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Chapter7 Marineinvertebrates 160429122101
Chapter7 Marineinvertebrates 160429122101
Marine Invertebrates
Vertebrates: animals with a
backbone
Invertebrates: animals
without a backbone
At least 97% of all species
of animals are
invertebrates
Sponges
Sponges belong to the phylum Porifera or “pore
bearers”
aggregations of specialized cells
do not form true tissues or organs
nearly all marine
Sponges
sessile: living permanently attached to the bottom
or some other surface
Sponges
ostia: numerous tiny pores on the surface of the
sponge
allows water to enter and circulate through a series of
canals where plankton and other organic matter are
filtered out and eaten
sponge cells are very plastic
if separated, the cells can even regroup and form a new
sponge
Sponges
water is pumped into a
larger feeding chamber
lined with collar cells or
choanocytes
nudibranchs
Bivalves
class - Bivalvia
includes clams,
mussels,
oysters,
scallops
Bivalves
have two-part shells each part is called a valve
symmetric along the hinge line
no head no radula
inner surface of the shell is lined by the mantle
Bivalves
gills are used for gas exchange and filter feeding
strong muscles in the mantle cavity are used to
open and close the valves
Oysters
Most commercially
valuable for pearls
Form when the oysters
secrete layers of calcium
carbonate coat an irritant
or parasite lodges
between the mantle and
the inner surface of the
shell
Clams
Use foot to bury in sand or mud
Draw water in and out of mantle through siphons
Feed and maintain oxygen while still buried
Mussels
Live mainly in the intertidal zone
Attach to surface using strong, byssal threads (beard)
Scallops
Highly prized food source
100 simple blue eyes around the valves
Cephalopods
class-cephalopoda
specialized for locomotion
adapted mollusc body plan for an active way of life
(nearly all agile swimmers)
include octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, nautilus
Cephalopods
complex
nervous system
reduced inner
shell or no
shell at all
all are marine
or brackish
no radula, but
do have a two
part beak
Cephalopods
foot is modified into arms and tentacles
large eyes usually set on sides of the head
thick, muscular mantle
Cephalopods
2 to 4 gills
water enters through the free edge of the mantle and
leaves through the siphon or funnel a muscular tube
formed by what remains of the foot
Nautilus
the chambered nautilus is considered the most
primitive living cephalopod, because of its shell
dates back 450 million years
Nautilus
shell is thin, double layered
and pearly white inside
with a dull white with
reddish zebra stripe outside
the shell is separated into
chambers by the septa,
made of shell material
as it grows it creates new
larger chambers
1 chamber every few weeks
until it reaches 38
chambers
Nautilus
occupies one body chamber
strong, beak-shaped crushing jaws
eat algae , fish, crabs, shrimp and other
invertebrates
Nautilus
large collection
of tentacles
arranged into
two circles, an
inner and an
outer.
the female has
twice as many
tentacles in its
inner circle
than the male
Squid
has only a thin shell remnant (pen) within it’s mantle
strengthened outer collagen sheath to maintain the
mantle’s shape and size
Squid
to swim, the squid fills the mantle cavity with water
and then forces it outward through the funnel in a jet-
propulsion like manner
normally swims backwards, can swim forward by
bringing all 8 arms together
Humboldt Squid
Squid
fins along the body help with stabilization
large squids can reach speeds of 15-20 mph
many species swim in schools
Squid
8 arms, 2 long tentacles covered in suckers: adhesive
discs used for suction between the squid an another
object
tentacles only have suckers on the flattened end
Octopus
has lost shell entirely
bag-like mantle located above the head
also has a strengthened collagen sheath surrounding
the mantle
Octopus
does not normally swim
prefers to remain in
contact with a solid
surface
uses suckers on its 8 legs
to push and pull itself
along the surface
most have 240 suckers
on each arm
Crawling
Octopus
usually a solitary animal that lives in a permanent den
or cave under rocks
ink
chromatophores: specialized cells used to help an
organism change color
Chromatophores in action
Feeding and Digestion
separate mouth and anus
all cephalopods are
carnivores
involves salivary and
digestive glands to help
break down food
varied diets and
complexity of digestive
systems based on diet
Hungry octopus
Feeding and Digestion
crystalline style: an
enzyme secreting rod
found in the stomach of
bivalves continually
rotates food and helps in
digestion
Feeding and Digestion
most molluscs have an open circulatory system
cephalopods have a closed circulatory system
Nervous System
gastropods and bivalves
do not have a single
brain but several sets of
ganglia
cephalopods most
complex
allows for learning to
occur
and for rapid movement
and color changing to
avoid predation
Reproduction
most reproduce sexually, some hermaphroditic
cephalopods use a spermatophore
cephalopods lack larva and have large yolk-filled eggs
octopus protect eggs and female usually dies
protecting young because she does not leave to eat
herself
Reproduction
Octopus mating
Arthropods
Phylum: Arthropoda
largest phylum of animals
insects are dominant
terrestrial group
crustaceans are more
common in marine
environments
Arthropods
segmented, bilaterally symmetric
possess an exoskeleton: large, non-living external
skeleton
composed of chitin and secreted by the underlying
layer of tissue
Arthropods
provides protection, support and increased surface
area for muscle attachment
to grow, arthropods must molt
Crustaceans
chitinous skeleton hardened by calcium carbonate
appendages specialized for swimming
possess 2 pairs of antennae
Small Crustaceans - Copepods
small, important to plankton
use enlarged pair of antennae for swimming
many are parasitic
Small Crustaceans - Barnacles
filter feeders
live attached to surfaces,
including other living
organisms
covered in calcareous
plates
have feather-like
filtering appendages
called cirri
actually legs used to
sweep water
Small Crustaceans – Amphipods
small curved body and flattened sideways
less than 2 cm in length
some live under larger organisms skin like lice, parasites
Small Crustaceans - Isopods
about the same size amphipods
dorsoventrally flattened
ex. terrestrial pill bugs
many are parasitic
Small Crustaceans - Krill
Also called euphausids
planktonic, shrimp-like
up to 6 cm long (2.5 in)
most are filter feeders
swim in groups of billions of individuals
Decapods
five pairs of
legs or
pereiopods
the first is
heavier -
usually claws
for feeding
and defense
Decapods
three pairs of maxillipeds near the mouth
turned forward, and specialized to sort food and push it
towards the mouth
Decapods
well developed carapace
encloses the part of the body called the cephalothorax
the rest of the body is known as the body
Decapods
shrimp and lobsters have laterally compressed bodies with
distinct and elongated abdomens (the “tail”)
Decapods
Decapods use their
chelipeds for feeding
and fighting
Therefore they often
lose a claw
They are able to
regenerate lost
chelipeds
Decapods
Also most arthropods have two distinct claws
The larger is called the crusher claw
And the thinner, more serrated one, is called the
pincer or tearing claw
Decapods
In many arthropods, such as lobsters, there are major
structural difference between males and females
1. Claw size (larger in males)
2. Tail width (wider in females)
3. Texture of swimmerets (harder in males)
Decapods
Reproduce sexually, using internal fertilization
Decapods
Also in crabs, a male has a v shaped abdomen and a
female has a u shaped abdomen
Shrimp
Typically scavengers
Varied life environments
Mutualistic relationships
with other organisms
Shrimp 1 Shrimp 2
American Lobster (Homarus
americanus)
also known as the northern lobster, Atlantic
lobster or Maine lobster
family Nephropidae, commercial lobsters
bottom dweller
found in colder waters off the Atlantic coast of
North America
New England and Canada
Lobsters
scavenger and predator
solitary in rocks or caves, also nocturnal
exoskeleton, which molts 2-3 times a year as a
juvenile and once a year as an adult