Name: Okewola Victoria Adedamola

Matric: RIHT2110321

Question

Write extensively on local and general anesthesia.

Answer

LOCAL ANESTHESIA

Local anesthesia involves numbing an area of the body using a type of medicine called a local anesthetic.
They can be used to treat painful conditions, prevent pain during a surgical procedure or operation e.g
extraction

It is also a medication that causes absence of all sensation in a specific body part without loss of
consciousness.

It wear off after 4 to 6 hours after application. It also depend on the body system of the patient

COMPONENT OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA

1. Lipophilic aromatic ring

2. Intermediate ester or amide chain

3. Terminal amine

TYPE OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA

1. Local application: you can apply local anesthetic ointment to open soresor mouth ulcers

2. Local injection: Doctors inject a local anesthesia drug under skin or deeper

3. Nerve blocking: This is commonly used by the dental department. It is used to deactivate nerves from
performing their function for specific period of time.

Examples of local anesthesia

1. Benzocaine

2. Chloroprocaine

3. Cocaine

4. Procaine
5. Proparacaine

6. Tetracaine

7. Amylocaine

8. Oxybuprocaine

Commonly used Local anesthesia are lidocaine, bupivacainne, ropicacaine, mepivacaine and
levobupivacaine

Local anesthesia with epinephrine ( e.g bupivacainne, lidocaine, mepivacaine) maybe used during
pregnancy.

ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA

1. An anesthesiologist is not needed

2. Local anesthesia side effects are uncommon and usually mild

3. Dangers like aspiration pneumonia are rare

4. You can go home sooner

5. Cost are much lower

SIDE EFFECTS OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA

* Dizziness

* Headache

* Blurred vision

* Twitching muscle or shivering

* Continuing numbness, weakness or finding it hard to pee or leaking pee

GENERAL ANESTHESIA is a state of controlled unconsciousness. These are drugs that that are used to
send patient to sleep, so they will be unaware of surgery and does not move or feel pain while it is
carried out.

It can take hours or days for the complete elimination of the drug

STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA

1. Induction

2. Excitement or delirium

3. Surgical anesthesia

4. Overdose

PROS AND CONS

General anesthesia is easily and rapidly administered, reversible and can be used for surgeries that are
unpredictable in extent

EXAMPLES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA SOLUTION

1. Nitrous oxide

2. Halothane

3. Isoflurane

4. Desflurane

5. Seroflurane

SIDE EFFECTS OF GENERAL ANESTHETIA

1. Vomiting

2. Sore throat due to breathing tube

3. Headache

4. Nausea

5. Delay in the function of the normal memory function

COMPLICATIONS OF GENERAL ANESTHETIA

Though they are rare but there are still some complications

1. Postoperative delirium: in some cases confusion and memory loss, disorientated for hours or days

2. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: ongoing problems or other cognitive impairment