Solution Manual for General Organic and Biological

Chemistry 7th Edition by Stoker ISBN 1285853911

9781285853918
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Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses,
Moles, and Chemical Equations Chapter
6

Problem-Set Solutions
6.1 A formula mass is calculated by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number
of atoms of that element in the chemical formula, and then summing all of the atomic masses
of all the elements in the chemical formula.
a. [12(12.01) + 22(1.01) + 11(16.00)] amu = 342.34
amu b. [7(12.01) + 16(1.01)] amu = 100.23 amu
c. [7(12.01) + 5(1.01) + 14.01 + 3(16.00) + 32.07] amu = 183.20
amu d. [2(14.01) + 8(1.01) + 32.07 + 4(16.00)] amu = 132.17 amu
6.2 a. [20(12.01) + 30(1.01) + 16.00] amu = 286.50 amu
b. [14(12.01) + 9(1.01) + 5(35.45)] amu = 354.48 amu
c. [8(12.01) + 10(1.01) + 4(14.01) + 2(16.00)] amu = 194.22
amu d. [40.08 + 2(14.01) + 6(16.00)] amu = 164.10 amu
6.3 A formula mass is calculated by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number
of atoms of that element in the chemical formula, and then summing all of the atomic masses
of all the elements in the chemical formula (C3HyS):
[3(12.01) + y(1.01) + 1(32.07)] amu = 76.18 amu Therefore: y = 8
6.4 y=4

6.5 The chemist’s counting unit is the mole. A mole is 6.02 × 1023
objects. a. 1.00 mole of apples = 6.02 × 1023 apples
b. 1.00 mole of elephants = 6.02 × 1023 elephants
c. 1.00 mole of Zn atoms = 6.02 × 1023 Zn atoms
d. 1.00 mole of CO2 molecules = 6.02 × 1023 CO2 molecules
6.6 a. 6.02 × 1023 oranges b. 6.02 × 1023 camels
c. 6.02 × 1023 Cu atoms d. 6.02 × 1023 CO molecules
6.7 Use a conversion factor derived from the definition of a mole. The equality is:
1 mole atoms = 6.02 × 1023 atoms
⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms Cu ⎞ 23
a. 0.500 moles Cu ×

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 1 mole Cu ⎟⎠ = 3.01 × 10 atoms Cu

⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms Na ⎞
b. 0.500 moles Na ×
1 mole Na ⎟⎠ = 3.01 × 10 atoms Na
23

⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 molecules CO 2 ⎞
c. 0.500 moles CO 2 × ⎜ ⎟ = 3.01 × 10 23 molecules CO2
⎝ 1 mole CO 2 ⎠

⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 molecules SiF4 ⎞ 23

d. 0.500 moles SiF4 × ⎜ ⎟ = 3.01 × 10 molecules SiF4
⎝ 1 mole SiF4 ⎠

56

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57 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 57
6 6

6.8 a. 4.82 × 1023 atoms b. 4.82 × 1023 atoms

c. 4.82 × 1023 molecules d. 4.82 × 1023
molecules
6.9 a. 0.200 mole Al atoms contains more moles (so more atoms) than 0.100 mole C atoms.
b. Avogadro’s number (1.00 mole) of C atoms has more atoms than 0.750 mole Al
atoms. c. 1.50 moles Al atoms contain more atoms than 6.02 × 1023 atoms (1.00 mole)
C atoms.
d. 6.50 × 1023 C atoms contains more atoms than Avogadro’s number (6.02 × 1023)
of Al atoms.
6.10 a. 0.300 mole b. 6.18 × 1023 atoms c. 1.20 moles d. 2.00 moles
6.11 The mass, in grams, of one mole of atoms is equal to the atomic mass of the element. The
mass of one mole of molecules (formula mass) is equal to the sum of the atomic masses in
one molecule.
a. One mole of Ca atoms has a mass of 40.08
g b. One mole of Ag atoms has a mass of
107.9 g
c. One mole of NO molecules has a mass of 30.01 g (14.01 + 16.00)
d. One mole of HNO3 molecules has a mass of 63.02 g (1.01 + 14.01 + 3 × 16.00)
6.12 a. 32.07 g b. 24.31 g c. 17.04 g d. 98.09 g
6.13 To solve these problems use a conversion factor relating formula mass of the
substance to moles of the substance. The equality will be:
Formula mass (g) substance = 1 mole substance
⎛ 12.01 g C ⎞
a. 2.00 moles C × ⎜ = 24.0 g C
⎝ 1 mole C ⎟⎠

⎛ 28.01 g CO ⎞
b. 3.00 moles CO × ⎜ = 84.0 g CO
⎝ 1 mole CO ⎟⎠

⎛ 19.00 g F ⎞
c. 5.00 moles F × ⎜ = 95.0 g F
⎝ 1 mole F ⎟⎠

⎛ 38.00 g F2 ⎞
d. 5.00 moles F2 × ⎜ = 190. g F2
⎝ 1 mole F2 ⎟⎠

6.14 a. 92.9 g b. 128 g c. 177 g d. 355 g

6.15 Convert the given mass (5.00 g) to moles using the formula mass to form a conversion
factor relating 1 mole to its formula mass. (For example, 1 mole CO = 28.01 g CO)
⎛ 1 mole CO ⎞
a. 5.00 g CO × ⎜ = 0.179 mole CO
⎝ 28.01 g CO ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole CO2 ⎞
b. 5.00 g CO2 × ⎜ = 0.114 mole CO2
⎝ 44.01 g CO2 ⎟⎠

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58 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 58
6 6

⎛ 1 mole B4 H10 ⎞
c. 5.00 g B4 H10 × ⎜ = 0.0937 mole B4 H10
⎝ 53.34 g B4 H 10 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole U ⎞
d. 5.00 g U × ⎜ = 0.0210 mole U
⎝ 238 g U ⎟⎠

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59 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 59
6 6

⎛ 1 mole N 2 O ⎞
6.16 a. 7.00 g N 2 O × ⎜ = 0.159 mole N 2 O
⎝ 44.02 g N 2O ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mole NO2 ⎞
b. 7.00 g NO2 × = 0.152 mole NO2

46.01 g NO2 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole P4 O10 ⎞
c. 7.00 g P4 O10 × ⎜ = 0.0247 mole P4 O10
⎝ 283.88 g P4 O10 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole V ⎞
d. 7.00 g V × ⎜ = 0.137 mole V
⎝ 50.94 g V⎠⎟

6.17 Molar mass is the mass in grams of a substance that is numerically equal to the
substance’s formula mass.
formula mass (amu) = molar mass (g)
formula mass = 44.01 amu
6.18 28.01 amu

6.19 Use the definition of formula mass (grams/mole) to solve the problem.
mass in grams 140.07 g
formula mass = = = 20.0 amu
1.00 mole 7.00 moles

6.20 61.61 amu

6.21 From the chemical formula, find the number of moles of oxygen per formula unit and
multiply this by the number of moles of compound.
a. 3 atoms of oxygen/1 formula unit means 3 moles oxygen/1 mole H2SO3
3 moles oxygen/1 mole H2SO3 × 2.00 moles H2SO3 = 6.00 moles
oxygen
b. 7 moles oxygen/1 mole H2S2O7 × 2.00 moles H2S2O7 = 14.00 moles
oxygen c. 1 mole oxygen/1 mole SOCl2 × 2.00 moles SOCl2 = 2.00 moles
oxygen
d. 2 moles oxygen/1 mole SO2Cl2 × 2.00 moles SO2Cl2 = 4.00 moles oxygen

6.22 a. 6.00 moles b. 12.00 moles c. 3.00 moles d. 12.00

moles

6.23 total atoms/1 molecule of compound = total moles of atoms/1 mole of

compound moles of atoms/1 mole of compound × moles of atoms = total
moles of atoms
a. 2 H + 1 S + 3 O = 6 atoms/1 H2SO3 molecule = 6 moles atoms/1 mole H2SO3
6 moles atoms/1 mole compound × 2.00 mole H2SO3 = 12.00 total moles of atoms
b. 2 H + 2 S + 7 O = 11 atoms/1 H2S2O7 molecule = 11 moles atoms/1 mole H2S2O7
11 moles atoms/1 mole compound × 2.00 mole H2S2O7 = 22.00 total moles of atoms
c. 1 S + 1 O + 2 Cl = 4 atoms/1 SOCl2 molecule = 4 moles atoms/1 mole SOCl2

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60 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 60
6 6

4 moles atoms/1 mole compound × 2.00 mole SOCl2 = 8.00 total moles of atoms
d. 1 S + 2 O + 2 Cl = 5 atoms/1 SO2Cl2 molecule = 5 moles atoms/1 mole SO2Cl2
5 moles atoms/1 mole compound × 2.00 mole SO2Cl2 = 10.00 total moles of atoms

6.24 a. 12.00 moles b. 24.00 moles c. 9.00 moles d. 36.00

moles

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61 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 61
6 6

6.25 a. One mole H2SO4 contains 2 moles H atoms, 1 mole S atoms, and 4 moles O atoms.
The conversion factors derived from this statement are:
2 moles H 1 mole H 2 SO 4 1 mole S 1 mole H 2 SO 4
, , , ,
1 mole H 2 SO 4 2 moles H 1 mole H 2 SO 4 1 mole S

4 moles O 1 mole H 2 SO 4
,
1 mole H 2 SO 4 4 moles O

b. One mole POCl3 contains 1 mole P atoms, 1 mole O atoms, and 3 moles Cl atoms.
The factors derived from this statement are:
1 mole P 1 mole POCl 3 1 mole O 1 mole POCl 3
, , , ,
1 mole POCl 3 1 mole P 1 mole POCl 3 1 mole O

3 moles Cl 1 mole POCl 3

,
1 mole POCl 3 3 moles Cl

1 mole H 1 mole HNO 3 1 mole N 1 mole HNO 3

6.26 a. , , , ,
1 mole HNO 3 1 mole H 1 mole HNO 3 1 mole N

3 moles O 1 mole HNO 3

,
1 mole HNO 3 3 moles O

2 moles C 1 mole C2 H 4 Br2 4 moles H 1 mole C2 H 4 Br2

b. , , , ,
1 mole C2 H 4 Br2 2 moles C 1 mole C2 H 4 Br2 4 moles H

2 moles Br 1 mole C 2 H 4 Br2

,
1 mole C2 H 4 Br2 2 moles Br

d. Use conversion factors relating moles N atoms and moles H atoms to moles N2H4
molecules. The equalities are: 2 moles N = 1 mole N2H4; 4 moles H = 1 mole N2H4
⎛ 2 moles N ⎞
3.00 mole N 2 H 4 × ⎜ ⎟ = 6.00 moles N
⎝ 1 mole N 2 H 4 ⎠
⎛ 4 moles H ⎞
3.00 mole N 2 H 4 × ⎜ ⎟ = 12.0 moles H
⎝ 1 mole N 2 H 4 ⎠

6.27 One mole of H3PO4 contains 3 moles of H atoms, 1 mole of P atoms, 4 moles of O atoms,
and
8 total moles of atoms (the 8 comes from the sum of the subscripts in the molecular
formula).

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62 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 62
6 6

3 moles H 4 moles O
a. b.
1 mole H 3PO 4 1 mole H 3PO 4

8 moles atoms 4 moles O

c. d.
1 mole H 3PO 4 1 mole P

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63 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 63
6 6

1 mole C 2 moles H
6.28 a. b.
1 mole H 2 CO 3 1 mole H 2 CO 3

6 moles atoms 3 moles O

c. d.
1 mole H 2 CO 3 2 moles H

6.29 Convert the given mass of the element to moles using the atomic mass to form a
conversion factor relating 1 mole to its atomic mass. Use a second conversion factor
based on the definition of Avogadro’s number: 6.02 × 1023 atoms = 1 mole atoms
⎛ 1 mole Be ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 x 10 23 atoms Be ⎞ 24
a. 20.0 g Be × × = 1.34 × 10 atoms Be
9.01 g Be 1 mole Be

⎛ 1 mole Ar ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 x 10 23 atoms Ar ⎞ 23

b. 20.0 g Ar × × = 3.01 × 10 atoms Ar
39.95 g Ar 1 mole Ar

⎛ 1 mole Cr ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 x 10 23 atoms Cr ⎞ 23

c. 20.0 g Ar × × = 2.32 × 10 atoms Cr
52.00 g Cr 1 mole Cr

⎛ 1 mole Sn ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 x 10 23 atoms Sn ⎞ 23

d. 20.0 g Sn × × = 1.01 × 10 atoms Sn
118.71 g Sn 1 mole Sn

6.30 a. 1.67 × 1024 atoms b. 2.16 × 1023

c. 3.23 × 1023 atoms d. 8.72 × 1022
atoms
atoms
6.31 In these problems, first convert atoms to moles using the definition of Avogadro’s number
(6.02 × 1023 atoms = 1 mole atoms). Then multiply by a second conversion factor changing
moles to grams of atoms (1 mole atoms = element’s atomic mass in grams).
⎛ 1 mole Cu ⎞ ⎛ 63.55 g Cu ⎞
a. 6.02 × 10 23 atoms Cu × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 63.6 g Cu
⎝ 6.02 × 10 atoms Cu ⎠
23
⎝ 1 mole Cu ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole Cu ⎞ ⎛ 63.55 g Cu ⎞
b. 3.01 × 10 23 atoms Cu × ×
⎟ = 31.8 g Cu
6.02 × 10 23 atoms Cu 1 mole Cu ⎠

⎛ 1 mole Cu ⎞ ⎛ 63.55 g Cu ⎞
c. 557 atoms Cu × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 5.88 × 10 −20 g Cu
⎝ 6.02 × 10 atoms Cu ⎠
23
⎝ 1 mole Cu ⎟⎠

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64 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 64
6 6

⎛ 1 mole Cu ⎞ ⎛ 63.55 g Cu ⎞
d. 1 atom Cu × ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ × ⎜ = 1.06 × 10 −22 g Cu
23
6.02 × 10 atoms Cu ⎝ 1 mole Cu ⎟⎠

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65 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 65
6 6

⎛ 1 mole Ag ⎞ ⎛ 107.87 g Ag ⎞
6.32 a. 6.02 × 10 23 atoms Ag × × = 108 g Ag
6.02 × 10 23 atoms Ag 1 mole Ag

⎛ 1 mole Ag ⎞ ⎛ 107.87 g Ag ⎞
b. 3.01 × 10 23 atoms Ag × ×
= 53.9 g Ag
6.02 × 10 23 atoms Ag 1 mole Ag ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole Ag ⎞ ⎛ 107.87 g Ag ⎞ −16

c. 1.00 × 10 6 atoms Ag × ×
= 1.79 × 10 g Ag
6.02 x 10 23 atoms Ag 1 mole Ag ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole Ag ⎞ ⎛ 107.87 g Ag ⎞ −22

d. 1 atom Ag × ×
= 1.79 × 10 g Ag
6.02 × 10 23 atoms Ag 1 mole Ag ⎟⎠

6.33 To convert grams to moles (parts a. and b.), multiply by a conversion factor derived from
the mass in grams of 1 mole (formula mass). To convert atoms to moles (parts c. and d.),
use a conversion factor derived from the definition of Avogadro’s number (1 mole = 6.02
× 10 23).
⎛ 1 mole He ⎞
a. 10.0 g He × ⎜ = 2.50 moles He
⎝ 4.00 g He ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole N 2 O ⎞
b. 10.0 g N 2 O × ⎜ = 0.227 mole N 2O
⎝ 44.02 g N 2O ⎟⎠

10 ⎛ 1 mole P ⎞ −14
c. 4.0 x 10 atoms P × ⎜ ⎟⎠ = 6.6 × 10 moles P
⎝ 23
6.02 × 10 atoms P

10 ⎛ 1 mole Be ⎞ −14
d. 4.0 × 10 atoms Be × ⎜ ⎟⎠ = 6.6 × 10 moles Be
⎝ 23
6.02 × 10 atoms Be

⎛ 1 mole N ⎞
6.34 a. 25.0 g N × ⎜ = 1.78 moles N
⎝ 14.01 g N ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole Li⎞
b. 25.0 g Li × = 3.60 moles Li
6.94 g Li
⎛ 1 mole S ⎞ ⎜⎝ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms S ⎟⎠
c. 8.50 × 1015 atoms S ×

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66 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 66
6 6

= 1.41 × 10-8 moles S

⎛ 1 mole Cl ⎞
d. 8.50 × 1015 atoms Cl × ⎜ = 1.41 × 10-8 moles Cl
⎝ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms Cl ⎟⎠

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67 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 67
6 6

6.35 To change grams of molecules to atoms of S, we will use three conversion factors. 1)
Change grams of molecules to moles of molecules using the definition of formula mass.
2) Change moles of molecules to moles of S in the molecule by determining the number
of atoms of S in the molecule. 3) Change moles of S to atoms of S using Avogadro’s
number (1 mole
= 6.02 × 1023). In part d., we are given the number of moles of molecules, so the first
conversion factor is not needed.
⎛ 1 mole H 2 SO4 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole S ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms S ⎞
a. 10.0 g H 2 SO 4 × × ×
98.09 g H 2 SO 4 1 mole H 2 SO 4 1 mole S

= 6.14 × 10 22 atoms S

⎛ 1 mole SO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole S ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms S ⎞

b. 20.0 g SO 3 × × ×
80.07 g SO 3 1 mole SO 3 1 mole S

= 1.50 × 10 23 atoms S

⎛ 1 mole Al2 S3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles S ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms S ⎞

c. 30.0 g Al2 S3 × × ×
150.17 g Al2 S3 1 mole Al2 S3 1 mole S

= 3.61 × 10 23 atoms S

⎛ 2 moles S ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms S ⎞

d. 2 moles S2 O × × = 2.41 × 10 24 atoms S
1 mole S2 O 1 mole S

⎛ 1 mole N 2 H 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles N ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms N ⎞

6.36 a. 10.0 g N 2 H 4 × × ×
32.06 g N 2 H 4 1 mole N 2 H 4 1 mole N

= 3.76 × 10 23 atoms N
⎛ 1 mole HN 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles N ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms N ⎞
b. 20.0 g HN 3 × × ×
43.04 g HN 3 1 mole HN 3 1 mole N

= 8.39 × 10 23 atoms N
⎛ 1 mole LiNO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole N ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 × 10 23 atoms N ⎞
c. 30.0 g LiNO 3 × × ×
68.95 g LiNO 3 1 mole LiNO 3 1 mole N

= 2.62 × 10 23 atoms N
⎛ d.
4.00
mol O5 ×
es
N2

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 68 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 68
6 6

2 moles N ⎞ ⎛ 6.02 ×
10 23
atoms N ⎞
× ⎟⎠
1 mole N 2 O5 1 mole N
= 4.82 × 10 24 atoms N

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69 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 69
6 6

6.37 To calculate grams of S from molecules containing S atoms, use three conversion factors.
1) Change molecules of compound to moles of compound using Avogadro’s number (1
mole
= 6.02 × 1023). 2) Change moles of compound to moles S by determining the number of
atoms of S in each molecule of the compound. 3) Convert moles S to grams of S using the
atomic mass of sulfur. For parts c. and d., we are given moles of compound, so step 1 is
not needed.
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles S ⎞ 32.07 g S ⎞
× ⎛⎜
1 mole S2 O
a. 3.01 × 10 23 molecules S2 O ⎜ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
×
23
⎝ 6.02 × 10 molecules S2 O ⎝ 1 mole S2 ⎠
O ⎝ 1 mole S ⎠
⎠⎟

= 32.1 g S
⎛ 1 mole S4 N 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 moles S ⎞ ⎛ 32.07 g S ⎞
b. 3 molecules S4 N 4 × ×
×
6.02 × 10 23 molecules S4 4 1 mole S4 N 4 1 mole S
N

= 6.39 × 10 −22 g S
⎛ 1 mole S ⎞ ⎛ 32.07 g S ⎞
c. 2.00 moles SO2 × × ⎜ ⎟ = 64.1 g S
1 mole SO2 ⎝ 1 mole S ⎠

⎛ 8 mole S ⎞ ⎛ 32.07 g S ⎞
d. 4.50 moles S8 × × ⎜ ⎟ = 1150 g S
1 mole S8 ⎝ 1 mole S ⎠

⎛ 1 mole SO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles O ⎞
6.38 a. 4.50 × 10 22 molecules SO × ×
3
6.02 × 10 23 molecules SO3 1 mole SO 3

⎛ 16.00 g O ⎞
× ⎜ = 3.59 g O
⎝ 1 mole O ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mole P4 O10 ⎞ ⎛ 10 moles O ⎞ ⎛ 16.00 g O ⎞
b. 7 molecules P4 O10 × × ×

6.02 × 10 23 molecules P O 1 mole P O 1 mole O

4 10 4 10

= 1.86 × 10 −21 g O
⎛ 4 moles O ⎞ ⎛ 16.00 g O ⎞
c. 3.00 moles H 2 SO 4 × × ⎜ ⎟ = 192 g O
1 mole H 2 SO 4 ⎝ 1 mole O ⎠

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70 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 70
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⎛ 3 moles O ⎞ ⎛ 16.00 g O ⎞
d. 1.50 moles O 3 × × ⎜ ⎟ = 72.0 g O
1 mole O 3 ⎝ 1 mole O ⎠

6.39 a. 1.00 mole S8 contains a greater number of atoms than 1.00 mole S. The numerical
subscripts in a chemical formula give the number of atoms of the various elements
present in 1 formula unit of the substance. A molecule of S8 contains 8 S atoms.
b. From the periodic table, it can be seen that 1.00 mole of Al has a mass of 26.98 g.
Therefore, 28.00 g of Al would have more atoms than 1.00 mole (26.98 g) of Al.
c. From the periodic table, 28.09 g of Si is one mole of Si. 30.09 g of Mg has a greater
mass than 1 mole (24.31 g) of Mg. Therefore, 30.09 g of Mg has a greater number of
atoms than
28.09 g (1 mole) of Si.
d. 2.00 g of Na is less than 1 mole (22.99 g) of Na; 6.02 × 1023 atoms of He is 1 mole of He.
Therefore, 6.02 × 1023 atoms of He is the greater number of atoms.

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71 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 71
6 6

6.40 a. 2.00 moles Ne b. 10.00 g N2 c. 1.01 moles Ni d. 26.98 g Al

6.41 The chemical formula of a compound gives the number of atoms of each element in one
formula unit (molecule) of the substance. Since the atoms of the molecule (H and O) are
present in a 1:1 ratio, let x equal the number of atoms of each element in the molecule. Use
the definition of formula mass to solve the problem.
formula mass = x(formula mass H) + x(formula mass O) = 34.02 g/mole (or
amu/molecule) (x)(1.01) + (x)(16.0) = (x)(17.01) = 34.02 amu/molecule
x = 34.02 amu/molecule ÷ 17.01 amu/molecule = 2 atoms of each element in the
molecule. The chemical formula is H2O2.
6.42 N2H4

6.43 A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element involved in
the reaction on each side of the equation.
a. Balanced chemical
equation b. Balanced
chemical equation
c. The chemical equation in part c. is not balanced; there are different numbers of
both S atoms and O atoms on the two sides of the equation. The balanced chemical
equation should be: CS2 + 3O2 → CO2 + 2SO2
d. Balanced chemical
equation

6.44 a. not balanced b. not balanced c. balanced d. balanced

6.45 a. 2 SO3: 1 S atom + 3 O atoms = 4 atoms/molecule SO3
4 atoms/molecule SO3 × 2 molecules SO3 = 8 atoms
b. 4 N2H4: 2 N atoms + 4 H atoms = 6 atoms/molecule N2H4
6 atoms/molecule N2H4 × 4 molecules N2H4 = 24 atoms
c. 3 H3PO4: 3 H atoms + 1 P atom + 4 O atoms = 8 atoms/molecule H3PO4
8 atoms/molecule H3PO4 × 3 molecules H3PO4 = 24 atoms
d. 3 Al(OH)3: 1 Al atom + 3 O atoms + 3 H atoms = 7 atoms/molecule Al(OH)3
7 atoms/molecule Al(OH)3 × 6 molecules Al(OH)3 = 42 atoms

6.46 a. 10 atoms b. 12 atoms c. 30 atoms d. 17 atoms

6.47 To determine the number of atoms of each element on each side of the chemical
equation, multiply the number of atoms of the element in the molecule by the
molecule’s coefficient.

a. reactant side – two O atoms; products side – two O atoms

b. reactant side – four O atoms; product side – four O atoms
c. reactant side – 26 O atoms; product side – 26 O atoms
d. reactant side – 12 O atoms; product side – 12 O atoms

6.48 a. 6 and 6 b. 8 and 8 c. 18 and 18 d. 24 and 24

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72 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 72
6 6

6.49 To balance a chemical equation, examine the equation and pick one element to balance first.
Start with the compound that contains the greatest number of atoms, whether in the
reactant or product. Add coefficients where necessary to balance this element, then
continue adding coefficients to balance each of the other elements separately. As a final
check, count the number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation to make
sure they are equal.
a. 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 b. 2Na + ZnSO4 → Na2SO4 +
Zn c. 2NaBr + Cl2 → 2NaCl + Br2 d. 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO +
2SO2
6.50 a. 2H2S + 3O2 → 2SO2 + 2H2O b. Ni + 2HCl → NiCl2 + H2
c. 3IBr + 4NH3 → 3NH4Br + NI3 d. 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
6.51 In the following chemical equations a carbon-containing compound is oxidized with
molecular oxygen to form CO2 and H2O. It is usually convenient in this type of equation to
begin by balancing the hydrogen atoms, then the carbon atoms, and finally the oxygen
atoms.
a. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O b. 2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O
c. C4H8O2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O d. C5H10O + 7O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O

6.52 a. C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O b. C6H12 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

c. C3H6O + 4O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O d. 2C5H10O2 + 13O2 → 10CO2 + 10H2O

6.53 The balanced chemical equation is:

2 butyne + 11O2 → 8CO2 + 6H2O

On the right side of the chemical equation there are 22 O atoms, 12 H atoms and 8 C
atoms. On the left side of the chemical equation there are 22 O atoms. Therefore, 2
molecules of butyne must contain 8 C atoms and 12 H atoms; 1 molecule of butyne
contains 4 C atoms and
6 H atoms. The molecular formula of butyne is C4H6.

6.54 C3H 8

6.55 a. The reactant box contains 2A2 + 6B2. The product box contains 4AB3. The chemical
equation for the reaction is 2A2 + 6B2 → 4AB3. All of the coefficients in this equation
are divisible by 2, which simplifies the chemical equation to A2 + 3B2 → 2AB3.
b. The reactant box contains 6A2 +3B2. The product box contains 6AB +3A2. Three of the
6 A2 did not react since there are 3 A2 in the product box. The chemical equation for the
reaction, taking into account the unreacted molecules, is 3A2 + 3B2 → 6AB. All of
the coefficients in this equation are divisible by 3, which simplifies the equation to
A2 + B2 → 2AB

6.56 a. A2 + 2B2 → 2AB2 b. 2A2 + B2 → 2A2B

6.57 Box I contains 6 orange atoms and 8 green atoms. Box II contains 7 orange atoms and 7
green atoms; box III, 6 orange atoms and 8 green atoms; and box IV, 6 orange atoms and

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73 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 73
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10 green atoms. The number of atoms of each kind must remain constant during a
chemical reaction. Box III is, thus, the box consistent with box I.

6.58 Box III

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74 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 74
6 6

6.59 The coefficients in the balanced chemical equation give the mole-to-mole ratios. The
six mole-to-mole conversion factors that can be derived from the balanced equation
are:
⎛ 2 moles NH 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles H 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles NH 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole N 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles H 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole N 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 moles H 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 moles NH 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole N 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 moles NH 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole N 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 moles H 2 ⎠

2 moles H 2 O 2 2 moles H 2 O 2 moles H 2 O 2 1 mole O 2 2 moles H 2 O

6.60 , , , , ,
2 moles H O 2 moles H O 1 mole O 2 moles H O 1 mole O
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 mole O 2
2 moles H 2 O

6.61 The coefficients in the balanced chemical equation indicate that 1 mole of Sb2S3 reacts with
6 moles of HCl to produce 2 moles of SbCl3 and 3 moles of H2S. The coefficients of the
various reactants and products are used in the conversion factors.
3 moles H 2 S 6 moles HCl
a. b. 1 mole Sb S
2 moles SbCl 3 2 3

6 moles HCl 2 moles SbCl 3

c. d.
3 moles H 2 S 1 mole Sb 2 S3

4 moles HF 2 moles H 2 O
6.62 a. b.
1 mole UF6 1 mole UO 2 F2

1 mole UO 2 F2 1 mole UF6

c. d.
4 moles HF 2 moles H 2 O

6.63 The coefficients from a balanced chemical equation can be used to form conversion
factors to solve problems. In the problems below, the conversion factor is based on a
mole-to-mole
ratio using the coefficient of the first reactant and the coefficient of the CO2 produced.
⎛ 1 mole C 7 H16 ⎞
a. 5.00 moles CO 2 × = 0.714 mole C 7 H16
7 moles CO2

⎛ 1 mole CS2 ⎞
b. 5.00 moles CO2 × ⎜ = 5.00 moles CS2
⎝ 1 mole CO2 ⎟⎠

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75 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 75
6 6

⎛ 1 mole Fe 2O 4 ⎞
c. 5.00 moles CO2 × = 5.00 moles Fe 2 O 4
1 mole CO2
⎛ 2 moles HCl⎞
d. 5.00 moles CO2 × ⎜ = 10.0 moles HCl
⎝ 1 mole CO2 ⎟⎠

6.64 a. 4.00 moles b. 0.500 mole c. 4.00 moles d. 0.667 mole

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76 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 76
6 6

6.65 The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation give the numerical relationships among
formula units consumed or produced in the chemical reaction. The balanced reaction is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O The coefficients show that 1 molecule of C6H12O6 gives
12 product molecules. Using this relationship as a conversion factor:
12 product molecules
7 molecules C6 H12 O6 × = 84 product molecules
1 molecule C H O
6 12 6

6.66 63 product molecules

6.67 The balanced chemical equation for the reaction, in which the coefficient for C2H4 is 8, is
8C2H4 + 8H2O → 8C2H5OH
Thus, 8 H2O molecules are needed to react with 8 C2H4 molecules.

6.68 4 carbon monoxide molecules

6.69 a. Red atoms are oxygen, black atoms carbon, and grayish blue atoms hydrogen. There
are two different kinds of molecules in the product box: CO2 and H2O.
b. The balanced chemical equation for a reaction where CH4 and O2 are the reactants and
CO2
and H2O are the products is CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O. Thus, 1 mole of CO2 and 2
moles of H2O are produced for each mole of CH4 that reacts. 6.0 moles of reacting
CH4 will produce 6.0 moles of CO2 and 12 moles of H2O.

6.70 a. CO and H2 b. 6.0 moles CO and 18 moles H2

6.71 First write the balanced equation: 3Be + N2 → Be3N2 From the balanced equation, it can
be seen that Be and N2 react in a 3:1 ratio. Use this relationship as a conversion factor to
calculate the moles Be used to react completely with 10.0 moles N2.
3.00 moles Be
10.0 moles N 2 × = 30.0 moles Be
1.00 mole N 2

6.72 16.0 moles

6.73 We can see from the road map in Figure 6.9 that the conversion of grams of CO2 to grams of
O2 requires three conversion factors: 1) Use the molar mass of CO2 to convert 3.50 g of CO2
to
moles of CO2. 2) Use the coefficients from the balanced chemical equation to convert moles
of CO2 to moles of O2. 3) Use the molar mass of O2 to convert moles of O2 to grams of O2.
⎛ 1 mole CO2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles O2 ⎞ ⎛ 32.00 g O2 ⎞
3.50 g CO2 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 5.09 g O2
⎝ 44.01 g CO 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole CO 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole O 2 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole W ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles H 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2.02 g H 2 ⎞

6.74 1.00 g W ×
× ⎟ × = 0.0330 g H 2
183.84 g W⎠⎟ 1 mole W ⎠ 1 mole H 2 ⎟⎠

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77 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 77
6 6

6.75 Use the road map in Figure 6.9 to determine the conversion factors that will be needed.
The conversion of grams of CO to grams of O2 requires three conversion factors: 1) Use
the molar mass of CO to convert 25.0 g of CO to moles of CO. 2) Use the coefficients
from the
balanced chemical equation to convert moles of CO to moles of O2. 3) Use the molar mass of
O2 to convert moles of O2 to grams of O2.
⎛ 1 mole CO ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole O2 ⎞ ⎛ 32.00 g O2 ⎞
25.0 g CO × × ⎟ × = 14.3 g O 2
28.01 g CO ⎟⎠ 2 moles CO ⎠ 1 mole O2 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 mole H 2 O2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole N 2 H 4 ⎞ ⎛ 32.06 g N 2 H 4 ⎞

6.76 35.0 g H 2 O2 × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ = 16.5 g N 2 H 4
⎝ 34.02 g H 2O 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 moles H 2 O 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole N 2 H 4 ⎟⎠

6.77 Use the road map in Figure 6.9 to determine the conversion factors that will be needed.
The conversion of grams of SO2 to grams of H2O requires three conversion factors: 1)
Use the molar mass of SO2 to convert 10.0 g of SO2 to moles of SO2. 2) Use the
coefficients from the balanced chemical equation to convert moles of SO2 to moles of
H2O. 3) Use the molar mass of H2O to convert moles of H2O to grams of H2O.
⎛ 1 mole SO2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles H 2 O ⎞ ⎛ 18.02 g H 2 O ⎞
10.0 g SO2 × × × = 5.63 g H 2 O
64.07 g SO2 1 mole SO2 1 mole H 2 O

⎛ 1 mole KHSO 4 ⎞ ⎛ 8 moles HCl ⎞ ⎛ 36.46 g HCl ⎞

6.78 25.0 g KHSO 4 × × × ⎜ ⎟ = 26.8 g HCl
136.18 g KHSO 4 2 moles KHSO 4 ⎝ 1 mole HCl ⎠

6.79 Write the balanced chemical equation: 3Be + N2 → Be3N2 Use the road map in Figure
6.10 to determine the conversion factors for the problem: g N2 → moles of N2 → moles Be
→ g Be
⎛ 1 mole N 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3.00 moles Be ⎞ ⎛ 9.01 g Be ⎞
45.0 g N 2 × × × ⎟ = 43.4 g Be
28.0 g N 2 ⎟⎠ 1.00 mole N 2 ⎟⎠ 1 mole Be ⎠

6.80 30.8 g Al

6.81 The theoretical yield for a chemical reaction is the maximum amount of a product that
can be obtained from given amounts of reactants. The percent yield is the ratio of the
actual (experimental) yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100 (to give percent).
actual yield t eoretical yield
percent yield = h

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 78 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 78
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31.87 g
× 100 = × 100 = 99.50%
32.03 g

6.82 29.76%

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79 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 79
6 6

6.83 a. The theoretical yield for a chemical reaction is the maximum possible amount of
product that can be obtained from given amounts of reactants. In this case the
theoretical yield is
11.2 g of SO2.
b. The actual yield is the experimental yield. In this case the actual yield is 9.75 g of
SO2. c. The percent yield is the ratio of the actual (experimental) yield to the
theoretical yield,
multiplied by 100 (to give percent).
actual yield 9.75 g SO2
percent yield = × 100 = × 100 = 87.1%
theoretical yield 11.2 g SO2

6.84 a. 203.9 g b. 177.2 g c. 86.9%

6.85 First, find the theoretical yield using the balanced chemical equation and the formula
masses to determine the conversion factors.
⎛ 1 mole N 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1.00 mole Ca 3N 2 ⎞ ⎛ 148 g Ca 3N 2 ⎞
29.0 g N 2 × × × = 153 g Ca 3N 2

28.0 g N 2 1.00 mole N 2 1 mole Ca 3N 2

The percent yield is the ratio of the actual (experimental) yield to the theoretical
yield, multiplied by 100 (to give percent).
actual yield 126 g Ca 3N 2
percent yield = × 100 = × 100 = 82.0%
theoretical yield 153 g Ca 3N 2

6.86 85.8%

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