Test Bank for Juvenile Denlinquency 3rd Edition Bartollas

Schmalleger 9780134548661
Full download link at:
Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-juvenile-denlinquency-3rd-edition-bartollas-schmalleger-9780134548661/
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1) What is the basic theoretical premise of labeling theory?

A) The social structure of society is unequal.
B) Society creates deviants.
C) Criminals are inherently evil.
D) Individuals will violate laws regardless of
prohibitions. Answer: B

2) The theory assumes society creates deviance by negatively identifying and naming those who
are apprehended as different from others, and any subsequent interactions are influenced by the
meaning and perception derived from the identify.
A) heredity B) labeling C) economic D) conflict
Answer: B

3) What term did Edwin Lemert use to refer to society's response to deviant behavior?
A) social deviation B) criminal deviation
C) primary deviation D) secondary deviation
Answer: D

4) Robert Sampson and John Laub claim that labeling is one factor leading to , which increases
the likelihood of a person's involvement in criminal acts during adulthood.
A) subjective tags B) cumulative disadvantage
C) formal roles D) primary deviation
Answer: B

5) What did Lemert say would force a change in an individual's status or role?
A) neutralization B) rationalization
C) systematic rewards D) social reactions
Answer: D

6) Ruth Ann Triplett and G. Roger Jarjoura referred to reactions by official agents of the justice system to
illegal behaviors as .
A) subjective tags B) objective tags C) formal labels D) informal labels
Answer: C

7) Which of the following theoretical propositions uses reciprocal role taking as part of its theoretical
construction?
A) social structural B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict D) psychological
Answer: B

8) The central medium through which symbolic interaction occurs is .

A) language B) education
C) financial advantage D) race
Answer: A
1
9) Which of the following accurately describes the unit of analysis for symbolic interactionists?
A) the transaction that takes place in interaction between two or more individuals
B) the process of acquiring a delinquent identity that takes place in a number of steps
C) the give-and-take that continuously occurs between social groups and between individuals and
society
D) the initial act of deviance that causes a person to be labeled a deviant
Answer: A

2
10) Which theory sees the social order as a dynamic process that is the ever-evolving product of an ongoing
system of social interaction and communication?
A) theory of differential oppression B) labeling theory
C) symbolic interactionist theory D) differential social control theory
Answer: C

11) Which of the following is NOT a strength of the symbolic interactionist theory of delinquency?
A) It contributes helpful insights about the influence of delinquent peers and the group context on
youths'
self-appraisals.
B) It is insightful regarding how both law-abiding and delinquent youths form their
conceptions of themselves.
C) It builds on and adds to the insights of labeling
theory. D) It builds on the differential social control
theory.
Answer: D

12) Who views laws as tools created by the powerful for their own benefit?
A) symbolic interactionists B) anthropologists
C) conflict theorists D) functionalists
Answer: C

13) Marxists contend that extreme poverty and economic disenfranchisement caused by a capitalist system
cause
crime.
A) corporate B) conventional C) elite D) public order
Answer: B

14) What is Ralf Dahrendorf especially critical of?

A) peacemaking B) mediation C) conflict model D) functionalism
Answer: D

15) What variable did Karl Marx suggest was the cause of crime?
A) culture B) poverty C) class struggle D) racial bias
Answer: C

16) What concepts did Max Weber add to Marx's theory to explain social stratification?
A) disorganization and culture B) status and wealth
C) power and prestige D) economy and restraint
Answer: C

17) John Hagan suggested that a relationship between power and control would explain why .
A) girls commit less delinquency than boys B) fathers tend to control boys more than girls
C) mothers tend to be more dominant than fathers D) boys commit less delinquency than girls
Answer: A

18) What did Robert Regoli and John Hewitt suggest as a cause of delinquency in the United States?
A) inadequate wealth B) peer power
C) broken homes D) oppression of children
Answer: D

3
19) The view that delinquency or crime arises because individuals are members of a subculture with conduct
norms that are in conflict with the wider society is called .
A) economic oppression theory B) poverty theory
C) bourgeois culture theory D) culture conflict theory
Answer: D

20) The idea that authority is unjustly used against children is called the .
A) Marxist perspective B) power-control thesis
C) theory of differential oppression D) poverty oppression expression
Answer: C

21) Which one of the following restorative-justice programs enables in-kind or actual return of what has been
lost?
A) family group conferences B) victim-offender conferencing
C) restitution programs D) community conferencing and peacemaking
Answer: C

22) Community conferences make it possible for to meet one another to resolve issues raised by
an offender's trespass.
A) community members B) victims
C) youths D) All of the above
Answer: D

23) Nancy Rodriguez used official juvenile court data from an urban area and found that youths who
participated in a restorative justice program were less likely to than juveniles in a comparison
group.
A) deviate B) desist C) abstain D) recidivate
Answer: D

24) appears to be one of the most hopeful approaches to juvenile crime, especially with minor
forms of juvenile delinquency.
A) The death penalty B) Restorative justice C) Social injustice D) Incarceration
Answer: B

25) According to conflict-oriented criminologists, takes the form of unfairness in the juvenile
justice system. It arises from poor youths being disproportionately represented, from female status
offenders being subjected to sexist treatment, and from racial minorities being dealt with more harshly
than whites.
A) social injustice B) incarceration C) restorative justice D) the death
penalty
Answer: A

26) Frank Tannenbaum proposed that the less evil is dramatized, the more likely youths are to become
involved in deviant careers.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

27) A criticism of labeling theory is that it implies that labeling always increases the likelihood of subsequent
rule breaking.
A) True
4
 B) False
Answer: A

5
28) The term "leave those kids alone" is best associated with the concept of radical nonintervention.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

29) Symbolic interactionists define the unit of analysis as the transaction that takes place in interaction between
two or more individuals.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

30) From the interactionist perspective, racial and gender inequalities are inconsequential for law violation.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

31) Conflict theorists focus on the importance of socioeconomic class, power and authority relationships, and
group and cultural conflict.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

32) Marx wrote extensively on crime, which led to the formation of conflict theory.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

33) Marxists view the state and the law as the ultimate tools of the ownership class.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

34) Weber did not believe that a unidimensional approach could explain social stratification.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

35) Austin Turk theorized that social order of society is based on the relationships of cooperation and
mutual respect between authorities and subjects.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

36) Hagan contends that the relationship between gender and nonserious delinquency is linked to power
and control.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

6
 37) An economic system in which private individuals or corporations own and control capital and in
which competitive free markets control prices, production, and distribution of goods is called
socialism.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

38) Advocates of restorative justice argue that legal standards are sufficient to create healthy, ethical
community behavior.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

39) Restorative justice processes assume value in every human being and therefore present individuals to
one another in a respectful way, which draws out human dignity in everyone.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

40) The development of empathy requires regular feedback about how our actions affect others, relationships
in which we feel valued and our worth is validated, and the experience of sympathy from others when
we are in pain.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

41) Tannenbaum referred to the process of labeling as the of evil.

Answer: dramatization

42) According to Lemert, the individual's initial act of deviance is the deviation.
Answer: primary

43) According to labeling theory, " deviation" refers to the initial act of deviance that causes a person to
be labeled a deviant.
Answer: primary

44) According to labeling theory, deviance that is a consequence of societal reaction to an initial delinquent
act is called deviation.
Answer: secondary

45) The symbolic interaction theory of delinquency proposes to explain delinquent behavior in
terms of self-development mediated by .
Answer: language

46) argued that structural conflict gives rise to gender and race differences in motivations to break the
law.
Answer: Heimer

7
 47) The development of the conflict model is indebted to the concept of " ," the art of conducting a
dispute by disclosing and resolving contradictions in the arguments of opponents.
Answer: dialectics

48) Marx contended that causes the splitting up of society into two great classes.
Answer: capitalism

49) Regoli and Hewitt's theory of differential oppression is based on the assumption that authority is unjustly
used against .
Answer: children

50) The view that the relationship between and delinquency is linked to issues of power and
control is called the power-control thesis.
Answer: gender

51) The rules of a group governing the way its members should act under particular conditions are called
norms.
Answer: conduct

52) Nancy Rodriguez found that youths who participated in a restorative justice program were less likely to
than juveniles in a comparison group.
Answer: recidivate

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Please match each theory with its
definition. A) A perspective that delinquency or crime
53) Social interactionist theory arises because individuals are members
Answer: B of a subculture that has conduct norms
that are in conflict with those of the
54) Symbolic interactionist theory wider society.
Answer: D
B) A theoretical perspective that derives
55) Conflict theory its explanatory power from the
give-and-take that continuously
Answer: C
occurs between social groups and
between individuals and society.
56) Culture conflict theory
Answer: A
C) A perspective that holds that
delinquency can be explained by
socioeconomic class, by power and
authority relationships, and by group
and cultural differences.

D) A perspective in social psychology that

analyzes the process of interaction
among human beings at the symbolic
level and that has influenced the
development of several social process
theories of delinquent behavior.

8
Please match each term or concept with its
definition. A) A policy toward delinquents that
57) Radical nonintervention advises that authorities should "leave
the kids alone whenever possible."
Answer:

B) An economic system in which private

58) Conduct norms
individuals or corporations own and
Answer: C control capital (wealth and the means of
production) and in which competitive
59) Social injustice
free markets control prices, production,
Answer: D and distribution of goods.

60) Capitalism
C) The rules of a group governing the ways
Answer: B its members should act under particular
conditions, and the violation of these
rules arouses a group reaction.

D) According to conflict-oriented
criminologists, social injustice takes the
form of unfairness in the juvenile justice
system. It arises from poor youths being
disproportionately represented, from
female status offenders being subjected
to sexist treatment, and from racial
minorities being dealt with more harshly
than whites.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

61) Discuss the process of labeling theory as it relates to delinquency. Be sure to include the sequence
stages of interaction as defined by Lemert.
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• The process of making the criminal is a process of tagging, defining, identifying, segregating,
describing, emphasizing, and making conscious and self-conscious.
• According to Lemert, the sequence of interaction leading to secondary deviation is roughly as
follows:
o Primary deviation
o Social penalties
o Further primary deviation
o Stronger penalties and rejection
o Further deviation, perhaps with hostilities and resentment beginning to focus upon those doing
the
penalizing
o Crisis reached in the tolerance quotient, expressed in formal action by the community
stigmatizing of
the deviant
o Strengthening of the deviant conduct as a reaction to the stigmatizing and penalties
o Ultimate acceptance of deviant social status and efforts at adjustment on the basis of the
associated role

9
62) Identify the various criticisms of labeling theory, and explain why it experienced a resurgence in the 1980s
and
1990s.
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• Exaggerated role of labeling
• Failure to answer several critical questions:
o Are the conceptions that we hold of one another (as conformist or deviant) actually correct?
o Whose label really counts?
o When is personal identity changed by the labeling process, and by whose stigmatizing effort is it
altered?
o Does a bad name cause bad action?
o Is the social response to crime generated more by the fact of the crime or by the legally irrelevant
social
characteristics of the offender?
o If official labels are so important, why do so many youths mature out of delinquency during their
later
adolescent years?

63) Explain symbolic interactionist theory and include Matsueda's four features of the self and delinquent
behavior.
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• Social order as a dynamic process that is the ever-evolving product of an ongoing system of
social interaction and communication
• Theory proposes to explain delinquent behavior in terms of self-development mediated by
language
• Focus on the process by which shared meanings, behavioral expectations, and reflected appraisals
are
built up through interaction and applied to behavior
• Matsueda's four features of the self and delinquent behavior are:
o The self is formed by how an individual perceives that others view him or her and thus is rooted in
symbolic interaction
o The self is an object that "arises partly endogenously within situations, and partly exogenously
from prior situational self being carried over from previous experience"
o The self as an object becomes a process that has been determined by the self at a previous point in
time and by prior resolutions of problematic situations
o Delinquent behavior takes place partly because habits are formed and partly because the
stable perception of oneself is shaped by the standpoint of others

64) What are the strengths of the symbolic interactionist theory of delinquency?
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• The symbolic interactionist theory of delinquency has several strengths:
o It builds on symbolic interactionist theory.
o It builds on and adds to the insights of labeling theory.
o The symbolic interactionist theory of delinquent behavior is insightful regarding how both
law-abiding and delinquent youths form their conceptions of themselves and how these
perceptions influence their decision making.
o It contributes helpful insights about the influence of delinquent peers and the group
context on youths' self-appraisals.

1
0
65) What are the three basic groups of conflict criminologists? Describe the differences between these groups.
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• The three basic groups of conflict criminologists are:
o Those emphasizing socioeconomic class
o Those emphasizing power and authority relationships
o Those emphasizing group and cultural conflict
• Those who emphasize socioeconomic class call themselves radical, Marxist, critical, humanist, or
new
criminologists and do not identify with the other two groups.
• Some significant differences exist between radical criminologists and the other two groups:
o The non-Marxist conflict criminologists emphasize a plurality of interests and power and do not
put a single emphasis on capitalism, as do the Marxist conflict criminologists, nor do the non-
Marxist conflict criminologists reject the legal order as such or the use of legal definitions of crime.

66) What are the four principles around which the theory of differential oppression is organized?
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• Because children lack power on account of their age, size, and lack of resources, they are easy targets
for
adult oppression.
• Adult oppression of children occurs in multiple social contexts and falls on a continuum ranging
from benign neglect to malignant abuse.
• Oppression leads to adaptive reactions by children. The oppression of children produces at least
four
adaptations: passive acceptance, exercise of illegitimate coercive power, manipulation of peers, and
retaliation.
• Children's adaptations to oppression create and reinforce adults' view of children as inferior
subordinate beings and as troublemakers. This view enables adults to justify their role as oppressors
and
further reinforces children's powerlessness.

67) How does symbolic interactionist theory build on labeling theory? Please explain.
Answer: Answers may include the following points:
Symbolic interactionist theory builds on labeling theory and has identified the locus of social control
within the process of taking the role of the other and within the process of linking with the broader
social organization through role commitments, generalized others, and reference groups. Labeling
theory, on the other hand, emphasizes the symbolic nature of the "deviant" label once it has been
applied.

68) To what do conflict criminologists relate delinquency? Please explain why.

Answer: Answers may include the following points:
• Alienation and powerlessness among youths, especially lower-class youths
• Dominant class's creation of definitions of crime to control subordinate classes
• What they see as economic exploitation of the lower classes.

69) What does the term "social injustice" mean? Please provide some examples, either generally or specifically.
What can be done about the injustices?
Answer: Answers may include the following points:
According to conflict-oriented criminologists, social injustice takes the form of unfairness in the
juvenile justice system. It arises from poor youths being disproportionately represented, from
female status offenders being subjected to sexist treatment, and from racial minorities being dealt
with more harshly than whites.
Examples will vary.
1
1