Power Factor and Dissipation

Factor Testing Methods (part 2)

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4. Basic Test Connections (Test Modes) for PF Testing

To help understand the PF test operation, it is convenient to consider

the relative connections of the AC source, the bridge circuit, and the
test specimen with respect to ground and the LV lead(s). FIG. 5a
through c shows basic test configurations that simplify testing on
complicated insulation systems inside HV apparatus.

4.1 Grounded-Specimen Test Mode

In grounded-specimen test (GST) mode, all current between the AC

source and ground (through CX) is measured by the bridge ( FIG.
5a). GST is used when one terminal of the insulation to be measured
is permanently connected to ground, such as a bushing flange,
transformer tank, or grounded apparatus frame. GST mode also
connects the LV lead(s) directly to ground. This enables the lead(s)
to be used to ground a specimen terminal that is not normally
grounded.

4.2 GST Mode with Guard (GST-G)

In Doble test sets this connection is referred to as guard-specimen

test mode.

In this mode, all current between the AC source and ground (through
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 CX) is measured by the bridge ( FIG. 5b). The LV lead(s) may be
connected to the test circuit guard. Any current present on the LV
lead(s) during the test are bypassed directly to the AC source return,
and are eliminated from the measurement. GST-G mode is used to
isolate an individual section of insulation and test it without
measuring other connected insulation.

4.3 Ungrounded-Specimen Test Mode

In ungrounded-specimen test (UST) Mode, only current between the

AC source and the LV lead (through CX)is measured ( FIG. 5c). Any
current flowing to a grounded terminal is bypassed directly to the AC
source return, and is eliminated from the measurement. UST mode is
only used to measure insulation between two ungrounded terminals
of the apparatus. In UST mode, ground is considered guard since
grounded terminals are not measured. UST mode is used to isolate
an individual section of insulation and test it without measuring other
connected insulation.

FIG. 5 Test circuit modes of the PF test set (typical). (a) GST; (b)
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 GST-G connection; and (c) UST connection.

5. Safety Cautions with PF Testing

Safety cannot be overstressed when working with and around HV.

Companies that work with HV should and do have precise rules for
working in and around the various types of HV apparatus and their
associated lines and conductors. The purpose of these instructions
is to reemphasize some generally acknowledged rules to be
observed, and to outline some specific rules which must be adhered
to strictly when making tests with PF test equipment.

All PF tests are performed with the apparatus to be tested

completely de-energized and isolated from the power system. In
addition, the apparatus housing or tank must be properly grounded.
There is no substitute for a visual check to ensure that the apparatus
terminals are isolated from the power source.

For example, each pole of a three phase disconnect switch should be

checked individually because there have been cases where one pole
of a gang-operated disconnect failed to open with the others. Strictly
observe all company rules and procedures for tagging and isolating
the apparatus.

It is possible for the apparatus insulation to retain some charge after

being switched out of service. Also, since field testing usually
involves work in the vicinity of energized lines and apparatus, it is
possible for relatively HVs to be induced in supposedly de-energized
apparatus; this is particularly true when long lengths of bus are left
connected to the de-energized apparatus.

Trapped charges and induced voltages may not, by themselves, be

sufficient to cause serious injury. Even relatively low energy charges
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 are potentially hazardous in that an unexpected shock may cause a
person to jump or fall from the apparatus. Therefore, safety grounds
should be applied to all apparatus terminals before doing any work
on them, and before connecting and disconnecting the PF test leads.

The PF test set should be located where the operator will have an
unobstructed view of the apparatus under test and of various
personnel assisting in the tests. Consideration should also be taken
to place the equipment such that proper clearance is maintained
between the test set and apparatus; in particular, it should be
recognized that damaged or defective apparatus may fail during test.

Before proceeding with a test, the operator should discuss with his
assistants the general plan for conducting the tests, voltages
applied, precautions to be observed, and proper use of the safety
devices.

PF field test sets are equipped with ground-relay that prevents test
voltage being applied until the following preliminary conditions have
been established:

1. A heavy-duty safety (station ground) has been applied to the

ground receptacle of the test set.

2. The test case has been grounded through the 120 V supply cord.

3. The voltage control is at the fully counterclockwise zero voltage

stop.

After the test set is properly grounded, the remaining test leads and
HV test cable are plugged into their receptacles. Do not connect test
leads to the apparatus terminals unless the leads are already
connected to the PF test set.
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 The PF test set require two-person operation, and therefore two
safety switches (deadman switches) are provided with the test set.
These switches are of the spring-release type for quick action. With
either switch off, all volt age to the HV test cable is removed. The
test person operating the PF test set has one of the safety switch,
known as the local operator switch; the safety supervisor or the
person assisting in PF testing should hold the second safety switch,
known as the extension safety switch. The safety supervisor or the
assisting person should be in position to observe all terminals of the
apparatus under test. If this is not possible, then the out-of-sight
terminals should be roped off with caution labels appropriately
placed, and a person posted in the vicinity to ensure safety.

Each time the test equipment is set up, prior to making the first test
both safety switch operators should jointly verify the correct
operation of both switches.

It is apparent that the operator of the second safety switch should

not close the switch until all personnel are safely in the clear;
personnel should not be permitted to remain atop the apparatus as it
is being tested. Also, if unauthorized personnel should enter the
area, or if some other undesirable situation should occur, the
extension-safety switch operator should release the switch
immediately and then notify the test set operator.

Both safety switches must be used at all times. Never short circuit
them and do not use fixed mechanical locking means for depressing
the switch button. The switch must be manually operated at all
times.

The HV test cable used with PF test equipment is a double shielded

cable in which the HV is exposed only at the outboard pothead tip.
Nevertheless, it is recommended that the HV test cable not be
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 handled while it is energized.

The cable may be suspended or tied off in such a manner as to avoid

handing.

The test set operator and assistant should follow a uniform system of
visual and oral signals in order to prevent confusion when
conducting the tests.

After the tests are completed all test leads should be removed from
the equipment terminals and brought down to the ground before
they are disconnected from the test set. The heavy-duty test set
ground is the last lead to be removed from the test set. "Remember,
safety, first, last, always."
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