_nlmkcx (4450), mwmwh`][m[ jkigcsf`hilm (4440), ch_nlmkcxm[ b[
pk[hc c jcmc`m[ (4430). Ba. luti F4A4EB6, F4A4E. Auf^[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx…, l. 12. G[
1934–1935 ^. mid _[][ ieifi 45 000 k[\imhcqc ] h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx, [ i\ti ] ch_nlm-
kcxm[ jkc jufh[ k[\im[ ljik`_ l`bih[ – 85 000 k[\imhcqc.
kcr`le[ `h`k^cx, b[enj`h[ im `fèmkcr`lecm` q`hmk[fc). Gh[rcm`fhi h[k[l-

h[f[ c lk`_h[m[ githilm h[ im_`fhi b[]`_`hc`, n]`fcr`h[ im 50 h[ 90 e. l.
(\`b `fèmki_i\c][ l h`î]cm` ji-îf`gc githilmc).
I[emi c jk`_c ]idhcm`, ch_nlmkcxm[ b[ pk[hc c jcmc`m[ (g`fhcr[klm]i,
b[p[k, k[lmcm`fhc g[lf[ c _k.) c mèlmcfh[m[ jkigcsf`hilm jkì\f[_[][-
fc. Nk`b 1934 ^. b[`_hi m` i\p][t[fc 42% im \kix h[ ]lcrec h[lukr[][hc
jk`_jkcxmcx, 2/3 im ]lcrec k[\imhcqc c jirmc jifi]ch[m[ im githilm m[
h[ g`p[hcrhcm` _]c^[m`fc. Ni \kid k[\imhcqc c githilm h[ _]c^[m`fcm`
h[ im_`fhi b[]`_`hc`, m. `. ji lm`j`h h[ eihq`hmk[qcx, juk]i gxlmi b[`g[f[
p[kmc`h[m[ ch_nlmkcx (eihq`hmkck[h[ ] 4 îf`gc jk`_jkcxmcx). Efèmki-
_i\c]um \cf h[ juk]i gxlmi ji githilm h[ _]c^[m`fcm`, ei`mi ` `lm`lm]`-
hi. Ni ]c_ h[lukr[][hcm` jk`_jkcxmcx \cfc jkì\f[_[][ti [eqcih`khc;
`_hifcrhcm` ockgc h[g[fcfc _]idhi \kix lc ] lk[]h`hc` l 1909 ^. c it`
ji]`r` _`f[ lc ] ch]`lmck[hcx e[jcm[f.
Nk`_cghi g`lmhc lnki]chc jk`k[\im][fc lutcm` ch_nlmkcc, eicmi c
jk`_c ]idhcm` – pk[hc c jcmc`m[, gchc c e[kc`kc c jk.
Hbjifb][h`mi h[ ]hilhc lnki]chc, eicmi gia`fc _[ \u_[m jkicb]`_`hc
] lmk[h[m[, jkì\f[_[][fi ] mèlmcf[ c eia[klm]imi, ] g`m[fnk^crhimi,
pcgcr`leimi c p[kmc`himi jkicb]i_lm]i. Rr[lmc`mi h[ ]hilhcm` g[m`kc[-
fc ] i\t[m[ lmidhilm h[ njimk`\`hcm` im ch_nlmkcxm[ g[m`kc[fc l` n]`fc-
rcfi im ieifi 26% jk`b 1909 ^. h[ 40% jk`b 1934 ^. (îkc]imi i\[r` \cfi
jkì\f[_[][ti g`lmhi – ]u^fct[). Pf`_i][m`fhi ]hilum h[ rna_c lnki]c-
hc jki_ufa[][f _[ c^k[` k`s[][t[ kifx.
Pj`qc[fhi bh[r`hc` lk`_ g`lmhcm` g[m`kc[fc b[ ch_nlmkc[fh[ jk`k[-
\ime[ cg[fc [^k[khcm`, jihà` ^f[]hi imm[g l` ir[e][fi b[g`lm][h` h[
]hil[ c chm`hbcocqck[h` h[ l`fleimi lmij[hlm]i. B lk[]h`hc` l jk`_]i`h-
hcx j`kci_ l` eihlm[mck[ i\ti h[g[fx][h` h[ jkiq`hm[ h[ njimk`\x][hc-
m` ] h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx g`lmhc l`fleilmij[hlec lnki]chc, g[e[k ei-
fcr`lm]imi cg _[ \cfi n_]i`hi jk`b 1935 ^. ] lk[]h`hc` l 1909 ^. ([ b[`_hi
l h`h[lukr[][himi jkicb]i_lm]i h[ mwmwh mi lm[h[fi 3 jumc c jifi]ch[
ji]`r`). P _kn^c _ngc, nr[lmc`mi h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx ] l`fleilmi-
j[hlecm` jk`k[\imec ilm[][fi lf[\i. Nki\f`gum `, r` g`lmhcm` lnki]chc
h` \cfc _ilm[murhi e[r`lm]`hc c mcjcbck[hc b[ ch_nlmkc[fh[ jk`k[\ime[
jik[_c cbilm[h[fimi b`g`_`fc` c l` jk`_jircm[f fècxm jum h[ ]hil[.28
Pf`_ ]idhcm` jkicb]i_lm]imi h[ ]ufh[ b[ cbhil jk`mukjxfi ek[p, ji-
hà` lmk[hcm` ]hilcm`fec lc lub_[fc g`lmhi jkicb]i_lm]i, [ c hil`h`mi
28
L[ mi][ i\kut[ ]hcg[hc` c Gerschenkron, Alexander. Some Aspects of Industrializa-
tion…, k. 215. Ni mibc h[rch jk`k[\im][m`fhcm` ch_nlmkcc h` gi^[m _[ l` ilhi][m h[ ]ukpn
li\lm]`hcm` l`flei lmij[hlm]i c lnki]chh[ \[b[, b[ _[ _[_[m mf[lue ] mxphimi k[b]cmc`; h[
l]id k`_ l`fleimi lmij[hlm]i h` gia` _[ ilc^nkc j[b[k b[ ch_nlmkc[fhcm` cb_`fcx.
h[ ^kn\c ]ufh`hc jf[mi]` imlmujcfi gxlmi h[ ji-ochc, eug eicmi \uf^[k-

leimi jkicb]i_lm]i l` jkcljili\cfi ji-eulhi. Qi^[][ i\[r` mi b[^n\cfi
]kube[ l g`lmhimi ac]imhi]u_lm]i, ei`mi h` im^fà_[fi jiki_clmc i]q`,
_[][tc gè[ ]ufh[ (b[ ji-ochc jf[mi]`). Pf`_ ]idhcm` ]ufh`h[m[ ch_nlm-
kcx k[brcm[f[ ] îfxg[ lm`j`h h[ ]hilhc lnki]chc b[ jkicb]i_lm]imi h[
ochc jf[mi]`, \`b _[ gia` _[ lc ]ub]ukh` jibcqccm` h[ ]uhshcx j[b[k.
O[b]cmc`mi ] eia[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx, eixmi _i ]idhcm` luti cbh[lxf[ jifn-
i\k[\im`hc eiac, \cfi _ilm[ lpi_hi l mi][ ]u] ]ufh`h[m[. Die[mi jk`b
1909 ^. 40% im njimk`\`hcm` lnki]chc \cfc l g`lm`h jkicbpi_, ]jilf`_-
lm]c` l` ]h[lxfc ]l` ji]`r` eiac im rna\ch[ b[ ochc cb_`fcx, c mi jkc b[-
^n\[ h[ ]uhshcm` j[b[kc ([ l` cbh[lxfc ]l` ji]`r` lnki]c eiac). Pf`_i][-
m`fhi c mne l` ^n\`f[ cbcle][h[m[ im jkimèqcihcbg[ ]kube[ gà_n eia[k-
le[m[ jkigcsf`hilm c g`lmhimi ac]imhi]u_lm]i, ei`mi _ilm[]xfi h`t[]`-
hc eiac b[ quk]nfc c jk`_jircm[fi _[ cbh[lx lnki]c eiac (cg[tc ji-_i\-
k[ q`h[ h[ rna_cx j[b[k). Hh_nlmkc[fqcm` eia[kc h[jk[bhi [j`fck[fc b[
ji-k[qcih[fhi ef[h` h[ _i\cmue[ (b[ _[ h` l` ji]kà_[m eiacm`) c b[ k[b-
]cmc` h[ g`lmh[ eihl`k]h[ ch_nlmkcx n h[l ]g`lmi cbhil h[ ac] _i\cmue
(b[ _[ ilm[][m eiacm` ] lmk[h[m[).
Nk`b 30-m` î_chc h[ TT ]. l` h[\`fxb][ cb]`lm`h h[jk`_ue ] b[g`lm-
][h`mi h[ ]hil[ l ki_hc lnki]chc, _ufa[t l` h` mifei][ h[ ]umk`s`h
ji_mce, eifeimi h[ ek[dhcm` i^k[hcr`hcx h[ ]hil[ jik[_c lf[\cm` jilmuj-
f`hcx h[ ][fnm[ ji ]k`g` h[ ekcb[m[. L[jk`_ue ] jk`k[\ime[m[ h[ g`lmhc
enfmnkc ] `_k[m[ ch_nlmkcx cg[fi ji-eihek`mhi jkc js`hcq[m[ (18% im
h[fcrhimi eifcr`lm]i jk`b 1909 ^., ieifi 38% jk`b 1931–1934 ^.); lfuhri^-
f`_i]i l`g` (45–50% jk`b 1931–1934 ^.), lnl[g c _k. Cifxg h[jk`_ue cg[-
fi c ] b[g`lm][h`mi h[ ]hil[ h[ j[gne l g`lmh[ lnki]ch[; h[k[lh[f[ c b[-
lxm[m[ l j[gne jfit.29 Nilmca`hcxm[ ] jk`k[\ime[m[ h[ g`lmhc ac]imchl-
ec jki_nemc \cfc ji-g[fec – g[fei ji]`r` jkc ]ufh[m[, j[senfcm`, eiac-
m` im `_uk _i\cmue, jirmc hnf[ jkc gfxeimi c g`limi.30 Li mkx\][ _[ l`
29
-BCB6, $. Gh[r`hc`mi h[ j[gnrh[m[ ch_nlmkcx b[ \uf^[kleimi h[ki_hi lmij[hlm]i. –
Bu]: 100 î_chc \uf^[kle[ ch_nlmkcx, 1834–1937. P., 1937, 69–71. @]mikum imrcm[ îfxg nl-
j`p h[ j[gnrh[m[ ch_nlmkcx l g`lmhc lnki]chc: [ei jk`b 1934 ^. ]hilum h[ j[gne \cf 3 gfh.
e^, jk`b 1936 ^. mid j[_h[f ji_ 2 gfh. e^ (c qxf[m[ \uf^[kle[ j[gnrh[ jki_neqcx im jirmc 3
gfh. e^ \cf[ cbenj`h[ im g`lmh[m[ jk`_[rh[ ch_nlmkcx); g`lmhcm` jf[mi]` l` enjn][fc ipimhi.
30 B jki\f`gcm` h[ jk`k[\ime[m[ h[ ]ufh[m[ jk`b 30-m` î_chc h[ TT ]. hc ]u]à_[:
.F4=AB6, #9AHB. Nki\f`g[m[ h[ ]ufh[m[. – Bu]: 100 î_chc \uf^[kle[ ch_nlmkcx, 63–65. Auf-
^[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx njimk`\x][f[ _][ jumc ji]`r` ]hilh[ ]ufh[, imeifeimi g`lmh[; g`lmh[m[
\cf[ ^kn\[ jik[_c jiki_[m[ h[ i]q`m` c l i^k[hcr`hi ch_nlmkc[fhi jkcfia`hc`; ghiî ]uf-
h[ l` eihlngck[f[ c jk[pil][f[ jkc ^kn\[m[ jk`k[\ime[ ] màei i\fèfi ] _ig[shc nlfi]cx
(]g`lmi fèi c n_i\hi o[\kcrhi jkicb]i_lm]i); im i\ti 12,5 gfh. e^ _i\c] h[ ]ufh[ î_cs-
hi 10–11 gfh. e^ l` b[_uka[fc im l`fxhcm`, b[ _[ jk`_[m c mue[m kurhi, c l[gi 1,5–2 gfh. e^
l` cbh[lxfc h[ j[b[k[ c l` jki_[][fc h[ ch_nlmkcxm[.
cg[ jk`_]c_, r` h`h[lukr[][h[m[ (_k`\h[ c b[h[xmrcdle[) ch_nlmkcx c _i-

g[shcm` b[h[xmc jk`k[\im][fc hxeifei jumc ji]`r` g`lmhc l`fleilmij[h-
lec lnki]chc im h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx.31
Dkn^c ekcm`kcc jkc jk`q`he[m[ b[ kifxm[ h[ jkimèqcihcbg[ l[ e[r`l-
m]imi c q`hcm` h[ jkicb]à_[hcm` lmiec, luti _[fc h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nl-
mkcx mk[hloikgck[ lmknemnk[m[ h[ ]hilh[m[ c cbhilh[m[ mukî]cx, kifxm[
? b[ nk\[hcb[qcxm[ c _k. H mne, e[emi ] jk`k[\ime[m[ h[ g`lmhc lnki]chc,
k`bnfm[mcm` im „h[lukr`hc`mi“ \cfc m]uk_` lekighc.32 Bhilum h[ o[\kc-
e[mc ]ujkèc ]cliecm` gcmhcr`lec m[kcoc ilm[h[f ghiî ]clie (ieifi _]`
mk`mc im lmidhilm m[ h[ q`fcx ]hil ] gà_n]i`hhimi ]k`g`). Rr[lmc`mi h[
h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx ] cbhil[ \cfi lu]l`g lf[\i (im jikx_ue[ h[
3–5% jk`b D`jk`lcxm[, g[fei ji]`r` ] _kn^c î_chc) c _ikc h[g[fxfi jki-
q`hmhi ] lk[]h`hc` l jk`_]i`hhcx j`kci_ (jik[_c b[^n\[m[ h[ \fcbeicb-
mirhcm` j[b[kc). Hbhilum \cf b[mkn_h`h jik[_c ]cliecm` jkicb]i_lm]`hc
k[bhilec, ei`mi jk[]`fi \uf^[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx hèihenk`hmh[. U`hcm` h[
]umk`shcx j[b[k ilm[][fc ]cliec ] lk[]h`hc` l _kn^cm` lmk[hc, e[mi hx-
eic ch_nlmkc[fhc lmiec \cfc 2–3 jumc ji-leujc.33 Q[bc k[bfce[ ] q`hcm`
h[ ]umk`shcx c ]uhshcx j[b[k _[][ jk`_lm[][ b[ b[^n\cm` h[ eihlng[mi-
kcm` jkc ji_ _uka[h`mi h[ g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx c jie[b][, r` ch_nlmkc[f-
qcm` hxg[fc hna_[ im k[qcih[fcb[qcc, b[ _[ cg[m j`r[f\c. O[\imhcr`lec-
m` h[_hcqc h[g[f`fc lcfhi ji ]k`g` h[ ekcb[m[ (l \`bk[\imcq[m[) c ]lut-
hilm h` \cfc ghiî ji-îf`gc im m`bc h[ b`g`_`flecm` h[`ghc k[\imhcqc;
i\[r` q`hcm` h[ ch_nlmkc[fhcm` jkicb]`_`hcx h` lj[_h[fc l h[g[fx][h`mi
h[ k[\imhcr`lecm` h[_hcqc, e[emi \c \cfi hikg[fhi _[ l` ir[e][. L[d-l`m-
h`, `_k[m[ ch_nlmkcx h` nljxf[ _[ l` jk`]ukh` ] bh[rcg o[emik b[ nk\[hc-
bck[h`mi h[ lmk[h[m[ (rk`b jkc]fcr[h` h[ l`flei h[l`f`hc`). Hbi\ti qx-
f[m[ ch_nlmkcx (h` l[gi `_k[m[) jk`b 1934 ^. [h^[ack[f[ `_][ 1/6 im ^k[_-
leimi h[l`f`hc` – 223 000 _nsc im 1 302 000 ^k[_lec acm`fc ljik`_ jk`-
31
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 168–182; Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 170–177.
32
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 182–199.
33 2B?4>B6, .F4AHB. M\t`lm]`hi-lmij[hle[ p[k[em`kclmce[…, 38–52. @]mikum jk[]c
lk[]h`hc` h[ q`hcm` h[ hxeic \uf^[klec c rna_c lmiec. Qid imp]ukfx m`b[m[ (h[ Mle[k @h-
_`klih), r` „hiacq[m[ h[ q`hcm`“ \cf[ ]luthilm k`bnfm[m im n]`fcr`hi eil]`hi i\f[^[h` h[
o[\kce[mcm` l [_][fikhc m[elc, ][fnmhc jk`gcc c jk. c r` \`b mi][ j[k[f`fcbgum h[ q`hcm`
\c l` b[j[bcf. Qid lgxm[, r` cg[ „k`[fh[ hiacq[ h[ q`hcm`“ (mud e[mi q`hcm` h[ mkn_[ c h[ ln-
ki]chcm` l[ lj[_h[fc ji-lcfhi im q`hcm` h[ îmi]cm` jkicb]`_`hcx) c r` ]u] ]cliecm` ch_nl-
mkc[fhc q`hc cg[ `f`g`hm h[ liqc[fh[ h`ljk[]`_fc]ilm, _ieifeimi j`r[f\cm` l[ b[ lg`me[ h[
ilm[h[fcm` jkicb]i_lm]`hc \k[hsi]` c h[ eihlng[mikcm` cbi\ti. I[mi _kn^c jkcrchc b[ ]c-
liecm` q`hc l` lir[m ji-îf`gcm` k[bpi_c h[ jk`_jkcxmcxm[ jik[_c ]hilhcm` lnki]chc, îf`-
gc ]ubh[^k[a_`hcx h[ ]clscx j`klih[f, _[hurhcm` c _kn^c mà`lmc c jk., e[emi c fcjl[m[ h[
eihq`hmk[qcx c k[qcih[fcb[qcx c im mne ji-îf`gcm` k[bhilec h[ jkicb]i_lm]imi c h`_ilm[-
murhimi h[mi][k][h` h[ githilmcm`.
\kix][h`mi im 1934 ^. L[\fw_[][hcxm jk`b jk`_]i`hhcm` î_chc cb]`lm`h

mk[hloikg[qcih`h jkiq`l ] b`g`_`fc`mi (n]`fcr[][h` h[ cbhil[ h[ jfi_i-
]`, b`f`hrnqc c ch_nlmkc[fhc k[lm`hcx) l` _ufa[f h` mifei][ h[ h[lukr[-
][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx, eifeimi h[ mukî]le[m[ jifcmce[ h[ cbhil[ b[ C`kg[hcx,
ili\`hi lf`_ 1936 ^.
Hhm`k`lhi ` luimhis`hc`mi gà_n h[lukr[][h[m[ c h`h[lukr[][h[m[
ch_nlmkcx. Uxfilmhimi jk`\kix][h` h[ ch_nlmkc[fhcm` b[]`_`hcx jk`b
1934 ^. nlm[hi]cfi, r` h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx lulm[]fx][ 1,3% im ]lcr-
ec „ch_nlmkc[fhc“ jk`_jkcxmcx c [h^[ack[ 29% im ch_nlmkc[fhcm` k[\im-
hcqc ] lmk[h[m[ c h[_ jifi]ch[m[ im githilm m[ h[ g`p[hcrhcm` _]c^[m`fc.
M^kigh[m[ r[lm im h`h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx \cf[ ]luthilm `_hi gi_`k-
hcbck[hi b[h[xmrcdlm]i l ji-g[fei im `_ch h[`g`h k[\imhce c ji-g[fei im
2 eihlec lcfc g`p[hcrh[ `h`k^cx. P[gi hxeic h`h[lukr[][hc jkicb]i_lm-
][ cg[fc ji-`_kc ch_nlmkc[fhc jk`_jkcxmcx, [ cg`hhi b[ i\k[\ime[ h[ mw-
mwh c gchhimi jkicb]i_lm]i. B lutimi ]k`g` h`h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx,
eifeimi c _k`\h[ _[ \cf[, _[][f[ _i 1930 ^. ji]`r` im jifi]ch[m[ im q`fcx
_ipi_ im ch_nlmkcxm[ c `_][ lf`_ mi][ lj[_h[f[ ji_ jifi]ch[m[; lf`_ ekc-
b[m[ i\[r` bh[r`hc`mi h[ _ipi_[ im h`h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx h[k[lh[fi
imhi]i. Pj`qc[fhi gcmhcr`le[m[ jkimèqcx jifb][f[ c h`h[lukr[][h[m[
ch_nlmkcx, eixmi ] mi][ imhis`hc` luti l` ie[b][ h[lukr[][h[.34
Bujkilum, _iei^[ jki_ufacfi h[lukr[][h`mi h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ n h[l, `
ljik`h. I[emi l` e[b[, gcmhcr`leimi h[lukr`hc` rk`b \`bgcm`h ]hil (h[
lnki]chc) \cfi jilm`j`hhi jk`nlm[hi]`hi im 1931 _i 1936 ^. Pjik`_ cei-
higclm[ Iihlm[hmch Ai\r`] (k`]hilm`h b[tcmhce h[ jkimèqcihcbg[) im-
j[_[h`mi h[ m[bc ^f[]h[ i\f[^[, [ c h[ k`_ _kn^c i\f[^c ji b[eih[ im
1928 ^. i\`blcfcfi h[lukr`hc`mi, g[e[k r` gcmhcr`le[m[ b[tcm[ im ]hil[
h[ ch_nlmkc[fhc jkicb]`_`hcx ilm[][f[ ]clie[ (ji rclmi och[hli]c lui\-
k[a`hcx c jik[_c h`_ilmc^[ h[ ][fnm[).35 Pjik`_ lmij[hlecx clmikce Dch-
ei Qis`] i\[r` jifcmce[m[ h[ jkxei (h` eil]`himi gcmhcr`lei) h[lukr[-
][h` \cf[ jki_ufa`h[ l hi]c g`mi_c im jkc`mcx jk`b 1936 ^. hi] b[eih b[
ch_nlmkcxm[. D[ l` ljk`g ji-ji_ki\hi h[ mibc b[eih, eidmi jk`_]ca_[ lu-
t`lm]`h[ h[g`l[ h[ _uka[][m[ ji gi_`f[ h[ „_ckcack[himi lmij[hlm]i“ ]
U`hmk[fh[ E]kij[.
34
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 165–166.
35
!B5H96, )BAEF4AF<A. Nkigcsf`h[ jifcmce[, 190–194; Buhsh[m[ mukî]le[ jifcmc-
e[…, 7–9, 31.
G@IMLXQ MQ 1936 C. H OEI@NHQRJ@UHZ

L@ NOMQEIUHMLHGK@
G[eihum im 1936 ^. il]`h „h[lukr[][h`“ q`fxf c k`^f[g`hm[qcx h[ ch_nlm-

kc[fhcm` jk`_jkcxmcx c mxph[m[ k[qcih[fcb[qcx. B mibc lgcluf l` b[\k[-
hx][fi imekc][h`mi h[ hi]c b[]`_`hcx \`b jk`_][kcm`fhi k[bk`s`hc` h[
gchclmuk[ h[ mukî]cxm[, jkigcsf`hilm m[ c mkn_[, [ cb_[][h`mi h[ ji_i\-
hi k[bk`s`hc` lm[][fi im ch_nlmkc[fh[ eigclcx, e[mi l` ]b`g[fc jk`_]c_
k`_cq[ nlfi]cx. L[ jk[emce[ b[eihum, e[e]imi c _[ \cfi h[g`k`hc`mi h[
b[eihi_[m`fx, \cf l]`_`h cg`hhi _i jihxmc`mi b[ „jk`lcm`hilm“ h[ _[_`h
\k[hs (l`^[ nb[eih`hi). Ni mibc h[rch l` ]u]à_[f `f`g`hm h[ gihiji-
fcbug, e[mi l` cbefwr][f[ ]umk`sh[m[ eihenk`hqcx ] \k[hs[ c h[ „jk`lc-
m`h[m[“ ch_nlmkcx l` ilc^nkx][f[ lm[\cfh[ j`r[f\[ (ei`mi ]luthilm b[m-
kn_hx][fi h`dhimi gi_`khcbck[h` c k[qcih[fcbck[h`). V` h`t[m[ \cfc
jkc`mc muegi m[e[ im ch_nlmkc[fqcm`, î]ikxm ghiî\kidhc gif\c b[ i\x-
]x][h` h[ jk`lcm`hilm h[ jirmc ]lèc \k[hs. Bujkèc r` l[gi 6 ch_nlmkc-
[fhc \k[hs[ \cfc i\x]`hc b[ jk`lcm`hc, ]ch[^c lut`lm]n][f[ ]ubgiahilm
l ]fis[][h` h[ jifia`hc`mi ] _[_`h \k[hs mid _[ l` i\x]c b[ jk`lcm`h (ji
h[lmix][h` c ji chcqc[mc][ h[ ch_nlmkc[fqcm`).
Pul b[eih[ (] lj`qc[f`h k[b_`f) l` ]cbck[f[ c k[qcih[fcb[qcx, hi
jkiq`_nk[m[ \cf[ ek[dhi \wkiek[mcbck[h[. Hbcle][f l` jf[h, cbîm]`h im
^knj[ ch_nlmkc[fqc im luim]`mhcx efih, eidmi l` jk`_lm[]xf h[ gchclmu-
k[ h[ mukî]cxm[, jkigcsf`hilm m[ c mkn_[; ] lfnr[d r` î i_i\kc, mid î
jk`jk[t[f eug Hh_nlmkc[fhcx lu]`m b[ jk`q`he[ (ji k[bhc ekcm`kcc); jkc
\f[îjkcxm`h cbpi_ Puwbum h[ ch_nlmkc[fqcm` ik^[hcbck[f _ijcm][h` _i
]lcrec ch_nlmkc[fqc im _[_`hcx \k[hs, rc`mi jkì\f[_[][ti lu^f[lc` \c-
fi hì\pi_cgi. Ml]`h \wkiek[mcbg[ ` p[k[em`khi, r` k[qcih[fcb[qcxm[
l` jilm[]xf[ ] ek[dh[ lg`me[ ] b[]clcgilm im a`f[hc`mi h[ l[gcm` ch_nl-
mkc[fqc – m]uk_` jie[b[m`fhi hxg[fi hcmi `_ch ijcm b[ b[jir][h` h[ jki-
q`_nk[ b[ k[qcih[fcb[qcx.36
Pjik`_ lcfhi ekcmcrhcx eug b[eih[ ceihigclm Dchei Qis`], h` ` xl-
hi _[fc cg[fi _`dlm]cm`fhi „h[lct[h`“ h[ _[_`h[ ch_nlmkcx, jihà` jkc
ji-hclec q`hc jf[lg`hmum ]`kixmhi \c l` n]`fcrcf, [ c jkc ji-l]i\i_`h
j[b[k e[jcm[fum h` \c l` b[_uka[f ] _[_`h[ ch_nlmkcx _i h`dhimi „h[lc-
36
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 55–65; Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 7–9, 25–26,
31–43, 136–143 (b[ [hmce[km`fhc g`kec c mxphimi h`jkcf[^[h`). G[ b[eih[, hi ] jifiacm`f`h
lgcluf, ]a. c !B5H96, )BAEF4AF<A. G[eihum b[ ch_nlmkcxm[. P., 1936 (imj`r[mue im Pjcl[hc`
h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 35, 1936, > 8). Pjik`_ []mik[ b[eihum _[][f k`_
„nf`lh`hcx“ b[ ch_nlmkcxm[, hi `_h[e]c b[ ]lcrec; mid lgxm[, r` h[g`l[m[ h[ _uka[][m[ hxg[-
fi _[ i^k[hcrc eihenk`hqcxm[.
t[h`“, jihà` mi][ \c gn \cfi h`cbî_hi. Bu] ]kube[ l mi][ []mikum jk[-
]c chm`k`lhimi h[\fw_`hc`, r` l ]fis[][h` h[ nlfi]cxm[ b[ ch_nlmkcxm[
]`_hua ch]`lmck[hcm` m[g lk`_lm][ njk[ahx][m h[mcle ]ukpn lmij[hle[m[
jifcmce[ h[ _uka[][m[ b[ nlcf][h` h[ jkimèqcxm[. N`r[f\[m[ l` k`[fcbc-
k[ rk`b ji_ _uka[h` h[ ghiî ji-]cliec im gà_nh[ki_hcm` ]umk`shc q`-
hc c h` l` _ufac h[ b[lcf][h` h[ jkicb]i_cm`fhilm m[ h[ mkn_[, [ h[ nlfi-
]cxm[ h[ `_ch h`l]i\i_`h j[b[k. Bcliecm` gcm[ h[lukr[][fc lub_[][h`mi
c h[ hi]c ch_nlmkcc, b[ eicmi hxg[fi nlfi]cx cfc lmij[hlei ijk[]_[hc`.
Q[e[ _uka[]h[m[ jifcmce[ h` jilmc^[f[ mi][, ei`mi q`fxf[, [ cg`hhi acb-
h`ljili\h[ ch_nlmkcx; jifnr[][fi l` h`ti lu]l`g _knî: ghia`lm]i _k`\-
hc jk`_jkcxmcx, eicmi ]g`lmi _[ l` eihenkck[m, lf`xm c k[qcih[fcbck[m,
jk`_jircm[fc oikg[m[ h[ j[b[khc e[km`fc c i\k`g`hx][fc eihlng[mikcm`
l ]cliec q`hc c hcleie[r`lm]`hc lmiec. Mmmne c ilhi][m`fhilm m[ h[ i\]c-
h`hc`mi, r` ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[ h[ _uka[][m[ lub_[][f[ „j[k[bcmh[
ch_nlmkcx“.37
E_ch ijcm b[ cbrclfx][h` h[ _ipi_hilm m[ h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx
(m. `. j`r[f\[m[ eug e[jcm[f[) _[][ lk`_hi 11% b[ 1933 ^. c 17,4% jk`b
1930 ^., e[mi h[d-]cliei k`hmck[h[ \cf[ pcgcr`le[m[ ch_nlmkcx. Li l[-
gcxm []mik lgxm[ _`dlm]cm`fh[m[ k`hm[\cfhilm b[ ji-îfxg[ (16,6% b[
1933 ^.), jihà` ghiî li\lm]`hcqc h[ e[jcm[fc ] [eqcih`khcm` _kna`lm-
][ \cfc `_hi]k`g`hhi ]clsc rchi]hcqc m[g c jifnr[][fc c îf`gc b[jf[-
mc (eicmi l[gc lc ijk`_`fxfc); ji-h[m[mue, ghiî jk`_jkcxmcx _èf[kck[-
fc jk`_ Cf[]h[ _ckèqcx h[ lm[mclmce[m[ ji-îf`gc ch]`lmck[hc e[jcm[fc
c m[e[ b[hca[][fc k`hm[\cfhilmm[; h[d-l`mh`, ghiî jk`_jkcxmcx ekc`fc
mirhcm` lc k[bpi_c c r[lm im j`r[f\cm`.38
Nkimèqcihcbgum k[b^kut[ ijk`_`f`h[ ]umk`sh[ _ch[gce[, jk`jfcm[-
t[ ch_nlmkcx c _uka[][ ] ntuk\ h[ ceihigcr`le[m[ k[qcih[fhilm. Nkc
lcfhi jkimèqcihclmec c chm`k]`hqcihclmec kàcg (ljik`_ r`lmi qcmc-
k[h mne ceihigclm) h` l[gi _uka[][m[ l` h[g`l][ bh[rcm`fhi, hi c ch_nlm-
kcxm[ l` hna_[` jilmixhhi im _uka[][m[ c im h`dhcm` lmij[hlec g`kec c
k`s`hcx. Q[e[ `, jihà` jkc h[fcrc`mi h[ l]i\i_`h j[b[k h`cb\àhcm`
jkimc]ik`rcxm[ gà_n \k[hsi]` c jk`_jkcxmcx l` k`s[][m ] luk`]hi][-
hc`, [ jkc cb^k[a_[h` h[ ch_nlmkcx ji_ b[tcm[ h[ _uka[][m[ c jkc imlf[\-
][h` h[ j[b[kh[m[ eihenk`hqcx ljiki]`m` l` k`s[][m „] e[hq`f[kccm` h[
luim]`mhimi gchclm`klm]i“. G[mi][ b[chm`k`ln][hcm` lk`_c, im `_h[ lmk[-
h[, jkim`lmck[fc lk`tn jkè[f`h[m[ h[g`l[ h[ _uka[][m[ ] k[\imcm` cg, [
im _kn^[ lmk[h[, mukl`fc jkc ]lxe[ ljuhe[ c ljik gà_n jk`_jkcxmcx lu-
_`dlm]c`mi h[ _uka[][m[, jk`_ilm[]xdec ? kifxm[ h[ [k\cmuk (l ie[b][h`
37 /BI96, $<A>B. Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 177–189.
38 2B?4>B6, .F4AHB. M\t`lm]`hi-lmij[hle[ p[k[em`kclmce[…, 29–31.
h[ h[mcle ]ukpn \wkiek[mcrhcx [j[k[m im lmk[h[ h[ b[chm`k`li][hcm`).

O`bnfm[mum `, r`:
Q[e[ l m`r`hc` h[ ]k`g`mi ek[dhcxm ch_nlmkc[f`h jkimèqcihcbug `

cbfia`h h[ ij[lhilm m[ _[ l` cbki_c ] `_h[ jilmixhhi g`hxt[ l` jifc-
mce[ h[ _[][h` h[ jk`_cglm][ h[ `_ch cfc _kn^ ch_nlmkc[f`h imk[luf ]
b[]clcgilm im jifcmcr`leimi ]fcxhc`, ei`mi gi^[m _[ cg[m im_`fhc ch-
_nlmkc[fhc lk`_c ]ukpn _uka[]himi kuei]i_lm]i.39
P[gcxm jkimèqcihcbug gà_n ]idhcm` cbg`hx l]ix p[k[em`k c _ie[mi

] h[r[fimi l` [k^ng`hmck[f (e[emi n Skc_kcp Jclm) e[mi ]k`g`hh[ gxke[
c b[ „]ubjcm[m`f`h j`kci_“, l`^[ lm[][ lk`_lm]i b[ gihijifcbck[h` h[ ]um-
k`shcx j[b[k. „Kf[_cm`“ ch_nlmkcc hcei^[ h` l` lgxm[m b[ _ilm[murhi
„]ubk[lmhc“ c nek`jh[fc, [ c e[mi nek`jh[m, cbjifb][m ]fcxhc`mi lc h[d-
]`r` b[ _[ jkchn_xm _uka[]himi kuei]i_lm]i _[ b[lcfc mxph[m[ b[tcm[.
L`ti ji]`r`, „eifeimi ji-lcfh[ lm[][ ch_nlmkcxm[, mifei][ ji-b_k[]i l`
]jfcm[ mx ] _uka[][m[, lm[][ q`hmuk h[ lmij[hle[m[ ? jifcmce[“. Hh_n-
lmkcxm[ lm[][ „b[]clcg[“ im _uka[][m[ ] lgcluf, r` jifcmcr`lec o[emikc,
h[jkcg`k _uka[]hc lfnacm`fc, l` b[hcg[][m l nkà_[h` h[ l_`fec ji ]hi-
l[ h[ lnki]chc, i\x]x][m „jk`lcm`hilm“ h[ hxeic \k[hsi]`, lu_`dlm][m b[
cb^k[a_[h` h[ e[km`fc, b[_ufa[][m ch_nlmkc[fhcm` jk`_jkcxmcx _[ i\k[-
bn][m lu^f[s`hcx ] cg`mi h[ i\tcm` cg chm`k`lc c jk.40 Li „b[]clcgilm
im _uka[][m[“ h` ibh[r[][ lf[\ilm h[ ch_nlmkc[fhcm` chm`k`lc c o[emikc,
[ jkilmi, r` m` _`dlm][m rk`b _uka[][m[ b[ jilmc^[h` h[ l]icm` q`fc.
Duka[]h[m[ ji_ek`j[ b[ ch_nlmkcxm[ h`cb\àhi b[lx^[f[ chm`k`lc h[
_kn^c efihi]` im h[qcih[fhimi lmij[hlm]i jik[_c jk`k[bjk`_`f`hc`mi ]
h`dh[ jifb[.41 Nkimc]ik`rcxm[ l` b[lcf][fc im h`_ilm[murhimi k[b]cmc`
h[ g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx, eixmi h` gia`f[ _[ l` l]uka` ji-_uf\iei l _kn^cm`
imk[lfc c lfi`]` c _[ ^c b[chm`k`ln][, [ cg`hhi l mukî]qcm`, l hxeic efi-
hi]` h[ b`g`_`fc`mi c l k[\imhcr`le[m[ ef[l[. L[jkimc], mx jk`_f[^[f[ h[
mukî]qcm` ([h^kilclmc) lmiec h[ ji-]cliec q`hc c ji-fisc ek`_cmhc nl-
fi]cx ]u] ]umk`sh[m[ mukî]cx c b[mkn_hx][f[ c ileujx][f[ ]hil[; h[
eihlng[mikcm` _ilm[]xf[ lmiec l ji-hclei e[r`lm]i h[ ji-]cliec q`hc, [
h[ k[\imhcqcm` _[][f[ lk[]hcm`fhi hclec h[_hcqc, e[mi h`b[]clcgi im
]lcrei mi][ cg[f[ ji-îfxg[ ji_ek`j[ im _uka[][m[.
39
/BI96, $<A>B. Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 144–148, qcm. h[ l. 148.
40
N[e m[g, 166–170, qcm. h[ l. 167.
41 N[e m[g, 190–196. N`r[mhcxm ik^[h h[ Auf^[klecx mukî]lec luwb jk`b 1931–1934 ^.
lu_uka[ ghiî\kidhc jn\fce[qcc lk`tn jkc]cf`^ccm` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ c k`bnfm[mcm` im mxp,

h[ eicmi „Hh_nlmkc[f`h jk`^f`_“, ik^[h h[ Puwb[ h[ \uf^[klecm` ch_nlmkc[fqc, l` ijcm][f
_[ imî]ikc.
Pu]l`g `lm`lm]`hi jk`b mibc j`kci_ h[ b[lcf`h ch_nlmkc[f`h jkimè-

qcihcbug jimukj`]scm` efihi]` c jkio`lcih[fhc lfi`]` jkim`lmck[fc c
b[jirh[fc ilmkc \ik\c lk`tn jkc]cf`^cki][h`mi h[ ch_nlmkcxm[. G`g`-
_`flecm` lmij[hc \cfc h`_i]ifhc im m. h[k. hiacq[ h[ q`hcm`, m. `. im o[e-
m[, r` mkx\][fi _[ jki_[][m jkicb]`_`hcxm[ lc ji q`hc h[ gà_nh[ki_hcx
j[b[k, [ _[ enjn][m lmiecm` h[ g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx ji b[]cs`hc q`hc, lub-
_[][hc im gihijifhc nlfi]cx. Qukî]qcm` \cfc h`_i]ifhc im lhca[][h`-
mi h[ mukî]le[m[ j`r[f\[ jik[_c ]cliecm` q`hc (eicmi il]`h mi][ l]c][-
fc j[b[k[), [ c ghiî ch_nlmkc[fhc jk`_jkcxmcx b[jirh[fc _[ b[i\ce[fxm
[h^kilclmcm` c _[ jki_[][m lmiecm` lc _ckèmhi h[ mukî]qcm` h[ _k`\hi
(_`m[dfclmc) ji q`hc h[`_ki. G[h[xmrccm`, eicmi c \`b mi][ \cfc b[mkn_h`-
hc im jkigcsf`hcx h[rch h[ jkicb]i_lm]i, \cfc jilm[]`hc ] it` ji-h`-
k[]hilmidhi jifia`hc` im jkc]cf`^ccm` b[ `_kcm` ch_nlmkc[fhc jk`_-
jkcxmcx (^f[]hi \`bgcm`h ]hil h[ lnki]chc, h[g[f`hc _[huqc, ji-`]mch
jk`]ib c _k.). Hh_nlmkc[fhcm` k[\imhcqc h` ]c_`fc hce[e]i ji_i\k`hc` ]
k[\imh[m[ lc b[jf[m[ jk`b q`fcx j`kci_ c mx _ikc lj[_h[f[ ji ]k`g` h[ D`-
jk`lcxm[ c î_chc lf`_ h`x.
E_kcm` mukî]qc ]ub ilhi][ h[ l]i`mi ]cliei i\t`lm]`hi jifia`hc`
cg[fc h[d-_i\k[ ]ubgiahilm _[ ]i_xm \ik\[ jkimc] „j[k[bcmh[m[ ch_nlm-
kcx“. Nkim`lmcm` l` nlcfcfc ji ]k`g` h[ ekcb[m[ c lf`_ h`x l sckieimi
k[bm][kxh` h[ hiacq[m[ h[ q`hcm` gà_n l`fleilmij[hlec c ch_nlmkc[fhc
jkicb]`_`hcx, ghiî\kidhcm` \[heknmc ] mukî]cxm[, i\`_hx][h`mi h[ h[-
l`f`hc`mi c l]c][h`mi h[ jimk`\f`hc`mi – ]lcrei mi][ jkc oikgck[h` h[
e[km`fc c gihijifc h[ k[\im`t[m[ ji_ e[j[qcm`m[ lc ch_nlmkcx. Mlhi][-
m`fhilmm[ h[ jkim`lmcm` lk`tn jkc]cf`^ccm` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ c _clek`_c-
mck[h`mi jik[_c mi][ h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ cbi\ti l` jkcbh[][ _ikc im hxeic
ch_nlmkc[fhc _`dqc (g[e[k r` chcqc[mc]cm` b[ k[bhc „i\f[^c“ c_][fc mue-
gi im ch_nlmkc[fhcm` lk`_c, [ _uka[][m[ _`dlm][f[ ji m`p`h ji_mce c h[-
mcle). Heihigclm e[mi Ai\r`], eidmi \cf b[ h[lukr`hc` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ l
]lcrec lk`_lm][ – [_gchclmk[mc]`h jkimèqcihcbug rk`b _[][h` h[ „i\f[-
^c“ c gcmhcr`lec jkimèqcihcbug, – luti jkcbh[][ jk`b 1931 ^. jkè[f`-
hilm m[ h[ gcmhcr`lecx jkimèqcihcbug.42 Pf`_ ]lcrei e[b[hi l` cbjk[]x-
g` jk`_ ]ujkil[: ceihigcr`lec k[qcih[fh[ fc ` \cf[ jifcmce[m[ h[ jki-
mèqcx h[ ch_nlmkcxm[? O`bnfm[mcm` ijk[]_[][m fc a`km]cm`? B imî]ik
gi^[m _[ l` jkc]`_[m gh`hcxm[ c cbrclf`hcxm[ h[ lmij[hlec lj`qc[fclmc.
Pjik`_ jk`_cb]ce[m`fhimi gh`hc` h[ cb]`lmhcx ceihigcr`lec clmikce
@fèl[h_uk C`ks`hekih (]cbck[t i\[r` j`kci_[ _i ]idhcm`) ji_ek`j[m[
42 !B5H96, )BAEF4AF<A. Nieki]cm`flm]i c h[lukr`hc` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ ] Auf^[kcx. –
Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 28, 1930–1931, > 7–8, 346–357; Buhs-
h[m[ mukî]le[ jifcmce[…, l. 31.
h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ ] Auf^[kcx jkilmi h` \cf[ _ilm[murh[, b[ _[ _[_` k`bnfm[-

mc. B r[lmhilm l`fxhcm` h` \cfc _ilm[murhi lcfhi jkcmclh[mc (] lk[]h`-
hc` x]hi l knlecx gi_`f h[ ch_nlmkc[fcb[qcx). Qi][ mid i\xlhx][ l t[_x-
t[m[ l`fxhcm` jifcmce[ h[ jk[]cm`flm][m[ ([ k[_ce[fhcxm jijnfcbug h[
Pm[g\ifcdlec \cf l[gi ]kup ] mi][ imhis`hc`) c l `mil[ h[ k[]`hlm]i c
h`_i]`kc`mi eug rna_cx e[jcm[f.43 Iug h`_ilm[murhimi h[lukr`hc` im
jk[]cm`flm][m[ mibc []mik _i\[]x c k`_ _kn^c jkcrchc b[ h`nlj`p[ h[ ch-
_nlmkc[fcb[qcxm[ („k[lmà \`b lmknemnkh[ jkigxh[“), [ cg`hhi: l`flei
lmij[hlm]i, ei`mi ` mifei][ h[b[_hcr[]i, r` h` gia` _[ lh[\_c ch_nlmkcx-
m[ l ji_pi_xtc ji e[r`lm]i lnki]chc (h[jkcg`k eiac, ]ufh[, j[gne) c h`
muklc im ch_nlmkcxm[ jimk`\cm`fhc lmiec, l`fleilmij[hlec g[schc, miki-
]`; ileu_cq[ h[ e[jcm[fc c h`_ilm[mur`h chm`k`l h[ rna_cx e[jcm[f eug
ch]`lmcqcc ] \uf^[klec ch_nlmkcc; jkijnlh[m[m[ ]ubgiahilm _[ l` cbjif-
b][ lmkiàum h[ a`f`bhcqcm` b[ f[hlck[h` h[ hxeic ch_nlmkc[fhc _`dhi-
lmc; lulk`_imir[][h`mi ]ukpn ]uhsh[m[ c ]i`hh[m[ jifcmce[, b[ ei`mi
imc][fc ji]`r`mi lk`_lm][.44
Pjik`_ ekcmcrhcx Dchei Qis`] ch_nlmkc[fhcxm jkimèqcihcbug ]l`
j[e \cf jk[]cfhcxm jum c b[ \uf^[kleimi k[b]cmc`, ijk[]_[h c e[mi cbk[b
h[ jifcmcr`lec h[qcih[fcbug, m. `. h[ lmk`gà[ b[ l[gilmixm`fhilm c nl-
midrc]ilm, mi^[][ îlji_lm][t ] qxf[ E]kij[. Li h[rchum h[ jkcf[^[h` h[
m[bc lmij[hle[ jifcmce[ c lclm`g[ \cf ji^k`s`h jik[_c ^k`sec h[d-]`r`
h[ _uka[]himi kuei]i_lm]i, _ufa[tc l` c h[ qxf[m[ b[i\ce[fxt[ lk`_[.
Ni^k`shi \cfi, ] r[lmhilm, \`bk[b\ikhimi ji_jig[^[h` h[ jirmc ]lcrec
ch_nlmkcc, ]g`lmi lulk`_imir[][h`mi ]ukpn ih`bc, b[ eicmi cg[fi h[d-
ji_pi_xtc nlfi]cx.45 Qi][ h[g[fx][fi i\f[^cm` b[ h[lukr[][hcm` jk`_-
jkcxmcx c n]`fcr[][fi mà`lmcm` h[ jkècx ([_gchclmk[mc]`h) c h`jkècx
(gcmhcr`lec) jkimèqcihcbug ]ukpn ilm[h[fcm` imk[lfc; lut`]k`g`hhi
]f[^[hcm` ] ch_nlmkcxm[ g`lmhc e[jcm[fc l` k[b_ki\x][fc jik[_c ]ubgia-
hilm m[ b[ lub_[][h` h[ h[d-k[bfcrhc hi]c jkicb]i_lm][. Puti m[e[ ji^k`-
s`h \cf gcmhcr`lecxm l]kupjkimèqcihcbug. I[mi `fcgchck[f j[b[kh[m[
eihenk`hqcx, mid jk`g[p][f lmcgnf[ b[ k[qcih[fcb[qcx h[ ch_nlmkc[fhi-
43
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Some Aspects of Industrialization…, k. 229, 234.
44
Ibidem, 224–234. Rh^[klecm` lmij[hlec clmikcqc H]. A`k`h_ c C. O[hec cbi\ti imkc-
r[m ] Auf^[kcx _[ ` cg[fi jk`_nlfi]cx b[ ch_nlmkc[fcb[qcx c lgxm[m ]uhshcm` lmcgnfc b[
lf[\c c jkimc]ik`rc]c, ]umk`shcm` o[emikc – b[ h`[_è][mhc, jkc ei`mi _uka[]h[m[ chm`k-
]`hqcx onheqcihck[f[ ]u] ][enng. Ba. Berend, Ivan, Gyorgy Ranki. The European Periphery
and Industrialization, 1780–1914. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 71–72.
45 Pm[hri Vif[ei] luti ]chc b[ jifia`hc`mi „h`jf[hig`khimi c lfxji _uka[]hi jieki-
]cm`flm]i“ c jk`jikur][ h[g[fx][h` h[ gcm[m[ h[ o[\kce[mc, eicmi l` jkicb]à_[m ] lmk[-

h[m[, _i hikg[fhcm` jkicb]i_lm]`hc k[bhilec c ng`k`h[ j`r[f\[ c jk. Ba. 2B?4>B6, .F4AHB.
M\t`lm]`hi-lmij[hle[ p[k[em`kclmce[…, l. 52, 54–70.
mi jkicb]i_lm]i, m. `. eihq`hmk[qcx ] g[fei h[ \kid ji-`_kc jk`_jkcxmcx l

ji-_i\k[ ik^[hcb[qcx c ji-jufhi cbjifb][h` h[ jkicb]i_lm]`hcx e[j[qc-
m`m, [ immne c ji`]mchx][h` h[ ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jki_neqcx. G[ ]cliecm` q`-
hc _ijkch[lxfi e[emi ]clieimi ]hilhi gcmi, m[e[ c ]cliecm` [eqcbc ]ukpn
lmiecm` im juk][ hì\pi_cgilm e[mi jkchqcj h[ _[hurh[m[ jifcmce[, eixmi
] mi][ imhis`hc` luti jk`r`f[ h[ jk[]cfhimi k[b]cmc`. L[d-l`mh`, ch_nl-
mkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[ h` \cf[ ikc`hmck[h[ ] _ilm[murh[ lm`j`h eug h[lukr[-
][h` h[ jk`k[\ime[m[ h[ g`lmhc b`g`_`flec lnki]chc (gfxei, ]ufh[, j[sen-
fc, eiac, g`li, b`f`hrnqc, jfi_i]`, g[lfi_[dhc l`g`h[, j[gne c _k.), eicmi
l` cbh[lxfc ] lnki] ]c_ cfc \cfc jkcgcmc]hi c h`k[qcih[fhi jk`k[\im][-
hc ] l[gcm` _ig[echlm][. Mmmne ch_nlmkcxm[ h` nljxf[ _[ [h^[ack[ l`flei-
mi lmij[hlm]i c _[ jk`_cb]ce[ lmknemnkhc jkig`hc ] ceihigce[m[. Ni^k`s-
hi \cfi c cb\x^][h`mi h[ ji-m`lhc gà_nh[ki_hc mukî]lec ]kubec (rk`b
h`lefwr][h` h[ mukî]lec _iî]ikc) l k[b]cmc ch_nlmkc[fhi lmk[hc im
lmk[p _[ h` l` h[]k`_c h[ chm`k`lcm` h[ g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx, mud e[mi m` gi-
a`fc _[ chm`hbcocqck[m l`fleimi lmij[hlm]i, _ie[mi g`lmh[m[ ch_nlmkcx
gia`f[ _[ k[brcm[ h[ jkimèqcx ji_ _kn^c oikgc.46
Pmij[hlecxm clmikce h[ A[fe[hcm` Daih J[gjc luti cbmue][ jki\f`-
g[mcrhcx ceihigcr`lec k`bnfm[m im h[lukr`hc`mi, ili\`hi b[lcf`hi lf`_
]idhcm`: fcjl[m[ h[ eik`f[qcx gà_n ]cliec gcmhcr`lec m[kcoc c hc][ h[
k[lmà h[ luim]`mh[m[ ch_nlmkcx, lmcgnfck[h`mi h[ ]hil[ h[ il]i\i_`hc
im ]cliecm` m[kcoc [kmcenfc, bfinjimk`\c l il]i\ia_[][hcx im gcmi ]hil
(h[jkcg`k ]hil h[ jifnîmi]c lmiec, eicmi jilf` h[jk[]i l` jki_[][m), m`-
a`lm m[ h[ ]hil[ ]ukpn jf[màhcx \[f[hl, e[emi c h[ ]cliecm` q`hc h[ o[\-
kcrhcm` lmiec ]ukpn ilm[h[f[m[ r[lm im lmij[hlm]imi c jk. I[mi ^f[]`h nl-
j`p l` ljig`h[][ b[gxh[m[ h[ ]hilhcm` l g`lmhc j[gnrhc jkà_c.47 Iifc-
r`lm]`h ijcm _[ cbrclfc j`r[f\cm` c b[^n\cm` im jkimèqcihclmcrh[m[ ji-
fcmce[ (c _[ ^c lk[]hc) jk[]c Jw\`h A`ki], rccmi cbrclf`hcx _[][m lcfhi
h`^[mc]`h k`bnfm[m.48
L[d-i\ti, h` \c][ _[ l` jk`n]`fcr[][ lm`j`hm[ h[ ch_nlmkc[fhi k[b-
]cmc` h[ Auf^[kcx _i Bmik[m[ l]`mi]h[ ]idh[. Lxeifei qcokc _[][m jk`_-
lm[][ b[ k[b]cmc`mi h[ \uf^[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx e[mi qxfi c h[ `_k[m[ ] r[lm-
hilm, _`dlm][dec m]uk_` imk`b]x][ti. Nk`b q`fcx j`kci_ h[ e[jcm[fclmc-
46
/BI96, $<A>B. Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 197–211.
47
Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 38–42, 71–74, 98–99.
48 !9DB6, *K59A. Nkimèqcihcbgum h[ A[fe[hcm` jk`_c Bmik[m[ l]`mi]h[ ]idh[. – Bu]:
Nkimèqcihcbug c eihenk`hqcx h[ A[fe[hcm` jk`b TT ]è. O`_. Jw\`h A`ki]. P., 1989,
27–114, ili\. 90–96. @]mikum cbrclfx][ luimhis`hc`mi gà_n j`r[f\cm` im b[tcm`h[m[ ch-
_nlmkcx eug k[bhilecm` b[ \[fe[hlecm` i\t`lm][ im jkimèqcihcbg[ e[mi ][kck[ti gà_n
1 eug 1,8 c 1 eug 3,2 (ljik`_ _uka[][m[ c j`kci_[), m. `. `_ch jkc ]lcrec lfnr[c lcfhi h`^[-
mc]`h \[f[hl.
r`lei k[b]cmc` nr[lmc`mi h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ cbi\ti ] h[qcih[fhcx _ipi_ \c-

fi m]uk_` hclei. D`fum h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ (mi^[][ jk`_cghi b[h[xmc) ] h[qci-
h[fhcx _ipi_ jk`b 1892 ^. \cf 4,5%, [ jk`b 1911 ^. – 12,1%.49 Pf`_ ]idhcm`
nr[lmc`mi h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ ] h[qcih[fhcx _ipi_ h[k[lm][ eifcr`lm]`hi, hi
j[_[ e[mi jkiq`hm: 5,5% jk`b 1924 ^. (l[gi h[lukr[][h[m[ 1,6%); 7,2% jk`b
1934 ^. (l[gi h[lukr[][h[m[ 4,2%); 6,2% jk`b 1935 ^. (l[gi h[lukr[][h[m[
3,2%); 8,6% jk`b 1939 ^. (mi^[][ hxg[ h[lukr[][h[).50 E_][ im 1932 ^. ch-
_nlmkcxm[ cbjk`][kcf[ b[h[xmcm` ji _xf ] h[qcih[fhcx _ipi_.
I@OQEJH H SHL@LPMBH CORNH
Hh_nlmkcxm[ gia` _[ l` k[b^fà_[ c im ^f`_h[ mire[ h[ imhis`hcxm[

gà_n jk`_jkcxmcxm[ – e[km`fc, oikgc h[ lfc][h` c n`_kx][h`, imhis`hcx
gà_n jk`_jkcxmcx c \[hec c m. h. I[km`fcm` l[ ljik[bng`hcx imhilhi q`-
hcm` gà_n b[j[b][tc l[gilmixm`fhilm m[ lc ockgc. Ni-]cliec oikgc h[
i\`_ch`hc` l[ lfc][hcxm[ (onbcihck[h`, cheikjikck[h`), b[m][kxtc qc-
euf[ h[ jkicb]i_lm]imi eihq`khc c mkulmi]`, pif_ch^c. Dknî x]f`hc` l[
m. h[k. och[hli]c ^knjc – mxlhi l]ukb[hc l \[hec jk`_jkcxmcx l cb]`lm`h
eihmkif h[ \[hecm` h[_ mxp.51
L[d-p[k[em`khi n h[l ` e[km`fck[h`mi, m. `. lefwr][h`mi h[ ljik[bng`-
hcx gà_n jk`_jkcxmcx l i^f`_ ji_ _uka[h`mi h[ ]cliec q`hc, hi \`b ]um-
k`shi i\`_ch`hc` c jkc b[j[b][h` h[ l[gilmidhilmm[. O[bjif[^[g` l _i\-
ki ijcl[hc` h[ `_hi ji_i\hi k[hhi e[km`fhi i\`_ch`hc` im h[r[fimi h[
TT ]., hi h` ch_nlmkc[fhi, [ b[ b[enjn][h` c èljikm h[ xdq[ (m. h[k. xd-
r[klec e[km`f). Eeljikmvikcm`, jirmc cbqxfi rna_`hqc c _`dlm][tc h[
l]ix lg`me[ cfc b[ hxeix rna_[ ockg[, ]b[cghi l` _iî][kxfc b[ ijk`_`-
f`hc q`hc c lu]g`lmhi _[ k[bikx][m (l k[bjif[^[`gc b[ q`fm[ k`b`k]c) ]lx-
e[ ]uhsh[ eihenk`hqcx. Q` cg[fc l]id \[he`k ] Piocx c ek`_cm m[g, [ _x-
fi]`m` lc k[bjk`_`fxfc ljik`_ e[jcm[fi]imi nr[lmc`. P[gimi cbenjn][h`
h[ xdq[m[ lm[][fi jilk`_lm]ig eigclcih`kc – \`_hc pik[ \`b l]ic lk`_lm-
][ c ] jufh[ b[]clcgilm im èljikmvikcm`. Hbenjn][h`mi im jkicb]i_cm`-
49
-BCB6, )<D<?. Pmij[hle[ Auf^[kcx, l. 459. Pjik`_ []mik[ mi][ ` lu]l`g ^kn\ ijcm b[
ijk`_`fxh` h[ k[bg`kcm` h[ h[qcih[fhcx _ipi_.
50
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 197–199; 24>4?B6, E9A. L[qcih[fhcxm _ipi_…,
l. 116. D`fum h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ e[mi qxfi (h` l[gi h[lukr[][h[m[) ] h[qcih[fhcx _ipi_ \cf jk`b
1924 ^. – 5,5% (b[h[xmc 7,2%, mukî]cx 7,6%); 1929 ^. – 5,4% (b[h[xmc 6,8%, mukî]cx 7,6%);
1935 ^. – 6,2% (b[h[xmc 6,3%, mukî]cx 6,8%); 1939 ^. – 8,6% (b[h[xmc 5,9%, mukî]cx 10%).
51 B g[kelcr`le[m[ fcm`k[mnk[ m`bc x]f`hcx gch[][m ji_ kn\kce[m[ „gihijifclmcr`lec
lm[_cd“ h[ e[jcm[fcbg[. ,4F4A, &4>, *K59A !9DB6. Kihijifclmcr`lecxm e[jcm[fcbug ]

Auf^[kcx. P., L[ne[ c cbenlm]i, 1958, ili\. 133–268. Q[bc r[lm ` jcl[h[ im Jw\`h A`ki].
fcm` lm[][fi h[ ji-hclec q`hc, im ei`mi l` k`[fcbck[fc j`r[f\cm`; jkc

mi][ cg[fi g`lm[ b[ _`jibcm, b[ _[ l` cbr[e[ l`bihum l \f[îjkcxmhc q`hc
b[ xdq[m[. Eeljikmvikcm` _`dlm][fc l ]lxe[e]c lk`_lm][ b[ k[bikx][h` h[
eihenk`hqcxm[, h[jkcg`k e[mi jifnr[][fc choikg[qcx rk`b ji_enj`hc
lfnacm`fc ] m`f`^k[oi-jit`hlecm` lm[hqcc, eid c eu_` l` îm]c _[ cbh[lx
xdq[, c ]`_h[^[ _[][fc io`km[ l ji-cbî_hc nlfi]cx h[ enjn][r[, cfc e[mi
nkà_[fc rk`b aj lfnacm`fc b[_kuaec c ljuhec b[ ][îhcm` h[ eihenk`h-
qcxm[ _i jki][fxh` h[ l_`fe[m[. Blcrei mi][ h` l[gi jk`r`fi h[ _kn^c _[
muk^n][m l xdq[, hi c h[g[fx][fi cbhil[ h[ xdq[.52
B î_chcm` ieifi c lf`_ ]idhcm` ]ubhceh[fc ieifi _nbch[ e[km`fc. Ni-
githc q`hi]c e[km`fc (_i D`jk`lcxm[) \cfc l_kna`hc`mi h[ cbhilcm`fcm`
h[ mwmwh, b[p[khcxm e[km`f, lch_ce[mum h[ lfc]`hlecm` mèlmcfhc o[\-
kcec, k[och`kccm` b[ k[lmcm`fhc g[lf[, jc]i][khcm` c _k.53 G[ githcx b[-
p[k`h e[km`f, eu_`mi cg[fi c lcfhc ]uhshc chm`k`lc, ]`r` lm[h[ _ng[.
Mjcmum h[ _uka[][m[ jk`b 1924 ^. (jkc jk[]cm`flm]imi h[ @fèl[h_uk U[h-
ei]) _[ î jkchn_c _[ lhcac q`hcm` rk`b ik^[hcbck[h` h[ eiij`k[qcx h[
q]èfijkicb]i_cm`fcm` cfc rk`b h[g[fx][h` h[ ]hilhcm` gcm[ h[ b[p[km[
ilm[h[f \`b nlj`p. I[km`fum jk`_jir`f _[ k[\imc ji_ e[j[qcm`m[ h[ o[\kc-
ecm` c _[ cg[ „l]kupjkicb]i_lm]i“ jkc ]cliec q`hc c g[fe[ eihlng[qcx h[
b[p[k, ]g`lmi _[ jihcac q`hcm` c _[ n]`fcrc g`lmh[m[ eihlng[qcx.54
L[ \uf^[klecx ch_nlmkc[f`q ji jkchqcj ilm[][f[ rna_[ gclufm[ b[
j`r[f\c ji jumx h[ ji`]mchx][h` h[ jki_neqcxm[ c ji-îf`gc jki_[a\c (l
k[bsckx][h` h[ j[b[k[), [ ]g`lmi mi][ l` îh`fc ]cliec q`hc jkc „gihi-
jifhi“ lm`lh`h j[b[k. Pm`lhx][h`mi h[ j[b[k[ h` lmcgnfck[fi k[b]cmc`mi
h[ ji-îfxgi jkicb]i_lm]i, hcmi h[ ji-îfxgi jimk`\f`hc`, e[e]imi \c
cg[fi h[ ji-hclei q`hi]i k[]hct`. „Kihijifclmcr`lecm`“ i\`_ch`hcx ]
Auf^[kcx i\[r` \cfc m]uk_` h`mk[dhc jik[_c ]umk`sh[m[ \ik\[ gà_n
ghia`lm]i _k`\hc jk`_jkcxmcx ] _[_`h \k[hs. Mmhilcm`fhimi m`^fi h[
e[km`fck[hcm` jk`_jkcxmcx c \k[hsi]` ] jkicb]i_lm]imi h[ ji-`_k[m[ ch-
_nlmkcx h` \cfi ili\`hi îfxgi – jk`b k[bfcrhcm` î_chc gà_n 1/3 c 1/5
(b[`_hi l mwmwh[), [ lf`_ 1931 ^. – c ghiî ji-g[fei. G[eihum b[ ch_nlm-
kcxm[ im 1936 ^. _ijnle[f hikgck[h` h[ q`hcm` im gchclmuk[ (] lfnr[d h[
e[km`fc) c k[bmnkxh`mi h[ ]k`_hc e[km`fc.
52 29?95<96, #9BD7<. Zdr[kle[m[ mukî]cx ] Auf^[kcx. P`]fc`]i, 1905, ili\. 8–26.
53
Iihlm[hmch Ai\r`] cb\kix][ _`l`mch[ e[km`f[ ] ek[x h[ 20-m` c h[r[fimi h[ 30-m` î-
_chc h[ TT ].: h[ b[p[khcm` o[\kcec, h[ jc]i][khcm`, h[ o[\kcecm` b[ ^fweib[, b[ ]u^f`ki-
_`h _]niecl, k[ochck[h`mi h[ k[lmcm`fhc g[lf[, o[\kcecm` b[ m`f c ^]ib_`c c _k. Ba. !B5H96,
)BAEF4AF<A. Nkigcsf`h[ jifcmce[, 277–278.
54
.FBLAB6, "9E9?<A, "9E9?<A /9C46<H4DB6. Nifcmcr`le[m[ [fm`kh[mc][. Yhc 1923 –
4 xhn[kc 1926 ^. P., Rhc]`klcm`mlei cb_[m`flm]i „P]. Ifcg`hm Mpkc_lec“, 1992, 395–421;
'64AB6, '6. Ikcb[m[ ] h[s[m[ b[p[kh[…
R h[l fcjl][fc ji-]clsc (]`kmce[fhc) ik^[hcb[qcihhc oikgc, e[mi

mkulmi]`, eihq`khc, pif_ch^c c _k., eicmi ]i_xm _i eihq`hmk[qcx c k[qci-
h[fcbck[h` h[ jkicb]i_lm]imi ([ h` l[gi _i q`hi]i e[km`fck[h`). L[clmc-
h[ m` cbcle][m ghiî ji-k[b]cmi c g[t[\hi jkicb]i_lm]i c j[b[k.
Kà_n ]idhcm` l` ioikgcfc c hxeifei och[hli]c ^knjcki]ec h[ jk`_-
jkcxmcx ieifi rna_c c \uf^[klec \[hec. Pk`tn ek`_cmck[h` im \[he[m[
jk`_jkcxmcxm[ ]efwr][fc h`dhc jk`_lm[]cm`fc ] _ckèmiklecm` lc lu]`mc
c jib]ifx][fc h[_bik c eihmkif h[ l]ixm[ _`dhilm; eihmkifum ] ji]`r`mi
lfnr[c \cf m]uk_` lf[\. Q[ec][ ^knjcki]ec l` lub_[fc ieifi îf`gc rna_c
\[hec, e[mi A[fe[hle[ \[he[, C`h`k[fh[ \[he[, Sk[hei-\`f^cdle[ \[he[,
Hm[fi-\uf^[kle[ mukî]le[ \[he[, Ik`_cmh[ \[he[, Sk[hei-\uf^[kle[ \[h-
e[ b[ gà_nh[ki_h[ mukî]cx, Nk[ae[ ek`_cmh[ \[he[. L[d-`_uk och[hli]
q`hmuk l \uf^[klec e[jcm[f l` lub_[f ieifi Auf^[kle[ mukî]le[ \[he[ c
_kna`lm]i „Auf^[kcx“ h[ Cn\c_`fhcei] c H][h Anki], [ ji_i\hc q`hmki-
]` cg[fi c ieifi Auf^[kle[ \[he[, \[he[ „Cck_[j“ c _k.55
L[d-l`mh`, gi^[m _[ l` ljig`h[m c fcrhcm` luwbc (c m. h[k. ] g[kelcr`-
le[m[ fcm`k[mnk[ j`klih[fh[ nhcx) h[ \cbh`l[ (luti rna_cx) l _uka[][m[
c jifcmce[m[. Hg[ l` jk`_]c_, r` ]c_hc c ]fcxm`fhc jifcmcr`lec _`dqc –
fc_`kc h[ j[kmcc, \c]sc gchclmkc, _`jnm[mc, ]clsc lmij[hlec rchi]hcqc
– \c][m jkc]fcr[hc ] njk[]cm`fhcm` lu]`mc h[ \[hec c b[lmk[pi][m`fhc
_kna`lm][, e[emi c h[ îf`gc jk`_jkcxmcx, h`lugh`hi b[timi \fcbilm m[ l
_uka[]h[m[ ]f[lm _[][f[ cbî_c h[ \cbh`l[, k[b\ck[ l`, h[ luim]`mh[ q`-
h[.56 Hg[fi c lfnr[c, ei^[mi pik[ h[ \cbh`l[, h[jkcg`k \[he`kc, ji`g[fc
jifcmcr`lec jilmi]` (@m[h[l Anki]). „Nk`le[r[h`mi“ im jifcmce[m[ ] nj-
k[]f`hc`mi h[ ockgc c \[hec c i\k[mhimi l` x]x][ m]uk_` p[k[em`khi c n
h[l, e[emi c _kn^[_`.
Ii^[mi l` k[b^fà_[m jilir`hcm` „gihijifclmcrhc“ x]f`hcx, h` \c][
_[ l` jk`n]`fcr[][ mxphimi bh[r`hc`, e[emi ` mcjcrhi b[ g[kelcr`le[m[
lmij[hle[ fcm`k[mnk[. B h`x ji `_ch cbqxfi _i^g[mcr`h c g`p[hcr`h h[rch
j`kci_um lf`_ ]idhcm` l` i\x]x][ b[ „gihijifclmcr`lec lm[_cd“ h[ e[jc-
m[fcbg[ ([ hxeic i\x]x][m h`î]imi îlji_lm]i c ji ]k`g` h[ l[gcm` ]id-
55 Ba. b[ ji_i\hc och[hli]c ^knjcki]ec h`jilk`_lm]`hi lf`_ ]idhcm` luti (BD84AB6,
$<@<FJD. Bidhcm` c hi]cm` [eqcih`khc _kna`lm][. P., T`gnl, 1919, 11–12 (lj`qc[fhi ieifi
\[he[ „Cck_[j“, Auf^[kle[ mukî]le[ \[he[, Auf^[kle[ ^`h`k[fh[ \[he[, A[fe[hle[ \[he[,
\[he[ „Auf^[kcx“ c _k.).
56 Jw\`h A`ki] cb\kix][ _][_`l`mch[ m[ec][ lfnr[x. Ba. ,4F4A, &4>, *K59A !9DB6.
Kihijifclmcr`lecxm e[jcm[fcbug…, 265–266. G[ „fcrh[ nhcx“ c cg`h[ h[ fcq[ ]a. luti:

24>4?B6, E9A. Sikgc, k[bg`k c _`dhilm h[ rna_cx e[jcm[f ] Auf^[kcx, 1878–1944. P., 1962,
87–88.
hc).57 Bjkir`g, mi][ h` jk`rc h[ ji-mk`b]c [h[fcbc ] ji^k`sh[m[ i\t[

k[ge[. Nki\f`gum b[ e[jcm[fcbg[ n h[l t` \u_` mk`mck[h h[ _knî gxlmi.
Wi l` imh[lx _i gihijifcm`, ] h[d-_i\kcx lfnr[d lm[][ _ng[ b[ hxeifei
ji-`_kc jk`_jkcxmcx ] _[_`h \k[hs, `]`hmn[fhi r[lmcrhc e[km`fc. I[mi l`
cg[m jk`_]c_ jkijikqccm` cbi\ti c m`lhcxm j[b[k, m` jk`_lm[]fx][m ji-
leiki x]f`hcx h[ h`k[b]cmilmm[, nf`lhx][t[ ji_i\hi „gihijifcbck[h`“.
H h[d-]`r`, m` h` c_][m lf`_ j`kci_ h[ k[bq]`m h[ l]i\i_`h (laissez faire)
e[jcm[fcbug ] k[bhc lo`kc, hcmi l` jk`]kut[m ] hxe[e][ i\t[ k[ge[ (cfc
lm[_cd) h[ k[b]cmc`mi. @ l[ jki_nemc h[ lmk`gà[ b[ i^k[a_[h` im eihen-
k`hqcx c ] mibc lgcluf „gihijifcbck[h`“ lk`_ gik` im l[gilmixm`fhc
_k`\hc jkicb]i_cm`fc (l`fxhc, b[h[xmrcc).
57
1BA96, .F9G4A. Iug ]ujkil[ b[ h[r[fimi h[ gihijifclmcr`lecx e[jcm[fcbug ] Auf-
^[kcx. – Qkn_i]` h[ Bclscx chlmcmnm b[ h[ki_hi lmij[hlm]i „D. Af[î`]“ – B[kh[. Q. 37,
> 1. B[kh[, 1965, 3–57. B jk`_î]ik[ l` jk[]c jk`^f`_ h[ _clenlccm` im 50-m` c 60-m` î_chc
h[ TT ]., rcxmi q`f ` _[ j`kci_cbck[m hi][m[ \uf^[kle[ clmikcx c k[b]cmc`mi h[ e[jcm[fcl-
mcr`le[m[ oikg[qcx (im l]i\i_h[ eihenk`hqcx eug gihijifclmcr`lec c _uka[]higihijifcl-
mcr`lec lm[_cd). P[gcxm []mik ]ca_[ h[r`hec h[ gihijifclmcr`lec e[jcm[fcbug it` ] h[r[-
fimi h[ TT ]. c lgxm[, r` mid lm[h[f „îlji_lm][t“ it` ji ]k`g` h[ ]idhcm`, ili\`hi ] ch-
_nlmkcxm[, ]uhsh[m[ mukî]cx, ek`_cm[ c b[lmk[pi][m`fhimi _`fi (b[ k[bfce[ im _kn^c []mikc
e[mi F[e L[m[h c Jw\`h A`ki], eicmi imf[^[m îlji_lm]imi gn b[ lf`_ ]idhcm`). B lutcx
lgcluf: 1BA96, .F9G4A, E9A )4?<A>B6. Heihigcr`le[m[ jifcmce[ h[ \uf^[kle[m[ _uka[][
lf`_ Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi im ilg[hlei ki\lm]i _i 1918 ^. – Bu]: Heihigcr`le[m[ jifcmce[ h[
\uf^[kle[m[ _uka[][ (861–1981). O`_. J[fw O[_nfi]. B[kh[, Cìk^c A[e[fi], 1981, 115–154,
ili\. 133–135. Qne l` m]uk_c, r` it` jk`b 1911 ^. ch_nlmkc[fhc gihijifclmcr`lec i\`_ch`-
hcx îlji_lm][fc ] h[_ 60% im qxfimi ch_nlmkc[fhi jkicb]i_lm]i, [ jk`b 1912 ^. gihijifum
jkihceh[f ] cbhilh[m[ mukî]cx c \[hei]imi _`fi; ji ]k`g` h[ ]idhcm` jk`k[lm][h`mi h[ l]i-
\i_hcx ] gihijifclmcr`lec e[jcm[fcbug l` b[lcfcfi, luti c ]u] ]umk`sh[m[ mukî]cx, c _i-
kc l` lub_[fc jk`_jilm[]ec gihijifclmcr`lecxm e[jcm[fcbug _[ jk`k[lh` ] _uka[]higihi-
jifclmcr`lec. Bluthilm _[f`r` imc][tcm` _uka[]h[ k`^nf[qcx c eihmkif ji ]k`g` h[ ]idhc-
m` l` mufen][m mne (h`jk[]cfhi) e[mi „_uka[]higihijifclmcr`lec e[jcm[fcbug“; luti x]f`-
hcx e[mi ji lut`lm]i _uka[]h[m[ \[he[ „Auf^[klec ek`_cm“, lub_[_`h[ jk`b 1934 ^.
338 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R

. .

c|uv ry un}|pn ~nuqystrn{s {n p{{nn ~q|pv v ~q|pxnn }|yv-

vxn. bysr |pn s }v~nz {n x~srvn v on{xvs v {n pny{nn }|yvvxn.
`|-{nnx s ~sv~n oyqn~xv xn}vnyvuz – xn| y| v }| s~v
{n }~|pys{vs – v {n}~srpnnn snvunv {n |}n{p||. anursy un-
p~pn x~nx }~sqysr {n vx|{|zvsx|| ~nupvvs| }| |}n{xv x|-
{{x~v, v{suv~nwxv uszsrsyvs, v{r~v, ~q|pv v x~srv. Ynxy-
vsy{vs ~nutrs{v vzn un }~srzs |q~n{vs{vn v n{|pss {n
oyqn~x|| ~nupvvs.
Tkî^R ckaU_TZm Z ckaU_Tb[R `_\ZcZ[R
T{{nn ~q|pv }| qynp{vs n~vxyv oss nv{| unsq{nn }~v

syx|| |}n{p| (rnpn| |{|p{nn n | vu{|n) v }~v v{r~vn
(pp p~uxn }~|sxvn | v{r~vnys{ p{|). cx ~x~nn {n p{|-
n v vu{|n s s ~nuqysrn p ~nzxvs {n ~q|pxnn }|yvvxn v pny{vs
|q~n{vs{v. c~q|pxnn }|yvvxn s vu~nupn {nw-|o| p ~sqyv~n{s {n
vu{|n vyv p{|n ~su ~nuyv{| }| sts zv{vsx| |oynqn{s, xypn-
{s {n ~q|pxv r|q|p|~v un ~nzxvs {n ~q|pvn rnrs{n ~n{n, {nw-
s{s – puz|t{| s }~x| |}~srsy{s {n x|{v{qs{vs {n vu{|n v p{|n.
c s {| p~un{n zv{vsxnn v pny{nn }|yvvxn v p x~nw{n zs-
xn – {trnn | ~np{|psvs p }ynst{v onyn{. c~q|pxnn }|yvvxn
z|ts rn vu|trn | ~nuyv{v z|vpv v rn }~sysrpn ~nuyv{v syv – v-
xny{v, pny{v, |}n{xv, }|yvvsxv v r~. cs z|qn rn n p }~|vp|~s-
vs }|zstr v, {n}~vzs~: v{s~svs {n zs{nn v{r~v | }~|sx-
v {s p}nrn suv {n uszsrsyvs vyv {n nzvs ~q|pv; }~sxnys-
{v }~|sxv|{vuz x~nnpn |oszn {n p{|n v nxn {np~strn {n v-
xny{v v{s~s (| zv{vsxv }|}ys{v) v }~.
Syqn~xvs |}n{xv v{s~sv rvxpnyv {nw-|o| ~q|pxn }|yv-
vxn {n |q~n{vnpn{s {n p{|n {n {x|v v{r~vny{v }~|vupsrs{v |
~nupvvs un}nr{v ~n{v (p unvn {n ~|r{nn v{r~v), xn| sp~s-
zs{{| s urnpn puz|t{| un vu{| {n uszsrsyxv }~|vupsrs{v nz.
c|pn n ~r{|snszv {sn, }|{sts }~sysrpn{s| {n }~|sxv|{vxn
}|yvvxn s {nxpn {n }~|vp|rswpvs – nx| v{r~vny{v p{| | rn-
U\RTR _b]R. Tkî^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 339
rs{n ~n{n s |oy|tv pv|x|, s |p~{s pv|x| |oynqn{s {n oyqn~-

xv syx||}n{xv vu{|. _s }|pss, s oyqn~xnn p{{|~q|pxn
}|yvvxn s p|rsyn }| }~npvy| }~v yno| {n r~tnpnn, }|yvvsxv -
y|t{s{v v }~. cnxn }|rx~s}nn {n sr{v v{s~sv vuvxpnyn ts~pn{s {n
r~qv. b }~|vupstrnv |r{v n~vxyv uszsrsyxv r~tnpv ~n{nn vzn-
yn znyx vzy rn ~qpn (|ps{ v{r~vnys{ vu{|), | xnx| v s.
T {nv ynw ~q|pxnn }|yvvxn }~z| ~nupvvs sp~|}swxv
~n{v {n~sr v| vxny{v v{s~s | zv{vsxv }|}ys{v vzn-
yn }|rs~n{n p~uxn v{r~vny{v }~|sxv|{vuz, x|w| {nr rsyy p
r~tnp{nn |}n{xn }|yvvxn vu|o|.1 `|ysr{v vuvxpny rn s }|-
np }|r zv{vsxn unvn v{r~vny{v |~nyv, x|v| ~n{nn s
~szv rn ~nupvpn, v rn s vuoqpn xypn{s| {n ryq|~|{v r|q|p|~v
v{r~vny{v ~n{v, un rn s un}nuv np|{|zv }~v |}~srsy{s {n zvn-
n. _o~n{|, }~z| nq~n~{vs onyxn{xv r~tnpv v ||os{| }~z| c~-
v, xrs| oyqn~xnn v{r~v vznyn p {nny|| unp|pn{v }nun~v,
~szst ovy rn s un}nu v ~nuv~ sppnvs p~uxv, xn| ~|-
x {n r|q|p|~vs ~opny| rn ors puz|t{| }|-ryq. ]v{vsxnn }|-
yvvxn s ~nuqystrn }~v rn{vs v x s s xnts zv{vzny{||; }|pss
p{vzn{vs s ors |o~{n| {n ~q|pxvs r|q|p|~v v {nzsnn {n pny-
{v nx|~.
T oyqn~xnn ~q|pxn }|yvvxn r| p|w{vs z|qn rn s ~nuyvn {-
x|yx| }s~v|rn: | _p|o|trs{vs| r| 1896–1897 q., x|qn| s xypn
}~pvs ~q|pxv }|q|rov un}nr{v r~tnpv. Uynp{|| |qnpn ovy| rn
s vup|pn qynvs| {n {x| | }|r}vnyvs Ss~yv{xv r|q|p|~ ~n-
{v un rp~n{{| vuzs{s{vs {n {svuq|r{vs un Syqn~v ~q|pxv y|-
pv, {nysrs{v | . {n~. xn}vynvv (~q|pxv r|q|p|~v {n c~v Ts-
yvxvs vyv). T rp~n{{vs r|q|p|~v ovy| }~|xn~n{| psyvnpn{s {n
zvnn {n {x|v }~|vupstrn{v p ~n{nn v{r~vny{v }~|rxv vups-
s{ }~|s{ {nr nrpny|~{vs 8% (unysq{nyv p xn}vynvvs). V~tnpnn
z|tsyn rn p|rv nz||sy{n ~q|pxn }|yvvxn {s}|r}vnyv Ss~yv{-
xv r|q|p|~ ~n{v, n }|r|o{n p|o|rn v vup|pnyn v }~z| c~v.
`~vszn{s| {n }svv{nn zv{vsxnn n~vn | 1904 q. }|xnpn
ppvsy{| v pss p{| }~|sxv|{vxn s{rs{v ({| v vxny{v
|o~nts{v) zvnn v osystv {nny|| {n {|p }s~v|r, x|w| ~ny r| p|w-
{vs. Wrv{ ysr r~q ovyv xys{v v pysuyv p vyn {|pv ~q|pxv r|q|-
p|~v }|v pvxv sp~|}swxv r~tnpv. ]v{vsxv }~|sxv|{vuz
}~srv p|w{vs |ons ovy zs~s{ p ~np{s{vs n{|ps{v ysr p|w{vs.
1 Yn ~q|pxnn }|yvvxn 2DM<9, '>C@D. `~v{| un…, 136–139 v }|-{nnx un x|{x~s-
{vs ~q|pxv r|q|p|~v; Z{r~vny{nn }|yvvxn…, 75–85; anupvvs {n sr~nn…, 69–80;
81–96 (}svny{| un zvnn).
T{{nn ~q|pv | 1886 r| 1911 q. }~su }|pss| q|rv{v unp~pn-

yn {sqnvp{| nyr| v xn| y| }|xnupn {sqnvps{ onyn{ (| ~sr{|
2,5 zy{. yspn q|rv{|). _q~|z{nn n | vu{|n s |yn | u~{s{v
~n{v (4/5 }~su 1911 q.), n p{| – }~srvz{| | no~v{v }~|vupsrs{v
(3/4 }~su 1911 q.).2 bpsz znyx| ovyv vu{n{vs q||pv v{r~vny{v
}~|vupsrs{v, {nw-pss {n sxvy{nn v x|tn~xnn v{r~v (py{s{
nx, rsosyv py{s{v }yn|ps, qnwn{v, zsv{v v x|tv un |opxv v r~.), n
| {n ~|u|pn~{nn, x|| ovyn }|yun{nvwxn. Z{r~vny{v vu-
{| }~|rytvy nz| p }~pvs rssvysv ysr _p|o|trs{vs|, v |
qynp{| un c~v, Rp~|-d{qn~v v az{v. bysr p|w{vs vu{| {n v{-
r~vny{v |xv un}nr{ny.3
bysr p|w{vs Syqn~v }~vr|ovpn p|o|rn rn |}~srsy np|{|z{|
p{|{vs zvn v }||{{| qv }|xnpnyn – {nw-{n}~sr {|pnn zv{vsxn
n~vn | 1922 q., }|ys ~su }|~srvn vuzs{s{v p {s, unvypnwxv r|
x~nw{| zv{vsxv }~|sxv|{vuz. Tp p{{|~q|pxnn }|yvvxn
ysr p|w{vs s |x~|pn rpn }s~v|rn. `~su }~pv, x|w| }~|rytvy r|
1933 q., {s ovyv ~s{v ~sr|p{v ~q|pxv p~uxv p{{v p v {s
ovy xys{ {v| srv{ pnts{ n~vs{ ~q|pxv r|q|p|~, |ps{ c~v,
x|| xn| nq~n~{n ~n{n {s unqnyn v{s~svs {n zs{nn v{r~v.
[nxpv| v rn ovyv z|vpvs un {sxypn{s {n ~q|pxv r|q|p|~v, |pn
unvyvy| vsznn {n }~|sxv|{vuzn, xn| sp~szs{{| {nx~{pny|
v{s~svs {n }|-}s~}sxvp{v syx||}n{xv vu{|. bysrpnv ~-
q|pxv }s~v|r s n~nxs~vuv~n xypn{s {n n~v{v ~q|pxv r|-
q|p|~v: {nw-{n}~sr Us~zn{v }~su 1932 q., }|-x{| hs|y|pnxv, Zn-
yv v lq|ynpv, xz x|v| ovyn {n|s{n |{|p{nn n | p{{nn
~q|pv {n Syqn~v.
`~|oyszvs {n ~q|pxnn }|yvvxn }| |pn p~szs n ~nuqysrn{v p sr-
{n ~no|n {n [|{n{v{ S|osp, vupss{ xn| unv{vx {n vy{v v{r-
~vnys{ }~|sxv|{vuz. ^| r|~v |w s |oppn }~|vp pnn{s| rn {s
s xypn ~q|pxv r|q|p|~v ~nupvvs v{r~vny{v r~tnpv, xn|
vuxpn, s v{s~svs {n ~n{nn (un }|y|tvsys{ ~q|pxv onyn{ v
{nonp{s }| |uv {nv{ {n pnyn) vuvxpn }|-~sr|p{v ~q|pxv r|q|p|-
~v, x|v| {| v r~qv vuq|rv, xn| qn~n{vv }~|vp }~|zs{v p zvnn v
p y|pvn un ~n{uv, sr{nxp| ~sv~n{s {nvs x|{x~s{v {n trv
}nun~, {nznypn{s {n nq~n~{v }~|sxv|{vuz {n ~nupvvs r~tnpv v
}~. bv np|~ ~nux~vpn }y{nn {sunv{s~s|pn{| xz p{{nn
~q|pv | ~n{n {n |q|p|~{vs zv{vs~pn v yv}nn {n }svny{v
~q|pxv nqs{vv un ~nuyvxn | }|y|ts{vs| p }|pss| sp~|}swxv r~-
2
/DED9, ,>F>A. b|}n{xn Syqn~v, 364–365, 367.
3
2DM<9, '>C@D. anupvvs {n sr~nn…, 31–32.
tnpv. _x v {sr|n{nn v{|~zv~n{| {n oyqn~xvs ~q|pv v

}~|vup|rvsyv un trvs }nun~v, |np{s| {n ~q|pvn qynp{| p ~-
ss {n trs{v v unqovs | |pn, yv}nn {n ~sxynzn {n oyqn~xvs
|xv p tov{n v }~.4
Syqn~xnn p{{n ~q|pv rnyn }nvps{ onyn{ }~su 1919–1929 q. –
p~szs {n ~nu~ss{n |oz{n {n pnyn v u{nvsys{ }~v|x {n tr xn}v-
ny (}svny{| ysr 1924 q.), v{n{v~n ||os{| ||{| ~q|pvn
x~nx|~|{v x~srvv. `~v vy{v }~|sxv|{vxv ~stvz o~n{vs zv-
n puysuyv {n 19,3% | |onn |w{| {n |oy|ts{v zv| p{| }~su
1923–1924 q. v s x|ysonsyv |x|y| nn |w{| r| 1930 q. b~x~nn
{n p{|n }|xnupn {nw-q|yz| u{ns{vs {n sxvyn ( vups{n s{rs{v un
{nznypn{s }|~nrv unzspn{s {n p{|n), }|ys {n zsnyvs v zsny{vs
vursyv. ^nw-q|yzn ~|y p vu{|n vznyv |xv | q~}nn }~s~no|s{v
}|yspr{v }~|vupsrs{v (28–53% | vu{|n, qynp{| {); ysrpn {s-
}~s~no|s{v }|yspr{v }~|vupsrs{v (}~srvz{| u~{s{v ~n{v, q~|urs,
}~s{v }y|r|ps v usys{v); {n ~s| z| vrpn {s}~s~no|s{v tvp|-
{|pr{v }~|rxv (qynp{| wn), r|xn| }~s~no|s{vs tvp|{|pr{v }~|-
rxv (unxyn{v }vv, v~s{s) v {ssyx||}n{xv vu{| unsznyv {v-
|t{| z|. Ynytnpn rn s |osystv o~u|| {n~npn{s vu{|n {n
q~|urs v }vv.5
[n| y| z|ts rn s |osystv ynonn zstr{n~|r{n ~q|pxn |o-
p~un{| {n Syqn~v, |pspnn {n {n~ny{v „npn~vs{“ n~nx-
s~ {n oyqn~x|| uszsrsyx| |}n{p| v {n |}n{p|| vu|o|. cnxn
}~su 1930 q. (}~srv rn un}|{n |q~n{vs{vn p ~q|pvn) Syqn~v vu-
{syn nz| |x|y| 13% | |w{|n {n x|{zv~n{vs p ~n{nn |xv v
p{syn | nz| 13% | |w{|n {n }~|vupsrs{vs p {s |xv. ^| un-
pvvz|n | p{|n ps }nx ovyn q|yzn, }|{sts s |{n un pnt{v
|xv.6 „Rpn~vn“ {n~n{nyn }~su 30-s q|rv{v {n ff p., x|v| un yn
Wp~|}n n p~szs {n x~nnpn{s |oszn {n p{{nn ~q|pv v unpn~{s.
^sr|vq {n pnyn }~v{rvy S^S rn ppsrs | |x|zp~v 1931 q. pn-
ys{ z|{|}|y v vsznn {n x|{v{qs{v pp p{|n v vu{|n.7 [|{v{-
qs{vs {n p{|n (|}~srsys{v p ~nuzs~ {n }|y|pv{nn | |w{| n z
4
$D8L<9, ,DCGH7CH>C. ^|pv unrnv {n oyqn~xnn ~q|pxn }|yvvxn. b., 1929 (|}s-
nx | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 27, P 8, 2–16).
5 1H<J7CD9, *97C. T{{nn ~q|pv {n Syqn~v zstr p|w{vs. – c~r|ps {n bnv-
vsxv v{v un |}n{xv }~|pn{v }~v b|vwxv r~tnps{ {vps~vs, 1938,

P 2–3, 1–117, ||o. . 20, 23 (~q|pxv onyn{), 30–31 (~x~n {n p{|n), 35 (zv{vs-
x|| o~szs), 35–37 (~x~n {n vu{|n).
6 $D8L<9, ,DCGH7CH>C. T{{nn ~q|pxn…, . 29.
7
Syqn~xn {n~|r{n on{xn. bo|~{vx r|xzs{v. bnp. azs{ Rp~nz|p, f~v| m{|p-
xv. c. 4. b., Uynp{| }~npys{vs {n n~vpvs }~v ]v{vs~xv ps v S^S, 2004, 397–581.
}~su 1931 q.) s {nynqnyv }|~nrv xnn~|ny{|| }nrn{s {n s{vs {n

syx||}n{xv vu{| v pvpn{s| z {n}|y|pv{n, x|s| un}ynpny|
vus~}pn{s {n pny{vs ~sus~pv, nx| p{| |ps{| {s ors {nznys{.
T}|ysrpvs S^S uno~n{vyn |}xn{s| {n pnyn un p{| {n „yx|u{v
}~srzsv“, n | 1933 q. ppsyn v vsznn {n n{vs x|z}s{nvv, x|-
| s r|}xny p{| {nr ~sr|p{v x|{v{qs{, {| nz| ~s vu{| {n |}-
~srsys{v |xv. b sy {n~npn{s {n vu{|n v {nonp{s {n pnyn, {n vu-
{|vsyvs {n rnrs{v |xv s rnpnyn }~szv (p ~nuzs~ 35% {nr |vvny-
{v pnys{ x~), nx| }~|rnrn {n on{xnn }|ys{vs | }~v vu{|n
trv pnyv. enxvsxv |pn |u{nnpn rp|s{ pnys{ x~ (|vvnys{ v
}|-pv|x un {n~s{vs {n vu{|n) v {n }~nxvxn – x~vn rspnypnv {n
yspn v }~|s{.8 Z |s – }~szv~n{s| (r|v~n{s|) {n vu{|n p|-
rsy| r| vux~vppn{s {n s{vs {n p~s{v }nun~.
[|{~|y {n p{{nn ~q|pv | S^S n{ny }ys{ }|~srvn |
{n~srov | npq 1934 q. {nnx, x|v| s urnpnyv yvv {n p{|{v v
vu{|{v |xv. T suv yvv {n}pnyv ~srvn }~|zs{v v }~sq~}v~n{v,
vw| x|{x~ss{ zvy }|{x|qn ~r{| z|ts rn s ~nuos~s, {| }| |on
vrs r~tnpnn vux}pnyn |}~srsys{ }~|s{ | pnynn, }|ys{n }~v
vu{|n {n |xv, x|w| ovy |yx|pn }|-q|yz (r| 50%), x|yx|| }|-yss{
ovy vu{| {n rnrs{nn |xn. _}xn{s| {n pnyn un p{| }x s q~n-
rv~ny| }|~sr {s|o|rvz| n | p{|{nn |xn – x|yx|| s }|-q|yzn,
|yx|pn }|-q|yz }~|s{ | {s|o|rvznn pnyn }|ynpny p{|vsy.
`~v }|r|o{n vszn {n |q~n{vs{v {n pnynn zs{nn v{r~v {n
}~nxvxn }|yvyn {|pn }~|sxv, un|| p{| xn| y| ovy {nznys{
{n}|y|pv{n, n |}~srsys{v xn| p|~|s}s{s{ p{| | „yx|u{v“ v{r-
~vny{v }~|vupsrs{v ovy }~{, x|s| rny| puz|t{| un unzspn{s|
vz zs{v s~unv. ^n |pn s rytny| pu{vxpn{s| p ~n{nn {n xn-
x|pn v{r~v, }n~zs~v, }~|vup|rp| {n q~nz||{{v }y|v v }~. Yn
{nr rsypn{s| {n v{s~svs {n v{r~vnyvs z|ts rn s rv v }| nx-
n, s p{| {n ~|pv{v, }|yno~vxnv v q|~vpn {n~npny {s}~sx{n-
| | 1921 r| 1936 q. p |onn |w{| {n p{|n (| 38,5 r| 63,8%), r|xn-
| }~su v }s~v|r p{| {n q||pv }~|vupsrs{v {nznyy }|v rp|w-
{| – | 59,6 r| 34,4%. c|pn |u{nnpn psyvnpnn s unpvvz| {n oy-
qn~xnn v{r~v | p{|n {n trv ~|pv{v v }|yno~vxnv.9
T ~stvzn {n |q~n{vvsy{v zs~xv un p{|n ~su x|{v{qs{v~n{s v pn-
ys{ x|{~|y, xnx| v {n vusqy{s {n n{|| p{{| x~srvv~n{s }|
p~szs {n Vs}~svn, }~su 1930–1937 q. p{| {nznyy v ~q|pxv on-
8
Tt. v (@>BD9, *97C. Tny{nn {v }|yvvxn. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx|
r~tsp|, 33, 1934, P 5, 275–290.
9
2DM<9, '>C@D. Z{r~vny{nn }|yvvxn…, 85–104, rn{{vs | . 90.
yn{ }|xnuny u{nvsys{ vuyvx. ]v{vsx|| |oynqn{s |{nny| }~|-

rytnpny| rn {n~npn (25,8% | |w{| n {n |oy|ts{v zv| p{|
}~su 1932 q.; 28,6% }~su 1934 q.), ysr x|s| }nr{ny| r| |x|y| 20% }~su
1935–1937 q., qynp{| p ~suyn | |p|o|rs{v | zv| r~tnp{v r|npxv.
c~opn rn s |osystv {s}~sx{n| {n~npn|| u{ns{vs {n Us~zn-
{v pp p{{nn ~q|pv {n Syqn~v }~su 30-s q|rv{v p|rs| r| ps
}|-sr{|~n{vpn |~vs{nv xz {s. cnxn vu{| un Us~zn{v r|vq{ny
36% | |w{|n {n |ov vu{| }~su 1933 q., 48% – }~su 1935 q., 43% –
}~su 1937 q. T || p~szs s x~nvy oyqn~xv vu{| un r~qv {n}~np-
ys{v, ||os{| un ~n{vs | V{npxv onsw{, un e~n{v v Znyv.
T{| | Us~zn{v ovy |s }|-q|yz – 21% | |onn |w{| {n p{|n
}~su 1925–1929 q., 28% }~su 1930–1934 q. v 56% }~su 1935–1937 q.10
_~vs{nvn }~srvz{| xz Us~zn{v s ys{pnyn | xypn{s|
{n xyv~v{q|pv }|q|rov (}~pnn }~su 1932 q.), |u{nnpnv, s ~snyvuv~n-
{vs | vu{|n un {s zv z|qn rn s vu}|yupn un p{| nz| | {s. gsyn
x ovyn rn s |q~n{vv p{| | r~qv ~n{v, x|w| ~opny| rn s un-
}ynn pnyn. ^n }~nxvxn p~szs| }~spvnpn{s| {n vu{|n | Syqn-
~v un Us~zn{v r|psy| r| {n~}pn{s {n oyqn~xv np|n~v nz v }~nt{-
pny| {nvx un p{| {n qs~zn{xv no~vxnv (un rn s vu}|yupn suv np|n-
~v). c|pn }|pvnpny| vx|{|zvsxnn unpvvz| | Us~zn{v v }|xn-
pny| s{vs {n r|np{vs | {s |xv {nr zstr{n~|r{vs (| }|~n-
rv vuxps{| }|r r~tn{v pv|x x~ {n zn~xnn {n). [yv~v{qv ovyv
xys{v v {x|v r~qv r~tnpv.11
[aWVZc Z VkaXRT^Z [aWVZc^Z Z^bcZcdgZZ
gs{~nys{ v |}~srsy nx {n v{n{|p|-x~srv{nn vszn {n s

q|}|rpn|| }|y|ts{vs v }~su |}~srsys{v }s~v|rv }y{|| }~s|oyn-
rnpn{s {n r~tnp{vs on{xv v x~srv.12 Z{vv|{ny{n |{|pn {n r~-
10 1H<J7CD9, *97C. T{{nn ~q|pv…, . 35 (zv{vsx|| o~szs), . 60 (noyvn un
p{|n), . 67 (noyvn un vu{|n).

11
57@7AD9, #G<C. e|~zv, ~nuzs~ v rsw{|…, 100–103, 114.
12 Yn v{n{|p|-x~srv{nn vszn pt. $DL<9, 1HDOC. ^|pv {n|xv {n x~srv{nn vs-
zn p Syqn~v. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v. bnp. azs{ Rp~nz|p. b.,
e|{rnv Syqn~xn {nxn v xy~n, 1998, 121–137, ||o. 122–123, 135–137 (}~s}snn{| |
b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 26, 1927, P 1–2, 11–27); Syqn~xn }~|-
zvys{n on{xn. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v, 203–209, ||o. 203–204 (}~s-
}snn{| | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 25, 1926, P 4, 183–189). Tt.
| p|rn {n #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{ zn{vs p Syqn~v. –
Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v, 13–90.
tnp{v x~srv ovyv Syqn~xnn {n~|r{n on{xn (S^S), Syqn~xnn uszs-

rsyxn on{xn (SYS) v }~|vup|r{nn | Syqn~xn s{~ny{n x||}s~n-
vp{n on{xn (Sg[S). S^S s urnrs{n }~su 1879 q. p{ss{v | r~tnpn-
n |x|y| 9 zy{. yspn. SYS s ~srs{n }~su 1903 q. {n onunn {n {x|yx|x-
~n{| ~s|~zv~n{vs uszsrsyxv xnv, urnrs{v }~su 1863 q. | ]vrn
}nn }svny{v rn{v p~ {nsys{vs|. ev{n{|p| ynonn Sg[S
ovyn |{|pn{n }~su 1910 q. un v{n{v~n{s {n x||}s~nvvs. [n}vny p
r~tnp{vs x~srv{v ~strs{v s {nov~ny | ~nuyv{v vu|{vv – rn-
{v, py|q|ps, trv unszv, }n~v{n szvv v }~. Zzs{{| r~tnp{vs
on{xv r~tnyv |{|p{nn n | pvxv xn}vnyv p Syqn~v, r|xn|
n{vs ovyv |{|vsy{| ynov, ||os{| r| p|w{vs v {nw-pss v|
oyqn~xvs. `|-vy{v ovyv on{xvs v nxv|{s~{vs r~ts{v tr xn-
}vny ({npyuy srpn ysr 1906 q.), {| {sq|pv ry ovy ~nuyvs{ }~su ~nu-
{v }s~v|rv, x|qn| {npyvuny vyv vuyvuny | ~n{nn. Tp p~uxn |pn
vx|{|zv azs{ Rp~nz|p q|p|~v un „v| r~tnps{ x|{~“ {n rpvts-
{vs {n xn}vny|pvs }||v p oyqn~xnn x~srv{n vszn, |opnn
}|pss| x~srv{v vu|{vv p vx|{|zvxnn.13
`|r|o{n {sn~nxs~{n r|~v un sr{vs onyxn{xv r~tnpv snvun-
v {n x~srvn rnpnyn puz|t{| {n r~tnpnn, ~s}sxvp{| {n }~npy-
pnvs }|yvvsxv vyv, rn s {nzspn p x~srvn v rn q| }~npypn }|
|}n{xv v~syspn{s{ (v s| v~nv|{nys{) {nv{ un }|yvvsxv, }n~-
vw{v, |vny{v v r~qv syv. csuv {nzsv ovyv | ~nuyvs{ pvr. ^n}~v-
zs~ xn}vny|pvs ~s~v {n S^S s| s vuuszpnyv osuyvps{| v r|~v
osupuzsur{| | r~tnpnn un {sw{vs v{n{|pv {trv, pzs| rn x~srv-
v~n n{|| |}n{p|. cnxn }| p~szs {n x~vunn | 1897–1901 q. S^S
{znyn ~s~v }|~nrv vz|ovyvunv {n ~srpnn, rnrs{v {n r~tnpnn
v {n |ov{v, {n uszsrsyxvs xnv v }~. Sn{xnn ovyn }~v{rs{n rn }~s
pxnxpv unszv, |xnupnwxv }|rx~s}n {n }~|vup|rp|| v ~q|pvn x-
z| x|qn| s {nw-z{|q| s {trnsyv | {s. c|qnpn |pn ~ny| x~nx| p~s-
zs v vu|np{s| {n |}n{p|| {s ovy| }y{|. b|| s }|p|~vy| }|
p~szs {n p|w{vs v ysr (1914–1924), x|qn| r~tnpnn }~sp~{nyn
S^S p p| xnn v unqovyn }|y|ts{vs| v {n }~p x~srvs{ v{v.
b}svny{| }| p~szs {n p|w{vs (1915–1922) r~tnpnn v urnpnyn v
„osupuzsurs{“ x~srv ~su on{x{|{n szvv (}snn{s {n }n~v). c|pn p|-
rsy| r| v{ynv v |osus{pn{s {n }n~v{vs u{nv, }|{sts un }|~so-
pn{vs |xv v yqv r~tnpnn }ynn on{x{|v, x|v| }|~nrv p|s|
vu|ovyvs x|~| s |osus{pn. [n| }|rtrn |w{| n {n }n~v{vs
u{nv, v{ynv|{{nn on{x{|{n szvv }~srnpypn {s}~npsryvp rn-
13 #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{…, . 34; $DL<9, 1HDOC. ^|pv {n|-
xv…, .131, 134.

{x, x|w| |}pn v |osu~npn }s|p{| n v }~sp~y n | s-

ts n p~ ~nu{vs sx|~v {n vx|{|zvxnn, vw| xn}vny |osus{pn.
`~srv rn ors }~{n }~su 1924 q., v{ynvn r|vq{nyn 27 }v. Sn{x-
{|{|| |o~ns{vs ovy| |q~n{vs{| ( unx|{ | 30 {v 1922 q.) nz|
}|r {nvxn {n r~tnpvs }|osrvsyxv, unv{s~spn{v | novys{ ysp
un~nrv vu}ynn{s| {n ~s}n~nvvs.
h~su }|yvvsxv ~ss{v r~tnps{ x~srv ovy {n|pn{ un }|rx~s}n
{n z{vsy{v v |}n{xv {s~s{novy{v {nv{n{v v {n |rsy{v }~|s-
vv v un{v, osu |qysr {n |}n{xvs ~suynv | rsw{| n vz (. s. r|-
|r{| v vq~{|). `|r|o{| pnn{s {n x~srvn }|r~n{pny| ostrs-
{vs|, s r~tnp{v x~srv ~opn rn s „spv{“ v s r~tnpnn q| rytv
{n psxv, x|w| vzn {trn | {sq|; | }|r }~sry|q un {xnxpv |vny{v,
r~tnp{v vyv {n~|r{||}n{xv syv vyv t un „}~|vup|rvsy{v syv“.
`~|vp{| {n |}n{xv ~su|{ ~vx {n x~srvv~n{nn rsw{| s vuzs-
pn | x~srvv~n{v xz x~srv|~n („rvxn {n ryt{vxn“), x|s| }n~nyv-
uv~n }s|p{|n, xn| |zny|pntnpn v n{nn v{vvnvpn. „Wpv{v”
vyv „osupuzsurs{“ x~srv, rnpn{ un {svq~{v v {snovy{v rsw{|v, s
}~sp~ny {n }~nxvxn p uny|q {n }|yvvsxv o|~ov zstr }n~vv, }~|-
svv v xynv, |~qn{vunvv, uv, v{rvxnv v }~., {n~npnwxv p|s|o-
~nus{ |}n{xv x|~}|~nvpvuz. bvq{ny| s r|nz, psxv |}n{xv
xy|{ (v }~|sv) rn vxn p| on{xn, x|| rn q| x~srvv~n r~tnp{v }n-
~v, v }|r|o{| {n SYS v Sg[S, rn vzn oyqn~xn }~|zvys{n on{xn, un-
{nvwxn x||}s~nvp{n on{xn, ~q|pxn x||}s~nvp{n on{xn v }~., rsw-
pnv xn| ~nu}~srsyvsy{v o~n {n „spv{“ r~tnps{ x~srv.
b}|zs{nvs ~srpn un }~|vupstrn{s {n „spv{“ x~srv x|{x~v~n
{sy|y{| vv{xv x~srv, x|w| {s z|ts rn s ~nurnpn }~|vup|y{| v osu
|qysr {n |}n{xvs ~suynv, vzn p|n s{n (yvps{v }~|s{), n
~vx ~opn rn s {|v | x~srvv~n{v (qn~n{v un r|o~| vu}|yupn{s
{n x~srvn). T |uv }yn{ n x~vv{vs rzv {n pvr{v |qnpns{ vx|{|-
zv v |}n{xv rss b|{ S|sp:
h~su r|sqn{nn x~srv{n vszn ~vx | x~srvv~n{nn |}n{-

xn {xv s }|{n v | x~srv|~n, s| r|~v nz| | x~srv|~n, n
|pn }n~nyvuv~n }s|p{|n, |zny|pntnpn n{nn s{s~qv v |osu-
yvnpn n{nn v{vvnvpn. Tzs| rn s ~ ~srpn ~su vs-
znv{| pu}vnpn{s {n }s|p{| n v pzs| rn s rnrn {n n }s-
|p{| pvxv tsyn{v qn~n{vv v osu}s{|, ~su {nnn x~srv{n
vszn {vs pusznzs | osupuzsur{v vu|{vv, ~nurnpnzs osu r|n-
{v qn~n{vv v urnpnzs ostrs{vs, s x~srv, pus | vyv }|r
qn~n{v {n r~tnpnn, s sr{| oynq|rs{vs, n {s sr{n |oy|ps{n un-
yqn, r||w{| }~ss{s{n, x|{nv~n{n v }~vu{nn | {nw-unv{s~s-
pn{v – }s|p{vxn, vw| xn}vny s {|vsy {n urnrs{|, n {s x|{-

zv~n{| | {sq| oynq|.14
`|r|o{n x~srv{n }|yvvxn x|qysr| ts~pn ryq|~|{vs v{s~sv un

z|zs{{nn {trn, }|{sts }|rx|}npn{s| {n novy{|n {n pnynn v -
y|pvn {n x~srvn p|rv xz |}n{xn x~vun v }|{x|qn r| x~n. Wr{| |-
}n{xv ur~np| |{|s{vs xz x~srvn (}|{s }|~sr x|{s~pnvp{|| pn-
n{s) vuvxpn |w rn s |{|pnpn {n }~|vup|rp|| v }s|p{|n. bnz|
|qnpn vzn qn~n{v, s x~srv s s rnrs un rswpvsy{n v vq~{n |-
}n{xn rsw{| v s s s |}|yu|p|~v v pu{nq~nrv, n | s ~nurnrs{vs
x~srvv v }{nvs p |o~ns{vs }n~v{v u{nv (}ynst{v ~srpn) s n
p q~n{vvs {n {s|o|rvz|| v {zn rn r|psrn r| |osus{pn{s {n }n~vs.
Uynp{v v{~zs{v {n r~tnp{nn x~srv{n }|yvvxn ovyv S^S v
SYS. cnxn r| 1914 q. S^S |vq~pnyn |x|y| 40% (}|~sr hnxny|p r|~v
50%) | x~srvn un ~sny{v sx|~ p ~n{nn, ||os{| un ~q|pvn v v{-
r~vn. `~v yno| n {n n{v xn}vny |pn vzny| q|yz| u{ns{vs.
_ons p {sw{nn x~srv{n, szvv|{{n, xnzovny{n v pny{n }|yvvxn s
}~|ppnyv ~srvn yno|v v q~sxv. T |}~srsys{v, v | ro|p{v }s~v|-
rv S^S ovyn |o~ss{n {n }nvp{| }|~nrv |osopn{s {n ~srpnn Q |
r~tnpnn. Vyq {n r~tnpnn xz on{xnn }| }~npvy| ovy „vuvpn{“
~su }|~srs{ p{s{ unsz (xn| |uv | 1902 q. v novyvunv|{{v unsz
| 1928 q.), }~sp~nwxv p~s{v ryq pp p{s{. fn~nxs~{| s, s
}~su |}~srsys{ }s~v|r (ysr 1903 q.) on{xnn {s vxnyn rn v ytv }|-v-
~|x| }s|p{v py|q|ps v qv |oyxpnyn, un rn {s }ynn yvpv }| ,
n }~sr}|vnyn osuyvps{vs ~s~v {n on{x{|vs. _ps{ |pn ryq|
p~szs }|r r~tnyn {x|v |tvpsyv vyv {s}|r|rv un szvv|{s{ v{v-
|~zv {n }~x| x~srvv~n{s, n {s |s{vyn r|n{| u{ns{vs| {n
}|-vq~{|| x|ps{| x~srvv~n{s ~su x|{|pn }|yvvxn v ~ssx|{ {n
n{vs on{xv (x|s| purswpn p~ v z|ts rn qv {nxn~n rn ~nuv-
~ vyv pv x~srvv~n{s|).15
14
$DL<9, 1HDOC. ^|pv {n|xv…, . 136.
15
$DL<9, 1HDOC. Syqn~xnn {n~|r{n on{xn xn| szvv|{s{, xnzovnys{ v x~srvs{ v{-
v. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v, 139–202 (}~s}snn{| | b}vn{vs {n
Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 22, 1923–1924, P 8–9, 431–458; | xn| |rsys{
|}snx: b., Ry. `nxnysp, 1924). bx|{ (~. escompte) s |}s~nv, ~su x|| sr{n on{xn
rnpn {n {|vsy {n s{{v ({nw-pss ~q|pxv) x{vtn {nn |w{| }~srv }nrstn vz, xn-
| v r~tn |}~srsys{ }~|s{ (x|{|); {n p|w ~sr on{xnn z|ts rn z|ovyvuv~n suv s{-
{v x{vtn xn| qv ~ssx|{v~n }~v r~qn on{xn. c|pn |x~vpn puz|t{| n s{~ny{nn on{-
xn rn p|rv x~srv{n (x|{|pn) }|yvvxn, xn| |}~srsy r~tn{v }~v sx|{n }~|s{ –
prvqn{s| z xn~n on{xvs rn unqn ~nu}~srsy{v | x~srv, n pny{s| z |}xn
x~srvn v psyvnpn }n~v{vs ~srpn {n ~nu}|y|ts{vs {n vx|{|zvxnn. ^n p~szs| |pn s
s zny| un pnts{ v{n{|p v{~zs{.
`~su `~pnn ps|p{n p|w{n ovyv }~vsv ~srvn }|yvvsxv n{qntv-

zs{v xz u{vvs, x|v| vznyv v{n{|pv }|ysrvv. cnxn S^S }~v-
stnpnyn np|n~v p Us~zn{v, x|v| unqovyn |osus{pn{s| {n zn~xnn.
S^S |x~vyn zsxv p yspn p on{xv {n u{vvs, un rn z|qn s rn x}-
pn v vu{n | Syqn~v. ^trvs {n p|w{nn r|psyv r| zn|p| }snn-
{s {n }n~v v vurnpn{s {n {s}|x~vv x~|pv{v o|{|ps, x|s| |}~vvy|
v{ynvn.
Yn rn s }~s ~nupv~vynn s }~su v ysr p|w{vs v{ynv v ||os{|
}|r {nvx |p{ }~su 1922 q. ovy }~vs unx|{ un |q~n{vnpn{s {n }n~v-
{|| |o~ns{vs, }|ysrpn{ | }~|zs{v p unx|{n un S^S }~su 1924 v
1926 q., syv rn {n}~np on{xnn }|-znyx| unpvvzn | r~tnpnn. Sy-
qn~xvs v{n{v |qnpn }~szv{nyv vuy| }|r x|{~|yn {n u{vsxn-
n x|zvv un vu}ynn{s {n ~s}n~nvvs. Syqn~xvs }|yvvv s }~|-
vpypnyv psxv ~s }|r|o{n }|yvvxn {n np|{|z{| {n S^S (x|-
| ov qv yvvyn | vu|{vx {n ~srpn) v |s }|pss {n }~srynqn{|| |
p{{vs vyv }~sp~n{s {n on{xnn p n{n. cnxn np|{|zvn ovyn
}~|xn~n{n nz| nv{|. bysr ~s|~qn{vunv }~su 1928 q. S^S s }~s-
p~{nyn p szvv|{s{ v{v v „on{xn {n on{xvs“, . s. }~yn }~xnn
x~srv{n rsw{| ({xvn {n ~q|pxn on{xn) v un}|{nyn rn ysrv
}~srvz{| un ur~npv{nn {n on{x|pnn vszn (}~vsznwxv yvzvv un ~sv-
{n{v~n{s {n ~q|pxvs on{xv) v un x~srvn vu|o|, xn| |vq~pnyn
}n~v{nn szvv v novy{| n v x|{ps~v~sz| n {n yspn (~su yvx-
pvr{| {n |ops{vs v nxvpv). T || p~szs un}|{nyn rn x~srv-
v~n v{r~vn v ~q|pvn x|ps{| – ~su x|{|pv |}s~nvv, ~ss-
x|{ v x~srvv~n{s {n n{v on{xv.16
j| s |{n r| pny{nn (xnzovny{n) }|yvvxn, r| p|w{vs s-
ppnyv p|o|r{n ~nuz{n {n yspn ({|zv{ny{| ~nps{ {n ~n{xn) v ~szst
un }~szv{npn{s xz uyns{ n{rn~ (|rny s | 1906–1907 q.); |ps{|
qynp{nn q~vtn |qnpn ovyn }~sznpn{s| {n ntv||, . s. |vq~pn{s }~v
~nuz{nn {n {|zv{nys{ x~ {n yspn (n {s }|r {|zv{nyn). b un}|pn{s
{n p|w{vs x|{ps~v~sz| n {n on{x{|vs p uyn| ovyn „p~szs{{|“
}~sx~ns{n, x|s| s |xnuny| x~nw {n }~|sppnyv x~nx| p~szs xyn-
vsxv uyns{ n{rn~ {n. T zstr{n~|rs{ }yn{ ysr p|w{vs s n-
{|pvy uyn{|rspvus{ n{rn~, }~v x|s| nz| {x|v pnyv ovyv p~un-
{v uyn|| (n |n{nyvs r~tnpv ~}nyv ~sus~pv p suv pnyv). Vs}-
~svn y|tvyn x~nw {n nuv vszn, {n}{nn | Tsyvx|o~vn{v }~su
1931 q. bysr Vs}~svn s n{|pvyn }~s|r{n vszn, r|xn| s ppsrs
}~su 1944 q. o~s{{rxnn vszn {n uyn{|r|yn~|p n{rn~ v }ynpn-
16 #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx {n Syqn~v. b., gs{~ un yvos~ny{v ~nsqvv,
2001, 63–65, 120–144.

v pny{v x~|ps. Syqn~v {s }yn rn |spv (|ps{ un x~nx|)

p|o|r{n x|{ps~v~sz| {n yspn, x|s| ov un~nvy| ynovs ~sus~pv
{n S^S (}~v {sqnvp{|| ~q|px| nyr|).
`|-x|{x~s{| xnzovny{nn rsw{| {n S^S ysr p|w{vs }~szv{nyn
}~su {x|yx| nuv v ~stvzv, p|o|rs{ pnys{ ~stvz }~su 1920–1923 q. v
xnzovnys{ z|{|}|y | x~n {n 1923 q. `| p~szs {n p|o|r{v xnzovnys{
~stvz on{xnn (~su s{~nynn {n rspvuvs) }~|}{nyn puz|t{|v un
vux}pn{s {n trn pnyn, p|rsyn }|yvvxn {n {vxv v psz }~|vup|y-
{v pny{v x~|ps, unn{nyn {n }~v{v}n {n ~s}~svn un }v~n{s {n pn-
y{nn „}sxyn“, }~srvupvxn{n p{| | |rnysnpn{s| {n {sw{vs
x~|ps | ~sny{|vs, }~ssyn {n nxn {s|o|rvzv vu{| (vux}pnwxv
}|ys{vs trv rspvuv }| {vxv x~|ps). S^S s unoytrnpnyn, s z|-
ts nz| pny{n }|yvvxn v {sunpvvz| | ~sny{vs |}n{xv y|pv
rn vyv ynov ysp. cnxn ysr vu|npn{s {n on{xnn, x|| vu}{nyn |
p|v ~s xnzovny{v }nun~, y|qv{| s vq{ny| r| xnzovnys{ z|{|}|y.
bysr }y{|| z|{|}|yvuv~n{s {n ~q|pvn pnyn v rn{|| ppst-
rn{s {n ~np{|pss{ x~ }|~sr {nw-{vxvs }nun~{v x~|ps (. s. }~v znx-
vzny{n rspnypnv {n yspn) r|ps~vs| xz yspn s pun{|pvy| v un}|-
pn }s~v|r {n z|{sn~{n novy{|. _ x~n {n 1928 q. rnv~n srv{ |}v un
pun{|ppn{s {n nv{n x|{ps~v~sz| {n yspn xz uyn||, }|zs-
s{ | Vs}~svn. `~su |x|zp~v 1931 q. on{xnn s p~{nyn xz |nys{
pnys{ z|{|}|y v puz|t{| {nw-~s~vxvps{ pnys{ ~stvz, pxyv-
sy{| x|{v{qs{v~n{s {n p{|n. S^S {n }~nxvxn s }~sp~{nyn pp ps-
r|zp| un ~nu~ss{vs un vu{| {n rspvuv; }~v |pn vzny| z{|tsp| }~|-
vp|~snv v ~nu}|~srov v osuvsz{v ~nu~ss{v v vuxys{v. `|-
pvyv s v }n~nysy{v x~|ps, ppsrs{v un rn s vzyv~n vu{|vsyvs
}|-pv|x pnys{ x~.17
`~sr{nu{ns{vs| {n urnrs{nn |nv r~tnps{ x~srv Syqn~-
xnn uszsrsyxn on{xn (SYS) ovy| rn x~srvv~n syx|| |}n{p|. c|-
pn npny| {s }~x| un |rsy{v yvn, n ~su z~stnn {n x||}s~nvvs; -
|| s |{n v un |{|pn{nn }|-x{| Sg[S. [||}s~nvp{|| rsy| s
}~sp~{ny| p r~tnp{n }|yvvxn, x|| q| {n~npnyn ~su x~srvv~n{s
(40% | ~srpnn {n x||}s~nvvs }~su 1925 q.) v rn{{v |oysxs{v.
b}|~sr vv~n{v vy{| x~vvs{ |}n{xv v|~vx SYS v Sg[S {n}|-
r|opnyv |yrv{qv, }vyv {n „p|v“ x~srv{v x||}s~nvv, x||}s~nvp-
{v uv v }|}y~{v on{xv. „in}xnn“ qv ~sv{n{v~nyn }s~v|rv{|,
xn| s o|~syn un pyv{vs v }|-v~|x x||}s~nvps{ }s~vzs~, ||os{| un
}|-}~vpysxnsy{vs x||}s~nvv. bnznn SYS ovyn v{vy~v~n{n | x|-
17
Tt. v #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, 65–69.
|}s~nvp{|| rpvts{vs v zstr on{xnn v {sq|pvs uv s p|rsyn }|-

|{{n o|~on (x|s| |o{pn v urnpn{s| {n Sg[S). Yszsrsyxv x~s-
rv ovy p u{nvsy{n s}s{ }|yvvuv~n{, n x||}s~nvvs }~vvs vz
„zsxv orts{v |q~n{vs{v“ v ~}n{vs | {sov~nszv ryq|ps
(y|v x~srvv) z|qn rn s yxpn xn| |s srv{ |}v rn s un|ovx|y
{s}~vszyvpvs xn}vnyvvsxv unx|{v.18
b| azs{ Rp~nz|p sznvuv~n „oyqn~xv z|rsy {n ~nupvvs“,
| s |{n r| x~srvn, nxn: {n~}pn{s {n p~ss{ ryq {n r~tnpnn
xz S^S, x|w| p}|ysrpvs s ~n{|~zv~n pp p{s{ ryq; ~sxn}v-
nyvuv~n{s {n on{xnn (v r~qv rsxn}vnyvuv~n{v on{xv) ~su p{{vs
unszv v un}|pn{s {n {|p vxy; x|qn| p{{|| v{n{v~n{s }~s – |-
p|o|trnpn{s {n v{ynvn (}~su p|w{vs); nx| }x tr|| v{n{v~n{s
{ny|tv y|pv v x|{~|y (xnx| ysr p|w{vs) – {npyvun{s p rs}~svp{n
}v~nyn }~v |}vv {n r~tnpnn rn un|ovx|yv y|pvn.19
hRbc^Z SR^[Z Z hdXVZ [R`ZcR\Z
hn{v x~srv {n ovy z{|q| }|-yno| ~nupv | r~tnp{v v x|{~|-

yv~n{v | r~tnpnn, v | }~su syv ~nuqystrn{ }s~v|r.20 hn{vs ~-
q|pxv on{xv ovyv ynov, ||os{| p {nny|| v {nw-pss suv }~srvz{|
oyqn~xv xn}vny. c|pn ovyv zs{v nxv|{s~{v on{xv |q~n{vs{ xn}v-
ny v }s~vzs~ {n rsw{|, rnpnv unsz pv|x yvps{ }~|s{. T-
{| n{vs on{xv s urnpnyv qynp{| sy ~snpn{s {n v{n{|pvs
}~|oyszv {n s{vs urnsyv v xyvs{v nxv|{s~v v }~sr|npyv }~s-
rvz{| p~s{v x~srvv; s ovyv v}v{| xyvs{syvxv.21 `|-r|o~s
{nors{v xn}vny ovyv ~vs trv on{xv, |{|pn{v }~su 1905–1906 q.
tr xn}vny xn| „oyqn~xv“, s{~nyv p b|v v xy|{|ps p r~qv q~n-
r|ps – Syqn~xn qs{s~ny{n on{xn ( ~s{xv xn}vnyv), [~srv{n on{xn (
{szxv xn}vnyv) v Snyxn{xn on{xn ( np~vwxv xn}vnyv). cs rswpn-
yv, xn| }ynnyv vups{n yvpn }| py|q|pss {n zns~{vs v on{xv,
x|v| ovyv |x~vv, n rnpnyv xn}vnyn u{nvsy{| }|-pv|xn yvpn p
Syqn~v, }|rovpnn |s }|-x}v x~srv {n zs{vs on{xv. hn{vs
on{xv xn| y| vuoqpnyv }~x|| v{psv~n{s p ~nu{v |osxv, n }ynv~n-
18
#9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{…, . 22, 31, 34, 122.
19
#9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, 130–131.
20
Yn n{vs x~srv v on{xv pt. 57@7AD9, #G<C. e|~zv, ~nuzs~ v rsw{|…, 44–94;.
Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 31–35, 60–68, 91–93. b}|~sr \nz}v }~su 1929 q. t-
rvs on{xv vznyv 40% | n{v on{x|p xn}vny p ~n{nn (60–68).
21
#9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, . 32.
yv ~srpnn v qynp{| p |ov{xv unszv, r~tnp{v z|{|}|yv ({sp,

xvo~vs{) v unszv un syvs {n p{{nn ~q|pv. Vyq|~|{v x~srv
ovy z{|q| |q~n{vs{ r| p|w{vs, {| v x~nx|~|{v }~su }|pss| p~s-
zs {s ovy r|ns{; }~v |pn {nrs{s{v ysp un~r{pny vu{|n, n
ys{pny p{|n.
V| p|w{vs trv xn}vny npny qynp{| pp p{{nn ~q|pv,
||os{| p vux}pn{s| {n vu{|n {n u~{s{v ~n{v, wn, x|tv, ~|u|p|
zny| v r~. ~su x~srvv~n{s {n {trnsvs s | ~srpn oyqn~xv ~-
q|pv {nsr~|, xnx| v p x~srvv~n{s {n p{|n {n }~|zvys{v |xv (~s-
on{x|pv qn~n{vv, uny|q {n |xv v r~.). c|pn ovy ps pv|x|yvps{
x~nx|~|s{ x~srv, | x|w| s vupyvnyv q|yszv }snyov. `~srv p|w{v-
s }|v |pnyv ryq|~|{v trv v{psvvv, |ps{ }| v{vvnvpn
{n |rsy{v n{v xn}vnyvv p {x|v xy|{|ps {n }~|zvys{| n (}vp|-
pn~p|, }v~|pn~p|, }~|vup|rp| {n vqn~v v }~.). V| 1912 q. vzny|
16 }~sr}~vv tr xn}vny, x|s| ps }nx }~srnpypny| 30% | py|-
ts{v p sr~nn }~|zvys{| xn}vny.
bysr p|w{vs {n}pn unvypn{s {n n{vs on{xv (oyqn~xv, t-
rv, zss{v) v ~nuv~pn{s {n n{v x~srv. bysr | sqy{s| {n S^S
xn| x~srv{n v{vv s pusznyv qynp{| nvs p x~srvv~n{s| {n
vx|{|zvxnn. (T}|ysrpvs S^S s {n|vyn xz x|ps{| x~srvv~n{s {n
on{xvs oyqn~xv xn}vny ~s x|{| v uny|q.) Svyv |{|pn{v {|pv
on{xv v n{nyv ~srvn }~sq~}v~n{v {n on{x|pv xn}vny. _o~nupnyv
s {x|yx| {|pv q|yszv oyqn~xv on{xv, ||os{| Syqn~xn ~q|pxn
on{xn, Syqn~xn on{xn, Sn{xn un zstr{n~|r{| ~nupvvs, Sn{xn un {n~|-
rs{ x~srv, {x|v }~vpyss{ tr xn}vny. T x~n {n 1929 q. suv sv~v
q|yszv oyqn~xv on{xv r~tnyv |x|y| 22% | py|q|pss {n n{vs nx-
v|{s~{v on{xv. V~qn q|yzn oyqn~xn on{xn ovyn „Uv~rn}“, x|| n-
yv~nyn }~su 1925 q. Zups{| ~nupvvs }|yvy v}|s{v (ryq|~|s{)
x~srv, ~nurnpn{ p {npss~vs| {n p|w{vs | S^S, SYS v e~s{x|-oy-
qn~xnn v}|sxn~{n on{xn. `~su 1928 q. ovyn |{|pn{n }svny{n Syqn~-
xn v}|sxn~{n on{xn, {| }|~nrv }~sxnys{| pv|xvs yvpv {sw{nn rsw-
{| ovyn psz ynon.22
^n~sr oyqn~xvs s urnyv v 5 {|pv on{xv tr xn}vny: Zn-
yvn{xn ~q|pxn on{xn, e~n{x|-osyqvwxn on{xn (yyn s }|-x{|
Snyxn{xn on{xn v Us{s~ny{n on{xn v }~svzs{pn{n pp e~n{x|-oyqn~-
xn on{xn); V|wson{x (vyvny {n q|yznn {szxn on{xn, yyn s p}|ysr-
pvs [~srv{n on{xn v }~svzs{pn{n p Us~zn{|-oyqn~xn x~srv{n
22
$DL<9, 1HDOC. Z}|s{v x~srv. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v,
210–217 (}~s}snn{| | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 22, 1924,
P 8–9, 405–413).
on{xn); `~ntxn on{xn (vyvny {n nn on{xn p `~nqn); d{qn~x|-oyqn~-

xn on{xn (x|| p}|ysrpvs s pyvpn p Syqn~xn qs{s~ny{n on{xn). Zu-
p{ py|q|pss {n p|vs s{~nyv suv oyqn~xv x~snvv {n un}nr{v on{-
xv s ~szsyv rn }~vpysxn v oyqn~xv }spn{v v py|ts{v. `ss
trv on{xv r~tnyv xz x~n {n 1929 q. 55% | xn}vnyvs {n n{vs
nxv|{s~{v on{xv (}|~sr \nz}v – 40% | n{v on{x|p xn}vny p ~n-
{nn). `|-vuq|r{| }|ynpn{v x~srv | zns~{vs vz v{vvv {v-
tnpny s{vs ~nu{|xv v vz rnpny puz|t{| rn |}xn {n xyvs{vs
v x~srv 2% }|-{vxn yvpn | oyqn~xvs on{xv. htrvs on{xv s
}svnyvuv~nyv p x~srvv~n{s| {n ~nuyv{v rsw{|v v ||os{| {n p{|-
{nn v vu{|{nn ~q|pv ~nu{v |xv, p x~srvv~n{s vyv vux}pn{s {n
nxvv {n trv v oyqn~xv }~sr}~vv ({ns{xv {n v{n{|p xn}vny),
| p }|x}xn v }~|rnton {n pnyn v }~. htrv xn}vny vzny v vups-
{| ryq|~|{| nvs, n vzs{{| – xn}vny|p| nvs p |o~nupn{s| {n
nxv|{s~{v r~tspn p ~nu{v xy|{|ps {n |}n{p||, ryq|~|{v v}|-
s{v unszv v }~. bvy{|| ~nuv~pn{s {n x~srvn }~su 1926–1929 q. s
rytny| {nw-pss {n }|yvvxnn {n trvs on{xv, x|v| |}xnyv ys{|
x~srvv un p{| {n }~|zvys{v |xv, xnx| v {n p|o|r{|| |}xn{s {n
pnyn un p{| {n |xv | ~n{n {n S^S r| x~n {n 1931 q.
[~srv{nn sx}n{uv }~|rytvyn r| Vs}~svn (1929–1933), x|qn|
}|pss| tr xn}vny o~ny puszn{vn v v {n}xny ~n{nn. bnz|
[~srv{n on{xn p}|ysrpvs |{|p| ~nuv~vyn rsw{| n v pp p~uxn
{szxnn vx|{|zvsxn sx}n{uv. Y{nvsys{ o~|w oyqn~xv n{v
on{xv, ||os{| }|-znyxvs, nyv~nyv vyv ovyv }~sr nyv. Vpnws v ~v
n{v oyqn~xv on{xv p stx| |{vs ovyv x|{|yvrv~n{v ysr vy-
{n |osus{xn {n nxvpvs vz p |o~nupn{nn }~su 1934 q. on{xn „Syqn~xv
x~srv“ – qynp{| r~tnp{| nvs. V~qnn znno{n x|{|yvrnv|{{n
|}s~nv ovy| |osrv{s{vs| }~su 1934 q. {n SYS v Sg[S p Syqn~xn us-
zsrsyxn v x||}s~nvp{n on{xn (SY[S). hn{vs ~q|pxv on{xv {s -
}syv rn s pun{|p ysr Vs}~svn, xn| rsy {n nxvpvs vz }nr-
{ny rp|w{| – | 39% }~su 1931 q. {n 21% }~su 1939 q. _n{nyv rn s-
ppn nz| {x|yx| nxvpn on{xv, xn| Syqn~xn ~q|pxn on{xn (rsw-
pnyn | 1922–1934 q. ~s{xv xn}vny), x|| }~srnpypnyn v q|yz
v{n{|p s{~ q~}v~n{v |x|y| {s }~|zvys{v, ~q|pxv, x~srv-
{v v un~n|pnsy{v }~sr}~vv. cnxn r~tnp{vs on{xv v x~srv |{|-
p| n{|pvyv }y{| v{n{|p| {nrz|vs. S^S ppsyn v }~x nrzv{v-
~nvps{ x|{~|y {nr p{|n v vu{|n p ~suyn | }~szv{npn{s| {n zst-
r{n~|r{nn ~q|pv xz rp~n{{v xyv~v{q|pv }|~nuzs{v, n |
x|{~|y {nr trnn pnyn.23
23
57@7AD9, #G<C. e|~zv, ~nuzs~ v rsw{|…, 55–68.
[z 1938 q. |osps{vs x~srv{v v{vvv r~tnyv 60% | py|q|-

pss, n „Syqn~xv x~srv“ ~nu}|ynqnyn |x|y| 1/3 | }ynzs{vs p n-
{v sx|~. T|s{{nn vx|{|zvxn r|p~vyn |r~tnppn{s| {n on{x|pnn
vszn: }~su 1945 q. 80% | }ynzs{vs {n pvxv n{v on{xv ovyv {n
(}~nxvsxv r~tnp{nn) „Syqn~xv x~srv“, n |osps{vs x~srv{v
v{vvv (SY[S v `|s{xnn }s|p{n xnn) r~tnyv 60% | py|q|-
pss.24 cnxn {nv|{nyvunvn {n x~srvn ovyn }|v unp~s{n }~srv
|vnyvuzn.
anuzs~ {n trv xn}vny {n pn~v~ny }~su |rsy{vs q|rv{v, xn|
}svny{| x~nx|~|{v ~q|pxv x~srv }~vvtrny v s | sqyy s-
u|{{| v unpvsy | x|yvsp|| {n vu{|n v p{|n. htrv xn}vny ps-
yvvy nvs| v p x~srvv~n{s| {n p{|n ysr `~pnn ps|p{n p|w{n
}|pss | 3 }v p ~np{s{vs 1912 q., n p x~srvv~n{s| {n vu{|n – }|-
pss | 2 }v. bysr p|w{vs o~u| {n~n{ny v o~| {n sr~vs }~sr}~v-
v p nxv|{s~{n |~zn (p }~|zvys{|n, x~srvn, ~q|pvn), xrs|
|w vq~nsy u{nvsy{n ~|y. ^| ryq|~|{vs v{psvvv {n trv xn-
}vny p ~nu{v |~zv ovyv 2–3 }v }|-znyxv | x~nx|~|{|| z n-
vs xnx| r| 1912, nxn v r| 1929 q.25
htrv xn}vny }~|ppny ||os{n nxvp{| p ~q|pvn.26 c|w
r~tny p{|n {n }s~|y, p{|n {nsr~| {n znv{v, zsnyv, sysx~vsxv
}~|rxv, np|z|ovyv v r~., vu{|n {n u~{s{v ~n{v, wn, {, x|tv,
q~|urs, }y|r|p }y}, usys{v v r~. V|xn| }~srv p|w{vs trvs v~zv
~syv }|~sr{vsp|| {n oyqn~xv v~zv, ysr p|w{vs s |~qn{vuv-
~nyv p|v z~stv | unx}vv }| synn un }~x| vux}pn{s {n }|-{vxv
s{v. c|pn s |{n ||os{| un vux}pn{s| {n {n, |~qn{vuv~n{|
{nw-{n}~sr | {x|yx| sr~v v~zv trv xn}vnyv v {x|v oyqn~xv
v~zv, n ysr 1929 q. vuxyvsy{| | qs~zn{xv x|{s~{ un }~|vup|r-
p| {n vqn~v aWW]cb]R, | vux}pn{s| {n wn v }~. T un~n|-
pnsy{|| rsy| rswpnyv 13 xy|{n {n trv un~n|pnsy{v r~tspn, n
|rsy{| | |pn {x|v | „zs{vs“ ovyv zss{v. Rxv|{s~{vs r~ts-
pn tr v oyqn~xv xn}vny v~|x| }~nxvxpnyv „}s~|{ny{nn
{v“, xn| }~vpyvnyv p }~npvsy{vs v psv v xn| ~vx|{yv
}|yvvv, ovpv zv{v~v, {n~|r{v }~srnpvsyv, ovpv rv~sx|~v {n
r~tnp{v ~strs{v (||os{| {n on{xvs, {n SVX) v r~qv pyvsy{v
yvn, pu{nq~ntrnpn{v }| ~nu{v {nv{v, n p unz{n |nxpnyv unvn {n v{-
s~svs {n r~tspnn, ~strn{s {n r~tnp{v r|npxv v }~.
24
Vn{{vs : #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, . 123.
25
57@7AD9, #G<C. e|~zv, ~nuzs~ v rsw{|…, . 55.
26 `nx nz, 80–88.
T }~|zvys{| n r| 1912 q. vzny| 16 }~sr}~vv tr xn}vny,

vyv 30% | py|ts{v p sr~nn }~|zvys{| xn}vny; }~su 1921 q. vzny|
30 }~sr}~vv tr xn}vny, x|v| npypnyv |x|y| 36% | xn}vn-
yn v {nr 1/3 | |w{| n {n sr~|| }~|vup|rp|; }~su 1929 q. – 39 }~sr-
}~vv 31,4% | |o| py|ts{v p sr~nn }~|zvys{| xn}vny v |x|-
y| 30% | |w{| n {n }~|vup|rp||; }~su 1935 q. – 49 }~sr}~vv
1/3 | xn}vnyn v | |w{| n {n }~|zvys{|| }~|vup|rp|. ^x|v
trv }~sr}~vv ~snyvuv~nyv }~sx|zs~{v }snyov, {n}~vzs~ }~su
1923–1924 q. Syqn~|-sx|| r~tsp| un unn~{n v{r~v ~nurny|
38% rvpvrs{v, n | 1924–1930 q. pxn q|rv{n – }| 50% rvpvrs{v.
bysr 1935 q. n | {nw-sr~vs trv }~|zvys{v }~sr}~vv (un-
n~{vs no~vxv, sysx~vsx|| |psys{vs p b|v v r~.) ovyv vux}s-
{v | oyqn~xv xn}vny. bysr 1936 q. s |o~nupnyv {x|v {|pv }~sr-
}~vv tr xn}vny, vw| ry npypny 30–32% | }~|zvys{v
xn}vny v }~|vup|rp|. `~sr}~vvn tr xn}vny vznyv z|{|}|y{|
vyv vy{| }|y|ts{vs p }~|vup|rp|| {n unn~ (r| 1936 q.), {n vzs{
(z|{|}|y {n „U~n{n|vr“ nvs {n trv xn}vnyv), {n sysx~|s{s~qv
(4 trv }~sr}~vv z|{|}|y{| u{ns{vs rnpnyv 60% | s{s~qvn);
tr xn}vny ovyv srv{ps{nn no~vxn un xvo~v, 2 | 5-s no~vxv un
n~v, 11 sr~v }~sr}~vv p sxvyn (1/4 | sxvy{|| }~|vup|rp|),
{spv xn~sy (r~tn 2/3 | }~|vup|rp|| {n vqn~v), }|pss|
}vp|pn~{v, {nw-q|yz|| zsy{vn~x| }~sr}~vvs v r~.27
b}|~sr srv{ |}v un vuvypn{s {n }snyovs {n trv xn}vny {n
({n Rs{ hnxny|p) }svny{| on{xvs tr xn}vny vznyv 13–16% vn
}snyon (7–10% ~nurnpn{v xn| rvpvrs{) un p~szs| | 1925–1930 q., x|-
qn| ovy n}|qs {n rsw{| n vz; oyqn~xvs on{xv vznyv r|~v }|-q|ys-
zv }snyov – | 11–20% (10–13% rvpvrs{). bysr 1930 q. p on{xvs tr
xn}vny s {noyrnpn {nznys{vs {n }snyovs v ~nurnrs{ rvpvrs{ |
5–6%, x|s| |{nny| s rytny| {n unqovs | |}n{xnn x~vun, n p}|-
ysrpvs – {n {n~}pn{s| {n ~sus~pv, pynqn{v p znv{v, |~ts{v,
q~nrv v |xv, }~v {spuz|t{| }snyovs rn s vu{sn }|~nrv uno~n-
{nn un |}xn{s {n pnyn un yvpv, rvpvrs{v v r~. ysr 1931 q.28
T}~| un trv xn}vny {n z|ts rn s }|npv }|-|o|. `~v
yno| n {n |ops{v xn}vnyv |w ovy {s|o|rvz|. `|yunn, {| v
27
`nx nz, 73–79.
28 `nx nz, 88–103, 113–118 (rn{{vs {n . 114, 118). b}|~sr np|~n x~nx|~|{|| n-
vs {n trv xn}vny (. s. qynp{| un x~srvv~n{s {n ~q|pvn) }~su 1924–1929 q. puyuy|
{n vu{| {n 5% | q|rv{v {nv|{nys{ r||r. anp{|zsxnn | nvs| {n trv ry-
q|~|s{ xn}vny | 1897 r| 1940 q., x|s| ovy| u{nvsy{| }|-znyx|, |w vuvypn {n vu{s-
s{ |x|y| srv{ v }|y|pv{n }v }|pss | p{ss{v xn}vny.
|}n{|vs | {sq| n ~nux~vv r|o~s | pvr{v |}n{xv rss v vx|{|-

zv b|{ S|sp. `|yunn s p r|np{s| {n nxn yv}pnv un ~nupvvs-
| nx|~ (xn}vny) v {n }~sr}~vsznsxv zs{v, xnx| v p ~nupvvs| {n
{|pv v{r~vv v |}n{xv rsw{|v:
b}ns{vs| {n {|pvs ~n{v s p {|| }~v}||opn{s xz }|pnv-

s, zs|rvs {n rswpvs {n trv xn}vny v }~sr}~vszvp|, xz
sun{vs| . Zuxp|| s rn qv r|}{s p p|n ~n{n, {| rn
~no| p ~r{vsp| zs{v xn}vny v }~sr}~vszvp|, rn n
}|r pyv{vs| v x|{~|yn {n zs{nn pyn; rn s }~|ppn w, s
~suynvs {n {|| p|~sp| }|{s rn s }|rsy zs{|| {n-
sys{vs, {nw-s{s rn s v{x|~}|~v~n p {nv|{ny{v |}n{xv tvp|
w, s rn {s s puz|t{| |xpn{s| vz: rn }|ytn un }|xn v {n-
~s{vs v rn s |osuyvn p vuoyvx{nynn zs{n }~sr}~vszvp| v
zss{ xn}vny. Z{ns xnun{|, trv xn}vny rn s uszvuv~n, rn
}~vr|ovs }~vu{nvs, xnspnn v rn }|szn unryts{vn v stsvs
{n zs{v.29
_ r~qn ~n{n, trnn }~sr}~vszvp| }| }~npvy| }~vstnpn }|-

spv{ xn}vny, |}v{| v }~|rxvp{| v x|{x~s{vn v {v|tn-
pn zs{nn. Y{nvsy{n n | vv r||r | trvs v{psvvv s vu-
{n | ~n{nn. T }~srsy trv xn}vny z|ts rn }|npv ~n{nn p
vx|{|zvsxn unpvvz|, xn| |osov ~s~vs v }~sp~{s zs{|| {n-
sys{vs p p| ~no|{n vyn.
`~srv p|w{vs trv xn}vny {n }~|ppny s{rs{v rn s nv-
zvyv~n, xn| ~sy rswpvs| {n oyqn~xv xn}vny v }~sr}~vszv-
p|. `~v |pn z|qn rn s ~nuq~n{vn ~nuyv{v }|pnv {n }~|{vxpn{s {n
|rsy{vs ~n{v: osyqvwx|| – xn| v| v{r~vny{| v ~q|px| ({s
}|yvvsx|); ~s{x|| ovy| {| p~un{| r~tnp{v unszv v s |oy-
qny| {n }|yvvsx| pyv{vs ({| ~s{xv xn}vnyv ovyv vu}|yupn{v un v{-
r~vny{| v ~q|px| }~|{vxpn{s v | s{~ny{|sp~|}swxv v~zv);
{szx|| }~|{vxpn{s }x {|sy| osysuvs {n x|y|{vny{| (qs~zn{xvs
}~sr}~vv vznyv {szx| ~x|p|rp| v }s~|{ny, ~x|p|rsyv s | v{-
s~svs {n zns~{nn v~zn, pvxv }snyov s vu{nyv nz v }~.). bysr
p|w{vs, p |on{|pxn {n }|yvvsxn {snovy{|, |}n{xn x~vun, pn-
y{n {svq~{| v v{n{|pn {sz| {n zs{vs x~srv{v v{vvv,
trv xn}vny pu}~vsy qs~zn{xvs x|y|{vny{v zs|rv {n }~|{vxpn{s.
c|w {s s nvzvyv~ny, n s ~szy rn unpuszs q||pv v{r~vv (zsy{v-
n~xnn, {spnn v r~.), vuzspnwxv oyqn~xnn v{vvnvpn. `~v |-
29 $DL<9, 1HDOC. htrvs xn}vnyv p Syqn~v. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p
Syqn~v, . 235.
pn ~sy q|yszv }snyov p x~nx|~|{v }ynzs{v (qynp{| p ~q|pvn),

osu q|yszv vz|ovyvunvv v q||p{| pv{nqv rn s vu{ss, n }~v ryq|-
~|{v v{psvvv ~sy vq~{| ~s ~vx|pss v }~vpvysqvv p x|{-
svn (un ~nuyv{v }~|vup|rpn).30
T }|-|o zvy trv xn}vny }~srnpypn pnts{ v vy{| x|{-
yvxs{ z|zs{ p ~snn {n z|rs~{vuv~nn s Syqn~v z{|q| }|-{n}-
~sr{nyv Yn}nrs{ p. Vnyss }|-~nupvv tr xn}vnyvuz vrpny p }|-
vxnv un zs{vs |}n{xv rswv |~zv, x|s| }|~ntrny| |}n{xn
xs{||ov. anuyvxvs p |}n{xv zn{nyvs v ~nuzv{npn{vn p }~nx-
vxvs }|{x|qn vqnyv r| oyx. bnzv un}nrs{ xn}vnyvuz ovy p nq-
~svp{n nun {n vz}s~vnyvvsxn sx}n{uv v {s s v{s~spny | ~nu-
pvvs| {n zs{vs vx|{|zvxv (p {nv|{nyvv{v {n p|w ~sr |os-
pn). _|os{| stxn v {s}~|rxvp{n ovyn |~znn {n r~tnp{vs unszv
(~nuqysrn{n }svny{| }|-{nnx). cnxn „|}v|zpn{s|“ {n trvs xn-
}vnyv v {|| v{sq~v~n{s p oyqn~x|| |}n{p| {s s |sp-
pn. V|~v vrpnvs }| ns{ } xn}vnyv }~sr}|vnyv x~nx|~|{v v
qn~n{v~n{v |~zv (}|~nrv ~vx|pss), xn| vuov~nyv oynq|}~v{v un
z|zs{. `s~v|r {n {nw-q|yz {nnys{ ~nst }~su }~p|| rssv-
ysvs {n ff p. ovy |nv „~nst {n x~srv“, v{n{v~n{ | trv uns-
zv, x|v| }~v |pn s vu~nu|rpnyv qynp{| {s}~|vup|rvsy{|. b|}n{p|-
| (v }~srvz{| uszsrsyvs|) |qnpn s ~nupvpny| r|n{| o~u|, un rn
|oytpn p{{v ryq, r|xn| p|w{vs y|tvyv x~nw {n vyuvn un n-
ovys{ v nz|}|r r~tn s ~nst.31
Sk\URab[Zmc [R`ZcR\ZYk]
anuqysrn{vs r|x ~q|pv v x~srv, xnx| v v{r~vn n qynp{vs |o-

ynv {n }~|pn {n }|-sr~v xn}vnyvvsxv }~sr}~vv. cx s z||
rn s }|npv p}~| un oyqn~xv xn}vnyvuz v }svny{| un xn}vn-
yvuzn | z|rs~s{ v} (n {s {n}~vzs~ un yvpn~p||). Zzn ~nu{v rsv{v-
vv {n z|rs~{v xn}vnyvuz, {x|v | x|v| nxs{v~n p~ sr~|| zn-
v{vuv~n{| no~v{| }~|vup|rp| {nszs{ ~r (]n~x), r~qv – p~-
}~v{v}n {n ~nv|{ny{n }snyon un ~nuyvxn | ~nrvv|{{|| }|x~vpn-
{s {n }|~so{|vs (Ts~{s~ Y|zon~), ~sv – p~ |~vs{nvn xz
30 `nx nz, 231–242 (}~s}snn{| | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|,
20, 1921, P 4–5, 23–35); Syqn~v v trvs xn}vnyv. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p
Syqn~v, 243–254 (}~s}snn{| | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 26,
1928, P 9, 505–515).
31 #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{…, 60–65.
}snyon ~su zs|rv{n rsw{| v }~szn{s {n xn}vnyn (]nx Tsos~).32

c~opn }svny{| rn s }|rs~ns, s xn}vnyvuz {s s }~||| {n~}-
pn{s {n }n~v, xnxp|| s sppny| pv{nqv, n {nv{ {n {nn }|~s-
on, |~qn{vunvn {n }~|vup|rp|| v ~nuz{nn.
T z{|q| | zn~xvsxvs ~no|v un oyqn~xnn vx|{|zvxn {snn n
}|nps{v p~rs unoytrnpn|. ^s s ~nuyvnpn r|n{| {| vuvx-
pnv vupss{ znno xn}vnyvuz | psz r~so{|| (un{nvwx|
vyv nq~n~{|) }~|vup|rp| |{|p{| |ops{ ~r. [n}vnyvuz s ~nu-
ov~n xn| y|{n vszn („~|w“) v s }vn x|qn |w npn q|}|rpn
{n. `~vszn s, s |pn npn ysr _p|o|trs{vs|, {n x|s| s }~v}v-
pn ~|yn {n „o~t|nu{n ~sp|yv“, v | x {nnx s }~|ysrpn ~nu-
{v „nrvv“ {n xn}vnyvvsx| ~nupvvs, p n{| „p|o|rs{“ xn}vn-
yvuz (. s. p|o|r{n x|{x~s{v) r| p|w{vs, ysrpn{ | „z|{|}|yv-
vsxv“ nrvw v {ns{xv {n „r~tnps{ xn}vnyvuz“ zstr p|w{vs.33
T ~nupvvs| }svny{| {n v{r~vn vx|{|zvsxv v|~vx Xnx
^nn{ ~nuyvnpn znyx| }|-}~sr}nuyvp| ~v s}|v – un{nvwp| v zn{v-
nx~n p s|pv |q~n{vs{v | x~n {n fVIII p. r| _p|o|trs{vs|;
~|w {n nz||sy{v r~so{v |x|}~|vup|rvsyv v zn{vnx~n r|
90-s q|rv{v {n fIf p., x|qn| s vup~vy }~|s {n „{nny{| {n~}pn-
{s“ {n xn}vnyn xn| |{|pn v {s|o|rvzn }~sr}|npxn un ~nupvvs {n -
v{xv xn}vnyvuz; | |qnpn v ||os{| ysr 1900 q. – ~nupvvs {n sr~n
no~v{n v{r~v v z|rs~s{ xn}vnyvuz.34
32 Sombart, Werner. Der moderne Kapitalismus. Bd. 1–2. Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1969,
esp. Bd. 1, Erster Halbband, p. 14, 23, 319–320. Y|zon~ ~nuyvnpn rpn |{|p{v |}n{xv
}~v{v}n – {n ~nrvv|{{| unr|p|ypn{s {n }|~so{|vs (Bedarfsdeckung) v {n ~nv|{ny-
{| }~sysrpn{s {n }snyon (Erwerbsprinzip) p }n~v. [n}vnyvuzn |w rsv{v~n xn| vszn
{n |}n{xn |~qn{vunv, }~v x|| v punvz|rswpn |ops{vv {n ~srpn un }~|vup|r-
p| v ~no|{vv osu |ops{|; |w |v }|r u{nxn {n }~sysrpn{s {n }snyon v psyvn-
pn{s {n }n~vs, n ~nv|{ny{| n s |v p }yn{|zs~{|, sysp| v }~szn{s. Tt. v
Weber, Max . Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus. – In: Max Weber. Gesam-
melte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie. Bd. 1. Tübingen, 1921, 1–236, bes. 5–11; Wirtschaft und
Gesellschaft. Tübingen, 1980, p. 45, 48, 72–73, 78, 94–95. `|-}|r~|o{| un x|{s}vn {n Tsos~
un xn}vnyvuzn pt. '7G@7AD9, 0IB<C. Tpsrs{vs p |v|y|qvn {n ]nx Tsos~. b., d{vps~-
vsx| vurnsyp| „bp. [yvzs{ _~vrxv“, 1992, 249–263.
33
]|{|}|yvvsxv xn}vnyvuz {n p{| u~pn p p~rs x|~s{v sz}|ps, nx|
s rv }| |oppn{s| }|v psr{nqn {n {sq|p|| „unq{vpn{s“ (}|{sts {n p~nnn pss ~|}n
|vnyvvsxnn ~sp|yv).
34
.7H7C, )7@. `| p}~|n un }s~v|rvunvn {n {nnn v|~v. – Z|~vsxv }~s-
qysr, 6, 1950, P 2, 210–216. b}|~sr np|~n r| _p|o|trs{vs| vzny| nz| {ns{xv (vyv x|{-
~v) {n xn}vnyvuz, qynp{| ~q|pxv, v unnv {n zn{vnx~n; ysr _p|o|trs{vs|
un}|{ny }s~v|r {n „}~p|{nny{| {n~}pn{s“ {n xn}vny; }|-vy{| ~nupvvs {n xn}vnyv-
uz vzn | {nny|| {n ff p. r| p|w{vs; ysr p|w{vs un}|pn z|{|}|yvvsxv nrvw
| ~nupvvs| {n xn}vnyvuzn. b|: .7H7C, )7@. Zx|{|zvsxn v|~v {n Syqn~v. bysr
_p|o|trs{vs|. b., 1938, }svny{| 24–64, 77–83, 132–133, un nrvvs 77–78.
_ trvs np|~v {szxv onyxn{v f|yz Y{rns{ |o~n }s-

vny{| p{vzn{vs {n }~spsyvs{vn {n xn}vnyvvsx|| ~nupvvs p
|nn }|r u{nxn {n zn~xvuzn yvs~n~n un onyxn{xvs r~tnpv. c|w
vu|trn | }|{vs| un xn}vnyvuz {n xynvsxv np|~ xn| Ts~{s~
Y|zon~, un rn }|xnts yno|| |pspvs onyxn{xnn |}n{xn rsw-
pvsy{|. T {nw-r|o~v ynw z|ts rn s q|p|~v un „~n{{|xn}vnyv-
vsxn“ zstrv{{n nun, x|| s n~nxs~vuv~n sr{|p~szs{{| s-
ppn{s {n xn}vnyvvsxv v n~v {sxn}vnyvvsxv |}n{xv vs-
zv. ^n syx|| z{|uv{p|, n v {n n | ynonn o~t|nuv ovy tr
„r {n xn}vnyvuzn“, n pys{v xn| ~nu}~|~n{s{vs| {n }n~vs vyv
}~|ysn~vuv~n{s| {n sy{v {s n {s| }svv{| xn}vnyvvsx|. T
syx|| |}n{p| |s rnyss {s s ovyv {ny|tvyv pnt{v xn}vnyvv-
sxv }~v{v}v, xn| |~vs{nv xz }nun~n, }~v{v}n {n }snyon, }|-
~sonn {n }n~vs xn| xn}vny v vu|o| vx|{|zvsxv ~nv|{nyvuz, n
q|}|rpny| ~nrvv|{{|| „unr|p|ypn{s {n }|~so{|vs“.35
Zu|o| {nw-}y|r|p|~{| (xnx| s Y|zon~ v Tsos~) s |}n{p||
rn s ~nuqystrn xn| || s | ~nu{|~|r{v v tvsypnv |}n{-
xv ~srov, | x|v| xn}vnyvuz s nz| sr{n. T}~| |qnpn s p xnxpv
s~v {n |}n{p|| }~|{vxpn |w v xnxpv sz}|ps, n | p xnxpv |~-
qn{vunv|{{v |~zv. Zzs{{| nxn ~sv~n xn}vnyvuzn {n pvr{v vx|-
{|zv v |}n{xv rss b|{ S|sp.36 b}|~sr {sq| xn}vny {n s
}~|pvy xn| xn}vnyvuz {nw-{| p x~srvn, }|r |~znn {n nxv|{s~s{
xn}vny v py|q|ps, . s. xn| osuyvs{ xn}vnyvuz, znxn~ s zstr nxv|-
{s~vs v py|tvsyvs vzny| znyv{n v{xv xn}vnyvv (. s. |~n,
tvpssv | r||rn {n p| xn}vny). Syqn~xv xn}vnyvuz s }~|pvy
}~su 1902–1912 q. v p ~q|pvn (p{{nn), xrs| unszny ps }|-q|yz|
z| p vu{|n v |nv pp p{|n, r|xn| p|w{vs v }|ysrpnynn v{n{-
|pn x~vun {s q| ~nu~|vyv v {s |}vyv }|pss| xn}vnyv v ~q|pvn
}|}nr{nyn qynp{| p trv ~s. T v{r~vn, x|| p {nny|| ovyn {s-
| xn| ~nuv~s{| un{nvwp|, xn}vnyvuz }~npsy |n{v vyv rn
s {ny|tv, {| ~sny |q~|z{v }~sxv – ps }|-q|yz|| s{vsx| -
p~s{pn{s {n trnn v{r~v v |q~n{vs{v r|zns{ }nun~. T us-
zsrsyvs| }~npsy ynov v x|ysoyvpv |}vv.
35 Sundhaussen, Holm. Die verpaßte Agrarrevolution…, 45–46. Yn „~n{{|xn}vnyvvsxn
s}|n“ (p Wp~|}n XV–XVIII p.), x|qn| {n~sr xn}vnyvuzn vzn v r~qv, }|-~n{{v |}n{xv
vszv, pt. Sombart, Werner. Der moderne Kapitalismus. Bd. 2, Erster Halbband, 3–4. b}|~sr
np|~n r|~v x|qn| }~su sr{n v|~vsxn s}|n q|}|rpn rnrs{n |}n{xn vszn, ~sr|z
{s | v s o|~ v r~qv vszv.
36 $DL<9, 1HDOC. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn-
~v, 98–105 (}~s}snn{| | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 30, 1931,

P 2, 93–105); #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{…, . 64.
[n| y| oyqn~xv xn}vnyvuz ovy r~sos{ v s| }~vr~ts{ |

~rn {n |ops{vxn. c|w ~sny vy{v |osxvp{v }~sxv, xn|: x~nw{|
r~so{nn |ops{|, x|| {s rnpnyn }~||~ un rsw{|, ||os{| p |o-
ynv xn| uszsrsyvs|, x||prp|| v ~|vsyp||; | s{v
p~ss{ }nun~ v |q~n{vs{nn x|{znvp{n }||o{| {n {nsys{vs|;
s{vsx|| v v{n{|p|| osuvyvs un sunpn{s trnn s{vxn v
v{r~vny{| }~|vup|rp| (v |ps{| un vu{|); svs |}n{xv v
v{n{|pv x~vuv v y|vs y|pv {n x~srvn vu|o|. `~v |pn }|y|ts-
{vs {n~}pn{s| {n xn}vnyv {n vuqystrn }|-x|~| xn| ~suyn {n
ynw{v nx|~v, |x|yx|| {n }yn{|zs~s{ ~r v }~sr}~vszvp|.
[nx| vuxpn S|sp, xn}vnyvuz vu|o| {s ovy „vz}nvs{“ {n
oyqn~vs v ~sny vys{ |osps{ |}|~. c|w |o{pn |pn |nv
sqnyvn~vxvs {nqynv, n vzs{{| s „pvxv zs ~np{v v ~np{v ~opn rn
v |n{sz, n r|~v p {vsnn v zvus~vn“, v {s }|{sts {x|w s s |xn-
uny | urnrs{vs | xn}vnyvuzn oynqn, {| un rn z|ts „r~q rn qv {zn“.
^| | nxn, s xn}vnyvuz {n s ~opny| rn {n~}pn xn}vnyv
nz| | p~s{v vu|{vv, xn| yvpn~p|, r~tnp{v r|npxv v
~|vsyp|, p~s{n ~q|pv, vu{| {n u~{s{v ~n{v, unvs{nn v{-
r~v, on{xs~p|| v }~., . s. ~su }~syvpn{s {n ~srpn | sr{v p r~-
qv ~s, s| r|~v p sr{n v n zs{| vyv q~nr (n {s z|tsy rn {nov-
~n ~srpn | p{{v vu|{vv, p n{| ~su ~q|pv). c|pn }|~nt-
rny| o|ysu{s{v sn{v v ssps{n p~ntrso{| p r~so{||ops{v-
sx|| |ox~ts{vs, nxn s xn}vnyvuz {n {s s zny un vu|{vx
un |o| oynq||{vs, {v| s }|yupny |osps{n v r~tnp{n }|rx~s-
}n un ~nuyvxn | ~n{vs, xrs| }~p|{nny{| s ~nupvy.
^nw-s{s, xn}vnyvvsxv }~sr}~vv | }|-q|yz znno {n
{nw-s| s urnpnyv | trv xn}vnyv v v{vvnvpv, x|s| }x unqn-
y| {nv|{ny{|| pp| v orsy| ~sp{| }| |{|s{vs {n {sunpvvz| -
n, |o~nwxv qv v }~|vp xn}vnyvuzn. T }|-|o }yn{, p~ntrso{| n s
}|~ntrnyn | xy~{|-vpvyvunv|{{v ~nuyvxv p |}n{xvs y|pv v
p zn{nyvsn }~v ~snn {n sr{n ~np{vsy{| vu|n{nyn ~n{n }|-
~nupvv v vy{v r~tnpv. _s }|pss, s |}n{xv }|-{n}~sr{nyvs s
pu}|yupnyv psxv | p|vs }~svzspn, pxyvsy{| x|y|{vny{v
zs|rv, n vyvn {n vu|n{nyv un nrn}nv n zvsy{v v }~sr}|yn-
qn ~s{s {n n~v vx|{|zvsxv tvp| v {n ~nrvv|{{v |}n{xv
zn{nyvs, x|s| }~sp~n xn}vnyvuzn | vx|{|zvsxv p |vnys{ v
xy~s{ }~|oysz. cnxn nx| }~s|r | {n~ny{| uszsrsyx|-x||pr{|
|}n{p| xz }n~v{| r~so{|un{nvwx| |}n{p| |q~n{vs{n
~q|pv s rny {n oyqn~vs (}~su Tu~ntrn{s|), }~s|r xz p~s-
zs{{| xn}vnyvvsx| x~srv{| |}n{p| sr~| znv{vuv~n{| v{r-
~vny{| }~|vup|rp| v zstr{n~|r{n ~nuz{n ovy o|ysu{s{ v zvsys{,

nvs{ v {sunp~s{:
Tvxvs {nv |}n{xv v v{n{|pv x~vuv | _p|o|trs{vs| r|s-

qn s ~nu~nupn }| u{nxn {n yx{|ps{vs tov{n. Wp~|}swxnn
xy~n {v |opnn | pxn ~n{n, {vs vxnzs | {s }y|r|pss Q, {|
{s vxnzs, {s z|tsz rn pu}~vszsz {sw{nn |}n{xn ~x~n, x|-
| s xn}vnyvvsxn. gsyv {n {n~|rs{ ov s {nrvqn }~|vp v{-
r~vnyvuv~n{s| {n pvxvs {v }~|vup|rpn, un|| |pn s xn}vn-
yvuz, |pn s }~|vup|rp| znv{vuv~n{|, x|s|, }~srv rn v urnrs
vu|{vv, ~nu~|wpn |pn, ~su x|s| {vs v tvpsszs, |}n{xv {s-
znpn{v p unp|~s{nn c~xn vz}s~v. cx s }~vzspn v {sznyx|
~n|pv – ynp{xv }v|y|qvsxv s~v, {| p~un{v }|{vn
un {svuost{n v {n{n r~so{n |ops{|.37
[z {sqnvp{vs s~v {n xn}vnyvuzn p oyqn~xvs y|pv }nrnyv

v {nn vzov|un }|yvvxnn, |vq~pn{s| {n vx|{|zvsxv vuq|rv
~su }|yvvsxnn pyn, znxv~n{s| {n n{v v q~}|pv (xyn{|pv) vx|-
{|zvsxv v{s~sv }~vpvr{| |osps{v v }|yvvsxv ~su|{v v syv,
}~|xn~pn{s| {n vx|{|zvsxv rsyxv unr }n~npn{n {n r~tnp{v np|~v-
s. [nun{| |o|os{| | r{s{n }s~}sxvpn:
_o~nu, x|w| n{v xn}vny s vuypny p {|pnn oyqn~xn v|-

~v, ~r{| }|rystv {n vrsnyvuv~n{s. […] bvzov|unn }|yvvxnn,
svs v }|pszs{v xn{rnyv, xyn{|pvs o|~ov, |}vvs rn s unpus-
zn }|uvvv vy|pv ~srpn n {s|zs{{n n | |osps{v {v
tvp|, xrs| {s s }~snpnyn rn s p|rv vx|{|zvsxn q~ntrn{xn
p|w{n.38
T~ntrso{|n xz xn}vnyvuzn {n s }~|ppnyn p ~sr {sn, xn|:

stx|| |oynqn{s {n q|yszvs r||rv v {nysrpn; pu}~vszn{s| {n x||-
}s~nvp{nn |}n{xn |~zn (qynpnn |}n{xvs vyv {n vx|{|-
zvsxv ynovs) xn| nys~{nvpn {n xn}vnyvuzn, }~v x|s| Q s puynqn
{sp|wps{v {xvv; | s{rs{vn r~tnpnn v |ov{vs rn }|szn
ps }|-q|yszv |}n{xv {xvv. `|xnunsy{| s v |{|s{vs| xz nxv-
37 $DL<9, 1HDOC. Syqn~v v trvs…, . 252, n{ny|qv{| {n . 253: „cnxn srv{ znyx
{n~|r ov|pv s~v {n r~so{nn |ops{| v }~|vup|rp|, |q~n{vs{v vu|{vv v q|-

yzn tntrn xz n{nn |ops{|, }|r rn~vs {n vrsv xn}vnyvuz – {sq|p|| sr~|,
znv{{| }~|vup|rp|, {sq|pvs ps|p{v }nun~v v x~srv{n nun {n |}n{vpn{s – |s s
~ss p x|yson{vs zstr sp~|}swxnn vpvyvunv, urnrs{n | v{r~vnyvuv~n{|| }~|-
vup|rp|, | sr{n ~n{n, v x|ysxvpvvsxvs v snv{v s|~vv, x|v| }|r sr{n vyv r~-
qn |~zn z |osnpn oynq|rs{pvs.“
38 #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, . 38.
|{s~{|| rsy| – }~sr}|vn{n |~zn {n |osrv{s{vs {n xn}vnyvs p }|-sr-

~| xn}vnyvvsx| }~sr}~vvs, }~v yno|n {n sr{|yv{vs xn}vnyv
v }~sr}~vv. js s }~n }|-}|r~|o{| {n |uv p}~|, p x|w| n~nxs~{|
s |qystrn v s~vs {n oyqn~xv xn}vnyvuz, v |{|s{vs| xz {sq|.
R[gZ_^Wa^_ VW\_
Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| {n p|rv {nny|| v | p~szs| }~srv _p|o|trs-

{vs|, x|qn| pu{vx{nyv {x|yx| nxv|{s~{v r~tspn.39 _o| |
1879 r| 1912 q. ovyv |{|pn{v 274 nxv|{s~{v r~tspn, | x|v| un suv
33 q|rv{v ovyv unx~vv 76. T x~n {n 1912 q. sppnyv 198 nxv|{s~{v
r~tspn |x|y| 125 zy{. yspn p{ss{ xn}vny v vz|ovyvunvv p v{r-
~v, ~q|pxv |xv, on{xs~p|.
Rxv|{s~{|| r~tsp| s ||os{| r|o{| v }|r|r| un sr~n |-
}n{xn rsw{| – un x~srv{| rsy| (on{xv v x~srv{v r~tspn), sr~| }~|-
vup|rp|, ~q|pv v ~n{}|~. d {n nxv|{s~{nn |~zn un}|{nyn p
|oyn n {n x~srvn v un~n|pxvs, ~nu}~|~yn s xz ~q|pvn v
v{r~vn p {npss~vs| {n p|w{vs v ysr , {nw-s{s {npyuyn v p
zv{{|| rsy|, x||prp|| v q|~x|| |}n{p|.
`| p~szs {n p|w{vs vu|ovyvs| | on{x{|v osu }|x~vvs }~srvupv-
xny| vys{| ~srpn{s {n nxv|{s~{v r~tspn – vv{xn q~{rs~xn
~Nxn vzs~v{v syv v |osxv. T p|n ~no|n un nxv|{s~{vs r~-
tspn srv{ np|~ p~szs{{vx pvrssypn un }|pnn {n ~srvn {sr|o-
~|ps{v r~tspn („}v~nzvrv“):
W| pss |{|pnn un |{nuv ~Nxn, x|| os |opn{nyn tnr{vs un o~u|

uno|qnpn{s xz |{|pnpn{s| {n {|pv r~tspn, ts~pn {n x|v| s
n{n {s nzvs v{vvn|~v, n |{uv rnyss{ x~q | }|r}vvv v r~-
tnsyv {n nxvv, xn| v{|p{vv, vsyv, r|znxv{v v }~., x|v| vznn
ysx|ps~vs| rn }ynv~n znyxvs v }spn{v vyv rn n{qntv~n x~s-
rvn v }~v {nvs r~tnp{v on{xv p nxvv {n {|pvs r~tspn, }|r-
znzs{v | }svs un o~u| uno|qnpn{s {n ~nu{vs }sxyn{v.40
39 $DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| p Syqn~v. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p
Syqn~v, 257–422, ||o. 335–401 (}~s}snn{| | $DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| p Sy-
qn~v. b., 1925). S|sp s ovy sx~sn~ {n urnrs{nn }~su 1914 q. b|vwxn |{r|pn o|~n;
rv~sx|~ {n un~n|pnsy{|| r~tsp| „Syqn~v“; p }~npys{vs| {n Syqn~xn ~q|p-
xn on{xn.
40 +DF;7CD9, '>B>HNF. T|w{vs v {|pvs nxv|{s~{v…, . 5. Rp|~ ~sqv~v~n v |}v-
pn 155 nxv|{s~{v r~tspn, |{|pn{v | 1913 r| 1918 q. – {nw-z{|q| }~|zvys{v, }|ys

~q|pxv v v{n{|p|-x~srv{v.
b}sxynvp{nn |on{|pxn {n |ovyvs | on{x{|v, osu {nzs~s{vs vyv

puz|t{|v un }ynzs{ p ~sny{n rsw{|, s {svq~{n |{|pn {n nxv|-
{s~{|| rsy|. Wsps{| }|ysrpny| yv{ss{s v qn{s{s {n }|pss| r~-
tspn, ppyss{v v pp p~s{v o|~ov p }~npvsy{vs psv (ys{|ps
{n x|v| vu}|yupnyv r|o~vs rsyxv un p| }n~nysy{n n{n rsw{|) vyv
zstr q~}v nxv|{s~v. [~srv{vs r~tspn }~pv un}|{nyv rn unqv-
pn |osus{pn{s| {n oyqn~xv ysp, {| | unsq{ny| |nv v ~q|p-
xvs r~tspn, }|-znyx| v{r~vny{vs. `~su 1921–1923 q. yvxpvrv~n-
yv |o| 159 nxv|{s~{v r~tspn; | 198 sppnyv }~srv p|w{vs
(v u{nv qn~n{v~n{| |yvr{v) r~tspn p y|pvn {n |osus{s{n pny-
n yvxpvrv~nyv 69, . s. sr{n ~sn.41 f|~nn }~sn{nyv rn pynqn }n~v p
{s{|svs rvpvrs{v nxvv v vusqyvyv py|q|pss v | r~tspnn.
T}|ysrpvs nxv|{s~{|| rsy| |{|p| s ~nuv~vy| v }|s}s{{|
}~|{vx{ny| pp pvxv |oynv {n |}n{p||. _pr x~srv{|| v un-
~n|pnsy{|| rsy| | {npyuy| p v{r~vn, ~q|pvn v {nw-{nx~n
– p ~n{}|~n. `| }~sqysr un 1929–1936 q. {nw-z{|q| nxv|{s~{v r~ts-
pn }| o~|w v xn}vny vzny| p v{r~vn (61% | p{ss{v }~su |uv }s-
~v|r nxv|{s~s{ xn}vny), ysrpn{v | x~srv{vs nxv|{s~{v r~tspn
(27% | p{ss{v xn}vny), n {n ~s| z| vrpnyv ~q|pxvs r~ts-
pn (13% | p{ss{v xn}vny). T || p~szs }snyovs v ~s{novy{| -
n (}snyov p }~|s{ xz py|ts{v xn}vny) xn| y| v }| v}|ps nxv-
|{s~{v r~tspn {s pvrssypn un ||os{| r|o~v ~suynv.42
`|yvvxnn {n r~tnpnn }~z| nxv|{s~{|| rsy| v p}ys{v p
{sq| xn}vnyvuz ovyn |o| ynr{n, xnx| s pvtrn | }|-pv|x|| rn{-
{| |oynqn{s {n nxv|{s~{vs r~tspn | |n{nyvs pvr|ps |}n{xv
r~tspn (sr{|yv{v, ov~nsy{v, x|zn{rv{v) v ||os{| | }~vpvysqv-
~|pn{vs x||}s~nvpv; }~v |pn s |oynqnyn {s nz| }snyonn {n xn}vn-
yn (rvpvrs{v v ~sus~pv), n z{|q| }|-q|yzn zn. `~v ~sr{| ~nupvv r~-
tspn |oynqn{s| (unsr{| p~{v{vs) puvzny| rp|w{| }|pss, |x|yx|-
| puvzny xn}vny ~su rvpvrs{n v ~sus~pvs. `~v |pn }|y|ts{vs, pzs-
| rn s vq~{n v ~s{novy{n s{{n x{vqn, rnpnn r||r }|~sr sxv
yvps{ }~|s{, xnx| v pnt{n |~zn {n x~srv {n }n~v{v }nun~, nxvn
}~sn{nyn rn ors r||r{n x{vqn v ~srp| un }ynzs{ v {s s ~syn
| }svsyvs.
41 $DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| p Syqn~v, 361, 364–365.

42
37F7A7B8<9, *97C. anup|w {n nxv|{s~{|| rsy| p Syqn~v (1929–1936). – c~r|ps {n
bnvvsxv v{v un |}n{xv }~|pn{v }~v b|vwxv r~tnps{ {vps~vs.
b., 1937, P 1, 15–74.
T}~|sz {s ovpn rn s vrsnyvuv~n v nzvs nxv|{s~{v r~tspn.

cp~rs s| s ovyv rsxn}vnyvuv~n{v | |ops{vs vz urnsyv v |
qynp{v nxv|{s~v }| ~nu{||o~nu{v {nv{v: puszn{s {n }|-vuq|r{vs rsy-
xv un p| }n~nysy{n |}n{xn rsw{|, osu}yn{| }|yupn{s {n nxvpv {n
r~tsp|| (p~s{v x~srvv), rsys{s {n xyvs{vs {n „{nv“ v „pnv“,
q|yszv un}ynv un ys{|ps {n }~npvsy{v ps, {nrpn{s {n rvpvrs{n,
un rn s }|xnn nxvvs v qynp{vs nxv|{s~v rn s |p|o|r | p|s|
nvs }snyon, }~sp~n{s {n qosv n{v }~sr}~vv p nxv|{s~-
{v xn| |~zn {n }~|rnton q|yzn }snyon v }~.43 Z x {nzs~vy vu~nu
|}~srsys{ |}n{xv zn{nyvs, rny |{|pn{vs un {n~|r|}v|y|qvsxv
vup|rv un }~|y|pvs oyqn~xv „v{rvpvrnyvuz“ v {s}||o{| un
{s}s~|{ny{n |~qn{vunv, ~no|sn }|~sr |~zny{v }~npvyn.
^R]WbR ^R VkaXRTRcR Z WcRcZYk]
Syqn~x|| |}n{p| un}|pn p|s| ~nupvvs }|r u{nxn {n |}n{xv

yvos~nyvuz (laissez faire, laissez passer) v {s{nzsn {n r~tnpnn p |-
}n{xvs |{|s{v. [|qn| s {nzspnyn, | ovy| {s}~x|, {n}~vzs~
urnpn{s| {n uszsrsyxv x~srv, x|w| rn }|z|q{s {n sy{vs rn s
vuzx{n | ~ss {n yvpn~vs (n {s ~su }~v{rn p~ yvpn~vs).
]|ts {nvv{n rn s }~vpsrs n~qzs{, s p {x|v ynv r~tnpnn
}~npv {s| |pn, s {s }~npv {v|. cnxn ~snpn{s| {n p}~|n un |o-
ps{| n s |ynqny| r|n{| ryq| ysr _p|o|trs{vs|, r|xn| s
vup~v . {n~. nq~n~s{ }~sp~n, }~v x|w| uszvs }~szv{nyv (}| unx|{{v
v {sunx|{{v }vn) | ~xv p oyqn~xv ~s. Wrpn |qnpn, ysr ~nu{v
p~szs{{v zs~xv, r~tnpnn unn{nyn unx|{v v rsos{ n}n~n unr |o-
ps{|n, p~trnpnwxv }~|z{nn. T}~|sz oyqn~xnn r~tnpn x|-
~| ~q{nyn }| } {n nxvp{nn |}n{xn }|yvvxn v v{s~ps{v|{vuzn
}| p{s{ }~vzs~ v }|{sts ~x|p|r{vs }|yvvsxv syvv ovyv z|rs~-
{vunv|{{| {n~|s{v. Yn}|{ny| s ~nuqysrn{nn }|yvvxn {n {n~n-
pn{s {n v{r~vn.
V~tnp{nn {nzsn s ~nuv~vyn ||os{| v |o{vz| }| p~szs {n p|w-
{vs (v }|ys |{|p| }~su T|~nn ps|p{n p|w{n), x|qn| |}n{p||
43
$DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| { Syqn~v…, 367–368. Yn ~nu{v uy|}|~sov p nx-
v|{s~{|| rsy| x~n {n fIf p. pt. 4DC<9, *9. [|{~|y {nr {nvs nxv|{s~{v v }s|p-
{v r~tspn. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 3, 1898, P 5, 185–201;
,7F7;=D9, 1H. b}s|p{vs r~tspn p Syqn~v. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvs-
x| r~tsp|, 1, 1896, P 3, 153–169; -OEL<9, #C;F<?. V~tspnn | }~np{| v vx|{|zvs-
x| qysrvs. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 3, 1898, P 3–4, 102–136.
n{ny| {s }~|| ~sqyv~n{|, n v ~x|p|rs{|.44 ]s~xvs (|ov un pvxv

p|pnv r~tnpv) ovyv: uno~n{n {n vu{|n {n |}~srsys{v }~|rxv (||-
os{| ~n{v); n{|ppn{s {n x|{~|y p~ p~s{nn ~q|pv (||os-
{| ~n{v, {| |n{nyn p ~ss {n n{v ~q|pv); {|~zv~n{s {n s-
{vs {n ~n{vsy{vs }~|rxv v r~qv }~srzsv | }~pn {s|o|rvz|
(v o|~on ~s }sxynn); urnpn{s {n }svny{n yton un vux}pn{s
v ~nu}~srsys{vs {n ~n{v v r~qv ~s~v (r~tnps{ z|{|}|y {n }~s~n-
{nn); ppstrn{s {n x}|{{n vszn; zvyvnyvuv~n{s {n {x|v v{r~v-
ny{v }~sr}~vv (. s. |vq~pn{s {n ~|pv{v v ~no|{n ~xn v vux}-
pn{s {n }~|rxvn v }~.); }|z| un syx|| |}n{p| (p|w{vv, p|s{-
{|}ys{{vv, ostn{v) v r~.45 dn{|ps{v }| p~szs {n p|w{vs r~tnps{
x|{~|y p~ vx|{|zvxnn s ~nuqystrn | {x|v zn~xvsxv np|~v xn-
| „r~tnps{ xn}vnyvuz“ (| p vups{n v vy{| |~vn{n oyvu|
r~tnp{v |vnyvuz).46
b|}n{xv x|{~|y {n r~tnpnn }~su `~pnn ps|p{n p|w{n s
|sppny }|~srp|z }svny{v |~qn{v psyvnpnv s }~np|z|-
v }| x|{~|yn v }~|r|p|ypvs|. ^nw-{n}~sr |pn ovy [|zvs un
|osps{n }~srpvryvp| (urnrs{ unx|{n un |osps{n }~srpvryv-
p| | 7 zn~ 1915 q.), {nysrs{ | [|zvsn un |}n{xv q~vtv v |os-
ps{n }~srpvryvp| (bU_`, urnrs{ unx|{n un |}n{xv q~vtv v |o-
sps{n }~srpvryvp| | 26 npq 1916 q.), p}|ysrpvs }~s|o~nupn{
p Vv~sxv un |}n{xv q~vtv v |osps{n }~srpvryvp|, pss }|r ps-
44
Tt. un |pn }|{vs $D8L<9, ,DCGH7CH>C. b|}n{p|| v |}n{xnn }|yvvxn {n
Syqn~v }|r u{nxn {n p|w{nn. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zvsx| r~tsp|, 39,
1940, P 10, 621–658, ||o. osy. {n . 658. cx npn rzn un T|~nn ps|p{n p|w{n.
45 ]nxn~ s T|~nn ps|p{n p|w{n {s s ~nuqystrn, z|qn rn s }|zs{n {x|v n{ny|-
qv{v |}n{x|}|yvvsxv zs~|}~vv | |pn p~szs: unx|{ un q~ntrn{xnn z|ovyvun-

v | 4 znw 1940 q., }|~sr x|w| {n |}n{xn z|ovyvunv – un rn s |vq~v ~no|{n ~xn
v }~|vup|rp| – }|rystn pvxv oyqn~xv }|rn{vv, ~strs{v v }~sr}~vv; unx|{
un |vq~pn{s {n {norpn{s| v ~sqyv~n{s {n s{vs | 7 znw 1940 q., x|w| puynqn {no-
rpn{s| {n s{~nys{ |~qn{ }~v ]v{vs~p|| {n ~q|pvn, }~|zvys{| n v ~rn v
{n zs{v x|zvn~pn }| {norpn{s|, ~sqyv~n s{v, pu{nq~ntrs{v un ~rn v }snyov;
~srpn{s {n Vv~sxv {n p{{nn ~q|pv v }~. Tt. $D8L<9, ,DCGH7CH>C. b|}n{p||
v |}n{xnn }|yvvxn… .
46 V|ynpwxv oyvu|n, srv{ zn~xvsxv np|~ }|ynqn }svny{v vyv rn }||v ~nu-
yvxvs, x|v| |w pvtrn p un}nupn{s| {n n{nn |ops{|, }~sysrpn{s| {n }snyon (v

sx}y|nnv {n ~rn) v yv}nn {n }yn{|p| }~v „r~tnp{v xn}vnyvuz“ un ~nuyvxn |
|vnyvuzn (}nx r~tnps{). Tt. '<FB<C;=><9, *97C. ^nzsn {n r~tnpnn p |}n{p||
}~su }s~v|rn {n `~pnn ps|p{n p|w{n (1914–1917). – U|rv{vx {n b|vwxv {vps~vs.
l~vrvsxv nxys. c. 47 (1954–1955). hn 1. b., 1955, 337–403, ||o. 390–392. `~vyvxn-
n p{| s p rnyss |vpnvs ~sqynv v puz|t{|v un {nzsn p n{v sx|~, r|o-
yvtnpnv p|s{{|| |}n{p| r| |vnyvvsxnn „x|zn{r{n vx|{|zvxn“.
r|zp|| {n T|s{{|| zv{vs~p| ( vuzs{s{v p unx|{n | 6 n}~vy

1917 q.). _~qn{v {n suv s{~ny{v |~qn{vunvv ovyv q~nrxvs v syxvs
|ov{xv psv v p|s{{vs ~sxpvuvv|{{v x|zvvv. _ons {nn rsw-
{| }| vux}pn{s v ~nu}~srsy{s {n }~|rxvs, |vq~pn{s {n }~s~n-
{nn {n {nsys{vs| v n~zvn v o|~on }sxynn {s ovyn ssxvp{n.
^n |pn }~ssyv ~sr {sn, xn| un|ovxny{s| {n {|~zv~n{vs s{v |
~q|pv, zsy{vn~v v }sxyn{v, yv}nn {n p~rn }|rx~s}n un nqs{v-
n | }~npvsyp|| v non {n n~zvn, sppnyvs ryq| p~szs
rp|wps{| v }s~{vsp| zstr q~ntrn{xn v p|s{{n |~qn{vunv {n
}~|r|p|ypvs|. Vsw{| n {n bU_` ovyn ||os{| x|z}~|zsv~n{n |
u{vsxvs }|x}nsy{v s{~nyv, x|v| vux}pnyv {sunx|{{| v vu-
{nyv q|yz| x|yvsp| ~n{v; nznn {szxn n~zv v {nonpyn }~|rx-
v ~su unx}pn{s vyv ~sxpvuvv (|}~np{v un Us~zn{v }| pynrs{vs
| {szvs t} yv{vv). cnxn s vq{ny| r| {sr|vq {n ~n{vsy{v }~|rx-
v v |~n }~|r|p|yps{n x~vun, }~v x|s| |q~nopn{s| {n ~n{nn (v {n
}~vsrv{s{vs uszv }| ~nu{v {nv{v), ||os{| | Us~zn{v, s vuvy-
pn {n |q~|z{n zn. b {|p| vuzs{s{vs p unx|{n | 11 n}~vy 1918 q. bU_`
ovy }~sp~{n p }|znqnsys{ |~qn{ {n |}n{xvs zv{vs~pn, x|s|
s }~vu{npny {s}s {n {sq|pnn rsw{|.47
T|s{{|p~szs{{v |}v r|psy r| }~|z{n p pnn{s| un ~|yn {n
r~tnpnn }| }||xn {n v{s~ps{v|{vuz v snvuz, n~qzs{v~n{v
x|ysxvp{vs v{s~sv. `| rzvs {n [v~vy `|}|p:
`~stvp{nn p|w{n, zstr r~qvs ~suynv v }|ysrpv, ||~zv

u{ns{vs| {n rsz|x~nvsxvs znv v ~no|{vsxv y|sps p }~np-
ys{vs|. [n| ~suyn | |pn }~v{v} {n x|ysxvp{| n p zvy
{n unvn v }~|sxv v{s~svs {n v~|xvs znv }~|{vxpn xn| }|-
yvvxn v s{~ny{| unryts{vs {n r~tnpnn v s n{|ppn }|r sr{n
vyv r~qn |~zn {np~sr p }~npys{vs|. […] [n| }~nxvsxv vu~nu
{n n }|yvvxn s ppn }|s}s{{|| v unvys{| {nzspn{s {n r~tn-
pnn v |osps{vs |~qn{vunvv p |}n{xnn rsw{| {n ~n{nn.
Wnvuv~n{s, {nv|{nyvuv~n{s, r~tnp{v v |osps{v z|{|}|yv,
}n~vv}nv {n r~tnpnn v |osps{v q~}v~|pxv v v{vv p
n{|| |}n{p|, r~tnps{ v |osps{ x|{~|y v ~sqynzs{nv
47 Yn p|s{{|p~szs{{|| |}n{p| (|ps{ p~rs r|qznv{v Zpn{ Vs~zs{rtvsp) pt.
,7K7F@D97, %<F7. _}vv un r~tnp{| ~sqyv~n{s {n vx|{|zvxnn {n Syqn~v }~su `~pnn

ps|p{n p|w{n (1915–1918 q.). – T|s{{|v|~vsxv o|~{vx, 37, 1968, P 6, 56–73. _ np|-
~vs – p~szs{{vv {n ovvn, pt. 6CIAD9, *A>O. b|vny{n }|yvvxn {n Syqn~v }~su
p~szs {n p|w{nn | 1915–1918 q. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~xnn nxnrszv {n {nxvs v vuxp|-
|. [{. 62. b., 1941, 41–262, ||o. 51–55.
{n n{||}n{xnn rsw{| – |pn n }~nxvsxvs |~zv {n n

}|yvvxn.48
bysr p|w{vs r~tnpnn s unszn ps }|pss |}n{xv v |}n{-

x| ~sqynvp{v v x|{~|y{v {xvv, }|szn ~|yn {n |vnys{ n~ov~
zstr ~rn v xn}vnyn v p r~qv |vny{v |{|s{v. bvy{| v{s~ps{-
v|{vxv ovyv }~npys{vn {n uszsrsyvs, {n bq|p|~n }~v Rysxn{r~
gn{x|p ( vups{| |ynopn{s {n r~tnp{nn {nzsn }~v \}sp) v {n ^n-
~|r{v oy|x. V~tnp{nn {nzsn p |}n{xv tvp| v ||os{| p |vny-
{vs |{|s{v r|vqn {|pv {vpn }|r u{nxn {n np|~vn~{vs }~npys{v
ysr }~sp~nn | 19 znw 1934 q., }~vvs {n s{~nyvunv v n-
vs{ x|~}|~nvpvuz; |s }|-snvxn ovyn vrs|y|qvn. V~tnpnn p-
pstrn p n{| vy{n zv{vsxn }~|sxv, pnys{ z|{|}|y, x|{v{-
qs{v~n{s {n p{{nn ~q|pv; urnpn s r~tnp{v z|{|}|yv v x|{-
|~vzv. c v{s~ps{v~nyn v p |vny{vs |{|s{v, ||os{| zstr
~rn v xn}vnyn, zstr ryt{vv v x~srv|~v v }~.; ~szyn s rn |xn-
ts vrs|y|qvsx| purswpvs r|~v p xy~{nn s~n.
^n~sr ~sqynvp{nn ~|y r~tnpnn ovyn v |}n{xv osx p }~s-
xv zvy. c ovyn {s nz| qynps{ v {n }~nxvxn srv{ps{ q|yz ~no||-
rnsy (p nrzv{v~nv, n~zv, vyvs, x|z{vxnvv), {| v |ops{vx
{n q|yszv xn}vnyv, {n ~srvn }~sr}~vv (tsysu{vv, }~vn{vn, }|-
v, sysq~nv, sys|{v, zv{v, q|~v v }~.) v {n |}n{xv z|{|}|yv. _|-
os{| |}~srsyn ovyn ~|yn Q p x~srvn v on{x|p|| rsy|. Zu|o| ~|y-
n {n r~tnpnn p oyqn~x|| |}n{p| v |osp| ovyn |q~|z{n v osu
rn vzn sys{n|s{ snvuz (v |pr {sq|). c s rytnyn pss {n vy{|-
| }~s|oynrnpn{s {n r~tnp{vs v{vvv v v{n{|p| |}n{p| ~sr
sr{| r~so{||ops{vsx| |osp| }|y{n~ny{n vx|{|zvxn, }~v |-
pvs {n vx|{|zvsxv vy{n v nz||w{n o~t|nuv. `~su r~tnpnn
(~su {sw{v orts) }~su 20-s v 30-s q|rv{v {n ff p. s }~syvpnyn q|-
yzn n (r| 1/3) | }n~v{v r||r {n {nsys{vs| }|r |~znn {n rn{-
v vyv {n vup~pn{v | r~tnp{v }~sr}~vv }yns{v yqv (||os{|
p ~n{}|~n, |os{vn v r~.).49 c|pn s p n~z|{v nxvpvx|| pn-
48 /DED9, ,>F>A. `|y|ts{vs {n x||}s~nvvs…, 450–451; '7C7>AD9, &<DF:>.

b|}n{xvs unrnv {n r{s{nn r~tnpn. – Vsz|x~nvsxv }~sqysr, 17, 1924, P 8, 687–709.
Tvr{v vx|{|zv v rss {n bq|p|~n Us|~qv c. Vn{nvy|p |p~y p|o|r{v v {s|q~n{vs{
yvos~nyvuz, | sr{n ~n{n, v }y{|| q|}|rp| {n r~tnpnn, | r~qn ~n{n; |w s |o-
ppn un |}n{xv v |vny{v ~sqynvp{v {xvv {n r~tnpnn, {| }~|vp }~sx|zs~{v zs~-
xv v {xvv ({n~vn{v „|vnyvunv“ v „snvunv“).
49 57@7AD9, #G<C. ^nv|{ny{v r||r…, 141–142. Vsy {n r~tnp{vs v |ov{xvs
(u{nv |osps{vs) v{n{v p |onn zn {n {nv|{ny{v r||r un p~szs| | 1924 r|

1939 q. s rpvtsy zstr 25–30% | }n~v{v {nv|{nys{ r||r v 20–25% | syv {nv|{n-
n{s {n }|yvvsxvs syvv un r~tnpnn xn| rszv~q {n ~nupvvs|,

p|~ „| {v|“.50 `|r|o{n vups{n ~|y {n r~tnpnn s n~nxs~{n v un
r~qvs ~n{v {n Snyxn{vs, v un Zu|{n Wp~|}n xn| y|.51
Tp p~uxn |pn unytnpn rn }~v}|z{vz x|{s}vn {n Us~s{x~|{,
}|~sr x|| x|yx|| }|-vu|n{nyn s ~n{nn, |yx|pn }|-q|yzn s ~|yn
{n r~tnpnn p v{r~vnyvunvn v ~nupvvs| vu|o|, x|| |qnpn un-
zspn ~|yn {n v{psvv|{{vs (~q|pxvs) on{xv v {n nzvs }~sr-
}~vv.52 V~q p}~| s r|x|yx| }s{| r~tnpnn z|ts rn vq~ns }|r|o-
{n vx|{|zvsxn ~|y; „r~tnpn {n ~nupvvs|“ (}|{s p {s|yvos~ny{nn
yvs~n~n) s s }~sp~{ny| p v{|{vz {n „r~tnpn {n ~nuvs{vs|“.
Zrsvs, s oyqn~xnn r~tnpn vu}y{pnyn vx|{|zvsxv p|~sxn
~|y v s unvnpnyn x|ysxvp{v v{s~s, s ~nu|oyvnpn xn| zvvv-
xnvv p sr{n {nx|~| vuyuyn rv p~ oyqn~xnn |}n{xn v|-
~v. T rswpvsy{| r~tnpnn nz| unzspn v s |}vpn rn p~v ~n-
o|nn {n yv}pnv ns{ xn}vny; z|ts rn ors nz| }|~sr{vx v
}~s~nu}~srsyvsy {n {nv|{ny{nn v p{{nn }s|p{| xn| x~nw{v
vu|{vv {n xn}vny. c |ons unp|nyv~n suv p|v srv{ps{| puz|t{v
v ysqvvz{v ~|yv v s ~szv rn vuqystrn p |osps{|| u{n{vs xn|
p|~s. T{| r~tnpnn s ~nu|vsy{n v z{|q| }~|o|w{v, }~su x|-
v| vuvn ~s~vs {n {nv|{ny{nn vx|{|zvxn; p p|s|o~nus{ |os-
ps{ r|q|p|~ }~vpn |}n{xvs nqs{v v |osp|| xz „zsxv“ (v-
{n{|pv, orts{v) |q~n{vs{v, . s. osu {nxnun{v un |}n{xv {s}s-
v. ^nw-s{s, }|r oynq|pvr{v }~sry|q v vyuvn un |osps{v v r~-
tnp{v syv r~tnpnn |oynq|rssypn |}~srsys{v yvn v x~q|ps: „vrs|-
y|qvn un {nw-r|o~n unvn {n |osps{v v{s~s | r~tnpnn {svu-
ys{ r||r. `~su 1942 q. |w r|vqn 40,6% | }n~v{v v 30,6% | syv {nv|{nys{ r||r.
cnxn q|yzn n | r||rn {n {nsys{vs| s }~syvpnyn }~su r~tnpnn – ovy| ~su rn{{|-
| |oynqn{s, ovy| ~su r~tnp{vs }~sr}~vv v yqv (p ~n{}|~n v |os{vn v r~.).
50 Yn r~tnpn rszv~q : Sundhaussen, Holm. Institutionen und institutioneller Wandel in
den Balkanländern aus historischer Perspektive. – In: Institutionen und institutioneller Wandel in
Südosteuropa. Südosteuropa Jahrbuch, 25. Band. München, Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1994,
35–54, bes. 40–41.
51 Spulber, Nicolas. The Role of the State in Economic Growth in Eastern Europe since 1860.
– In: The State and Economic Growth. New York, Aitken, Hugh (ed.). 1959, 255–286.
52 T {nw-{n}~sr{nyvs ~n{v (R{qyv) nzvs no~vxv ~nu}|ynqnyv r|n{| xn}v-
ny; }~v ~sr{| vu|n{nyv ~n{v (~sr{|sp~|}swxvs Us~zn{v, Rp~v, Znyv) {nor-
pn{s| {n v{r~vn xn}vny s vup~pny| | ~q|pxvs on{xv; }~v vu|npnv ~n-
{v (av) r~tnpnn s ppnyn unzsvsy {n yv}pnv }~sr}|npxv. Tt. Gerschenkron,
Alexander. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. – In: Alexander Gerschenkron.
Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. A Book of Essays. Cambridge, Massachusetts,
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966, 5–30; The Approach to European
Industrialization: A Postscript. – In: Alexander Gerschenkron. Economic Backwardness in Histo-
rical Perspective, 353–364.
zs{{| s vu~ntrn p r~tnp{| |oytpn{s {n q~}|pv v{s~s“.53 _ x v

unosyun{v | {x|v np|~v }n~nr|x {n {s~nupv| n p „}s~vs~vn“,
n vzs{{|, s r|xn| osr{| n v nq{nvn vuqystrn rn vuvxpn }|pss
snvuz xn| ~srp| un {npnxpn{s, |uv snvuz (r|x|yx|| |xy|{-
pn ~s~vs un {s}~|rxvp{v syv – p|s{{v syv, nz||o|qnpn{s) {n
p|w ~sr ~suyv~n p }|pss osr{| v vu|n{ny|.54
bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ – Z^cWUaR\^_
b|}n{x|| ~nupvvs {n Syqn~v z|ts rn s }|r~nursyv {n }s~v|rv, x|v-

| s |yvnpn }| |}~srsys{v n~nxs~vvxv v }|xnunsyv. c|pn {s n
p~s{v ~vzv, vxyv vyv „ryqv py{v“, }|{sts oyqn~xnn vx|{|zvxn
s p~rs znyxn v unpvvzn | zstr{n~|r{v vx|{|zvsxv v r~qv nx|-
~v. bnpn rzn }|-x|~| un {nynqpn{s| {n p{{v |}n{xv vxyv
(„ryqv py{v“) p~ nx|~v {n {nv|{ny{|| |}n{p|, ~suyv~n|
p }svv{v p~s{v vnvv („x|{{x~v“) p|v |q~n{vs{v,
vz}s~nvpv v }~.55 ]|{| |oynpv oyqn~xnn vx|{|zvxn p{{v
|o|sypn ovyv {n}~vzs~ {nyvvs| {n sx}|~{v }nun~v un {x|v |-
xv v s{vs zstr{n~|r{v s{v, {npyvun{s| vyv vusqy{s| {n trv
xn}vny, unryts{vn }| vu}ynn{s {n p{{v unszv, purswpvs| {n
p|w{vs p~ |}n{p|| v }~. b}svny{| ~opn rn s |osystv vy-
{|| pyv{vs | ~sx|yvs – }~vu{nx un nq~n~{n vu|n{ny|. `|-{nnx
s s }~sz {n |o||os{vs q|yz| qynvs ~sr vx|{|zvvs }s~v|rv
{n ~nupvvs p {nw-|ov ~vv, x|s| p{| v{suv~n xnun{|| }||-
rsy{| un ~nupvvs| {n uszsrsyvs|, v{r~vn, ~q|pvn, v{n{vs
v x~srvn.
]n~xvsxnn |}n{xn v|~v ~nuyvnpn ysr{vs }s~v|rv: | _-
p|o|trs{vs| r| x~n {n psxn ({nny{| {n~}pn{s {n xn}vny); r| p|w{vs
(~nst {n xn}vnyvuzn); p|w{vs, ysrp|s{{nn x~vun (1919–1924);
p~szs{{n v nv{n novyvunv {n xn}vnyvuzn (1924–1929); |~nts-
{vs {n U|yznn rs}~sv | 1929–1933 q. ( {n vups{| unonp{s –
53 #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{…, 24–42, v. {n . 46, n{ny|qv{|
{n . 30.
54 Janos, Andrew. The Politics of Backwardness in Continental Europe, 1780–1945. – World
Politics, 41, 1989, No 3, 325–358, esp. p. 327.

55 #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, 49–80. [nx| }||pn |uv np|~, „uyn{||
rssvysvs“ | {nny|| {n ff p. s pp p~szs {n vo~vys{ ~nst {n sp~|}swxnn vx|{|-

zvxn; ryqnn pu|rn [|{r~nvspn py{O }|{n oyqn~xnn vx|{|zvxn }~su p|~nn }|-
y|pv{n {n 20-s q|rv{v {n ff p. U|yznn rs}~sv v }|ysrpnynn {vu|rn [|{r~nvspn
py{O unqn vy{| v Syqn~v.
1930–1934 q.); {n~npn| |op~upn{s Us~zn{v (1935–1939). fn~nxs~-

{| x s {s}~vu{npn{s| {n |}n{xv }|rsz | p|~nn }|y|pv{n {n
30-s q|rv{v {n ff p., }|{sts s vup~pn p {xnn {n {nv|{ny|vnyv-
xn Us~zn{v, n v |vnyvuz ~opn rn }~sry|tv vu|r | unr{s{n yv-
n. _ trvs np|~v Vt|{ \nz}v ~nuyvnpn }s~v|r {n {nnys{ ~nst
(1978–1918), p|w{vs, pun{|ppn{s }~su 20-s q|rv{v {n ff p., vu|yn-
v }~su 30-s q|rv{v {n ff p.56 W| sr{| „v{sv{|“ |}vn{vs {n |-
rsy{vs }s~v|rv.57
^nny{v }s~v|r (r| p|w{vs) {nynqn {n}y{| syx|| r~so{| uszs-
rsyvs, unvys{| | ~nu}~srsy{s| {n ~xvs uszv. `|ppn s {ns{xv
{n v{r~vny{| ~nupvvs. `~s|oynrnpn| u{ns{vs p x~srvn vzn r~-
tnp{vs on{xv (S^S v SYS); zs{vs n{v on{xv n psz ynov, {np-
yvun v {x|v trv on{xv. bsppn p|o|r{n |ozs{sz| {n yspn v
}|s}s{{| ({| x{|) s }|vqn uyns{ n{rn~. `~su |uv sn} s }~n-
p r~tnp{vs unszv un ~|st {n tsysu{vv v }~vn{vn v {nw-pss un
p|~ts{vs, vs| vu}ynn{s }|qyn ps }|-q|yzn n | ortsn.
cstsn {n rn{{nn vszn }|s}s{{| s vuzspn | }~sxv (stnv
||os{| p~ sy||) xz x|ps{v rn{v. T{{nn ~q|pv s ~nupv-
pn }|r u{nxn {n vu{|n {n tv| (vv| zstr{n~|r{v s{v s }|pvnpn
ysr 1900 q.). T|rv s rson „v{r~v – uszsrsyvs“ v }~|sxv|{v-
xv v{r~vnys{ x~ puvzn p~ p |}n{xnn }|yvvxn. V~tnpnn {n-
~npn ~nupvvs| {n uszsrsyxv x||}s~nvpv.
Wrv{ }|-rsnwys{ }|qysr xz p~szs| }~srv p|w{vs ~nuyvnpn ysr{v-
s |~uv |ops{v |}n{xv n~nxs~vvxv: | _p|o|trs{vs|
r| 1888 q., 1889–1896 q., x~vunn | 1897–1901 q., |}n{xv }|rsz }~su
1902–1912 q.58 T~szs| | _p|o|trs{vs| r| 1888 q. s n~nxs~vuv~n
{s|~vs{v~n{| v }~vzvvp{| }~|vup|rp|, }nrx {n un{nvwp||
( unqonn {n }nun~v v un}nr{v p{|, | zn|p|| |o~n{s xz v-
{|p{vsxv ytov), vux}pn{s {n ~xn usz, |ps{| {nznypn{s {n
}n~v{vs un}nv }|~nrv vu{n{s| vz | szvq~v~nvs ~v, unvys{
un}nrs{ p{| v |~vnsy{| nyr|, }ynstv p tov{n, {nw-s{s – yvpn~-
p|. T }|yvvsx| |{|s{vs |pn s z{| p~szs {n o|~ov |x|y| x~s}-
pn{s| {n zynrnn r~tnpn. U|rv{vs | 1889 r| 1896 q. r|{n ~np{vsy-
56
Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 19–48.
57
$DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| p Syqn~v, 306–311, 332–333; Lampe, John. The
Bulgarian Economy…
58 $DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| p Syqn~v, 306–311, 332–333. b}|~sr ]. `nynw~s
un}|{nyv ysr _p|o|trs{vs| }nrx s }~{ srpn |x|y| {nny|| {n ff p., x|qn| un-
}|pn ~nupvvs, r|vq{ny| srpn p {npss~vs| {n p|w{vs {vp|| (}| {nv|{nys{ r||r {n
qynpn, syx||}n{xn }~|vup|rvsy{|) | 70-s q|rv{v {n fIf p. Tt. Palairet, Michael.
The Balkan Economies…, ~. 187, 201–202, 323–326, 339–341, 366–367.
{| }|x|wpvs v |}n{x| ~nupvvs {nny| {n ~s|~qn{vunv v ~nuv-

~s{vs }|r u{nxn {n }y|r|~|r{v q|rv{v v unvys{ vu{|. Yn}|pn rn s
~| z{|q| r~tnp{v |osxv, }~|ppn s oyqn~xnn }~sr}~vszvp|
p ~|vsyp||, v{r~vn v ~q|pvn, ynqn s {nny|| v {n un-
~n|pnsy{|| rsy|. bysrpn |~nn |}n{xn v v{n{|pn x~vun | 1897–
1901 q. c|pn n {s}y|r|~|r{v q|rv{v {n }~v~|r{v osrpv (| x|v| sr{|
nq~n~{| |}n{p| s vy{| unpvvz|), {n |osr{pn{s v }~|sv {n uszs-
rsyx|| {nsys{vs, {nznypn{s {n vu{|n v |{|p| rsvvs{ ~q|pxv
onyn{, pv|x| ntv| (. s. ~nuyvxn zstr {|zv{ny{v v nxvsxv x~
{n }n~vs).
`s~v|r 1902–1912 q. s n~nxs~vuv~n novys{ |}n{xv }|rsz
v {n}~srx {n pvxv |~nyv, ||os{| }~su srszs „yv q|rv{v“
(1901–1907). dpsyvnpn s |~{nn usz v un}|pn }|-v{s{uvp{| }~|vup|r-
p|; ~nupvpn s vu{| v ~q|pxv onyn{ unp~pn }|y|tvsy{|;
ppn s p{| {n trv xn}vnyv }| ns{ } v s }|np {nny|| {n
~sr v{r~vny{v }~sr}~vv | trs{v; oyqn~xvs ~q|pv v v{-
r~vnyv {nzv~n x~srvv p tov{n; un}|pn rn s |~zv~n ~q|pxv,
v{r~vnys{ v on{xs~xv }~sr}~vsznsxv syv. Z{r~vn s |~vs{-
v~n ||os{| xz zsy{vn~p|| v sxvyn; un{nvwp|| s |x|}v-
pn v s }~v}||opn vuxyvsy{| un {trvs {n p~s{v }nun~ (n {s
un vu{|, xnx| }~srv). U|yzn n | p{|{|-vu{|{nn ~q|pv ovpn vu-
zx{nn | ~ss {n trvs v~zv. Ynvypn s x~srv{|| rsy|, n r|-
yvs trs~n{{v on{xv s v{x|~}|~v~n p oyqn~xv |}n{xv tvp|;
}~|ppn s }s|p{| n v un}|pn rn s urnpn ~sus~p | p|o|r{v
xn}vnyv, py|ts{v p r~tnp{v v n{v x~srv{v v{vvv. `~su |uv
}s~v|r s xypn r~tnp{v unszv v s vup~pn }~sp|~tnpn{s|.
b|}n{xv v|~vx Rysxn{r~ Us~s{x~|{, vuysrpny }svny{|
oyqn~xv ynw {n v{r~vny{| ~nupvvs r| p|w{vs, p~rs xs}v-
{| n~nxs~vuv~n nuv s}|n xn| „~nst osu ~x~{n }~|z{n“, . s.
osu {n~npn{s {n }~|rxvp{|n, n }~|| {n }~vynqn{|| x|yvsp|
~r v xn}vny.59
b|}n{xv pu|r s }~sx{n | p|s{{nn s}|n (1912–1919) v ysr-
p|s{{nn x~vun. Snyxn{xvs p|w{v {s unsq{nyv ryo|x| |}n{p|| v
}~su 1914 q. r|~v vzny| }~vu{nv {n |}n{x| puszn{s v novyvuv~n-
{s; x~n vrpn }~|rytvsy{nn v vu|vsy{n bps|p{n p|w{n (1915–
1918). [nx| {npxrs, p|w{vs unvypn r~tnp{nn {nzsn p vx|{|-
zvxnn. c s vu~nupnyn p x|{~|y p~ vu{|n, }~|r|p|yps{v r|np-
xv, |q~n{vnpnv p|o|r{nn ~q|pv, zvyvn~vuv~n{s {n {x|v }~sr-
59
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Some Aspects of Industrialization…, ||o. 198–213.
sp~|}swxv on{xv v xn}vny }~v |{|vsy{| {nznypn{s {n v{n{v~n{s-

| | r~tnp{vs on{xv (q|yzn n | vw| |x ovy uns | r~tnpnn).
`~s|oynrnpny x~nx|~|s{ x~srv un p{|-vu{| }~v pv|x yvps{ }~|-
s{, n rv~sx{vs v{psvvv n }|-znyx|. `|r u{nxn {n unvys{ v x~ns{
}~|sxv|{vuz s {noyrnpn v{r~vnys{ ~nst, {| osu ~x~{v
}~|zs{v; qynps{ ry }~|rytnpn rn rnpn sxvy v ~n{vsy{nn }~|-
zvys{|. Vsy {n z|rs~{nn v{r~v p {nv|{ny{v r||r {n~npn.
Z{r~vny{vs }~sr}~vv |ons |npn znyx ~nuzs~. Y{nvsys{
{n}~srx |osyupn v{r~vny{v v~zv nxv|{s~s{ xn}vny. ]nxn~
uns| n p z|rs~{v v{r~vnys{ sx|~ rn s }|xnpn, un{nvs }~|-
rytnpnyv rn n{qntv~n }|pss yvn. Tv|xnn }~|sxv un v{r~vn
p|rsyn r| }~sxnys{| pv|xv s{v {n no~v{vs |xv, n | r| q|yszv
uy|}|~sov |p|o|rs{v vyv |oysxs{ | rn{{v zvn p{|.
bysr p|w{vs s }|ppn v xn~syv (||os{| ssxvp{v ovyv unn~-
{v v {spv), }|pss| x~nx|~nw{v, {| yv}pn }|-pv|xv |~zv
{n |~qn{vunv, xn| yvpn{v, x|{s~{v, ~|ps. Tu{vxpn v {x|v q~-
}v~n{v {n }~sr}~vv |x|y| on{xv, . {n~. v{n{|p xn}vnyvuz. bsrsz
sp~|}swxv v ~v oyqn~xv on{xv urnyv z~stv | v{r~vny{v v ~-
q|pxv }~sr}~vv, x|v| }|rr~tnyv qynp{| ~su x~nx|~|s{ x~srv }|
sxn zsxn. b}svny{| sp~|}swxvs on{xv ovyv p~un{v unn~{v-
s ~nv{s~vv v r~qv ~n{vsy{v v{r~vv, v{psv~nyv }~x| pp pq-
ysr|ovp v r|ovp {n zsr, {| }~s{so~sqpnyv sxvyn v zsny~qvn.
bps|p{nn rs}~sv (1929–1933) r|pstrn r| ~ux }nr {n s{vs {n
syx||}n{xv vu{| v }|}ys{vn | sx}|~n }nrn {n}|y|pv{n r|
1933 q. p ~np{s{vs 1929 q.61 c~vrsss q|rv{v {n ff p. s n~nxs~vuv-
~n {n~npn{s {n r~tnp{nn {nzsn, unvypn s snvuz. V~tnpnn
urnyn p }|z| {n syxvs |}n{v nqs{v un vux}pn{s {n u~{s{v
~n{v „f~n{vu{|“ (1930 q.), x|| vux}pnyn {n s{v {nr zstr{n~|r{v-
s v }|ys vu{nyn {n unqon vyv }~|rnpnyn {n zsy{vvs p ~n{nn }|
}|pvs{v s{v, }~sp~ywxv unqovs p~ q~nrxv x|{zn|~.
]|{|}|y ovy ~nuv~s{ v p~ r~qv xy~v: unn~{| psxy| (~nu}-
{nv }~su 1932 q. ns{ unn~s{ z|{|}|y ovy unzs{s{ nxvsxv |
r~tnps{), }nzx, ys{, {. `|ysrvn | r~tnp{v x|{~|y p~ vu-
x}pn{s {n syx||}n{xnn }~|rxv ovy| |q~n{vnpn{s| {n n{n-
n ~q|pv.
b}nrn{s| {n vu{|n v }nrn{s| {n s{vs }| p~szs {n x~vunn }~srvu-
pvxpn {sr|vq {n pnyn v {nynqn |ps{| |q~n{vs{vs {n p{|n v x|{-
~|y {n s{~ny{nn r~tnp{n on{xn p~ trvs rspvuv. `~v ~vpn {n
61
Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…,78–104.
}~vv v }~. [z 1917 q. {nr 40% | v{r~vny{v ~r v 60% | }~|vu-
p|rp|| ovyv }|nps{v }|r r~tnps{ x|{~|y. bvy{| s py|npn }~|-
r|p|yps{|| }|y|ts{vs p ~suyn v {n vu{|n {n ~n{v | u{vvs.
^s}|~srps{| ysrp|s{{v }s~v|r s osyun{ | |}n{xn ~nu~n v
zvus~v, p~v{ynv (x|| }~su 1924 q. r|vqn 27 }v) v r {n }s-
xynv. Syqn~v s |o~szs{s{n |q~|z{v ~s}n~nvv. Syqn~xvs v-
{n{v (v |}n{p| vu|o|) n }|nps{v vuy| }|r p{{n unpvvz|,
}~|pstrn{n ~su [|zvvn }| ~s}n~nvvs, x|{~|y {nr S^S (}|r|os{
{n pnys{ o|~r). ev{n{|pnn }|yvvxn s vy{| ~s~vxvp{n, {n|s{n p
|pspvs vx|{|zvsxnn |~|r|xv {n p~szs| xz onyn{v~n{
orts v }|r r~tn{s {n novys{ ysp p~r x~ }| |{|s{vs {n un-
}nr{vs pnyv; ~suyn s rsynv v yv}n {n x~srv.60 cv}v{v un |-
uv }s~v|r n q|yszvs orts{v rsvvv, rytnv s |nv {n vu}yn-
n{s| {n ryqn v ~s}n~nvvs, |nv {n ~nu~n{nynn s o~|x~nv v
{s}ynn{s| {n rn{v. bxypn s rpn {|pv r~tnp{v unszn: . {n~. os-
tn{xv }~su 1926 q. v novyvunv|{s{ }~su 1928 q. `|~nrv unqonn {n
V|o~rtn sx}|~ {n tv| {nznypn. ^n }~sr{| z| vuyvun sx}|~
{n { }~vr|ovpn{s| {n n | ]nxsr|{v v p~szs{{|| syvzv{v-
~n{s {n U~v v c~v | {spvs }nun~v. Yn}|pn }|uszys{n ~s|~-
zn qynp{| un |uszypn{s {n ostn{vs, x|| ~nu}~srsy {sq|yz }~|s{
| uszn v unvypn }~s|oynrnpn{s| {n r~so{vs syxv |ops{vv.
`~npv s {s}|yyvp |}v un n{|ppn{s {n u~{s{ x|{|~vz p }|y-
un {n syxvs |}n{v.
bysr 1924 q. |{|p| s {nosyupn pu|rn s{rs{v {n ~nupvvs,
}~|rytvyn r| ps|p{nn x~vun, x|| {n s }|ppnyn }|-|sunsy-
{| }~su 1930 q., {| v ~nyn r| }|-x{|. bysr p|w{nn {npyvun un}nr{|-
60 Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 60–65, 91–93. b}|~sr sunn {n np|~n n{qntv-
zs{ un novyvuv~n{s v pv|x x~ {n oyqn~xv ysp un~nrv vu}ynn{s| {n ~s}n~nvvs

r|psy r| rsynv, {nrs{pn{s {n yspn v |q~n{vnpn{s {n x~srvn (x|qn| |w ovy x~nw{| {s-
|o|rvz un ysrp|s{{|| pun{|ppn{s), | r| |osu~npn{s {n vu{|n, osu |pn rn vzn
un x|z}s{nv r|} r| p{{v xn}vny|pv }nun~v (nz| rpn p{{v unszn). T}|ysrpvs
r|yn ~ssvn. Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 60–65. ^| xnx| unosyupn v
np|~, nx| ovy }|up|ys{ {s|q~n{vs{ x~srv un }|x~vpn{s {n orts{vs rsvvv, | v p
Syqn~v yn rn {n}v xnn~|ny{n v{ynv, xn| nuv p Us~zn{v – pt. Lampe, John.
Imperial Borderlands or Capitalist Periphery? Redefining Balkan Backwardness. – In: The Origins
of Backwardness in Eastern Europe. Berkeley–Los Angeles–Oxford, Chirot, Daniel (ed.).
University of California Press, 1989, 177–209, esp. 200–201; Belated Balkan Modernization and
the Consequences of Communist Power, 1918–1948. – In: Industrialisierung und gesellschaftlich-
er Wandel in Südosteuropa. München, Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, Roland Schoenfeld (Hrsg.).
1989, 21–44, esp. 24–25. bv puqysr un }|q~s{n z|{sn~{n }|yvvxn {n {x|v onyxn{-
xv }~npvsypn v ||os{| {n Syqn~v xz „novyvunv“ {n pnynn v onyn{v~n{v o-
rtsv, u{nv rsynv|{{n }|yvvxn, v | }~v vy{n {s|o|rvz| | x~srv un pun{|ppn-
{s, : Spulber, Nicolas. Ths Role of the State…, ~. 274, 277.
zstr{n~|r{nn ~q|pv v unvys{ }~|sxv|{vuz s{rs{vv xz np-

n~v pp pvxv r~tnpv, xn| srv{ps{ vu|r un Syqn~v s |s~n-
yv xyv~v{q|pvs }|~nuzs{v Us~zn{v, . s. rp~n{{n ~q|pv }|
sxpvpnys{, osu rswpvsy{n ~nuz{n {n pnyn. S^S nxzyv~n {|pv }~n-
p|z|v, p~un{v x|{~|yn p~ p{|n v vu{|n ~su xp|v, vszn-
n {n }~szvv, nrzv{v~v~n{s| {n xyv~v{q|pnn vszn v }~. c~r-
{|vs rn s vu{n }snyonn pp pnyn }~srvupvxpn zn|p| vusqy{s
{n trv xn}vny p |rn {n x~vunn, xn| n | trnn |ops{| ov-
yn vux}s{n | oyqn~xv on{xv ({n}~vzs~ unn~{vs ~nv{s~vv – |
SYS). [~vunn }|npvyn }|pss| oyqn~xv on{xv p }|y|ts{vs {n nyv
v s ovyv x|{|yvrv~n{v ~su yvpn{s, |osus{pn{s {n nxvpvs vz v pyv-
pn{s {n r~tnps{ x~srv p |o~nupn{nn | r~tnpnn }~su 1934 q. on{xn
„Syqn~xv x~srv“. c|pn |{|p| vupstrn {n }~srs{ }yn{ r~tnp{vs
on{xv.
bysr 1935 q. v }~|ovpn } pu|rn s{rs{v {n ~nupvvs (}~sx-
{nn | T|~nn ps|p{n p|w{n). [n| vx|{|zvsxv }~|q~svp{v z|qn rn
s }||n {nny|| {n x|znnvn {n uszn, p{| {n }n~{v syx||-
}n{xv znv{v v ||os{| s{rs{vn un psyvnpn{s {n v{r~vny{v v
v{s{uvp{v xy~v }~v {nznypn{s {n u~{s{nn |~vs{nv v p n{|
– xyvpnvn {n }|-xnsps{ }nzx (unzspn p{|n), {n y{|qysr v
{, | – usys{vs v y|un~p||, ~nupvvs| {n zys{|| }~|vu-
p|rp| v }~. b|ps{| s }~|zs{ ~x~nn {n vu{|n, p x|w| {n~sr
{n q|yz| z| unszn }y|r|pss (||os{| rss~{|| q~|urs) v us-
ys{vs (| x|{s~pv), n | tvp|v{xvs }~|rxv – {nw-pss wn v
}vv. Ts }|-q|yzn n | syx||}n{xnn }~|rxv s vu{nyn {n
}nun~n.
T |on{|pxn {n p~}~|sxv|{vuz s {nosyupn v vupss{ v{r-
~vnys{ ~nst, |{|p| osu x|{s{~nv. ^nw-q|yz ovy {n}~srx p
}~s~no|xnn {n syx||}n{xv }~|rxv v p n~vs{v o~n{. `|~nrv
|q~n{vnpn{s| {n p{|n ( pny{vs |q~n{vs{v) oyqn~xnn v{r~v
ovyn }|rvx{nn xz unz{nn z r|zn{v }~|vupsrs{v, x|s| s rny|
{nw-r|o~s }nz{nn }~strn; pu{vx{nyv v psz {|pv o~n{|ps. T}-
~sxv {n}~srxn, r| T|~nn ps|p{n p|w{n z|rs~{nn v{r~v rnpnyn
psz x~|zs{ ry | {nv|{ny{v r||r (8,6% }~su 1939 q.).62 Zu|o|
~nst ysr 1934 q. vrpny | z{|tsp| {|pv r~so{v }~sr}~vv, p~-
un{v qynp{| nq~n~s{ sx}|~. bsppnyn v qs|q~nxn x|{s{~nv
{n v{r~vny{|| }~|vup|rp| p b|v, qynp{| pp p~uxn {n~npn{s-
| {n {nsys{vs| {n q~nrn v | nz – }|pvs{|| ~s{s. V~tnp{v
62
57@7AD9, #G<C. ^nv|{ny{v r||r…, . 116.
x|{~|y p v{r~vn }~su 30-s q|rv{v {n ff p. ovy ~np{vsy{| znyx

(un ~nuyvxn | syx|| |}n{p|, p{{nn ~q|pv v v{n{vs), {|
}s~}sxvpnn un r~tnp{n ~sqynv s snyn. Ynvypn s |}n{xnn
rsw{| {n nznn r~tnpn pp pvxv |oynv.
c~vrsss q|rv{v {n ff p. p zstr{n~|rs{ }yn{ n p~szs {n vx|{|zv-
sxn vu|ynv v npn~v{v s{rs{vv. \v}nn {n zstr{n~|r{v }nun~v
pxn~nyn Syqn~v p {szxnn |~ovn }|~srp|z }|zs{nv zsn{vuz
{n rp~n{{n xyv~v{q|pn ~q|pv, x|w| s vuoqpn {s|o|rvz| n |
trn pnyn. c|pn npn }|-x|~| }| vx|{|zvsxn }~v{rn, }~v unpn~-
{s| {n r~qvs un}nr{v }nun~v un oyqn~xnn syx||}n{xn }~|rx-
v. b}|~{| s r|x|yx| xyv~v{q s }|z|q{ny un {x|v }|uvvp{v s{rs{-
vv | p|~nn }|y|pv{n {n 30-s q|rv{v {n ff p. b}|~sr sr{| z{s{vs }|-
r|o~vs }|vts{v {n oyqn~x|| syx| |}n{p| |qnpn {s z|qn rn
s |o{ {szxv sx}|~s{ }nun~ v vu|o| srv{ z{|q|~n{s{ }nun~
ov vzny z{|q| }|-r|o~ ssx. ^| nxvpn puz|t{|v yv}pnyv.63
]|qn rn s }~vpsrn {x|v rn{{v un {nv|{ny{v r||r ({n qynpn |
{nsys{vs|) xn| x|z}ysxs{ v {nw-pnts{ }|xnunsy un ~nupvvs|. [v~vy
`|}|p rnpn 335 uyn{v yspn {nv|{nys{ r||r {n qynpn | {nsys{vs| un
1892 q.; 378 uyn{v yspn un 1911 q., q|p|~xnn, s |pn s „x|yx|| un vrs“
}|~nrv z{|q| ~r{|| }~szn{s {n {nv|{ny{v r||r. Yn ~np{s{vs:
}~su 1911 q. Us~zn{v vznyn 685 uyn{v yspn {nv|{nys{ r||r {n qynpn,
e~n{v (1908 q.) – 634 uyn{v yspn, R{qyv (1908–1910) – 1006 uyn{v
yspn.64 `~srnps{nn | [v~vy `|}|p (v v~|x| }~vszn{n) ps }nx pu|-
rn yv{v {n oyqn~x|| ~nupvvs s |}|~v {n}|ysrx | o~vn{xv
vx|{|zv ]. `nynw~s, }|~sr x|q|| _p|o|trs{vs| ovy| }|ysrpn{|
| |}n{xv ~sq~s v {vp|| | 70-s q|rv{v {n fIf p. ovy| r|oyvts{|
srpn p {npss~vs| {n p|w{vs. Rp|~ x|~vqv~n v~vs {n [v~vy `|-
}|p |qysr {n }||s{nn | nzv {sq| v{ynv | {nr 40% un }s~v|rn
zstr 1892 v 1911 q. v }|ynpn }| |uv {nv{ ~sny{| {nznypn{s {n ~sr-
{v r||r {n |psx 20,9% (}|~sr {sq| vzny| |s 10% {nznypn{s |
_p|o|trs{vs| r| 1892 q.).65
63 Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 89–91.

64 /DED9, ,>F>A. b|}n{xn Syqn~v, . 460. ^n azs{ Rp~nz|p suv v~v un vu|npn-
{s nz| 2,7 }v | R{qyv v 1,8 }v | Us~zn{v v e~n{v vuqystrn vy{| unpvs{v. Tt.
#9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, 86–87. T{| |s {n p~szs| s vzny| }|r|o{v
z{s{v – pt. Pasvolsky, Leo. Bulgaria’s Economic Position. Washington, 1930, p. 24.
65 Palairet, Michael. The Balkan Economies…, p. 323, 339–341. Yn v{ynvn pt. /DED9,
,>F>A. b|}n{xn Syqn~v, . 467. `~v onun 100 {n s{vs {n 98 |xv }~su 1891–1900 q. v{-
rsx {n }nun~{vs s{v }~su 1911 q. ovy 143; p || p~szs v{rsx {n {nr{vvs – 130.
_ons un}ynvs |n{nyv vs.
Yn zstrp|s{{v }s~v|r ~nu}|ynqnzs vuvys{vn {n Rs{ hnxny|p.

^nv|{ny{v r||r {n qynpn | {nsys{vs| (}~v }||{{n }|x}{n s{n
{n yspn) {n~n{ny }|v rp|w{| | 1924 r| 1939 q. (56,7 xz 100), x|qn|
r|vq{ny p~, ysr x|s| |{|p| un}|{ny rn }nrn }~su p|s{{vs q|rv-
{v. T ~np{vsys{ }yn{ Syqn~v (}~su 1926 q.) s {nzv~nyn ysr az{v,
U~v, lq|ynpv v vu|npnyn |x|y| rpn }v | d{qn~v, 3 }v | Us~-
zn{v v e~n{v, 6 }v | R{qyv v 7 }v | bRj. Vs}~svn {vtvyn
~np{vnn {n onyxn{xvs r~tnpv }| r||r {n qynpn | {nsys{vs| v p
|ov yv{vv sr{nxpvyn Syqn~v, lq|ynpv v az{v.66
]|ts rn s }|npv p}~|, rnyv s vzny| v sps{ny{| x|qn {nw-oyn-
q|}~v{| p~szs un |sppn{s {n x|~s{n v{r~vnyvunv, x|| rn
r|psrs r| |sunsz v{r~vnys{ ynx, r|~v nx| {s p~pnzs p r~nznvs{
„v{r~vnys{ x|x“, xz |wvp ~nst (p }|{vn {n d. a||).67
b}|~sr srv{ pyvsys{ np|~ }|~|pn{s| {n tsysu{vvs p x~n {n fIf
v {nny|| {n ff p. z|tsy| rn s vu}|yupn un urnpn{s {n {x|v {|pv
v{r~vv, n |qnpn vzny| v p|o|r{v p{{v xn}vnyv. _ons oyqn~xv-
s }~npvsypn v z|{n~ ovyv pyss{v pp p|w{ps{ {nv|{nyvuz v
pu}~|vupstrn{s {n }|y|~|pn {n vq~nn {n q|yzn rv}y|znv.68
T}~|sz |pn v |npn z{|q| }|~s{ p}~|. Z | |yx|pn }|pss,
x|yx|| }|pss ~nuqystrnzs v{r~vn p x|{sxn {n x~nw{| {s~nupv-
v |qnpn r|zns{ }nun~ un {sw{v }~|vupsrs{v, xnx| v p }|-ryq|~|-
{n }s~}sxvpn. [n| |osyupn p{vsy{|| {n~npn{s {n no~v{nn
v{r~v p Syqn~v }~su }~p|| rssvysvs {n ff p., r~q |}n{xv
v|~vx {n Snyxn{vs vuxpn, s }s~}sxvpvs }~sr {s {s ovyv q|yszv,
r|~v rn {s oss p|w{nn. bsppnyv ~srvn |q~n{vs{v, xn|: zny-
xv p~ss{ }nun~, {n x|w| ~}yn vy{nn x|{x~s{v {n trv
p{| (rn {s q|p|~vz un ~r{| n rn }~|rnpn {n p{{v }nun~v); }|-{nn-
66 57@7AD9, #G<C. ^nv|{ny{v r||r…, . 117, ~np{s{vs| {n . 143, 146. `||{{nn
}|x}{n s{n {n yspn {n onun v{rsxn {n s{vs {nr~so{| }~su 1939 q. b}|~sr \s| `nup|yxv
r||r {n qynpn | {nsys{vs| srpn }~su 1927–1928 q. r|vq{ny (p uyn{| vu~nts{vs) }~sr-
p|s{{|| ~np{vs | 1911 q., n vzs{{| 60 nxv r|yn~n {n qynpn {n q|rv{n (osu rn{vs –
48), }~v sxuvs{-zv{vzz |x|y| 51 r|yn~n – pt. Pasvolsky, Leo. Bulgaria’s Economic…,
266–268.
67 Z{r~vnyvunvn (v z|rs~{vunvn vu|o|) {s s {xnxp| qs~|v{| sr{|x~n{|
vyvs, x|s| qn~n{v~n }|-{nn{| ~nupvvs, n }|-x|~| z|tsz rn v }~srnpvz ( Ry-

os~ fv~zn{) xn| „{sonyn{v~n{|“ ~nupvvs {n nv, puz|t{| rn s „un}{s“ (get
stuck) {n {x| |xn. ^zn |vq~s{n „psr{t unpv{nqv“ v{r~vnyvunv v |xn, | x||
{nnx ~nupvvs| rn n{s np|znv{| v {s|o~nvz|, n vzn nz| |{|vsy{v v p~szs{{v
}sv }| ~nu{v psx|~v {n ~nupvvs. _s }|pss |pn pntv un znyxv ~n{v v }nun~v. Tt.
Hirschman, Albert. The Rhetoric of Reaction – Two Years Later. – In: Albert Hirschman. Pro-
pensity for Self-Subversion. Cambridge, Massachusets, 1995, 51–56.
68
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Some Aspects of Industrialization…, 230–233.
x – znyx|| v{psvvv | ~n{n {n oyqn~xv v trv on{xv; {nw-s-

{s – nx, s znyx| v{r~vny{v v~zv s sr~pnyv ~su yvpn{s v
}|v {zny| ~s{s {n nxvv | }oyvxnn.69
bsyx|| |}n{p| unytnpn }svny{| v q|yz| p{vzn{vs p }~|o-
ysznvxnn {n ~nupvvs|, |s }|pss s sp~|}swxv |}v |v {n}~sr-
xn p |uv sx|~ xn| ~snpnn }~sr}|npxn un }s{n v{r~vnyvun-
v v ~nupvvs vu|o|. ^szxv v|~vx f|yz Y{rns{ vuxpn „}~|-
}{nnn nq~n~{n ~sp|yv“ xn| (sr{|) |o{s{vs {n oy|xnrnn {n vx|-
{|zvsx|| ~nupvvs {n Snyxn{vs xn| y|. c|w |rnpn |pn |nv {n
r~tnp{nn }|yvvxn {n q~o| }|rs{pn{s {n uszsrsyvs| un zsxn {n
r~qv s~v, |nv {n yv}nn {n z|vpnv v x|z}ss{{| un z|rs~s{
{nv{ {n |}n{vpn{s }~v nzvs sy{v, | x – {n sr{n }|-qpxnpn ~s-
nxv {n p{{v vzyv.70
]|vpnvvs v zs{vn (~nrvv|{{| xnun{| – zn{nyvs) vyv
. {n~. |psxv nx|~ |pstrn }~x| xz u{ns{vs| {n nx|~n p~szs.
Zu|npn{s| {n Syqn~v v {n Snyxn{vs vu|o| p |pn |{|s{vs s x|-
~s{v p }~sr|r{| vu|npn{s.71 b r~qv rzv, vqnzs r| yv}nn {n r|n-
{| p~szs un nrn}nv v }~vr|ovpn{s {n z|rs~{v x|z}ss{vv v zs-
{v (. {n~. |psxv xn}vny) p }~|s {n s{s p {nw-v~|xv zvy, -
| }~nxvsx|. _ nuv qysr{n |xn z|ts rn s }sxyv~n rnyv vzs{{|
~suynvs | |o~nu|pn{vs|, }~|ppnv s vups{| unx{s{vs pp
p~szs|, {s ovyv p |{|pnn {n {x|v }sv {n oyqn~x|| syx| |-
}n{p| }~su 30-s q|rv{v {n ff p., |s }|pss s }~v }|-{vx| |o~nu|pn-
sy{| ~np{vs }|r|o{v {ns{xv v }~|sv {n ~n{|~znv {s s {noy-
rnpnyv p sr{vs az{v v b~ov.72 ^| {s zvy, s ~opn rn ~vz
{nw-ryo|x| |oynp {s~nupv| n „}|ysrs{“ nx|~.
`|rs{pn{s| {n uszsrsyvs| | r~tnp{|| ~x|p|rp| }x |pst-
rn xz }|yvvxnn {n zvyvn~vunv v }|ysrpny|| }~n|pn{s {n ~s~-
vs pp p|w{vs. T{| un ~x|p|r{vs vyv {n vx|{|zvsx||
~nupvvs {n ~n{nn {vx|qn {s ovy| }~v|~vs }| {nv{n, }| x|w| ovy|
~snpn{s| {n {nv|{ny{v p}~|. b }|qysr xz }|ysr{v ovy| v vu|-
npn{s| {n ~s~vs, v unryt{pn{s| xz tov{n. ]|tsz rn }|n-
pvz |uv }~v|~vs }|r p}~| unr{n rnn (| qysr{n |xn {n ~nupv-
vs|), {| |pn |u{nnpn rn {s r~tvz zsxn un |qnpn{vs ~sny{|v v
69 Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 35–38.

70
Sundhaussen, Holm. Die Verpasste Agrarrevolution…, 45–60.
71 Lampe, John. Imperial Borderlands or Capitalist Periphery…, p. 178, 200–201.
72 Sundhaussen, Holm. Alphabetisierung und Wirtschaftswachstum in den Balkanländern in
historisch-komparativer Perspektive. – In: Allgemeinbildung als Modernisierungsfaktor. Wies-

baden, Norbert Reiter (Hrsg.). 1994, 21–36, ||o. 28–30.
{nv{ {n zvys{s, n | un oyvux|| {nv|{nyvv{| v }|-rnys{|| vz-

}s~vnyvvsx| |ox~ts{vs.73
Ssu rn vu}nrnzs p v}v{nn un v|~vvs vyuv un p~rss~zv{v-
~n{| {n nxvsxv n{ny||, ps }nx ~opn rn zvyvz ~nupvvs| ~sn-
yvv{|, |qysr {n puz|t{|vs }~su rnrs{ }s~v|r v p rnrs{nn zst-
r{n~|r{n (vx|{|zvsxn v }|yvvsxn) vnv. [n| vu|trnzs |
}~v{v}{nn |q~n{vs{| {n }|s{vnyn v puz|t{|vs {n znyxn v yn-
on Syqn~v, x|~sx{v p}~| s rnyv s ovy| {n}~nps{| puz|t{|| – v
x | vzn }|ys un }|~|ps. ^| xn| y| vuqystrn, s {n }|yvvs-
xv ~su|{ vsznv{| s }|ostrnpny vx|{|zvsxnn ~nv|{ny{| v s
}~|}vypny znyx|| n{|ps un }|-q|yz {n}~srx.
73 `|r|o{n zvy : &FNCL7FD9, 1HD?LD. Syqn~v 1878–1918. Z|~vsxn ron v {n-
v|{ny{n }nzs. – ]v{ny|, 1, 1994, P 2, 77–86.

FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 377

: , ,
E dzpf`bmhre h dpschre nayeqrbemh thm`mqh qe nckefd` v}k`r` qzymnqr

m` dzpf`bmnrn sop`bkemhe. M`j qe e qzqr`b}k dzpf`bmh}r a|dfer? M`jbh
q` ahkh a|dfermhre p`gundh m` nrdekmhre bednlqrb`? M`j qe e p`gbhk`
azkc`pqj`r` d`mzwm` qhqrel`? Fnk}l` kh e ahk` d`mzwm`r` refeqr h mì-be-
we bzpus jncn e o`d`k`? M`jbh gèlh q` bgel`mh, g` j`jbh vekh h m` j`jb`
vem`? Uegh bzopnqh m` sop`bkemhern hl`r ncpnlm` qnvh`km` pekeb`mrmnqr.
Ue cnbnp}r g` qzymnqr r` m` dzpf`b`r` j`rn opep`gopedekhrekem leu`mh-
gzl h j`rn hmqrpslemr g` opnbefd`me m` nopedekem` onkhrhj` b p`gmh na-
k`qrh, oph qznrbermh ophnphrerh. Tzyn r`j` qe onksw`b` opedqr`b` g` so-
p`bk}b`khre onkhrhweqjh ekhrh h g` rnb`, jncn mì-bewe e nak`cnderekqrb`-
kn dzpf`bmnrn sop`bkemhe h jncn mì-lmncn e nyer}b`kn.
SCJXQGHP D^GIHU PC G]SICECUC
Qayeqrbemhre thm`mqh bjk|wb`r dzpf`bmhre thm`mqh, regh m` leqrmhre

q`lnsop`bhrekmh rek` (ck`bmn nayhmhre) h p`gmh qoevh`kmh tnmdnbe ond
sop`bkemhe h jnmrpnk m` dzpf`b`r`. D|dferzr m` azkc`pqj`r` dzpf`b`
m`p`qrb`k onqrn}mmn, jnern onj`gb`, we r} onel`k` bqe onbewe nayeqrbemh
tsmjvhh h g`d`wh – hjnmnlhweqjh, qnvh`kmh, onkhrhweqjh h jskrspmh, g`
hgozkmemhern m` jnhrn vemrp`khghp`k` h hgp`gundb`k` bqe onbewe peqspqh.
Gzpf`bmhre p`gundh opeg 1887 c. (qked Tzedhmemhern) bzgkhg`kh m`
48,2 lkm. keb`; opeg 1900 c. – m` 109,8 lkm. keb`; opeg 1911 c. – 202,9 lkm.
keb`; opeg 1931–1932 c. – 291,4 lkm. keb` (opedbnemem o`phrer); opeg 1933–
1934 c. – 248,3 lkm. keb`; opeg 1939 c. – m` 376,6 lkm. keb`.1
Qayhmhre j`rn osakhwmnop`bmh rek` qzyn hl`r qbnh a|dferh. Rpeg
1887 c. re bzgkhg`kh m` 14 lkm. keb`; opeg 1900 c. – m` 26,3 lkm. keb`; opeg
1931–1932 c. – m` 70,1 lkm. keb` (opedbnemem o`phrer); opeg 1933–1934 c. –
m` 64 lkm. keb` (opedbnemem o`phrer). Pn bzopejh àqnk|rmnrn m`p`qrb`me
m` nayhmqjhre a|dferh, opnvemrzr m` reumhre p`gundh b nay`r` qsl` m`
1 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 435; ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`-
r`…, q. 28. Yhtp`r` g` 1939 c. qzl hgwhqkhk nr Tr`rhqrhweqjh cndhxmhj m` Y`pqrbn Dzkc`ph}
(1940, q. 641) wpeg p`gdek}me m` nayh} p`gundem a|dfer (bjk|whrekmn on fekegmhvhre) m` 27
(jnkjnrn ozrh e hmtk`vh}r`). Tbephk qzl on qzyh} m`whm h vhtphre g` 1931–1932 c. h
1933–1934 c., qznrbermn 290 lkm. h 245 lkm. (r. e. onwrh jnkjnrn oph Pedjnb).
378 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
osakhwmhre p`gundh qo`d`k, ` hlemmn: 22,5% opeg 1887 c.; 19% opeg
1900 c., 24,9% opeg 1911 c.; 15,9% opeg 1931–1932 c. h 16,7% opeg 1933–
1934 c.2 Peop}jn rnb` qbhderekqrb` g` nrqkàb`me m` q`lnsop`bkemhern.
Onlemrh nr thm`mqnb`r` vemrp`khg`vh} q`: opeubzpk}mern m` swhrekqjhre
gòk`rh nr nayhmhre jzl dzpf`b`r` b jp`} m` XIX b.; qzahp`mern m` na-
yhmqj`r` ozrm` recna` gèdmn q dzpf`bmhre d`mzvh nr 1900 c. m`r`rzj;
opeubzpk}mern m` nayhmqjhre qpedmh swhkhy` jzl dzpf`b`r` opeg 1932–
1933 c.
G` gònwmel q nayh} a|dfer m` dzpf`b`r`. Uni qe qzqrnh nr ophundm`
h p`gundm` w`qr.3 Mnc`rn p`gundhre m`dubzpk}r pe`kmhre ophundh, bzgmhj-
b` dethvhr, jnirn rp}ab` d` qe onozkmh nrdpsc`de. Uzpmnbqj`r` jnmqrhrs-
vh} (wk. 126) opedbhfd` bzglnfmnqr g` hgbzmpedem jpedhr, r. e. mebjk|wem
b ck`qsb`mh} a|dfer, dn 1 lkm. keb` E deiqrbhrekmnqr a|dferzr m` azk-
c`pqj`r` dzpf`b` qjnpn qe opebzpm`k b dbnem – pednbem h hgbzmpedem, j`-
rn hgbzmpedmhre („qbpzuqlermh“) jpedhrh g` p`gmh qoevh`kmh msfdh qe m`-
a`b}kh qzq gèlh – bzrpexmh h bzmxmh. Rphundhre qe tnplhp`r nr d`mzw-
mhre onqrzokemh} (p`gcked`mh nrdekmn on-m`r`rzj), onqrzokemh} nr dzp-
f`bmh opedoph}rh} h nr gèlh. S`gundhre q` p`gdekemh on peqnph (lhmh-
qrepqrb`) h opedm`gm`wemh g` p`gkhwmh vekh. Ue q` hgp`g m` onkhrhj`r` m`
qrp`m`r` b p`gkhwmh mòp`bkemh} h nrp`g}b`r meimhre ophnphrerh.
Rzpbhre azkc`pqjh a|dferh ahkh a`k`mqhp`mh h onm}jnc` dnph ophj-
k|wb`kh q hgkhxzvh; j`jrn qe hgp`g}b` Kpewej, w`qrm`r` azkc`pqj` hmh-
vh`rhb` h qoeqrnbmnqr r` ahkh opemeqemh h b dzpf`bmnrn qrno`mqrbn.4 Unb`
ahkh l`kjh a|dferh, qbhderekqrb`yh g` nrmnqhrekmn qjpnlm` pnk} m`
dzpf`b`r` b fhbnr` m` nayeqrbnrn. Omncn qjnpn na`we qe rpzcm`kn on oz-
r} m` cnkelhre p`gundh, jnhrn oph mep`gbhrnqr r` m` qrno`mqrbnrn h mecn-
bh} qhkmn m`rsp`kem u`p`jrep lnfekh d` azd`r onjphrh q`ln qzq gèlh –
bzrpexmh h bzmxmh. Ezb bpzgj` q rnb` edhm `brnp cnbnph g` „hdhkhwmn-
o`rph`pu`kem“ oephnd m` opnqrnr` h sp`bmnbeqemnqr h bzb thm`mqhre (dn
1886 c.), onqkedb`m nr „jskrsprpecepqjh erò“ m` onel`me m` bqe onbewe
tsmjvhh nr dzpf`b`r` h hgnqr`b}me m` opedo`gkhbnqrr`, sbkewemh} h cp`m-
dnl`mh} b dzpf`bmnrn qrno`mqrbn.5
D|dferzr m` qrp`m`r` dn bnimhre e opedler m` lmncn jphrhwmh `m`kh-
gh m` `brnphrermh `brnph qzbpelemmhvh (thm`mqhqrh, qr`rhqrhvh, qrno`m-
2
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 28.
3
Whm`mqnb`r` cndhm` g` nopedekemh oephndh qzbo`d`k` q j`kemd`pm`r`, ` g` dpsch ahk`
nr 1 òphk dn 31 l`pr qkedb`y`r` cndhm`.
4 6,<,0, 4378'38.3. Mm}feqrbn Dzkc`ph}, q. 317. P`w`kmhvhre m` swpefdemh}r` dnph
qe lzwekh d` hgp`gundb`r jnkjnrn lnc`r on-l`kjn.

5 Ef. 4,), 43<4. Hdhm mnb dzpf`bem gèl. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn
dpsfeqrbn, 5, 1901, A 9–10, 529–574, nqna. 538–542.

qjh deivh), jnhrn p`gjphb`r aegp`ganpmnrn h aegjnmrpnkmn u`pweme m` o`-

ph, opebpzy`yn a|dfer` bzb thjvh}. Vop`bk}b`yhre opha}cb`kh jzl
p`gmnnap`gmh qpedqrb`, g` d` g`lzck}r h ophjph}r oped nayeqrbemnqr r`
deiqrbhrekmh} p`glep m` a|dfermhre p`gundh. O`mhosk`vhh q a|dfer`,
vek}yh nrbkhw`me m` bmhl`mhern nr qzyhmqjnrn qzqrn}mhe m` mey`r`, qe
hgbzpxb`kh m` bqhwjh eròh – j`rn qe gònwme q bnrhp`mern opeg hgozkme-
mhern dn qjk|wb`mern (r. e. g`jphb`mern) m` a|dfer`.
Eqzymnqr nye oph qzqr`b}mern m` opnejrna|dfer` q vek nop`bd`b`me
m` on-bhqnjh a|dfermh p`gundh qe opedbhfd`kh mepe`khqrhwmn bhqnjh
ophundh nr d`mzvhre.6 Unb` e bzglnfmn, onmefe b lnlemr` m` ophel`me m`
a|dfer` qr`b` dsl` bqe nye g` opnejrhp`mh ophundh, jnhrn qe qzahp`r
bonqkedqrbhe. Qr ondnaem pnd ahk` h op`jrhj`r` m` bjk|wb`me m` mednan-
phre nr lhm`kh cndhmh b ophundm`r` w`qr m` a|dfer` (hkh ophqo`d`mern
hl nr p`gundm`r` w`qr) q hde}r`, we ye qe qzaep`r h ye dnmeq`r ophund
(jnern me qr`b`kn).7
T`lnrn ck`qsb`me m` a|dfer` qe hgbzpxb`kn nr m`pndmhre opedqr`bh-
rekh l`xhm`kmn, j`rn hgozkmemhe m` tnpl`kmnqr. M`jrn hgrzjb` b qonle-
mhre qh thm`mqnbh}r lhmhqrzp (nr m`w`knrn m` XX b.) Kb`m T`kà`xeb,
P`pndmnrn qzap`mhe h qoevh`kmn op`bhrekqrbemnrn lmnghmqrbn ahkh hg-
jk|whrekmn onqksxmh h ond`rkhbh h ck`qsb`kh bqhwjn, opedknfemn nr op`-
bhrekqrbnrn, onmefe gmèkh, we `jn qzap`mhern azde p`grspemn, m}l` d`
azd`r opehgap`mh; rnb` m` qbni ped m`qzpw`b`kn lhmhqrphre b r}um`r` aeg-
nrcnbnpmnqr.8 E p`gpeg q p`gonpefd`mh}r` m` qoevh`kmh} g`jnm g` nrwer-
mnqr r` m` a|dfer` rni qe opedqr`b}k nr op`bhrekqrbnrn b onqkedmh} ln-
lemr – l`kjn opedh g`jphb`me m` g`qed`mhern – h m`pndmhre opedqr`bhre-
kh cn bnrhp`kh, aeg d` q` cn opnwekh dnape.9
Gpsc rphj ahkn bm`q}mern m` opnejrna|dfer` onnrdekmn g` bq}jn lhmh-
qrepqrbn, g` d` me lnfe d` qe onkswh nay oncked, r`j` we dnj`rn edhm qe ck`-
qsb`k, dpsc nye me ahk bmeqem. Qop}mn m` u`p`jrepmnrn „op`bhrekqrbemn
6
4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn,
5, 1901, A 1, 45–56, nqna. q. 48; Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn
dpsfeqrbn, 6, 1902, A 1, 46–61, nqna. 50–51; 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, 435–436.
7 '3'.14), ,46*.. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfe-
qrbn, 7, 1903, A 2, 124–130, 126.

8 !'1'('=,), )'3. Tonlemh. T., DCP, 1943, 146–147. Yhr.: „P`pndmnrn qzap`mhe whqrh
h ntnpl}b` dek`r` m` op`bhrekqrbnrn h cn nqbnanfd`b` nr nrcnbnpmnqr. Rnm}jnc` rn qe napz-

y` m` oep`km} m` mewhqrh pànrh, j`rn ck`qsb` ongnpmh qdekjh m` op`bhrekqrbnrn. […]
Tjk|wbù` qe wsdnbhymh gèlh q ongnpmh sqknbh}. Rp`beu` qe cp`l`dmh onpzwjh m` aegqp`l-
mn bhqnjh vemh.“ Tzyn q. 143.
9
454), .6.1. D|dferzr g` 1907 cndhm`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dps-
feqrbn, 10, 1906, A 10, 693–728, nqna. q. 704; 4,), 43<4. Epelern g` ophcnrb}me m` a|dfe-
r`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 5, 1902, A 5, 305–323.
lmnghmqrbn“, op`bhrekqrbnrn me opedonk`c`kn qephngmn naqzfd`me nr o`p-

k`lemr`. U`j` m`pewemhre cemep`kmh dea`rh on a|dfer`, r. e. hgknfemhe m`
thm`mqnbnrn onknfemhe m` qrp`m`r`, qe hgpndhkh b meyn qzbqel p`gkhwmn:
… wpeg r}u op`bhrekqrbnrn oee dhrhp`lah m` qbnern sop`bkemhe j`rn

r`jnb`, jnern kee pnc` m` hgnahkhern bzpus m`pnd` h ophjnb`b` m` on-
gnpmh} qrzka opedxeqrbemhvhre qh j`rn p`gpsxhrekh m` m`pndmnrn
ak`cnqzqrn}mhe; nonghvh}r` ozj nr qbn} qrp`m` qe dnlncb` d` p`gqeib`
`pcslemr`vh}r` m` op`bhrekqrbnrn h weqrn d` g`yhr`b` qbni lhm`k so-
p`bkemweqjh o`qhb hkh `jrhb. […] K gmè op`bhrekqrbnrn, we j`jbnrn h
d` qe j`fe, a|dferzr o`j ye lhme, h gmè nonghvh}r`, we j`jbnrn h d`
qe bzgp`g}b`, a|dferzr o`j ye qe ck`qsb`.10
E p`ljhre m` pednbmh} a|dfer m` nrdekmhre bednlqrb` qzyeqrbsb`kh

p`gkhwmh m`whmh g` opedbhfd`me m` cnkelh jpedhrh, j`rn bnemmh}r a|dfer
qe nrkhw`b`k q nqnaem` mehqjpemnqr onp`dh mecnb`r` nwebhdm` p`gdsrnqr h
meophelkhbnqr. Fnkelh jpedhrh ahkh opnj`pb`mh mòphlep wpeg m`psx`-
b`me m` a|dfermh} ophmvho g` qoevh`khg`vh} m` p`gundhre on oep`, h rn
j`jrn b qlhqzk m` cpsohp`me m` p`gundh b edph oep`, r`j` h wpeg p`gdbn}b`-
me m` edmn h qzyn oepn. U`j` bnemmh}r a|dfer, jnirn opeg 1907 c. ahk p`-
bem on qsl` m` 2/3 nr rngh m` bqhwjh nqr`m`kh lhmhqrepqrb`, qzdzpf`k q`-
ln 43 o`p`cp`t` (dnj`rn a|dferzr m` Ohmhqrepqrbnrn m` nayeqrbemhre
qcp`dh qzdzpf`k 125 o`p`cp`t`, m` opnqber`r` – 102, m` rzpcnbh}r` h ge-
ledekhern – 92, m` bzrpexmhre pànrh – 61, m` thm`mqhre – 54, m` bzmx-
mhre pànrh – 33, m` op`bnqzdhern – 27). U`j` me lnfekn d` qe bhdh jnkjn
qrpsb`r m` dzpf`b`r` nrdekmhre hmqrhrsvhh h sqksch b `plh}r`.11 Qqbem
edphre o`p`cp`th hl`kn h r`jhb`, jnhrn cpsohp`kh p`gmnpndmh on opedm`g-
m`wemhe qslh, j`rn qkedmh}, hgb`dem nr bnemmh} a|dfer nr 1907 c.:
§ 20. Rnddzpf`me cnrb`pqjh qzdnbe, jsosb`me h ond dzpf`me lsghj`mr-

qjhre hmqrpslemrh, j`mvek`pqjh p`gundh, nrjsosb`me a`mh, op`beme h
ond dzpf`me r`jhb` b w`qrhre, op`me dpeuhre h onqrekmh h rpòeg`phi-
mh aek} (bzb Enemmnrn swhkhye), p`gmh dpeamh dnl`xmh p`gundh on
o`geme hlsyeqrbnrn b qjk`dnbere, onop`b}me p`trnbe h ohp`lhdh, ae-
knqb`me, deghmtejvh}, ond dzpf`me whqrnr` b onleyemh}r` h dpsch p`g-
undh, g` jnhrn m}l` opedbhdem nqnaem jpedhr – 310 000 keb`.12
10
454), .6.1. D|dferzr g` 1907 cndhm`, q. 706.
11
R`j r`l, 722–724.
12
R`j r`l, q. 723. Qr qzyh} a|dfer e qkedmh}r ophlep, rngh ozr g` p`gdbn}b`me (h dsakh-
p`me) m` edmn h qzyn oepn q nwebhdm` vek: „§ 27. Rzrmh, dmebmh, k`cepmh h qrnknbh o`ph. […]
§ 33. S`gundh on opnhgbefd`me p`gmh qmhljh h ond dzpf`me j`prncp`thweqjh} hmqrhrsr (js-
Fk`bmnrn qpedqrbn g` m`psx`b`me m` a|dfer` na`we ahkh r. m`p. hgbzm-

qlermh (hgbzma|dfermh) jpedhrh, r. e. r`jhb`, jnhrn me thcsphp`kh b oph-
erh} a`k`mqhp`m a|dfer, ` qe ck`qsb`kh dnozkmhrekmn nr P`pndmnrn qza-
p`mhe on hqj`me m` lhmhqrphre.13 Unb` m` op`jrhj` opedqr`bk}b`kn edhm
brnph, rèm a|dfer, jnirn ahk hqrhmqjh h pe`kem. Hrn j`jbn ohxe on rngh
onbnd Mhphk Rnonb:
Rpedh bqhwjn, a|dfer b hqrhmqjh} qlhqzk m` dsl`r` lzwmn lnfe d` qe

ophele, we qzyeqrbsb` b Dzkc`ph} oph op`jrhj`r` qzq qbpzuqlermhre
jpedhrh. Qcp`mhwemhern h nopedekemhern m` jpedhrhre b a|dfer` e v}-
k` aegqlhqkhv`, ynl op`bhrekqrbnrn lnfe qbnandmn d` ch sbekhw`b`
qzq qbpzuqlermh jpedhrh nrqerme. E rsi nrmnxemhe mhe on-qjnpn oph-
khw`le m` aega|dferm` nphemr`kqj` lnm`puh}, jzdern bk`qr r` aegp`g-
anpmn h opnhgbnkmn azpj` b u`gm`r` h u`pwh g` j`jbnrn qh ye.14
Qrdekem bzopnq e opedm`gm`wemhern m` hgbzmqlermhre jpedhrh. P`ped

q jpedhrhre g` bznpzfemhe h qrpnhrekqrbn rnb` ahkh jpedhrh h g` nahjmn-
bemh a|dfermh p`gmnqjh, dzkf`yh qe j`jrn m` qzgm`rekmn sjphb`me m` hq-
rhmqjhre msfdh m` dzpf`b`r`, r`j` h m` „menasgd`m` bk`qrekhmqj` dzpgnqr
d` qe x`ph h azpj` b u`gm`r` aegnrcnbnpmn“.15 Qahwèm m`whm g` m`dbhx`-
b`me m` opedbhdemhre b a|dfer` p`gundh ahkn bzbkhw`mern m` dzpf`b`r`
b mnbh qrpnefh h dek`, gònwb`mh qjpnlmn h opnr`j`mh nr cndhm` m` cndh-
m` q hqj`mh} g` bqe mnbh jpedhrh.16 J` `mc`fhp`mern m` dzpf`bmh} a|dfer
nr lhmhqrphre qbhderekqrb` edhm qksfhrek b Tlerm`r` o`k`r`:
Ohmhqrphre b Dzkc`ph}, qzap`mh m` qzber hkh onnrdekmn, q` bqeqhkmh;

r}u me ch qreqm}b` mhj`jzb g`jnm, g` r}u m}l` cp`mhvh oph hgu`pwb`me
m` m`pndmhre qpedqrb`. Ue lnc`r d` bgel`r mì-wsdmnb`rh pexemh} h d`
ch rsp}r b hgozkmemhe qzq gèlh h g`dzkfemh} […] T`ln lhmhqrepqr-
osb`me l`reph`kh, hmqrpslemrh h g` ond dzpf`mern hl).“ E qzynrn bpele: „§ 41. J` onozkb`-
me j`pr`r` m` Dzkc`ph} (p`gundh on ozrmh h dmebmh o`ph m` nthveph h whmnbmhvh g` jnl`m-
dhpnbjhre hl on rnoncp`thweqjh pànrh h g` dpsch beyeqrbemh p`gundh on qmhljhre“ (q. 724).
13 '3'.14), ,46*.. P`x`r` thm`mqnb` onkhrhj`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlh-
weqjn dpsfeqrbn, 1, 1896, A 5, 313–338; A 6, 377–406; A 7, 465–491. Cbrnpzr nraek}gb`, we

mhjzde b a|dfer` me qe bohqb`r gèlhre, jnhrn bkhg`r b dzpf`bm`r` u`gm`, ` bq}j` cndhm` qe
bohqb`r qslh g` r}umnrn onc`q}b`me (q. 320). Ef. qzyn .5,64), .041'. Degpedhern b dzp-
f`bmhre thm`mqh. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 24, 1910, A 5,
315–349, nqna. 318–323.
14 454), .6.1. D|dferzr g` 1907 cndhm`, q. 707.
15 R`j r`l, q. 708.
16 .5,64), hjnk`. Ezpunbm`r` qlerm` o`k`r` j`rn qzrpsdmhv` m` g`jnmnd`rekmnrn r}kn
b jnmrpnk` m` a|dfer`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 15, 1911,

A 5–6, 327–352, nqna. 339–340.
b`r` m` bzmxmhre h bnemmhre dek` q` onu`pwhkh lhkhnmh g` bqebzglnf-

mh ozrexeqrbh} h jnl`mdhpnbjh. Kl` dhoknl`rhweqjh opedqr`bhrekh,
hl` bnemmh, jnhrn qwhr`r g` pednbmn, g` lnp`kmn d` dnozkm}r gòk`rhre
qh onqpedqrbnl jnl`mdhpnbjh, bzgkhg`yh m` deqerjh uhk}dh keb` q`ln
g` edm` cndhm`. Gn jnl`mdhpnbjhre qrn}r p`gmh cnkelh h l`kjh oped-
oph}rh}, jnhrn qe gùb`y`r aeg qpedqrb` h p`gpexem jpedhr, g` d` qe d`-
de pànr` h oew`ka` m` o`prhg`mh h qbnh unp`.17
Kgbzmqlermhre jpedhrh on op`bhkn qe ondk`c`kh m` ck`qsb`me, qked j`-

rn p`gundhre bewe ahkh mòp`bemh nr lhmhqrphre h rzi hkh hm`we rp}ab`-
kn d` azd`r ok`remh meg`bhqhln nr pegskr`r` m` ck`qsb`mern. J` ck`qsb`me-
rn qe hgahp`k ondund}y lnlemr:
Eqhwjh mepednbmh pànrh h qzlmhrekmh ok`y`mh}, on jnhrn o`k`r`r`

[Tlerm`r` o`k`r`] bewe qe e opnhgmeqk` hkh e ahkn nwebhdmn, we r} ye
ondhcme bzopnq h ye nrj`fe bhghp`mern m` gònbedr`, qe qzahp`r cphf-
khbn h qe w`j` qcndmh}r lnlemr d` qe opnj`p`r b m}jni cnk}l qbpzuqle-
rem jpedhr q lmncn ck`bh, o`p`cp`th h qrp`mhvh, jnirn jpedhr rnkjnb`
on-l`kjn qe opnwhr` h opeckefd` nr opedqr`bhrekhre, jnkjnrn e on-dz-
kzc, qknfem h gàzpj`m. Rnd m`hlemnb`mhe qr`ph dzkcnbe, „a`r`vh“, j`j-
rn ch m`phw` ongm`r s m`q thm`mqnb lhmhqrzp, lhm`b`r bqhwjh aegg`jnm-
mh p`gundh h opeg qzap`mhern, h opeg o`k`r`r`. Rpeg qzap`mhern lhm`-
b`r, g`ynrn mhjni me gmè r}umnrn opnhgunfdemhe h m`whm`, on jnirn q`
mòp`bemh, ` nr o`k`r`r` qe ophel`r, g`ynrn r} opedonk`c`, we m` qzap`-
mhern q` ahkh hgbeqrmh bqhwjh mepednbmnqrh, jnc`rn e naqzfd`kn qbpzu-
qlermh} jpedhr, on jnirn p`gundhre q` ahkh bewe mòp`bemh.18
Rph qzlmemhe, we hqj`mh}r jpedhr bqe o`j m}l` d` lhme, rni ahb`k
sdnamn nrknfem dn o`d`mern m` op`bhrekqrbnrn, g` d` azde spedem nr qked-
b`ynrn, jnern ozpbn bdhc`kn o`prhg`mqjh xsl, ` onqke u`pwekn, h rn aeg
opedb`phrekmn p`gpexem jpedhr, j`rn qbnhre opedxeqrbemhvh.19
Mpèm lnlemr b a|dfer` e „qjk|wb`mern m` a|dfermnrn sop`fmemhe“,
r. e. mecnbnrn g`jphb`me, g` jnern hl`kn qpnj dn 20 leqev`. Usj qe op`bek
onpedmh}r rphj, ` hlemmn p`gqpnwb`me m` ntnpl}mern m` p`gundhre, r`j`
we re d` o`dm`r b refeqr m` qkedb`yhre cndhmh. U`j` opedqrn}y a|dfer
opedb`phrekmn qe rnb`pek qzq qbpzuqlermh jpedhrh h qe opedpex`b`kh
p`gundh on a|dferh g` 2–3 cndhmh mòped. M`jrn hgrzjb` Mhphk Rnonb,
ondnamn m`psxemhe m` ophmvho` g` qpnj` m` a|dfer` jnlopnlerhp` h q`-
17
.5,64), .041'. Degpedhern b dzpf`bmhre…, 332–333; b ondnaem qlhqzk 324–325.
18 .5,64), .041'. Ezpunbm`r` qlerm` o`k`r`…, q. 341, qzyn q. 315.
19
R`j r`l, 340–341.
lnrn m`pndnbk`qrhe j`rn bzglnfmnqr g` oephndhwem jnmrpnk m`d bk`qrb`-

yhre.20
Kgozkmemhern m` a|dfer` rp}ab`kn d` azde jnmrpnkhp`mn nr qoevh`k-
m`, opedbhdem` b jnmqrhrsvh}r` hmqr`mvh} – Tlerm`r` o`k`r`. Whm`mqhre
qe p`gqrpnib`kh wpeg naegqhkb`me, g`nahj`k}me h op}jn opemeapecb`me nr
qrp`m` m` hgozkmhrekm`r` bk`qr m` r`gh jnmrpnkm` hmqr`mvh}. Pòp`gmn
ahkn opeonpzwb`mn bzgqr`mnb}b`me m` jnmrpnk` h qznrbermn rzpqeme m`
cp`fd`mqj` h sck`bm` nrcnbnpmnqr m` lhmhqrphre on ophlep` m` Dekchi-
qj`r` qlerm` o`k`r` (on whirn nap`gev ahk` sqrpnem` azkc`pqj`r`). M`jrn
dp`qrhwmn gàek}gb` qksfhrek b Tlerm`r` o`k`r`:
Rph edmn sop`bkemhe aeg nrcnbnpmnqr h oph o`pk`lemr, oped`m m` hg-

ozkmhrekm`r` bk`qr, mhyn me lnfe d` qope aegpedhern h bqhwjh jnm-
rpnkmh qhqrelh ye qrn}r j`rn rpsthkn, d` qjphb`r p`mhre h p`gjò`mh}
rpso m` dzpf`b`r`.21
E pegskr`r nr qhqrelmnrn opebhx`b`me m` ophundhre nr p`gundhre de-

thvhrzr qr`b` rpìm` wepr` m` azkc`pqjh} dzpf`bem a|dfer, u`p`jrephgh-
p`y` j`jrn nrdekmhre a|dferh, r`j` h vekhre oephndh. J` bpelern dn bni-
mhre (1879–1911) dethvhrzr m` dzpf`bmh} a|dfer bzgk}gzk m` 713 lkm.
keb` (2 lkpd. 818 lkm. keb` ophundh, 3 lkpd. 531 lkm. keb` p`gundh). T dps-
ch dslh, rni qzqr`bk}b` njnkn 1/4 nr ophundhre. J` qzyh} oephnd cp`d-
qjhre h qekqjhre nayhmh h nak`qrmhre sop`bkemh} mòp`bhkh nayn pednb-
mh p`gundh g` 886 lkm. keb`, jnhrn opebhxhkh reumhre onqrzokemh}
(720 lkm.) qzq 166 lkm. keb`.22
D|dfermhre dethvhrh qe onjphb`kh nr edhmqrbemh} bzglnfem hgrnw-
mhj – gèlh (bzrpexmh h bzmxmh). Rn-m`r`rzj ye qe qopel m` r}u, ` rsj –
q`ln m` edm` qoevhthwm` tnpl` h op`jrhj`, opnhgrhw`y` nr u`pwemern m`
meopedbhdemh b a|dfer` qpedqrb` – r. m`p. ker}yh dzkcnbe m` dzpf`b`r`,
r. e. dzkcnbe q jp`rzj o`def.23 Rn ophmvho ker}yh}r dzkc e jp`rjnqpnwem
`b`mq g` ond dzpf`me m` dzpf`bmhre tsmjvhh, jnc`rn dzpf`bm`r` u`gm` e b
20
Ef. 454), .6.1. D|dferzr g` 1907 cndhm`, q. 710. K on-p`mn qe pechqrphp` op`jrh-
j`r` m` r. m`p. qkerh cndhmh, oph jn}rn qjk|wb`mern m` a|dfer` qe op`bh m` brnp`r` cndhm` nr
d`dem a|dfer. Ef. 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn
dpsfeqrbn, 6, 1902, A 1, q. 52.
21
J` op`bnlnyh}r` m` Tlerm`r` o`k`r` qonped p`gkhwmhre g`jnmh h p`gonpedah dn bnimh-
re h g` pe`kmnrn onknfemhern m` mey`r` bf. .5,64), .041'. Ezpunbm`r` qlerm` o`k`r`…,
vhr m` q. 351.
22
454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 423.
23 "4+464), ,8>6. Ner}yhre dzkcnbe m` dzpf`b`r`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmn-
lhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 15, 1911, A 1, 13–33; .5,64), .041'. Ezpunbm`r` qlerm` o`k`r`…,
q. 336, 351.
g`rpsdmemn onknfemhe, onmefe qkedb`yhre ophundh nye me q` onqrzohkh,

` rp}ab` d` qe hgbzpx`r ok`y`mh}. Pn azkc`pqjh}r ker}y dzkc ahk opn-
dsjr m` onqrn}mmn g`rpsdmemhe m` thm`mqhre h qe qjk|wb`k nr u`gm`r` oph
mebzglnfmnqr d` onqpeyme bqhwjh dzpf`bmh p`gundh wpeg ophundhre m`
a|dfer`. J` p`gkhj` nr jnmqnkhdhp`mhre dzkcnbe rni e bhqnjnkhubem h
onmefe me ahk p`gwhqrb`m qbnebpelemmn, bndek dn nqnaemn cnkelh p`gun-
dh g` u`gm`r`:
Ner}yhre dzkcnbe m` dzpf`b`r`, jnhrn qe qzgd`b`r pednbmn nr lhmhq-

rphre, q` ophwhmhkh cnkelh p`gundh m` dzpf`b`r` g` khubh dn spefd`-
mern h hgok`y`mern hl. […] M`rn qe bmhjme wnbej b p`gundhre, jnhrn
q` mòp`bemh hgbzm a|dfer` h hgok`y`mh qzq qpedqrb` nr jpedhrmhre
swpefdemh} b qrp`m`r`, q bzglsyemhe jnmqr`rhpb` mebepn}rmh pànrh.
Kgok`y`r qe khubh h g` ond`pzvhre, jnhrn lhmhqrphre b cnk}l`r` qh
yedpnqr q` mòp`bhkh, h g` a`jxhxhre, jnhrn edhm dhoknl`rhweqjh
opedqr`bhrek d`k m` p`gqhkmhre oph Ehqnj`r` onpr` m` Pnb` cndhm`, h
g` anc`rhre jnl`mdhpnbjh m` bhqnjh whmnbmhvh, h g` ped nye p`gundh,
meopedbhdemh b a|dfer`, q jnhrn mhjni me e hl`k op`bn d` `mc`fhpb`
dzpf`b`r`. Usj hl` p`gundh nr qzlmhrekm` onkg` h opnhgunfdemhe, g`
jnhrn dzpf`b`r` e ok`rhk` khubh, onwrh db` ozrh on-cnkelh nr q`lh}
dzkc. Ohmhqrphre nr bqhwjh o`prhimh rewemh} q` edm`jbn yedph, jnc`-
rn hl` d` op`b}r ak`cnde}mh} g` dzpf`bm` qlerj`.24
Ner}yhre dzkcnbe ahkh onjphb`mh hkh wpeg qzjpnbhymh anmnbe j`rn

tnpl` m` bzrpexem gèl (g` r}u ye qr`me dsl` qoevh`kmn), hkh opedqr`b-
k}b`kh meonqpeym`rh m`bpele `mc`fhlemrh m` u`gm`r`. Qqnaemn qjzo`
tnpl` m` ker}y dzkc ahkh `b`mqhre (hkh jp`rjnqpnwmhre gèlh) nr bzmx-
mh jpedhrnph. M`rn onq}c`k` jzl r`jhb` gèlh oph jpìmn g`rpsdmemhe,
u`gm`r` qe ophmsfd`b`k` d` ophel` hgjk|whrekmn mehgcndmh h mòp`bn
smhghrekmh sqknbh} h c`p`mvhh hgbzm bhqnjh} khubem opnvemr. Pì-weqrn
r} me qe nj`gb`k` b qzqrn}mhe d` sqrnh m` onerhre `mc`fhlemrh on regh
`b`mqh h rnc`b` mesqrnij`r` jzl bzmxmh} jpedhrnp m`m`q}k` cnkelh g`cs-
ah. M`jrn hgrzjb` edhm bhdem rnc`b`xem hjnmnlhqr on onbnd r`gh op`jrh-
j`: „Ner}yh}r dzkc, màhp`m nr `b`mqh, ondnamn m` ker}yh} dzkc on qzj-
pnbhymh anmnbe, qked j`rn e ahk hgonkgb`m mì-khub`pqjh nr dzpf`bmhre
jpedhrnph, e khjbhdhp`m edhmqrbemn wpeg qjzo, dzkcnqpnwem gèl“.25
24
.5,64), .041'. Degpedhern b dzpf`bmhre…, q. 335.
25
"4+464), ,8>6. Ner}yhre dzkcnbe…, q. 24. Tzyn Dnmwn Dneb hgrzjb`, we wpeg qhqre-
l`r` m` `b`mqhre wsfdeqrp`mmhre a`mjh oewek}r nr Dzkc`ph} 8–10 h dnph dn 15% h rnb`p}r
azkc`pqjnrn thm`mqnbn qrno`mqrbn q lhkhnmh kebnbe, aeg d` ls d`d`r onwrh mhyn qpeys rngh
dzkc Ef. 4,), 43<4. Hdhm mnb dzpf`bem gèl, q . 547.
E pegskr`r m` meslekn h aegnrcnbnpmn anp`beme q dzpf`bmhre thm`m-

qh qe qrhc` dn ozpb`r` qephngm` thm`mqnb` jphg` m` dzpf`b`r` b jp`} m`
XIX b. (1897–1901). M`rn qe bzgonkgb`kh nr aedqrbemnrn onknfemhe m`
dzpf`b`r`, bzmxmhre a`mjh jpedhrnpjh d`b`kh `b`mqh qpeys qjk|wem
gèl, mn bzopejh rnb` hghqjb`kh bpzy`mern m` `b`mqhre (h cnkelh c`p`m-
vhh qpeys r}u), g` d` dzpf`r b onqrn}mm` g`bhqhlnqr u`gm`r` h d` azde r}
nrqrzowhb`. Rnknfemhern e nohq`mn jp`qmnpewhbn nr màk|d`rekh
qzbpelemmhvh:
Upsdmn lnfe d` qe opedqr`bh onknfemhern m` thqj` opeg 1897–1901.

Nnchwem h onknfhrekem pegskr`r nr dzkcncndhxm` meopedbhdkhbnqr h
nr p`grnwhrekmnqr b lhm`knrn, dzpf`b`r` qe khxh nr bq}j`jb` thm`m-
qnb` onkhrhj`. Kkh on-rnwmn hgp`gemn, rnb` aexe edm` nqnaem` thm`m-
qnb` onkhrhj`, jn}rn hl`xe g` pexèy lnrhb menaundhlnqrr`, g` ophm-
vho h qpedqrbn opednqr`bemh} qkswì, g` unphgnmr – mì-op}j`r` msf-
d` – r`gh m` dmexmh} hkh srpexmh} dem. Gzpf`b`r` opefhb}b`xe sf`q-
mnrn onknfemhe m` nmnb` w`qrmn qrno`mqrbn, jnern, g`dsxemn nr dzkcn-
be, op`bh nrw`}mh sqhkh} g` opebzglncb`mern hl, onmefe me qe e qop}-
kn nye dn edhmqrbemh} hgund nr b rngh qkswì – t`khr`.26
K dpsc `brnp:
Qrrsj m`r`rzj a`mjhre opeqr`b`r bewe d` qe vepelnm}r q m`q: j`rn m`

edmn gke bzgohr`mn, meak`cnp`gslmn dere, re mh d`b`r qechg-rnchg on
edm` okeqmhv`, j`rn mh nrmel`r edm` on edm` hcp`wjhre, q jnhrn mhi me
sleel d` qe bk`d`le: gel`r mh fekegmhvh, ophahp`r mòp`bn ophundhre
nr a`mdepnk`, mì-onqke – hqj`r d` qe m`leq}r h b g`jnmnd`rekmhre `d-
lhmhqrp`rhbmh `rphasrh m` dzpf`b`r` mh qzq gel`mern lnmnonk` m`
r|r|m`.27
Rnknfemhern ahkn ondnapemn m` bhqnj` vem` edb` opeg 1902 c. – wpeg

qjk|wb`me m` gèl nr 105 lkm. keb` Rn-m`r`rzj dn bnimhre ker}yh}r dzkc
me hgwegm`k, ` onqrn}mmn qzyeqrbsb`k b gm`whrekmh p`gleph, j`rn hgp`g m`
ophmvhom` thm`mqnb` meopedbhdkhbnqr h aegqrno`mqrbemnqr. Pn bkh}mhe-
rn ls me qe sqey`kn rnkjnb` onp`dh qrno`mqjh} opnqoephrer m` regh cndh-
mh, jnirn ongbnk}b`k on-keqmn d` qe qjk|wb`r dzkcnqpnwmh bzmxmh gèlh.
Mphrhwmhre jnlemr`rnph m` thm`mqhre qh d`b`kh dnape qlerj`, we
„reumhweqjhre“ h op`bmhre m`psxemh} b a|dfer` hl`r dzkanjh qnvh`kmh
h onkhrhweqjh ophwhmh – b ondlnkmn hgbzpxb`mnrn bznpzfemhe, b qrpe-
26 "4+464), ,8>6. Ner}yhre dzkcnbe…, q. 20.

27 4,), 43<4. Hdhm mnb dzpf`bem gèl, 549–550.
lef` m` pzjnbndmhre onkhrhvh d` nanc`r}b`r qeae qh h qbnhre (o`prhh, be-

dnlqrb`, dnqr`bwhvh h op.), dnj`rn q` m` bk`qr, h op. Klemmn rnb` b jpìm`
qlerj` opebpzy`kn a|dfer` bzb thjvh}, g`jnmnd`rekmh} npc`m – b opnqr`
t`q`d`, ` jphrhj`r` m` nonghvhnmmhre o`prhh – b del`cnch} (onmefe m`
bk`qr bzpxekh qzynrn). Un naegqhkb`kn h bq}j`jzb jnmrpnk h dnaphre m`-
lepemh} m` nrdekmh unp` g` onqr`b}me m` ped b mey`r`:
Degpedhern v`psb` edm`jbn oph bqhwjh op`bhrekqrb`, nr j`jbhrn onkh-

rhweqjh rewemh} re h d` opnhgkhg`r. Gmexmh}r bp`c m` qbpzuqlermhre
jpedhrh, m` gèlhre, m` rsp}mern dzpf`bmhre qpedqrb` b sqksc` m` o`p-
rh}r` e srpexem mì-cnk}l reuem o`prhg`mhm, ynl lnfe d` p`gonk`c` q
dzpf`bmhre qpedqrb`. […] Rphwhm`r` m` aegpedhern h qbnebnkmnrn so-
p`bkemhe rp}ab` d` qe rzpqh me b opnrhbnpewhbhre h meozkmh g`jnmh m`
a|dfer`, mn b qhkmh} h mesdzpfhl onrnj g` hgonkgb`me dzpf`bmhre
qpedqrb`, jnirn onrnj g`bkhw` h m`pndmh qzap`mh}, h op`bhrekqrb` h
jnirn lnfe d` qe jnphchp` h bzgope q`ln q edm` on-bhqnj` jskrsp` h
nayeqrbem` mp`bqrbemnqr, ` me qzq g`jnmh h qrpnch gòpeyemh}, j`jbh-
rn mhjnc` me q` khoqb`kh b m`x`r` dzpf`b`.28
SCJXQGHP D^GIHU PC P_MQK EHGQOTUEC
D|dferzr jnmvemrphp` peqspqh m` nayeqrbnrn b pzvere m` dzpf`b`r`,

jnhrn ahb`r hgp`gundb`mh nr sop`bk}b`yhre on nopedekem m`whm, opnbef-
dìjh nopedekem` thm`mqnb` onkhrhj` b p`gkhwmh nak`qrh m` nayeqrbemh}
fhbnr. G` bhdhl j`jbh q` ahkh ophnphrermn nqhcsp}b`mhre nr azkc`pqjh-
re a|dferh deimnqrh.
Rzpbn l}qrn b a|dfermhre p`gundh dn bnimhre aegqonpmn h rpìmn g`-
el`r `plh}r` h bznpzfemh}r`. Unb` qe dzkfh m` nphemr`vh}r` nr q`lnrn
m`w`kn jzl pex`b`me m` m`vhnm`kmhre naedhmhrekmh g`d`wh, jnern lnfekn
d` qr`me q`ln on ozr} m` bnim`r`. Rph l`kjhre j`rn v}kn m`w`kmh a|dfe-
rh dekzr m` bnemmh} a|dfer ahk lmncn cnk}l (40,6% opeg 1879 c.; 33,2%
opeg 1887 c.), mn h oph on-cnkelh j`rn v}kn a|dferh rni gèl` ozpbnrn
l}qrn (21,6% opeg 1900 c. h 21,7% opeg 1911 c.).29 P` `m`khghre h jphrhjh-
re m` bnemmh} a|dfer qe qop}u qoevh`kmn m` dpscn l}qrn. Usj e b`fmn q`-
28
.5,64), .041'. Degpedhern b dzpf`bmhre…, q. 329. E ondnaem qlhqzk Dnmwn Dneb
qp`bm}b` o`prhhre m` bk`qr q `jvhnmepmn dpsfeqrbn, jnern sw`qrb` q d}knbe b opedoph}rhern
– p`gundb`me m` dzpf`bmh} a|dfer. Ef. 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzk-
c`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 10, 699–719, nqna. q. 718.
29 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 432. Usj h vhtph g` a|dfer` g` fo khmhh h oph-
qr`mhy`.
ln d` qe hgrzjme, we bnemmhre sqo}b`kh d` m`k`c`r keqmn qbnhre operemvhh

g` jpedhrh, }bmn onp`dh ophnphrer` m` `plh}r` b qzgm`mhern m` onkhrhweq-
jhre ekhrh h m`pndmhre opedqr`bhrekh. D|dfermhre ophmvhoh m` hjnmn-
lh} h nrwermnqr opeqr`b`kh d` b`f`r h P`pndmnrn qzap`mhe bhm`ch nrq-
rzob`kn oped bnemmnrn bednlqrbn. Uzjln bnemmh}r a|dfer ahk mì-dbni-
qrbem (q cnk}l` hgbzmpedm` w`qr) h onqrn}mmn t`kxhthvhp`m, g` d` hgc-
kefd` on-l`kzj, nrjnkjnrn ahk b deiqrbhrekmnqr. J` mecn nrhb`k` h ck`b-
m`r` w`qr nr wsfdhre gèlh.
Rph khoq`r` m` cnkelh w`qrmh jòhr`kh s m`q dzpf`b`r` qe m`czpahk`
q hgcp`fd`mern m` jnlsmhj`vhhre, qonl`cìjh g` lndepmhghp`mern m`
qrp`m`r`. Jm`whrekmh qpedqrb` ahkh hgp`gundb`mh g` onqrpn}b`me m` fo
khmhh h ophqr`mhy`. Z`qr nr qpedqrb`r` m` a|dfer` nrhb`k` g` spefd`me
h m` dpsch jnlsmhj`vhh, j`rn onyh, rekecp`t h reketnm. Pn lnrhbhp`mh q
fekegnozrmn qrpnhrekqrbn qpedqrb` nr gèlh weqrn ahkh nrjknm}b`mh jzl
dpsch vekh – bnemmh dnqr`bjh, onjphb`me m` a|dfermh dethvhrh h op. Pe-
g`bhqhln nr vem`r` m` fo khmhhre h ophqr`mhy`r`, vem`r` m` q`lhre gèlh
ahk` jpìmn bhqnj` (j`jrn ye bhdhl on-m`r`rzj). Pà`b}mern m` onwrh
bqhwjh l`reph`kh nr wsfahm` qe qnwh j`rn opnosqj`me m` ak`cnoph}rem
lnlemr g` p`gbhb`me m` m}jnh qbzpg`mh q fekegmhvhre opnlhxkemnqrh.
Enemmhre h qrpnhrekmhre p`gundh dnbekh dn azpgn m`p`qrb`me m` dzp-
f`bmhre dzkcnbe, whern naqksfb`me qr`b`kn bqe on-cnk}ln a|dfermn oepn.
Rpeg oephnd` 1886–1895 c. rn onczkm`kn 11,5% nr a|dfer`; opeg 1896–
1905 c. – 24%; opeg 1906–1911 c. – 24,8%.30 Kl` gm`whrekm` mep`vhnm`k-
mnqr b rnb`pemern m` a|dfer` q hgok`y`me m` q`lnm`p`qrb`yh gèlh,
bleqrn p`gmh msfdh d` qe thm`mqhp`r op}jn nr d`mzwmhre ophundh (gèlh-
re bqzymnqr q` d`mzvh, bgerh opedb`phrekmn nr m`qekemhern). Cmc`fhp`-
mern m` dzpf`bmhre thm`mqh b hgok`y`me m` napelem}b`yh gèlh ahkn h
nqmnbmn qpedqrbn g` hgbkhw`me m` oew`kah nr wsfdh} jòhr`k h g` onqr`b}-
me m` qrp`m`r` bzb thm`mqnb` g`bhqhlnqr.
P` rpern l}qrn b p`gundmh} a|dfer hdb` nap`gnb`mhern, whirn d}k m`-
p`qrb` nr mhynfmhre 3,2% opeg 1887 c. m` 7,2% opeg 1909 c. dn 11,2% opeg
1911 c.31 Unb` qe dzkfh m` cnkelh} apni swhrekh, whhrn gòk`rh ahkh opeu-
bzpkemh nr nayhmhre jzl dzpf`b`r`. E qp`bmemhe q onknfemhern b Tzp-
ah} h Sslzmh}, Dzkc`ph} qzgd`k` on-dnap` nap`gnb`rekm` qhqrel` h onq-
rhcm`k` on-bhqnj opnvemr m` cp`lnrmnqr.
30 %'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…, 37–38. J` oephnd` 1888–1912 c. bzmxm`r`
rzpcnbh} hl`k` dethvhr nr 54,8 lkm. gk`rmh keb`, onjphr nr onqrzokemh}r` m` bzmxmhre dzp-
f`bmh gèlh.
31 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, 432–433.
Qayeqrbemnrn gdp`be qe g`dzpf` m` mhynfmhre 2,3% opeg 1887 h opeg

1911 c. q l`kjh jnkea`mh}. S`gundhre ond psaphj`r` „rzpcnbh} h qekqjn
qrno`mqrbn“ qe jnkea`}r lefds qjpnlmhre 2,9% opeg 1887 c. h 4,8% opeg
1911 c.32 T ncked m` qrno`mqjnrn p`gbhrhe rzjln qekqjnrn qrno`mqrbn ahkn
nqnaemn oepqoejrhbmn h mecnbnrn a|dfermn opemeapecb`me e hgp`g m` on-
khrhweqj` med`kmnbhdmnqr. Qr dpsc` qrp`m`, jpedhrhp`mern m` geledekhern
qe hgbzpxb`kn wpeg dzpf`bmh qpedqrb` nr DJD.
Rnm}jnc` qe hgrzjb` qp`bmhrekmn on-dnapnrn qzqrn}mhe m` azkc`pqjh-
re peqspqh h thm`mqh b qp`bmemhe qzq Tzpah}, Fzpvh}, Sslzmh} dn bnimh-
re. Fzpvh} h Tzpah} ahkh ophmsdemh d` na}b}r dzpf`bem t`khr h d` oph-
el`r wsfd jnmrpnk on-p`mn, nrjnkjnrn Dzkc`ph}. Pn me ahb` d` qe gàp`b},
we re ophdnahkh meg`bhqhlnqr dnqr` on-p`mn h g`rnb` sop`bk}b`yhre r`l
hgrnyhkh peqspqhre on-p`mn. V m`q qe rpzcb` on qzyh} ozr m` p`gohk}b`-
me m` peqspqh wpeg bznpzf`b`me, qrpnhrekqrbn, opnqrn p`guhy`b`me h j`-
rn pegskr`r – gèlh, g`k`c`me m` dzpf`bmh ophundh h sbekhw`b`me m` d`-
mzwmnrn apele m`d m`qekemhern, ` wpeg jnqbemhre d`mzvh – sbekhw`b`me m`
vemhre h onqjzob`me m` fhbnr`.33
QD\HTUEHPKUH WKPCPTK TNHG EQLPKUH
Enimhre h reumhre onqkedhvh onczkm`kh peqspqh, qzgd`demh q rpsd` h sqh-

kh}r` m` m}jnkjn onjnkemh}. E qp`bmemhe q onknfemhern qked r}u opnake-
lhre m` opedbnemm` Dzkc`ph} hgckefd`r mòp`bn megm`whrekmh.34 M`jrn
qzq g`dm` d`r` hgrzjb` edhm `brnp:
Dkhgn edmn deqerhkerhe qe fhbeexe q cnkelh onkhrhweqjh t`mr`ql`cn-

phh h bleqrn qzgd`b`mern m` qhcspmh dzpf`bmh ophundh wpeg qràhkmn,
ondnapemn opnhgbndqrbn, hgwhqk}b`xe qe jb`dp`rsp`r` m` azdey` Dzk-
c`ph}; bleqrn thm`mqnb ok`m h thm`mqnb` onkhrhj` – qjk|wbù` qe
efecndmn bzmxmh gèlh m` mì-refjh sqknbh}. Fndhm`r` m` oncpnl` mh
onj`g`, we q hk|ghh me lnfe bewmn d` qe fhbee.35
32R`j r`l, q. 432; "4+464), ,8>6. D|dfermh nwepjh. (Oedhvhmqjh}r mh a|dfer). – Ge-
lnjp`rhweqjh opecked, 4, 1906, A 8, 797–823; 6, 1908, A 8, 856–874; A 10, 1055–1074.
33 454), .6.1. Rncked bzpus hjnmnlhweqjnrn…, q. 231; Ezpus onqjzo}b`mern m` fhbn-
r`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 15, 1911, A 9, 709–742, nqna.

719–720; !84@34), ,804. Dnpa`r` qzq qjzonrh}r`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhwe-
qjn dpsfeqrbn, 16, 1912, A 1, 20–36.
34 '3,), !84@3. P}jnc` h qec`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20,
1921, A 1–3, 1–5.

35 "4+464), ,8>6. Ezpus dzpf`bmhre mh thm`mqh. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlh-
weqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 4–5, 1–22, vhr. m` q. 1.

Kl` pedhv` rejsyh nohrh g` pejòhrsk`vh} m` thm`mqnbnrn onknfemhe

qked bnim`r`. Rphbefd`mern m` lnlemrmh d`mmh hl` l`kzj qlhqzk, dnjnk-
jnrn vhtphre q` oph p`gbhb`y` qe hmtk`vh}, mn jnmqr`r`vhhre q` qundmh:
bhqnj` hmtk`vh} h naegvem}b`me m` keb` (27 ozrh dn qràhkhg`vh}r` opeg
1924 c.), onqjzob`me m` fhbnr`, xhpeme m` qoejsk` q o`ph h qrnjh, aedqrbe-
mn onknfemhe, mì-refjn oph unp`r` m` rbzpd` gòk`r`, opeqrzomnqr h op.
Kmtk`vh}r` ahk` nrophyem` nr bzgopher`r` b jphg`r` onkhrhj` m` oew`r`-
me m` o`ph g` onozkb`me m` a|dfermh} dethvhr; r} qe sqhkb`k` h nr mec`-
rhbmhre nw`jb`mh}.36 Mzl p`gpsu`r` qe dna`b}k` thm`mqnb`r` refeqr m`
P{niqjh} dncnbnp, hgund nr jn}rn me qe bhfd`k. Gnundhre h fhgmemnrn
p`bmhye dzkcn bpele me lnckh d` dnqrhcm`r mhbnrn nr 1911 c. Km`we qdzp-
f`mh}r Mhphk Rnonb nohqb` qzqrn}mhern q dhpejrmn rekeqm` ler`tnphj`
m` qrp`d`mhern:
K b r`gh onqnj` m` ok`y`me Dzkc`ph} q r}cnqrmnrn wsbqrbn m` onb`ke-

mh} qrp`d`kev jzq`xe fhbh w`qrh nr qbnern qrno`mqjn h thm`mqnbn
r}kn h ok`y`xe g` slhknqrhbkemhe, ok`y`xe bqhwjh operemvhh h fe-
k`mh} d`fe bzm nr dncnbnp` m` meonqpedqrbemhre hgozkmhrekh m` dncn-
bnp`, ok`y`xe, j`rn m`psx`b`xe qbnhre nqmnbmh g`jnmh, ok`y`xe, j`-
rn opnrhbng`jnmmn nahfd`xe h repgèxe qbnhre cp`fd`mh azkc`ph,
ok`y`xe, j`rn nrmhl`xe nr g`kzj` m` dewhv`r` m` 80 000 whmnbmhweqjh
qeleiqrb`, 111 700 hmb`khdmh, 20 000 oemqhnmepmh, jnhrn dzpfexe b
ck`d h lhgeph}, ok`y`xe, j`rn hgrnyh njnmw`rekmn v}knrn qbne dzp-
f`bmn qrno`mqrbn, ok`y`xe j`rn czkr`xe cnpwhbhre qzkgh m` smhfe-
mhern h nahd`r`…37
36
454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph} h thm`mqnbhre h hjnmnlhweqjh jk`sgh m` opnejrn-
dncnbnp` g` lhp q Dzkc`ph}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919,
A 3–5, 129–175; 454), 1,07.. Ezrpexem opecked. (D|dfermh aekefjh). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzk-
c`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 1–2, 91–101; 96.104), ,1?4. Gzkcnbe
h peo`p`vhh. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 23, 1924–1925, A 9, 353–
363; $'304), 1,07'3+>6. Dzkc`ph} opeg bnim`r` h qked me}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjn-
mnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 1–3, 36–55; @5<,), 3+6,/. Enim`r` h thm`mqhre. – Toh-
q`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 1–2, 1–14; &3914), 1.@.
Trno`mqjnrn h qnvh`kmn onknfemhe m` Dzkc`ph} h dncnbnp` g` lhp. – Cpuhb g` qrno`mqj` h
qnvh`km` onkhrhj`, 5, 1929, A 3, 205–223; '3,), !5. Gbhfemhe m` vemhre b Dzkc`ph}. –
Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 8–10, 307–324; .;'/14),
,3<4. Rnqjzob`mern m` fhbnr` b Dzkc`ph}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dps-
feqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 1–2, 115–116; '1.34), . Ezrpexem opecked. (R`phwm`r` jphg` s
m`q). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 8–10, 362–369.
37 454), .6.1. Whm`mqnbhre refeqrh m` Dzkc`ph} on hgozkmemhern m` P{niqjh} dncn-
bnp. T., 1925, q. 4 (nroew`rzj nr Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 26, 1925,
A 6–7, 2–23).
S`gundhre m` a|dfer` on dzpf`bmhre dzkcnbe, g` jnhrn ahk` swpedem`

Fk`bm` dhpejvh} m` dzpf`bmhre dzkcnbe, qe dbhfekh efecndmn lefds 25 h
30% g` oephnd` 1928/29–1935 c. (njnkn 30% opeg 1929–1933 c.) h edb` opeg
1936 c. m`l`kekh dn 22,65%.38 Qaqksfb`mern m` dzkc` gèkn ozpbn l}qrn b
a|dfer` h onp`fd`kn ncpnlem dethvhr. Tked opejp`r}b`me m` m`w`km`r`
hmtk`vhnmm` op`jrhj` m` a`mjmnrm` elhqh} dethvhrzr qe onjphb`k ck`b-
mn nr bzrpexmh hgrnwmhvh (bzrpexmh gèlh jzl DPD h dp.) h nrw`qrh wpeg
bzmxmh dzpf`bmh gèlh. Rph aedqrbemnrn onknfemhe h ond wsfdh} thm`m-
qnb jnmrpnk qe op`bekh nrw`}mh sqhkh} g` sbekhw`b`me m` ophundhre h m`-
l`k}b`me m` p`gundhre m` sop`bkemhern on p`gmh m`whmh. Rphundhre ahkh
sbekhw`b`mh on thqj`kem ozr wpeg bdhc`me m` lhr`r` h dpschre meopejh
d`mzvh. Tzyebpelemmn rp}ab`kn d` qe hjnmnlhqb` nrjzl p`gundm`r` w`qr
m` a|dfer`. Usj qe op`jrhjsb`kn oew`kmnrn qzjp`y`b`me m` gòk`rh m`
dzpf`bmh h nayhmqjh whmnbmhvh. Jòk`rhre m` dzpf`bmhre whmnbmhvh
(bzb bqhwjh lhmhqrepqrb`) `mc`fhp`kh lefds 35–44% nr pednbmhre p`gun-
dh m` dzpf`bmh} a|dfer g` oephnd` 1928/29–1936 c. (njnkn 35% g` oephn-
d` 1929–1932 c.). Vdpzfjh b nopedekem opnvemr nr gòk`rhre (h nr oemqhh-
re) qe op`bekh lmncnjp`rmn nr 1931 dn 1936 c. bjk|whrekmn, j`rn hjnmnlh-
hre nr r}u qe dbhfekh lefds 6–8% nr p`gund` g` gòk`rh. P`ped q rnb` qe
opha}cb`kn dn gà`b}me m` gòk`rhre. Tped opebp`r` nr 1934 c. ahk m`l`-
kem h apn}r m` whmnbmhvhre q njnkn 4000 dsxh, mn opeg 1935 h 1936 c. rni
nrmnbn qe sbekhwhk. O`kjh}r j`rn v}kn p`glep m` gòk`rhre m` lmnghmqr-
bnrn dzpf`bmh qksfhrekh me ongbnk}b`k cnkelh m`l`kemh}, ` opedopherh-
re me d`kh gm`whrekm` hjnmnlh}. J` qlerj` m` rnb` l}pj`r` ophwhmhk` m`
whmnbmhvhre cnkelh khxemh} h meqhcspmnqr, ` qzyn hjnmnlhweqjh jnmr-
pòpndsjrhbmn qbhb`me m` jnmqsl`vh}r`.39
P` brnpn l}qrn b p`gundmhre a|dferh on bednlqrb` (qked naqksfb`me-
rn m` peo`p`vhhre h dzkc`) nqr`b` Ohmhqrepqrbnrn m` bnim`r`, h rn bzope-
jh m`knfemhre on P{niqjh} dncnbnp qzjp`yemh} m` `plh}r` (mn r} qr`b`
ok`rem`): 19,44% nr a|dfer` opeg 1924–1925 c.; lefds 12,74 h 16,67% g`
oephnd` 1928/29–1936 c.40 Onfe d` qe bhdh hpnmh} b r`gh p`gl}m` m` leq-
r`r` lefds dzkcnbe h `plh} b jk`q`vh}r` m` p`gundhre, jzdern qkedqrbhern
hgkhg` oped ophwhm`r`. Enemmhre p`gundh nrmnbn p}gjn m`p`qrb`r nr
1936 c. h qzqr`bk}b`kh 29% opeg 1939 c.41
38
39
R`j r`l, 34–35.
40 R`j r`l, q. 33, 42. S`gundmh}r a|dfer m` fekegmhvhre h ophqr`mhy`r` e d`dem m` brnpn
l}qrn, mn re hl`r h ophundem a|dfer, jnirn nahjmnbemn m`dbhx`b` p`gundhre (q. 37, 40).
41 Tr`rhqrhweqjh cndhxmhj m` Y`pqrbn Dzkc`ph} 1940, 640–641.
P` rpern l}qrn on p`gundem a|dfer (j`jrn opedh bnimhre) qe m`pefd`-

kn Ohmhqrepqrbnrn m` opnqbeyemhern on qonlem`r`r` ophwhm` m` hgok`-
y`me m` swhrekqjhre gòk`rh h m` m`w`kmhre swhrekh nr dzpf`b`r` (me nr
nayhmhre) q b`php`me lefds 11,36 h 13,81% g` oephnd` nr 1924–1925 c. dn
1936 c.; 9,7% opeg 1939 c.42
Rpeg lefdsbnemmh} oephnd qe jnmqr`rhp` hgbeqrm` remdemvh} g` th-
m`mqnb` devemrp`khg`vh} (weqrn ophbhdm`), b w`qrmnqr wpeg nrdek}me m`
m}jnh dzpf`bmh opedoph}rh} m` `brnmnlem a|dfer h qzgd`b`me m` tnmdn-
be qzq qoevh`kmn opedm`gm`wemhe. E q`lnqrn}rekmn opedoph}rhe ahkh nr-
dekemh dzpf`bmhre j`lemnbzckemh lhmh (opeg 1924 c.), qzgd`demh ahkh Gh-
pejvh} g` g`jsosb`me h hgmnq m` gzpmemh up`mh (1930 c.), Rnc`qhrekm` j`-
q` on g`jnm` g` nakejwemhe m` dkzfmhvhre h g`gdp`b}b`me m` jpedhr`
(1934 c.), Gzpf`bm`r` knr`ph} (1936 c.). P` renph} (me h m` op`jrhj`) dzp-
f`bmhre a`mjh qzyn ahkh q`lnqrn}rekmh opedoph}rh} nr q`lnrn m`w`kn.
Kl`kn h tnmdnbe qzq qoevh`kmn opedm`gm`wemhe, j`rn mòphlep „Rn-
qrpnij` m` mnbh fekegmhvh h ophqr`mhy`“ (1925 c.), „Rnqrpnij` m` qzdea-
mh qcp`dh“ (1926 c.), „Kgok`y`me m` gòk`rhre m` swhrekhre b nayhmqjhre
qpedmh swhkhy`“ (1933 c.), „Rzrhy`“ (1934 c.), „Qayeqrbemn ondonl`c`me“
(1934 c.) h dp. Ue ahkh qzgd`b`mh nr p`gmh dzpf`bmh bednlqrb` g` nqhcsp}-
b`me m` hgrnwmhvh m` qpedqrb`, j`rn qe g`nahjnkh Whm`mqnbnrn lhmhqrep-
qrbn, ` swped}b`mern hl bndekn dn ophjphrn onbhx`b`me m` d`mzwmnrn ape-
le q p`gmhre tnmdnbh bpzumhmh h r`jqh, nrjzdern ahkh màhp`mh qpedqrb`-
r`. Gnjnkjnrn regh onks`brnmnlmh tnmdnbe ahkh ond sop`bkemhe h jnmr-
pnk m` dzpf`bmh bednlqrb`, lnfe d` qe cnbnph g` opeokhr`me m` azkc`pq-
jnrn osakhwmn thm`mqnbn qrno`mqrbn h g` hgjsqrbemn nrjknm}b`me m` qped-
qrb` nr a|dfer`. Rpeg 1928–1929 h opeg 1936 c. qe hgbzpxhkn qkhb`me m`
m}jnh tnmdnbe q a|dfer` m` dzpf`b`r`, mn thm`mqnbnrn opeokhr`me nqr`-
m`kn cnk}ln. S`gundhre m` nrdekmhre tnmdnbe ond sop`bkemhe h jnmrpnk m`
dzpf`b`r` dnqrhc`kh opeg 30-re cndhmh m` XX b. 17–18% nr nayhre osa-
khwmh p`gundh.43
P`p`qrb`mern m` dzkcnbere m` cp`dqjhre nayhmqjh a|dferh opndzk-
fhkn h qked bnimhre: 574 lkm. keb` opeg 1929 c.; 1 lkpd. keb` opeg 1931–
1932 c.; 1 lkpd. 638 lkm. keb` opeg 1935 c.44 Qqmnbmhre qpedqrb` m` nayh-
mhre qe màhp`kh nr r. m`p. bpzumhmh (opnvemr m`d dzpf`bmhre d`mzvh), `
on-l`kj` w`qr – nr nayhmqjh d`mzvh h r`jqh (aephh). J` ondnap}b`me m`
42 ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhe m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 33, 42. J` 1939 c., hgwhqkemn on Tr`rhq-
rhweqjh cndhxmhj m` Y`pqrbn Dzkc`ph}, 32, 1940, 640–641.

43 J` `brnmnlmhre dzpf`bmh opedoph}rh} h tnmdnbere qzq qoevh`kmn opedm`gm`wemhe s:
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 28–30.

44 R`j r`l, q. 232.
thm`mqnbnrn onknfemhe m` nayhmhre m}jnh `brnph opedk`c`kh p`gxhp}b`-

me m` nayhmqjnrn q`lnsop`bkemhe h petnplh m` d`mzvhre on onqnj` m` q`-
lnqrnimh nayhmqjh d`mzvh (` me bpzumhmh m`d dzpf`bmhre d`mzvh). Pn
mòp`bemh}r nr geledekqjh} pefhl nohr d` qe opelùm`r bpzumhmhre h d`
qe g`lem}r qzq q`lnqrnimh nayhmqjh d`mzvh me nop`bd`k m`defdhre h qr`-
pnrn onknfemhe ahkn bzpm`rn.45
E]P[PK JCHOK, G]NFQEH
X`pwemern m`d bzglnfmnqrhre h qznrbermn dethvhrhre b a|dfer` h u`gm`-

r` (hgp`g}b`y` thm`mqnb` ophelqrbemnqr g` p`gkhj` nr efecndmh} a|-
dfer) ahkh onjphb`mh qzq gèlh – bzrpexmh h bzmxmh. E hqrnph}r` m`
azkc`pqj`r` dzpf`b` qked Qqbnanfdemhern dzkcnbere h r}umnrn naqksfb`-
me gèl`r nqnaemn cnk}ln, `jn me nopedek}yn l}qrn. Deg r}u rpsdmn ahule
lnckh d` p`gaepel ncp`mhwemh}r` h ophmsdhre bzpus deiqrbh}r` m` op`bh-
rekqrb`r`. Qqnaemn nabzpgb`yh ahkh bzmxmhre dzkcnbe, whhrn sqknbh}
Dzkc`ph} rp}ab`kn qrphjrmn d` qzak|d`b` ond qrpù nr qrpnch q`mjvhh
(j`jrn ye bhdhl, onknfemhern q bzrpexmhre dzkcnbe ahkn p`gkhwmn). Usj
qe qzdzpf`r lmncn ophleph g` med`kmnbhdmnqr h aegnrcnbnpmnqr m` azk-
c`pqjh sop`bk}b`yh onkhrhvh, m` jnhrn qznrberqrb` aegvepelnmmnqr r` m`
gò`dmhre jpedhrnph.
Hdhm nohr g` jk`qhthvhp`me m` bzmxmhre dzkcnbe m` Dzkc`ph} ch ond-
p`gdek} b m}jnkjn j`recnphh, j`jrn h qrn}yhre ond reumh} gm`j „dzkcnbh
oephndh“: 1. Gzkcnbe, qbzpg`mh qzq qzgd`b`mern m` azkc`pqj`r` dzpf`b`
(nr 1878–1886, 1908 c.); 2. Gzkcnbe g` fekegnozrmn qrpnhrekqrbn (oephnd`
1888–1900 c.); 3. J` penpc`mhghp`me m` `plh}r` (1901–1909); 4. J` thm`m-
qhp`me m` bnimhre (1910–1921); 5. Enemmh jnmrphasvhh (qked 1919 c.);
6. J` bzgqr`mnb}b`me m` qrno`mqrbnrn (1923–1928); 7. J` onjphb`me m` a|-
dfermh dethvhrh h g` bznpzfemh} (30-re cndhmh m` XX b.). E jpìm` qler-
j` onwrh bqhwjh azkc`pqjh gèlh h dzkcnbe q` qbzpg`mh q bnimh. Ue hkh qe
}b}b`r reumh onqkedqrbh}, hkh q` mòp`bemh b ondcnrnbj` m` bnimh.46
Pì-aegopnakelmh qe }b}b`r qbzpg`mhre qzq qzgd`b`mern m` dzpf`b`r`
dzkcnbe. Ue bzgkhg`kh nayn m` 146 lkm. gk`rmh keb`, nr jnhrn dn jp`} m`
45 4378'38.34), . Rpejhre d`mzvh m` jpzqrnozr. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmn-
lhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 23, 1924–1925, A 4–6, 119–140, nqna. 135–136.

46 %41'04), !8'3<4. Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe m` Dzkc`ph} b qhqrel`r` m` gèlm`r` B onkh-
rhj`. E`pm`, 1938, 30–31, 44–46 (Qroew`rzj nr Fndhxmhj` m` Ehqxern rzpcnbqjn swhkhye.
E`pm`, 1936–1937); Whm`mqnb` onkhrhj`. U. 2. Gzkcnbere m` Dzkc`ph}. E`pm`, 1939, 27–28.
1936 c. ahkh hgok`remh jpzckn 146 lkm. keb` (110 lkm. onc`xemh} h 36 lkm.
khubh).47
Rpedh bnimhre ahkh qjk|wemh pedhv` bzmxmh gèlh q vek qrpnhrek-
qrbn (m` fo khmhh h ophqr`mhy`) h bznpzfemh}, ozpbh}r opeg 1888 c., on-
m`r`rzj opeg 1889 c., 1892 c., 1899/1900 c., 1902 c., 1904 c., 1907 c., 1909 c.
(db` gèl`). Usj me e menaundhln d` qe qohp`le ondpnamn m` nrdekmhre
gèlh, bqejh qzq qbn} qnaqrbem` hmrphc` on qjk|wb`mern h oephoerhh on
hgok`y`mern, ebemrs`kmnrn jnmqnkhdhp`me h hgok`y`me qzq hkh aeg peds-
vhp`me. \e hgrzjmel q`ln m}jnh nayh h rhohwmh weprh m` gèlhre h gèl-
m`r` onkhrhj`.48
Rpedh bnimhre Dzkc`ph} m`lhp`k` jpedhrnph mì-bewe b khvern m`
tpemqjh a`mjh (h nqnaemn D`mj d{n R`ph e de Reh D` – Bank de Paris et des
Pays-Bas, qzjp`remn „R`pha`“), ` b m`bewephern m` bnimhre h melqjh}r j`-
ohr`k bewe qe anpek g` bkh}mhe m` hgrnj h m` D`kj`mhre b w`qrmnqr. Eqhwjh
a`mjh jpedhrnpjh, l`j`p h w`qrmh, ahkh b r}qm` bpzgj` q pzjnbndeyh dzp-
f`bmhvh, j`jrn h q hmdsqrph}r` h deknbhre qpedh m` qznrberm`r` dzpf`b`.
Rzpbhre gèlh ahkh on-hgcndmh g` Dzkc`ph}, ` on-m`r`rzj qe qjk|wb`r oph
bqe on-meak`cnoph}rmh sqknbh} – rnkjnb` on-knxh, jnkjnrn on-nrw`}mn
ahkn onknfemhern m` dzpf`b`r`. Wpemqj`r` qhqrel` g` nrosqj`me m` gèlh
dnbek` m` op`jrhj` dn jnmrpnk bzpus azkc`pqjhre thm`mqh wpeg Mnlhrer`
g` g`yhr` m` mnqhrekhre m` rhrph nr azkc`pqjhre gèlh.
Uhohwmh qpedqrb` g` hgbkhw`me m` oew`kah nr gò`dmhre a`mjh h thm`m-
qnbh} jòhr`k ahkh bhqnjhre khubemh opnvemrh (50–100% on-bhqnjh nr
khub`r` m` bzrpexmhre gèlh b qznrberm`r` qrp`m`); hl`kn h p`gkhj` lef-
ds mnlhm`kem h veqhnmem jspq, r`j` we t`jrhweqjh qe onksw`b`kh q`ln
80–85% nr mnlhm`km`r` qsl` (mn khubhre qe ok`y`kh bzpus v}k`r` qs-
l`).49 Rn-m`r`rzj – norhp`me m` gèl` m` w`qrh (m` dmexem eghj – rp`mxn-
be), jnern d`b`kn bzglnfmnqr m` jpedhrnp` d` dzpfh dkzfmhj` b xù h
ebemrs`kmn d` ls nrosqj` jp`rjnqpnwmh `b`mqh oph nye on-knxh sqknbh}
(t`jrhweqjh j`rn mnb gèl). Mzl rnb` qe dna`b} bgel`mern m` khubhre nr
q`lnrn m`w`kn bzpus v}k`r`, ` me q`ln bzpus nrosqm`r`r` dn lnlemr` qs-
l` (r. m`p. fshq`mqh – hgnaperemhe m` tpemqjh} a`mjnb jòhr`k); b m}jnh
qksw`h hgok`y`mern m` ozpbh} rp`mx nr gèl` qe nabzpgb`kn q hgok`y`me
47
%41'04), !8'3<4. Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe…, 31–39.
48
Qqbem vhrhp`mh} on-cnpe Tr`mwn Znk`jnb g` dzkcnbere dn bnimhre h sqknbh}r` m`
qjk|wb`mern hl bf. nanayemn: 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, 438–441. Rndpnamn s:
%'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…; !84@34), . Seo`p`vhh h lefdsqz|gmh dzkcnbe.
T., 1933. Qr hqrnphvhre nqnaemn: "4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrnph} m` bzmxmhre
gèlh m` Dzkc`ph}, 1888–1912. T., P`sj` h hgjsqrbn, 1971.
49 Unb` qe dzkfh m` t`jr`, we elhrhp`y`r` gèl` a`mj` osqj` (tknrhp`) nakhc`vhhre on
mecn g` osakhj`r`, jn}rn nahjmnbemn ch hgjsosb` ond mnlhm`k` hkh me hgv}kn.

b apni m` v}k`r` onk`c`y` qe khub` nr gèl` qzq qpedqrb`r` nr q`lh} ozp-

bh rp`mx (r`j` gèlzr qksfh g` hgok`y`me m` qnaqrbem`r` khub`). Rn-m`-
r`rzj, g`dzpf`me m` w`qr dnph nr norhp`m gèl b a`mjh m` gèlnd`rek}, q
jn}rn re lefdsbpelemmn qh qksfekh; bgel`me m` menorhp`mh w`qrh nr ope-
dhxem gèl b g`knc g` mnb gèl (r. m`p. dbnimn norhp`me); g`dzpf`me m` qs-
lh nr mnbh gèlh g` hgok`y`me m` qr`ph gèlh nr elhrhp`yhre ch a`mjh.
Up}ab` d` qe qonleme h nabzpgb`mern m` gèl` qzq qrp`mhwmh sqknbh},
mì-bewe dnqr`bjh, h rn m` on-bhqnjh vemh nr qbzpg`mh q a`mj`r` opnlhx-
kemh thplh b qrp`m`r` (tpemqj`r` npzfeim` thpl` „[mìdep“, melqj`r`
„Mpso“). Qqnaemn napelem}b`y` ahk` op`jrhj`r` m` bgel`me b g`knc
(honrejhp`me) j`rn c`p`mvh} g` hgok`y`mern m` gèl` m` b`fmh dzpf`bmh
ophundh h dnph naejrh, j`rn fekegmhvh, ophqr`mhy` (hkh onqrzokemh}r`
nr r}u); lhrmhweqjh onqrzokemh}; dnundmh d`mzvh, j`rn rngh bzpus r|r|-
m`; nakhc`vhh nr bzrpexmh gèlh h vemmh dzpf`bmh jmhf` h op. Pe q`ln
we sqknbh}r` m` gèlhre ahkh hgjk|whrekmn refjh, jnern d`b` nqmnb`mh}
d` qe cnbnph g` „khub`pqjh“ jòhr`k, mn h onksw`b`mhre on r}u b m`khwmnqr
qslh on edm` hkh dpsc` ophwhm` ahkh weqrn l`kj` w`qr nr mnlhm`km`r`
qsl`: qonlem`r`r` p`gkhj` lefds mnlhm`kem h veqhnmem jspq, nrosqj`me
m` onpvhh, g`dzpf`me m` w`qr nr gèl` g` hgok`y`me m` qr`ph gèlh h op.
Rn rngh m`whm l`kj` w`qr nr jòhr`k` bkhg`k` pe`kmn b qrp`m`r`.50
J` d` qe bhdh jnkjn rnwmn e onkswhk jpedhrnpzr nr d`dem gèl, rp}ab`
d` qe bgele opedbhd on-m`r`rzxmnrn p`gbhrhe m` gèl`, ebemrs`kmn mecn-
bnrn jnmbeprhp`me (gèdmn q dpsch qr`ph gèlh) oph mnbh sqknbh} h jpì-
mnrn ls hgok`y`me h khjbhdhp`me. Ueumhj`r` m` hgbkhw`me m` onbewe o`ph
qpeys d`dem gèl qe qzqrnh rzjln b mecnbnrn p`greck}me bzb bpelern h
rp`mqtnplhp`me ond mnbh sqknbh}.
Gnape qjk|wemhre gèlh b azkc`pqj`r` gèlm` onkhrhj` q` edhmhvh:
edhm nr ozpbhre gèlh (nr 1888 c.) h gèlzr q Ssqh} nr 1909 c. J` qlerj` m`
rnb` qjk|wemhre oph refjh sqknbh} gèlh q` lmnfeqrbn. T`ln edhm oph-
lep, h rn rbzpde rhohwem, e gèlzr nr 1892 c. (oph Tr`lanknb) g` 142 lkm.
keb` q `bqrphiqj`r` Nemdepa`mj, jn}rn ahk` qbzpg`m` q tpemqjh jòhr`kh.
50
Eqhwjh regh leu`mhglh q` dnape nohq`mh nr "4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrn-
ph}… Cqem Z`j`knb onqnwb` h r`jhb` „dpeam`bh“ hgrnwmhvh m` oew`kah g` a`mjhre (nqbem
qonlem`rhre cnpe), j`rn: m`rnb`pb`me m` gèl`rek} q p`gmnqjhre on nroew`rb`me m` nakhc`vhh-
re, cepanbh h dpsch r`jqh, on npc`mhg`vh}r` m` ok`qlemr` m` nakhc`vhhre (osakhwm` ondohqj`)
h op.; g`dzpf`me nr elhqhnmm`r` a`mj` m` w`qr nr nakhc`vhhre q vek d` ch opnd`de on-jzqmn,
qked onj`wb`me m`d elhqhnmmh} hl jspq, h hgnayn g` d` qoejskhp` m` anpq`r` q jspq` hl (j`j-
rn qr`b` qked Rzpb`r` qbernbm` bnim` qked bzgqr`mnb}b`me m` qksfa`r` on hgok`y`me m` js-
onmhre); jnlhqhnm`, scnb`p}m` nr a`mjhre g` spefd`me m` qksfa`r` on gèlhre; opedqpnwmn
qzahp`me m` 6-leqewmhre `m|hrerh h g`dzpf`mh j`rn „dnozkmhrekm` c`p`mvh}“ qslh. Ef.
%'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…, 19–26.
Uni ahk c`p`mrhp`m q honrej` bzpus opedbhdem`r` g` qrpnef q onkswemhre

nr q`lh} gèl qpedqrb` vemrp`km` fo khmh} lefds Tnth} h Uzpmnbn h q
honrej` bzpus qrpn}yhre qe E`pmemqjn h Dspc`qjn ophqr`mhye gèdmn q
azdeyhre hl ophundh. Jèlzr rp}ab`kn d` qe pe`khghp` m` m}jnkjn w`qrh,
ozpb`r` q`ln g` 12,5 lkm. keb`, nr jnhrn azkc`pqjnrn op`bhrekqrbn onks-
whkn etejrhbmn 10 lkm. keb` (veqhnmem jspq 83,5%). Qqr`m`khre rp`mxnbe
rp}ab`kn d` azd`r pe`khghp`mh opeg qkedb`yhre 5 cndhmh, jnern g`bhqekn
nr dnap`r` bnk} m` Nemdepa`mj. E qzynrn bpele azkc`pqjnrn op`bhrekqrbn
qe g`dzkf`b`kn d` ok`y` nr q`lnrn m`w`kn onc`xemh}r` h khub`r` (nr 6%)
bzpus v}k`r` qsl` m` gèl`, h rn db` leqev` opedh o`def`. E deiqrbhrek-
mnqr dnph ozpb`r` 10-lhkhnmm` elhqh} me ahk` onkswem` bedm`c` h hgv}kn,
` ahk` pe`khghp`m` w`j opeg opnker r` m` 1893 c., j`rn l`kjn qked me} hgk}-
gzk ozpbh}r o`def m` gèl`, on jnirn ahkh ok`remh 5 lkm. keb`, r. e. onkn-
bhm`r`. T nqr`m`khre 5 lkm. keb` ahkh gòk`remh onjsojh m` fo l`reph`kh
nr Fepl`mh} h Cbqrpn-Vmc`ph}. Tked brnph} rp`mx Dzkc`ph} qe g`dzkf`-
b`k` d` nqr`bh qsl`r` mì-l`kjn edm` cndhm` b j`qhre m` Nemdepa`mj, jn-
}rn opednqr`b}k` b g`knc qbnh vemmh jmhf`, nqr`bemh nrmnbn b meimhre j`-
qh (r`j` we r} lnfek` d` p`gonk`c` q r}u, r. e. oph m`qrzob`me m` o`def` d`
onksw`b` khubhre on r}u). D`mj`r` ok`y`k` 4% khub` m` Dzkc`ph} g` g`-
dzpf`m`r` b meimhre j`qh qsl` nr gèl`, ` opeg rnb` bpele azkc`pqj`r`
u`gm` ok`y`k` 6% khub`, h rn bzpus nay`r` mnlhm`km` qrnimnqr m` gèl`.
Eonqkedqrbhe, bleqrn d` opnhgbede mnbh rp`mxnbe nr gèl` nr 1892 c.,
Nemdepa`mj ophknfhk` op`jrhj`r` m` nrosqj`me m` `b`mqh m` op`bh-
rekqrbnrn, jnhrn ahkh on qzyeqrbn mnbh jp`rjnqpnwmh, mn q bhqnj` khub`
gèlh, sbekhw`b`yh dzpf`bmh} dzkc. Pe e }qmn rnwmn jnkjn jòhr`k e ahk
bmeqem b Dzkc`ph} on rngh gèl ond tnpl`r` m` qrnjh – npzfhe h fo l`-
reph`kh (qonped edm` hgqkednb`rekj` m` opnakel` etejrhbmn me onbewe nr
81 lkm. keb`), qpeys jnhrn gèlnd`rek}r rp}ab`kn d` onkswh 330 lkm. ke-
b` oph ozkmnrn hgok`y`me q khubhre.51
Rn ozr} m` bqe mnbh gèlh qe qrhc` dn sqr`mnb}b`me m` wsfd jnmrpnk
bzpus azkc`pqjhre dzpf`bmh thm`mqh – nthvh`kmn qzq gèl` nr 1902 c., mn
t`jrhweqjh ondcnrbemn nr opedundm`r` gèlm` onkhrhj`. Unb` qr`b` wpeg
oped`b`me m` dnundmh} `jvhg bzpus r|r|m` (r. e. opnd`fa`r` m` a`mdepn-
khre) m` dekec`r` m` tpemqj`r` a`mj` „R`pha`“ s m`q Inpf Dsqje, ahbx
tpemqjh lhrmhweqjh qksfhrek q bhqnjh opnrejvhh, jnirn onkswhk cnkelh
op`bnlnyh} on thm`mqnbh} jnmrpnk h ophdnahk ncpnlm` pe`km` bk`qr d` qe
p`gonpefd` q azkc`pqjhre thm`mqnbh bzopnqh. Ezopejh we ahk q`ln deke-
51
"4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrnph}…, 140–146. Cbrnpj`r` ondk`c` m` jphrh-
j` k`mqhp`m`r` nr opedundmhre `brnph (P. Trn}mnb, Tr. Znk`jnb, C. Z`j`knb) vhtp` nr njnkn
100 lkm. keb`.
c`r m` mnqhrekhre m` rhrph (vemmh jmhf`) on azkc`pqjhre gèlh (nr 1902,

1905 h 1907 c.), rni ahk hgop`rem on dhoknl`rhweqjh ozr nr tpemqjnrn
Ezmxmn lhmhqrepqrbn h t`jrhweqjh ahk rperhp`m j`rn dekec`r m` Wp`mvh},
` mecnb`r` lhqh} qe onqr`b}k` hgbzm azkc`pqj`r` |phqdhjvh} h qe onkgb`-
k` m` op`jrhj` q jòhrsk`vhnmmh op`b` (r. e. bqejh bzgmhjm`k qonp qe pex`-
b`k q dhoknl`rhweqj` hmrepbemvh}). Rp`bhrekqrbnrn rp}ab`kn d` jsosb` nr
mecn `b`mqnbn b gk`rn msfmhre a`mdepnkh g` r|r|m`; oph rnb` rni g`dzp-
f`k lmncn on-cnkelh qslh nr menaundhlhre g` o`def` m` gèl`, bzpus jnh-
rn me qe m`whr`k` khub` (` op`bhrekqrbnrn ok`y`kn bzpus r}u khub` m`
DPD, nr jn}rn ahkh bgerh o`ph b gèl dn pe`khghp`mern m` a`mdepnk`).
Tsbepemhrerzr m` Dzkc`ph} b nak`qr r` m` dzpf`bmhre thm`mqh ahk
qhkmn m`jzpmem; dnph g` a`mjmnrmnrn nap`yemhe h qewemern m` o`ph op`-
bhrekqrbnrn rp}ab`kn d` qe dnohrb` dn dekec`r`. Dsqje onksw`b`k gòk`r`
7 ozrh on-cnk}l` nr azkc`pqjh lhmhqrzp h 2,5 ozrh nr r`gh m` tpemqjh}
ozkmnlnyem lhmhqrzp b Tnth}, j`jrn h dpsch qpedqrb` g` p`gmh p`gmnqjh,
sqksfkhbn nrosqm`rh ls nr qjk|wb`kh gèlhre azkc`pqjh lhmhqrph. M`jrn
qbhderekqrb` b qonlemhre qh Kb`m T`kà`xeb, lhmhqrzp m` thm`mqhre on
rnb` bpele, Dsqje gèl`k bhqnjn ophbhkechpnb`mn onknfemhe b Tnth} h
bqhwjh qe qrpùsb`kh nr mecn h ls qe jk`m}kh, ` lmncn bhqnjnonqr`bemh h
qberqjh khv` qe wsbqrb`kh onk`qj`mh d` azd`r onj`memh m` d`b`mhre nr me-
cn ophelh. Mzl azkc`pqjhre dzpf`bmh qksfhrekh h lhmhqrph rni qe dzp-
f`k `pnc`mrmn h qe m`k`c`k dnph on bzopnqh hgbzm mecnb`r` jnloeremr-
mnqr. Y}k`r` ls lhqh} qe sqey`k` j`rn smhghrekm` g` azkc`pqjnrn m`vhn-
m`kmn dnqrnimqrbn.52 Pn rnb` e qjpnlm` opek|dh} jzl wsfdh} thm`mqnb
jnmrpnk qked bnimhre.
Hdm` „lnlemrm` qmhlj`“ m` onknfemhern q dzpf`bmhre dzkcnbe jzl
jp`} m` 1911 c. mh d`b` Mhphk Rnonb. Ue bzgkhg`kh jpzckn m` 753 lkm. ke-
b` (mnlhm`kmh) h 641 lkm. keb` mermn (r. e. deiqrbhrekmn d`demh). Jèdmn q
dzkcnbere m` nayhmhre qe onksw`b`r njnkn 846 lkm. keb` mnlhm`kmn, ` pe-
`kmn – njnkn 720 lkm. keb`.53 Mzl jp`} m` 1911 c. on azkc`pqjhre dzpf`b-
mh dzkcnbe ahkh hgok`remh jpzckn 564 lkm. keb` (g` khubh h g` `lnprhgh-
p`me m` ck`bmhvh) h oph bqe rnb`, b pegskr`r nr ophk`c`mhre nr jpedhrnp`
quelh, nqr`b`kh g` ok`y`me nye jpzckn 604 lkm. keb` (nr ozpbnm`w`kmh
gèlh g` jpzckn 735 lkm. keb`).54 J`dkzfm}knqrr` m` ck`b` nr m`qekemhern
52
!'1'('=,), )'3. Tonlemh, 207–218; "4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrnph}…,
q. 272, 283–285, 316–319.
53 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 424.
54 R`j r`l, q. 441 S`gkhj`r` lefds vhrhp`m`r` rsj vhtp` m` mnlhm`k` m` gèlhre – jpzckn
735 lkm. keb`, h vhrhp`m`r` on-p`mn vhtp` – jpzckn 753 lkm. keb`, qe dzpfh m` t`jr`, we onq-
kedm`r` novh} m` gèl` nr 1892 c. ahk` pe`khghp`m` q`ln w`qrhwmn. Gzkcnbere m` nayhmhre b
jp`} m` 1911 c. ahkh 92 lkm. keb`, q`ln m` Tnth} – 52 lkm. keb` (q. 443).
b Dzkc`ph} jzl jp`} m` 1911 c. ahk` 149 keb`. Rn rngh onj`g`rek r} qe m`-
lhp`k` b on-dnapn onknfemhe nr nqr`m`khre a`kj`mqjh qrp`mh (Tzpah}
Fzpvh}, Sslzmh}, Uspvh}), jnern }bmn qe dzkf`kn h m` on-jp`rjh} dzpf`-
bem fhbnr b qp`bmemhe q r}u jzl r`gh d`r`.55
J` opedbnemmhre bzmxmh gèlh m` Dzkc`ph} (nr gèl` nr 1888 c. dn rn-
gh nr 1912 c.) h r}umnrn p`gbhrhe h sonrpea` p`gonk`c`le q `brnphrermnrn
opnswb`me m` hqrnphwj`r` Yber`m` Undnpnb`. U} ch hgwhqk}b` m` 782,5 lkm.
gk`rmh keb` mnlhm`kmh (aeg regh m` a`mjh h nayhmh), ` j`rn whqrn opnhg-
bedemhe, r. e. pe`kmn – m` 663 lkm. keb`. Tpeys r}u qzck`qmn dncnbnphre dn
jp`} m` gèlmh} qpnj rp}ab`kn d` azd`r hgok`remh 1 lkpd. 804 lkm. keb`
(qonped onc`qhrekmhre ràkhvh b gèlmhre dncnbnph). P` op`jrhj` ahk` hg-
ok`rem` on-l`kj` qrnimnqr onp`dh opedqpnwmn hgok`y`me m` m}jnh dzkcn-
be h jnmbeprhp`me m` dpsch. Qr rngh dzkc dn 1912 c. ahkh hgok`remh (g`
khubh h ck`bmhvh) nayn 486 lkm. gk`rmh keb`. Qqr`b`kn d` qe hgok`r}r nye
601 lkm. keb` on ck`bmhvhre ok|q jpzckn 784 lkm. keb` khubh (dn njnmw`-
rekmnrn hgok`y`me qonped gèlmhre dncnbnph), hkh nayn jpzckn 1 lkpd.
385 lkm. gk`rmh keb`.56 Qr gèlhre ahkh sonrpeaemh opnhgbndhrekmn, ck`b-
mn g` qrpnef m` fo khmhh h ophqr`mhy`, edb` njnkn 175 lkm. keb`, jnern
op`bh njnkn 26% (22% nr mnlhm`k`). Rnbewern jòhr`knbknfemh} b fekeg-
mhvh h ophqr`mhy` ahkh mòp`bemh bqzymnqr nr pednbmhre d`mzwmh onq-
rzokemh} (327 lkm. gk`rmh keb`). Rph rnb` bknfemh}r b fekegmhvhre jòh-
r`k qzyn me qe pemrhp`k opeg rngh oephnd onp`dh qkàh} rp`thj (whqrh}r
dnund m` fekegmhvhre dn 1912 c. ahk q`ln 50 lkm. keb`).57 Fk`bm`r` w`qr nr
gèlhre nrhxk` g` bnemmh dnqr`bjh, onozkb`me m` upnmhwmh} a|dferem de-
thvhr h g` khubh h onc`q}b`me m` qr`ph gèlh.
Rn r`jzb m`whm hjnmnlhweqjh}r etejr nr dzpf`bmhre gèlh ahk lmncn
l`kzj, dnj`rn re qzq qbn}r` refeqr bzpus a|dfer` hl`kh qhkmn nrphv`rek-
mn bzgdeiqrbhe. E qrp`m`r` pe`kmn me bkhg`kh jòhr`kh nqbem on `b`mqhre
m` gèlhre, mn h re ahkh sonrpea}b`mh ck`bmn g` hgok`y`me m` bzmxmh}
dzkc. T nqmnbm`r` qsl` qe qzgd`b`kh `bn`ph b wsfahm` h qe op`bekh onjso-
55 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 444.

56
"4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrnph}…, 466–470. M`jrn qe bhfd`, hl` hgbeqr-
mn p`glhm`b`me, mn mecnk}ln, q vhtphre m` Mhphk Rnonb l`kjn on-mòped. Yhtphre g` dzkc`
dn 1912 c. q` on-l`kjh s Cqem Z`j`knb, ` hlemmn 653 lkm. keb`, ` whqrn 556 lkm. keb` – bf.
%'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…, 109–110.
57 "4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrnph}…, 466–470, qzyn 320–323, 460–465,
vhtphre g` sonrpea`r` m` gèlhre m` q. 321, 461. M`jrn hgrzjb` `brnpj`r`, m}jnh `brnph qzb-
pelemmhvh ophel`r oncpexmn hgjk|whrekmn opnhgbndqrbem`r` sonrpea` m` regh gèlh, lnrh-
bhp`mh bqe q msfdhre m` fo qrpnhrekqrbnrn. Pn dpsch q` qhkmn jphrhwmh jzl sonrpea`r` hl,
nqnaemn Mhphk Rnonb, qzyn Kb`m T`kà`xeb h Tr`mwn Znk`jnb. Ef. h Tr`rhqrhweqjh cndhx-
mhj m` Dzkc`pqjnrn v`pqrbn, 1, 1909. T., 1910, q. 391.
jh nrr`l. Gnjnkjnrn nakhc`vhhre (rhrphre) on gèlhre qe ok`qhp`kh b wsf-

ahm`, r`l nrhb`kh khubhre on r}u, jnern hgrnwb`kn m`vhnm`kem dnund.
Uefeqrr` m` dzkc` opnkhw`b` me rnkjnb` nr àqnk|rmhre vhtph (hkh m`
ck`b`), ` nr qznrmnxemhern ls jzl a|dfer`. Dzkc`pqjh}r dzpf`bem dzkc
opeg 1912 c. (nr 601 lkm. keb`) ahk onwrh 4 ozrh on-cnk}l nr a|dfer`; g`
qp`bmemhe: dzpf`bmh}r dzkc m` Fepl`mh} jzl 1913 c. qe p`bm}b`k m` njnkn
4/5 nr rnc`b`xmh} a|dfer; oph rnb` melqjh}r dzpf`bem dzkc ahk bzrpexem
h khubhre nqr`b`kh b qrp`m`r`.58 Rnc`q}b`mern m` gèlhre e b r}qm` bpzgj`
q ok`refmh} a`k`mq m` qrp`m`r`, onmefe hghqjb` hgkhxzvh bzb bzmxm`r`
rzpcnbh}, jnern m` qbni ped g`rpsdm}b` m`vhnm`kmnrn qrno`mqrbn, b azk-
c`pqjh} qkswì nqnaemn oph qo`d`me m` lefdsm`pndmhre vemh m` geledek-
qjhre opnhgbedemh}.
Qdhqe}r` q opedbnemmhre gèlh opndzkf`b` h qked bnimhre, j`rn opeg
1926 c. ahkn onqrhcm`rn qonp`gslemhe g` hgbeqrm` peb`knphg`vh}. Tked pe-
dhv` nye ok`y`mh} h jnmbepqhh opeg 1926 c. Mnlhrerzr g` g`yhr` m` tpem-
qjhre mnqhrekh m` nakhc`vhh nr azkc`pqjhre gèlh qe dncnbnphk q azkc`p-
qjnrn op`bhrekqrbn g` onc`q}b`me m` dzkc` dn 1951 c. Mzl rngh lnlemr (r. e.
1926 c.) gèlzr nr 1892 c. ahk hgok`rem onbewe nr db` ozrh on mnlhm`k`; rn-
gh nr 1902 c. – qzyn b dbnem p`glep, mn qzq gm`whrekm`, bqe nye bhq}y`
qsl` g` hgok`y`me; rngh nr 1904 c. ahk hgok`rem b onwrh dbnem p`glep m`
mnlhm`k` h qzyn qzq gm`whrekm` bhq}y` qsl` g` hgok`y`me; gèlzr nr
1907 c. – hgok`rem mònknbhm` m` mnlhm`k`, q oepqoejrhb` g` onjphb`me m`
mnlhm`k` nye 1,5 ozrh; rngh nr 1909 c. – hgok`rem onbewe nr 1,5 ozrh on
mnlhm`k`, q oepqoejrhb` mnlhm`kzr d` azde onjphr nye bedmzf. Qayn jzl
r`gh d`r` on bqhwjh qonlem`rh gèlh ahkh hgok`remh 1 lkpd. 181 lkm. ke-
b` (gk`rmh). Rn bpele m` Geopeqh}r` hgok`y`mern m` dzkc` qr`b`kn qzq
qhkmn pedsvhp`mh bmnqjh. W`jrhweqjh dzkcnbere ahkh njnmw`rekmn spede-
mh opeg 1948 c. U`j` vem`r` m` azkc`pqjh} bzmxem dzkc ahk` jpìmn bhqn-
j` h qe mnqek` nr m}jnkjn onjnkemh} azkc`ph.59
Tkedb`y`r` cpso` gèlh q` nr bpelern m` bnimhre – 1912–1918 c. Toe-
vh`kmn rp}ab` d` qe qonleme qj`md`kmh}r azkc`pqjh gèl q melqj`r` a`m-
j` „Ghqjnmrn Fegekx`tr“ nr 1914 c. – 500 lkm. keb` gèl (bjk|wb`y jnm-
bepqh} m` gèlhre q tpemqjh jòhr`k), jnirn ahk qjk|wem q sqknbhe g` oph-
qzedhm}b`me m` Dzkc`ph} jzl Yemrp`kmhre qhkh bzb bnim`r`, mn nqr`m`k
mepe`khghp`m. Cjn e ahk pe`khghp`m, rni e y}k d` dnbede dn ozkem jnmr-
pnk m` dzpf`bmhre thm`mqh m` qrp`m`r`, oph jnern m` „Ghqjnmrn Fegek-
x`tr“ qe openrqrzob`kh bewe g`knfemhre ophundh gèdmn q nye dpsch oph-
undh ok|q jnmveqh} g` onqrpn}b`me m` fo khmh} dn D}kn lnpe (Rnprn N`-
58 "4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrnph}…, 467–468.
59
R`j r`l, q. 473.
cnq), aegbzglegdm` jnmveqh} g` ejqokn`r`vh} m` lhmhre b Repmhj h Dnanb

dnk nr melqjh} jòhr`k; onkswemnrn qpeys gèl` ozj – qked jnmbepqh}r`
m` qr`phre gèlh – ah ahkn mhynfmn l`kjn h b ozkm` g`bhqhlnqr nr qpn-
jnbere m` jpedhrnp`.60
Enemmnbpelemmhre bzmxmh gèlh bzgkhg`r (qonped Tr`mwn Znk`jnb)
m` 1 lkpd. 283 lkm. gk`rmh keb` ck`bmn jzl qz|gmhvhre Fepl`mh} h Cbqrpn-
Vmc`ph}, nr jnhrn pe`kmn onkswemh – jpzckn 1 lkpd. 136 lkm. gk`rmh keb`.
Tpeys regh gèlh (jzl jp`} m` 1937 c.) ahkh hgok`remh 233 lkm. keb` h nq-
r`b`kn d` qe dzkf`r nye q`ln 7,3 lkm. jzl „Ghqjnmrn Fegekx`tr“. Rn-cn-
k}l`r` w`qr nr bnemmhre dzkcnbe qked bnim`r` ahkh bjk|wemh b peo`p`vh-
nmmhre g`dzkfemh} h qznrbermn `mskhp`mh, ` hlemmn dzkcnbe jzl
Fepl`mh} h Cbqrpn-Vmc`ph} g` 711 lkm. gk`rmh keb`. Pn b qzynrn bpele
ahkh `mskhp`mh azkc`pqjh bgel`mh} g` dnqr`bjh m` up`mh g` Fepl`mh} m`
qsl` 2 lkpd. 230 lkm. gk`rmh keb`, jnern op`bh g`csa` ck`bmn jzl Fepl`-
mh} m` qsl` 1 lkpd. 519 lkm. gk`rmh keb`. E qksw`} g`csahre g` Dzkc`ph}
hdb`r nr meok`remhre azkc`pqjh dnqr`bjh m` up`mh h nr dpsch l`reph`kmh
g`csah, nrjzdern qe on}b}b`r h b`ph`vhhre b hgwhqkemh}r` m` p`gkhwmhre
`brnph.61
Dzkc`ph} hgkhg` nr bnimhre j`rn onaedem` qrp`m`, bzpus jn}rn qrp`mh-
re onaedhrekjh m`knfhkh ncpnlmh peo`p`vhh. Rn qhk`r` m` P{niqjh} dn-
cnbnp onqkedmhre bzgkhg`r m` 2 lkpd. 250 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`, ok`rhlh g`
37 cndhmh oph 5% khub`. Seo`p`vhhre ahkh c`p`mrhp`mh q ozpb` ophbhke-
ch} bzpus bqhwjh ophundh b Dzkc`ph}.62 U`gh qsl` rnc`b` qe hgwhqk}b` m`
22,5% nr naynrn m`vhnm`kmn anc`rqrbn m` opedbnemm` Dzkc`ph}. Unb` ah-
k` meonqhkm` refeqr oph p`gahr` nr bnim`r` hjnmnlhj`, c`knohp`y` hm-
tk`vh} h nrphv`rekem rzpcnbqjh a`k`mq.
Kqrnph}r` m` peo`p`vhhre on-m`r`rzj bjk|wb` lzwhrekmh dncnb`p}mh}
lefds azkc`pqjhre op`bhrekqrb` h Oefdsm`pndm`r` jnlhqh} (h nrdekmhre
60
Rn-ondpnamn g` rngh gèl s: %41'04), !8'3<4. Whm`mqnb` onkhrhj`…, r. 2, 36–39;
Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe…, 84–98; %'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…, 11–12. Ungh g`-
el opedhgbhjb` qhkm` nonghvh} b o`pk`lemr`, mn bzopejh rnb` e opnj`p`m nr o`pk`lemr`pmn-
rn lmnghmqrbn.
61 %41'04), !8'3<4. Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe…, q. 30, 104–106; Whm`mqnb` onkhrhj`…,
r. 2, 43–45, 57–58. Cbrnpzr dnqrhc` dn vhtp`r` 5 lkpd. 318 lkm. gk`rmh keb` g`csah nr bnimh-
re, b jn}rn m`ped qzq qonlem`rhre 1 lkpd. 519 lkm. g`csa` nr Fepl`mh} thcsphp`r animh h me-
animh l`reph`kh g` 3 lkpd. 528 lkm. gk`rmh keb`.
62 Rn bzopnq` g` peo`p`vhhre bf. !84@34), .041'. Seo`p`vhh h lefdsqz|gmh dzkcnbe,
4–35; %41'04), !8'3<4. Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe…, 118; Whm`mqnb`r` onkhrhj`…, r. 2, 46–57;

,43.+4), 8'3'7. Seo`p`vhnmm`r` onkhrhj` m` brnpnrn qcnbnphqrjn op`bhrekqrbn h cpàh-
rekqjhre dnlncb`mh} m` lefdsm`pndmh} hloeph`khgzl (1926–1931 c.). – Kqrnphweqjh opecked,
22, 1966, A 2, 10–35; )'34), '68.3. Rnkhrhweqjhre hcph q bzmxmh} dzkc. Dzkc`pqjh q|-
ferh m` qrno`mqjh jphgh h bzgund, 1929–1934. T., „Jk`r| Dn}dfheb“, 2001.
onksw`b`yh peo`p`vhhre qrp`mh), j`jrn h `dòr`vhh jzl pe`kmnrn onknfe-

mhe, g`bzpxhkh b jpìm` qlerj` q nrl}m` m` dzkc` b und` m` p`gp`ghk`r` qe
qbernbm` jphg`. Rped }bm`r` mebzglnfmnqr d` qe hgok`y`r ncpnlmhre bmn-
qjh h nwepr`b`yh} qe thm`mqnb a`mjpsr, Seo`p`vhnmm`r` jnlhqh} b qonp`-
gslemhe q op`bhrekqrbnrn m` Jeledekqjh} qz|g (nr 21 l`pr 1923 c.) p`gde-
khk` dzkc` m` dbe w`qrh: „w`qr C“ m` qrnimnqr 550 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj` q 5%
khub`, jn}rn rp}ab`kn d` qe onc`qh g` 60 cndhmh (oph onqreoemmn m`p`qrb`-
yh on nopedekem` quel` cndhxmh bmnqjh – `m|hrerh, gònwb`yh nr 5 lkm.
tp`mj` cndhxmn) h „w`qr D“ nr 1 lkpd. 700 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`, whern hgo-
k`y`me qe nrqpnwb`kn aegkhubemn g` 30 cndhmh. M`rn c`p`mvh} g` hgok`y`-
mern m` peo`p`vhnmmhre bmnqjh Seo`p`vhnmm`r` jnlhqh} onqr`bhk` ond
jnmrpnk lhrmhweqjhre ophundh m` azkc`pqj`r` dzpf`b`. E deiqrbhrekmnqr
hgok`y`mern m` bmnqjhre (nr on 5 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`) qe hgbzpxb`kn nr
1924 dn 1930 c., edm` bmnqj` ahk` nrknfem` onp`dh gelerpeqemhern b ^fm`
Dzkc`ph} opeg 1928 c.).
Tkedb`y` b`fm` qrzoj` opedqr`bk}b` X`cqj`r` qoncnda` (nr 20 }ms`ph
1930 c.), jn}rn opelùm`k` rp`mx D nr peo`p`vhnmmh} dzkc. Dzkc`ph} rp}a-
b`kn d` opndzkfh d` ok`y` peo`p`vhh on w`qr C nye 36 cndhmh oph qped-
mh `m|hrerh 11 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj` h 5,5% khub` (nay`r` qsl` bzgkhg`k`
m` 415 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`). Unc`b` peo`p`vhhre ophdnahb`r h mnb nakhj,
j`rn csa}r qbn} onkhrhweqjh h aegsqknbem u`p`jrep (m` g`dzkfemh} m` on-
aedemh jzl onaedhrekh) h qe jnlepqh`khghp`r b nahjmnbem rzpcnbqjh dzkc.
Tzyebpelemmn azkc`pqjhre peo`p`vhh ahkh nphemrhp`mh ck`bmn jzl qz-
qedmh qrp`mh h nqnaemn jzl Fzpvh}, jnern onp`fd`kn lmncn qonpnbe lef-
ds dbere qrp`mh.
Jònwm`k`r` opeg 1929 c. qbernbm` hjnmnlhweqj` jphg` h qphbzr m` th-
m`mqnbn-jpedhrm`r` qhqrel` qonlncm`kh g` njnmw`rekmnrn spefd`me m`
opnakel`, qked j`rn qe bhd}kn, we peo`p`vhhre g`dzkanw`b`r qbernbm`r`
thm`mqnb` h rzpcnbqj` jphg`. Rn opedknfemhe m` `lephj`mqjh} opeghdemr
Xsbzp dzpf`bhre jpedhrnpjh qe qzck`qhkh m` nakejwemh} on peo`p`vhhre
(bjk|whrekmn azkc`pqjhre, bzopejh qzopnrhb`r` m` Fzpvh}) h b w`qrmnqr
m` lnp`rnphsl bzpus dzkc` b rewemhe m` edm` cndhm` (nr 1 |kh 1931 dn
30 òphk 1932 c.). Unb` qr`m`kn bzglnfmn, onmefe `lephj`mqjnrn op`bh-
rekqrbn, jnern m` qbni ped ahkn jpedhrnp m` dzpf`bhre onaedhrekjh, nr-
qpnwhkn ok`y`mern m` reumh} dzkc jzl TC\. Vop`bk}b`ynrn rnc`b` s m`q
op`bhrekqrbn m` P`pndmh} aknj bedm`c` ophekn lnp`rnphsl`, ` qked mecn
ok`y`mh}r` m` onaedemhre qrp`mh t`jrhweqjh me ahkh bzgnamnbemh.
S`gundhre m` azkc`pqj`r` dzpf`b` on jnmbemvh}r` g` Tnksmqjnrn oph-
lhphe (29 qeorelbph 1918 c.) h P{niqjh} lhpem dncnbnp dn jp`} m` 1932 c.
(gm`wh dn khjbhd`vh}r` hl) q` hgwhqkemh nr rnc`b`xmh} dhpejrnp m` dzp-
f`bmhre dzkcnbe m` jpzckn 268 lkm. gk`rmh keb`, nr jnhrn p`gundh b l`re-
ph`kh m` qrnimnqr jpzckn 133 lkm. h p`gundh b o`ph jpzckn 135 lkm. keb`
(bjk|wb`yh hgok`remh qslh on peo`p`vhnmmh} dzkc, hgdpzfj`r` m` Oef-
dsqz|gmhweqj`r` jnlhqh}, p`gmh naegyeremh}, peqrhrsvhh h op.). Mzl rn-
b` rp}ab` d` qe dna`b}r hgnqr`bemhre h oped`demh m` onaedhrekhre animh
l`reph`kh m` qrnimnqr jpzckn 475 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`.63
Tked bnimhre ahkh qjk|wemh db` gèl` – 7% gèl g` m`qr`m}b`me m` ae-
f`mvhre nr 1926 c. q mnlhm`k 83 lkm. gk`rmh keb` (72,8 lkm. etejrhbmh) h
7,5% qràhkhg`vhnmem gèl opeg 1928 c. b p`glep m` 138 lkm. keb` (etej-
rhbmh 124,7 lkm.); hkh nayn 221 lkm. on mnlhm`k, 197,5 lkm. pe`kmn. Gb`r`
gèl` qe qjk|whkh ond onjpnbhrekqrbnrn m` Qayeqrbnrn m` m`pndhre h
hl`kh m}jnh nr nqnaemnqrhre m` tpemqjhre gèlh nr ozpbnrn deqerhkerhe
m` XIX b. Gekec`rzr on regh gèlh hl`k dnph on-xhpnjh op`bnlnyh} nr
regh m` dekec`r` m` opedbnemmhre tpemqjh gèlh. Qr dpsc` qrp`m`, jpedh-
rnphre opn}bhkh mnb ondund jzl dkzfmhj` ond dnlhm`vh}r` m` `mcknq`j-
qnmqj`r` thm`mqnb` dnjrphm`, ` hlemmn hghqjb`mh} g` sp`bmnbeqem a|-
dfer h gk`rem er`knm, qrphjrem jnmrpnk bzpus hgp`gundb`mern m` gèlhre
h m`whm` m` sonrpea` wpeg jnmrpnk bzpus azkc`pqjhre thm`mqnbh hmqrhrs-
vhh (meyn j`rn b`ksrem anpd nr Whm`mqnbh} jnlhrer m` Qayeqrbnrn m`
m`pndhre) h petnpl` m` DPD.64 Rnqkedm`r` qr`b` q`ln elhqhnmm` a`mj` h
a`mj` m` a`mjhre h qe onqr`b} ond jnmrpnk` m` opedqr`bhrek m` Qayeqrbn-
rn m` m`pndhre (qked}y g` b`ksrm`r` onkhrhj` h a|dferhre).
S`bmnqlerj`r` m` bzmxmhre dzkcnbe m` Dzkc`ph} jzl qped`r` m` 1942 c.
(qonped Cqem Z`j`knb) e qkedm`r`. Rpedbnemmhre dzpf`bmh gèlh bzgkhg`-
kh m` apsrm` qsl` jpzckn 653 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj` (hkh gk`rmh keb`), nr jn-
hrn whqrh onqrzokemh} qked ophqo`d`me m` p`gmnqjhre jpzckn 556 lkm.
gk`rmh tp`mj`. Rn r}u dn 30 |mh 1942 c. ahkh hgok`remh 812 lkm. tp`mj`
h nqr`b`kh dzkfhlh 337 lkm. tp`mj`. Tkedbnemmhre dzpf`bmh gèlh hl`-
kh apsrem p`glep jpzckn 223 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`, nr jnhrn whqrn onqrzoh-
kh 198 lkm. tp`mj`. Mzl 1 |mh 1942 c. ahkh hgok`remh 135 lkm. tp`mj` h
nqr`b`kh dzkfhlh 126 lkm. tp`mj`. Qrdekmn nr rnb` ahkh c`p`mrhp`mhre
nr dzpf`b`r` gèlh (m` a`mjh h cnkelh nayhmh), mòp`bemh opedh bnimhre,
jnhrn ahkh jpzckn 136 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj` apsrmn, 115 lkm. mermn, ` hgo-
k`remh dn jp`} m` 1941 c. – jpzckn 158 lkm. h nqr`rzj g` hgok`y`me jpzckn
17 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`. Kkh nayn on dzpf`bmh h c`p`mrhp`mh nr dzpf`b`-
r` gèlh ahkh onkswemh mnlhm`kmn 1 lkpd. 11 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`, ` whqrn
63!84@34), .041'. Seo`p`vhh h lefdsqz|gmh dzkcnbe, 33–34.
64)6'24), 92,3. Penqzyeqrbemh}r jnmqepb`rhbem…, 62–63. Cbrnpzr qp`bm}b` rngh
ondund q tpemqj`r` aegvepelnmmnqr h melqjhre op`cl`rhgzl h etejrhbmnqr b hjnmnlhweqjnrn
opnmhjb`me. Tzyn 4<,), !84@3. Dzkc`ph} h wsfdhre jòhr`kh, nqna. q. 249.
onqrzokemhe – nr jpzckn 870 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`. Gn m`w`knrn m` 1942 c.

ahkh hgok`remh jpzckn 1 lkpd. 105 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`, dzkfhl nqr`rzj
480 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`.65 (M`jrn qe j`g`, dzkcnbere ahkh spedemh opeg
1948 c.)
Nnchwmnrn g`jk|wemhe nr hqrnph}r` m` bzmxmhre dzkcnbe e, we re hl`-
kh l`kzj opnvemr opndsjrhbm` sonrpea` g` fekegmhvh, ophqr`mhy` h oz-
rhy` (m` qbni ped nqjzo}b`mh nr p`gmnqjhre on gèlhre) h qkednb`rekmn
qkàn qonlncm`kh g` p`gbhrhern. Tzyebpelemmn bpedmnrn bzgdeiqrbhe m`
bzmxmnrn g`dkzfm}b`me lnfe d` qe rzpqh b m}jnkjn m`qnjh: wpeg mecn nr
qrp`m`r` hgrhw`k gm`whrekmn on-cnk}l jòhr`k nr bkegkh} qzq gèlhre; hg-
ok`y`mern m` gèlhre qhkmn ref`kn bzpus a|dfer` (`mc`fhpìjh dn 1/4 nr
m`vhnm`kmh} dnund) g` qlerj` m` bqhwjh nqr`m`kh peqnph h deimnqrh. M`rn
nrmel` wpeg srefmemh d`mzvh onjso`rekm`r` qonqnamnqr m` m`qekemhern,
naqksfb`mern m` dzkcnbere m`l`k}b` qoeqr}b`mh}r` h jnmqsl`vh}r`; nr rsj
qe qbhb`r h bzglnfmnqrhre g` mnpl`kmn jòhr`knnap`gsb`me, hmbeqrhp`me
h p`gbhrhe. Pì-qerme, oph mebzglnfmnqr d` qe onqrhcme dnqr`rzwem bzmx-
mnrzpcnbqjh hgkhxzj g` naqksfb`me m` gèlhre, bzgmhjb`k` menaundhlnqr
nr mnbh gèlh g` onqpey`me m` ok`y`mh}r` on qr`phre. Whm`mqnbnrn p`g-
qrpniqrbn qr`b`kn upnmhwmn. Ubzpde eqreqrbemn wsfdh}r jòhr`k opeqked-
b`k edhmqrbemn qnaqrbemh hgcndh h oew`kah, qzyn oph opncp`l`r` g`
„g`gdp`b}b`me“ m` qrp`m`r` qzq gèlhre h thm`mqnbh} jnmrpnk ond echd`r`
m` Qayeqrbnrn m` m`pndhre. Onc`r d` qe ophbed`r cnpwhbhre dslh m` hgq-
kedb`w` m` azkc`pqjhre dzkcnbe Tr`mwn Znk`jnb (q hgbeqrm` pegepb` jzl
brnp`r` w`qr):
Cjn wnbej pewe d` hgp`gh v}k`r` mh gèlm` onkhrhj` q`ln q m}jnkjn ds-
lh, ah lnczk d` j`fe, we onkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe q` hgqlsj`kh h hgqs-
xhkh onwrh bqhwjh qnjnbe m` m`xern ak`cndemqrbhe. Deg r}u mhe ahu-
le ahkh edm` vbersy` qrp`m`, nqnaemn j`rn qe hl`r opedbhd onqknbhw-
mhre j`weqrb` m` m`xh} m`pnd, hlemmn mecnbnrn rpsdnk|ahe, mecnb`r`
ondbhfmnqr, mecnb`r` azpg` ophqonqnahlnqr jzl sqknbh}r`, mecnb`r`
oeqrekhbnqr h op.66
Kgbeqrem m|`mq b opevemj`r` m` onkg`r` nr dzkcnbere g` p`qref` bme-

qe mònqkedzj Sslem Cbp`lnb. Rp}j` bpzgj` lnfe d` qe sqr`mnbh edhmqr-
bemn g` m`w`knrn m` XX b., dnj`rn nqr`m`khre gèlh q`ln ond dzpf`kh hjn-
65 %'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…, 107–113, d`mmhre m` 109–110. Kl` hgbeqr-
mn p`glhm`b`me q vhtphre m` Yber`m` Undnpnb` g` opedbnemmhre gèlh (782, 5 lkm., whqrn

663 lkm. keb`), qzyn q Mhphk Rnonb (753 lkm. keb`, whqrn 641 lkm. keb`).
66 %41'04), !8'3<4. Whm`mqnb`r` onkhrhj`…, r. 2, vhr. m` q. 126; Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcn-
be…, 149–151.
mnlhj`r`, q`mhp`kh hgqrhqj`m`r` nr dzpf`b`r` a`mjnb` qhqrel` h gòzkb`-

kh ok`refmh} a`k`mq. Pn azkc`pqj`r` hjnmnlhj` bqzymnqr p}djn ahk`
qbpzug`dkzfm}k` h `brnpzr bhfd` ck`bmh} opnakel m` bzmxmh} dzkc on-
qjnpn b mebzglnfmnqr r` d` qe opepànrh opndsjrhbmn h d` d`de m`w`kn m`
qràhkem p`qref.67 Unb` rbzpdemhe na`we q`ln oephtp`ghp` ck`bmnrn –
sonrpea`r` m` gèlhre mì-bewe g` bnemmh (h dpsch meopndsjrhbmh) vekh,
jnern ahkn bzopnq m` onkhrhweqjh, me m` qrno`mqjh ophnphrerh.
E]USH[PK JCHOK K QDQD\HPKH
D|dfermh}r dethvhr qe e onozkb`k h q bzrpexmh gèlh, nqnaemn jzl DPD

h Jeledekqj`r` a`mj`, hkh ond tnpl`r` m` elhrhp`me m` dzpf`bmh nakhc`-
vhh h dpsch vemmh jmhf` g` ok`qlemr qped nayeqrbemnqrr`. Tbnenap`gmh
tnplh m` ophmsdhrekem gèl q` h gà`b}mh}r` oph hgok`y`me m` gòk`rh h
oemqhh h m` g`dzkfemh} jzl dnqr`bwhvh. T hgnqr`b}mern m` gk`rmh} qr`m-
d`pr opeg h qked Rzpb`r` qbernbm` bnim` qe op`jrhjsb`kn h oew`r`me m` o`-
ph g` onjphb`me m` a|dfermh} dethvhr, jnern naegvem}b`kn keb` h opedhg-
bhjb`kn hmtk`vh}, opeubzpk}ijh on rngh m`whm p`gmnqjhre bzpus v}knrn
m`qekemhe. Kmtk`vh}r` g`q}c` nqnaemn rbzpdhre bzgm`cp`fdemh} (gòk`rh,
oemqhh) h qoeqr}b`mh}r`, mn p`gqrpnib` h vekh} qrno`mqjh fhbnr. Rph
msfd` dzpf`b`r` qk`c`k` pzj` h bzpus p`gmh tnmdnbe.
Top}ln bzrpexmhre jpedhrnph, g` p`gkhj` nr bzmxmhre, u`gm`r` ahk` b
qhknb` onghvh} h lnfek` d` sop`fm}b` opnhgbnk, j`rn nrk`c` ok`y`mh}r`,
h rn aeg mesqrnij`. Degp`ganpmh}r m`whm m` deiqrbhe b jphghqmh lnlemrh
e nohq`m r`j`:
Rndnamn m` rzpcnbqj` thpl`, jn}rn nr qrpù oped cpng}y t`khr hgonk-

gb` bqhwjh qpedqrb`, g` d` nrqpnwh hkh nrqrp`mh jphghq`, h m`x`r` dzp-
f`b` b rpsdmh bpelem` e rsp}k` pzj` bzpus bqhwjn, yn B ono`dme: nj-
pzfmh h nayhmqjh ophundh, qpedqrb` m` rzpcnbqjhre j`l`ph hkh dpsch
swpefdemh}, cp`dnahrmh h ondnamh opelhh h qsaqhdhh, dnundh m` wsf-
deqrp`mmh onyemqjh h fo `dlhmhqrp`vhh, gòk`rh m` dzpf`bmh qksf`-
yh, bzrpexmh onyemqjh gòhqh, dpsch nanpnrmh qslh nr mì-p`gmnna-
p`gmn eqreqrbn h r. m.68
Toevh`kmn dzpf`bmhre a`mjh – DPD h Jeledekqj`r` a`mj`, r. e. db`r`

vemrp`kmh hmqrhrsr` m` m`vhnm`kmh} jpedhr – deiqrb`kh ond dhjrnbj` m`
67 )6'24), 92,3. Trno`mqjh}r XX bej…, 78–79.

68 "4+464), ,8>6. Ner}yhre dzkcnbe…, q. 25.
sop`bk}b`yhre onkhrhvh h nrosqj`kh hqj`mhre gèlh, dnj`rn q`lhre re nq-

r`b`kh aeg qpedqrb`. Cmc`fhp`mern m` jòhr`khre m` a`mjhre p`gqrpnib`kn
jpedhr` h o`phwmh} o`g`p b qrp`m`r`; onqke qe bdhc`k xsl, we a`mjnbhre
jòhr`kh q` hgwepo`mh, dnj`rn qe qrhcmekn dn onpedmh} gèl.69
Gnozkmhrekmh qpedqrb` dzpf`b`r` qh mà`b}k` h wpeg r. m`p. qzjpnbhy-
mh anmnbe hkh nakhc`vhh, r. e. hgd`b`mh nr u`gm`r` vemmh khubnmnqmh jmh-
f`. Ue qe elhrhp`r on op`bhkn b nopedekemn jnkhweqrbn g` jp`rzj qpnj h
oph rbzpd` khub`. Rn ophmvho vemmhre jmhf` q` rzpqemh h oph qràhkmh
thm`mqh re lnc`r d` qe ok`qhp`r oph lmncn dnaph sqknbh} g` u`gm`r` h on
mnlhm`k. E qrp`mh qzq qnkhdmh thm`mqh re ahkh ck`bem m`whm g` bpelemem,
hgbzma|dferem dnund. Pn `jn onc`q}b`mern m` qzjpnbhymhre anmnbe me qe
hgbzpxb` onqreoemmn h mnpl`kmn, re gònwb`r d` qe naegvem}b`r, qjnmrh-
p`r qe q cnk}l opnvemr, ` onm}jnc` qjnmrhp`mern hl hgnayn qe nrj`gb`;
m`jp`} qe khjbhdhp`r oph ongnpmh g` u`gm`r` sqknbh}. Rpeg m`w`kmhre de-
qerhkerh} qzjpnbhymhre anmnbe s m`q qe hgonkgb`kh p}djn h bhm`ch meak`-
cnoph}rmn. Tkedm`r` jphrhj` qe nrm`q} g` bpelern opedh bnimhre:
Cjn dpsc`de lnczyh}r, y`dem jpedhr m` edm` u`gm` e dnophm`q}k me-

l`kjn, d`fe g` nrakzqjb`me m` wsfdeqrp`mmh m`xeqrbh}, s m`q qzjpn-
bhymhre anmnbe a}u` lndsq g` bzdbnp}b`me m` wsfdeqrp`mmn noejsmqr-
bn. E edm` nr qbnhre jk`qhweqjh pewh N. Tei rbzpdh, we qzjpnbhymh}r
anm qh nqr`b` bq}jnc` opebzgundmn qpedqrbn g` skeqmemhe m` u`gm`r` g`
edmn jzqn bpele. Qwebhdmn e gàksfdemhern m` rngh hgbzmpedmn rzmzj
sl. Qr 25 cndhmh m`q`l nakhc`vhhre m` m`x`r` u`gm` q` hl`kh j`rn we
kh ck`bmn edmn m`gm`wemhe: d` qznay}r opedb`phrekmn h m` bzmxmh}
qb}r meimh} ebemrs`kem t`khlemr.70
Tped m`whmhre m` nonpnw`b`me m` rngh bhd jpedhr ahkh elhrhp`me m`

qzjpnbhymhre anmnbe „m` rzlmn“, aeg qslhre h vekhre d` q` hgbeqrmh m`
dpsc, nqbem m` thm`mqnb`r` `dlhmhqrp`vh}; r}umnrn khjbhdhp`me qzyn qe
hgbzpxb`kn b rzlmhm` h aegjnmrpnkmn. Rph p`gjnkea`mn dnbephe b jpedh-
rnqonqnamnqr r` m` dzpf`b`r` jspqzr m` anmnbere (dzpf`bmh nakhc`vhh)
o`d`k h re qe ophel`kh menunrmn nr opedophel`whre (onmefe wsfdhre a`m-
jnbh hmqrhrsvhh nrj`gb`kh d` ch qjnmrhp`r) h hgnayn ahb`kh dejk`qhp`mh
dn edhm bhd jmhfmh o`ph q m`qhkqrbem jspq.
69
R`j r`l, 25–26; '3'.14), ,46*.. Ezrpexem opecked (Qrwerzr m` Dzkc`pqj` m`pndm`
a`mj` g` 1907 c.). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 12, 1908, A 4,
237–252; @5<,), 3+6,/. Jèlzr, a|dferzr h P`pndm`r` a`mj` qzq Jelkedekweqjhre j`qh. –
Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 6, 1902, A 6, 373–390, nqna. q. 373, 385.
70 S`g}qmemh} g` qzjpnbhymhre anmnbe s "4+464), ,8>6. Ner}yhre dzkcnbe…, vhr. m`
q. 22.
Ezrpexmhre dzkcnbe m`p`qm`kh nqnaemn opeg bnimhre, h rn ond m}jnkjn

tnplh. Rzpbn, g`dkzfm}b`me m` dzpf`b`r` jzl DPD h DJD, jnern nr
jpzckn 150 lkm. keb` opeg 1915 c. qe onj`wb` m` nayn m`d 1 lkpd. keb` opeg
1918 c. Ernpn, thm`mqhp`me wpeg qonlem`r`r` gknsonrpea` qzq qzjpnbhy-
mh anmnbe (m` nay` qrnimnqr 6 lkpd. 600 lkm. keb`). Rnwrh me qe hgonkg-
b`kn thm`mqhp`me wpeg bzrpexmh gèlh nr m`qekemhern (jnern h edb` kh ah
qe bjk|whkn b ondnam` hmhvh`rhb` dnapnbnkmn).71
Rn-m`r`rzj mnbh bzrpexmh dzkcnbe qe qjk|wb`r ond p`gmh tnplh (dzp-
f`bmh nakhc`vhh, gèlh jzl DPD h DJD) opeg 30-re cndhmh m` XX b., nr-
m`w`kn g` onozkb`me m` a|dfermh dethvhrh h onc`q}b`me m` ker}yh
dzkcnbe, ` onqke nqnaemn g` mnbn bznpzf`b`me (qked 1936 c.). E sqknbh}r`
m` hjnmnlhweqjh ondel opeg brnp`r` onknbhm` m` 30-re cndhmh m` XX b. re
ahkh pednbmn onc`q}b`mh h qznrbermn qe onkgb`kh q on-cnk}ln dnbephe nr
qrp`m` m` m`qekemhern.72
P`jp`} ah lnczk d` qe onqr`bh bzopnqzr, g`yn qe rpzcb` on ozr} m` nc-
pnlmhre p`gundh h g`dkzfm}b`me m` dzpf`b`r`. Ohqkhkhre bzpus opnake-
l` qzbpelemmh `brnph q` hgrzjb`kh megpeknqrr`, dhker`mrqrbnrn h aegnr-
cnbnpmnqr r` m` mnbnhgoewemhre onkhrhweqjh ekhrh, j`rn q` nohp`kh b onq-
kedm` qlerj` dn cp`fd`mqj`r` megpeknqr m` nayeqrbnrn h khoq`r` m` naye-
qrbem jnmrpnk, nqr`b}yh sop`bk}b`yhre d` deiqrb`r b nayeqrbem b`jssl.
Gslhre m` Mhphk Rnonb (nr 1907 c.) q` b`khdmh h g` on-jzqmn bpele:
Rew`km` e j`prhm`r` m` m`xern a|dfermn qrno`mqrbn. Rew`km` e r} h

j`rn hgp`g m` opnmhjb`me h qràhkhghp`me b sop`bkemhern m` jnmqrh-
rsvhnmmhre ophmvhoh; oew`km` e r} h j`rn hgp`g m` melndepmnqr r` h me-
spedemnqr r` m` dzpf`bmnrn mh sop`bkemhe; oew`km` e r} h j`rn hgp`g m`
nayeqrbemh} h onkhrhweqjh} lnp`k h bzglzf`knqr m` m`pnd` mh.
P`xern sop`bkemhe me nrp`f`b` b qeae qh dzpf`bmh lzfe, rn nrp`f`b`

dhker`mrh, ` weqrn h meyn on-l`kjn. Unb` e t`jr, t`jr cnpwhb, t`jr oe-
w`kem, mn t`jr […]73
Whm`mqnb`r` aegnrcnbnpmnqr na`we rp}ab` d` qe p`gckefd` b m`vhnm`-

khqrhwmh} h lhkhr`phqrhwem qnvh`kmnoqhunknchweqjh jnmrejqr, jnirn
nop`bd`b`k, on-rnwmn nqbnanfd`b`k nr menaundhlnqr g` nop`bd`mhe bq}-
71 %41'04), !8'3<4. Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe…, 56–58, 101–103; Whm`mqnb`r` onkhrh-
j`…, r. 2, 40–43. Yhtphre }bmn q` b hmtk`vhnmmh kebnbe.
72 Pòphlep gèlh b qzjpnbhymh anmnbe (dzpf`bmh nakhc`vhh) g` 884 lkm. gk`rmh keb`
ahkh mònknbhm` onc`qemh jzl jp`} m` 1937 c.; gèlh nr DPD h DJD h nr p`gmh nayeqrbemn-
dzpf`bmh tnmdnbe g` 583 lkm. keb` ahkh hgv}kn onc`qemh jzl jp`} m` 1937 c. h op. Ef. %41'-
04), !8'3<4. Whm`mqnb`r` onkhrhj`…, r. 2, 95–99.
73 454), .6.1. D|dferzr g` 1907 cndhm`, vhr. qznrbermn m` q. 701, 727.
j`jbh p`gundh g` bnemmh vekh, p`gdsbìjh on rngh m`whm mì-meopnhgbndh-

rekmhre h p`gqhomhweqjh oep` m` a|dfer`.74
Pì-qerme rp}ab` d` qe hgrzjme h a`ghqmnrn opnrhbnpewhe lefds qrn-
o`mqjh mep`gbhrn nayeqrbn, g`dnbnk}b`yn msfdhre qh bqe nye b cnk}l`
qreoem m`rsp`kmn, h dzpf`bmn o`phwmn qrno`mqrbn b azpg` ejqo`mgh}; onq-
kedmnrn nj`gb`kn opejnlepem m`rhqj bzpus d`mzjnok`rvhre h opnohk}b`kn
qkàhre thm`mqnbh peqspqh.75 Cjn vhrhp`le edhm renperhj m` p`gbhrhern,
m` Kgrnj hl`le pànr` q nazpm`r ped – dzpf`b`r` hdb` opedh hjnmnlhj`r`,
whmnbmhvhre – opedh opedophel`whre.76 E sqknbh}r` m` nqjzdhv` h mep`g-
bhrnqr onqkedhvhre nr cnkelhre p`gundh qr`b`r meqzp`glepmn on-refjh h
aknjhp`r ozr} m` qrno`mqjnrn (h qnvh`kmnrn) p`gbhrhe.
Gzpf`bmhre p`gundh qe onqpey`r nr ophundh, hdb`yh nqmnbmn nr d`mz-
vh (h m}jnh dpsch thm`mqnbh hgrnwmhvh). T`lhre gèlh, jnhrn onozkb`r
a|dfermh dethvhrh, lnc`r d` qe p`gckefd`r j`rn nrknfemh d`mzvh (o`d`-
yh bzpus qkedb`yh cndhmh h qkedb`yh onjnkemh}). T rnb` qrhc`le dn d`-
mzwm`r` opnakel`rhj`.
GCP]ZPCUC TKTUHOC K PHLPCUC HEQN^YK_
G`mzvhre lnc`r d` qe jk`qhthvhp`r on p`gkhwmh m`whmh: mì-nayn – j`rn

opejh h meopejh, h dhtepemvhp`mn on naejr – d`mzvh bzpus dnund`, bzpus
ophund` h hlsyeqrbnrn, bzpus dbhfemhern m` hlsyeqrb`r`, bzpus opnhg-
bndqrbnrn h jnmqsl`vh}r`. Ue lnc`r d` qe naedhm}r b dbe cnkelh cpsoh –
d`mzvh bzpus ophund`, dnund` h hlsyeqrbnrn, jnhrn q` bqe opejh, h d`mz-
vh bzpus jnmqsl`vh}r` (nqmnbmn lhr`, `jvhgh h dzpf`bmh lnmnonkh), jnh-
rn q` meopejh. P}jnh d`mzvh q` dzpf`bmh, ` dpsch – b onkg` m` q`lnsop`-
bhrekmhre rek`, ck`bmn nayhmhre. Kl` m`rsp`kmh h o`phwmh d`mzvh, qzyn
d`mzvh onbhmmnqrh.
Dzkc`pqj`r` dzpf`b` m`qked}b` d`mzwm`r` qhqrel` m` Qql`mqj`r` hl-
oeph}, petnplhp`m` b qped`r` m` XIX b. Ssqjhre bk`qrh m`lephkh g` veke-
74
Unb` e qzbqel }qmn g`}bemn b jphrhjhre m` bnemmh} a|dfer, mòphlep nr 4,), 43<4.
Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 7, 1903, A 4, 280– 293.
75
Qr qzbpelemmhvhre Dnmwn Dneb nraek}gb` opnrhbnpewhern lefds bqe nye openak`d`-
b`yn m`rsp`kmn qrno`mqrbn q l`kj` o`g`pm` jnmqsl`vh} h azpgnrn p`gbhrhe m` nayeqrbemn
qrno`mqrbn, nqmnb`mn m` o`phwem nalem. 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzk-
c`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 10, q. 716.
76 Janos, Andrew. Modernization and Decay in Historical Perspective: The Case of Romania.
– In: Social Change in Romania, 1860–1940. Kenneth Jowitt (ed.). Berkeley, University of Cali-
fornia, 1978, 72–116, esp. 113–114; The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary 1825–1945.
Princeton, New Jersey, 1982, 313–314, 322.
qznap`gmn d` qe opndzkfh qzahp`mern m` g`b`pemhre d`mzvh q l`kjh

opnlemh, mòphlep aeg qzahp`mh} nr uphqrh}mhre bnemem d`mzj. Rpejhre
d`mzvh d`b`kh nqmnbm`r` w`qr nr pednbmhre dzpf`bmh ophundh opeg m`w`k-
mh} oephnd, ` hlemmn: 68,9% opeg 1879 c.; 69,3% opeg 1887 c.; 63,1% opeg
1892 c.; 47% opeg 1900 c. Fk`bem d`mzj qped r}u ahk deq}rzjzr, qzahp`m b
m`rsp`, onqrzokemh}r` nr jnirn d`kh 45,2% nr bqhwjh opejh d`mzvh: opeg
1879 c.; 56,8% opeg 1887 c.; 63,4% opeg 1892 c. Gpsch opejh d`mzvh ahkh
d`mzjzr bzpus qcp`dhre, d`mzjzr bzpus nbvere h jnghre (rspqjh}r aeckhj)
h bzpus qbhmere (rspqjh}r qepwhl), d`mzj g`m}rhe h d`mzvhre bpzumhmh
(r. e. opnvemr m`d d`dem d`mzj b onkg` m` nayhmhre), swhkhyem m`knc h oz-
rem m`knc. U`gh qhqrel` opnqzyeqrbsb`k` dnjzl 1894–1895 c.77
Kmrepeqmn e d` qe nraekefh edmn p`glhm`b`me bzb bpelern: jnc`rn s
m`q ck`bmh ahkh opejhre d`mzvh, m` Jò`d openak`d`b`kh meopejhre, ` jn-
c`rn s m`q cnqondqrb`kh meopejhre, mòpedm`khre qrp`mh qe napzy`kh bqe
onbewe jzl lndepmn op}jn ondnundmn nak`c`me. Rzpbnm`w`kmnrn openak`-
d`b`me m` opejhre d`mzvh r`j` ophbhdmn dnakhf`b` Dzkc`ph} dn mì-mò-
pedm`khre m` bpelern qrp`mh, mn q`ln ophbhdmn, onmefe qr`b` dsl` g` j`-
weqrbemn p`gkhwmh lnrhbh. M`jrn hgrzjb` opeg 1887 c. m`w`kmhjzr m` Qr-
dekemhern m` opejhre d`mzvh, rnb` me ahkn aekec m` opncpeq` m` azkc`pqj`-
r` thm`mqnb` qhqrel`, mhrn m` ophk`c`me m` „onqkedm`r` dsl` m` hde`kh-
qrhre“ b d`mzwm`r` m`sj` (g` op}jn ondnundmn nak`c`me), ` pegskr`r nr m`q-
ked}b`mern m` rspqj`r` qhqrel`, cnqondqrbnrn m` `cp`pm` hjnmnlhj` (q bh-
dhl` h dhpejrmn naknfhl` qnaqrbemnqr) h mep`gbhrnqr r` m` hmdsqrphh h
rzpcnbh}, qkednb`rekmn aekec m` hgnqr`m`knqr.78
Rpeg 1894 c. ahkh petnplhp`mh rph opejh d`mzj` – d`mzjzr bzpus qcp`-
dhre, d`mzj g`m}rhe h m`rsp`kmh}r deq}rzj, jnirn ahk g`lemem q o`phwem on-
gelkem d`mzj. Setnplhp`kn qe h jnqbemnrn nak`c`me, whern gm`wemhe g` thq-
j` gònwm`kn azpgn h rpìmn d` m`p`qrb`. Mzl naknfemhre dnrnc`b` q `jvhg
qrnjh (bhmn, p`jh}, qohpr, r|r|m h qnk) qe dna`bhkh pedhv` dpsch (gù`p,
oerpnk, wì, j`te, jhaphr h op.), jnhrn ahkh naknfemh h q nayhmqjh m`knc
(njrpn`). Rn qzynrn bpele qe onqrhc` h sbekhwemhe m` bmnqmhre (`db`knpmh)
lhr` nr 8%, j`jrn re q` nopedekemh b m`qkedemhre nr Qql`mqj`r` hloeph}
rzpcnbqjh qonp`gslemh}, m` 10 % dn 14%. E pegskr`r sw`qrhern m` jnqbemh-
re d`mzvh b pednbmhre dzpf`bmh ophundh m`p`qm`kn nr 15,9% opeg 1879 c. h
16,9% opeg 1887 c., m` 27,8% opeg 1900 c. h 33,8% opeg 1905 c.79
77
Ef. mì-bewe ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 63–83, 239–242, d`mmhre m`
q. 63, 64 (ràkhv`). Yhtphre g` opejhre h jnqbemhre d`mzvh dn bnimhre q` qzyhre j`rn oph
454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 426.
78 4,), 43<4. Gnjk`d g` qzqrn}mhern m` opejhre d`mzvh. T., 1887, q. 6.
79 Yhtphre s: ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 64 (ràkhv`), 65; 454),
.6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 426.

J`qhkb`mern m` jnqbemnrn nak`c`me qe dzkf`kn m` rpsdmnqr r` d` qe

onqrhcme sbekhwemhe m` ongelkemh} d`mzj oph mhqjh} o`phwem dnund h m`-
rsp`kmnqr r` m` qekqjnrn qrno`mqrbn. Qqbem rnb` jnqbemhre d`mzvh q` d`-
kewe on-sdnamh g` thqj`, dnjnkjnrn qe dna`b}r jzl vemhre m` onrpeahrek-
mhre qrnjh (j`rn lhr` h `jvhgh) h bpzgj`r` lefds r}u h dzpf`bm`r` d`mzw-
m` onkhrhj` qe g`lzck}b`. Ubzpde vhmhwmn nr ckedm` rnwj` m` d`mzjnok`r-
vhre (q ncked m` hmrepeqhre m` u`gm`r`) edhm qksfhrek m` d`mzwmnrn bednl-
qrbn na}qm}b` „cnkelhre op`jrhweqjn-thm`mqnbh opehlsyeqrb` m` jnqbe-
mhre d`mzvh“ r`j`:
Mnqbemhre d`mzvh qe ok`y`r mesqermn, aeg meoph}rmnrn qzophjnqmnbe-

mhe q thm`mqnbhre npc`mh; re qe ok`y`r bzb bpele h on edhm m`whm,
jnirn e mì-sdnaem g` d`mzjnok`rev` – b lnlemr` m` mecnbhre p`gundh
g` onjsojh; rnb` na`we me qe nrm`q} g` lhr`r`, jnhrn rzpcnbevzr gòk`-
y` opedb`phrekmn […] Mnqbemhre d`mzvh qe mòzkmn nop`bd`b`r b qks-
w`hre, jnc`rn re g`q}c`r opedlerh nr on-xhpnjn sonrpeakemhe h qksfe-
yh onbewe g` sdnbnkqrbhe hkh g` sdnbkerbnpemhe wnbexjnrn ryeqk`-
bhe. […] Qak`c`mern m` bpedmhre bzgasdhrekmh qpedqrb`, j`rn qohpr-
mhre ohrher`, r|r|m`, hl` h r`} dnap` qrp`m`, we rsj d`mzjzr p`qre
opnonpvhnm`kmn q jnmqsl`vh}r` h qksfh edhm bhd j`rn ckna` g` gkn-
sonrpeakemhern q rh} jnmqsl`rhbmh qpedqrb`.80
M`prhmmn hgp`gemn, meop}jnrn nak`c`me g` p`gkhj` nr op}jnrn ongbn-

k}b` „d` qe nqjsae czqj`r`, aeg d` jp}j`“, r. e. m`pndzr d` qe m`rnb`ph q
d`mzvh, aeg d` sqey` jnc` ch ok`y`.81 Pì-qerme, oph qkà`r` d`mzwm` jsk-
rsp` opedonwhr`mhern jzl meopejhre d`mzvh qe nasqk`b}kn h nr rpsdmnq-
r r` d` qe hglep}r dnundhre nr onbewern g`m}rh} h deimnqrh, ` nr rsj h ope-
jhre d`mzvh. S`gahp` qe, meopejhre d`mzvh q` qnvh`kmn meqop`bedkhbh, dn-
jnkjnrn o`d`r q edm`jb` qhk` bzpus bqhwjh, nqnaemn jnc`rn q` bzpus qrnjh
g` l`qnb` jnmqsl`vh}, j`jb`rn ahk` deiqrbhrekmnqrr`, ` me bzpus ksjqngmh
`prhjskh, j`jbhrn ahkh nahwìmhre nop`bd`mh} m` bk`qrhre; re ref`r dnph
onbewe bzpus fhbeeyhre b m`rsp`km` hjnmnlhj` m` q`lng`dnbnk}b`me.82
80 96.104), ,1?4. G`mzwm`r` refeqr h m`pndmnrn qrno`mqrbn. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjn-
rn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 22, 1923–1924, A 7, 312–338, vhr m` q. 327.

81
.5,64), .041'. G`mzvhre b Dzkc`ph}, q. 36; #'+-./70., )'3. Dhr h dsxebmnqr m`
eqm`t` h dpeamh} mh qnaqrbemhj qked nqbnanfdemhern. – Ezb: )'3 #'+-./70.. Pehgbeqrmn
nr mecn, mehgbeqrmn g` mecn. T., Kgd`rekqrbn m` QW, 1989, 168–269, nqna. q. 202, 246.
82
V m`q meopejhre d`mzvh (`jvhgh) qe nrm`q}kh rzjln dn qrnjh g` l`qnb` jnmqsl`vh}:
qnk, jhaphr, c`g, oerpnk, `kjnunk, r|r|m h op. Peyn onbewe, dnundhre nr „lnmnonkhre“ bzpus
regh opndsjrh ahkh g`k`c`mh oped ebpnoeiqjhre a`mjh j`rn c`p`mvhh g` gèlh. Ef. '3'.14),
,46*.. Ezrpexem opecked. Whm`mqnb`r` onkhrhj` h thm`mqnb`r` qhqrel` m` m`pndmn-khae-
p`kmh} pefhl. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 11, 1907, A 8–9, 568–
585, nqna. 581–583. M`jrn hgrzjb` m` on-jzqem erò R. Trn}mnb, regh d`mzvh „opndzkf`b`r h
Mnqbemhre d`mzvh opndzkfhkh d` m`p`qrb`r h nye opedh bnimhre m`d-

lhm`kh on onqrzokemh} opejhre. Rpeg 1911 c. re d`b`kh bewe 42,1% nr pe-
dnbmhre ophundh m` a|dfer`. E qzynrn bpele opejhre d`mzvh opndzkfhkh
d` m`l`k}b`r h opeg 1911 c. d`b`kh q`ln 20,9% nr nayhre dzpf`bmh ophundh
(nqr`m`khre ophundh ahkh nr qznayemh}, dzpf`bmh hlnrh h dp.). Qr opejh-
re d`mzvh m`p`qm`kn gm`wemhern m` d`mzj` g`m}rhe, jnirn opeg 1900 c. d`-
b`k 9,2% nr onqrzokemh}r` nr opejhre d`mzvh, ` opeg 1911 c. – 16,6% nr qz-
yhre, b pegskr`r j`jrn nr bzbefd`mern m` opncpeqhbmn d`mzwmn nak`c`me
opeg 1908 c., r`j` h m` qrno`mqjnrn p`gbhrhe m` qrp`m`r`. Rpeg dnbnemmh}
oephnd m`p`qm`kh h onqrzokemh}r` b a|dfer` nr dzpf`bmhre fekegmhvh h
onyh, rpzcbìjh nr 1,4% nr nayhre dzpf`bmh ophundh opeg 1879 c., 10,7%
opeg 1900 c. h dnqrhcìjh 17,5% nr pednbmhre ophundh opeg 1911 c.83
Enemmh}r h qkedbnemmh}r oephnd q naegvem}b`mern m` keb` dnbefd`r dn
nye on-cnk}ln m`l`k}b`me dek` m` opejhre d`mzvh b nay`r` qsl` m` pednb-
mhre dzpf`bmh ophundh onp`dh nopedek}me m` naknc` me efecndmn, ` bed-
mzf m` m}jnkjn cndhmh – re qo`d`r nr 20,9% opeg 1911 c. m` 13,7% opeg
1921–1922 c. Qaegvem}b`mern m` keb` qe nrp`ghkn on-l`kjn m` jnqbemnrn
nak`c`me onp`dh oephndhwmnrn opem`ck`q}me jzl naegvemj`r`, r`j` we rn
m`p`qrb` nr 42,1% opeg 1911 c. m` 47% opeg 1921–1922 c. Qrrsj m`r`rzj g`
cndhmhre dn 1936 c. opejhre d`mzvh b`php`r b onp}dzj` 11–16% opeg p`g-
mhre cndhmh, ` jnqbemhre – lefds 38–47% (dzpf`b`r` hl`k` h dpsch
onqrzokemh} – nr qnaqrbemh opedoph}rh} h op.).84
S`gbhrhern qked bnimhre hgnayn qe u`p`jrephghp` q bqe on-cnk}ln na-
k`c`me m` jnmqsl`vh}r` q jnqbemh d`mzvh. Unb` qr`b`kn j`jrn wpeg sbekh-
w`b`me m` `db`knpmhre lhr`, r`j` h wpeg sbekhw`b`me m` `jvhghre (h nak`-
c`me q `jvhg m` lmncn mnbh naejrh). Tked bnimhre gm`wemhern g` u`gm`r` m`
ongelkemh} d`mzj m`l`k}kn nye onbewe bqkedqrbhe m`l`k}b`mern m` dnun-
dhre m` geledekqjhre qrno`mh. Dhkh petnplhp`mh d`mzvhre bzpus ophun-
dhre (d`mzj g`m}rhe, dnozkmhrekem d`mzj bzpus nayh} dnund h d`mzj bzp-
us dpsfeqrb`r`), g` d` qe sbekhw`r onqrzokemh}r` nr r}u h gm`wemhern hl
g` u`gm`r`. Usj ck`bmh lnlemrh q` bzbefd`mern opeg 1933 c. m` o`remrmn
nak`c`me (r. e. q rbzpd` qsl`) m` d`mzjnok`rvh q ond 40 000 keb` cndhxem
ophund; hgcp`fd`me m` d`mzj` g`m}rhe h d`mzj` bzpus dpsfeqrb`r` (opeg
1936 c.) bzpus o`remrmn nak`c`me g` d`mzjnok`rvh q cndhxem ophund ond
160 000 keb` h nak`c`me bzpus nanpnr` m` r`jhb` q on-cnk}l ophund; nak`-
dnqec` d` `r`jsb`r mehgaefmhre onrpeamnqrh m` m`pndmhre l`qh h d` qrn}r m` bhqnjn mhbn“ –
bf. !84@34), ,804. D|dferzr m` dzpf`b`r`. – Trno`mqj` lhqzk, 4, 1933–1934, A 3, 3–22,
nqna. q. 21.
83 ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 64 (ràkhv`r`); 454), .6.1. Trno`m-
qj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 426.

84
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 64 (ràkhv`r`).
c`me m` dnundhre nr ejqonprm`r` rzpcnbh} q }iv` h m` rzpcnbh}r` qzq qs-

pnb r|r|m. Uegh petnplh d`kh pegskr`r g` u`gm`r`.
Gpscn qoevhthwmn p`gbhrhe qked bnimhre (h nqnaemn opeg 1928–1936 c.)
ahkn qzgd`b`mern m` p`gmh tnmdnbe qzq qoevh`kmn opedm`gm`wemhe jzl
p`gkhwmhre lhmhqrepqrb` wpeg opnvemrmh bpzumhmh bzpus p`gmh d`mzvh h
dnozkmhrekmh r`jqh. Unb` ahkn pegskr`r nr qrpelef` m` nrdekmhre bednl-
qrb` d` qh nqhcsp}r qpedqrb` hgbzm a|dfermhre jpedhrh, hga}cbìjh Wh-
m`mqnbnrn lhmhqrepqrbn. Rpeg 1929 h 1936 c. ond bkh}mhe m` thm`mqnbhre
lhmhqrph b qrpelef` hl d` onjph}r dethvhrh bzb thqj` h g` edhmqrbn m`
thm`mqnb`r` qhqrel` qe hgbzpxhkn qkhb`me m` m}jnh nr m`pnhkhre qe qoe-
vh`kmh tnmdnbe q dzpf`bmh} a|dfer (h opelhm`b`me m` qzahp`mhre g` r}u
d`mzvh jzl mecn).
Qr leqrmhre d`mzvh, r. e. qzahp`mh b onkg` m` leqrmh q`lnsop`bhrekmh
rek`, mì-cnk}ln gm`wemhe hl`r nayhmqjhre. Unb` q` ck`bmn opejh d`mzvh
– bzpus dnund, ophund, hlsyeqrbn (qcp`dh, gel}, nbve, jngh, g`m}rhe) h
opeubzpk}me m` hlsyeqrb`, on-l`kjn bzpus jnmqsl`vh}. Gn bnimhre on-
cnk}l`r` w`qr nr r}u opedqr`bk}b`kh bpzumhmh m`d m}jnh dzpf`bmh d`mz-
vh, r. e. hgbeqrem opnvemr m`d r}u.85 Tked bnimhre ahk mòp`bem nohr (nr ge-
ledekqjh} pefhl) d` qe opelùm`r bpzumhmhre, r. e. qzahp`mern m` nayhm-
qjhre d`mzvh d` qe onbeph m` q`lhre nayhmh, mn rni hgk}gzk meqonkswkhb
h bzpumhmhre ahkh bzbedemh nrmnbn.86 Up}ab` d` qe qonlem`r h weqrhre
opnlemh b p`gopedekemhern m` nopedekemh d`mzvh lefds dzpf`b`r` h na-
yhmhre, r`j` we re lhm`b`kh rs b dzpf`bmn, rs b nayhmqjn p`gonpefd`me.
Pòphlep qked bnimhre ongelkemh}r d`mzj h d`mzjzr bzpus qcp`dhre ahkh
nrqrzoemh nr dzpf`b`r` m` nayhmhre, ` onqke nrmnbn bzpm`rh m` dzpf`b`-
r`.87 M`rn v}kn rp}ab` d` qe nraekefh rbzpde megm`whrekmnrn sw`qrhe m`
ophundhre m` nayhmhre b m`vhnm`kmh} dnund, ` hlemmn lefds 1–3% (g`
1928–1933 c.), jnern jnqbemn qbhderekqrb` g` mhynfmhre bzglnfmnqrh m`
leqrmnrn q`lnsop`bkemhe.
85 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 422. Rpeg 1879 c. qznrmnxemhern m` dzpf`bmhre
jzl nayhmqjhre d`mzvh ahkn 24,5 lkm. keb` jzl 3 lkm. keb`; opeg 1900 c. – 60,9 lkm. keb` jzl
10,3 lkm. keb`; opeg 1911 c. – 125,2 lkm. keb` jzl 25 lkm. keb`. Rndpnamn g` hgrnwmhvhre m`
onqrzokemh} m` nayhmhre opedh bnimhre bf. !84@34), ,804. Qayhmqjhre thm`mqh. – Toh-
q`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 11, 1907, A 2–3, 81–148; '7.1?4), "42'.
D|dferhre m` cp`dqjhre nayhmh g` 1911. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfe-
qrbn, 16, 1912, A 1, 7–19, nqna. 12–16.
86 4378'38.34), . Rpejhre d`mzvh m` jpzqrnozr, 135–136.
87 4378'38.34), . Ezrpexem opecked (Rpecked m` opejhre d`mzvh nr 1919 dn 1923 cn-
dhm`). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 22, 1923–1924, A 6–7, 350–362,

nqna. 353–354; Pnbhre d`mzwmh g`jnmnopnejrh. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn
dpsfeqrbn, 23, 1924–1925, A 7–8, 237–260.
Tzyeqrbsb`r ped reumhweqjh bzopnqh on npc`mhg`vh}r` m` d`mzwmhre

qksfah, nopedek}mern m` d`mzvhre h r}umnrn qzahp`me nr d`mzwm`r` `dlh-
mhqrp`vh} h bzb bpzgj` q rnb` – mednanphre, ebemrs`kmn „ejgejsvh}r`“
(r. e. p`gopnd`b`me m` qnaqrbemnqr r` m` mehgop`bmh} d`mzjnok`rev). U`gh
hm`we hmrepeqm` l`reph} rsj lnfe d` azde q`ln màek}g`m`.88 Toevh`kmn
rp}ab` d` qe nazpme bmhl`mhe bzpus nohrhre g` opelhm`b`me jzl on-ln-
depmn d`mzwmn g`jnmnd`rekqrbn h op`jrhj`, ` hlemmn g` bzbefd`me m` m}-
j`jb` tnpl` m` opncpeqhbmn-ondnundmn nak`c`me. Rpncpeqhbmh}r ophmvho
m` nak`c`me m` dnundhre qe ejqoephlemrhp`k nrm`w`kn bzpus ondund}yh
d`mzvh h qoevh`kmn d`mzj` bzpus g`m}rh}r`.89 Qqnaemn rpsdmn qe nj`gb`
ondnundmnrn nak`c`me m` geledekhern onp`dh rpsdmnqr r` d` qe hgwhqkh dn-
undzr m` geledekev` (oph nrqzqrbhe h m` j`d`qrzp m` gel}r`).90 Rped ondn-
undmnrn nak`c`me dnph m` g`m`}rwhh h rzpcnbvh qe }b}b`kh ncpnlmh rpsd-
mnqrh h mì-bewe rpsdmnqr r` d` qe hgwhqk}r bqhwjhre dnundh m` d`demn
khve, j`rn qe hl`r opedbhd knxnrn bndeme m` qlerjhre h rpsdmh}r jnmrpnk
bzpus dejk`php`mhre ophundh. U`j` bzopejh we qnvh`kmn lhqkeyhre d`-
mzwmh qoevh`khqrh h ejqoeprh ahkh ophmvhomn g` (opncpeqhbmn) ondnund-
mn nak`c`me nye opedh bnimhre, op`jrhweqjhre rpsdmnqrh j`p`kh qzyhre
unp` d` azd`r qhkmn jphrhwmh nrmnqmn nohrhre g` bzbefd`mern ls (mòph-
lep opnejrzr g` w`qrhwem, mebjk|wb`y geledekvhre ondnundem d`mzj nr
1911 c.).91
88
Ef. mòphlep "4+464), ,8>6. D|dfermh nwepjh. I. Pednanpzr h g`jzqmekh}r d`mzj. –
Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 9, 1905, A 4–5, 216–265. Uàkhv` q cnke-
lhm`r` m` mednanphre nr 1879 dn 1910 s: 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 436. Rphwh-
mhre g` mednanphre ahkh m}jnkjn, lefds r}u meok`refnqonqnamnqr r` g` d`mzjnok`rev` (g` ge-
ledekqjnrn m`qekemhe oph knx` pejnkr`), mn h qzqr`b}mern m` mepe`khqrhwmh ophundmh
a|dferh, g` d` qe scnkelh p`gundmh}r a|dfer. J` qkànqrhre m` d`mzwmh} ò`p`r h thm`mqn-
bh} jnmrpnk bf. 4378'38.34), . Ezrpexem opecked (Rpejhre d`mzvh). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzk-
c`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 3–5, 247–255; 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem
opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 5, 1901, A 1, 45–56.
89 .0414), . Tslhp`mern m` dnundhre oph nak`c`mern on „g`jnm` g` d`mzj` bzpus g`m}-
rh}r`“. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 7, 1903, A 9, 632–640.

90 Ef. nye 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn
dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 8–9, 625–641, nqna. 636–641. Rn rngh onbnd h: Gpsc`pqjh qpeyh (on
onbnd g`jnmnopnejr` g` w`qrhwmh} ondnundem d`mzj). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhwe-
qjn dpsfeqrbn, 16, 1912, A 4–5, 336–339.
91 Qye opeg 1907 c. Xphqrn Xhmjnb p`rsb` g` bzbefd`mern m` ondnundem d`mzj. Ef. #.3-
04), #6hqrn. Rpncpeqhbmn-ondnundmh}r d`mzj h bzbefd`mern ls b Dzkc`ph}. – Gelnjp`rhwe-

qjh opecked, 5, 1907, A 9, 900–910; P`x`r` qhqrel` on nak`c`me m` g`m}rh}r`. – Tohq`mhe m`
Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 9, 1905, A 6, 353–400. Ef. jphrhj`r` m` g`jnmnopnej-
r` g` w`qrhwem ondnundem d`mzj s: #.304). #6.784. J`jnmnopnejrzr g` d`mzj` bzpus dnundhre.
– Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 15, 1911, A 9, 743–770; ,=4), )'3
)78. J`jnmnopnejrzr g` d`mzj` bzpus ophundhre. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn
dpsfeqrbn, 15, 1911, A 10, 825–869.
Upsdmnqrhre, oped jnhrn qe hgop`b}k bqejh nohr dnph g` ophakhghrek-

mn nopedek}me m` whqr`r` oew`ka` nr g`m}rh}r`, q` cp`thwmn nohq`mh (opeg
1905 c.):
Dnkxhmqrbnrn nr m`xhre d`mzjnok`rvh on qbn} slqrbem spnbem h p`g-

bhrhe qrn}r m` lmncn mhqj` qreoem, ankxhmqrbnrn nr r}u q` onkscp`-
lnrmh, ` onm}jnc` h qzbzpxemn mecp`lnrmh. G` qe hgwhqkh op`bhkmn h
meonqpedqrbemn whqr`r` oew`ka` nr g`m}rhern m` bqejhcn nr r}u pexh-
rekmn e mebzglnfmn, nqnaemn `jn qe bgele ond bmhl`mhe, we cnk}l`r`
w`qr nr regh khv` qe g`mhl`b` h dnahb` dnundhre qh me q`ln nr rzpcn-
bh}r` h opnlhxkemnqrr`, mn h nr dpsch hlsyeqrb`, hkh onqpedqrbnl
dpsc pnd rpsd. […] Pn h d` dnosqmel xhpnjnrn op`bn m` npc`mhre d` qe
onkgb`r nr bqhwjh rzpcnbqjh jmhch, b onbewern qksw`h rnb` edb` kh ah
ahkn bzglnfmn, rzi j`rn me ckedìjh m` hghqjb`mh}r` m` g`jnm`, ank-
xhmqrbnrn nr m`xhre l`kjh rzpcnbvh h g`m`}rwhh hkh qzbqel me bnd}r,
hkh, `jn bnd}r gòhqb`mh}r` m` bqejhdmebmhre qh opnd`fah, rnb` qr`b`
b rzi m`pewemhre „a`j`kqjh retreph“, on jnhrn edb` kh e bzglnfmn d`
qe nopedekh whqr`r` oew`ka`.92
Rpeg 1921 c. op`bhrekqrbnrn m` Tr`lankhiqjh mòp`bhkn p`dhj`kem

nohr g` petnplhp`me m` azkc`pqj`r` d`mzwm` qhqrel` qonped mì-mòped-
m`kh} wsfd nohr wpeg bzbefd`me m` opncpeqhbmn-ondnundmn nak`c`me. J`
vekr` d`mzjzr g`m}rhe h ongelkemh}r d`mzj ahkh nrlememh h g`lememh q
nay opncpeqhbmn-ondnundem d`mzj. Segskr`rhre g` thqj` na`we qe nj`g`kh
jpìmn meak`cnoph}rmh onp`dh khoq`r` m` sqknbh} g` ethj`qmn d`mzwmn
nak`c`me m` dnundhre h g`rpsdmemh}r` m` d`mzwm`r` `dlhmhqrp`vh} d` qe
qop`bh q m`p`qm`k`r` pànr`.93 Mzl reumhweqjhre rpsdmnqrh g` opnbefd`me
m` ondnundmh} d`mzj geledekqjh}r nohr dna`b} h qkedmnrn qznap`femhe:
Mp`rj`r` hqrnph} m` ophknfemhern m` d`mzj` bzpus nayh} dnund, on-

jpì lmncnrn ls mednqr`rzvh, p`gjph h dpsc` edm` cnk}l` no`qmnqr: d`-
mzjzr bzpus dnund` keqmn lnfe d` onqksfh b pzvere m` onkhrhj`mh j`-
92#.304), #6.784. P`x`r` qhqrel` on nak`c`me…, 361–362, b qzyh} qlhqzk m` q. 367.

Tked qp`bmhrekmn p`gckefd`me m` ondnundm`r`, p`gopedekhrekm`r` h o`remrm`r` qhqrel` m`
nak`c`me Xhmjnb opeonpzwb` o`remrm`r` j`rn mì-ondund}y` g` rnc`b`xmhre azkc`pqjh sqkn-
bh}, bzopejh we d`mzjzr qe nopedek} q`ln qonped bzmxmh ophgm`vh, qbzpg`mh q p`glep` m`
opedoph}rhern, ` me q jòhr`k` h nye on-l`kjn – q oew`ka`r` ls.
93
Ef. jphrhj`r` m` rngh nohr s: 4378'38.34), . Rpejhre d`mzvh m` jpzqrnozr, 123–
138. Kgrzjb` qe rpsdmnqr r` d` qe nrjphe h hgwhqkh dnundzr m` d`mzjnok`rev`, l`qnbnrn sjph-
b`mern m` dnundh h op., b pegskr`r m` jnern d`mzjzr me d`k onwrh mhj`jbh onqrzokemh} opeg
ozpb`r` 1920–1921 thm`mqnb` cndhm`. Ef. qzyn '1.34), . G`mzjzr bzpus dnundhre h pe-
tnpl`r` m` opejhre d`mzvh. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 24, 1925–
1926, A 6–7, 247–255.
rn qhkmn npzfhe g` p`gnpemhe m` onkhrhweqjh opnrhbmhvh h g` nak`cn-

derekqrb`me m` qbnh o`prhg`mh. […] J` dnapnqzbeqrmh} d`mzjnok`rev
mì-cnk}ln ncnpwemhe ye azde d` bhfd` dpsch khv` q on-cnkelh dnun-
dh, naknfemh on-kejn nr mecn. […] Eqhwjh dpsch qzbzpxemqrb` h ope-
hlsyeqrb` m` d`mzj` bzpus nayh} dnund qe csa}r mòp`gmn, ynl kho-
qb`r c`p`mvhhre h sqknbh}r` g` edmn ethj`qmn h qop`bedkhbn ophknfe-
mhe m` g`jnm`.94
Rpeg 1925 c. nayh}r opncpeqhbmn-ondnundem d`mzj ahk nrlemem h ahkh

bzpm`rh qr`phre ongelkem d`mzj h d`mzj g`m}rhe. Eonqkedqrbhe ondnund-
mh}r ophmvho qe bzbefd`k onqreoemmn h w`qrhwmn.
X`p`jrepm` nqnaemnqr m` azkc`pqj`r` d`mzwm` qhqrel`, nqnaemn b jph-
ghqmh oephndh, qe }b}b`r meqzap`mhre g` qznrberm`r` cndhm` opejh d`mzvh
(d`mzwmh mednanph), j`jrn h m`rpso`mh g`dzkfemh} g` lhm`kh cndhmh. U`j`
mòphlep opeg jphghqm`r` 1930 c. dzkfhlhre m` dzpf`b`r` mednanph ahkh
dbnimn on-cnkelh nr cndhxmhre onqrzokemh} nr qznrbermhre d`mzvh. Rph-
whmh g` mednanphre ahkh l`kjhre dnundh m` d`mzjnok`rvhre (nqnaemn oph
ongelkemh} d`mzj) hkh g`jzqmemh}r` m` d`mzwm`r` `dlhmhqrp`vh} oph no-
pedek}me m` d`mzj` (nqnaemn oph d`mzj g`m}rhe). Pebzglnfmnqrr` d` qe
qzaep`r hgv}kn d`mzvhre ophmsdhk` dzpf`b`r` d` op`bh nr 1931 c. m`r`rzj
pedhv` nakejwemh} h nopny`b`mh} m` dkzfmhvhre. Pì-mòped rnb` qr`m`-
kn wpeg g`jnm` g` g`jsosb`me h hgmnq m` gzpmemh up`mh nr 1930 c., qonped
jnirn dzpf`b`r` ok`y`k` w`qr nr hgjsoemhre nr opnhgbndhrekhre up`mh b
d`mzwmh anmnbe (qksfeyh g` ok`y`me m` d`mzvh). Sedhv` g`jnmh (nr 1931,
1932, 1934 h 1935 c.) m`l`k}b`kh hkh nopny`b`kh g`jzqmekh d`mzvh h ckn-
ah g` onqnwemh lhm`kh cndhmh.
Degqonpem hmrepeq opedqr`bk}b` bzopnqzr g` refeqr r` m` d`mzvhre.
Kgbeqrm` opedqr`b` g` rnb` d`b` w`qr r` nr m`vhnm`kmh} dnund, jn}rn onc-
kzy`kh dzpf`bmhre d`mzvh. Unb` e p`gkhwmn g` p`gmhre oephndh. Rpeg
1911 c. ahkh qzap`mh 150,2 lkm. keb` nr d`mzvh, jnern oph nay m`vhnm`kem
dnund rnc`b` nr 1,5 lkpd. keb` op`bh d`mzwm` refeqr b p`glep m` 10% nr
mecn.95 Qayh}r p`glep m` bqhwjh nak`c`mh} (dzpf`bmh h nayhmqjh) g` oe-
phnd` 1924–1939 c. bgel`k qpedmn m`d 16% nr o`phwmh} dnund m` m`qeke-
mhern (b`phpìjh lefds 14–19%), jnern qzqr`bk}b`kn qpedmn m`d 11% nr
m`vhnm`kmh} dnund.96
Onfe d` qe p`gcked` p`gbhrhern m` d`mzwmh} rnb`p m` ck`b` nr m`qe-
kemhern. G`mzwm`r` refeqr m`p`qm`k`, j`jrn qkedb` (vhtphre q` ophbedemh
94 96.104), ,1?4. G`mzwm`r` refeqr…, q. 332.
95 R`j r`l, q. 312. Tzyh}r `brnp d`b` h vhtp`r` 14% (m` q. 320), j`rn qe bjk|w`r d`mz-
vhre g` nayhmhre, g` fekegmhvh, onyh h reketnmh.
96 %'0'14), 7,3. P`vhnm`kmh}r dnund…, 141–142.
g` qp`bmhlnqr jzl opedbnemmh} o`phrer): 12,80 keb` opeg 1879 c.; 17,68 ke-
b` opeg 1900 c.; 31,46 keb` opeg 1911 c.; 31,39 keb` opeg 1924–1925 c.; 31,67
keb` opeg 1928–1929 c. h 31,51 keb` opeg 1929–1930 c. Rn-m`r`rzj rnb`pzr
m` d`mzvhre gònwb` d` m`l`k}b` onp`dh meok`refnqonqnamnqr on bpele m`
qrno`mqj`r` jphg`: 25,80 keb` opeg 1930–1931 c.; 21,50 keb` opeg
1933–1934 c.; 21,24 keb` opeg 1935 c. Tkedb` mnbn sbekhwemhe qzq qrno`m-
qjh} ondel – 23,88 keb` opeg 1936 c.97
Fnk}l` hkh l`kj` e ondnam` d`mzwm` refeqr? Caqnk|rmn rnwem nrcnbnp
m` ondnaem bzopnq m}l`. Pì-nayn j`g`mn, on-l`kzj opnvemr bzpus on-mh-
qzj dnund lnfe d` refh onbewe, nrjnkjnrn on-cnk}l opnvemr bzpus on-bh-
qnj dnund. Tzyn r`j` nayn lnfe d` qe j`fe, we oph qo`d`me m` dnundhre (b
lnlemr m` jphg`) d`mzvhre qe sqey`r j`rn on-refjh. Thlornl g` opejn-
lepm` refeqr m` d`mzvhre e m`rpsob`mern m` meqzap`mh d`mzvh (mednan-
ph), jnern qr`b`kn ck`bmn b jphghqmh cndhmh. Gnqrhc`mern m` opedek b d`-
mzjnok`rmhre bzglnfmnqrh m` m`qekemhern qe bhfd` h on rnb`, we onbhx`-
b`mern m` nak`c`mern mebhm`ch mnqekn m` u`gm`r` pe`kmh onqrzokemh}. U`-
jhb` lnlemrh s m`q m`qrzob`r lefds bnimhre q d`mzvhre j`rn v}kn h q nr-
dekmh d`mzvh.
Tonped `brnphrermh} ongm`b`w m` d`mzwm`r` l`reph} Dnphq Pedjnb d`-
mzvhre s m`q ahkh rpsdmn onmnqhlh g` lmnghmqrbnrn nr m`qekemhern h d`-
mzwmnrn apele qe sqey`kn on-qhkmn onp`dh mhqjhre qpedmh dnundh, cp`mh-
weyh q ejghqremv-lhmhlsl`, ` qzyn onp`dh nrmnqhrekmn cnk}l`r` w`qr m`
m`rsp`kmh} dnund. M`rn bgel` ckedm`r` rnwj` m` u`gm`r`, `brnpzr nohqb`
qhrs`vh}r` on qkedmh} (medhoknl`rhwem g` d`mzjnok`rev`) m`whm. Rph
rbzpde mhqjhre dnundh m` ncpnlm`r` w`qr nr m`qekemhern ahkn mebzglnfmn
d` qe onqrhcme sbekhw`b`me m` ophundhre onqpedqrbnl nak`c`me m` on-cn-
kelhre dnundh (jnhrn ahkh l`kjn m` apni)98 h g`rnb` d`mzwm`r` qhqrel`
rp}ab`kn d` qe hgcp`dh bzpus nak`c`me m` xhpnjhre l`qh q l`kjh dnundh.
Unb` nasqknbhkn openak`d`b`ynrn gm`wemhe m` d`mzvhre bzpus jnmqsl`-
vh}r` (lhr`, `jvhgh h dpsch jnqbemh d`mzvh) h gò`gb`mern m` m}jnh m`rs-
p`kmh khwmh onbhmmnqrh (g`leqrb`mh on hganp q ok`rhlh b o`ph d`mzvh, mn
97
G`mmhre s: ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 65. O`kjn on-p`gkhwmh q`
d`mmhre s Mhphk Rnonb (dn 1911 c.), ` hlemmn: 14 keb` opeg 1879 c.; 16,74 keb` opeg 1887 c.;
22,58 keb` opeg 1900 c.; 34,38 keb` opeg 1911 c. 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, 422–423.
98
Dpn}r m` naknfemhre q dnozkmhrekem d`mzj bzpus nayh} dnund (nrm`q}y qe g` on-cn-
kelh dnundh – m`d 80 000 keb` cndhxmn) khv` opeg 1933–1934 thm`mqnb` cndhm` ahk q`ln
7125, ` opeg 1935 c. – 5521 dsxh, ` onkswemhre nr rnb` onqrzokemh} bzgkhg`kh m` 2–3% nr na-
y`r` qsl` m` m`vhnm`kmh} dnund. Ezglnfmh q` qksw`h m` sjphb`me m` dnundh, mn dnph `jn re
qe nrwer`r, j`prhm`r` edb` kh ye qe opnlemh qzyeqrbemn. Ef. ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m`
azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 69.
me h bnemm`r` onbhmmnqr). Pn j`jrn ophgm`b` rngh `brnp, oph mhqjh dnun-

dh m` m`qekemhern etejrzr g` u`gm`r` nr rbzpde refjnrn d`mzwmn nak`c`me
m`l`k}b` (dnjnkjnrn bndh dn m`l`k}b`me m` jnmqsl`vh}r`, pegjh opnlemh
b vemhre h op.). T`ln naynrn p`gbhrhe m` qrno`mqrbnrn h onbhx`b`mern m`
dnundhre lnfe d` d`de bzglnfmnqr g` gm`whrekmn onbhx`b`me m` ophundh-
re nr d`mzvhre.
FNCEPKUH RSHMK GCP]YK
Tked rnb` on-nayn rperhp`me m` d`mzvhre d` p`gcked`le on-derìkmn mì-

b`fmhre nrdekmh d`mzvh h cpsoh d`mzvh, mì-mòped cpso`r` opejh d`mzvh
bzpus ophund`, dnund` h hlsyeqrbnrn. P}jnh nr r}u, j`rn d`mzj` g`m}rhe,
dnozkmhrekmh} d`mzj bzpus nayh} dnund h d`mzj` bzpus dpsfeqrb`r`, g`-
q}c`r hgjk|whrekmn megeledekqjhre g`mhl`mh}. Gpsch q` qbzpg`mh ope-
dhlmn qzq qekqjnrn qrno`mqrbn, ` hlemmn ongelkemh}r d`mzj, d`mzjzr bzp-
us nbvere h jnghre. Gpsch g`q}c`r h db`r` pnd` g`m}rh}, j`rn d`mzj` bzpus
qcp`dhre h d`mzj` bzpus m`qkedqrb`r`.
G` gònwmel q d`mzj` g`m}rhe.99 Uni opnhgunfd`k nr rspqjh} d`mzj re-
lers`r-bepchqh h ahk qzahp`m dn 1885 c. b 3% p`glep bzpus ophund` nr
bq}j` pemr` h bq}jn mnqeyn oew`ka` g`m}rhe. Rpeg 1885 c. ahk openap`gs-
b`m b jk`qem d`mzj „o`remr“, oph jnern d`mzjnok`rvhre qe p`gdek}r m` 5 j`-
recnphh (bq}j` j`recnph} m` p`gp}dh) h qe nak`c`kh q rbzpd` qsl` g` bqejh
p`gp}d. Rpeg 1894 c. d`mzjzr ahk petnplhp`m nrmnbn ond hlern „d`mzj
bzpus g`m}rh}r`“ oph ondnapemh} b reumhj`r` m` nak`c`mern, j`rn g` m}jnh
j`recnphh qe bzbekn opnvemrmn nak`c`me m` ophundhre, ` g` dpsch – h opn-
cpeqhbmn nak`c`me. Rpeg 1905 c. ahkn bzbedemn nak`c`me oph hgrnwmhj` g`
m}jnh ophundh, mòphlep m` gòk`rhre m` dzpf`bmh h nayhmqjh whmnbmh-
vh. Rpeg 1908 c. wpeg opnl}m` b ràkhvhre m` nak`c`me ahkn bzbedemn m`
op`jrhj` opncpeqhbmn nak`c`me m` p`gmh j`recnphh h cpsoh d`mzjnok`rvh;
hmdsqrph`kmh opedoph}rh}, ono`d`yh ond g`jnm` g` m`qzpwemhe m` leqrm`-
r` hmdsqrph} nr 1909 c., qe nqbnanfd`b`kh nr d`mzj g`m}rhe. Ungh d`mzj
hgnayn qe p`gbhb`k jzl xedsk}pem (r. e. on nopedekem` ràkhv`) opncpeqh-
bem ondnundem d`mzj. Rnqreoemmnrn p`gbhrhe na`we ahkn opejzqm`rn qzq
g`jnm` g` a|dfer` m` dzpf`b`r` nr 1921–1922 c., jnirn cn nrlem} gèdmn q
ongelkemh} d`mzj h d`mzvhre bpzumhmh (swhkhymh} m`knc h ozrmh} d`mzj)
h bzbefd` m` r}umn l}qrn d`mzj bzpus nayh} dnund. Nnxhre pegskr`rh g`
99
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 84–105, peg|le m` `mckhiqjh eghj
243–248.
thqj` dnbekh dn bzgqr`mnb}b`me m` d`mzj` g`m}rhe h ongelkemh} d`mzj, `

d`mzjzr bzpus nayh} dnund nqr`m`k j`rn dnozkmhrekem d`mzj g` nak`c`me
m` on-cnkelhre dnundh.
P` d`mzj g`m}rhe (qonped g`jnm nr 1925 c.) ondkef`kh ophundhre m`
bqhwjh thghweqjh khv` h onbewern bhdnbe dpsfeqrb`, ` rni me qe nrm`q}k
g` geledekvhre, fhbnrmnbzdhre, oemqhnmephre, `brnphre h opebnd`whre m`
jmhch h g` m}jnh l`kjh cndhxmh dnundh. Qak`c`mern qe hgbzpxb`kn m` a`-
g`r` m` opedxeqrb`y`r` cndhm`, j`rn nr dnundhre qe ophqo`d`k edhm mena-
k`cèl lhmhlsl. Unb` qr`b`kn m` a`g`r` m` ond`dem` nr d`mzjnok`rev` dej-
k`p`vh} g` dnundhre. S`glepzr m` nak`c`mern ahk 4% g` ophundh nr qks-
feamh g`m}rh}, 8% g` g`m`}rwhh h khv` qzq qbnandmh opnteqhh, 9% g` oph-
undh nr rzpcnbqjh g`m}rh}, 10% g` ophundh nr hmdsqrph`kmh g`m}rh} h nr
hlnrh h jòhr`k. Rpeg 1933 c. qe op`b}r m}jnh opnlemh b pefhl` m` nak`-
c`me, mì-qzyeqrbem`r` nr jnhrn e bzbefd`mern m` o`remrmn nak`c`me (r. e.
q rbzpd` qsl`) g` ophundh dn 40 000 keb` cndhxmn. J` vekr` d`mzjnok`rvh-
re qe p`gdek}r m` 4 cpsoh (rzpcnbvh, hmdsqrph`kvh, g`m`}rwhh, qbnandmh
opnteqhh), bq}j` q on 10 p`gp}d` qonped cnkelhm`r` m` ophund`, j`rn o`-
remrhre qe `jrs`khghp`kh opeg 2 cndhmh. Rphundhre m`d 40 000 keb`, j`jrn
h ophundhre nr hlnrh h jòhr`kh qe nak`c`kh on qr`ph} m`whm, r. e. q efe-
cndm` nvemj` h b opnvemr nr dnund`.
G`mzjzr ahk petnplhp`m m` qzbqel mnbh nqmnbh opeg 1936 c. Uni qe
qkhb` q d`mzj` bzpus dpsfeqrb`r` h qe onqrpn}b` m` db` ophmvho`: nak`-
c`me qonped opedonk`cèlh} whqr cndhxem ophund (j`rn nvemj`r` qe hgbzp-
xb` nr d`mzwmh npc`mh m` nqmnb`r` m` bzmxmh ophgm`vh) h nak`c`me m`
apsrmhre ophundh nr gòk`rh, khubh, opelhh, mèlh h op. wpeg qzahp`me
oph hgrnwmhj`. Qak`c`mern qonped opedonk`cèlh} whqr dnund e o`remrmn
g` dnund dn 160 000 keb`, ` m`d rngh dnund – nak`c`me m` nanpnr`. J` nak`-
c`mern q o`remr d`mzjnok`rvhre qe p`gopedek}r m` 6 cpsoh qonped g`m}-
rhern, ` cpsohre q` ondp`gdekemh m` p`gp}dh qonped opedonk`cèlh} whqr
cndhxem dnund h o`remrzr e thjqhp`m g` bqejh p`gp}d. Kgbeqrm` qsl` nr
gòk`rh, mèlh h bzgm`cp`fdemh} qe qo`d` j`rn menak`cèl`. R`remrmh}r
d`mzj qe nopedek}k bzg nqmnb` m` ond`dem` nr d`mzjnok`rev` dejk`p`vh}
g` ophundhre h qe `jrs`khghp`k opeg 2 cndhmh. Qak`c`mern bzpus nanpnr`
(r. e. q opedonk`cèl cndhxem dnund m`d 160 000 keb`) ozj qe hgbzpxb`kn
wpeg p`gopedek}me m` d`mzjnok`rvhre b m}jnkjn nqmnbmh cpsoh, ` hlemmn:
rzpcnbvh h jnnoep`rhbmh qdpsfemh}, hmdsqrph`kvh, jpedhrmh hmqrhrsrh h
g`qrpùnb`rekmh opedoph}rh}, j`rn g` bq}j` cpso` qe bgel`k opnvemr nr
nanpnr`. Qaknfemhre q d`mzj bzpus nanpnr` ahkh dkzfmh d` bohqb`r opn-
d`fahre qh b qoevh`kem dmebmhj (ond jnmrpnk` m` d`mzwmhre bk`qrh), bzg
nqmnb` m` jnirn qe hgwhqk}b`k d`mzjzr.
P` nak`c`me q d`mzj g`m}rhe ondkef`kh (nr 1928 dn 1937 c.) njnkn 3/4
nr dnundhre nr megeledekqjh g`m}rh} h njnkn 1/3 nr m`vhnm`kmh} dnund.
Gedsvhp`mh}r oph gòk`r` d`mzj g`m}rhe (r. e. ck`bmn nr dzpf`bmh whmnb-
mhvh) d`b`k 24 dn 39% nr nayhre onqrzokemh} m` d`mzj` g`m}rhe opeg oe-
phnd` 1932–1936 c. Rnmefe opedb`phrekmnrn nak`c`me m` dnundhre oph hg-
rnwmhj` d`b` bzglnfmnqr g` pednbmn qzahp`me m` d`mzj`, rn gònwm`kn d`
qe op`jrhjsb` p`gxhpemn me q`ln oph gòk`rhre, ` nr 1936 c. h g` rzpcnb-
qjh h hmdsqrph`kmh opedoph}rh} (j`rn opedb`phrekmn qzahp`me aeg hgw`j-
b`me d` qe sqr`mnbh deiqrbhrekmh}r ophund). Tzahpèlnqrr` m` d`mzj` rn-
c`b` qr`m`k` lefds 80 h 90%, ` onqrzokemh}r` nr rngh d`mzj m`p`qm`kh q
njnkn 58% (g` 1936 c. b qp`bmemhe q 1935 c.), jnern onj`gb` me q`ln qrno`m-
qjnrn ondnapemhe, ` h jnkjn xhpnjh bzglnfmnqrh hl`kn opedh g` sjphb`-
me m` dnundh qoevh`kmn nr opedoph}rh}r`. Rpeg 1932–1933 c. d`mzjzr g`-
m}rhe bzgkhg`k qpedmn m` 3,5% nr dnundhre m` ok`y`yhre cn d`mzjnok`r-
vh; opeg 1933–1934 c. qo`d` m` 2,2%, ` opeg 1934–1935 – m` 1,8%, j`rn bzb
bqhwjh qksw`h opnvemrzr e on-mhqzj g` on-dpeamhre cndhxmh dnundh.
Rp`jrhj`r` m` nak`c`me q d`mzj m` whmnbmhweqjhre gòk`rh, oph jnern
dzpf`b`r` opnqrn opeubzpk} o`ph nr edhmh} dfna b dpsch}, ahk` ondk`c`-
m` weqrn m` jphrhj`.100 E jpìm` qlerj` opeg 1934 c. qe qrhc` dn opelùb`me
m` sdpzfjhre nr gòk`rhre m` dzpf`bmhre whmnbmhvh h m` nayhmqjhre qks-
fhrekh g` d`mzj g`m}rhe, j`rn rngh d`mzj qe bm`q} nr swpefdemh}r`, ` gò-
k`rhre qe d`b`r mermn (r. e. pedsvhp`mh qzq qznrbermh} opnvemr).
Eewe ae qonlem`r mesqoexmh}r nohr m` Tr`lankhiqjh d` bzbede nay
opncpeqhbmn-ondnundem d`mzj (opeg 1921 c.) bleqrn d`mzj` g`m}rhe h on-
gelkemh} d`mzj. Rpeg 1925 c. regh d`mzvh ahkh bzgqr`mnbemh, ` d`mzjzr
bzpus nayh} dnund ahk rp`mqtnplhp`m b dnozkmhrekem d`mzj bzpus na-
yh} dnund, m` jnirn ondkef`kh q`ln cnkelh dnundh m` thghweqjh khv`
(m`d 100 000 keb` cndhxmn m` qeleiqrbn, opeg 1933 c. m`l`kemn dn 80 000
keb` m` qeleiqrbn). K b rngh qh bhd d`mzjzr d`b`k megm`whrekmh pegskr`rh
g` thqj` onp`dh l`kjh} apni nak`cèlh khv` (lefds 5000 h 7000 d`mzjn-
ok`rvh) oph mhqjhre dnundh m` lmnghmqrbnrn.101
Toevh`kem d`mzj bzpus dpsfeqrb`r` – `jvhnmepmh, jnl`mdhrmh q `jvhh
h jnnoep`rhbmh – qe bzbefd` opeg 1920 c. (dnrnc`b` re ahkh nak`c`mh q d`-
mzj g`m}rhe). Ue qe p`gopedek}kh m` rph cpsoh: 1. Gpsfeqrb`, g`mhl`b`yh
qe q a`mjepqrbn, rzpcnbh} h g`qrpùnbjh; 2. T hmdsqrph}, lhmh, geledekqjn
h fhbnrmnbzdmn opnhgbndqrbn; 3. Mnnoep`rhbmh. Rzpbhre dbe cpsoh qe na-
k`c`kh opncpeqhbmn bzpus whqr`r` oew`ka`, nr 10 dn 25% (20% g` hmds-
100Pòp. #.304), #6.784. P`x`r` qhqrel` on nak`c`me…, 380–383.
101
!84@34), ,804. D|dferzr m` dzpf`b`r`, 19–20; ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azk-
c`pqj`r`…, q. 69.
qrph}r`) qznap`gmn q pemràhkmnqrr`. Mnnoep`rhbmhre qdpsfemh}, onkgb`-

yh qe qzq qoevh`km` ondjpeo`, qe nak`c`kh er`fmn-opncpeqhbmn bzpus wh-
qr`r` oew`ka` q 6% (g` ozpbhre 25 000 keb`) dn 16% (g` w`qrr` nr oew`ka`r`
m`d 100 000 keb`), ` qe nqbnanfd`b`kh nr d`mzj oph oew`ka` dn 10 000 ke-
b`. G`mzjzr qe qzahp`k qzq 100% bpzumhmh, p`gopedek}mh lefds njpzgh,
nayhmh h hmdsqrph`kmh j`l`ph, r. e. rni ahk t`jrhweqjh dbnimn on-cnk}l.
T p`gcked`mhre dnrsj d`mzvh qe nak`c`r hgjk|whrekmn megeledekqjhre
g`m}rh}. Kmrepeqmn e j`jzb e reumh}r d}k b d`mzwmhre ophundh m` dzpf`-
b`r` q`ln nr opejhre d`mzvh. J` oephnd` 1928–1936 c. ophundhre nr d`mz-
j` g`m}rhe b`php`kh lefds 36,7 h 58,7%; ophundhre nr d`mzj` bzpus dps-
feqrb`r` qe dbhfekh lefds 3,6 h 10,1%; ophundhre nr dnozkmhrekmh} d`-
mzj bzpus nayh} dnund ahkh lefds 2,3 h 5%.102
J`q}c`yh hgjk|whrekmn qekqjhre qrno`mh d`mzvh q` ongelkemh}r d`-
mzj h d`mzjzr bzpus jnghre h nbvere.103 Rngelkemh}r d`mzj e ck`bmh}r
op}j d`mzj bzpus dnundhre nr geledekqjnrn qrno`mqrbn. Rnd nql`mqj`
bk`qr gel}r` ahk` naknfem` q m`rsp`kem deq}rzj – |xsp, jnirn qe d`b`k
m` nrjso h qe qzahp`k nr nrjsowhvh. Rph bpelemmnrn psqjn sop`bkemhe h
qked mecn qe op`b}r m}jnkjn nohr` g` opelhm`b`me nr deq}rzj` b m`rsp`
jzl hgok`y`me b o`ph – j`rn ongelkem d`mzj. Qa`we oph opedhlmn m`rs-
p`kmh} u`p`jrep m` geledekqjnrn qrno`mqrbn onqrzokemh}r` nr ongelkemh}
(o`phwmh}) d`mzj ahkh meg`dnbnkhrekmh g` thqj`, jnern rk`qj`kn jzl bpz-
y`me m` m`rsp`kmh} deq}rzj. Qye onbewe, we b ozpbhre cndhmh qked
Qqbnanfdemhern hlemmn deq}rzjzr ahk q mì-qzyeqrbemn gm`wemhe g` thq-
j` h d`b`k 45–50% nr nay`r` qsl` m` opejhre d`mzvh h 30–35% nr pednb-
mhre dzpf`bmh ophundh. Rnpedmnrn bzgqr`mnb}b`me m` m`rsp`kmh} deq}rzj
opeg 1900–1901 c. opedhgbhj`kn aspmh opnreqrh h asmrnbe m` qekqjnrn m`-
qekemhe m` m}jnh leqr` (Gsp`mjsk`j). E pegskr`r opeg 1901 c. deq}rzjzr
ahk g`lemem njnmw`rekmn q ongelkem d`mzj. Ungh d`mzj qe nopedek}k j`rn
v}k` qsl` b dzpf`bmh} a|dfer g` qpnj nr 5 cndhmh, qked jnern qe p`gubzp-
k}k nr jnlhqhh bzpus njnkhhre h nayhmhre h r`l – bzpus nrdekmhre dnl`-
jhmqrb` (peo`prhvhnmm` qhqrel`). Rpnakelzr oph rngh d`mzj ahkn sqr`mn-
102
103
R`j r`l, 119–127, peg|le m` `mckhiqjh eghj 252–255. .2.864), !8. Geq}rzj` b Dzk-
c`ph}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 6, 367–402; "4+464),
,8>6. Rngelkemh}r d`mzj. – Gelnjp`rhweqjh opecked, 10, 1911, A 5, 573–583; 4,), 43<4.
Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 7, 1903, A 3, 185–
194. J` m`whm` m` qzahp`me m` deq}rzj` h dnosqj`mh} oph rnb` opnhgbnk bf. j`prhmmnrn noh-
q`mhe m` 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfe-
qrbn, 4, 1900, A 2–3, 178–188; A 4, 255–266, nqna. 262–265. Ef. qzyn @5<,), 3+6,/. Ezr-
pexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 6, 403–409.
b}b`mern m` qpedmh} dnund nr p`gmhre j`recnphh gelh h jskrsph. Rpeg

1910 c. ahkh bzbedemh m}jnh ondnapemh} b sqr`mnb}b`me m` dnundmnqr r` nr
gelhre h jskrsphre q ncked m` on-qop`bedkhbn p`gopedek}me m` d`mzj`. Rph
naegvem}b`me m` keb` qked bnimhre ahkh mòp`bemh m}jnkjn sbekhwemh} b
p`glep` m` nak`c`mern g` jnloemqhp`me. Ungh d`mzj qe qzahp`k qzq 100%
bpzumhmh b onkg` m` nayhmhre h dpsch q`lnsop`bhrekmh rek`, r. e. dbnimn.
P`l`k}b`mern m` dnundhre m` geledekqjnrn m`qekemhe opeg 30-re cndh-
mh m` XX b. m`j`p`kn dzpf`b`r` d` opnj`p` ped nakejwemh} b rngh d`mzj.
Rngelkemh}r d`mzj ahk qbedem dn megm`whrekmnqr onp`dh nqbnanfd`b`me-
rn nr d`mzj m` nopedekem lhmhlsl gel} (q jnern apn}r m` d`mzjnok`rvhre
m`l`k}k gm`whrekmn), m}jnkjnjp`rmnrn nopny`b`me m` mednanphre, j`jrn h
hgok`y`mern m` d`mzj` wpeg d`mzwmh anmnbe, hgd`demh qpeys opnd`demh m`
dzpf`b`r` gzpmemh up`mh oph pefhl` m` dzpf`bem lnmnonk bzpus gzpme-
mhre up`mh.
Rngelkemh}r d`mzj opedqr`bk}b` cnk}l hmrepeq nr qnvh`km` ckedm`
rnwj`, onmefe g`q}c`k 75–80% nr m`qekemhern, ` hlemmn qek}mhre. Rnj`g`-
rekm` e mecnb`r` ebnk|vh} q rewemhe m` bpelern. Qr ck`bem d`mzj, d`b`y
njnkn 1/2 nr ophundhre nr opejh d`mzvh h njnkn 1/3 nr pednbmhre ophundh
m` dzpf`b`r` b m`w`knrn, rni m`l`k}b` meopejzqm`rn on gm`wemhe. Tonped
hgwhqkemh}r` m` Mhphk Rnonb, oph a`g` 100 g` 1879–1883 c. h qked hgbeq-
rem oephnd m` p}gjn onj`wb`me dn 154 opeg 1889–1892 c. (jnc`rn qe qzah-
p`k b m`rsp`), nrmnqhrekmnrn reckn m` ongelkemh} d`mzj qo`dm`kn dn 86
opeg 1900 c., 50 opeg 1905 c. h 28 opeg 1911 c.104 U`gh remdemvh} opndzk-
fhk` h qked bnimhre, dnj`rn m` op`jrhj` rni g`csahk gm`wemhe b jphg`r` nr
m`w`knrn m` 30-re cndhmh m` XX b. M`rn d}k b cpso`r` q`ln m` opejhre d`-
mzvh ongelkemh}r d`mzj qzqr`bk}b`k lefds 44,2 h 56,8% opeg 1879–
1905 c.; 41,6% opeg 1911 c.; lefds 10–15% qked bnimhre h edb` 5–7% opeg
1932–1934 c.105 E nay`r` qsl` m` d`mzvhre, nr jnhrn ck`bmh q` meopejhre,
rngh d`mzj ahk qzbqel megm`whrekem.
Gpsc op}j d`mzj bzpus qekqjnrn m`qekemhe e rngh bzpus nbvere h jngh-
re (rspqjh}r aeckhj). Uni qe qzqrnh b nopedekem` qsl` g` bq}j` nbv` h jn-
g` g` cndhm`r` h qe gò`ghk meopnlemem opeg vekh} oephnd. E m`w`kmh} oe-
phnd m` openak`d`b`me m` opejh d`mzvh h m`rsp`kmn geledekhe d`mzjzr
ahk brnph on gm`wemhe g` qekqjnrn m`qekemhe qked deq}rzj` (15–20% nr
opejhre d`mzvh), mn nqnaemn qked bnimhre pe`kmh}r ls p`glep m`l`k}k on-
p`dh naegvem}b`mern m` keb`, qop}ln jnern sbekhwemh}r` m` d`mzj` g`jzq-
m}b`kh, ` h onp`dh m`l`kemhe m` q`lh} d`mzj q 25% opeg 1935 c. K rni mì-
mòped ahk dzpf`bem, onqke ahk nrqrzoem m` nayhmhre, onqke nrmnbn qr`-
104
454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 428.
105 G`mmh s: ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 66.
m`k dzpf`bem. Rzpbnm`w`kmn hl`kn ondnaem d`mzj h g` qbhmere (rspqjh}

qepwhl), mn opeg 1895 c. ahk nrlemem, ` qbhmebzdhre qe nak`c`kh q d`mzj
g`m}rhe g` dnundh nr nrckefd`me m` qbhme.106
Gpsc op}j d`mzj e d`mzjzr bzpus qcp`dhre, opnhgkhg`y nr rspqjh} el-
k}j (d`mzj bzpus medbhfhlh hlnrh – gelh h qcp`dh) h hdf`p (bzpus mèl`
m` d`b`mh ond mèl qcp`dh) h gò`gem oph bpelemmnrn psqjn sop`bkemhe.
Rnmefe elk}jzr qe nrm`q}k me q`ln g` onjphr` qnaqrbemnqr, rn gel}r` ah-
k` naknfem` h q deq}rzj, h q elk}j, ` edm` h qzy` d`b`m` ond mèl qcp`d` –
h q elk}j, h q hdf`p. Unb` sbekhw`b`kn apelern m` regh d`mzvh. Rpeg
1895 c. elk}jzr h hdf`pzr ahkh opelùm`rh h m` r}umn l}qrn qe bzbek d`-
mzj bzpus qcp`dhre g` onjphrh medbhfhlh hlnrh b p`glep nr 4 m` 1000 dn
6 m` 1000 nr qrnimnqrr` m` qcp`dhre. Qr d`mzj qcp`dh on g`jnm` nr 1909 c.
q` nqbnandemh tàphwmhre onqrpnijh m` m`qzpw`b`mhre opedoph}rh}. K rn-
gh d`mzj qlem} m` m}jnkjn ozrh `dpeq`r` qh lefds dzpf`b`r` h nayhmhre.
Qayn bgern, rni ahk kej h qznrbermn mnqek m` u`gm`r` l`kjh ophundh.107
Kl` h d`mzvh g` opeubzpk}mern m` qnaqrbemnqr, ck`bmh}r nr jnhrn ahk
d`mzjzr bzpus m`qkedqrbnrn, bzbedem opeg 1891 c. Uni e lndhthvhp`m opeg
1905 c., j`rn hgwhqk}b`mern ls qr`b`kn g` bqejh nr m`qkedmhvhre onnrdek-
mn b g`bhqhlnqr nr qreoemr` m` pndqrbn. Rpeg 1920 c. rngh d`mzj qe opeb-
pzy` b opncpeqhbem, j`rn gònwb` nr 1% g` m`qkedqrbemh d}knbe dn 2000
keb` on op}j` pndqrbem` khmh} h qrhc` dn 70% g` m`qkedqrb` m`d 10 lkm.
keb` g` d`kewmh pndmhmh; nak`c`mern qe hglem} opeg 1930 c. M`rn v}kn hl`-
kn gm`whrekmn g`nahj`k}me m` rngh d`mzj g` on-cnkelh m`qkedqrb` on p`g-
mh m`whmh, mòphlep hgonkgb`me m` tnplsk`r` g` `jvhnmepmh dpsfeqrb`,
opeubzpk}me m` w`qrh nr hlnr` m` dpsch khv` h op.108
P}jnh d`mzvh g`leqrb`r khwmh g`dzkfemh}, j`rn mòphlep bnemmh} d`-
mzj (g` opevememhre j`rn mecndmh g` bnemm` qksfa`) h ozrmh} d`mzj. T ope-
lùb`mern m` g`dzkfhrekm`r` bnemm` qksfa` q P{niqjh} dncnbnp bnemmh-
}r d`mzj naub`m`k bqhwjh lk`defh, aeg dnapnbnkvhre g` cp`mhwm` qksfa`.
Jeledekqjnrn op`bhrekqrbn bzbekn rpsdnb`r` onbhmmnqr j`rn edhm bhd m`-
rsp`kem d`mzj. G`mzjzr g` nqbnanfd`b`me nr rpsdnb` onbhmmnqr (bzbedem
opeg 1924 c.) opedqr`bk}b` edhm bhd nrjso nr me}. Kl`kn h ozrem m`knc, m`q-
106R`j r`l, q. 66.
107
R`j r`l, 127–154, 255–263 (peg|le m` `mckhiqjh). J` edhm p`mem oephnd m` rngh d`-
mzj h s: #.304), #6.784. Dekefjh on g`jnm` g` d`mzj` bzpus qcp`dhre. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzk-
c`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 7, 1903, A 10, 687–693.
108
4378'38.34), . Fnkelhm`r` m` m`qkedqrb`r` h nak`c`mh}r` hl q d`mzj. – Tohq`mhe
m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 7, 1903, A 10, 701–707; Qak`c`me m` m`qkedqrb`r`
mh. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 3–5; Fnkelhm`r`
m` m`xhre m`qkedqrb` h nak`c`mern hl q d`mzj. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn
dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 8–10, 292–306.
kedem nr Qql`mqj`r` hloeph} j`rn m`rsp`kmn g`dzkfemhe g` mòp`b` h

ond dpzfj` m` ozrhy`r`, jnirn na`we lnfek d` azde g`lemem on fek`mhe
qzq gòk`y`me. Tked bnimhre qe op`bh nohr g` opnj`pb`me m` hgbzmpedem
d`mzj bzpus oew`kahre nr bnim`r`, mn aeg sqoeu.109
Pì-qerme, m}jnh m`kngh ahkh nr j`recnph}r` m` nayeqrbemhre recnah.
U`jhb` ahkh mòphlep: ok`y`mern m` tnmd` „Qayeqrbemn ondonl`c`me“
(swpedem opeg 1934 c.) m` hgpànremh} opeg edhm dem b cndhm`r` ophund;
ok`y`mh} bzb tnpl`r` m` opnvemrmh sdpzfjh nr gòk`r`r` m` qksfhrekh-
re b w`qrmhre h dzpf`bmhre swpefdemh} g` ondjpeo` m` aegpànrmh q chl-
m`gh`kmn h bhqxe nap`gnb`mhe h dp.
Onfe d` qe onqr`bh bzopnqzr g` d`mzwmh} rnb`p, jnirn mnqekn azkc`p-
qjnrn qekn, peqoejrhbmn cp`dzr. Rpnrhbmn m` ahrsb`yhre b l`pjqhweqj`r`
hqrnphncp`th} lmemh} ebnk|vh}r` m` nqmnbmhre geledekqjh d`mzvh on-
j`gb` bqe on-qkàn nak`c`me m` qek}mhre nye opedh bnimhre h nqnaemn qked
r}u, dnj`rn m` op`jrhj` nak`c`mern onwrh qohp` (wpeg nohq`mhre mednanph
h nopnyemh}) opeg qbernbm`r` qrno`mqj` jphg`. Rpeg 1895 c. d`mzwmnrn
apele bzpus qekqjnrn m`qekemhe (m` ck`b`) ahkn bqe nye on-cnk}ln, qoevh-
`kmn yn qe nrm`q} dn opejhre d`mzvh (jnqbemhre o`d`kh on-refjn bzpus
opha}cb`ynrn onbewe dn o`g`p` cp`dqjn m`qekemhe).110 Rn-m`r`rzj na`we
onknfemhern qe opnlemhkn. Tonped edhm nohr g` hgwhqk}b`me m` d`mzwmh}
rnb`p opeg 1931 c. bzpus naub`y`yhre 80% nr m`qekemhern geledekqjh g`-
mhl`mh} o`d`kh edb` 30,1–45,4% nr d`mzwm`r` refeqr; bzpus nqr`m`khre
20% o`d`kh 54,6–69,9% nr d`mzvhre. Qak`c`mern m` cp`dqjhre fhrekh (me-
geledekqjhre g`m}rh}) nrmel`kn 17,9–34,4% nr nayh} dnund m` r`gh cpso`,
` d`mzwm`r` refeqr oph geledekqjhre g`mhl`mh} qzqr`bk}b`k` 7,1–15,9%
nr nayh} dnund m` r`gh cpso`. Qr dpsc` qrp`m`, onmefe dnundzr m` ck`b` nr
geledekqjnrn m`qekemhe rnc`b` ahk njnkn 3 ozrh on-l`kzj, rn h lmncn on-
kejnrn nak`c`me qe sqey`kn qzyn rnkjnb` refjn. Uemdemvh}r` opeg
1931–1934 c. ahk` jzl on-m`r`rzxmn onj`wb`me m` d`mzwmh} rnb`p bzpus
cp`dqjnrn b qp`bmemhe qzq qekqjnrn m`qekemhe.111
109
Unb` ahk edmnjp`rem d`mzj, bzbedem qzq g`jnm nr 1919 c. h g`rzm`k b a|pnjp`rhwmh h
dpsch qozmjh. Ef. 4378'38.34), . Rpejhre d`mzvh m` jpzqrnozr, q. 138.
110 '3'.14), ,46*.. P`x`r` thm`mqnb` onkhrhj`, 377–406, nqna. 400–401.
111 Ef. g` 1931 c. !5'7.<,), !8,:'3, 3'78'7 "48,). Rpedb`phrekmh pegskr`rh nr nohr`
g` sqr`mnb}b`me p`gopedekemhern m` d`mzwm`r` refeqr bzpus nrdekmhre qrno`mqjh cpsoh b

Dzkc`ph}. – Upsdnbe m` Tr`rhqrhweqjh} hmqrhrsr g` qrno`mqjh opnswb`mh} oph Tnthiqjh}
dzpf`bem smhbepqhrer. Mm. 1. T., 1935, 42–51, nqna. q. 47, 50. Tzyn (g` 1931–1934 c.) !5'7.-
<,), !8,:'3, . '6'704)'. Rpedb`phrekmh pegskr`rh nr nohr` g` sqr`mnb}b`me p`gopedeke-
mhern m` d`mzwm`r` refeqr bzpus nrdekmhre qrno`mqjh cpsoh b Dzkc`ph}. – Upsdnbe m` Tr`rh-
qrhweqjh} hmqrhrsr g` qrno`mqjh opnswb`mh} oph Tnthiqjh} dzpf`bem smhbepqhrer. Mm. 2–3.
T., 1935, 96–111, nqna. 109–110. Tonped hgwhqkemhern (q`ln m` dzpf`bmhre d`mzvh) d`mzw-
T dpsch dslh, qekqjnrn m`qekemhe ahkn on-qkàn naknfemn h àqnk|r-

mn, h nrmnqhrekmn nr cp`dqjnrn: àqnk|rmn m` ck`b` nr m`qekemhern njnkn
4 ozrh on-qkàn opeg 1930–1931 c., 5 ozrh opeg 1934 c. Qak`c`mern o`d`kn
mì-refjn bzpus cp`dqjnrn m`qekemhe, jnern hl`kn on-bhqnjh h hgv}kn o`-
phwmh dnundh h r`j` ahkn on-d`mzwmnqonqnamn. Rph p`gkhj`r` b cnkelhm`-
r` m` dnundhre h oph nye on-l`kjh} o`phwem dnund m` qek}mhre rnb` pe`kmn
ophdnahb` qlhqzk m` opncpeqhbmn-ondnundmn nak`c`me. Deg d` qe nqonpb`
hqrnphncp`tqjh}r petpem g` „refjnrn onknfemhe“ m` azkc`pqjnrn qekn, rn
qe dzkf`kn m` lmnfeqrbn dpsch ophwhmh, ` me m` d`mzwmn nak`c`me. Kgna-
yn dzpf`b`r` bzgophek` edmn y`d}yn nrmnxemhe jzl qek}mhre, g` d`
opednrbp`rh p`gnp}b`mern m` lmncn geledekqjh qrno`mqrb`.
PHRSHMK GCP]YK
G`mzvh bzpus jnmqsl`vh}r`, hkh meopejh d`mzvh, q` lhr`r` (bmnqmh h hg-

mnqmh) h d`mzvhre bzpus opnhgbndqrbnrn h opnd`fa`r` m` qrnjh (`jvhgh),
j`jrn h dzpf`bmhre lnmnonkh. G` gònwmel q lhr`r` h lhrmhweqj`r` onkh-
rhj`.112 Depkhmqjh}r dncnbnp nqr`bhk b qhk` g` Mm}feqrbnrn qjk|wemhre
nr Qql`mqj`r` hloeph} rzpcnbqjh dncnbnph q p`gmh ebpnoeiqjh qrp`mh
(r. m`p. jòhrsk`vhh), qonped jnhrn lhrnrn m` bm`q}mhre nr r}u qrnjh ahkn
mì-lmncn 8% nr qrnimnqr r` (`db`knpmn) h re qe nqbnanfd`b`kh nr `jvhg h
dpsch bzrpexmh m`kngh. Hdb` qked hgrhw`mern m` regh dncnbnph opeg
1890 c. qr`m`kn bzglnfmn qjk|wb`mern m` mnbh rzpcnbqjh dncnbnph h bdh-
c`me m` lhrnrn. Tonped qjk|wemhre opeg 1894 c. q pedhv` qrp`mh qoncndah
lhrnrn ahkn onj`wemn m` 10,5%; mnbhre rzpcnbqjh dncnbnph opeg 1897 c.
ophgm`kh (bg`hlmn) jk`sg`r` m` mì-cnk}ln nak`cnderekqrb`me m` pedhv`
qrp`mh h lhr`r` m` bm`q}mhre qrnjh qr`m`kh 8–10% g` qspnbhre l`reph`kh
(mn opeg 1895 c. qspnbhmhre g` leqrm`r` hmdsqrph} ahkh nqbnandemh nr
lhrn) h 14% (h dn 18%) g` m}jnh cnrnbh qrnjh, opnhgbefd`mh b qrp`m`r`.
mh}r rnb`p m` geledekqjnrn m`qekemhe rnc`b` kejn qo`dm`k dn 31,7–39%, ` m` megeledekqjnrn

qe onj`whk dn 61–68,3%; cp`dqjhre nayhmqjh d`mzvh qzyn ahkh on-bhqnjh. G`mzvhre opeg
1934 c. nrmekh 16–26% nr nayh} dnund m` megeledekqjhre g`m}rh} h 7–12% nr nayh} dnund m`
geledekqjhre. Segskr`rhre nr regh hgqkedb`mh} q` d`demh b peg|le b ràkhwem bhd s: ,+04),
46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 77. U`j` opeg 1930–1931 c. nr megeledekev onqrzohkh
1602–1802 keb` d`mzvh, ` nr geledekev – 367–432 keb`; opeg 1934 c. – qznrbermn 1391–1556
keb` h 234–288 keb` d`mzvh.
112
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 155–162, 263–266 (peg|le m` `mckhiqjh
eghj). Ef. h 4(<,), 4378'38.3. Ezmxm`r` rzpcnbqj` onkhrhj`…; Rpnlhxkem` onkhrhj`,
nqna. 151–161.
Unb` e m`w`knrn m` p`gbhrnrn bonqkedqrbhe lmncn on-qhkmn onjpnbhrekqr-

bn m` leqrm`r` hmdsqrph}.
Rpeg 1905–1922 c. qe màek}gb` brnph oephnd m` d`mzwm`r` onkhrhj` m`
Dzkc`ph}. Ezbefd` qe (dejelbph 1904 c.) qoevhthwm` lhrmhweqj` r`pht` q
bhqnjh (onjpnbhrekqrbemh) lhr` g` m}jnh qrnjh q ncked m` hmrepeqhre m`
leqrm`r` hmdsqrph} h m` meim` a`g` qe qjk|wb`r rzpcnbqjhre dncnbnph. T
naegvem}b`mern m` keb` b jp`} m` bnimhre m` lhmhqrzp` m` thm`mqhre ah-
kn d`demn op`bn d` nopedek} jspq`, on jnirn qe qzahp`kh nopedekemhre
lhr`, r. e. d` qzgd`b` hgjsqrbem lhrmhweqjh jspq, jnirn d` jnloemqhp` (b
`b`mq) naegvem}b`mern.
Rpeg 1922 c. (qzq g`jnm` g` lhrmhvhre nr òphk 1922 c.) gònwb` mnb oe-
phnd m` lhrmhweqj`r` onkhrhj`, oph jnirn m`qrzohkn wsbqrbhrekmn sbekh-
wemhe m` lhr`r` h dnozkb`me m` qoevhthwmhre lhr`. Tec` opnrejvhnmhg-
lzr nr slepem qr`b` qhkem h dnqrhc` 50–80–100–150% lhrn m` nrdekmh
qrnjh. Qopedek}mh}r oephndhweqjh nr lhmhqrzp` m` thm`mqhre „lhrmhwe-
qjh jnethvhemr“ (jspq, on jnirn lhrnrn b gk`rn ye qe opebpzy` b lhrn b
a`mjmnrh, g` d` jnloemqhp` hmtk`vh}r`), qe opebpzy` m` op`jrhj` b hmqr-
pslemr g` sbekhw`b`me hkh m`l`k}b`me m` lhrnrn. Thqrel`r` g` oephndhw-
mn nopedek}me m` jspq` qe gò`ghk` h qked qràhkhghp`mern m` keb`, jnern
ngm`w`b` qzgd`b`me onjpì bewe thjqhp`mh} keb m` edhm sqknbem thqj`kem
keb q opnlemkhb` qrnimnqr, p`gkhwem g` p`gmhre qrnjh, j`rn hmqrpslemr m`
whqrn thqj`km`r` onkhrhj`. Rph rnb` qonped g`jnm` g` g`yhr` m` leqrm`-
r` hmdsqrph} gm`whrekm` w`qr nr bmnq` (m`d 1/3) nqr`b`k nqbnandem nr lh-
rn (nak`c`k qe q`ln q 3% `db`knpmn lhrn).
Rpeg 1926–1931 c. bmnqmhre lhr` operzpoekh cnk}ln onbhxemhe h qr`-
m`kh opej`kemh (mòphlep gù`pr` – 122% lhrn, rn`kermh}r qòsm – 154%,
jnfemhre hgdekh} – 154% h op.). Rpeg 1931–1936 c. qe hgbzpxhkn m}jnk-
jnjp`rmn sbekhwemhe m` r. m`p. `db`knpm` r`jq` bzpus aeglhrmn bm`q}mhre
qrnjh g` m`qzpw`b`mhre opedoph}rh}, dnj`rn nakejwemh}r` g` r}u ahkh ope-
lùm`rh mòzkmn. Unb` nrcnb`p}kn m` hmrepeqhre m` thqj` nr onbewe onq-
rzokemh} h ngm`w`b`kn jpì m` lhrmhweqjhre nak`ch m` hmdsqrph}r`.
Tzyebpelemmn na`we gònwm`kn dnosqj`me m` aeglhrem bmnq m` qrnjh g`
msfdhre m` dzpf`b`r` h m` nayeqrbemh npc`mhg`vhh. T pebhgh}r` m` lhr-
mhweqj`r` r`pht` nr 1936 c. qe hgbzpxhkn hgbeqrmn nayn onmhfemhe m`
lhrmhweqj`r` a`phep`. P`p`qm`k aeglhrmh}r bmnq g` dzpf`bmh msfdh, nqn-
aemn g` bznpzfemh}.
J` qreoemr` m` lhrmhweqjnrn nak`c`me m` bmnq` lnfe d` qe qzdh nr qz-
nrmnxemhern m` qrnimnqr r` m` qzap`mhre lhr` jzl qrnimnqr r` m` vekh}
bmnq. Uefeqrr` m` nak`c`mern m` bmnq` m`p`qrb` nr 16,5% nr qrnimnqr r` ls
opeg 1929 c. m` 28,6% opeg 1934 c., qked jnern qo`d` (onp`dh aeglhrem bmnq
m` dzpf`bmh dnqr`bjh) m` 20,8% opeg 1935 c. h 24% opeg 1936 c.113 Qak`-
c`mern qe onbhx`b`kn dnozkmhrekmn nr nayhmqjh} m`knc, bzbedem opeg
1905 c. b p`glep m` 20% bzpus bmnqmnrn lhrn h qzyeqrbsb`k opeg v}knrn
bpele. Cjn qe bgele opedbhd h rngh m`knc, opeg 1921 c. qzap`mhre lhr` bzg-
kegkh m` 18,4% nr qrnimnqr r` m` bmnq`; qked bkhg`mern b qhk` m` qoevh`k-
m`r` r`pht` nr 1922 c. re b`php`kh lefds 30–40% (40–50% opeg
1931–1934 c.) nr qrnimnqr r` m` bmnq`. Rph rnb` rp}ab` d` qe hl` opedbhd,
we njnkn 40% nr bmnq` (opeg 1928–1935 c.) ahk m` op`jrhj` aeglhrem, r`j`
we nalhr}b`mern m` bqhwjn nqr`m`kn ahkn lmncn on-bhqnjn.114 Rnbhx`b`-
mern m` refeqr r` m` nak`c`mern na`we me sqo}b` d` jnloemqhp` m`l`kemhe-
rn m` onqrzokemh}r` nr bmnqmh lhr` onp`dh m`l`kekh} bmnq. Hdb` nr 1935
h 1936 c. gònwb` mnbn onbhxemhe b onqrzokemh}r` b pegskr`r m` sbekhwem
bmnq. Trp`mhwem etejr nr nak`c`mern m` hmdsqrph`kmhre opnhgbedemh} q
bhqnjh bmnqmh lhr` opeg v}knrn bpele ahkn g`dzpf`mern m` on-bhqnjh ve-
mh g` r}u h on rngh m`whm p`grb`p}me m` „mnfhv`r`“ q vemhre m` geledek-
qjhre opndsjrh.
Qye nr qzgd`b`mern m` dzpf`b`r` qzyeqrbsb`kh h hgmnqmh lhr`. Gn
bnimhre re ahkh b mhqzj p`glep h g`q}c`kh mì-bewe fhbh} dnahrzj, g` d`
qe ncp`mhwh mecnbh}r hgmnq. E sqknbh}r` m` nqjzdhv` m` qrnjh nr ozpb` me-
naundhlnqr on bpele m` bnimhre h meonqpedqrbemn qked r}u hgmnqzr m` m}-
jnh qrnjh ahk gàp`mem, ` hgmnqmhre lhr` m` dpsch ahkh sbekhwemh. Kgmnq-
mh lhr` hl`kh h m}jnh lmncn oewekhbxh hgmnqmh `prhjskh, j`rn r|r|m,
}iv` h dp. Tked 1921 c. remdemvh}r` ahk` jzl onqreoemmn m`l`k}b`me m`
lhr`r`, ` m}jnh ahkh mòzkmn opelùm`rh, nqnaemn oph qo`d`me m` lefds-
m`pndm`r` vem` m` qznrberm`r` qrnj`.
E nanayemhe lnfe d` qe j`fe, we azkc`pqj`r` lhrmhweqj` h bzmxmn-
rzpcnbqj` onkhrhj` qe jnkeaèk` lefds m`qzpwemhe m` hmdsqrph}r` h whq-
rn thqj`kmh qznap`femh} g` bhqnjh lhrmhweqjh onqrzokemh}, ` g` hgbeqr-
mn bpele m` opedem ok`m hgk}gzk b`ksrmh}r t`jrnp (mednqrhczr m` b`ksr`).
Kmdsqrph`km`r` opnrejvh} ngm`w`b` nrj`g nr lhr` g` bmnq m` pedhv` mena-
undhlh m` pndm`r` opnlhxkemnqr `prhjskh h bhqnjh lhr` g` nqr`m`khre,
nqnaemn g` hmdsqrph`kmh opnhgbedemh}, whirn bmnq rp}ab`kn d` qe g`leqrh
q pndmn opnhgbndqrbn. Rph slepem opnrejvhnmhgzl thqj`kmhre h hmdsqr-
ph`kmhre hmrepeqh lnc`r dnm}jzde d` qe qzwer`b`r, l`j`p we dzpf`b`r` cs-
ah nr aeglhrmh} bmnq. Gpsc bzopnq e, we hmrepeqhre m` jnmqsl`rnphre b
qrp`m`r` qrp`d`kh nr bhqnjhre vemh (onbdhc`mh nr lhrnrn), ` hmrepeqhre m`
113 ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 159–161. Yhtphre me bjk|wb`r nayhm-
qjh} m`knc.
114 4(<,), 4378'38.3. Ezmxm`r` rzpcnbqj` onkhrhj`…, q. 13; ,+04), 46.7. S`gbh-
rhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 161.

hgmnqhrekhre m` qekqjnqrno`mqjh qrnjh qe sbpefd`kh nr „mnfhv`r` m`

vemhre“ lefds hmdsqrph`kmh h geledekqjh qrnjh, j`jrn h onp`dh bzgdzp-
f`mern nr pednbmh rzpcnbqjh dncnbnph, g` d` qe dzpf`r bhqnjh „`brnmnl-
mh“ lhr`.
T onj`wb`me m` lhr`r` bmnqzr m`l`k}b` on jnkhweqrbn, ` nrrsj – h lhr-
mhweqjhre onqrzokemh}; jpìmn bhqnjhre lhr` (qbpzuopnrejvhnmhgzl), pe-
`kmn onckedm`rn, q` gàp`mhrekmh. Mnkjnrn on-p`dhj`kmn qe bndh onkhrhj`-
r` m` opnrejvhnmhgzl, rnkjnb` onbewe r} bkhg` b jnmtkhjr q thqj`khgl`.
Rn lmemhern m` edhm qoevh`khqr thqj`kmh}r t`jrnp qe qzwer`b`k q opnrej-
vhnmhgl` dn 1926 c., jnc`rn ahk bqe nye slepem. Rpeg 1926–1931 c. onbh-
xemhern m` lhr`r` b g`yhr` m` hmdsqrph}r` me q`ln opebhxhkn thqj`kmh}
norhlsl, mn qr`m`kn hp`vhnm`kmn h nr qrno`mqjn ckedhye, dnjnkjnrn qzg-
d`kn „qbpzujòhr`khghp`me“ h „qbpzuhmbeqrhp`me“ (r. e. nrjphb`me m` mn-
bh opedoph}rh} ak`cnd`pemhe q`ln m` qbpzug`yhr`r`) h „qbpzuopnhg-
bndqrbn“ (mn ond jò`vhrer`), j`rn opewekn m` p`vhnm`khg`vh}r`. E`ksr-
mh}r t`jrnp ozj qr`m`k dnlhmhp`y qked 1931 c., jnc`rn khoq`r` m` b`ksr`
onp`dh mec`rhbem rzpcnbqjh h ok`refem a`k`mq m`knfhk` ncp`mhw`b`me m`
bmnq` (wpeg jnmrhmcemrhp`me) h lnmnonk m` DPD bzpus b`ksr`r`.115
Pej` qec` qe qopel m` `jvhghre h dzpf`bmhre lnmnonkh j`rn hgrnwmh-
vh m` onqrzokemh} b a|dfer`. Fk`bmhre `jvhgh ahkh regh bzpus r|r|m` h
r|r|mebhre hgdekh}, bhmnrn h p`jh}r`, qohpr`, ahp`r`, gù`pr`, qnkr`, j`-
tern, oerpnk` h oerpnkmhre dephb`rh, nphg` h dp.116 Tzyeqrbsb`yh}r ond
nql`mqj` bk`qr lnmnonk bzpus r|r|m` ahk g`lemem oph bpelemmnrn psqjn
sop`bkemhe qzq qhqrel` nr d`mzvh bzpus r|r|m` h r|r|mebhre hgdekh}, `
hlemmn: `jvhg bzpus qspnbh} r|r|m (l|phphe), d`mzvh bzpus hgdekh}r`
nr r|r|m h o`remrh g` opnhgbndqrbn m` r|r|mebh hgdekh} h rzpcnbh} qzq
qspnb r|r|m. U|r|mebhre tàphjh ahkh onqr`bemh ond jnmrpnk` m` `j-
vhgmhre bk`qrh h g`dzkfemh d` jsosb`r a`mdepnk (qonped j`weqrbnrn m`
r|r|m`) g` thjqhp`m` lhmhl`km` qrnimnqr cndhxmn, ` nqbem rnb` hl qe
qzahp`k o`remrem d`mzj. Qr `jvhgh h d`mzvh ahkh nqbnandemh opedm`gm`-
wemhre g` hgmnq qspnbh r|r|mh h r|r|mebh hgdekh}. Ungh pefhl qe gò`-
ghk dn 1923 c. Vbekhwem`r` jnmqsl`vh} m` r|r|m dnbek` dn sbekhw`b`me m`
onqrzokemh}r` nr d`mzvhre bzpus mecn h rni qe opebzpm`k bzb b`fem hg-
rnwmhj m` dzpf`bmh onqrzokemh}.
T ophqzedhm}b`mern m` r|r|mnopnhgbndhrekmh rephrnphh h bpelemmn-
rn nr reck}me m` Fzpvh} h Uspvh} nr o`g`p` m` nphemr`kqjh r|r|mh (qked
115 J` bkh}eyhre m` bzmxmnrzpcnbqj`r` onkhrhj` t`jrnph bf. 4(<,), 4378'38.3.
Ezmxm`r` rzpcnbqj` onkhrhj`…, 25–32.

116 ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 164–212, 267–290 (peg|le m` `mckhiqjh
eghj).
Fpzvjn-rspqj`r` bnim` opeg 1920–1922 c.) nrckefd`mern m` r|r|m s m`q

bgekn cnkelh p`gleph h r|r|mzr qe opebzpm`k b mì-b`fem ejqonprem `p-
rhjsk. Qak`c`mern m` r|r|m` q d`mzvh h a`mdepnkh qe onj`wb`kn m` m}jnk-
jn ozrh. Rpeg 1934 c. ahk sqr`mnbem dzpf`bem lnmnonk bzpus hgdekh}r` nr
r|r|m q vek d` qe onbhx`r dnundhre m` thqj`, mn rni me tsmjvhnmhp`k
dnape onp`dh mednqr`rzwmh} hmbemr`p (qcp`dh h l`xhmh) h ncp`mhwhk dei-
mnqrhre qh dn onjsoj` m` l`kjh jnkhweqrb` qspnb r|r|m, ` opeg 1935 c. ahk
opelùm`r. Rn bpele m` jphg`r` nr 1929–1933 c. qzyeqrbsb`k` h cnk}l`
jnmrpà`md` q r|r|mebh hgdekh}, ck`bmn mhqjnj`weqrbemh h jnmqslhp`mh
nr qekqjnrn m`qekemhe, jn}rn ahk` qrhlskhp`m` h nr mhqjhre vemh m` qspn-
bh} r|r|m b qp`bmemhe q vemhre m` cnrnbhre opndsjrh. T ondnap}b`me m`
hjnmnlhweqj`r` qhrs`vh} opeg 1935 h 1936 c. jnmqsl`vh}r` m` r|r|m h dn-
undhre nr mecn gònwm`kh d` qe onj`wb`r. J` rnb` dnophmeqkh h bgerhre
lepjh g` ncp`mhw`b`me m` jnmrpà`md`r`, jnhrn dnbekh dn sbekhw`b`me m`
jnmqsl`vh}r` m` r|r|mebh hgdekh} q a`mdepnk.
Rph d`mzvhre bzpus bhmnrn h p`jh}r` bzgmhjm`kh qoevhthwmh opnake-
lh. Pe ahkn bzglnfmn re d` qe bdhc`r gm`whrekmn onp`dh dpeamh} u`p`jrep
m` opnhgbndqrbnrn nr lmnfeqrbn kng`ph, jnhrn qe }b}b`kh edmnbpelemmn h
dpeamh opnhgbndhrekh m` bhmn h p`jh} h hl`kh op`bn d` opnhgbefd`r hg-
beqrmn aeg`jvhgmn jnkhweqrbn g` dnl`xm` jnmqsl`vh}. Rph khoq`r` m`
qr`md`prhghp`mh h rpìmh bhm` g` ejqonpr khoqb`kh h edph opnhgbndhrekh
h hgmnqhrekh, jnhrn d` azd`r jnmrpnkhp`mh. Rph rnb` onknfemhe onbhx`-
b`mern m` d`mzvhre ah m`qzpwhkn rpsdmn jnmrpnkhpsel` dpeam` jnmrp`-
a`md`. K m`hqrhm`, bzbedemh}r opeg 1934 c. pefhl m` dzpf`bem lnmnonk
bzpus qohpr` h qkhbnb`r` p`jh} ahk opelùm`r nye opeg 1935 c. onp`dh me-
g`dnbnkhrekmhre ls pegskr`rh.
Pì-refjn naknfem opndsjr ahk` gù`pr`. Cjvhg bzpus me} ahk m`kn-
fem opeg 1895 c. h dn bnimhre rni qe dbhfek lefds 30–33% nr vem`r` m`-
dpeamn m` gù`pr`. Rpeg rngh oephnd 25–30% nr jnmqsl`vh}r` m` gù`p b
qrp`m`r` qe onjphb`k` nr leqrmnrn opnhgbndqrbn, ` nqr`m`knrn qe bm`q}kn
qhkmn nalhremn. Rn bpele m` bnimhre h qked r}u leqrm`r` gù`pm` hmdsq-
rph} qe p`gbhk` gm`whrekmn b pegskr`r m` m`qzpw`b`mern B qzq g`jnm` nr
1909 c. h onp`dh m`bkhg`mern m` ebpnoeiqjh jòhr`kh, g`hmrepeqsb`mh nr
rngh bhqnjn g`yhrem leqrem o`g`p. Jù`pmhre tàphjh ophm`dkef`kh ope-
dhlmn m` wsfdh} jòhr`k h p`gbhkh qhqrel` m` opedb`phrekmn jnmrp`jrs-
b`me m` onjsoj`r` m` gù`pmn vbejkn nr opnhgbndhrekhre on thjqhp`mh
vemh. Mnmqsl`vh}r` m` gù`p b qrp`m`r` ahk` qhkmn ncp`mhwem`, ck`bmn dn
anc`rnrn cp`dqjn m`qekemhe. Tked bnimhre r} onwrh hgv}kn qe onjphb`k` nr
leqrm`r` gù`pm` hmdsqrph}, ` bmnqzr qo`dm`k dn 7–9% opeg 1923–1924 c.
h nye onbewe qked onqr`b}mern m` mòp`bn gàp`mhrekmh lhr` qzq qoevh-
`kem g`jnm opeg 1925 c. Rpeg 30-re cndhmh m` XX b. `jvhgzr bzpus gù`pr`
qe onj`wb`k m` m}jnkjn ozrh (opeg 1936 c. qzqr`bk}b`k njnkn 60% nr meim`-
r` vem` m`dpeamn). T`lhre vemh ahkh jpìmn bhqnjh oph gàp`mhrekmhre
lhr` bzpus bmnq` h bhqnjh} `jvhg – 13 ozrh m`d lefdsm`pndmhre opeg
1933 c. Omncn mhqj`r` jnmqsl`vh} m` gù`p b Dzkc`ph} (3 ozrh on-l`kj`
nr Fzpvh} h ^cnqk`bh}) qe dzkf`k` m` bhqnj`r` vem` h bhqnjnrn nak`c`me,
mn h m` bzglnfmnqr r` g` g`l}m` m` gù`pr` q p`gkhwmh okndnbe h dnl`xmn
hgcnrbemhre nr r}u qk`dj`, oerlegh h op. Onmnonkhglzr qzq gù`pr` ngm`-
w`b`k ncpnlmh oew`kah g` gù`pmhre tàphjh h qznrbermh g`csah g` dzp-
f`b`r` nr nrj`g` d` hlonprhp` gù`p h nr qbhr`r` jnmqsl`vh}; ondnamn
hp`vhnm`kmn onbedemhe lnfe d` qe na}qmh q`ln qzq qhk`r` m` hmrepeqhre,
qrn}yh g`d tàphjhre.117
Gpsc ophlep g` bhqnjn naknfem opndsjr q` oerpnkzr h oerpnkmhre de-
phb`rh (aemghm, c`g h dp.). Cjvhgzr ahk bzbedem opeg 1894 c., mn gm`wemhe-
rn m` oerpnk` qe onbhxhkn nqnaemn qked bnimhre. Rpeg 1928–1929 c. lhr-
mhweqjnrn nak`c`me (gèdmn q p`gmh lhr` h `jvhgh) m` oerpnk`, hgonkgb`m
ck`bmn g` nqberkemhe, dnqrhcm`kn 46% nr mecnb`r` vem` mèdpn h 44% nr
vem`r` ls m`dpeamn. Rn qzynrn bpele aemghmzr g` `brnlnahkhre qe nak`-
c`k q 38% m`d qpedm`r` vem` mèdpn. Rpeg 1935 c. nak`c`mern m` aemghm`
dnqrhcm`kn 61% nr qpedm`r` vem` mèdpn, j`rn qzyebpelemmn ahkn onbh-
xemn nak`c`mern m` c`g{nk`, g` d` qe opednrbp`rh opelhm`b`mern m` `brn-
lnahkhre jzl rnb` cnphbn. Rpejnlepmnrn lhrmhweqjn nak`c`me opeg 30-re
cndhmh m` XX b. h o`d`mern m` lefdsm`pndmhre vemh m` qspnbh} oerpnk
mòp`bhkh hgcndmn qzgd`b`mern m` leqrmh p`thmephh, j`jbhrn ahkh hgcp`-
demh opeg 1933–1934 c. Gzpf`b`r` na`we sbekhwhk` bmnqmhre lhr` m` qs-
pnbh} oerpnk, jnern ophmsdhkn leqrmhre p`thmephh d` ncp`mhw`r qbn}r`
deimnqr h d` } opejp`r}r mòzkmn b jp`} m` 1936 c. Unb` e jk`qhweqjh
ophlep, j`j lhrmhweqj`r` onkhrhj` lnfe d` bkh}e bzpus p`gbhrhern, peq-
oejrhbmn g` qohp`mern, m` leqrmn opnhgbndqrbn.
P`ped q `jvhghre opeg nopedekemh oephndh qzyeqrbsb`kh h opejh dzp-
f`bmh lnmnonkh, b w`qrmnqr bzpus m}jnh gzpmemh up`mh, jhaphr`, j`prn-
hcp`weqrbnrn, vhc`pem`r` u`prh}, uhmhm`, qohpr` (100-cp`dsqnb) h qkhbn-
b`r` p`jh}, cepanbh} m`knc h op. Pì-mòped geledekqjh}r pefhl mòp`bhk
mesqoexem nohr d` sqr`mnbh lnmnonk bzpus rzpcnbh}r` qzq gzpmemh up`-
mh (g`jphr onp`dh bzmxm` m`leq`). Rpeg 1930 c. qe qzgd`k ondnaem lnmn-
onk ond tnpl`r` m` Ghpejvh} g` g`jsosb`me h hgmnq m` gzpmemh up`mh. P`
dhpejvh}r` ahkn bzgknfemn d` hgjsosb` oxemhv`, pzf, v`pebhv`, ewelhj,
nbeq h opnqn on nopedekemh vemh, on-bhqnjh nr lefdsm`pndmhre, q vek d`
117
Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present, 198–201.
qe ondonlncm`r qekqjhre opnhgbndhrekh on bpele m` jphg`r`. Eqzymnqr

on-bhqnjhre vemh hl`kh nrw`qrh u`p`jrep m` nopny`b`me m` d`mzvh, onme-
fe w`qr nr g`jsoemhre gzpmemh up`mh qe hgok`y`k` me b o`ph, ` b d`mzwmh
anmnbe (qksfeyh g` hgok`y`me m` d`mzvh); nr 1932 c. ok`y`mern qr`b`kn
q`ln b o`ph. Pì-mòped dhpejvh}r` hl`k` lnmnonk q`ln bzpus hgmnq` m`
gzpmemh up`mh, ` bzrpexm`r` rzpcnbh} q r}u nqr`b`k` qbnandm`. Rpeg
1934 c. lnmnonkzr m` dhpejvh}r` bzpus rzpcnbh}r` qzq gzpmemh up`mh qr`-
m`k ozkem. Tzyn rnc`b` B ahkn bzgknfemn d` hgjsosb` h opnd`b` qkzmwn-
ckednbn qele (mn me lnmnonkmn), ` nr 1935 c. – h nphgnb` `po` h jnmno; nr
1936 c. – h o`lsj (lnmnonkmn).
Whm`mqnbhre pegskr`rh nr deimnqrr` m` dhpejvh}r` qe hgp`g}b`r b g`cs-
ah. Ue ahkh onjphrh nrw`qrh qzq qonlem`rhre d`mzwmh anmnbe, nrw`qrh q na-
k`c`me m` ap`xm`r` h uk}a`. Rpeg 1932 c. ahk bzbedem d`mzj bzpus r}u,
opeubzpk}ijh on rngh m`whm g`csahre bzpus jnmqsl`rnphre. Rndnamh `cem-
vhh hgnayn deiqrb`r j`rn qbnenap`gmh opep`gopedekhrekmh leu`mhglh, j`-
rn opem`qnwb`r bzpus dpsch g`csahre nr ondonl`c`mern h nr qnaqrbemnrn
tsmjvhnmhp`me. Kmrepeqmn e d` qe nraekefh, we dzpf`bm`r` m`leq` b rzp-
cnbh}r` qzq geledekqjh opnhgbedemh} qe hgbzpxb`k` h wpeg Dzkc`pqj`r`
geledekqj` a`mj`, m` jn}rn nr 1932 c. m`r`rzj ahkn bzgknfemn hgjsosb`me-
rn m` o`xjskh, nphgnb` `po`, pngnb vb}r, jnmno, o`lsj h dnph hgbeqrmn jn-
khweqrbn r|r|mh. Whm`mqnbh}r pegskr`r nr r`gh deimnqr ahk hlnahkhgh-
p`me m` qpedqrb` m` a`mj`r` b g`jsoemhre h mepe`khghp`mh qrnjh, nqnaemn
pngnbn l`qkn, o`xjskh h r|r|m, qzup`m}b`mh b meimhre qjk`dnbe.118
Kqrnph}r` m` lnmnonk` bzpus qohpr` h qkhbnb`r` p`jh} e onj`g`rekm`
g` opnakelhre oped ondnamh m`whm`mh}. Ungh lnmnonk ahk bzbedem opeg
1934 c. q vek d` onbhxh ophundhre m` u`gm`r` wpeg nak`c`me m` qohpr` h
qkhbnb`r` p`jh} me wpeg mnbh d`mzvh, ` wpeg ncp`mhw`b`me m` jnmrpà`md-
mnrn opnhgbndqrbn h jnmqsl`vh}r` m` okndnbh p`jhh. Ungh lnmnonk rp}a-
b`kn d` thjqhp` jnkhweqrbnrn h j`weqrbnrn m` `kjnunk`, jnirn qe opnhg-
befd` opeg cndhm`r`, j`jrn h vem`r` m` opnd`fa`r` mèdpn. Eqhwjh deqrh-
k`vhnmmh ò`p`rh rp}ab`kn d` qe onqr`b}r ond jnmrpnk, ` menrcnb`p}yhre
m` nopedekemh sqknbh} – d` qe g`rbnp}r. S`jhhre rp}ab`kn d` qe hgjsosb`r
nr sop`bkemhern m` lnmnonk` h d` qe pedeqrhkhp`r (opeb`p}r) m` qohpr, q
hgjk|wemhe m` qkhbnb`r`, jn}rn qpeys nopedekem` r`jq` lnfek` d` nqr`me
s opnhgbndhrekhre h d` qe opnd`b` op}jn m` jnmqsl`rnphre. Kgjsoemhre
p`jhh qe gòk`y`kh m` opnhgbndhrekhre on opedb`phrekmn thjqhp`mh nr
lnmnonk` (qonped cp`dsqhre) vemh. Uzpcnbh}r` mèdpn qzq qohpr h qkhbn-
b` p`jh} rp}ab`kn d` qe hgbzpxb` nr lnmnonk`, j`rn nopedekemhre lnmn-
118
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 29, 46–48.
onkmh vemh m` qkhbnb`r` p`jh} ahkh q 85–95% on-bhqnjh nr qpedmhre o`-

g`pmh vemh opedh lnmnonk`, ` m` qohpr` – q 24–31% on-bhqnjh, na`we m`
opnhgbndhrekhre qe gòk`y`kn on qr`phre vemh. T vek d` qe onbhxh jnmqs-
l`vh}r` m` qohpr qe opedbhfd`kn g`dzkfhrekmn qleqb`me m` kejhre cnphb`
q nopedekem opnvemr qohpr. E pegskr`r m` qbn}r` deimnqr lnmnonkzr lnfe
ah m`l`khk (bpelemmn) jnmrpà`md`r`, mn m`rpso`k ncpnlmh jnkhweqrb`
qohpr, rzi j`rn qrhlskhp`k opnhgbndqrbnrn m` okndnbh p`jhh on qhcspmh
vemh h q nqhcspem ok`qlemr, aeg d` lnfe m` qbni ped d` ok`qhp` opndsj-
vh}r` qh. Mnc`rn ahk g`jphr opeg 1935 c., rni rp}ab`kn d` p`gopnd`b` gò`-
qhre qh m` cnk}l` g`csa` – rejsy`r` lefdsm`pndm` vem` m` qohpr`, opnhg-
befd`m tàphwmn nr lek`q` h gzpmemh up`mh, ahk` 6 keb` m` khrzp, ` bzr-
pexm`r` vem` m` lnmnonk` ahk` 60 keb` m` khrzp (jnqrsel`r` g` mecn vem`
ahk` 32 keb` m` khrzp).
Pì-qerme, ophundh g` dzpf`b`r` qe pe`khghp`kh h nr dzpf`bmh oped-
oph}rh}, jnhrn ahkh mì-p`gkhwmh – lhmh, a`mjh, Gzpf`bm`r` knr`ph}, fe-
kegmhvh h ophqr`mhy`, onyhre h rekecp`thre. Rphundhre nr qznayemh}r`
gònwm`kh d` m`p`qrb`r nr 1900 c., jnc`rn d`kh 10,7% nr nayhre dzpf`bmh
ophundh, h dnqrhcm`kh l`jqhl`kmn 20,9% opeg 1928–1929 c., qked jnern
p}gjn qo`dm`kh m` 6–9% opeg qkedb`yhre cndhmh. Rphundhre nr dpsch oped-
oph}rh}, hlnrh h op. gònwm`kh d` m`p`qrb`r wsbqrbhrekmn qzyn nr 1900 c.,
jnc`rn ahkh 16,6%, qked bnimhre qzqr`bk}b`kh 24–25%, ` opeg 30-re cndh-
mh m` XX b. qo`dm`kh m` 12–19%.119 P`p`qrb`mern m` ophundhre (h p`gun-
dhre) on dzpf`bmhre opedoph}rh} qbhderekqrb` g` m`p`qm`kn op}jn sw`qrhe
m` dzpf`b`r` b q`l`r` hjnmnlhj` j`rn edm` nr tnplhre m` er`rhgzl.
119
R`j r`l, q. 64. Qr d`demh} s Dnphq Pedjnb ophundem a|dfer (q. 37) lnfe d` qe hgwh-
qkh, we nayn nr dzpf`bmh opedoph}rh} h sqksch dnxkh njnkn 24% nr pednbmhre ophundh m`
a|dfer` m` dzpf`b`r` opeg 1928–1929 c.; 30% opeg 1931–1932 c.; 30% opeg 1936 c. Pn fekeg-
mhvhre h dpsch dzpf`bmh opedoph}rh} thcsphp`r h q cnk}l p`gundem a|dfer (q. 40), ck`bmn
g` mnbn qrpnhrekqrbn, jnirn qzyn rp}ab` d` qe bgele opedbhd. Unb` op`bh rpsdmn hgwhqkemhe-
rn m` pemràhkmnqr r` m` dzpf`bmhre opedoph}rh}. J` apsrmh} ophund h ejqokn`r`vhnmmhre
p`gundh nr fekegmhvhre (aeg p`gundhre g` mnbh fekegmhvh) nr 1924 c. m`r`rzj bf. h %'0'14),
7,3. P`vhnm`kmh}r dnund h p`gund…, q. 82.
430 $ ! # !. ! 1 " ! !:

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8+. 69) 242+38 3& 7.134 (@-*+/78(.+ 3& .04342.=+70.8+ 9714(.B (@6;9
541.8.=+70.B . 74<.&13.B ,.(48 + )41B2&8& *+56+7.B 56+- 1929–1933 ). !B
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6&'483.<.8+, (@56+0. 6&'483.=+70484 -&0434*&8+178(4, '.1. .)346.6&3..
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3. . 3&56&(1B(&?. :930<... &-(.8.+84 ( 84(& 4834>+3.+ + 48 7845&370.
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I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 433

100 S^TX]X Qj[SPàZP X]Tcab`Xn, 1834–1937. D., 1937.

60 S^TX]X Qj[SPàZX _îX, bU[US`PdX X bU[Ud^]X, 1879–1939. D., 1939.
60 S^TX]X Qj[SPàZ^ _`PRâjTXU, 1878–1941. NQX[UU] aQ^`]XZ. D., 1941.
'6&>+(, +8@6. CUd^`\XbU X cab`^YabR^b^ ]P ajTX[XiPbP. – N`XTXgUaZX
_ÙS[UT, 24, 1923, 2 4–5, 150–160.
(6&24(, 1&*.2.6. 8^Z[PT T^ \X]Xabj`P ]P _`PRâjTXUb^. D., 1923.
(6&24(, 1&*.2.6. ;PbR^`]^b^ TU[^ R 5j[SP`Xn. – 6jR: 60 S^TX]X Qj[SP`-
aZ^ _`PRâjTXU, 1878–1941. NQX[UU] aQ^`]XZ. D., 1939, 495–550.
(6&24(, 1&*.2.6. B^ WPbR^`]^b^ TU[^ R 5j[SP`Xn. 8RP T^Z[PTP T^ \X]X-
abj`P ]P _`PRâjTXUb^. D., 1924.
(6&24(, 92+3. @UâjiUabRU]Xnb Z^]aU`RPbXRU] \P]XdUZb R 5j[SP`Xn. –
6jR: 4=+(, 84C3. =P_XbP[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn. Djab. Cc\U] 4R`P\^R, 13–90.
(6&24(, 92+3. Db^_P]aZXnb XX RUZ ]P 5j[SP`Xn. D., IU]bj` WP [XQU`P[-
]X ab`PbUSXX, 2001.
4TR^ZPbXbU, \XaXb[jZjb X _`^dUaX^]P[]PbP UbXZP. – N`XTXgUaZX _ÙS[UT,
17, 1909, 2 8, 542–544.
1+07.+(, . =`XWP R _P`[P\U]bP X _P`[P\U]bP`XW\P. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX
_ÙS[UT, 17, 1924, 2 6, 461–476.
4[\P]Pe ]P D^dXYaZXn c]XRUàXbUb „DR. =[X\U]b Ae`XTaZX“, 1888–1939.
D., 1940.
3)+14(, . 6aU^Qi^ S[Pa^_^TPRP]U X _`^_^`fX^]P[]^ _ÙTabPRXbU[abR^. –
N`XTXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 18, 1910, 2 10, 660–673.
3*6++(, .;&.1. 5j[SPàZ^b^ ^QXgPY]^ _`PR^. D., @PcZP X XWZcabR^, 1979.
3*6++(, .;&.1. <ab^`Xn ]P Qj[SPàZPbP Qc`V^PW]P Tj`VPRP X _`PR^ (^b
âR^Q^VTU]XUb^ ^b â\P]aZ^ XS^ 1878 S. T^ 6U[XZPbP ^Zb^\R`XYaZP a^fXP[Xa-
bXgUaZP ÙR^[mfXn). D., @PcZP X XWZcabR^, 1980.
4]ZUbP WP ]Paj`gPRP]PbP ^b Tj`VPRPbP X]Tcab`Xn _ÙW 1909 S. AQi _ÙS[UT.
D., 1912.
4`\XnbP X _P`bXXbU. – @P`^T]P ^bQ`P]P, 2 1703, 15 m]X 1934.
4`\XnbP X c_`PR[U]XUb^. – @P`^T]P ^bQ`P]P, 2 1712, 17 PRS. 1934.
63&9*4(, .;&.1. <ab^`Xn ]P D^dXYaZXn c]XRUàXbUb „DR. =[X\U]b Ae-
`XTaZX“ _ÙW _j`R^b^ \c _^[cab^[UbXU, 1888–1938. D., 1939.
8&3&74(, 8. 5j[SPàZPbP X]Tcab`Xn. – 6jR: 100 S^TX]X Qj[SPàZP X]T-
cab`Xn, 1834–1937. D., 1937, 9–14.
&0@6*,.+(, . 6jRUVTP]Ub^ ]P _[^Tâ\U]P ZPb^ _ÙT_âbPRZP WP _^T^QÙ-
]XU ]P e`P]U]Ub^ c ]Pa. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^,
42, 1943, 2 9–10, 602–618.
434 5M>74CD=AEA A5L9DE6A. EA? 1
&1&2+-4(, 8+:&3. ?X]XabUàZPbP ^bS^R^`]âb R 5j[SP`Xn. FR^T. 4]ZUbX

X ^QRX]U]Xn. B`^fUaX. 6XT^RU X a[cgPX ]P Q[P\. – 7^TXh]XZ ]P 8j`VPR]^b^
RXahU cgX[XiU WP dX]P]a^RX X PT\X]Xab`PbXR]X ]PcZX, 1, 1941, 1–106.
&1&2+-4(, 8+:&3. ?X]Xab`XbU – bne]PbP `^[n X bne]PbP R[Pab R _P`[P-
\U]bP`]PbP \^]PèXn. D., 1914.
&1&2+-4(, 8+:&3. @PhPbP _P`[P\U]bP`]P _`PZbXZP. D., 1932.
&1&2+-4(, 8+:&3. Aa]^R]X aXabU\X ]P \Uab]^ aP\^c_`PR[U]XU. – AQ-
iX]aZP PRb^]^\Xn, 8, 1934, 2 5, 273–290.
&1&2+-4(, 8+:&3. AgU`Z ]P \Uab]^b^ aP\^c_`PR[U]XU. – 8U\^Z`PbXgU-
aZX _ÙS[UT, 3, 1905, 2 17–18, 388–397.
&10&370., .1+304. 6Û]]P UbXZP (R^YaZPbP X ]UY]Xnb ]`PRabRU] U[U\U]b).
D., 1908.
5UT]âbbP ]P gX]^R]XfXbU ]X. – C^T^[mQUf, 1, 2 22, 23, 3 ^Zb. 1889, 170–171.
+64(, B'+3. <Z^]^\XgUaZ^b^ `PWRXbXU ]P 5j[SP`Xn _ÙW RUZ^RUbU. D.,
B`^dXWTPb, 1974.
+64(, B'+3. B`^bUZfX^]XW\jb ]P 5P[ZP]XbU _ÙTX 6b^`PbP aRUb^R]P R^Y-
]P. – 6jR: 5U`^R, >mQU] (ÙT.). B`^bUZfX^]XWj\ X Z^]ZcÙ]fXn ]P 5P[ZP]XbU
_ÙW HH RUZ. D., 1989, 27–114.
1&)4+(, .2.8@6. <Z^]^\XgUaZ^b^ `PWRXbXU ]P 5j[SP`Xn. <]Tcab`Xn X[X
WU\UTU[XU? 6P`]P, 1903.
1&)4+(, .2.8@6. B`X]â Zj\ Xab^`XnbP ]P a^fXP[XW\P c ]Pa. – 6jR: .-
2.8@6 1&)4+(. <WQ`P]X Xab^`XgUaZX _`^XWRUTU]Xn. E. 1. Djab. ?P`Xn 6U[URP.
D., @PcZP X XWZcabR^, 1985 (_j`R^ XWTP]XU ^b 1906 S.), 181–556.
1&)4+(, .2.8@6. B`^bXR ÙRXWX^]XW\P (aQ.). D., BP`bXWTPb, 1973.
1@704(, 1.C. <W RjW_^\X]P]XnbP \X WP _j`RXbU ]PhX a[cVQPhX R _j`RXbU
T]X a[UT AaR^Q^VTU]XUb^. – 5j[SPàZP aQX`ZP, 6, 1899, 2 4, 160–169.
4'=+(, 8+:&3. 5j[SPàZPbP gU[nT]P WPT`cSP. D., 1907. (Ab_UgPbjZ ^b
DQ^`]XZ WP ]P`^T]X c\^bR^Ù]Xn, ]PcZP X Z]XV]X]P, Z]. 22–23, 1906–1907.)
4'=+(, 8+:&3. 6jWZ`jaRP]U ]P PTR^ZPbaZPbP _`^dUaXn. – N`XTXgUaZX
_ÙS[UT, 25, 1924, 2 2, 57–60.
4'=+(, 8+:&3. <Wb^g]P Cc\U[Xn. <ab^`XgUaZX _^S[UT, cab`^YabR^, WPZ^-
]^TPbU[abR^ X _`PRâjTXU. – 7^TXh]XZ ]P D^dXYaZXn c]XRUàXbUb. N`XTXgUa-
ZX dPZc[bUb, b. 19 (1923–1924), 1924, 1–124.
4'=+(, 8+:&3. B^[^VU]XUb^ ]P VU]PbP a_^ÙT abP`^b^ Qj[SPàZ^ X `c-
\j]aZ^ _`PR^. – N`XTXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 32, 1931, 2 4–5, 180–190.
4'=+(, 8+:&3. Bj`RXbU abj_ZX ]P 6jè^R]Xn PT\X]Xab`PbXRU] ajT. –
N`XTXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 22, 1915, 2 3, 129–132.
4'=+(, 8+:&3. DQX`ZP ^b _`PR]X ^QXgPX c Qj[SP`XbU. – @PcZP, 3, 1883–
1884, 2 2, 175–184; 2 3–4, 353–363; 2 5–6, 488–502.
4+(, 43=4. 8^Z[PT WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P _ÙZXbU TP]jfX. D., 1887.
4+(, 43=4. 6jbÙhU] _ÙS[UT. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^
T`cVUabR^, 4, 1900, 2 2–3, 178–188.
I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 435

T`cVUabR^, 4, 1900, 2 4, 255–266.
T`cVUabR^, 4, 1900, 2 8–9, 625–641.
T`cVUabR^, 4, 1900, 2 10, 699–719.
T`cVUabR^, 5, 1901, 2 1, 45–56.
T`cVUabR^, 6, 1902, 2 1, 46–61.
4+(, 43=4. 6Ù\Ub^ WP _`XS^bRn]U ]P QmTVUbP. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SP`-
aZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 6, 1902, 305–323.
T`cVUabR^, 7, 1903, 2 3, 185–194.
T`cVUabR^, 7, 1903, 2 4, 280–293.
T`cVUabR^, 7, 1903, 2 10, 708–717.
4+(, 43=4. 9TX] ]^R Tj`VPRU] WPU\. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\X-
gUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 5, 1901, 2 9–10, 529–574.
4+(, 43=4. @PhPbP P`\Xn X ]UY]^b^ \nab^ R Tj`VPR]^b^ ab^_P]abR^. –
D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 6, 1902, 2 8, 503–518.
4,.34(, 7+3. @^RPbP Tj`VPRP X QUW_P`bXY]Xnb _P`[P\U]b. D., 1935.
48+(, &(&, 47.: 4(&=+(. ;U\UTU[XUb^ R 5j[SP`Xn. D., 1930.
4=+(, 8+:&3. 5U[U]U. DZPWP]XU WP Z^]f[PSU`]P 5j[SP`Xn. D., G^]TPfXn
„5j[SPàZP ]PcZP X Zc[bc`P“, 1999.
4=+(, 84C3. 4ZfX^]U`]^b^ TU[^ R 5j[SP`Xn. – 6jR: 84C3 4=+(. =P_X-
bP[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn, 257–422 (1. XWT. D., 1925).
4=+(, 84C3. 5j[SP`Xn X gcVTXbU ZP_XbP[X. – 6jR: 84C3 4=+(. =P_XbP-
[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn, 243–254 (^b D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`c-
VUabR^, 26, 1927–1928, 2 9, 505–515).
4=+(, 84C3. 5j[SPàZP _`^\Xh[U]P QP]ZP. – 6jR: 84C3 4=+(. =P_XbP-
[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn, 203–209 (^b D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVU-
abR^, 25, 1926, 2 4, 183–189).
4=+(, 84C3. 5j[SPàZPbP ]P`^T]P QP]ZP ZPb^ U\XaX^]U], ZP\QXP[U] X ZÙ-
TXbU] X]abXbcb. – 6jR: 84C3 4=+(. =P_XbP[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn, 139–202 (^b D_X-
aP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 22, 1923–1924, 2 8–9, 431– 458).
4=+(, 84C3. <_^bUg]Xnb ZÙTXb. – 6jR: Db^n] 5^gUR. =P_XbP[XW\jb R
5j[SP`Xn, 210–217 (^b D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 26,
1927–1928, 2 7, 390–393).
4=+(, 84C3. =P_XbP[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn. Djab. Cc\U] 4R`P\^R. D., G^]TP-
fXn „5j[SPàZP ]PcZP X Zc[bc`P“, 1998.
4=+(, 84C3. =P_XbP[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn. – 6jR: 84C3 4=+(. =P_XbP-

[XW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn, 98–105 (^b D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVU-
abR^, 30, 1931, 2 2, 93–105).
4=+(, 84C3. @^RX ]Pa^ZX ]P ZÙTXb]PbP aXabU\P R 5j[SP`Xn. – 6jR:
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+>4(, (&3 (78. BâbP]^R[U]XU ]P Bj`RXn Qj[SPàZX WU\[UTU[gUaZ^-
_`^\Xh[U] ajQ^`. – 6jR: (&3 (78. +>4(. D_^\U]X X abcTXX. D., 1928.
+>4(, (&3 (78. BÙabj_]^b^ QUWc\XU X P]ZUbPbP _^ ]US^. D., 1914.
+>4(, (&3 (78. JX]^R]XhZXY _`^[UbP`XPb. – 6jR: (. (78. +>4(. 8c-
\X X TU[P. GX]P]a^RX X XZ^]^\XgUaZX abcTXX. D., <R. 7^RUTP`^R, 1899, 48–65.
(Ab_UgPbjZ ^b BU`X^TXgUaZ^ a_XaP]XU, b. 20, 1886.)
.*.04(, 8+:&3. 5^`QP ]P TRP d`^]bP. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 4, 1906,
2 6–7, 696–710.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. 6jbÙhU] _ÙS[UT. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 3, 1905, 2
7, 162–165.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. 8U\^Z`PfXn X XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ `PWRXbXU. – 8U\^Z`PbXgU-
aZX _ÙS[UT, 2, 1903–1904, 2 4, 76–79.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. <Wb^g]Xnb Rj_`â X Qj[SPàZXbU ]PfX^]P[]X XTUP[X. –
8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 9, 1911, 2 10, 1232–1263.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. =^^_U`PbXW\jb. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 2, 1903–
1904, 2 11, 246–251; 2 12, 267–270; 2 13–14, 317–321.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. =^^_U`PbXWj\, TU\^Z`PbXWj\, a^fXP[XWj\. – 8U\^Z`PbX-
gUaZX _ÙS[UT, 4, 1906, 2 9, 961–963.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. BP`bXX X aja[^RXn. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 15, 1922,
2 1, 1–6.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. B^[XbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 2,
1903–1904, 2 2, 36–39.
.*.04(, 8+:&3. CPTXZP[]^TU\^Z`PbXgUaZP _P`bXn. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX
_ÙS[UT, 3, 1905, 2 14–15, 309–313.
.3=+(, !&3.. @nZ^[Z^ Tc\X ^b Xab^`XnbP ]P ]PhUb^ S`PTX]PàbR^ (QPegX-
RP][jZ) X WP cÙTQPbP ]P S`PTX]PbP. – 6jR: !&3. .3=+(. B^ ]nZ^[Z^ Tc\X (WP
WP]PnbXbU, QX[ZPàbR^b^ X _^RU`XnbP ]P Qj[SPàZXn ]P`^T). D., ;U\XWTPb, 1988,
262–323.
.6).34(, 1+07&3*@6. 8j`VPR]^b^ cab`^YabR^ ]P 5j[SP`Xn. D., 1921.
7^TXhU] aP]XbPÙ] ^bgUb ]P 5c`SPaZXn ^Z`jS WP 1910 S. (T-` BPc]gUR). 5c`-
SPa, 1911.
4<+(, .2.8@6. <TUnbP WP PRb^]^\Xn ZPb^ bPZbXZP R _`^S`P\XbU ]P ]PfX^-
]P[]^âR^Q^TXbU[]^b^ TRXVU]XU R ?PZUT^]Xn X AT`X]aZ^, 1893–1941. D.,
54@, 1983.
6+04(, .;&.1. D_^\U]X. E. 2 (=PZ ]XU âR^Q^VTPRPe\U 5j[SP`Xn). D., AG,
1990.
6.22 (*-6). AQW^` ]P aP]XbP`]^b^ TU[^ R =]nVUabR^ 5j[SP`Xn. –
8j`VPRU] RUab]XZ, 2 140, 9 TUZ. 1882.
6.>.3&, .8&. 6^W]XZ]^RU]XU dPhXW\P R 5^[SP`XX, 1919–1925 S. D., 54@,
1976.
6@3=&64(, 84/=4. 5j[SP`Xn 1878–1918. <ab^`XgUaZP ajTQP X ]PfX^]P[]P

_P\Ub. – ?X]P[^, 1, 1994, 2 2, 77–86.
6@3=&64(, 84/=4. B^[XbXgUaZXbU aX[X X \^]PèXgUaZXnb X]abXbcb R 5j[-
SP`Xn, 1886–1894. D., @PcZP X XWZcabR^, 1984.
B12+-4(, 6.784. 6^YaZPbP X ]UY]PbP _aXe^[^SXn. D., 1906.
&3&.14(, +46).. 6jbÙhU] _ÙS[UT. (GX]P]a^RPbP _^[XbXZP X dX]P]a^RP-
bP aXabU\P ]P ]P`^T]^[XQU`P[]Xn ÙVX\). – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\X-
gUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 11, 1907, 2 8–9, 568–585.
&3&.14(, +46).. 6jbÙhU] _ÙS[UT. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\X-
gUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 7, 1903, 2 2, 124–130.
&3&.14(, +46).. 6jbÙhU] _ÙS[UT. (AbgUbjb ]P 5j[SPàZP ]P`^T]P QP]ZP
WP 1907). – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 12, 1908, 2 4,
237–252.
&3&.14(, +46).. <]Tcab`Xn X[X WU\UTU[XU. – >Ub^_XaX, 2, 1901, 2 5,
107–109.
&3&.14(, +46).. =PZRX b`nQRP TP QjTPb WPTPgXbU ]P ]PhPbP XZ^]^\XgUaZP
_^[XbXZP. – >Ub^_XaX, 2, 1901, 2 7, 149–152.
&3&.14(, +46).. @PhPbP dX]P]a^RP _^[XbXZP. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^
XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 1, 1896, 2 5, 313–338; 2 6, 377–406; 2 7, 465–491.
&3&.14(, +46).. D^fXP[]P X ab^_P]aZP ab`cZbc`P ]P 5j[SP`Xn. DX]bUbX-
gUaZP abcTXn. D., =]X_S`Pd, 1934.
&3&.14(, +46).. Db^_P]aZXbU WPTPgX ]P T]Uh]PbP Tj`VPRP. – 8U\^Z`PbX-
gUaZX _ÙS[UT, 17, 1924, 2 8, 687–709.
&3&.14(, +46).. JX]^R]XhZXnb Rj_`â R 5j[SP`Xn. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[-
SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 9, 1905, 2 7, 459–470.
&3+(, 84C3. @nZ^SP X aUSP. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^
T`cVUabR^, 20, 1921, 2 1–3, 1–5.
&70&14(, 43=4. 4]PèXW\jb R 5j[SP`Xn. D., F]XRUàXbUbaZ^ XWTPbU[abR^
„DR. =[X\U]b Ae`XTaZX“, 1995.
&70&14(, 43=4. B^[XbXgUaZX cQXYabRP R ]^RPbP Xab^`Xn ]P 5j[SP`Xn. D.,
8-` BUbj` 5U`^], 1999.
&70&14(, 43=4. IP` 5^`Xa III. B^W]PbXnb X ]U_^W]PbXnb. D., 4SPb^, 2001.
&70&14(, 92+3. 6jRUTU]XU R a^fX^[^SXnbP ]P ?PZa 6UQU`. D., F]XRU`-
aXbUbaZ^ XWTPbU[abR^ „DR. =[X\U]b Ae`XTaZX“, 1992.
&70&14(, 92+3. =PZ aU \Xa[X 5j[SPàZ^b^ RjW`PVTP]U. D., ><=, 2002.
&<4(, &(&. Ab D^dXn T^ B`P]SP. – BU`X^TXgUaZ^ a_XaP]XU, 1894, 2 45,
424–445; 1894, 2 46, 526–537.
8UY]âbbP ]P ajTX[XiPbP. – 6jR: 60 S^TX]X Qj[SPàZ^ _`PRâjTXU,
127–139.
+1+(, 6.784. 6^YaZPbP, _^[XfXnbP X bUe]XbU RWPX\^^b]^hU]Xn R _`PR^RP-
bP Tj`VPRP. D., 1936.
I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 443
+2.64(, . @cVTPbP ^b cRU[XgPRP]U ]P ajTXYaZXn _Uà^]P[. – N`XTXgUaZX

_ÙS[UT, 17, 1909, 2 9, 601–606.
+62&3=+(, +46).. =^]abXbcfX^]P[XW\jb X UT]P ab`P]P ]P ]PhXn Z^]abX-
bcfX^]U] VXR^b. – 5j[SPàZX _ÙS[UT, 4, 1897, 2 5–6, 49–92; 2 8, 47–82; 2 10,
52–94; 2 12, 79–132.
+62+3*,.+(, (&3. @P\UaP ]P Tj`VPRPbP R ab^_P]abR^b^ _ÙW _U`X^TP ]P
Bj`RPbP aRUb^R]P R^Y]P (1914–1917). – 7^TXh]XZ ]P D^dXYaZXn c]XRUàXbUb.
N`XTXgUaZX dPZc[bUb, b. 47 (1954–1955), g. 1, 1955, 337–403.
+62+3*,.+(, (&3. AgU`fX _^ `PWRXbXUb^ ]P Tj`VPR]Xn P_P`Pb R 5j[-
SP`Xn (1877–1944). D., 1965.
+62+3*,.+(, (&3. CPWRXbXU ]P Tj`VPR]Xn P_P`Pb R 5j[SP`Xn _^ RÙ\U ]P
c_`PR[U]XUb^ ]P 5;@D. – 7^TXh]XZ ]P D^dXYaZXn c]XRUàXbUb. N`XTXgUaZX
dPZc[bUb, b. 55, 1964, 2 2, 289–352.
+=+(, 8+:&3. Cca^dX[aZPbP X `ca^d^QaZPbP XTU^[^SXn R Qj[SPàZXn _U-
gPb (1886–1894). 8XaU`bPfXn.
+=4(, &7.1. =PZR^ U aUSPh]^b^ PT\X]Xab`PbXR]^ TU[U]XU X c_`PR[U]XU ]P
fPàbR^b^ X ZPZR^ b`nQRP TP QjTU? D[XRU], 1909.
,&2'&-4(, 3)+1. B`PRâjT]PbP aXabU\P ]P 5j[SP`Xn (1878–1944). D.,
@PcZP X XWZcabR^, 1990.
,.*64(, +8@6. 4]P[XW ]P _^[^VU]XUb^. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X a^fXP[-
]P _^[XbXZP, 11, 1936, 2 1, 1–13.
,.*64(, +8@6. 5UW_P`bXY]PbP R[Pab X Z^]abXbcfXnbP. – 4èXR WP ab^-
_P]aZP X a^fXP[]P _^[XbXZP, 9, 1934, 2 3, 183–192.
,.*64(, +8@6. 5UW_P`bXY]PbP R[Pab X _P`bXXbU. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X
a^fXP[]P _^[XbXZP, 4, 1928, 2 3, 203–224.
,.*64(, +8@6. 8U\^Z`PfXn X dPhXWj\. D., 1933.
,.*64(, +8@6. 8j`VPR]P R[Pab X c_`PR[U]XU. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X a^-
fXP[]P _^[XbXZP, 11, 1936, 2 5, 347–359.
,.*64(, +8@6. <TUP[XW\jb R _^[XbXZPbP. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X a^fX-
P[]P _^[XbXZP, 5, 1929, 2 4, 295–301.
,.*64(, +8@6. <We^T ^b T]Uh]^b^ _^[^VU]XU. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X
a^fXP[]P _^[XbXZP, 11, 1936, 2 3, 167–204.
,.*64(, +8@6. =^]abXbcfX^]]XbU _`X]fX_X X _`PR^RPbP Tj`VPRP. –
D_XaP]XU ]P N`XTXgUaZ^b^ T`cVUabR^ R D^dXn, 1, 1901–1902, 2 3, 113–124;
2 4, 162–176.
,.*64(, +8@6. @PY-Q[XWZPbP WPTPgP. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X a^fXP[]P
_^[XbXZP, 11, 1936, 2 4, 255–266.
,.*64(, +8@6. BP`bXX X _P`bXWP]abR^. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X a^fXP[-
]P _^[XbXZP, 2, 1926, 2 4, 339–347.
,.*64(, +8@6. B`PR^RPbP Tj`VPRP X c_`PRXbU[]PbP m`XaTXZfXn. – D_X-
aP]XU ]P N`XTXgUaZ^b^ T`cVUabR^ R D^dXn, 1, 1901–1902, 2 5, 203–218.
,.*64(, +8@6. BÙT S^[U\Xn _`^Q[U\. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X a^fXP[]P

_^[XbXZP, 11, 1936, 2 2, 83–92.
,.*64(, +8@6. B`^Q[U\X R ]PhXn _^[XbXgUaZX VXR^b. – 4èXR WP ab^-
_P]aZP X a^fXP[]P _^[XbXZP, 9, 1934, 2 2, 85–103.
,.*64(, +8@6. B`^\n]P ]P c_`PRXbU[]PbP aXabU\P. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]a-
ZP X a^fXP[]P _^[XbXZP, 2, 1926, 2 3, 219–236.
,.*64(, +8@6. F_`PR[U]XU X ]P`^T. – 4èXR WP ab^_P]aZP X a^fXP[]P
_^[XbXZP, 12, 1937, 2 3, 137–147.
.2.86.+(, &*04. A`SP]XWPfXnbP ]P P`\XnbP ]X R aR`jWZP a _^[XbXgUaZ^-
b^ X dX]P]a^R^-XZ^]^\XgUaZ^b^ _^[^VU]XU. – 6Û]U] Vc`]P[, 12, 1900, 2 4,
395– 408.
.2.86.+(, &*04. B^ WP_[PbXbU X \PbU`XP[]^b^ _^[^VU]XU ]P ]PhXbU
^dXfU`X. – 6Û]U] Vc`]P[, 12, 1900, 2 11, 1363–1390.
.2.864(, 1+07&3*@6. 8XafX_[X]P X \^`P[ R P`\XnbP ]X. D., 1915.
.2.864(, 1=4. 5j[SP`Xn R UR`^_UYaZPbP _^[XbXZP a[UT Bj`RPbP aRUb^R-
]P R^Y]P. – 6jR: 1=4 .2.864(. 5j[SP`Xn ]P 5P[ZP]XbU X R 9R`^_P. D.,
@P`^T]P _`âRUbP, 1983, 5–20.
.2.864(, 1=4. 5j[SPàZPbP TU\^Z`PbXg]P ^QiUabRU]âb, dPhXW\jb X
R^Y]PbP. D., AbUgUabRU] d`^]b, 1976.
.2.864(, 1=4. =]nWjb, Z^]abXbcfXnbP X ]P`^Tjb. D., AG, 1972.
.2.864(, 1=4. @P`^T]^b^ ^_j[gU]XU ^b 1880–1882 S. – 6Û]]^Xab^`X-
gUaZX aQ^`]XZ, 34, 1965, 2 5, 40–44.
.2.864(, 1=4. @nZ^X aRÛ^Q`PWXn R `PWRXbXUb^ ]P dPhXW\P R 5j[SP`Xn.
– <ab^`XgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 24, 1968, 2 1, 95–97.
.2.864(, 1=4. Bâ[UT]^b^ _`PRXbU[abR^ ]P Qc`V^PW]P 5j[SP`Xn. – <a-
b^`XgUaZX _ÙS[UT 20, 1964, 2 5, 3–33.
.2.864(, 6@78B. 5j[SPàZPbP X]bU[XSU]fXn _`X ZP_XbP[XW\P. D., @PcZP
X XWZcabR^, 1974.
.2.864(, 8. 8UanbjZP R 5j[SP`Xn. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\X-
gUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 4, 1900, 2 6, 367–402.
.24(, +04. :Xb]PbP bj`S^RXn RjR 6P`]P. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^
XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 10, 1906, 2 4, 278–286.
.2=+(, . 8P _PWX\ Rn`PbP ]P ]P`^TP R _`PRâjTXUb^. – N`XTXgUaZX _Ù-
S[UT, 23, 1922, 2 8, 354–359.
.2=+(, 4*46. FgX[XiUb^ X ZPWP`\PbP. D., 1910.
.=+(, +804. ;P Qj[SPàZ^b^ aU[aZ^ ab^_P]abR^ X WP Z^^_U`PfXnbP R 40 S^-
TX]X. – 6jR: DQ^`]XZ ^b b`cT^RU 1890–1930. T. 1. D., 1933.
.=+(, +804. <W Qj[SPàZ^b^ WU\[UTU[XU. D., 1897.
4'6.34(, +=4. E^T^` 4[UZaP]T`^R X \PZUT^]aZ^b^ ÙR^[mfX^]]^ TRXVU-
]XU. – 6UZ^RU, 9, 1980, 2 1, 82–90.
8^Z[PT Rjèc XZ^]^\XgUaZ^b^ ajab^n]XU ]P `PY^]P ]P 6P`]U]aZPbP bj`S^R-
aZ^-X]Tcab`XP[]P ZP\P`P _ÙW 1896 S. 6P`]P, 1897.
I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 445
8^Z[PT Rjèc _^[^VU]XUb^ ]P ]nZ^X ^b`Pa[X ]P bj`S^RXnbP, X]Tcab`XnbP X

_`^XWR^TabR^b^ R `PY^]P ]P 6P`]U]aZPbP bj`S^RaZ^-X]Tcab`XP[]P ZP\P`P _ÙW
1903 S. 6P`]P, 1905.
8^Z[PT T^ XIV ^QXZ]^RU]^ ]P`^T]^ ajQ`P]XU ^b BP`[P\U]bP`]PbP a[UTab-
RU]P Z^\XaXn _^ XWTX`RP]U X cabP]^RnRP]U dPZbXbU ]P ^QRX]U]XUb^ aÙic QXR-
hXbU \X]Xab`X ^b ZPQX]UbP C. BUb`^R–8. BUbZ^R –T-` B. 7cTUR. D., 8j`VPR]P
_UgPb]XfP, 1911.
8^Z[PT T^ S-] \X]Xabj`P ]P bj`S^RXnbP X WU\UTU[XUb^ WP XZ^]^\XgUaZ^b^
ajab^n]XU ]P `PY^]P ]P D^dXYaZPbP bj`S^RaZ^-X]Tcab`XP[]P ZP\P`P _ÙW 1896
X 1897 S. D., 1898.
8^Z[PT T^ S-]P \X]Xabj`P ]P RjbÙh]XbU TU[P (^b TXÙZb^`P ]P 7`PVTP]-
aZPbP aP]XbP`]P TXÙZfXn T-` :UgUR). – 8j`VPRU] RUab]XZ, 2 166, 1891.
8^Z[PT WP ^Qi^b^ ajab^n]XU ]P 5c`SPaZX ^Z`jS _ÙW 1889–1890 S. 5c`SPa,
1890.
1891.
1892.
8^Z[PT WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P B[URU]aZ^b^ ^Z`jVXU _ÙW 1894–1895. B[URU],
1895.
8^Z[PT WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P DUR[XURaZ^b^ ^Z`jVXU. DUR[XUR^, 1895.
8^Z[PT WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P Kc\U]aZX ^Z`jS _ÙW 1889–1890 S. Kc\U], 1890.
8^Z[PT ]P RXTX]aZXn ^Z`jVU] c_`PRXbU[ WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P ^Z`jSP _ÙW
1888 S. 6XTX], 1888.
8^Z[PT ]P XW_XbPbU[]PbP Z^\XaXn _^ c_`PR[U]XUb^ ]P ab`P]PbP ^b 5 \PY
1903 S. T^ 16 n]cP`X 1906 S. ^b]âXbU[]^ TU[PbP ]P ]nZ^X ^b QXRhXbU _ÙW b^RP
RÙ\U \X]Xab`X. D., 8j`VPR]P _UgPb]XfP, 1910.
8^Z[PT ]P BP`[P\U]bP`]PbP P]ZUb]P Z^\XaXn ^b]âXbU[]^ _`^RU`nRP]U TU-
[PbP ]P XW]UaU]XbU _ÙW XII ^QXZ]^RU]^ ]P`^T]^ ajQ`P]XU, Rb^`P XWRj]ÙT]P
aUaXn, a[cgPX ]P ]UÙT]âbX X W[^c_^bÙQ[U]Xn, XWRj`hU]X ^b `PW]X gX]^R]X-
fX X a[cVUiX, RÛ]]X X S`PVTP]aZX. D., 1917.
8^Z[PT ]P BP`[P\U]bP`]PbP XW_XbPbU[]P Z^\XaXn (WP P]ZUbX`P]U ZPQX]UbX-
bU ]P <R. 9Rab. 7Uh^R X T-` Db. 8P]UR _^ fn[^b^ X\ c_`PR[U]XU, RZ[mgXbU[]^
_^TS^b^RZPbP X R^TU]U ]P R^Y]PbP. E. 3 (Ej`S^RUbU X TâbPRZXbU). D., 1919.
8^Z[PT ]P BP`[P\U]bP`]PbP Z^\XaXn T^ XI ^QXZ]^RU]^ ]P`^T]^ ajQ`P]XU WP
TPRP]U _^T ajT \X]Xab`XbU ^b ZPQX]UbP ]P E. <RP]g^RP. D., 8j`VPR]P
_UgPb]XfP, 1901.
8^Z[PT ]P a[XRU]aZXn ^Z`jVU] c_`PRXbU[ WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P ^Z`jSP X e^TP
]P `PW]XbU R ]US^ ^QiX a[cVQX. D[XRU], 1889.
8^Z[PT ^b Qm`^b^ ]P B[^RTXRaZPbP bj`S^RaZ^-X]Tcab`XP[]P ZP\P`P WP XZ^-
]^\XgUaZ^b^ ajab^n]XU ]P `PY^]P ]P B[^RTXRaZPbP bj`S^RaZ^-X]Tcab`XP[]P ZP-
\P`P _ÙW 1895 X 1896 S^TX]X. B[^RTXR, 1897.
8^Z[PT ^b X]Tcab`XP[]PbP Z^\XaXn. D., 1890.

8^Z[PT ^b abP`^WPS^àZXn ^Z`jVU] c_`PRXbU[ WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P DbP`^-
WPS^àZ^b^ ^Z`jVXU ^b 1 PRScab 1889 T^ 1 PRScab 1890 S. B[^RTXR, 1890.
8^Z[PT, _ÙTabPRU] ]P B[^RTXRaZXn ^Z`jVU] ajRUb WP ^Qi^b^ ajab^n]XU ]P
^Z`jSP. B[^RTXR, 1888.
8^Z[PT, _ÙTabPRU] ]P EPbP`_PWP`TVXhZXn ^Z`jVU] ajRUb WP ^Qi^b^ ajab^-
n]XU ]P ^Z`jVXUb^. B[^RTXR, 1890.
8^Z[PT, _ÙTabPRU] ]P HPaZ^RaZXn S[PRU] ajRUb R aUaXnbP \c _ÙW aU_bU\R-
`X 1884 S., WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P ^Z`jSP X `PW]XbU R ]US^ ^QiX a[cVQX. B[^RTXR,
1884.
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)464(, &(+1. A_Xb WP cabP]^RnRP]U _PWP`]âb bP ]P Qj[SPàZ^b^ WU\UTU[-
aZ^ ab^_P]abR^. – E`cT^RU ]P DbPbXabXgUaZXn X]abXbcb WP ab^_P]aZ^ _`^cgRP]U
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I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 447
0.24(, (&3. 6P[cb]PbP ]X _^[XbXZP. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^-

\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 33, 1934, 2 5, 275–290.
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+04(, .041&. 6^Y]PbP ZPb^ ^QiUabRU]^ nR[U]XU X ]UXWQUV]^ W[^. D.,
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3, 1890–1891, 2 1, 6–17.
)96+(, +46).. DUSPh]^b^ cab`^YabR^ ]P ]PhXbU ^Z`jV]X WPbR^`X. – N`X-
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+3.8 (_aURT^]X\ ]P 8X\Xbj` BUb`^R). 6Û]]^b^ \^SjiUabR^ ]P 5j[SP`Xn
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2 7, 295–311; 2 8, 343–359; 2 9, 391–423; 2 10, 439–462; 4, 1904–1905, 2 1,
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(&34(, 46&3. =^`_^`PbXR]PbP XTUn R ajRÙ\U]]^b^ _`PR^. – 7^TXh]XZ ]P
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<W[^VU]XU WP ajab^n]XUb^ ]P Ej`]^RaZ^b^ ^Z`jVXU 1894–1895 S.

<W[^VU]XU ]P aUR[XURaZXn ^Z`jVU] c_`PRXbU[ WP 1888 S.
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RXbXUb^ ]P 5j[SP`Xn T^ R^Y]XbU. – 6jR: B`^Q[U\X ]P ]^RPbP X ]PY-]^RPbP _^-
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&6&34(, . 5U[UVZX Rjèc `PWRXbXUb^ ]P ]PhPbP P`\Xn. – @^R^ ^QiUabR^,
1, 1906, 2 5, 456–460.
&6&34(, . 6Û]]^-\^]PèXgUaZ^b^ RaUaX[XU. – @^R^ ^QiUabR^, 1, 1906,
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&6&34(, . 6jWe^VTP]Ub^ ]P RÛ]]^-\^]PèXgUaZXn ÙVX\. – @^R^ ^QiU-
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&<&604(&, +6&. AS`PQRP]Ub^ ]P 5j[SP`Xn ^b SU`\P]aZXn X\_U`XP[XWj\
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&C14(, . 5m`^Z`PfXnbP c ]Pa (CUWc[bPbX ^b _ÙQ`^nRP]Ub^ ]P Tj`VPR]X-
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.6&34(, 64045.. 5j[SPàZ^b^ WU\UTU[aZ^ TRXVU]XU. <TUX, `PWRXbXU X
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.64(, 8+:&3. DbPbXabXgUaZX TP]]X _^ _Ùa[UTRP]U ^QiX]aZX Z\Ub^RU X
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41&64(, .6.1. =j\ `PR]â\UbZPbP ]P RÛ]]^-\^]PèXgUaZXn ÙVX\. –
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4378&38.34(, 1+04. 5PY 7P]l^ _`PRX XWQ^`X. – 6jR: 4[UZ^ =^]abP]bX-
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4378&38.34(, . 6jbÙhU] _ÙS[UT (BÙZXbU TP]jfX). – D_XaP]XU ]P
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4378&38.34(, . 7^[U\X]PbP ]P ]Pa[UTabRPbP X ^Q[PSP]Ub^ X\ c ]Pa. –
I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 451
4378&38.34(, . 7^[U\X]PbP ]P ]PhXbU ]Pa[UTabRP X ^Q[PSP]Ub^ X\ a

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84.14(, +8@6. LPQjb ]P Qj[SPàZPbP P`\Xn X SU]U`P[iPQ]PbP X]abXbc-
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84/04(, . :U]PbP a_^ÙT ]PhUb^ S`PVTP]aZ^ _`PR^. – N`XTXgUaZX _Ù-
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84/34(, . ?X[XbP`XW\jb – RU[XZ^ a^fXP[]^ W[^. – ?Xaj[, 12, 1902, 2 8,
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84C34(, +7+1.3, +7+1.3 +5&(.=&64(. B^[XbXgUaZPbP P[bU`]PbXRP. N]X
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84C34(, &;&6.. ;U\[UTU[gUaZXnb ]X ZÙTXb X WU\[UTU[gUaZXbU ZPaX. –
D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 3 , 1899, 2 7, 295–303; 2
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84C34(, B*2.1. H^[U`P. – 6jR: B*2.1 84C34(. <WQ`P]X bR^`QX. E. 4.
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]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 16, 1912, 2 1, 20–36.
84C34(, +8@6. 5mTVUbjb ]P Tj`VPRPbP. – Db^_P]aZP \Xaj[, 4, 1933–
1934, 2 3, 3–22.
84C34(, +8@6. AQiX]aZXbU dX]P]aX. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^]^-
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84C34(, +8@6. AQiX]aZ^b^ aP\^c_`PR[U]XU c ]Pa. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX
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86&370., (&3. Embm]^_`^XWR^TabR^b^ X ]^RXnb WPZ^]^_`ÛZb WP bmbm-
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86&>.2.64(, 3843. 8XZbPb^`jb. :XR^bjb ]P DbUdP] DbP\Q^[^R. D.,
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@+(, . 7^TXhU] ^bgUb WP QXbP X aP]XbP`]^-eXSXU]Xg]^b^ ajab^n]XU ]P S`.
D[XRU] _ÙW 1902 S. – >Ub^_XaX ]P >UZPàZXn ajmW, 1, 1903, 402–421.
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&'&04(, . ;P X]abXbcbP ]P _`^hU]^_XafXbU. – N`XTXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 17,
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+4*464(, . @PhUb^ PT\X]Xab`PbXR]^ WPZ^]^TPbU[abR^. – N`XTXgUaZX _Ù-
S[UT, 22, 1915, 2 7–8, 377–383.
4*464(, 46&3. 6Ù\U]]^b^ `caZ^ c_`PR[U]XU R 5j[SP`Xn _ÙW 1877–1879.
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4*464(, .24. @Paj`gPRP]PbP X]Tcab`Xn X X]Tcab`XP[]PbP _^[XbXZP R
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4*464(, +8@6. 5mTVUb]X ^gU`ZX. 6Û]]Xnb ]X QmTVUb. – 8U\^Z`PbXgU-
aZX _ÙS[UT, 4, 1906, 2 8, 797–823.
4*464(, +8@6. 5mTVUb]X ^gU`ZX. ?UTXfX]aZXnb ]X QmTVUb. – 8U\^Z`P-
bXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 6, 1908, 2 8, 856–874; 2 10, 1055–1074.
4*464(, +8@6. 5mTVUbjb WP 1912 S. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 10, 1912,
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4*464(, +8@6. 6jèc Tj`VPR]XbU ]X dX]P]aX. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SP`-
aZ^b^ XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 20, 1921, 2 4–5, 1–22.
4*464(, +8@6. >UbniXbU Tj[S^RU ]P Tj`VPRPbP. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SP`-
4*464(, +8@6. @PhXnb RÛ]U] QmTVUb. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^ XZ^-
]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 17, 1914, 2 6–7, 313–329.
I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 463
4*464(, +8@6. AQiX _^[^VU]Xn WP ^Z^[XYaZXbU X ^QiX]aZXbU ajRUbX.

(5mTVUb]X ^gU`fX. JPab V.). – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 9, 1911, 2 8, 987–992.
4*464(, +8@6. B^WU\[U]Xnb TP]jZ. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 10, 1911,
2 5, 573–583.
4*464(&, !(+8&3&. 8X_[^\PbXgUaZP Xab^`Xn ]P Rj]h]XbU WPU\X ]P 5j[SP-
`Xn, 1888–1912. D., @PcZP X XWZcabR^, 1971.
42&>+(70., +,.. ;PS^R^`XbU R _^[XbXgUaZXn VXR^b ]P 5j[SP`Xn _ÙW
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48+(, 3&78&7. 8U\^S`PdaZ^-Xab^`XgUaZX ^gU`Z ]P 5j[SP`Xn. – 7^TXh]XZ
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961&04(, &604. <ab^`Xn, _`X]fX_X X bPZbXZP ]P 5j[SPàZXn WU\UTU[aZX
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&*+3;+;8, 47.:. 6jbÙhU] _^[XbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _Ù-
S[UT, 7, 1909, 2 1, 81–87.
&*+3;+;8, 47.:. ?mdbXYaZXbU ajTX[XiP c ]Pa. – B`PR]P \Xaj[, 3,
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&*+3;+;8, 47.:. @P[UVPiX Ùd^`\X R ]PhUb^ ^QiX]aZ^ aP\^c_`PR[U-
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&*,.+(, . D_^`^RUbU ^Z^[^ cbRj`VTPRP]Ub^ Z\UbP _^ T[jV]âb. – N`X-
TXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 32, 1931, 2 7–8, 301–305.
&*,./70., (&3. 5Xb X TchUR]âb ]P Ua]PdP X TÙQ]Xn ]X a^QabRU]XZ

a[UT AaR^Q^VTU]XUb^ (]UWPRj`hU] RP`XP]b). – 6jR: (&3 &*,./70.. @UXW-
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&6&1&2'+(, (&3. CPWR^Y ]P PZfX^]U`]^b^ TU[^ R 5j[SP`Xn (1929–1936). –
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.304(, . FÙTQPbP R ]PhXbU ajTX[XiP. – N`XTXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 10, 1902,
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.304(, 6.784. 5U[UVZX _^ WPZ^]P WP TP]jZP Rjèc aS`PTXbU. – D_XaP]XU
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2 1–2, 150–165.
.304(, 6.784. ;PZ^]^_`ÛZbjb WP TP]jZP Rjèc Tê^TXbU. – D_XaP]XU ]P
.304(, 6.784. ;P]PnbgXYabR^b^ X aÙTabRPbP WP _^T_^\PSP]Ub^ \c R 5j[-
SP`Xn. – 8U\^Z`PbXgUaZX _ÙS[UT, 8, 1910, 2 9, 997–1012; 2 10, 1125–1147.
.304(, 6.784. =`XWPbP R ]PhXbU bmbm]X. – D_XaP]XU ]P 5j[SPàZ^b^
XZ^]^\XgUaZ^ T`cVUabR^, 25, 1926–1927, 2 9–10, 423–451.
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.304(, 6.784. @^R^b^ WP]PnbgXYaZ^ WPZ^]^TPbU[abR^. – D_XaP]XU ]P
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I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 465
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%3914(, 1.C (_^T _aURT^]X\ 1.C 7064(). 6jWS[UTXbU ]P hX`^ZXbU a^fX-
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I<E<C4@4 ><E9C4EFC4 471
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tjygo rghjn pt spxjbmjstb (A>3CA5, (;C;>. O|n rbdopsngtlbtb ob dpgoop-npobrwjygslj

Mstprjtb ob ngstoptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg smgf Ssdpcphfgojgtp g jstp-

opst. Tp funjtg ob ibgnbmj dslbldj ngstoj bfnjojstrbtjdoj fm|hopstj

M pc{jobtb, bdtpopnobtb uh pc{job, ib dslb frgcob pc{joslb rbcptb

Sspcgop erucb obngsb d sbnpuqrbdmgojgtp ob pc{jojtg pt obybmoj

[gotrbmobtb dmbst d mjxgtp ob njojst|rb ob qpmjxjtb qrpddb qrgs-

74 Gh. 0378@H8HE, 'AD;G. Rbmghb{j rgvprnj… Ugvprnj ib udgmjybdbog ob sbnpstp-

oj qrjngrj ib bfnjojstrbtjdoj ogurgfjxj j ibtrufodbog ob ngstobtb jojxjbtjdb, qpygrqb-

ngstojtg bfnjojstrbtjdoj qpfgmgoj pt 9 sgqtgndrj 1944 e. fp fogs. – G|d: G|qrpsj ob ob-

xj j smuhb{j d Oohgstdp F|mebrj ob 1 nbrt 1896 e. Vpvj, vgdrubrj 1897 e. Mifbojg ob

wjqgrtrpvj ob yjopdojygstdptp.82 Tpfpcop qpmphgojg pcsojnp s|ifb-

82 &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp F|mebrj, s. 345; $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. \jopdojzljt

… djobej ibdjsjn, qpf strbw ob utrgzoj fgo, qrj obk-nbmlptp og-

Tbrtjiboslbtb yjopdojygslb qpmjtjlb ob qbrtjjtg ib obiobygoj j

Yblt g, yg d obrpfobtb nbsb, d pc{gstdptp, sg g lumtjdjrbmb jfgtb, yg

Rp ob rbooj gtbq fprj qrjoxjqoj qrjd|rhgojxj ob stbcjmjijrbogtp

lpostjtuxj, 147–150; ">3<=A5, /A7AC. Tbrtjibostdp. – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 17, 1924,

stgrstdb smgf ogep ib s|stbdog ob {btpdg ib yjopdojxjtg d rbiojtg dg-

smuhcj j fm|hopstj, ugfoblddbog ob ibqmbtjtg ob jfgotjyojtg smuhcj j

1, 1925, C 2, 251–253, xjvrjtg ob s. 252; +;=A>A5, #8AC6;. Vqglumbxjtb j sl|qptjtb. –

xjj. \uhfgoxj j erbhfboj s „qrptglxj“ qpmuybdbt c|rip j m~cgiop