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MOD 1-2 LEC Midterm Reviewer

Nursing (Centro Escolar University)

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MODULE 1 NURSING AS A PROFESSION L1
PROFESSION
● is an occupation or calling requiring advanced
training and experience in some specific or
specialized body of knowledge which
provides service to society in that special
field.
● a calling or a vocation requiring an intensive
and specialized education in the field of
science or the liberal arts and has a
specialized training
● Any undertaking in which a person, whom for
a fee or free, provides a distinctive service
using a scientific and specialized body of
knowledge and skills
● a calling or vocation or undertaking in which
its members should have acquired specific
and distinct values, knowledge, training or by
experience so that they may competently
utilize it in the service of others
CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
(according to William Shepard)
● Must have developed scientific techniques
which is the result of tested experience.
● Must require the exercise of discretion and
judgement as to the time and manner of the
performance of duty. This is in contrast to the
kind of work that is subject to
standardization in terms of unit performance
or time element.
● Must have the group of consciousness
designed to extend scientific knowledge in
technical language.
● Must have sufficient self-impelling power to
retain its members throughout life. It must
not be used as a mere stepping stone to other
occupations.
● Must recognize its obligations to society by
insisting that its members live up to an
established code of ethics.
QUALITIES OF A PROFESSION
(according to flexner)
● A profession applies its body of knowledge in
practical services that are vital to human
welfare, and especially suited to the tradition
of season practitioners shaping the skills of
newcomers to the role.
● It constantly enlarges the body of knowledge
it uses and subsequently imposes on its
members a long obligations to remain current
in order to “do no harm”
● A profession functions autonomously (with
authority) in the formulation of professional
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policy and in monitoring its practice and
practitioners.
(according to flenex)
● It utilizes in its practice a well defined and
well-organized body of knowledge that is
intellectual in nature and describes its
phenomena of concern.
● A profession has a clear standard of
educational preparation for entry into
practice.
● A profession is distinguished by the presence
of specific culture, norms, and other values
that are common among its members.
● Entrusts the education of its practitioners to
institutions of higher education
● Applies its body of knowledge in practical
services which are vital to human and social
welfare.
● Functions autonomously in the formulation of
professional policy and in the control of
professional activity.
● Attracts individuals of intellectual and
personal qualities who exalt service above the
personal gain and who recognize their chosen
occupation as a life work.
● Strives to compensate its practitioners by
providing freedom to act on opportunity for
continuous professional growth, and
economic security.
(according to genevieve k. and roy w. bixler)
● Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and
well-organized body of specialized
knowledge which is on the intellectual level of
higher learning.
● Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it
uses, and improves its techniques of
education and service by the use of scientific
method.
PROFESSIONAL NURSING
● is a person who has completed a basic
nursing education program and is licensed in
his/her country or state to practice
professional nursing.
● It is the performance for a fee or salary, of
professional services such as undertaking
responsible nursing care, the observation of
symptoms, accurate reporting and recording,
supervision of other, execution of nursing
procedures and execution of valid doctor’s
order.
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
● is an occupation or vocation with a unique
body of knowledge, attitude and skills
acquired through advanced training and
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experience in order to provide specialized Communicator nurses identify client problems and
services and various care for others then communicate these verbally or in writing to
other members of the health team

A. Professional Preparation Teacher helps client learn about their health and the
health care procedures they need to perform to
For his / her professional preparation a nurse must : restore or maintain their health.
➔ have a license to practice
➔ nursing in the country
➔ have a Bachelor of Science Counselor help the client recognize and cope with
stressful psychological or social problems to develop
➔ degree in Nursing ;
improved personal
➔ be physically and mentally fit relationships and to promote personal growth.

B. Personal Qualities & Professional Client Advocate the nurse acts to protect the client
Proficiencies and his rights, promotes what is best for the client.

Change Agent the nurse initiates changes and assists

➔ interest and willingness to work and learn with
individuals/ groups in a variety of settings.
➔ a warm personality and concern for people.
➔ resourcefulness and creativity as well as a well-
balanced emotional conditions.
➔ capacity and ability to work cooperatively with
others
➔ initiative to improve self & service
➔ competence in performing work through the use
of the nursing process.
➔ skill in decision-making, communicating, and
relating with others and being research-oriented
➔ active participation in issues confronting nurses
& nursing
the client make modifications in their behavior &
lifestyle to promote health.
Leader the nurse helps the client make decisions in
establishing and achieving goals to improve his
well-being.
Case Manager the nurse work with the
multi-disciplinary health care team to measure the
effectiveness of the case management
plan & to monitor outcomes, gives directions, and
delegates nursing activities to ancillary workers and
evaluates their performance.
Researcher the nurse participates in scientific
investigation and uses research findings in practice.
Expanded Nursing Roles

ROLE a socially expected behavior pattern,

associated with an individual’s function in various
social groups.
RESPONSIBILITY is a legal or moral duty or
obligation to deal with.
Roles of the Professional Nurse
Care Provider assists the client physically and
psychologically while preserving the client’s dignity.
It involves full care for the completely dependent
client, partial care for the partially dependent client,
and supportive-educative care to assist clients in
attaining their highest possible level of health
Nurse Practitioner a nurse who has an advanced
education and is a graduate of a nurse practitioner
program (family nurse practitioner, pediatric nurse
practitioner)
Nurse Specialist a nurse who has an advanced
degree or expertise and is considered to be an expert
in a specialized area (gerontology, oncology)
Nurse Anesthetist carries out preoperative visits
and assessments, administer anesthetics for surgery.
Nurse Midwife gives prenatal and postnatal care and
manages deliveries in normal pregnancies
Nurse Researcher employed in academic
institutions, teaching hospitals and research centers

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➔ Failure of the nurse to guidelines.comply would

Nurse Administrator functions include budgeting,
staffing and planning programs (head nurse,
supervisor, director of nursing services)
Nurse Educator – employed in nursing programs,
educational institutions, and in hospital staff
education. Responsible for classroom and often
clinical teaching
(Clinical Instructor )
Nurse Entrepreneur – manages health-related
business (owner of a home care )
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION AS
APPLIED TO NURSING PRACTICE:
Master of Craft requires well-defined
continuously and exclusively performed
expose her to possible professional liabilities. It
is also the duty of a nurse to be ever mindful of
the conduct of his colleagues and other members
of the health care team.
➔ Although our profession grants autonomy, such
must still be regulated and should adhere with
the existing nursing laws, Code of Ethics, policies
and
➔ She has the responsibility to look at the conduct
and demeanor of other health providers to see to
it that tasks are properly carried out and patients
are properly protected.
skills
11 keys responsibilities of a nurse

Accountability Being liable for any resulting acts or ➔ Nursing process

➔ Safe and quality nursing care

conduct based on his professional decisions
implemented, committed or performed.
➔ Health education
Competence refers to the possession of required
skills, knowledge and capacity in providing safe care ➔ Legal responsibility
to patients. These skills are acquired through
theoretical and related learning in school and ➔ Management of Resources & Environment

➔ Quality Improvement
hospital exposures. It should be applied at all times
when a nurse is actively practicing his profession.
➔ Research
Ethical Being equipped with the morality of human
conduct, values and standards. It is the ➔ Personal & Professional Development
rightness and the wrongfulness of human action.
➔ Communication

➔ Collaboration & Team Work

Caring Profession Nursing requires diligent efforts
in caring for any client, both sick and well. It is the
only profession wherein, monetary consideration is ➔ Record Management
not the primary reason in providing care, but most of
all, service to humanity. Nurses are supposed to have
SCOPE OF THE NURSING PRACTICE
a truly caring attitude for all of her clients regardless
• A person shall be deemed practicing nursing when
of their economic and social status.
he/ she singly or in collaboration with another,
initiates and performs nursing
Service Oriented The main goal of professional
services to individuals, families, and communities in
nursing practice is to deliver optimum level of health
any health care setting.
for all, both sick and well regardless whether capable
• It includes but is not limited to nursing care dung
of payment or an indigent, as the essence of the
conception, labor, delivery, infancy, childhood,
phrase that “nursing is service” to others.
toddler, pre- school, school age, adolescence,
adulthood, and old age.
Professional Relationship Nurses must have a
patient centered behavior. Such behavior is focused
It shall be duty of a nurse to:
on solving patient’s assessed problems and needs.
Care should be holistic and ➔ Provide nursing care through the utilization of
professional nurses must provide disciplined care the nursing process.
through active and continuous collaboration with
other members of the health care team. ➔ Establish linkages with community resources,
and coordination with the health team.
➔ Provide health education to individuals, families
Autonomy and Altruism Profession grants authority
and independence to nurse
practitioners to perform specific professional and communities.
functions.

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➔ Teach, guide and supervise students in nursing ฀ traditionally, female roles of wife,mother,
education programs including the administration daughter and sister have always included the
of nursing services in varied settings such as care and nurturing of other family members.
฀
hospitals and clinics
women, who in general occupied a subservient
➔ Undertake nursing and health human resource and dependent role, are called on to care for
development training and research others in the community who are ill
฀ care provided is related to physical maintenance
PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS
and comfort
➔ nurses promote wellness in clients who are both
healthy & ill INTUITIVE
➔ involves activities that enhance healthy lifestyle
The perception of knowledge that is pure, instinctive
and untaught.
➔ WELLNESS is a process that engages in activities
Women- endowed biologically with a tender,
and behaviors that enhance quality of life and
compassionate nature.
maximize personal potential.
฀ which is readily adapted to her family’s
PREVENTING ILLNESS need for nursing care; functioned as primitive
➔ The goal of illness prevention programs is to nurses in tribal societies
maintain optimal health by preventing disease.
-Nursing as a practice originated in the dim
➔ activities that prevent illness past when some mother among the cave dwellers
cooled the forehead of her sick
➔ includes immunization, prenatal and infant care, child with water from the brook (Dr. William
prevention of STD Osler)

RESTORING HEALTH -Law of preservation (survival of the fittest)

➔ focuses on the ill client, and it extends from early
PREHISTORIC MAN WAS NOMADIC
detection of disease through helping the client •Abandonment of the
during the recovery period. aged and infirm
– act of necessity not of cruelty
NURSING IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
MODULE 2 LESSON 1 HISTORY OF NURSING ฀ beliefs that disease were embedded on
superstition and magic
NURSING “ nutrix”
(latin word, “nutricius”)
฀ a service to the individual which helps to regain, Practical theories of medical care
emerged and observed the following :
or to keep a normal state of body and mind-that
nourishes, foster, protects as a SCIENCE and ART ฀ midwives provided care for the mothers and
a blending of art, science & spirit infant during birthing
฀ wet nurses often suckled and care for infant
TRADITIONAL ROLE OF NURSING:
children of wealthy families
฀ HUMANISTIC CARING
฀ often the care provided for the sick was related
฀ NURTURING to physical maintenance and comfort
฀ COMFORTING ฀ these roles are filled in by female slaves –Slave

฀ SUPPORTING nurse was dependent on the master, healer or

priest

Historical Perspectives in PRIMITIVE MEN

Contemporary Nursing
฀ believed that illnesses were caused by the
Women’s Role invasion of the victim’s body by an evil spirit or
black magic (voodoo)

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฀
CHINA- belief of spirits and demons-knowledge of
believed that the medicine man(shaman or witch
“MATERIAMEDICA” (pharmacology)
doctor) could healusing “white magic”
฀ prescribed methods of treating wounds,
฀ medicine men used hypnosis,charms, dances,
infections and muscular inflection
incantations,purgatives, massages, fire, water,
herbsor other vegetation, some animals, use of ฀ care of the sick is assumed as the function of
trephine (drilling a hole in the skull with a rock family members
฀
or stone without anesthesia)
Prohibited the dissection of the human body
NURSES AT THIS TIME
INDIA
฀ COMFORTING
฀ hospitals that use an intuitive form of asepsis
฀ PRACTICING MIDWIFE
฀ proficiency in the practice of medicine and
฀ PERFORMINGNEIGBORING ACT(WITHOUT surgery
฀
TRAINING OR DIRECTION)
Writings of Shushurutu (300 – 200 B.C.)
฀ MORE ON NATURAL INSTINCT
฀ List of function and qualification of nurses
฀ WET NURSE TO CHILD
฀ mention of nurse (priest-nurses) taking care of
NURSING IN THE NEAR EAST patients; functions also as pharmacists,
masseurs, physical therapists and cooks
฀ From nomadic life to agrarian life to urban
community life
NURSING IN THE GREECE AND ROME
NURSING duty of slaves wives, sisters or mothers -Care of the sick and injured was advanced in
mythology and reality
฀
BABYLONIA CODE OF HAMMURABI
ASKLEPIOS (greek god; chief healer)
฀ Earliest documentation of law governing the
฀ EPIGONE (wife of ASKLEPIOS; the soother)
practice of medicine
฀ Government-controlled, well regulated practice ฀ HYGERIA (daughte: goddess of health;
medicine; mention of nursing embodiment of the nurse

EGYPT -nursing was the task of the untrained slaves

฀ art of embalming -Introduced “caduceus” the insignia
฀
of the medical profession today
Old testament (Book of Leviticus)
- laws of controlling the spread of -women were not tasked or given
communicable diseases, cleanliness, instruction regarding nursing due to
preparation of food, purification of man perception of inferiority of females
and his food, rituals of circumcision to males
฀ Moses – “the father of Sanitation”
Hippocrates
- nurses – midwives and wet nurses
Father of Scientific Medicine
(compassionate, tender maternal instincts)
only a medical student should
฀ (contribution to anatomy) remain with the patient
-record of 250 recognizable diseases
-no mention of nursing; it is assumed that
nurses were the role of slaves or patient’s RELIGION
families the Christian value of “love thy neighbor as thyself”
-Hebrew people and Christ’s parable of the Good Samaritan had a
significant impact on the development of nursing
during the 3rd and 4th centuries, several wealthy
NURSING IN THE FAR EAST matrons of the Roman empire (such as Fabiola)
converted to Christianity and used their wealth to

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฀
provide houses of care and healing (the forerunner of
Performance is limited, inflexible and governed
hospitals) for the poor, the sick and the
homeless by context free rules and regulations rather than
experience

❖ Stage II. Advanced Beginner

The Dark Period of Nursing:
฀ Demonstrate marginally acceptable performance
The Reformation and Nursing
฀ Recognized the meaningful “aspects” of a real
฀ the “dark period of nursing”
situation
฀ closing of hundreds of hospitalsnursing became ฀ Has experience enough real situations to make
the work of “dregs” of society judgment about them
฀ nurses took bribes, abused alcohol, were
uneducated and untrained ❖ Stage III. Competent
฀ nurses worked 7 days a week without relief with ฀ Has 2-3 years of experience
very poor working conditions
฀ Demonstrate organizational and planning
฀ Extends from 17th to the 19th century
abilities
฀ Period of reformation until the US Civil War ฀ Differentiates important factors from less
฀ Extends from 17th to the 19th century important aspects of care
฀
฀
Coordinates multiple complex care and
Martin Luther destroyed unity of Christian Faith
command
฀ Wrath of Protestantism swept away everything
connected with Roman Catholicism in schools, ❖ Stage IV. Proficiency
orphanage, & hospitals
฀
฀
Has 3-5 years experience
Properties of Hospitals & School was confiscated
฀
฀
Perceives situation as a whole rather than in
Nurses fled to their lives
terms of parts, as in stage II
฀
฀
In England, hundreds of hospitals were closed
Uses maxim as a guides for what to consider in a
฀ No provision for the sick situation
฀ Has a holistic understanding of the client which
MODULE 2 LESSON 2 OVERVIEW OF NURSING improves decision making
฀
PRACTICES
Focuses on a long term goal

Socialization to Nursing
❖ Stage V. Expert
฀ The standard of education and practice for the
professions are determined by the members of ฀ Performance is fluid, flexible, and highly
the profession, rather than by outsiders. proficiency
฀ The education of the professional involves a ฀ No longer requires rule, guidelines, or maxims to
complete socialization process, more far connect an understanding to the situation to
reaching in its social and attitudinal aspects and appropriate action
฀
its technical features than is usually is required
Demonstrate highly skilled intuitive and analytic
in other kinds of occupation
ability in new situation.
BENNER’S STAGES OF NURSING EXPERTISE: ฀ Inclined to take a certain action because “it
❖ Stage I. Novice felts right”
฀ No experience (e.g. nursing)

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฀
ETHICAL CODES
As a Filipino, contribute to the attainment of the
฀ systematic guides for developing ethical country’s national objectives
behavior
฀ answer normative questions of what beliefs and ❖ Global competitiveness

฀
values should be morally accepted
Shall remain open to the challenges of a dynamic
CODE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE: and interconnected world
฀ This code is adopted by the PRC and the 42 ฀ Rise up to global standards and maintain levels
Professional Regulatory Boards to cover an or professional practices fully aligned with global
environment of good governance in which all best practices
Filipino professionals shall perform their duties.
❖ Equality of all profession
❖
฀
Service to others
shall treat their colleagues with respect and
฀ a commitment to a life of sacrifice and genuine strive to be fair in their dealings with one
selflessness another.
฀ No one group of professionals is superior or
❖ Integrity and Objectivity above others.
฀ Should perform responsibilities with the highest ฀ All professions perform an equally important, yet
sense of integrity and imbued with nationalism distinct service to society
& spiritual values
฀ maintain objectivity, be free of conflicts of
interest
MODULE 2 LESSON 3. NURSING AS AN ART
฀ refrain from engaging in activity that would
prejudice their abilities to ethically carry out NURSING AS AN ART
฀
their duties
Nursing is an art and if it is to be made an art, it

❖
is requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a
Professional competence
preparation, as any painter’s or sculpture’s work,
฀ Knowledge, technical skills, attitudes and for what is having to do with the living body-the
temple of god’s spirit? It is one of the fine arts; I
experience, undertaking only those professional
had almost said, the finest of the arts (Florence
services they can reasonably deliver
nightingale)
฀ An obligation to keep up with a new knowledge
and techniques, upgrade the level of competence,
taking part in lifelong continuing education NURSING AS AN ART:
program.
NURSING PROFESSION

❖ Solidarity and teamwork ฀ As a UNIQUE profession, it is practice with the

earnest concern for the ART of CARE and
฀ Shall maintain and support one professional SCIENCE OF HEALTH
organization for all its members. ฀ The nursing profession involves a humanistic
blend of scientific knowledge and holistic
❖ Social and civic responsibility nursing practice
฀ Shall always carry out their professional duties
ART MEANS
฀
with due consideration of the broader interest of
public Art is the process or product of deliberately

฀
arranging elements in a way that appeals to the
Serve them with professional concern consistent
senses or emotions.
฀
with their responsibilities to society
“both human creative skill or its application”

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฀ Concise oxford dictionary (1996) ฀ It is the ESSENCE and CENTRAL UNIFYING AND

฀
DOMINANT DOMAIN that distinguishes nursing
It is an art as it involves personal encounters
from the other health disciplines.
with people particularly the ill and inflicted.
฀ A nurse can meet a patient needs by creating a Acts of CARING refers to the direct and indirect
nurturant and skillful activities, process and
comfortable climate thus establishing
decisions that assist people in ways that are
commitment to healing.
emphatic, compassionate and supportive, and that
฀ Therefore the nurse may stimulate the are dependent on the needs, problems and values of
patient to regain control of his recovery. the individual being assisted.

Purpose of ART CARE IN NURSE PRACTICES involves:

฀ "a purpose of art involves communication of ฀ Comforting
emotions to invoke a response". ฀ Spiritual Caring

Why is nursing an ART? ฀ Providing presence

฀ Nursing is itself an art. It can be drama, it can be ฀ Knowing the Client
dialogue, it can be a comedy. The patient can be
viewed as an inspiration to and participant in the ฀ Listening

฀
art of nursing.
Family Care
The nurse who feeds a patient who has
suffered a stroke: CARING: FIVE PROCESSES
KNOWING is striving to understand an event as it has
฀ may try gently with confident gestures to feed meaning in the life of others.
him slowly enough as to give him time to
swallow, by doing that task carefully without BEING WITH is being emotionally present to the
dirtying his clothes. other
฀ In talking to him the nurse can instill in the
MAINTAINING BELIEF is sustaining faith in the
patient’s heart, hope and determination to strive others capacity to go through an event or transition
for a rapid recovery. and face a future with meaning.

CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE ART OF DOING FOR is doing for the other as he or she do for
NURSING: the self if it were at all possible

CARING: AN INTEGRAL PART OF NURSING ENABLING is facilitating the others passage through
฀ “The essence of NURSING is CARING” (jean life transitions (e.g. birth, death and unfamiliar
events)
watson)
฀ A word of being “connected” “The Nursing as an Art, derives its philosophical
pedestal from the consideration of life as a
฀ Caring means that person, events, projects and fundamental value and unfolds the art of care-healing
things matter to the people. cased with moral, philosophical, mental, social and
฀
scientific values of every epoch".
An inherit features of nursing practice where it
enables nurses helps clients to recover in the
face of illness, to give meaning to that illness and
to maintain or re-establish connection
฀ Caring allows the commitment and the
consciousness of the nurse to go beyond the
physical surface to reach the human center of the
person

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