Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal

Justice 8th Edition Pollock

Full download at:
Solution Manual:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-ethical-dilemmas-and-decisions-in-
criminal-justice-8th-edition-by-pollock-isbn-1285062663-9781285062662/
Test bank:
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-ethical-dilemmas-and-decisions-in-criminal-
justice-8th-edition-by-pollock-isbn-1285062663-9781285062662/

CHAPTER 7 – Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The term Baksheesh is a euphemism for:
a. bribes
b. protection money
c. graft
d. rewards

ANS: C REF: p. 175 OBJ: LO 1

2. In terms of police corruption, the so-called “Queensland model” has become the
most well-known:
a. ethical model
b. integrity model
c. utilitarian model
d. critical model

ANS: B REF: p. 175 OBJ: LO 1

3. According to the text, citizens from which country report trusting their police
more any other professional group?
a. Denmark
b. Canada
c. Britain
d. Finland

ANS: D REF: p. 177 OBJ: LO 1

4. The Knapp Commission coined the term “grass eaters” to refer to officers who
did all of the following except:
a. took offered bribes
b. took offered gratuities
c. picked up merchandise at a crime scene
d. accepted unsolicited protection money

ANS: C REF: p. 178 OBJ: LO 1

5. The term grass eaters refers to police officers in:

a. New York City officers who accepted bribes, gratuities and protection money
b. Boston officers who sold their services to the highest bidders
c. Los Angeles officers who “shopped” at burglary scenes
d. Chicago officers who used marijuana on a regular basis

ANS: A REF: p. 178 OBJ: LO 1

6. A study of police ethics around the world revealed that in the United States, the
offense considered most serious by the officers surveyed was:
a. accepting bribes
b. accepting kickbacks
c. stealing from a crime scene
d. lying under oath

ANS: C REF: p. 186 OBJ: LO 3

7. Barker and Carter proposed that police abuse of authority comes in all of the
following areas except:
a. physical abuse
b. psychological abuse
c. legal abuse
d. sexual abuse

ANS: D REF: p. 178 OBJ: LO 1

8. According to Barker and Carter, harassment and ridicule are examples of which
of the following types of abuse?
a. physical abuse
b. psychological abuse
c. legal abuse
d. sexual abuse

ANS: B REF: p. 178 OBJ: LO 1

9. According to Barker and Carter, unlawful searchers or seizures are examples of

which of the following types of abuse?
 a. physical abuse
b. psychological abuse
c. legal abuse
d. sexual abuse

ANS: C REF: p. 178 OBJ: LO 1

10. Some new officers experience cynicism when they encounter citizen disrespect,
bureaucratic barriers, and the realities of the justice system. This can lead them to
distrust the department’s administration and the citizens of the community,
leaving them more prone to corruption. This process is known as the
a. spiral of cynicism
b. disillusionment process
c. chain of corruption
d. continuum of compromise

ANS: D REF: p. 201 OBJ: LO 4

11. Which of the following is not one of the “Big Five” personality traits?
a. punctuality
b. extroversion
c. openness
d. conscientiousness

ANS: A REF: p. 203 OBJ: LO 5

12. Fyfe and Kane discuss three types of police misconduct including all of the
following except:
a. police crime
b. police corruption
c. abuse of power
d. abuse of authority

ANS: D REF: pp. 178-179 OBJ: LO 1

13. According to Fyfe and Kane, conduct-related probationary failures is:

a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination
b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit
c. simple failure to meet job expectations
d. violating one or more departmental rules

ANS: C REF: p. 179 OBJ: LO 1

14. According to Fyfe and Kane, on-duty abuse is:

a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination
b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit
 c. simple failure to meet expectations
d. violating one or more departmental rules

ANS: A REF: p. 179 OBJ: LO 1

15. Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position
rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver are called:
a. pay offs
b. gratuities
c. bribes
d. rewards

ANS: B REF: p. 179 OBJ: LO 2

16. Kania believes that gratuities should be allowed because:

a. officers don’t make much money.
b. they cement social bonds.
c. they are in payment for special services.
d. they are without cost.

ANS: B REF: p.180 OBJ: LO 2

17. The two major arguments against gratuities are the slippery slope argument and
the:
a. anti-utilitarian argument
b. blue erosion argument
c. unjust enrichment argument
d. anti-bribe argument

ANS: C REF: p. 180 OBJ: LO 2

18. An important distinction between a gift and a gratuity is that a gift is:
a. clearly given with expectations of reciprocity
b. clearly given with no strings attached
c. something that can only be given to an off duty police officer
d. something that is received from someone recently arrested

ANS: B REF: p. 183 OBJ: LO 2

19. The practice of not ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or for other
driving violations is called:
a. blue gratuity
b. professional gift
c. professional courtesy
d. blue graft
 ANS: C REF: p. 184 OBJ: LO 3

20. Which of the following is not considered graft?

a. bribes
b. protection money
c. taking merchandize from a crime scene
d. rewards for referring certain bail bondsmen

ANS: C REF: p. 186 OBJ: LO 3

21. In Barker and Carter’s study, they found that up to what percent of police may
have used drugs on duty?
a. 20
b. 2
c. 10
d. 40

ANS: A REF: p. 185 OBJ: LO 1

22. According to Carter, the elements of police work that can lead to drug use include
all of the following except:
a. exposure to a criminal element
b. time spent in traffic patrol duties
c. relative freedom from supervision
d. uncontrolled availability of contraband

ANS: B REF: p. 185 OBJ: LO 1

23. Graft is defined as the exploitation of one’s role by:

a. utilizing excessive force while arresting someone
b. utilizing excessive force to obtain a confession
c. accepting free coffee from convenience stores
d. accepting bribes or protection money

ANS: D REF: p. 186 OBJ: LO 3

24. In studies of sexual harassment, what percent of female officers reported being
victimized?
a. 30 percent
b. 70 percent
c. 10 percent
d. 50 percent

ANS: B REF: p.188 OBJ: LO 1

25. The Buddy Boys operated in which city?

 a. New York
b. L.A.
c. Boston
d. Detroit

ANS: A REF: p.192 OBJ: LO 3

26. According to the text, explanations of corruption include all of the following
except:
a. individual explanations
b. institutional explanations
c. sub-cultural explanations
d. systemic explanations

ANS: C REF: p. 196 OBJ: LO 4

27. In his “corruption continuum,” Trautman argues that organizations create

unethical employees through several steps. Which of the following is not one of
these steps?
a. ignoring obvious ethical problems
b. perceived sense of victimization
c. survival of the fittest
d. hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture

ANS: B REF: p. 201 OBJ: LO 4

28. Research on excessive force finds that:

a. It is a widespread problem.
b. It seems to be an activity that is disproportionally engaged in by a small
number.
c. It is increasing.
d. It is particularly a problem in the south.

ANS: B Ref: p.205 OBJ: LO 5

29. The “rotten bushel” explanation is which type of explanation for police deviance?
a. Societal
b. Organizational
c. Individual
d. Philosophical

ANS: C REF: p.197 OBJ: LO 4

30. Lack of background checks, poor internal discipline procedures, and poor
supervision are all examples of what type of explanations for police deviance?
a. Societal
 b. Organizational
c. Individual
d. Philosophical

ANS: B REF: pp.200-201 OBJ: LO 4

CRITICAL THINKING
Case 7.1
You are an Internal Affairs officer investigating corruption in the city police department.
You have been assigned to ride along as a partner to Officer Jones, who has a reputation
for being corrupt. Officer Jones has been told that you are a patrol officer who has been
transferred from another district within the department.

1. While on patrol, Officer Jones stops a car for speeding and running a red light.
You observe the interaction between Officer Jones and the driver. Jones allows
the driver to leave without penalty. When you ask why he gave the driver a
break, Jones tells you that the driver turned out to be a fellow police officer. By
letting him go without a citation, Jones has demonstrated which type of
corruption?
a. Graft
b. Gratuity
c. Abuse of power
d. Professional courtesy

ANS: D Ref: p.184 OBJ: LO 3

2. At break time, you and Officer Jones stop for coffee and a snack at a local diner.
When it is time to return to patrol, you are surprised to see Officer Jones get up
and leave without paying. He explains that the owner of the diner doesn’t charge
police officers, which is why he chose that particular diner. This is an illustration
of:
a. graft.
b. gratuity.
c. abuse of power.
d. professional courtesy.

ANS: B Ref: pp.179-180 OBJ: LO 2

3. While on patrol, Officer Jones notices a car that is parked illegally. He uses his
cell phone to call a towing company, identifying himself as a “friend” on the
phone. When the tow truck arrives, the driver thanks Officer Jones for calling in
the job, and discreetly hands him a twenty-dollar bill. This is an example of:
a. graft.
b. gratuity.
 c. abuse of power.
d. professional courtesy.

ANS: A Ref: p.186 OBJ: LO 3

4. If any of these examples were arranged specifically to observe Officer Jones to

see how he would react to an opportunity for misconduct, the activity would be an
example of a:
a. graft check.
b. corruption review.
c. random integrity test.
d. targeted integrity test.

ANS: D Ref: p.205 OBJ: LO 5

Case 7.2
After completing your observations of Officer Jones, you are asked to summarize your
observations for a study being conducted by an ethicist studying police behavior.

5. In the above example regarding the driver who ran the red light, we could say that
Jones’ actions were unethical because he had a duty to enforce the law. This
viewpoint would be consistent with a ______________ ethical system.
a. deontological
b. teleological
c. ethics of care
d. ethics of virtue

ANS: A Ref: p.184 OBJ: LO 3

6. Let’s assume that the driver turned out to be an undercover police officer who was
engaged in surveillance. Jones intended at first to write a citation. However,
when he found out the driver was an officer, he decided to let him go, so that the
undercover officer would not have attention drawn to him while Jones wrote the
citation. Jones decided that letting the officer go would best serve the greater
good. This would be consistent with:
a. universality
b. professional courtesy
c. utilitarianism
d. deontology

ANS: C Ref: pp.184-185 OBJ: LO 1,3

7. Assume that the waitress at the diner was new, and did not know about Officer
Jones’ arrangement with the owner. She brought a check for the food and coffee,
and Officer Jones grudgingly paid. Because the choice of the diner was
motivated by Officer Jones’ desire for a free meal, ____________ would
 consider his actions immoral even though he paid.
a. universality
b. ethical formalism
c. utilitarianism
d. teleological ethics

ANS: B Ref: p.183 OBJ: LO 2

Case 7.3
You have been hired to consult with the new chief of a police department that has been
fraught with complaints of officer misconduct.

8. The chief explains that the department has its own section dedicated to monitoring
the department’s officers and investigating complaints. This is known as
a. the self-policing model
b. the internal affairs model
c. a consent decree
d. the “rotten barrel” scenario

ANS: B Ref: p.206 OBJ: LO 5

9. After reviewing the reports of officer misconduct, you determine that they seem
to be individual acts for the most part. You recommend an improved screening
process, random integrity tests, and a process of reviewing use-of-force reports in
order to detect possible warning signs. This approach is known as a
__________________ response.
a. rotten apple
b. rotten barrel
c. consent decree
d. “Big Five”

ANS: A Ref: pp.203-204 OBJ: LO 5

10. You draft recommendations to improve the hiring process. You advise the chief
that one particular category of recruits was more likely to be terminated during
probation. Which group is this?
a. Female recruits
b. Recruits with only a high-school diploma
c. Recruits with military experience
d. Recruits under the age of 22.

ANS: D Ref: p.199 OBJ: LO 4

TRUE/FALSE
1. Studies indicate that gratuities do not influence the way that officers patrol.

ANS: F REF: p.184 OBJ: LO 2

2. In the NYC study, it was found that women were much less likely than men to be
fired for cause.

ANS: F REF: p.199 OBJ: LO 4

3. Transparency International finds that the country with the highest integrity scores
for their law enforcement agencies include the United States.

ANS: F REF: pp. 176-177 OBJ: LO 1

4. In the international study of police integrity, officers in the United States rated
bribery as the most serious form of misconduct.

ANS: F REF: p.186 OBJ: LO 3

5. Kania believes that every officer goes through a slippery slope where small lapses
lead to larger acts of corruption.

ANS: F REF: p.180 OBJ: LO 2

6. A gift is different from a gratuity.

ANS: T REF: p.183 OBJ: LO 2

7. In Macintyre and Prenzler’s study of whether police officers would issue a ticket
to a business owner who gave them gratuities, less than half said they would issue
the ticket.

ANS: T REF: p.184 OBJ: LO 2

8. Research shows that there is no relation between an officer’s level of education

and the number of citizen complaints received.

ANS: F REF: p.199 OBJ: LO 4

9. Noble-cause corruption is a type of organizational level explanation for police

deviance.

ANS: T REF: p.201 OBJ: LO 4

10. Gilmartin and Harris coined the term “continuum of compromise.”

ANS: T Ref: p.201 OBJ: LO 4

11. All American police departments have strict “no gratuities” policies.

ANS: F REF: p.183 OBJ: LO 2

12. According to a 2006 study of police in New York City, the most common reason
for termination was a failed drug test.

ANS: T REF: p.186 OBJ: LO 3

13. Police officers with criminal records for sexual offenses are prevented from
obtaining law enforcement positions in other jurisdictions.

ANS: F REF: p.188 OBJ: LO 3

14. Greene’s study showed that the area an officer patrols is associated with the
likelihood of receiving discipline, complaints, or becoming involved in police
shootings.

ANS: T REF: p.199 OBJ: LO 4

15. An operation in which a police officer is placed in a position where he or she

might be tempted to break a rule or a law and is monitored to see what he or she
will do is known as a “graft check.”

ANS: F REF: p.205 OBJ: LO 5

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
1. When one acts upon opportunities created by one’s authority for the purpose of
personal gain at the expense of the public, it is called __________________.

ANS: corruption REF: p.177 OBJ: LO 1

2. The term ____________________ was used by the Knapp Commission to

describe NYC police officers who were taking bribes, gratuities, and unsolicited
protection money and who were fairly passive in their deviant practices.

ANS: grass eaters REF: p.178 OBJ: LO 1

3. The term ____________________ was used by the Knapp Commission to

 describe deviant NYC police officers who engaged in shakedowns, shopped at
burglary scenes, and engaged in more serious practices.

ANS: meat eaters REF: p. 178 OBJ: LO 1

4. ____________________ are items of value received by an individual because of

his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the
giver.

ANS: Gratuities REF: p.179 OBJ: LO 2

5. The term ___________________ was used by Ruiz and Bono to describe the
situation wherein officers are frequently offered gratuities.

ANS: “blue discount suit” REF: p.182 OBJ: LO 2

6. In order to find gratuities ethical, __________________ would indicate that we

must be comfortable with a universal law allowing all businesses to give all police
officers certain favors or gratuities

ANS: ethical formalism REF: p. 183 OBJ: LO 2

7. The term ____________________ refers to any exploitation of one’s role, such as

accepting bribes, protection money, or kickbacks.

ANS: graft REF: p.186 OBJ: LO 3

8. The New York City officers, called the _____________________ were involved
in theft, robbery, and selling drugs in the 1980’s.

ANS: “Buddy Boys” REF: p. 192 OBJ: LO 3

9. The _____________________ argument states that the officer alone was deviant
and that it was simply a mistake to hire him or her.

ANS: rotten-apple REF: p. 197 OBJ: LO 4

10. The idea that small unethical acts will lead to larger ones over time is called the
_____________________ argument.

ANS: slippery slope REF: p. 204 OBJ: LO 4,5

11. In 2010, prison officials in ____________ allowed prisoners to leave and gave
them guns and cars so that they could kill rival cartel members before returning to
the prison.
 ANS: Mexico REF: p.176 OBJ: LO 3

12. ________________ involves actions where officers physically injure a citizen or

offend a citizen’s sense of dignity.

ANS: Abuse of power REF: p.179 OBJ: LO 1

13. Conflict-of-interest laws recognize the reality that a public official’s __________
is compromised after receiving things of value from stakeholders.

ANS: discretion REF: p.183 OBJ: LO 2

14. Exposure to a criminal element, relative freedom from supervision, and

uncontrolled availability of contraband can lead to drug use, especially for
officers engaged in ______________ work.

ANS: undercover REF: p.185 OBJ: LO 4

15. Regardless of formal ethical codes, police are influenced by the standards of
behavior they observe in ______________.

ANS: their supervisors REF: p.208 OBJ: LO 5

ESSAY
1. List and discuss examples of law enforcement corruption in other countries.

ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 175-177 OBJ: LO 1

2. List and discuss Barker and Carter’s types of abuse.

ANS: answer not provided REF: p.178 OBJ: LO 1

3. Compare and contrast ‘grass eaters’ and ‘meat eaters.’

ANS: answer not provided REF: p.178 OBJ: LO 1

4. Discuss the difference between on-duty and off-duty misbehavior by police,

distinguishing between police corruption and police crime.

ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 179-180 OBJ: LO 1,3

5. What are the arguments for the acceptance of gratuities?

ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 180-184 OBJ: LO 2

6. What are the arguments against gratuities? Provide examples.

ANS: answer not provided REF: pp.180-184 OBJ: LO 2

7. What does research show concerning the number of officers who use drugs on
duty? Discuss the findings and their implications.

ANS: answer not provided REF: pp.185-186 OBJ: LO 3

8. Explain the “continuum of compromise” as it relates to police misconduct,

including how it might help supervisors recognize warning signs. .

ANS: answer not provided REF: p.201 OBJ: LO 4,5

9. What are the individual, organizational, and societal level explanations for police
officer deviance?

ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 196-199 OBJ: LO 4

10. Discuss the research concerning use of force. What factors seem to be associated
with it?

ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 199, 206-208 OBJ: LO 4