Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 03 (a)

TITLE: Solution of nonlinear algebraic equation using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY:
Power system performance analysis can be expressed in nonlinear equations and can be evaluated
by numerical analysis. Among the important and most frequently encountered problem in
numerical analysis is the solution of set of algebraic equations. Generally, there are two types of
method to solve the set of equations, direct and iterative. The direct method is an exact method
which provides a solution in a definite number of arithmetic operations. On the other hand, the
iterative techniques provide successive approximate solutions which may converge to the results
with acceptable accuracy. The rate convergence depends on coefficient matrix defines the physical
systems. Depending on the characteristic of this matrix the successive approximate solution may
converge rapidly or slowly or even diverge.
Gauss Seidel Method
The Gauss-Seidel method is also known as the method of successive displacements. To illustrate
the technique, consider the solution of the nonlinear equation given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 [1]
The above function is rearranged and written as
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) [2]
If 𝑥 ( ) is an initial estimate of the variable 𝑥, the following iterative sequence is formed.
𝑥( ) = 𝑔 𝑥( ) [3]
A solution is obtained when the difference between the absolute value of the successive iteration
is less than a specified accuracy, i.e.,
𝑥( ) − 𝑥( ) ≤ 𝜖 [4]
where 𝜖 is the desired accuracy.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Assume some initial assumption for 𝑥 (=𝑥 ) and find 𝑔(𝑥) say 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for this assumption.
Step 2: In the second iteration use this value of 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for 𝑥 and find the 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 3: Find 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)( ) − 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 4: If 𝛥𝑥 is within tolerance say 𝛥𝑥 =0; stop and result is 𝑔(𝑥)( ) ; if 𝛥𝑥 is not within
tolerance go to the next step.
Step 5: In third iteration using 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for 𝑥 and find 𝑔(𝑥)( ) and use this value for next steps.
In this way in each iteration check for 𝛥𝑥; If 𝛥𝑥 is within tolerance say 𝛥𝑥 = 0.001; stop.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

PROBLEM:

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 10
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 6
with the following initial estimates
( ) ( )
a) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =1
( ) ( )
b) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =2
( ) ( )
Continue until ∆𝑥 and ∆𝑥 are less than 0.001.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Iteration 𝑥 𝑥 Error 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥)

1
2
3
4
5

PLOT:
a) Draw the plot between iteration and variables.
b) Draw the plot between iteration and error.
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: What is meant by Gauss Seidel Method?
Q2: Write the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss Seidel method?
Q3: Write the applications of Gauss Seidel method?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 03 (b)

TITLE: Solution of nonlinear algebraic equation using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method with an
acceleration factor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY:
The convergence in Gauss-Seidel is very slow so, in order to increase the convergence speed,
acceleration factor is used. The too low value of alpha (acceleration factor) will delay convergence,
but very high value may skip desired solution/sometimes divergence. alpha should be chosen based
on trial-and-error method. Generally alpha will be in range of 1.2 to 1.6. To illustrate the technique,
consider the solution of the nonlinear equation given by

𝑓(𝑥) = 0 [1]
The above function is rearranged and written as
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) [2]
( )
If 𝑥 is an initial estimate of the variable 𝑥, the following iterative sequence is formed.
𝑥( ) = 𝑔 𝑥( ) [3]
A solution is obtained when the difference between the absolute value of the successive iteration
is less than a specified accuracy, i.e.,
𝑥( ) − 𝑥( ) ≤ 𝜖 [4]
where 𝜖 is the desired accuracy.
𝑥 ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝛼[𝑔 𝑥)( ) − 𝑥 ( ) [5]

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Assume some initial assumption for 𝑥 (=𝑥 ( ) ) and find 𝑔(𝑥) say 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for this
assumption.
Step 2: Find the difference between initial assumption (=𝑥 ( ) ) and 𝑔(𝑥)( ). Say 𝛥𝑥
Step 3: Find the 𝑥 for the next iteration. 𝑥 ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝛼 x Δ𝑥
Step 4: In the second iteration use this value of 𝑥 ( ) for 𝑥 and find the 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 5: Find 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)( ) − 𝑥 ( ) .
Step 6: For next iteration use 𝑥 ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝛼 x Δ𝑥 and find 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 7: If 𝛥𝑥 is within tolerance say 𝛥𝑥 =0; stop and result is 𝑔(𝑥)( ) ; if 𝛥𝑥 is not within
tolerance go to the next step.
PROBLEM:

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 10
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 6
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

with the following initial estimates

( ) ( )
a) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =1
( ) ( )
b) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =2
( ) ( )
Continue until ∆𝑥 and ∆𝑥 are less than 0.001 and take acceleration factor, 𝛼 = 1.25.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Iteration 𝑥 𝑥 Error 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥)

1
2
3
4
5

PLOT:
a) Draw the plot between iteration and variables.
b) Draw the plot between iteration and error.
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: Does Gauss Seidel method always converge?
Q2: What is Gauss elimination method in matrix?