00

11, 00
1•
15 001
1,0
14
V
Oit *
R OO 8
4 10 0
11
,SIOt
i
8

N
A

s
too
sko
swr
.
lo
xo s
tOs
s‘4
0
.
 P
rac
tica
l Co
il
Con
struc
tion
f
o
r

R
adio a
nd T
elev
ision

B
ERNARDS R
ADIO S
ERIES N
o. 18
 C O N T E N TS
Chapter I PA
GE
R
adio F
requency Co
il Type
s a
nd Charac
ter
ist
ics

Chap
ter 2
The Des ign a nd Con struction ofR
adio F
requency C
oil
s 1
4
The C alculat
ion o fInductance . •.
• t
8
Bank Wound Co ils . .
•• 21
Oscil
lator Co il
s . . 22
Aerial and R eaction Couplings •.
• 22
Reaction Wind ing s . ••• 2
3
Ultra Short Waves . ••• 2
4
Med ium a nd Long Wave C o
ils ••• 2
6
Band P ass Un its . ••• 2
6
I
.F. T ransformer s ••. 2
8
Variable Selectivity ••• 2
9
Coil Con s
truc tion ••• 3
1
S
creen ing •.
• 3
2
Testing Co i
ls ••• 3
3
Chapter 3
H
.F. Chokes •
•• 3
4
Chap
ter 4
Power Transformers •
- 3
5
The Primary . •
•• 4
0
The H.T. Secondary •
•• 4
1
Heater S
econdaries ••
• 41
Test
ing . . ••
• 4
3
High Vol
tage T ran
sformer
s •• 46
Chap
ter 5
Low Frequency Chokes . •
•• 4
7
Choke
s for A
lterna
ting Current •
• 48
Choke
s for Mixed Curren
ts •
•• 4
9
Append
ix I
S
.W.G
. Tab
les . .
. 52

Append
ix I
Te
lev
ision C
oil Da
ta •
•• 5
4
P
rin
ted for the p ub
lishers
. B ernards (Pub
lishers
) Ltd
., The
G
rampians
, Western Gate
, L ondon
, W.6 , b
y Reynard P
ress L
td.

4
 CHAPTER

Rad
io F
requency Co
il Types a
nd Character
ist
ics

Wha tever t he final func t

ion o ft he a ppara tu s there isn o radio
and almo stn oelectronic d evice which d oesn o
tr ely t o agreate x
ten t
onc o
ils. I nb roadca str eceiver d e
sign t he radio f requency c oi
lw i
th
i
ts associated c onden ser f orm s the h eart o f t he c i
rcu i
t a nd t he
whole e xcelence o f the f inal outpu t d epends u pon i t
s wo rking
whil
st s uch g ear as a ud io ampl ifiers, c athode r ay o scilog raph s,
r
elay o perators, sound h eads a nd p ho
to -electric d evices a l depend
oncoilsi nt he shape o ftran sformer sf or power s upp ly and c oup l
ing ,
smooth ing c hokes a nd a udio o r r
ad io resonan t c ircuits.
Whe ther t he co
ili sd esigned fo rh igh f r
equency work ing a nd is
asimp le h elix suppor ted i n a i
r or whe ther i ti sf or p owe r trans-
f
orma tion a t al ow a udio f requency , c on s
isting o f thousand s o f
t
urns o fw ire o nani ron c ore,i t
s basic o peration i st he same.
A
llc oilsexh ibitthe same q ual
ities,t he mo sti mpo rtantb eing :—

(
I) I
nductance
The i nduc tance of ac oil (coilsa re o ften k nown a s induc tors)is
t
he mea sure o fitselectrica li nertia. To g enera te ac urrenti n aw ire
and t hus d eve lop a v oltage a cross t he w ire's e nd s it is mere ly
necessary t o move t he w ire t hrough amagne t
ic f ie
ld s o that itcuts
t
he l ines o f f orce, when t he c urren t w ill d epend o n the r ate of
cut
ting a nd t he number o fl inesc ut,t his b e
ing t he w el-known p rin-
c
iple o ft he genera tor
. Moreover , mov ing t he wire o ne w ay through
t
he field a nd t hen reversing i t
sd irect
ion o ft r
ave lw illc ause the cur-
r
en t to r ever se it
s direction o ff low — it w i
ll c ommence a tz ero a nd
g
row t o a max imum , fal
l b ack t o zero a s the movemen t sl
ow s a nd
s
top s a nd o nt he return o ft he w ire t hrough t he f ie
ld w il
l grow t oa
max imum a ga in but in t he o ppo s
ite d irec t
ion o ff low.
This c urrent, ofc our se, i sA .C. o rA lterna ting Curren t, whilst
c
ur ren t wh ich a lway s ma in ta
in s o ne d irection o f flow i sD .C . or
D
irec t Curren t.
Curren t may a lso b e g enera ted i n t he w ire, h owever , b y
a
rrang ing i tin af i
xed p osition a nd a low ing t he magne t
ic fi
eld tov ary
a
round i t
, the l i
nes off orce g row ing a nd c ollaps ing a nd s o cutt
ing
t
he w ire a sb efore. Obv iou s
ly a ny curren ts oo btained mu stb eA .C .

5
a
nd t he f requency w ill d epend o n t he r ate a t wh ich t he magne tic
f
i
eld g row s a nd c o llapses , ori n t he s a me way , o n t he r ate a t wh ich
t
he w ire i nt he e arlier e xamp les r ever ses i t
sd irec t ion o ft rave l. One
c
omp le te a lterna tion f rom z ero t o max imum i n o ne d irection ,b ark
t
o zero a nd o n t o max imum i nt he o ther d i rec tion a nd f inally b ack
t
oz ero i sk nown a so ne "CYCLE" ( the n umber o fc ycles p er second
b
eing k nown a st he f requency ) a nd c orre spond s w ith o ne c omp le te
r
evo lu t
ion o ft he r otor o f as imp le a lte r na ting g enera tor. Thu s we
c
an s ay t ha t s uch a c ycle t akes p lace o ver 3 60 d egree s, a nd i fi tis
d
esired t oi n spec to nly ap ar to f ac ycle w ec an mea sure a ny p a
r to fa
who le c yc le a long t he z ero l ine a nd g ive i ta na ngu lar mea su remen t
o
f,s ay ,9 0d eg ree so ro ne q uar ter o ft he c yc le, wh ils ti fw ed esired t o
c
ompa re t wo a l
terna ting v oltages o ft he s ame f requency whe re o ne
g
rew t oi ts max imum o ne q uar ter o f ac ycle a fter t he o the rw e wou ld
s
ay t hat t here wa s a" PHASE DIFFERENCE" o f 9 0 d egr ees
b
etween t hem o r t ha t t hey were " 90 d egrees o u t o fp hase."
In F ig . it he c on tinuou s l ine s how s o ne c ycle o fv oltage , t he
t
ime o f t he c ycle b eing measured a l ong t he z ero l ine i n d eg ree s
while t he b roken l ine s how s as im ila rc ycle o ft he s a me f requency 9 0
d
egrees o uto fp ha se . Moreover t he c re sto r max imum p oin to ft he
b
roken l ine i s a f
ter t ha t o f t he c ont inuou s l ine c ycle, s o tha t it
"
i LAGS" b eh ind t he c ontinuou s l ine b y 9 0 d egree s o r t he
c
ont inuou s l i
ne c yc le i s "LEADI NG" b y 9 0 d egree s.
I
t may b es aid h ere t ha tt he u sua lf r equency o ft he A .C . ma in s
i
n t his c oun try i s5 0 c ycles p er s econd ( c
.p .s.) wh ile a ud io w ave s
e
xtend f rom r ough ly 20 T O 2 0,000 c .p .s . a nd r adio w aves a re
a
rbit rarily d ivided i nto b and s b etween r ough ly t oo ,000 t o
3
00,0 00,000 c . p
.s . x ,000 c ycles a re k nown a s a KILOCYCLE ( kc.)
a
nd 1 ,000 ,000 a re aMEGACYCLE (Mc . ).
A c o il o r i nduc tance , t hen , may b e f ed w i th a ny o f t hese
f
requenc ies d epend ing o nt he t ask i ti st op erform ,b utt ou nder stand
what h appen s s uppo se a s imp le c oil
, as o leno id o f af ew t urn s o f
w
ire o n as imp le f ormer ,i sc onnec ted t o ab at tery t hrough as witch .
When c ur ren tf low st hrough ac oili tc au se s amagne tic f i
eld t of orm ,
t
he a xis o ft he field b eing d own t he c en tre o ft he c oil, sot hati ft he
sw
itch o ft he a bove c ircu it isc lo sed c ur ren t w il f low t hrough t he
c
oil a nd t he magne tic f ie
ld w ill s udden ly g row . A
s i t grow s,
h
owever ,t he l ine s o ff orce ,e xtend ing o u tward s,c utt he w ire so ft he
c
oil wh ich i st he n ece ssary c ond ition f or g enera ting a c urren t i n
t
hose w ire s. The g row ing f ield o f ac o
i la lway sg enera te st hisc u rren t
i
n o ppo s
i tion t o t he c urren t fr om t he s upp ly a nd s oi ti sp la
in t hat
t
he f ul
l b at tery v o ltage w il n ot a t f irst a ppear a c ros s t he c oil f or
i
tw il b er educed b yt he v o
l tage d ue t ot he c urren tg enera ted i nt he
c
oili tself. Obv iou sly t h
is w il a fec tt he b at tery c u rren t, mak ing i ta
smaller f low t han i t wou ld o therw i
se b e, a nd n ot t i
ll t he who le
s
ystem i si ne qu ilibr ium w i
llt he c urren tr ise t oi t
s max imum v alue .

6
 F
ig. .
1 —I
llus
tta
ting p
hase s
hif
t.

When t he circu it i sb roken t he magne tic f ield col

lap se s a nd o nce
more t he l i
ne s o fforce c ut the w ire s i nduc ing av o
l tage wh ich t h
is
t
ime e ndeavour s t o a ssist t he f all
ing v oltage a nd t hus e ndeavou rs
a
lso t o b ol
s ter u p t he f al
ling c urren t , t hese e fects, o f c ourse,
o
ccu r r
ing i nt he f raction o f as econd . The se v o
ltage s
, g enera ted to
o
ppo se a ny c hange o fc ond i
tion o ft he c oil, ares ome time sk nown a s
"BACK E .M .F .s " a nd may b e q uite h igh , depend ing o n the
i
nduc tance o ft he c oil. I n an e lec
t ric b el, for instance , i tist he
s
elf-induced v oltage wh ich g ive s t he s park a t the c ontac ts a nd
e
xpe rimen t w ill s how t ha t the B ack E .M .F. i ssuf
ficien t to g ive a
sma r
t s hock.
This ,then , i sthe e fecto ft he c o
i l
's i nduc tance, a nd o bviou sly
i
tw ill b e ofg rea t i mpor tance when t he c oil isfed w ith A .C . The
c
u rrenti salway sr ising a nd f al
ling i nv alue s ot hatthere w il a lway s
b
e av oltage i nduced b yt he c oi
l's own f ield a nd afecting t he c urrent
f
l
ow i nt he coil. I n ap ure i nduc tance t he c urrentw ould l a
gb ehind
t
he v oltage b y 9 0 d eg ree s
, t hus i n Fig . rt he continuou s line c urve
c
ou ld n ow repre sen tt he A .C . v oltage a cro ss ac o
il w i
th t he b roken
c
u rve r epresen ting t he l a gging c urren t, s o t hat a
tf u
ll v ol
tage t he
c
ur rent i sonly j us
t b eginn ing t o f l
ow .

7
 The u n
it ofinertia, or i
nduc tance, i
st he HENRY a nd as itis
p
roportiona ltothe rate ofc hange ofthe current acoiliss
aid toh ave
a
n inductance o f ihenry when t he current, changing a
tt he r
ate of
ampere p er s
econd,c auses apressure of ivoltt obeinduced across
t
he co
il.
The h enry is too l arge a unit for use w ith r
adio frequency
c
oi
ls and they are mea sured in millihenrys ( mh.
) or i
n microhen rys
(
uh.)
. The s ymbol f or inductance isL .
(
2
) Reactance
A c o
il has it
s own o rdinary r e
sistance to as t
eady c urren
t,
measured asusuali nohm s
,b u
tasi toppo sesthe s
udden c hang
ing of
c
urrents a nd vo
ltages i
to bvious
ly h as as econdary efect on A.C.
A
lternating currents wi
ll have t
o o vercome n ot on
ly t he o
rdinary
r
esi
stance b ut a
lso th
is " Reactance " a nd the oppos
ition to A.C.
o
f the coi
l isgiven byt he formula :—
XL = 2
7fL
where XL i
sthe r
eac
tance o
fthe c
oili
n ohms
, fi
sthe f
requency o
f
t
he A.C. a
pplied
. L is the i
nduc
tance o
f t
he c
oi
l in henry
s and
7
requal
s 3
.14.

F
ig
. 2
. —Ba
sic R
.F. a
nd D
et. s
t
age
s.

8
 R.F
. c oil
s a re usually coupled w i
th c onden sers
, a nd t he
c
apacity h as a n efec
t o n A.C. e xac
tly o ppo s
ite t o t hat of the
i
nduc tance
. I t c
auses the cu
rrent to lead the v o
ltage , and so the
efec
t o fplacing inductance and c
onden ser together i n acircui
t is
l
arge
ly t ocancel outtheir r
eac
tances. F or aconden ser :—

Xc
2n
fC

where Xc ist he r
eactance inohms a
nd C isthe c
apacity i
n fa
rad s
.
I
t mu st be n
oted tha
tt he r
e
sul
tisexpressed a
s anega
tive quanti
ty.
Reactances may be a dded t
oge
ther
.

(
3) Impedance
Impedance i
sd enoted by the t
e
rm Z a nd when Oh m
's L aw i
s
a
ppl
ied toA .C
. Zt akesthe p
lace ofR,the t
erm for D
.C. r
esi
stance.
When a circu
it contains re
sis
tance and reactance a
l
though b oth
t
e
rm s are i
n ohms they cannot simp
ly be a
dded . The f
ormu la :—

Z = A
/R 2 + X
'ohm
s

mus
t be appl
ied, a
nd where ac
ircui
t con
tains are
sis
tance R ohm
s,
a
n induc
tance L henrys and a c
apaci
ty of C f
arads i
n se
rie
s, t
he
i
mpedance wil
l be :—

Z = A
/ R2 ± (
27f1. - )2
27f C

An i
nduc
tance a
nd c
apac
ity t
oge
ther h
ave

(
4) Resonance
t
hat is they r espond t o ar esonan t frequency w ith t heir lowes
t
impedance ift hey are i
nt he ser
ies orw ith the
ir highest i mpedance
i
fthe inductance a nd capacity a
re inp aral
lel
. Thus i nductance and
c
apacity in parallel and t
uned t o the
ir resonant frequency d evelop
t
heir h
ighe stv ol
tage s i
np hase opposition atthatfrequency a nd a
re
t
he mo st usual form o ftuning circui
t as shown i n Fig. 2.
The f ormu la for the resonan t f
requency f or either ser
ie s o
r
p
aral
lel circui
ts i s :—

x
2
7 /L C

a
nd i
t mu
st b
e n
oted t
hat h
ere t
he v
alue
s h
ave b
een r
educed t
o
9
work
ing p ractica
lv alue
s; fisin k
ilocyc
les, Li
sin m
icrohen
ry s
,and
Cisinp icofarad s o
rm icro-microfarad
s.
(500 p icofarads = . 0
005 m icrof
arads
, a common s ize f
or
t
uning capac itors
).

(
5) Dyna m
ic Res
istance
. RD
.
As acoi
l a nd c apacitor inp aralle
lp resen t ahigh impedance t o
t
heir r
esonan t f
requency , as isgeneraly d es
irable so t
hat they may
d
evelop agood v o
l tage,t he ra
tio L/C isi mpor tanta nd t
he impedance
o
f such a circuit at r e
sonance may b e given as L /CR, t h
is of
ten
b
eing known a st he Dynam ic Resistance. I tispla
in ,therefore
,t hat
R
, the coi
l's H .F. r e
sistance, h as al arge b ear
ing o n the dyna mic
r
es
istance RD a nd a fects the eficiency oft he whole ci
rcuit. Th is
ef
ic
iency i sk nown a s t he

(
6 ) cQ f
l

o
fthe c
i
rcu
it a
nd may b
e s
hown a
s

2T
c
fL
Q-
R

where fi
sinc.p
.s.
, Li sinhenrysa nd R i
sinohm s. F
or e
xample, a
c
oi
lo fIoo m
icrohenry sinductance w
ith ar
esi
stance a
t8o0 k
i
locyc
les
o
f 8o hms wou
ld h ave a " Q" o f
I
2X3 .
14 X 8 00,000 x 100 x
1
,000
,000
Q= 6
2
.8
8

I
t mustb e real
ised t ha
tt he c oilr es
istance R g row sh igher w i th
ari
se infrequency d ue tolosses a nd t he skin e fectso ft he w ire,a nd
c
anno t be taken a s the res
istance t o D .C . A lso a c oil c an n eve r
d
isplace curren t a nd v o
ltage b y t he f u
ll p ha se shift o f 9 0 d egree s
b
ecau se a p ure i nductance i si mpo ssible — the t urn s o f w ire h ave
r
esis
tance a nd a s e
lf-capacity o ne t o the o ther, wh ile ac onden ser,
onthe other h and , s
o metimes d isp lay sq ui
te al arge i nduc tive e fec t
.
As " Q" i s a mea sure of ef iciency i ti s also k nown a s t he
magnificat
ion f actor o ft he co
il. C learly i ft he coi l and c onden ser
s
ystem h as ar esonan t frequency ac harge i nduced i ns uch as y
stem
w
illn otdie a way r apidly. The c ondenser w illb ecome c harged ,w il
d
ischa rge through t he c o
il a nd s o rever se i ts c harge , t he c oil
,
e
ndeavour ing t o ma intain the cur ren tflow ,w illd ischa rge a gain a nd
s
op roduce at ra
in o fw aves each o fs l
igh tly less amp litude u ntilt hey
I0
f
i
nally d isappear . The c i
rcuit i sh eav ily d amped a nd h a
s, al ow
"Q " i ft hese oscil
lation s d ie away r ap idly a nd vice v
ersa.
The d e
sirable feature s of ac oi
l may n ow b e summed u p.
I
ts hou ld b e as "p ure " a n induc tance a sp oss
ible —that is
, it
s
s
e
lf-capac ity d ue to
. h umped t urns o f w ire, h eavy forme r and the
d
esign g enera lly mu st b e s mall
, the r es
istance t o high frequencies
must b e k ept low, it mu st b e ri
gid a nd o fs t
rong c onstruct
ion , f
or
o
bviou sly a ny m isplaced o r disturbed t urn s ofw ire wil
l change the
i
nduc tance , it mu st not b e susceptib le t o h umidity change s in t
he
a
tmo sphere —dampne ss m igh t cause l e
akage s from t urn to turn —
a
nd a st he c oi
l has av ary ing magne tic f ie
ld i t must not be brought
t
oo c l
o se t o any ma ss o f me ta
l for eddy c urrents would b e induced
by the f i
eld a nd t he ef i
c iency o ft he c o
il reduced . F or t
hat reason
s
creen ing c ans mu st beo f acorrect si ze wh ich, as shown l a
ter, may
b
e calcu la ted.
(
7) Mutua l I nductance
The c o
i lh as av ary ing magne t ic f i
eld i na nd a round i ta nd t his
w
il i nduce av ol
tage a cro ss a ny other c oili nt he v icinity i fthe line s
o
ff orce a re able t oc utt he w ireso ft he s econd c o
il,t he w ave -form o f
t
he i nduced v ol
tage b eing a p at
tern o f t hat o n t he o rigina l coil.
This l inking o f t wo c oils b y t he magne tic f i
elds a round t he m i s
known a s mu tua l i nduc tance , a nd i ts s y mbo l i s M.
Mu tual i nduc tance may b e either d es irab le o r n ot
, d epend ing
on the c ircuit. F or e xamp le, in F ig . 2t he s econd v a
lve , ad etecto r
t
r
iode ,h as ar eac tion c oilc onnec ted t oi tsa node who se f unction i st o
f
eed b ack e nergy i nto t he g rid c oi
l. Here mu tua li nduc tance i sv ery
n
ece ssary , b ut t he who le c oil set o f t he d etec tor v alve mu st b e
s
creened c omp letely f r om t he c oils o ft he f irst v alve o r energy w ill
b
e f ed b ack i nto t he f i
rs t stage w ith c on sequen t u ncon trolab le
i
nstability.
Aga in, i n F ig. 3 ,t he I .F. T ran sformer s h ave t heir w ind ing s
c
oup led b y mu tua l induc tance , b ut e ach t ransformer i s carefu lly
s
creened f rom a l o ther c oil
s.
The t ypes o fR .F . c o
ils u sed i nr ece iver s v ary a ccord ing t ot he
c
ircu i
t s, b u
t F ig s
. 2a nd 3g ive s o me i dea o f wha ti sn eeded . F ig . 2
i
so f ab asic circu it f or a" s t
raigh t" r eceiver , t he fi
rst b eing ah igh
f
requency amp lifier f o
l lowed b yt he s econd s t age, at riode d e
tec to r
.
Obv iou sly i tw i
ll b e v ery d es
irab le t o make C , a nd C2 a g anged
two-sec tion c onden ser b ut b efore t h
is c an b e d one t he t wo s e
t s of
c
oils mu st b e s im ila r i n a l
l r espec ts s o f ar a s t he a ctua l t uning
wind ing s are c oncerned . The o ther w ind ing s w illp utv arying l o ads
ont he se tun ing c oil si ne ach c ase,c au sing d amp ing t os o me d eg ree,
but these e f
ec ts c an b e b alanced i n p rac tice. I n the first stage t he
a
erial w ill i mpo se i t
s l oad o nt he g rid c o
il v iat he a erial coil, and i n
t
he d etec tor s tage t he a node c o
il w i
ll b e c oup led t o the g r
id c oil as
well as t he i n
ter -stage c oup ling , b u
t i ft he t wo g rid c oi
l s are made
I
I
 F
ig
. 3
. —Ba
sic R
.F. s
e
ction o
f as
uperhe
t.
iden tical ly sim ilar these l o adsw illb eb a
lanced b yk eeping c oup ling s
low a nd,f inally
, b ytr
im m ing o u
ts tray c apacities w ith the trim m ing
s
ec t
ion s o ft he g anged c onden ser.
I
tw il b e s een thatt he g rid c o
ili si nt wo p art sine ach c o
ils e
t,
one w ind ing b eing s hort -circu ited b y as w
itch . Th is wind ing i st he
l
ong -wave c oil,t he unsw itched c oi
li nb oth cases b eing the med iu m -
wave c oi l
,a nd t hese s w
i tches mu sta l
so b eganged . I ffur the rw ave -
b
and s a re r equ ired t heir c oils may b e wound o n the same f ormer
w
i th e x tra s witch ing, b ut f or g ood r e sul
ts o n s hort w ave s i t i
s
.
adv isab le t o is
o late each w ind ing a nd make i t as eparate c oil w ith
g
rid a nd a erial a nd grid a nd a node w inding s as d es
ired . The se
c
oils a re t hen moun ted r ound a r otary w afer s w i
tch s o d e s
igned
(with a n e arthing r ing) t hat a ll coils no t i
n u se a re shor t-ci rcuited
and e arthed t o p revent p ick -up a nd o ther l osse s
, a nd e ach s et of
c
oils i ss c reened i n i
ts own b ox b u
ilt round t he s witch.
For as uperhe t( F
ig.3 )t he c o
ils ystem sa re rather mo re c omp lex.
The f irst s tage i s amixing c ircu it where i ncom ing s ignalsa re t uned
byL ,a nd C ,a nd f ed to at riode -hexode . The t r
iode p or tion o ft he
valve isa n oscillator wi th i t
s own s e
t o fc o
ils a rranged t o t une t o a
f
requency wh ich , n o ma t
ter wha t t he p osition o f t he g anged

1
2
c
onden ser ,i sa lway s ac on stan tn umber o fk ilocyc le s d if e ren tf rom
t
he i ncom ing s igna l. Th is d if erence i sk nown a st he I ntermed ia te
Frequency a nd t he o sc illa to r i su sua lly t uned a bove , r a ther t han
b
e low , t he f requency b eing r ece ived . The se t wo f requenc ie s a re
mixed i nt he v alve a nd t he r esu lti s amodu la ted s igna lc ompo sed o f
t
he I ntermed ia te F requency a nd t he s ound s igna l s f rom t he t ran s-
mitter .
The p rimary w ind ing i nt he a node c i
rcu it o f VIi st uned b ya
sma llc onden ser t ot hi sf requency s ot hat amodu lated h igh f requency
v
o ltage i ss etu pa cro sst hisc o
ila nd as im i
la rv o
l tage i si nduced i nto
t
he s econdary w ind ing a l
so t uned ,t he t wo c o
i lst oge ther f o rm ing a n
Inte rmed iate F requency T ran sf ormer . The i nduced v o
ltage i sfed
t
o t he g rid o f V2 a nd a ga in p asse s t h rough a n I .F. T ran sformer
b
ef ore r each ing t he d etec to r, V 3.
The a er ial a nd o sci lla tor c oils a re s im ila rt ot ho se a su sed i na
s
tra igh t r e ceiver , b ut t he I .F . T ran sformer s t une t o a l owe r
f
requency ( abou t 4 65 k cs ) a nd t hu s n eed mo re t u rn s o fw ire a nd a
g
rea ter i nduc tance . An I .F. T ran sfo rmer i s
, i ne fec t, aB and P ass
F
i lter a nd a s e xp lained i n Chap ter z t his g rea tly a ssis ts s elec tiv ity
i
n t uning .
There a re s eve ral me thod s o f i mprov ing t he s elec tiv ity o f a
r
ece iver . I n t he s t
ra igh t s et r eac tion c an b e u sed i n t he d etec to r
s
t age t o g ive g rea ter s elec tivity a nd v olume w i th a s ligh t d rop i n
t
ona l q ua lity o r s eve ral t uned s tage s may b e emp loyed , e ach
con sis t
ing o f ag rid c oil a nd t un ing c onden se r c oup led t hrough a n
H.F . amp lify ing v alve t ot he n ex t s tage . I ti sp la in, h owever , t hat
i
n stab ility wou ld s oon b ec au sed b yt he mu ltipli ca tion o fv alve s,a nd
gene rally i ti sb etter t or educe t he n umber o fs tage s b yu sing B and
Pa ss F ilte rs i nstead o fs ing le c oils. E ach F ilter r equ ire st wo t un ing
conden se rs i nstead o f o ne s o t hat ag anged c onden se r f o r mo re
than o ne s t
age b ecome s a n u nw ie ldy a f air, b ut w ith a s traigh t
r
ece ive rg ood r esul ts a re o b tained b yu sing aB and P a ss F ilter w ith
the H .F . s tage c oup led t o as ing le c oil i nt he d etec to r g rid c i rcui t
.
Band P as s Fil ter s o f d if eren t t ype s a re s hown i n F ig. 4a nd
their a c tion may b riefly b e e xp lained a sf olow s. Where t wo c oils
have i d en tica l r esonan t f requenc ie s t hese f requenc ie s a r e s l
igh tly
changed b y c oup ling t he c oi
ls, o ne mov ing h igher a nd o ne l owe r
.
Thu st wo c o
i lsc oup led t ot he c or rec td egree s pread as ing le t urn ing
poin t o ver a b and a l
though t he l im i
t s o f t h
is b and a re f ar mo re
sha rp ly d efined t han t he l im i
t s o f at un ing p o in t o n as ing le c oil
.
No t o nly i st he s elec tiv ity i ncrea sed , b ut as t
at ion o n t he b and o f
frequenc ie sh a s amore e ven r espon se a cco rded t oi t
ss ideband sw i th
ac on sequen t i mprovemen t i n q uali ty.
 CHAPTER 2

The Des
ign a
nd Construct
ion o
f Rad
io F
requency Co
ils

F
or h ome construct
ion, o n
ly R
.F. c
oi
ls on open air
-cored
f
ormers w
il
l be c
ons
idered a sapartf
rom S
.W. and T
elev
ision c
oil
s,
f
or t
here i
sn o r
eal
ly s a
tisf
actory me
thod f
or t
he c
onstruct
ion of
c
oi
ls us
ing powdered i ron cores
.

The s
t
eps t
o b
e d
esc
ribed a
re :—
I
. Des
ign o f t
he c
oi
l and de
termination o
f i
nduc
tance
.
2
. Choice o
ff o
rmer and t
ype o
fw ire
.
3
. Construc
tion.
4
. Tes
ting.

(
I) Des
ign
Obviously t he who le d es
ign o f the coil will d
epend u pon t he
work itise xpec ted t o perform . A med ium w ave tuning c o
il will
c
onsist of asingle layer solenoid w ith orw ithou treact
ion a nd a erial
c
oup l
ing c oi
l s
, mu l
ti-range c oi
ls w il
l c ontain b oth sing le l a
yer
s
olenoids and b ank wound c oi
lsf ort he h
igher i nductances
, I .F
.T .'s
w
ill
, g enera
lly s peaking, b e b ank wound c oils made t o f it on a
dowel former a nd s o on.
For t
uning c o
ils itisf i
rstn ecessary to consider t
he w ave r ange
t
he coil i
sto c over w ith d ue regard to the variable conden se r t
o b e
u
sed, a nd h
ere i ti sa dv
isab le to use the fo
rmu la

x= 1
885 A/LC

where i
tisthe wave
leng th
, Listhe i
nductance i
n microhenrys a
nd
Cisthe c
apaci
ty inm icrof
arads
. Wavelength h
as afi
xed r
ela
tionsh
ip
t
of r
equency, the p
roduc t o
fthe t
wo be
ing 300,000
,000

i
.
e.
, x x f =3 x 1
0 8

E
. H . Chapman h as d escr ibed o ne me thod f o
r e valuating
t
he r equired i nductance f rom t he a bove f ormu la. V
ariable
c
onden sers have a minimu m a nd a max imum c apacity, the stated
v
alue being the maxi mum . The m in imum d epend s o ngood d es
ign
a
nd the amoun t ofinsulating ma teria lused int he con struction, and
t
here is afur
ther st
ray capac i
ty i n at un
ing c i
rcu i
td ue tot he wir
ing
o
ft he co
il, sh
ields
, etc
. I f
, however , t
he m inimum c apac i
ty oft he
c
onden ser isassumed t o b e z ero t hen the stray capac ities of the
t
uning c i
rcuit can be ca
lled S . a nd t he formu la w r
i tten :-
1
4
 F
ig
. 4
.—Band
-pa
ss c
i
rcu
its
.

= 1
885 VL
(C + S
)

Th
is isthe v
alue f
or max
imum c apac
ity
; o
bviou
sly t
he w
ave-
l
eng
th for m
in imum capac
ity is :—

X
i 1
885 VLS

S
qua
re b
oth e
qua
tion
s :—
tx = 1
2 885 2 L
(C + S
) = 1
885
' LC + 1
885 2 LS
.
*x
12 = 1
885 2 LS
.

a
nd b
y s
ubtrac
ting *f r
om t
x2 Xi2 = 1
885 2 LC
.

I
n th
is f
orm t he formula isvery usefu
l f o
r itenab
les a
ny
max
imum a nd m
inimum w aveleng
th tobe referred t
othe c
oi
l a
nd
c
apac
itor a
nd b
yt r
an spo
sit
ion L isea
sily f
ound .
1
5
EX
AMPLE I
.
It i
srequired t
o t une f
rom 2 00 to 5
00 me
tres u
sing a .
0003
v
ariab
le capac
i tor
. Then :-
5
00 2-200 2 = 1
885 2 X .
0003 X L.
a
nd 2
10,000 = 1
,066 L
.

2
10,000

1
,066

= 1
97 m
icrohenry
s.

I
t should b e b orne i n m ind t hat at uning s yste m i s more
ef
icient so far a
s r ange a verage i sc oncerned t he higher t he L /C
r
at
io can b e made, t hati sb yu s
ing al ow capacity conden ser w ith a
h
igh induc tance, b ut c learly t h
is i s limi
ted i n the h igher w ave-
r
anges. A tlow w aveleng th st he band c overed reduce s
,a nd adequa te
c
overage i sobtained b y u sing s everal coi
ls with t he c onden ser to
c
ove rthe bands. A s t he w ave leng th fa
lls s
ow illthe capac ity o fthe
c
onden ser as may b e s een b y c onsidering a high frequency t uning
s
ystem w ith a range o f 5t o 8 me tres.
EXAMPLE 2 .
A suitable c onden ser wou ld b e o f .00005 mfd . c apacity
(
generaly s ty
led 5 0 picof arad ( pF .)).

Then 82— 52 = 1
885 2 x .
00005 x L
.
O
T 3
9 = 1
77.7L
.
.
* L = .
22 m
icrohenry
s.

The stray capacit

iesi nsuch acircuit would o bviously have tobe
r
educed tot he smallestdegree and t
he c o
il would b es e
lf-suppor t
ing,
n
of ormer wou ld beu sed. Ast he i
nduc tance issol ow the connecting
w
irest othe conden ser mu s
tb ea sshorta sp ossible —u sually t
he co
il
i
s moun ted directly o n t
he conden ser termina l
s —for a ny l
oop s o
f
wi
re wou ld add seriously t
o the inductance, perhaps e ven doubling
i
t
s value
.
Th
is,t hen, demon stra
tes the d
if erences b etween v arioustypes
o
fc oi
ls,s o fa
r as structura
l me thod sare concerned , and a series o
f
g
eneral sugge s
tions may b e given here.

Te
lev
ision Co
ils

Coi
ls for te
levis
ion r eceivers dif
er considerab
ly from other
t
ypes since the requiremen ts are diferen
t. H igh " Q" is not
r
equired, i
nfactitis aser
ious d isadvan
tage and toavoid i
tthe w
ire

i
6
u
sed i n their c ons truction is much f i
ner t han wou ld b e f ound ina n
o
rd inary r eceiver c over ing the same b and o f frequenc ie
s. I t i
s
v
irtually i mpo ssib le fo
rt he ama
teur c on structor to work o utf rom a
g
iven f ormu la the p rec
ise n umber o ft urnsr equired t oc over ag iven
c
hanne l since s o much d epends o n the n ature oft he c ore ma ter
ial
,
a
nd t he s tray c apac ities in the c ho sen c ircuit
. For i ntending
t
elevision c onstruc tors fullwinding d ata w i
ll bef ound i n Append ix
1
,p age 5 4. The i nforma tion given c overs all the existing B .B.C.
c
hanne ls a nd g ives d etai
ls of R.F . c oi
ls, R .F. t r
an sforme rs and
c
hoke s. Wi th t he e xcep t
ion of the c hoke s, ca
lcu lat
ion s a re based
on the A ladd in f ormer a nd dus
t c o
il t ype F 8o4.

U
ltra Short Wave Coi
ls. 4t
o 1
0 metres

The se may b e wound o nf ormer s orb e self-suppor t

ing . I ft he
main d esired w aveband i sa bou t 5 me tres s e
lf-suppor ting c oils are
a
dv isab le a l
though i ft he c oil i so ne o f severa l, a s in as upe rh e
t,
whe re g ang ing isn ecessary a f ormer mu st b e u sed f or t he s ake of
r
igid i
ty .
Former s may b e o f ceram ic ma terials s uch a s a re a dvertised,
t
he se f ormer s often b e
ing c ha sed w ith av ery s ha llow s pira l so that
t
he w ire is more f irm ly h eld. I ti ss o me t
ime s s tated t hat c opper o r
s
i
lvered c opper t ubing s hou ld b e used f or U ltra S hor t Wave wo rk,
butt his i sunnece ssary e ven i n sma llt ran sm itters,l e
ta lone r eceive r
s.
No. 1 6 o r 18 S.W .G . copper w ire i sp erfect ly suitab le a nd t his may
o
r may n ot b e si
lvered . The s pacing b etween t u rn s n eed n ot be
g
rea ter t han the diame ter o ft he w ire u sed; s o me s pac ing i sd esirable
t
oc utd own t he self capac ity o ft he c oilb u
tg reater s pacing t han o ne
d
iame ter mere ly h as t he e f ect o f r educ ing t he i nduc tance d is-
p
ropor tiona tely.
Spaced c o
ils, therefore , a re b es t wound b y t aking t wo leng ths
o
ft he w ire tob eu sed a nd w ind ing t hem s ide b ys ide o nt he for mer,
t
he s pac ing w ire b eing s tr
ipped a way a f
ter v arn ish ing ( if d one)
t
o l e
ave t he a c
tua l w ind ing s paced o ut b y t he w ire's d iame ter.
Spac ing so f smaller s i
ze may b e made i nthe s ame w ay u sing v ar
iou s
s
ize s ofw ire along s
ide t he turn s o ft he c oi
l.
The l eads ofU ltra S hor t Wave c o
ils shou ld b e made b y mere ly
l
eav ing s uf f
ic
ien to ft he w inding w ire f orc onnec ting u p a te ach e nd,
t
his b eing c ut d own t o the sma llest l ength p ossib le when t he c o
il
c
an b e t r
ied o ut in p osition.

Short Wave Co
ils
. z
o t
o i
t
io me
tres

These c
o
ils may be made onthe f
ormers a
l
ready sugges
ted
,o n
p
axol
in formers or on ribbed e
boni
te tubes
, the wire s
i
zes b
eing
g
raded d own i
n d iameter as t
he waveleng
th rises
. Above t oo
1
7
metres spacing w ill p
robab ly b e d i
spen sed w ith
, the t urns being
wound t o touch a nd h ere i n
su lated w ire will be needed . F or a l
l
g
ene ral purpo ses ename lled w ire i s su
itable, the insulation being
t
hin yet st
rong; t he wire mu st be h andled w i
th care, h owever, for
t
he e name l can b e c
racked o r s cratched e specia
lly ift he wire b e
a
l
lowed t o kink. Keep c o
ils of w ire w rapped a nd b oxed s o that
s
harp e dges canno t r
ub t he i
nsu lation.
Once again c onnection s shou ld b e made b y l
eaving s ufic
ien t
o
f the w inding w ire a
t e ach e nd o f the coi
l f or t
hat p urpose.

Med
iu m Wave Co
ils
. 200 t
o 6
00 metres
These c
oil
s are u
sual
ly single la
yer so
leno ids wound wi
th the
t
urns s
ide byside a
nd t
ouching
. They a re made onp axol
in f
ormers
u
sing enamel, co
tton or s
ilk in
sulated wire, a nd t
he ends of t
he
wind
ing s s
hould te
rminate in soldering tag
s s o t
hat connect
ions
may ea
sily b
e made wi
th n o r
i
sk o fp oor j
o
in ts
.

Long Wave Co
ils
. 9
00 t
o 2
,000 metres
. (
And I
.F.T
.'s
)
These coilsa re mo sto f
ten b ank wound ,tha tisthey a
re made o f
s
everal layers ofw ire o ne l a
yer o n t
op ofthe other. Sma ll p
axo l
in
b
obb ins may b e made f o rt he p urpose orpaxolin cheeksfi
tted over a
c
ylindricalf ormer ,p articu larly where b o
th Med ium and L ong wave
c
oils are b eing wound t oge ther. Cardboard o r paxolin cheek s
might be fi
tted o ver - 1
"d owe lr od and the t
urns la
id b e
tween t he m'
t
he cheeks i n this c a
se b e
ing r e moved when t he winding has been
impregnated w i
th p araf f
in w ax.
Exam ination o f c ommerc ially made c o
ils will g
ive ideas and
e
xamp les.

The Ca
lcu
lat
ion o
f I
nductance
When t he d esired inductance h as been found b ythe w avelength
f
ormu la itisn ece ssary to work outt he s
ize offormer a nd number o f
t
urns o f wire t o u se to make s uch a n i nductance. The w r
iter
c
ompa red severa l formu lae a
nd t ables and found s urpri
s ingly wide
d
iscrepanc ies e xis ted between s o me oft hem s othatf i
nally only two
f
ormu lae for s ing le l a
yer c o
ils w ere c hosen. B o
th f ormu lae are
a
dap ted f rom Whee ler
's F ormu la, b ut wh i
lst the fi
rst form u ses
t
he tota l l
eng th o ft he winding the s econd use s t
he numbe ro fturns
p
er i nch ( the w ind ing "p itch "), t h
is being far more c onvenient
f
or spaced c oils
.

Whee
ler
's F
ormu
la, a
dap
tat
ion

r2 x I
•
12
L-
+ 101

1
8
where L i
sthe i
nductance i
nmicrohenry
s, rist
he ou
tside r
adiu
s of
t
he co
ilininches a
nd ithe l
eng
th ofthe w
inding i
ninches
. Ni sthe
number ofturns
.
10 1 s 10A INCYC6

EX
AMPLE 3
.
The medium wave c o
il o
fE xample 1,of 197 m
icrohen ry
s isto
b
e wound o n ap axol
in former two inches i
n diameter and three
i
nche s l
ong, so t
hat al
lowing a f" over
lap at each end I may b e
t
aken as 2 As i
trefer
s tothe ou
tside rad
ius rshould inc
lude the
w
i re d
iameter but on
ly asma l
l e
rror will r
esu
lt ifi
ti s made I" f
or
c
alculat
ion.

j2 x N
' N
'
Then 1
97 —
9 x + i
o x2
.5 3
4

N 2 -
- 19 7 X3
4 =6
698

a
nd N = S
r t
urn
s.

8
1

Th
is mean
s ap
i
tch o
f — = 3
2
.4 t
urns p
er i
nch a
nd f
rom t
he
2
.
5

Wire Tab
les i
n Append
ix iiti
sse
en t
hat S
.W .G
. 22 Double S
i
lk
c
overed wire wound w
ith t
urn
s t
ouch
ing ha
s almo
st exac
tly t
his
p
itch
.

F
ormu
la 2
. (Whee
ler
's F
ormu
la a
dap
ted b
y Hayman
.)

N = Lx [ + + 9
a
LX 2

where N i
sthe n
umber o
fturn
s, Li
sthe i
nduc
tance
, ai
sthe o
uts
ide

2
0
r
adiu
soft
he c
oi
land X i
s — , nb
eing t
he n
umber o
fturn
sper i
nch
nd2

a
nd d t
he d
iame
ter o
fthe c
oi
l.

EX
AMPLE 4
.
Iti
srequ
ired t
o w
ind a c
oi
l with a
n induc
tance o
f250 mic
ro-
h
enry
son atwo i
nch d
iame
ter former u
sing z
ot urn
sper i
nch
.
1
9
 Then 9
N =2
5oX +
I X 250 X X 2

20 20
a
nd X — = .
25.
20 X 4 8
0

S 50 x .
o N = 2 2
5 [ I -
,
- \ I +
9 .
I X 250 X .
0625

= 62
.5 [ I
Y 9
1
56.3 -
I
= 62
.5 X 2
.253
1
40
= 1
40 t
urn
s a
nd t
he w
ind
ing l
eng
th w
il
l b
e — o
r 7
"
.
20

An eficients hape for acoi

li so ne where t he diame te ristwo or
t
hree t imes t he w ind ing length b ut t his wou ld b e b ulky a nd
i
nconven ient f or mos t purposes a nd t he d iame ter i s reduced.
S
im ilarly
, formu lae existfo
rc alculating t he opt imum g auge ofw ire
t
o use o n ap ar
ticular c o
il but th
is c a
lcu lation i sso intrica
te that i
t
i
s om i
tted. I na ny case modern v alves are s o efic
ien ta nd have such
l
arge amp lif
ication fa c
tors that the eficiency o f coi
l s isso met
ime s
r
educed t o preven t feedback a nd i nstabi l
ity s o t hat the gain in
ef
iciency d ue to t he use o
f such f ormu lae c an b e d i
spen sed w i
th.

F
ig
. 5
. —Bank w
ound c
o
il d
imen
sion
s.
2
0
 Bank Wound Co
ils

Where co
ils are to h ave such high induc tances t
hat they are
b
ank wound a f o
rmu la given b y R. E. Blakey i n Rad
io and T e
le-
c
ommun icat
ion E ngineers
' D esign Manua l ( Pi
tman ) may b e used.
For acoi
l such a
si sshown i nFig. 5where ai st he mean d
iame te
r,b
i
st he w
inding length and ci st he r
adial d
ep th o fthe w
inding ali n
i
nches, and N ist he n umber o ft urns and L i sthe i
nductance in
microhenrys
.
2
a' N2
L —
3
a ±9 b + bc

EX
AMPLE 5
.

Aco
ilofI,000 m
icrohenry
si nductance i
stob
ebank w
ound o
n
af
"paxo
lin t
ube
, cand bboth measur
ing +"
.

Then aw
il
l mea
sure i
" I
" + I
" o
r 1
"
.

.
2 xb
' x N2
Thu
s 1
,
000
(
3 X I
) + (
9 X .
5) + (
I0 X .
5)

.
2
1\
12 2N 2

1
2
.5 1
25

S
o I
,000 x 1
25 = 2N 2

a
nd N 2 = 6
2,500 a
nd N = 2
50 t
urn
s.

The c
ro ss sec
tion a rea o ft he c oi
l is c x is quare i nches or I
s
quare inch s othatw ire mu stb e c
ho sen thatw illw ind 250 t urn sto
t
he s
quare inch or 1 ,
000 t urns per s quare inch. R eference t o the
Wire Table show st ha t S.W .G .2 4D .C .C. i
ss uffi
cien tly close tot h
is
v
alue.
When more t han o ne c oil ist o be wound o n af ormer — for
e
xamp le asi n t
he ca se o ft he u sual med ium a nd l ong w ave c oi
l— it
must be r
emembered t ha t the t wo w indings are c onnec ted i ns e
ries
w
ith all t
he turns int he same d irec
t ion ofr o
tation s othat when t he
s
horting s w
itch i s o pened ( Fig. 2) t he induc tance s are i n s e
ries
a
nd w i
ll be added t oge ther. The l ong w ave wind ing o fs uch ac oi
l,
t
herefore
, s hould h ave i ts c a
lcu la
ted i nductance r educed b y the
i
nductance o f the med ium w ave c oil so t
hat t he s um o f the t wo
i
nductances t ogether e qua ls t he requ ired long w ave i nduc tance.
2
1
 Osc
illator Co
ils

Iti st he w r
iter's o pinion t ha t osci
llator c oils for s uperhe ts are
t
oo d if i
cu lt t o d esign where t he t uning a rrangemen ts are t o b e
g
anged a si nt he c ommerc ialr eceiver . The c omp lex i
ty o fthe v arious
c
alcula t
ion s may b e seen b y ref erence t o v ariou s d esigners' h and -
b
ook s,a nd e ven t hen i ti so ften s tated thate xperimen tal wo rk o nt he
p
ropo sed c ircu iti sn ece ssary t o d iscover t he a dap tions a nd c hanges
n
eeded .
The d if icu lty l ies i n t he t un ing a rrangemen ts
. I f the ma in
t
uning c ircuit i st o cover , s ay , f rom 200 to 5 00 me tres —a r ange o f
1
,500 t o 6 00 k cs. the o scilla tor c oi lfor a ni ntermed iate frequency o f
4
60 k cs
. w il b e work ing b etween t he p oints 1 , 960 t o 1,o60 k c
s.
I
tw ill be s een t ha t the r atio s of max imum t om in imum f requenc ies
a
re dif eren t, b eing it o2 .5 f o rt he tuning c o
ila nd it o 1
.84 f or the
o
scil
la tor c oil
. The s teady d if erence o f4 60 k cs. w ill not be ma in-
t
a
ined b y straigh t gang ing , t herefor , and t oc orrec t th
is as yste m o f
p
add ing a nd t racking c onden ser s i s arranged i n t he o scillator
c
ircuit.
In ama teu r s hor t-wave r ece ivers, i t is b ecom ing u sua l to
t
une t he o scil lator q uite i ndependen tly o f t he a erial o r H .F.
c
ircuits w i
th a s epara te v ariab le c onden ser , a nd t his is probab ly
t
he b e
s tw ay o u to ft he d if icul ty f ort rack
ing c an t hen b e made 0 0%
a
ccu rate o ver t he who le d ial. U sing t his me thod t he o scillator
c
oils can b e c alcu lated i n the o rd inary w ay.

Aer
ial Coup
lings

The s igna ls f rom t he a er

ial may b e fed i n
to t he fir
st tuned
c
ircuit in av arie ty o f w ays wh ich c an b e reduced t o three main
method s.
1
. Aper iod ic Co il C oup ling.
2. Conden ser Coup ling.
3
. Tap Coupl ing .
A
lmo st al
l t uning c o
ils a re c onnec ted w ith one e nd e arthed a nd t
he
o
ther f eeding t he g rid o f t he v alve a nd for c onven ience t hese a
re
t
ermed t he " e arthy " a nd " H .F ." e nds respec t
ive ly.
For aper iod ic c o
il c oup ling asma ll a
erial coi
l i s wound o n t
he
s
ame f ormer wh ich h olds t he tun ing o rgrid c o
il,t he w inding being
n
ea r the earthy e nd o ft he g rid c oil
. The n umber o ft urns depends
onl o
calc ond ition sb ut3 0t urn sine ither asingle layer o rbank wound
s
hou ld b e s atisf actory f or med ium a nd long w ave c oi
ls, or one
quarter of t he g rid -turn s fo r other c oils
. The e nd o f the winding
nearest the g r
id c oi
l i se arthed , t he aeria
l being t aken e i
ther to t
he
o
ther e nd o ft he a erialc o
i lo rt ot aps wh ich cou ld bei ncluded atthe
t
enth a nd t wen tie th t urn s
. The a er
ial coi
l s hould b e f" from the
22
H.F. e nd o ft he grid c oil ( Fig. 7 e) a nd b oth g rid a nd a er ial c oils
a
re wound i n the s a me d irec tion .
S
igna ls w il b e s tronger a lthough s ome s elec tivity w il
l b e
s
ac r
ificed b y using c onden ser c oup ling. I n t his me thod t he a erial
i
s c onnec ted t o the H .F . e nd o f t he g rid c oil v ia av ery s mal
c
onden se r —a c eram ic t r
immer t ype i ss ui tab le —and t he c apac i
ty
i
sv aried f ort he b est r esu lts.
Coil a nd c onden ser c oup ling s c an b e c omb ined t o g ive a
f
i
lter e fect, ac onden ser i n s e r
ies w ith t he e arth l ead f r
om t he c oil
b
eing a rranged t o t une t he a erial c oi
l t o t he f r
equency o f a ny
i
nter f
e ring s tat
ion.
On s hort a nd u lt
ra s ho rt w ave s
, c onden ser c oupl ing c an b e
u
sed b ut t he capac ity mu s t b e v ery s mal
l i ndeed t o m inim ise t he
a
erial's d amp ing e fec to n t he c i
rcu itsw i
th c on sequen td ead s po ts.
Coil c oupl ing i sb e
t ter, a3o r 5t u rn c oil b eing moun ted n ea rt he
H.F. e nd o fthe grid c oilo r b etween t he g rid a nd a node c oils o fa
c
ircuit s uch a s the F rank lin s elfo sc ila tor. Whe th er t he c oils a re
f
ormer wound o r self s uppo rting t he s pac ing b etw een t he g rid a nd
a
erial c oils s hould b e v aried t oo bta in t he o ptimum p osit
ion .
On t hese w aveband s s pecial a erials a re o ften u sed t oge ther
w
i th t win f e
eder s and i nt hese c ase s t he ae rialc oili sn ot c onnec ted
t
oe arth b uth as o ne f eeder c onnec ted t oe ach e nd.
Tap f eeding w il c au se d amp ing o ft he c oil a nd w i
ll p robab ly
put ganged c i
rcuits o u
t o fa l
ignmen t
. I t may b e u sed o n as imp le
c
ircuit, h oweve r, a nd me rely c on sists o f v ariou s t app ing s t aken
f
rom t he g r
id c oi
l t o wh ich t he a eria l may b e c onnec ted . A lterna -
t
ively t he a er
ial may b e t a ken t o av ariable c apac itor o fu p t o 3 00
p
icof arad s capacity, t he o ther t erm ina lo ft he c apac itor b e
ing t aken
t
ot he t ap . The n earer t he t ap i st ot he e ar thy e nd o ft he g r
id c oil
t
he l e
s s w illb et he d amp ing i mpo sed o nt he c i
rcu it a nd t he g reater
t
he s elec t
iv ity
. Unfor tuna tely s en s
itivi ty f als w ith i ncrea sed
s
electiv ity. At ap a te very t en th t urn u p t o t he c ent re o ft he c oil
s
hou ld g ive e nough a d
ju stmen tf or a ny a er ial.

React
ion Wind
ings
Where r eaction w ind ings are to be used iti sdificu
lt to give
h
ard a nd fastr u
les. The t ype ofcircu
it,the valve,the anode voltage
a
nd the w aveband c overed allhave the
ir own e fect
so nthe osci
llatory
c
harac teri
stics of t he sy s
tem . I t may be s aid, however, that for
c
ontroled r e
action a si nF ig. 2the bes
tf o
rm f orthe co
ilt otake isa
smal
lc lo
sely coup led w inding rather t
han al arge l
oose coupled coi
l.
Thisi ssoi ns hortw ave w ork par
ticular
ly, where s mooth react
ion is
e
ssential,a nd inthisc ase the r
eaction winding is made with wire ofa
g
auge f iner than t hat u sed for the gr
id c oi
l, and some times e ven
w
ith re s
istance w ire such a s Mangan in.
23
 F
ig
. 6
. —O
sci
lla
tor c
i
rcu
its
.

Co
il s
ect
ions a
re s
hown i
n F
ig. 7a
nd i
twi
ll b
e conven
ien
t t
o
c
ons
ider react
ion ar
rangemen
ts f
or v
ar
ious w
avebands.

U
ltra Short Waves
Here t he a node c oil o f
ten b ecome s ap art oft he t uned c i
rcuit
a
s int he F rank l
in o scillator o r wi th Colp i
tt's c i
rcuits, a nd iso fthe
s
ame w i
re , s hape a nd w ind ing s ize as the g r
id c oil
, b eing indeed a
c
ontinua tion o f the grid c oil
. F ig 6 a show s av ery ef ic
ient ultra
s
hort wave r eceiving c ircui t where g r
id a nd a node c oi
ls are exactly
s
imilar, a nd r egenera tion d epend s o n i nter-electrode c apacity
c
oupling i nside t he v alve. S uper-regenera tion i sincluded a nd the
t
wo larger c oilsf o
rt he f eed l e
ad ss uperimpo se a noscillation of much
l
owe r fr
equency ( 20 to 3 0k cs.) on the ultra h igh frequency o sci
lla-
t
ion, thus b ringing t he c i
rcu itt ot he thresho ld c ondition whe re i ti
s
most sensitive a nd l east selec t
ive. The n et result is ah iss over the
whole tun ing r ange wh ich r educes t o s i
lence o r nearly s o when a
s
ignal isr ece ived. Na tural ly the s y
stem c anno t give g ood q ual
ity
but f
or this t ype o f work t hati st he l
east con sideration . The s uper
r
egenera t
ion c o
ils a r
e t uned w ith c onden ser s o f abou t .006 mfd .

2
4
 1
11
11
1 (
C)

GR
ID GR
ID GR
ID GR
ID

I
I R
EACT
ION
R
EACT
ION
(
F)

HF CHOKE FORMER METHOD OF T

APP
ING

(
0) (
H)

F
ig
. 7
.—Co
il s
e
ction
s.

c
apac
ity so tha
t the i
nductance fo
r bank w ound co
ils t
o g
ive t
he
f
r
equenc ie
s mentioned a
bove can be c
alcu
lated.
For an u
lt
ra shor
t wave superhe
t the osc
illa
tor s
ec
tion m
ight
25
wel
l b e o
ft he E lec tron -coup led t ype a s s hown i n F ig 6 d a l
though
t
he circuit
s o f Fig . 2o r F ig. 6 b a re often u sed .
Between i o a nd 1 8o me tres t he range i sc overed i nb and s a
so f
0-25 , 18 -6o , a nd 5 0- -180 me tres o r cor respond ing o verlapp ing
b
and s and reaction i su sua lly a pplied b yt he t hro ttle c ontrol c i
rcu it
o
f Fig. 6b. F or ma ins v alves , h owever , t he c ircu it o f Fig. 6 c h as
much t orecommend i tfor r eac tion i sc ontroled b yt he p o tential o n
t
he screen of at etrocle a nd b y feedback i n t he c a
thode c oil wh ich
may c onvenien tly b e as ho rt w ave c hoke . There i so f c ou r
se n o
c
oup l
ing b etween t he grid c oi l and c a
thode i nduc tance s o that t he
g
rid a nd aer
ial c oils may b e s imp le, e ff
icien t w ind ing s o n as mall
f
ormer .
Where a n a node c oil i su sed i t may b e a rranged e ither a s i n
F
ig. 7co r7 d, being i n
terwound w ith t he grid c oili nt he l a
tter c ase.
The w ires mu st b e insu la ted b ut mu st n ot t ouch i n a ny c ase.
I
ti ssugges ted t hata node r eaction c oils are g iven o ne t hird t he
number o fturn s o ft he grid c oil
, t he grid c oilb eing t uned b y aI oo
p
icofarad capacitor a nd the t hro tt
le c ontrol a3 00 p icof arad c apac i
tor ,
a
lthough a s already men tioned i ndividua l c ircu its may n eed a n
a
dap t
ion t o t
he se f igures.
F
ig. 6 d s how s t he e l ec tron c oup led c ircu it whe re r eaction
d
epend s on ca
thode f eedback much a s i n F ig. 6 c.

Med
iu m a
nd Long Wave Co
ils
Int he ma jority ofc ase st hese w i
llb e wound o nt he same f orme r
i
n pairs a s in Fig. 7 e. The r eaction w inding h as to s erve f or b oth
waveband s a nd i s wound b etween t he grid c oils p referab ly a s a
multi
layer w ind ing t o s ave s pace. The b est c ircuit to u se i st he
t
hrottle c ontrol system o fF ig. 6 b, usualv alues b eing 5 00 p icofarad
t
uning c apaci tor, a5 6o p icof arad s ol
id o r a ir dielectr ic r eac
tion
c
onden ser, 1 00-300 p icof arad g rid c apacitor a nd a g rid r esi
s tor
which w it h modern p rac tice h as reduced i t
sv alue fr om 5megoh m s
t
o Imegohm o r e ven less.
As ag eneral r ule the r eaction w inding can h ave aq uarter to a
t
hird o f the total n umber o f turns o n the med ium a nd l ong w ave
g
rid c oils
.
Fig.7 fs how s amed ium a nd long w ave co
ils uch a s may b eused
f
or am idge t or p ortable s et
. A llt he winding s are mu lt
ilayer o n I"
p
axolin t ubing .
R eaction c oils mu s t a lway s b e c onnec ted i n t he ir c orrect
phase. If ac i
rcu it fa
il s t o oscillate reversing t he r eaction c oi
l
l
eads g enera l
ly c orrects t he f ault
.

Band Pass Un
its
Where t
wo iden
tica
l t
uning ci
rcuit
s are c
oupled t
ogether t
he
r
e
sonan
t fr
equency of e
ach c
ircu
it change
s sl
ight
ly, one t
o ei
ther
26
s
ide o
f t
he o
r
igina
l fr
equency
, a
nd i
fthe or
igina
l f
r
equency w
as
t
hen t
he new r
esonant f
r
equenc
ies a
re :—

f f
f
, a
nd f2 —
VI— K VI — K

where K isthe coup l

ing f a
ctor. Thu s aband offr
equenc ie
sb e
tween
f
1a nd f2 i
sp a
ssed , signals within the band being received strongly
a
nd those o uts
ide t he b and b eing cut o f more sharply t han wi
th
o
ther f
orm s oft uning .
Ag ood b and -wid th fo
r n ormal conditions i
si o,000 cycles a
nd
f
or "Bo ttom C apacity C oupling
," t he mo st simp le s ystem t o
a
rrange isas in ( F
ig. 4 a
).

VC
1C2

C3

a
nd b
and
-wid
th i
sgiven b
y Bn = fK
.

EX
AMPLE 6
.
Two matched c
oi
l s a
re tuned b
y a2 X 0 .0005 mfd
. capaci
tor
t
o 6
00 metre
s (500
,000 cycles
) when the s
ect
ion s a
re f
ul
ly meshed.
The band w
idth at t
his point ist
o be 10
.000 c yc
les
, the
refore a
s

Bn fK,
1
0,000 = 500
,000 K
a
nd K = .02

A
/ CI. C2
Bu
t K =
C
3
ki.
0005 X .
0005
S
O .
02 -
C
3
.
0005

C
'
.
0005
a
nd C3 = =.
0
25 m
icrof
arads
.
.
02

Suppos
ing , however
, tha
t when t
he v
alue o
fthe capac
ito
rs is
r
educed to .0
00I m icrof
arad the c
i
rcu
it n
ow tunes t
o 300 metre
s
(
i
,000,000 cycles
) then
27
 1
0
,000 = t
,000
,000 K o
r K i
snow o
nly .
o
t a
nd

A
/ 0C '
K — — b
ecome
s
C2

.
0001
.
0
1 =
C3

a
nd C 3= .
o
x m
icrof
arad
.

The b and -width, therefore, wi

ll change over t
he tuning r
ange
w
ith c on
sequen t varying s e
lectivi
ty. I n commercial pract
ice C 3
may range f r
om . o
i t o .5 microfarad.
The c oi
ls u sed for a B and P ass Unit mu st b
e similar i
n al
r
espec
t s so t hat perfect gang ing is obtained
, a nd should be in
s
epara
te s creening c ans so t hat no magne t
ic coupl
ing i sposs
ible
b
etween t hem , when c apacity coupling isto b
e used.

I
.F
. Transfor mers

I
t will b t s een t ha t the I .F. T ransformer i sn o mo re t han a
Band P a
ss Un it s o a rranged t hat t he Intermed iate F requency i sa t
t
he centre o ft he b and . I nt h
is c ase,h owever , t he c o
ils a re coup led
g
enerally b y mu tual i nduc tance a l
though t here i s also a c apacity
c
oup l
ing d ue t o t he c apac ity b etween t he b ank wound c oils
.
R
. E . B lakey ( Rad io a nd T e
lecommun ication E ngineer s
' D e
sign
Manua l) poin ts o ut t hat c ommerc ial prac tice make s the magne i
tc
c
oup l
ing o ppo se t he c apac ity c oupl ing b y w ind ing b oth c o
ils i n
t
he same d irection a nd c onnec ting e i
ther t he t wo s tarting o r t wo
f
in
ishing l ead s t o a node a nd g rid o f the r espec tive v alve s
.
P
articu lar a tten tion s hou ld b e p aid t o mak ing I .F. c oil
s
ef
icient w i
th ah igh "Q," l
ow l oss tun ing c onden ser s b e
ing u sed
w
ith a dequa te
ly s i
zed c ircu lar s creen ing c an s
. The ma in t rouble
i
n the con struc tion o f I.F. T ran sformer s l i
e s i n the a d
ju s
tmen t o f
t
he coup ling b e tween t he c oils wh ich c on tro l
s t he b andw id th a nd
t
hus the s e
lec tivity, a nd a s these c alculation s d epend o n the v alue
o
ft he mu tua linduc tance wh ich i sd ificul tt oa rrive a ti tiss ugge sted
t
hat exper imen tal me thod s w ill give q uicker r esults.

EX
AMPLE 7
.
An I
.F. Transformer f
or4 65 k
cs. i
srequ
ired
, both p
rimary and
s
econdary be
ing tuned and ident
ical
.
F
irst c
onsider the t
uning. The c oi
l wil
l have a s
e
lf-capac
ity
2
8
a
dd ing i t
s e f
ec t to the c apacity o f the small tuning c onden ser so
t
hat ifi oo p icof arad i sc onsidered a s at
isfactory c onden ser to use
t
he c a
lcu lations f or resonan t frequency s hould be b ased o n a
lmo st
t
he max imum v alue o ft h
is conden ser, s
ay, 75 picofarad o r .
000075
m
icrof arad . Then t he capacity ofc oiland c onden ser wil come w e
ll
a
bove t his i n practice, giving room f or t
rim ming a d
ju stment either
way. The c onden sers ideally wou ld be o f t
he c eram ic moun ted
a
i
r -dielectric r otating t ype for t hese are more s imple to b uild in
a
nd a dju s
t t han t he screw o pera ted trimmer s
, wh ich h ave a n
a
dd it
iona l d rawback i n the liabili
ty o f the screw t hread s to sl
ip.
The i
nduc
tance r
equ
ired i
sdi
scovered f
r
om :-

1
,000
,000

2
7 A/
LC

where fisthe f
requency i
n c
ycles
, 7
.is3.14
, Li sthe i
nduc
tance i
n
microhenrys a
nd C isthe c
apaci
ty i
n microfarad
s.
F
or 465 k
cs., t
hen
.

1
,000
,000
4
65,000
6
.28 A
/.000075 L

1
,
000
,000
a
nd v .
000075L —
4
65,000 x 6
.28

a
nd .
000075L = .
342 2

.
342 x .
3
42
o
r 1
,
560 m
icrohenry
s.
.
0
00075

This i
nductance may be made as a
lready descr
ibed i n t
he
e
xample of abank wound i
nductance
, and mounted on I" paxo
lin
t
ubing
. The transformer w
il
l r
equire t
wo such i
nductances
.

Var
iab
le S
elect
ivity

As a
lready explained t he band width passed b ythe I.F
. T ran s
-
f
ormer will d
epend o n the coupling fa
ctor —in t h
is ca
se the mu tua l
i
nductance between t he coi
ls —and F ig
. 8as how st he c
oils moun ted
o
n a wooden d owel w i
th a p ush f
i
t s o tha
t t he coupling between
t
hem can b evaried t
il
lt he o pt
imum p osi
tion i sfound a nd t
hen l ef
t,
a
nincrease i
nc oupling (c o
ilscloser t
ogether)c ausing t
he band w idth
t
o w
iden a nd vice versa.
29
 F
ig
. 8
. —IF
, c
oup
ling
s.

F or c on stantly v ariable s e
lec tivity , h owever, either a mov ing
c
oil o r t ertiary w ind ing c an b e emp loyed . F
ig 8 b s how s o ne
t
ran sf ormer c oi
l a rranged t o r
o tate a bout ac entral a x
is a bou t 1 "
f
rom t he other ,t he s pind le being p ivo ted i nt he wal
lo ft he screen ing
o
r o n a n interna l fr amework . B y using t his me thod i tiso fc ou rse
po
ss ible t o g ang an umber o ftran sformer s b y moun ting t he m w i
th
t
he s pind le s i n li
ne a nd c onnec ted t oge ther b y i
nsulating t ub ing o r
rods.
F
ig . 8cs how sh ow t he c oupling a nd selectivi
ty can b ev aried b y
at h ird c oil moun ted b e
tween t he s econdary a nd p rimary a nd
posse ss ing a bou t o ne t hird o f the n umber o f t
urns o n o ne o f the
main c oi
ls. Con trol i se fected b y av ariab le res
istor of5 ,000 o hm s
which i sconnec ted a cross t h
is wind ing w ith i t
s moving a rm e arthed .
Ast he r e
sistance i sreduced s oc oup ling i sr educed a nd the selec t
ivity
become s g rea ter.
When u sing t hese me thod s i ti sa dvised t hat one c oil o f the
t
ran sf ormer i s s t
il
l moun ted o n ad owe l w ith a p ush f it
. The
v
a r
iab le s elec tivity d ev ice ist hen a rranged a nd clamped t og ive h a
lf
o
ft he t otal e fect po ssible a nd t he t r
an sformer r esponse b rough t t o
i
t
s o ptimum s e
tting b y a dju st
ing t he c oil o n the d owe l. The
v
a r
iab le d ev ice w ill t hen g ive g ood c on trol o n ei
ther s ide o f the
mean p osit
ion .
The c onden sers s hown i n the figures mu st be insulated f rom
30
t
he screen o
r a
ny other s
uppor
t, a
nd h
ave a
ny e
ar
th l
e
ads r
e
turned
d
irec
tly to t
he c
hassi
s.

Co
il Construct
ion

When t he i nduc tance , me thod o f w ind ing a nd d etai ls o f

a
ssocia ted c oil s a nd c onden ser s h ave b een c alcu la ted a nd d ec ided
upon t he t ype o f f orme r a s a lready d i
scu ssed i s c hosen a nd t he
c
oil wound u pon i t. Where b ank wound c o
il s a re t o b e made i ti s
s
ugge s ted t ha t af ew c ommerc ial t ype s s hou ld b e i nspec ted , t hey
o
ften h ave t he w ire l a
id o ns p irally i n awave w ind ing wh ich make sa
v
ery s trong , s e
lf s uppo rt
ing c oil a nd r educe s t he s elf c apac ity.
This i s mach ine wound , h owever , a nd f o r h and w ind ing i tw il
l
p
robab ly b e f ound s uf f
icien tly d if icu lt t o k eep e ach l ayer e ven ,
t
ightly p acked w i thou t lump ing o r c ro ssover s a nd w ith n o b reak i n
t
he i nsu lation . I f ac oil i st o b e t apped a nd i sb ank wound o n n o
a
ccoun t b are t he w ire a nd s older t he t app ing l ead s o t hat t he j oint
c
ome s i n t he c en tre o f t he l ayer s. I nstead d raw o ut s ix i nche s
o
r s o o fw ire , f o ld t he l eng th i nto a l ong l oop wh ich i st aken o ut
t
hrough t he . c heek o ft he f ormer , i fu sed , a nd c ar ry t he w ire b ack t o
c
ontinue t he w ind ing , a nchor ing t he l oop i n p lace w ith t he
c
ontinu ing t urn s, F ig . 7 h. The w ire c an t hen b e b ared a nd
c
onnec ted o uts ide t he c oilw ith n or isk o f ab reakdown i nt he i nsu la-
t
ion.
On ly where w ires a re c omp le tely s ub stan tia l,a si n U ltra S hort
wave c o ils s hou ld t hey b e u sed a s t he c oil l ead s
. Th inner w ires
s
hou ld b e t aken t o s older ing t ag s a nd t he s imp lest me thod o f
making a nd f ixing t he se p axol in f o rmer s i st o d rill t wo s mal l h oles
a
tt he d e s
ired p oin t f "a par t,a nd t or un ad oub le l oop o f1 8 S .W .G .
t
inned c opper w ire t h rough t hem . The w ind ing w ire i st hen s oldered
t
ot he l oop i n side t he f ormer a nd c arr ied .to t he s tarting p oin to ft he
w
ind ing b y t he mo st d irec t r ou te, b eing b rough t t o t he s urf ace o f
t
he f ormer t h rough a t hird d ril
l h ole . Th is w ill g ive a dequa te
a
ncho rage a nd p reven t s l
ipp ing t urn s o fw ire.
When b aring t he e nds o f w ire f or s o
lder ing , s i
lk a nd c otton
c
over ing s s hou ld b e s tripped of , n ot s craped , a nd e name lled w ire
s
hou ld b e c leaned b y d ipp ing i ts e nd i nto me thy la ted s pirit a nd
w
ip ing w ith ar ag . F or s older ing u se c ored s older , a voiding k i
lled
a
cid f luxes wh ich w i
l l cau se c orro sion; t here s hou ld b e n o c hance
o
f ad ry o r p oor s oldered j oint a t a ny p lace f or b ad j oints make
f
ault fi nd ing d oub ly d if icu lt.
When t he c oils a re wound i ti sv ery d esirab le t o p rotec t t h em
f
rom t he e fec ts o f h um id ity a nd a me thod wh ich w il g ive t hem
f
urther s treng th a nd r i g
id ity i st o v arn ish o r wax t hem . The re w il
l
b
e as l
igh t r ise i n s elf-capac ity b ut t h
i s s hou ld n ot b e t roub le-
s
ome .
3
1
 The b est v arn ish i s poly styrene , wh ich may b e made f rom
d
issolving o ld o r b roken p o ly styrene f ormer s i n benzo le. E ithe r
imme rse the c oili nt he varn i
sh a nd al
low i ttod ra
in very t horough ly
o
r b rush t he v arnish o n w ith a s oft b rush , work ing i tw ell into
t
he l a
yer s of ab ank wound c oil. When t he v arnish i sdry spac ing
t
urn s can b e s t
ripped of a nd b obbin c heek s re moved i fdesired .
Coi
l s wound b etween p axolin wa sher s
, a s i n Fig. 7 e may b e l e
ft
untreated o r p rotec ted b y al ayer o fc ellophane t ape.
Ifthe c oil
sa re given ap ro tecting l ayer o fw ax instead ofv arnish
i
ti s more s imp le t o bea ssured o ft horough i mpregna tion especia lly
i
nt he c a
se o fb ank wound c oils. B eeswax i s me l
ted d own a nd t hen
bo
iled , to make s ure t hat a ny w ater c onta ined i n i tis expelled ,
and then t he c o
i lisd ipped i nt he mo lten w ax a nd al
lowed t or e ma in
unt
i l al the a ir b ubb les are d riven of a nd c ease t o ri
se.
Wooden f ormer s or the d owe ls s ugge sted f or the I.F. T ran s-
f
ormer ss hou ld b eb o
iled int he w ax b efore u se,o nce again re ma
in ing
until ai
r b ubb le s cease t o ri
se .
When t he w ax h a
s s e
tt he c oil will be v ery firm b ut al
l surp lus
wax mu st b e dra ined a way.

S
creen
ing

Enclosing ac o
il in as creen ing c an alway s resu lt in s
o me d rop
i
n efficiency t oge ther w ith ad rop i n inductance , t hese losses being
v
ery s er
iou s ift he c an i sn ot o f a n adequa te size. I t isp ossible,
however ,t oc alcu late t he induc tance d rop d ue to ac an s ot ha
t when
t
he c oil isd es
igned t his loss c an b e al
lowed f or b y a dding itt o the
correc t inductance v a
lue o ft he c o
il.
Arough r ule for keep ing t he" Q" o fthe coilh igh ist o make t he
d
iame ter o fthe c an a tl e
as t t w
ice t hat oft he coil; g reater spacing
wou ld b e b enef icia
l b ut wou ld make t he a ppara tu s bulky i n mo st
c
a ses.
A
. G . B og le ( Jou rn. I .E .E. Vo l
. 8 7) g ives t ha
t f or a c o
il
moun ted coax ially i n ac an o fr easonab ly thick n on -magne tic metal,
whe re coil and c an are c ylind rical a nd the g ap between t he e nds of
the w inding a nd t he e nds o ft he c an ise qual to o r greater than t he
gap b etween t he s ides oft he c oi
l and t he sides oft he can,

r
ig b2
Lo = L [
r
ig ± 1
.
55
where L2i
sthe i
nductance s
creened , Listhe i
nductance un
sc reened,
i
sthe l
eng
th oft he c
oi
lw ind ing, gisthe gap between t
he s i
de of
t
he co
il a
nd the si
de ofthe can (equal al r
ound )
, ai st
he diame ter
o
f the c
an and b isthe diame ter of t
he co
il, al
l measure ments in
i
nches, a
nd the f
ormula to hold for f
requencie
s o for o
ver t oo kc
s.
32
EXAMPLE 8
.
The co
il o
f examples z a
nd 3 i
sto b
e sc
reened. L = 197
m
icrohenrys
, i= 2 .
5", b — 2" a
nd i
fthe c
an is 4
" in d
iame
ter
g= 1" and a = 4
"
.
Then 2
.5

22
L
, = 1
97 [
2
.5 • 42
— + 1
.55

=
1
97 [ I .
6
25
4
.0 5
1
97 x .
8
46
= 166
.66 m icrohenrys
, the n ew inductance.
Thus ifthe screened inductance is st
il
l r equired to b
e 197
microhenrys t
he percentage diference d ue t
o t he screen
ing ef
ect
must be added t
o the orig
inal i
nduc tance ofthe coil
.
Test ing Co ils
Coi
l s when wound may h ave s evera l t
ests a pplied t ot he m b ut
f
orh ome c ons truc tion i twillb es uff
icien tt o make as imp le con tinu ity
c
heck w ith ab attery and l amp o ri nstrumen ta nd to mea sure induc t-
a
nce i f abridge i savai lable o r c an b e made . Where c oils are t o be
matched , h owever , iti s necessary t o u se a s igna l g enera tor a nd
v
alve v o
l tme ter ( as d esc r
ibed i n R adio Tes t Equ ipmen t Manua l,
Bernards No . 7 3) although t he me thod i s e asy a nd g ive s g ood
r
esult
s. E ach c o
il isc onnec ted i n turn a cro ss a smal c onden ser
a
nd t he o u
tpu t from t he signa l g enera to r f
ed i nto t he tuned c ircuit
t
hu s formed b y connec ting i t
s l eads a cross t he c oi
l. The v oltage
a
cross t he c o
il i s mea su red b y the v alve v oltme ter a nd when t he
s
ignal g enera tor i s t uned t hrough t he r esonan t f requency t he
v
oltage r i
ses s harply t hrough ap eak . E ach coili st ested int h
i s w ay
a
nd i fthe p eak v o
ltage s occur a td iferen t s
etting s o ft he genera tor
t
hatc oilw ith the highe stf requency s e
tting h as the l owe stinduc tance
and the o ther c o
ils mu s
t b e r educed t o t
he s ame v a
lue . Th is is
done b y remov ing f rom t hem o ne t urn o fw ire a t at ime u nti
l t he
r
esonan t p oint o f each c oil f al
ls o n the s ame s etting o f the s ignal
g
enera tor.
Natura l
ly t his me thod o f a d
ju stmen t s hould n ot b e c a rr
ied
beyond n arrow l imitsa nd t wo ort hree turns s hould b ethe max i mum
number r emoved . I f ag rea ter d iscrepancy b etween t he c o
ils t he
l
ow i nduc tance c oi
l s hould b e i nspec ted f o r faul ty w ind ing o r
short
ing t urn s
.

3
 CHAPTER 3
H
.F. Chokes

I
n t he o rdina ry r e ceive r the H .F . Choke c an n eve r b e b etter
t
han a c omprom ise —even f or o ne w aveband a p rope rly d es
igned
c
hoke c an h ave i t
s max imum ef ic
iency a t o n
ly o ne f requency
a
l
though t he d rop i n r espon se i sg radua l e nough f o r wo rking a ll
o
ver t he b and a nd o ne c hoke w il s uff
i ce f ort he med ium a nd l ong
waveband s— a nd t he c au se o ft his i se asily s e en when t he t heory
o
ft he c hoke i su nde rstood .
The p urpo se o ft he H .F .c hoke i st oa l
low l ow f requency s ignals
t
o p a ss o n t o f u rthe r c i
rcu it s a fter s epa ration f rom t he ir H .F.
c
arrier wh ils tb lock ing t he H .F .a nd b y -pa ssing i tt oe a rth ( asi nt he
c
ase o ft he o rd ina ry t r
iode d etecto r
) ;t op reven tH .F .f rom e nte ring
t
he h igh t ension s upp ly; t o p ass H .F . f rom r ad io f requency
amplifi er s t o f o
llow ing c ircu its w ith a s litt
le l oss a s p ossib le , as in
F
ig.2 ,t oge the rw ith o the rl e
ss f requen tly used a ppli ca tion s
. Ah igh
r
esi
s tance w il o ppo se af low o fH .F . a nd i ss ome time s u sed i nt he
a
node c ircu i ts o fr ad io f requency ampl if
ier s a nd d etec tor s, b ut a n
H.F. c hoke w illp erf orm t he s ame f unc tion w ithou tt he h igh v oltage
d
rop wh ich mu st o f n ece s sity a ppea r a cro ss s uch a r esistance .
The a ction o ft he c hoke d epend s u pon t he f act t hat i f ar adio
f
requency s ignali sa ppl i ed t o al ong w ire who se e lec trica ll eng th i sf
o
ft he w ave leng th o ft he s i gna l a ppli ed as tand ing v oltage w ave i s
s
etu p o n t he w ire o r, i no the r wo rds, t he w i re b ehave s a si fi th ad
v
ery h igh i mpedance a t o ne e nd a nd v ery l ow i mpedance a t the
o
the r. I fo ne e nd o ft he w ire i se arthed ( via ac onden ser )t herefore ,
t
he o the re nd o ft he w i re o ppo se st he p assage o fH .F .c u rren t so ft he
r
esonan t f requency .
Thu s a l
l tha t i sr equ i red i st o w rap t he l ength o fw ire i nto a
more c onven ien tf orm 'a nd i tw illb er ealised t hat ah igh n umbe ro f
t
urn sw illb en eces sary f ort he l owe rf requenc ie s
. The c ha rac teris t
ics
o
ft he c hoke a re n ot g rea tly c hanged b y coiling t he w i re.
For t he med ium a nd l ong w aveband s i ti sn o t e conom ica l to
c
ons truc tH .F .c hoke sb uts hou ld i tb ed esired t od os o ac onven ient
method i st o slot a n e bon ite r od "i n d iame te r w ith s ix e qua l
ly
s
paced r ing se ach f "d eep a nd I "w ide ,w ind ing 5 00 t urn so f No . 34
S
.W .G .e name lled c opper w ire i ne ach s lo
t( Fig.7 g). Th ew ind ing s
,
o
fc our se,a rec arr
ied f r om s lott os lota nd a rea l
li nt he s ame d irec tion
o
f r ota tion . Th is g ive s 3 ,000 t urn s o f w ire ' t he t wo e nd s b eing
a
nchored t o s older ing t ag s o r t erm ina l s threaded i nto t he e bon i
te
f
ormer .

3
4
 When as eti stor ece ive med ium , l ong a nd s ho r
tw ave s as ho rt
wave c hoke s hou ld b e w ired i nto c ircu i t b efore e ach med ium a nd
l
ong w ave c hoke — that i sn earer t he v alve i n q ue stion — the c hoke s
b
eing i n serie s
. S hort w ave c hoke s a re s imp le t o calculate b yu sing
t
he waveleng th r uling; f or e xamp le a c hoke f or w ave leng ths
a
round 5 0 me tres wou ld h ave 1 2.5 me tres ( 41 f eet)o f No.3 4S .W .G .
e
name l
led o r s i
lk c overed w ire wound o n t o an arrow p axo lin
f
ormer i n three o r four sma ll b ank s , the b ank s b eing s paced t o c ut
down t he s elf-capaci ty. F or U l
tra S hort Wave work t he w ire
b
ecome s v ery s hort a nd i st hen b est wound o n t o ag l
a ss t ube o f
s
uitable d iame ter in as ing le s paced w ind ing .
Tran sm itter a nd o scillator c hoke s f or ama teur e quip men t may
b
e made i n the s ame w ay w ith a ny n ecessary a llowance i nt he w ire
g
auge t o su
i t the p robab ly h eav ier c ur ren t
s f low ing .
Choke s a re b e
tter u nimpregna ted , a nd i fp ro tection i st hough t
t
o b e n ecessary f or t he 3 ,000 t urn c hoke i ti s b e st prov ided b y
w
ind ing c el
lophane t ape r ound t he f o rmer o r b y c e men ting a
s
hee t ofc el
lu loid o ver t he w ire .
The o nly t est neces sary f o r t he c hoke i s as imp le c on tinu ity
c
heck .
In all circu its the c hoke s hou ld n ot b e a l
lowed t o a pproad
o
the r wiring i n t he same v alve c ircu it, p articu larly i fitisa n a node
c
hoke a s isu sually the c ase . The b ypa ss c onden ser l e
ad s hou ld g o
d
irectly t o ear th b y t he s hor te st r ou te, a nd i n U ltra S hor t Wave
e
qu ipmen t i t is b eneficia l t o r un a ll b ypass l ead s to o ne ma in
c
onnec ting p oint o n the c ha ssi s
.
Med ium a nd long w ave c hokes c an b es creened i fd es
i red i ft he
p
recau tion s o bserved i n screen ing c o
ils a re n o
ted .

CHAPTER 4

Power Transfor mers

Tran sformer s may b e regarded e i

ther a si mpedance o r voltage
matching d evices
, a nd when d esign ing p ower t ran
sforme r
s i tis
more c onven ient to consider t he v oltage r atios.
Tran sformers forp ower s uppl ies c onsisto ft wo coi
ls, ors etsof
c
oils
, wound o n an ir
on c ore t o as si
st t he c oup l
ing b e
tween t he m
a
nd t hu s i mprove their mu tua l induc tance . P ower from t he A .C.
mains iss upp l
ied too ne coilo rs eto fc o
il sa nd the magne tic flux s
et
up in t he iron core a nd a round t he c oil induce s curren t
s i n the
s
econd s e
to fc o
ils
,t he voltages acro ss these c oi
lsb eing ei
ther h igher
(
step u p) orl ower (step d own ) than t he v oltage supplied.
The c oil t
o which p ower i sf ed i sk nown a st he prima ry, those
f
rom wh ich p ower ist aken a re k nown a s secondar ies
, a nd in radio
p
owe r t ransformer s are of b oth s tep u p a nd s t
ep d own w ind ings.

3
5
 The s ize o fe ach w ind ing b ear s av ery d ef
in ite r e
la t
ion ship to
t
he p ower s uppl ied t o o r d rawn f rom i t
, the n umber o f turns
c
ontro lling t he v oltage a nd t he r esistance ,e xpressed a st he d iame ter
o
ft he w ire , c on tro lling t he c ur ren t.
The n umber o f t urns v ar ies i nver se ly a s the s ize o ft he core.
The c ore i sb ui
ltu po ft hin s hee tso fi ron int he f orm k nown a s
alam ina ted c ore, a nd t his i s a me thod u sed i n p ractically a ll A.C.
a
ppa ra tus. C lear ly t he r apid ly v arying magne tic f l
ux w ill i nduce
c
urren t s in t he c ore a s w ell a s i n t he w ind ings a round i ta nd i fthe
c
ore w ere o ne ma ss o f me tal w ith av ery l ow r esistance t he c urrent
s
o induced wou ld b e exceed ing ly h igh . I ti sn ece ssary t he refore to
i
ncrea se t he e lectr icalr esistance o ft he c ore wh ich c an o nly b e done
a
s d escribed , b y s pli
tting i ti nto t hin s hee ts a nd i n sulating e ach
s
heet f rom t he n ex t. Eddy c urren ts w i
ll s t
illflow b ut t he t otal lo
ss
o
f p ower s o c aused w i
ll b e f ar l ess t han i t wou ld o therw ise h ave
b
een.
L am ina tion s a re i nsu lated i n s evera l way s —by c he m
ical
t
reatmen t o ft he me tal s urface , b y v arn ish , b y v ery t hin c e men ted
p
aper —and t here a re t wo ma in s hapes o fl am ina tion s, the E a nd
t
ype a nd t he T a nd U t ype , b oth s e
ts g iving a t hree l egged c ore
(F
ig. 9 a).
When t he l am ina tion sa re b eing i nser ted i nto t he f i
nished c oi
ls
on their f o rmer t hey mu st b e a l
terna ted , t hat i sa n E mu s t go in
f
rom t he l eftw ith a n If rom t he r ightt hen a n If rom t he l e
fta nd an
E from t he r ight a nd s o o n, t he l am ina tions b eing b rough t into
t
ight c on tac t w ith n o a i
r g aps .
The c ros s s ectiona l area o ft he c ore,F ig . 9b,i scho sen f r om the
f
ormu la g iven b y T he Rad io D es igner s
' Handbook , I l
if e, where
VW
A =
5
.58.
where W isthe v
olt
-amperes o
utpu
t, a
nd A i
sthe c
ros
s s
ect
ion a
rea
i
n square i
nches
.
EXAMPLE I
.
Atr
ansformer i
stos
upp
ly 3
00 v
olt
s 1
00 mA
's. 4v
olt
s 2A
. a
nd
4vo
lts 4A.
The t
o
tal o
utpu
t, t
herefore
, i
s
I
oo
3
00 x — + 4X2+ 4 x4
1
,000
-3
0 + 8+ 1
6 =5
4
.

N/5
4
Therefore A — o
r 1
.
3 s
quare i
nche
sist
he n
ece
ssary c
ore a
rea
.
5
.
58
3
6
 (
B
)

(
A)

SHADED PORT
ION ON (
3) SHOWS CORE AREA

(
c
)

F
ig
. 9
. —Tran
sformer c
o
res a
nd f
o
rme
r.

The f
ormula c
onnec
ting t
he n
umber o
fturnsin awind
ing w
ith
ag
iven vo
ltage
, si
ze o
fc o
re, f
r
equency a
nd f
lux d
ensi
ty is
4
.44 x F x H x N x A

I
oo,000
,000
where E i sthe v oltage s uppl ied to o r s
upp lied b y the w inding , Fi s
t
he ma ins frequency , H i st he number o fl ines of magne t
ic flux p er
s
quare i nch int he i ron a nd A i sthe c ross sec t
iona l a rea ofthe c ore.
I
f E i sa l
lowed t o e qua l It hen t he c alculation w ill give t he
number o fturns p er v ol
t f o r a
ny w ind ing o n that c ore.
I
ti ss uppo sed t hat o ften tran sformer s w i
ll b e r ewound u sing
material
st ohand ,a nd i nt hi s c
ase the c harac terist
icso ft he iron will
n
o t be known . The b est c o mprom i se ins uch c ond ition s isto let H
e
qua l 6o,000 l i
nes p er s quare i nch , af igure a t wh ich many p ower
t
ransformer sare run ,a l
though i fwind ing space a nd o ther c ond i
tion s
p
erm it t his may b e r educed t o 5 0,000 l ines. A
, i t mu st b e
r
e membered , isb uil
t u p ofl aminated s hee t
s wh ich h ave insulation
o
no ne side atleasts ot hatt he a
ctua l magne t
ic a rea w il b eo n
ly 9 0%
o
r so oft he geome trica la rea . Th is mea sured a rea, t hen, shou ld b e
r
educed b y io°
,,o'for t he calcu la
tion . The s hape o ft he core mu stb e
wel p ropor t
ioned , e ach o uter limb h aving h alf t he w idth o f t he
middle l imb o n wh ich a ll t he wind ing s are p laced i n layers, thu s
o
ccupy ing t he w indow s pace "a x b" o f F ig. 9 a
. The g enera l
o
rde r oft he wind ings i sp rimary i nside, n eares t the l imb, the H .T .

3
7
s
econdary a nd t he h eater w ind ing s o utside o f wh ich t here a re
u
sua lly a t least t wo , o ne to supp ly t he rec t
if ier h ea ter a nd o ne f or
t
he v alve h ea ter s o ft he r eceiver o r appa ratu s.
The r egu la tion o f the t r
an sformer i sv ery i mpor tan t— tha t is
t
he v irtue o f i ts h av ing o n
ly a smal o utpu t v ol
tage v aria tion w ith
v
ary ing c urren tl oad s —and d epend st o ag rea te x ten to nt he ir on o f
t
he c o re, t he s hape o ft he core a nd t he fi
lling o ft he w indow s pace
w
i th w ind ing s, t here b eing n o l a
rge g ap b etween t he l a
s t l a
yer s o f
w
ire a nd t he o utside l imbs . The c ore mu stb el a
rge e nough a nd t he
w
ire d iame ter f ully a dequa te toh and le the l oad s e xpec ted .
The ma in l osse s i n at ransformer a re " i ron" a nd " c oppe r "
l
osse s; t ho se wa tts l ost d ue t o e ddy c urren ts a nd t he p urely
magne tizing e fecto nt he core,a nd t he wa t
t sl o
std ue t ot he c urren ts
f
low ing i nt he r e s
i stance s o fthe w ind ings. Theore ticalt ran sfo rmer
d
e sign r equ ire s t hese l osses to b e e qual when t he t ran sformer w ill
b
e a ti t
s mo s t ef icien t work ing l evel, b u
t f or t he p urpo ses o fs mall
t
ran sformer d esign i tw i
ll b e suff
icien t to b ase a ll c a
lcu la tion s o n a
t
heo re tical ef iciency o f8 o% i nstead o f9 o 0/ o rs o wh ich ,w ith c are,
w
ill b e o btained . These l o
sses w ill b e dissipa ted a s h ea t a nd a ny
t
ran sformer wh ich h eats u p in work ing t o a ny thing b ut as mall
d
eg ree i si nef f
icien t a nd w as
tefu l
. P ower i sb eing l ost, r egu la tion
w
illb ep oor a nd i nsu la tion w il
lb es ubjected t ot he mo stu nde si rab le
s
train s. Ag ood t ran sformer w ill work f orh our sw ith at empera tu re
r
i
se wh ich c an s c arce ly b e o bserved b y touch .
The w ind ing s a re u sually o n af ormer , F ig
. 9 c, at ube wh ich
w
ill f i
t t he c ore t ightly w ith e nd c heek s to c lear t he w indow s pace ,
a
nd t hrough wh ich t he l eads p ass. S uch af ormer c an b e made o f
s
t
if f ca rdboard w el
l s hellaced , or o f t h
in p axolin . C ardboa rd i s
quite s uitab le f o r o rd inary v oltages; t he t ube i sf i
rst made t o f i
t
t
he c ore a nd t he e nd c heek s a re f i
tted, t hen t he who le i s w el
v
a rnished a nd a llowed t o seth ard. I tw illp erhaps b e b estt of ollow
t
he d e sign a nd c on struc t
ion o f as pec imen t ran sformer t hroughou t.

EX
AMPLE 2
.
At ransformer i
stobe made with t
he s
pecificat
ion: P r
i ma
ry to
b
e t
apped t o 2
10, 230
, 2 50 W ks, Secondaries, 350
-0-350 Wilts,
1
20 M A'S., 6
.3 v
olts 3 A
. and 5 vo
lts 2 A
.

The w
att
s r
a
ting
s, t
herefore
, a
re :-
3
50 x 1
20 mA
's (on
ly h
alf t
he H
.T .w
ind
ing
s
uppli
es c
urrent a
tone time
) = . 4
2 wa
tts
.
6
.3 x3- - . 1
8.9 w
atts
.
5 X2= . 1
0 w
atts
.

g
iv
ing an o
utpu
t t
o
tal w
attage o
f . . 7
0.9 w
att
s.
o
r
, s
ay 7
1 w a
tts
.
3
8
 V7
I
The c
ross s
ect
iona
larea o
fthe c
ore s
hou
ld b
eatl
e
astA =—
5
.58
o
r 1
.5 s
quare inche
s, and as
sum ing an ef
ic
iency of 8
0% , which
s
hou
ld c
erta
inly bebet
tered i
npract
ice
,the i
nputwat
tage i
sthe
refore

Ioo
7
1 X— r 8
o .7 watts
.
8
o

A
t a work
ing v
ol
tage o
f 2
30, t
herefore (
t
he u
sua
l ma
ins

8
.7
v
oltage
)the p
rimary w
il
ltake — amp
s.o
r.4 amps
.nea
rly
,and t
he
230

w
i re mu st be chosen t o carry t h
is c urren t s
afely. The q uestion of
i
nsu lation e nters here.
Commerc ial t r
ansformer s
, a s in spection w il
l s how , a re mo st
o
ften wound w i
th e name lled w ire, b utc ond i
tion sa re dif erentf rom
t
ho se o btaining f or h ome c onstruc tion. The c ommerc ia
l t rans-
f
ormer i s mach ine wound s o t hat the w ire can b e
, a nd g ene ral
ly is
s
l
igh t
ly s paced b etween t urns s o tha t there isn o r ubb ing o f t
he
e
name l, wh il
s t the wire t ension c an b e more a ccura tely c ontroled .
For ama teur c on s
truct ion e name lled w ire can b e u sed b u
t o n no
a
ccoun t s hould i tb e w ire t aken f rom o ld c o
ils o r t ransforme rs.
I
t mu st be new a nd e very p recau t
ion mu st be taken t o ensu re t
he
c
over ing i s n ot cracked , k inked o r r ubbed f or ab reakdown i n
i
nsula t
ion i n a ny w ind ing r ender s t he who le transformer u seles
s .
P
robab ly t he b est p lan i s to u se ename lled w ire w ith t he
a
dded p ro tection o f as ingle silk cover ing f or the h eavier p rimary
w
ind ing.

A s
uitab
le c
ore i
sn ow chosen, one w
ith a
n a
rea of 2square
i
nches (
r
educing t
oanelectr
ica
la f1
rea o .8sq
.ins
.)b
e ing b
efore t
he
w
riter
.

The t
urn
s p
er v
olt f
ormu
la b
ecome
s, t
hen
,

4
.44 x 5
0 x6
o,00o x N x 1
.
8

I0
0,000
,000

bu
t ifdes
ired af
actor c
an b
e produced r
e
lat
ing t
o a
ll t
r
an sfo
rmer
s
where H ist
aken a
s 6o
,000 b
y leav
ing o
ut t
he t
e
rm s N and A.

3
9
 Th
is f
ac
tor
, o
bviou
sly
, f
or 5
0 c
ycle ma
ins
, i
s

4
.44 x 5
0 x6
o,000
x AN
I
00,000
,000

= .
1
332 AN

s
o t
hat t
he f
ormu
la f
or t
h
is t
r
ansformer b
ecome
s
I-
=.1
332 x 1
.
8 xN
= .
24N

a
nd N = — o
r 4
.2 t
urn
s p
er v
olt
.
.
24

The w ind ing s c an a l

l b e c a
lcu la ted, t hen , the p rima ry h av ing
2
50 X 4 .2 = 1 ,050 t urn st apped a t9 66 a nd 8 82 turn s
,t he s econda ry
h
as 7 00 x 4 .2 = 2 ,940 t ur ns, c en tre t apped , t he v alve h eater
s
econdary h as 6 .3 x4 .2 = 2 6.5 t urn s a nd t he rec t
ifier s econda ry
h
as 5X 4 .2 = 21 t urn s.
The size o fw ire ,a sa lready s hown ,a ffectst he c urren tf lowing i n
t
he w inding , a nd f or t his t ype o f t ransformer t he g auge may b e
c
hosen o nt he b asiso f ac urren tf low o f2 ,000 a mps. p er s qua re inch.
The p rimary d raws . 4 amps . s o f rom t he w ire t ab le i tw il b e
s
een that S .W .G . 2 6 e nam . a nd s ingle s ilk w i
llb e s u
itab le; f or the
H
.T . secondary e name lled w ire w ith a n interleav ing o ft h
in w axed
p
ape r between e ach l ayer w ill b e u sed , a nd t o carry t he 1 29 mA 's
S
.W .G . 3 4 w ill b e s ui
tab le.
S
.W .G . 1 8, e name lled , w i
ll s uit b oth h eater w ind ing s
, a nd
t
o make u p l os ses o ne e x tra t urn isu sua lly a dded t o t he c alcu lated
f
i
gu res for t he se t wo c oils .
I
ti sn ow n ece ssa ry t op ay s o me a tten tion t o mechan ical d etai
ls
a
nd t o check o ver t he d imen sion s o f t he f ormer . The s ize o f the
w
indow s pace , ax b , a s s hown i n F ig. 9 a, i sI x Ii " a nd t he
f
orme r may b es uppo sed t o be made o fo ne-e ighth ma ter ial,c ard or
p
axo l
in . Th is w i
ll r educe t he a vailab le s pace i n three d irection s
,
l
eaving t he d ep th o ft he w indow o ne i nch a nd t he l eng th o ne a nd
f
i
ve-eigh ts i nche s. The s pace t aken b y each w ind ing mu st n ow b e
c
alculated.

The Pr
i mary

S.W.G. 26 e
nam. and s
ingle s
i
lk w
ind s 4
8 t
urns t
o t
he i
nch
,
s
o t
hat t
he f
ormer w
ill t
ake 4
8 x i t urn
s per l
ayer
, o
r 7
8 t
urns
.

4
0
 1
,
050
The number o
fla
yer
swi
ll b
e— o
r 1
4 l
a
yer
s a
nd t
he h
eigh
t w
il
l
7
8
t
herefore b
e r
.
The H
.T. S
econdary

S
.W .G. 34 enam. wi
re w
inds too turns p
er i
nch s
o tha
t
e
ach l
ayer w
il c
ontain t
oo x i* o
r 162 tu
rns. The n
umber of

2
,940
l
ayer
s w
il b
e — o
r 1
9 l
ayer
s, a
nd t
hese w
il
l b
e o
ne-f
if
th i
nch
1
62
h
igh.

Heater S
econdar
ies
.

S
.W .G . 1 8 e nam . w ire w ind s 1 9
.7 t urn s p er i nch s o t hat
o
ne l ayer w il c on tain 1 9.7 x I o r 3 2 t urn s s o t hat e ach h ea ter
w
ind ing w il fiti nto al ayer c omfor tab ly, a nd t he who le w ire h eigh t
o
f t he t wo w ind ing s toge ther w i
ll b e u nder I ".
The t otal h eigh t o f the w ire a lone , t hen , i s I + 1/ 5t
h + *o r
2/rd i nch , leaving *i nch s pace f or i nsu lation .
When t he f ormer i s made , s helaced a nd p erf ec t
ly h ard t he
c
heek s may b e d rilled f or the lead su sing t he f igures a bove a sg uide s
o
rt he h oles may b e made a st he work p rogres se s prov id ing t here is
no c hance wha tever o f d amag ing t he w ire i nsula t
ion i n a ny w ay.
The p rimary i s wound f i
rst, the w ire b eing c leaned p roper ly w ith
s
pir it, n o t b y s crap ing , a nd h aving a f lex ible l ead s olde red t o i t
.
The s oldered j oin t mu st b e perfec tly smoo th w i
th n o s ha rp p o
in ts
o
r p ro jec t
ing w ire e nd s, a nd i t i s t hen c overed w i th i nsu lating
s
leev ing wh ich c arries t he flex lead t hrough t he c heek . The w ire is
t
hen wound e i
ther b yh and o rb y as imp le w inder , wh ich i s muchgo
b
e p ref erred . A ll t hat isn eeded i s as p
ind le t urning i n e nd p la tes
o
r b ea r
ing s, ah and le a to ne end . Two a d
ju stab le c heek s a re t hen
moun ted o n t he s pind le t o g rip t he f o rmer t igh tly, t he s pind le
(wh ich m igh t w e l
l b e al ong s crew t hreaded r od ) p assing t hrough
t
he c en tre h ole o ft he former . The f ormer i st hen r o
ta ted w ith t he
r
igh t h and , t he w ire b eing f ed of i t
s r ee l a nd t en sioned e ven ly
w
i th t he l eft
. The t urn s s hou ld b e l a
id e ven ly s ide b y s i de a nd
c
oun ted a st hey a re p uto n
,i nt he a bsence ,a si slikely,o f amechan ical
c
oun ter i ti sc onven ien t t o ma rk e very t wenty t urn s o n as heet o f
p
aper .
The p rimary w inding i snoti n terleaved s ot hat when t he e nd o f
one l a yer i sr eached t he w ire i s wound s traigh t b ack o n i tse lf a nd
t
en sion mus tn otb eo ver t i
gh tfor e ach c orner o ft he f ormer p resen ts
.
as ha rp r igh t ang le b end t o the w ire wh il st t he l ower t urn s h ave t o

4
1
s
us tain t he c on siderab le s train o f all tho se w ind ing s a bove t hem .
I
ti sn ece ssa ry t ou nde rs tand t he e f ec t o fo ne s ho rt -ci rcu iting
t
urn i na ny w ind ing . I tw ould c on s
i s
to f av ery l ow r esis tance l oop
i
n wh ich , t he refo re , av ery h igh c urren t w ould b e i nduced , t his
c
au sing h ea ting a nd c on sequen t b urning o f t he i nsu la t
ion o n a d-
j
o
in ing t urn so fw i re, wh ils tt he e xtra l oad r eflec ted i nto t he p rima ry
migh t c au se t hat w ind ing t o b e o verloaded t o t he f us ing p oint.
I
t mu s tb er eal ised t ha tt he c ur ren tf low ing i nt he p rima ry d epends
e
n tirely o n t he l oad b e ing d rawn f rom t he s e conda rie s; w ith t he
s
econda rie s d isconnec ted t he o nly c urren tf lowing i nt he p rima ry is
t
he s ma llc ore magne t
iz ing c ur ren ta nd t he w ind ing a ct sa s ac hoke .
The t ap s f or t he v a
riou s p rimary v o ltage s c an b e t aken o ut in
t
he s ame manner a st he t ap so nc oi
ls,b yd raw ing o u
t al o op o fw i
re
a
nd r eturn ing t he w ire t ot he n extt urn w ithou ta ny b reak so rj o
in s,
o
r af l
ex l ead may b es olde red t ot he w ind ing a tt he c or rec tt urn a nd
well i nsu la ted . Whenever p o ssib le tap s s hou ld b e a rranged t o fal
a
tt he e nd o f al a
ye rs ot ha tt hey may b ep as sed s traigh tt hrough t he
f
ormer c heek . I f
, h owever ,t hey h ave t op as s o ver s eve ra lt urn st he
i
nsu lat ion mu st b e p e rfec t a nd o n n o a ccoun t mu st u nnevene ss
o
fw ind ing b e a l
lowed i nt he n ex t layer s
. Any b ump i nt he c en tre
o
ft he c oilw illb e magn ified i nt he l a
ter l ayer sw i th ac or re spond ing
s
train o n w ire a nd i nsu la tion .
When t he p rima ry i sf i
n ished , a nd af lex l ead s oldered t o t he
l
ast t u rn, t he w ind ing mu s t b e i nsulated f rom t he f ollow ing c oils.
The b e st ma teria li s Emp ire C lo th i n
terwoven w ith g la ssf ibre s a nd
k
nown u nder s uch n ame s a sG la ssite, b u t p lain Emp ire C lo th may
b
eu sed . E ve ry p arto ft he p r imary mu stb ec overed ,t he i n sula tion
b
eing c ar ried u p s nug ly t ot he f orme r c heek s.
Many t r ansfo rme rsh ave a ne lectros ta tic s creen w ound o ver t he
p
rimary t op reven t i n
terf er ence f rom t he ma in s b eing i nduced i n
to
t
he s econda rie s
. I tc on si sts s imp ly o f o ne l aye r o f f ine i nsula ted
w
i re —S .W .G . 3 4 e nam . f o r e xamp le, o ne e nd o f t h e w i re b eing
a
ncho red i nte rna lly a nd t h e o ther b rough t o ut t hrough i n sula ting
s
leev ing . The e nd b rough t o u t i se ar
thed t o t he r ece iver o r o ther
a
ppa ra tu s wo rked f rom t he t ran sfo rmer . Na tu raly j us t a s much
a
tten t
ion mu st b e p a
id t o t he i nsulation o f t he s creen a s o f a ny
o
ther w ind ing; n o l o ad i st a ken f rom i ta s o nly o ne e nd h as a
c
onnec tion b ut s hor ting t urn s w ould g i ve r i
se t o the s ame h eavy
o
ve rload s men t
ioned a bove .
I
ft he s creen i si ncluded a no ther l aye ro f Emp ire C lo th i swound
o
ver i t
, g iving as moo th , e ven b a
se f ort he H .T . w ind ing . Aga in a
f
l
ex l ead i ss olde red t ot he s ta rt o ft he c oila nd i nsula ted b u ti nt his
w
ind ing as hee t o ft h
in p aper i si nterleaved b etween e ach l aye r of
w
ire . E xcelen tp aper f o
rt hi
sp urpo se c an b eo b tained b ys tr
ipp ing
d
own a no ld p aper c onden se ro ft he Man sbr idge t ype ,a ny p unc tu red
p
ar ts o ft he p ape rb e
ing d isca rded . On e ach w i re l aye ro ne t urn o f

4
2
pape r is wound , f i
t
ting t igh t u p t he c heek s, a nd t he wi re is wound
back o ver i tto form t he n ext l a yer.
Att he c
entre t ap af l
ex l ead i ss oldered t ot he w ire and a ncho red
f
i
rm ly i n the coil, t he fl
ex b eing t aken t hrough t he c heek a nd the
j
oint, a s before, b e
ing p erfectly smoo th a nd i n
su lated. When t he
H.T . w inding isf inished a nother l a ye ro f Emp ire C loth o r G la
ssite
i
sl a
id o ver itand t he valve h ea ter w ind ing made , the c om menc ing
l
ead t hrough o ne c heek a nd t he f i n
i shing l ead through t he other.
A l ayer o f Emp ire C loth o r G las site s epara tes i tf rom t he l a
st
w
ind ing , that f
or t he rec tif
ier h ea ter wh ich i sp ut o n i n the same
way.
S
tudy o fa ny p ower p ack w il s how t ha tt he fullH .T .v ol
tag ei s
e
stabl ished b etween t he H .T. a nd r ectif
ier h eater w ind ing s and the
i
nsu lation b etween t hem mu s t b e p erfect. Any b reakdown h ere
w
il i mmed iate
ly r uin b oth t r an sformer a nd r ectifier v alves
.
When t he former i s wound i ti sg iven al astc overing o fclo
th a nd
t
he l am inations a re inser ted i n to t he c en tre a per ture i n order a s
a
lready e xplained . The s tamp ing s mu s t b e inser ted c arefully for
i
t may b e p o
ssib le to r un as harp e dge o r c orner i n
to a nd t hrough
t
he f ormer ma ter ial, cutt
ing o r s crap ing t he p r
imary w ind ing.
The laminat ion s mu stb ec lamped i nto as ol
id ma ss with wooden
o
r me ta lc l
amp s wh ich c an a l
so b ed r
illed t op rovide f ix
ing h o
lesf or
b
o l
ting t he t
ra n
sfo r mer t o it
s c ha ssis.

Test
ing

The f i
rst tes
ts t o b e given t he t ransformer a re c ontinu ity a nd
i
nsulation c hecks, these b eing p erformed w ith an eon l amp wo rked
f
rom t he A .C . ma ins. One ma ins l ead i staken t o t he me tal core of
t
he tran sformer a nd t he o ther,t h
rough t he n eon l amp , toe ach l ead
f
rom t he w ind ing s in t urn. Any l i
ghting o f the l amp i nd icates a
s
hor t circuit f rom a w ind ing t o t he core wh ich mu st be r ect
ified.
The n ex t t es
t i s to c heck t he i nsu lation b etween t he w ind ing s;
t
ransfer t he l ead from t he core t o t he common p rimary w ire a nd
t
est the s creen a nd s econda ry l ead s i n turn w ith t he n eon l amp ,
t
ransferring t he ma ins l ead from t he p rimary t o e ach s econdary i n
t
urn a s the t e
s t progres ses.
Again , a ny lighting o ft he lamp i ndica tes a s hort circu it
, b ut
a
ctually a ny s hort c ircu its so d i scovered wou ld b e d ue t o v ery
c
areless wo rkman ship a nd are u n
l ikely.
F
ina lly the con tinu ity ofe ach w ind ing i sc hecked w ith t he neon
l
amp , c onnec t
ing i t acro ss e ach c oil i n turn , n ot f orge tt
ing t he
t
apping s, when t he l amp s hou ld l igh t
.
I
f a sma ll megger i sa vailable r eally v aluab le i nsula t
ion t ests
c
an b e made b ut c a
re mu st be u sed t o choo se av oltage b elow a ny
b
reak -down v ol
tage c alcu lated f ort he insulation u sed . Howeve r
,a s

4
3
t
he p eak v oltage a cro ss t he H .T . s econda ry o f t he t ran sformer
d
e scribed wou ld b e a lmo st r ,000 v olts t he t ran sformer s hou ld
c
e r
ta inly s how ar esis tance o f many mego lun sa t2 ,000 v oltsb etween
wind ing s.
When t he t r
an sformer h as b een c hecked f or i nsu lation a nd
c
on tinu ity , i ts v o
ltage r atio s c an b e c hecked . The p r
ima ry i s
c
onnec ted t h rough t he s u
itab le t app ing t ot he A .C . ma in s, w ith a l
l
t
he s econdary l ead s w el s epa rated s o t hat n o t wo c an s ho rt-
c
ircu it toge the r.
Never c heck s econda ries b y t ouch ing t he l ead s t oge the r t o
p
roduce as pa rk — re su lts a re s pec tacu la r b ut i mpo se a n u nnatu ral
s
train o nt he p rima ry a nd s hou ld t he tr an sforme rh ave b een wound
t
o c lose l im it s t he h igh c u
r rent s f l
ow ing w il p robab ly f use a
wind ing .
Sw itch o n w ith t he p rima ry o nly i n c ircui t
. A f
te r as l
igh t
t
hump o r c l
ick t he re s hould b e v ery l i
ttle h um f rom t he c ore, a nd
any a pprec iab le n oi se i ndica te s l oose l am ina tion s wh ich mu st b e
t
igh tened . L ett he p rima ry r un a lone f ort en m inu te sa nd c heck f or
warm ing u p
. Any t empera tu re r i
se i ndica tese ither at otally i ncor rec t
wind ing s i
ze o r s hor ting t urn s ina ny o ne o ft he w ind ing s.
Ine ithe rc ase c onnec ta nA .C .v oltme ter acro ss e ach s econda ry
i
n t urn , a nd n ote t he v ol
tage s o btained f r om e ach . I ft hey a r e a l
l
ow , a nd t he t ransformer i sh eating u p, i ti sl i
kely t hat t here a re
s
hor ting t u rn s i n t he p r
ima ry . I f o ne v oltage i s l ow t he re a re
p
robab ly s hor ting t urn si nt hats econda ry a lone. Any w ind ing w ith
s
hor ting t u rn s mu st b e rewound b ut i ft he w ork h as b een d one
prope rly a nd g ood w i re used t here i sv ery l it
tle r eason f ort his f ault
t
o o ccu r
.
Check t he v o
ltage o n t he H .T . s econda ry f rom t he c en tre t ap
t
o e ither e nd o ft he w ind ing — there s hou ld b e n o d if erence i n t he
r
ead ing s
, o r a t mo st o ne o f o n
ly o ne o r t wo v ol
t s. The h ea ter
wind ing v oltage s w il l b e al i
t
tle h igh b u t when t he l oad i sa ppl i ed
t
hey w il f all t o t hei r c orrec t v alue .
I
ft he v oltage sa rec orrec tt he t ran sfo rmer may b ef ini shed a nd
coup led u p, b ut ap ower t esti sa dv isab le . F or t h
is, n on -induc tive
r
e s
i stor s of a dequa te w att
s r a
t ing s mu st b e u sed i n t he f ollow ing
manner .
The H .T . s econda ry s uppl i es 3 50 v olts a t 120 mA 's o r
,
d
i srega rd ing t he c en tre t ap, 7 00 v ol ts at6 0 mA 's. Th isi s aw attage
7
00 x 1 ,000
of 4 2, t he r esistance n eeded b eing R o
r ' 1,666
6
o
ohm s wh ich m igh t w el b e made u p o f l amp s wh ilst t he L .T .
wind ing s can b e tes ted o n l oad u sing ar esisto r of 20 w atts r ating ,
2
. 1 o hm s f or t he v alve h ea ter s w ind ing a nd o ne o f 1 0 w atts, 2 .5

4
4
ohm s for t he r ectifier w ind ing , o r
, o f c ourse, t he a ctua l v alve
heater s to b e u sed .
The t est s hou ld r un f or a n h our a t least a nd t he r ise o f
t
empera ture o f t he t ran sformer t e
sted — in c ommerc ial p ractice i t
migh t ri
se b y 4 00 cen tig rade , b ut th
is s hou ld b e b ettered .
When t he t e
sting i sc omp le ted t he t r
an sformer c an b ef in
i shed .
I
f t he c ore i sc lamped s atisfac torily a nd t he t r
an sformer i st o b e
p
e rmanen tly i nstalled n oth ing more n eed b e d one b ut i f t he
t
ran sformer i st o be u sed f or e xperimen tal work t he l ead s s hou ld
not b eused f o r direc tc onnec tion s b uts hou ld b et aken t ot erm ina ls,
moun ted o n p axo lin i n t he f orm o f as tr
ip s ecured b y t wo o f t he
c
lamp ing b olts.
I
ft he t ran sformer c an b e moun ted i n a n ir
on c ase o r c an , a ny
s
tray f i
elds wh ich m igh t g ive r i
se t o h um c an b e s upp res sed. The
o
ld c ase o f ac hoke o r t ran sformer c ou ld b e u sed o r e ven a h eavy
t
in. I nt h
is c ase t he l ead s s hou ld b e b rough to utt hrough i nsu lating
bushings o r t he t erm ina l s trip s hould b e w ell insula ted . The c ase
o
r c an s hou ld n ot b e a llowed t o touch t he w ind ing a t a ny p oint,
both t o assist i n i nsu lation a nd a l
so t o a l
low a ir to c ircu late f reely
f
or t he p urpo ses o fv en t
ila tion .
I
n s o me c ase s t he mo st t iresome a nd p ainstaking wo rk , tha t of
w
ind ing t he H .T . secondary c oil, c
an b e avo ided. The t ran sfo rmer
c
an b e made o n ap ropor t iona tely s maller c ore w ith p r
ima ry a nd
s
econdary w ind ing s t of e ed t he v alve a nd r ectif
ier h ea ter s
, t he H .T .
b
eing d rawn s traigh t f r om t he ma in s b y u s
ing t he r ectifier a s a
h
alf-wave d evice ( Fig . l ob ). Th i
s s y
s tem i su sed e x
ten sive ly i n
t
e
lev ision d esign .
The o pera tion o f t he p ower p ack a s a who le may h ere b e
c
on sidered , w ith r ef erence t o F ig. ma , where t he t ran sformer j ust

F
ig
. 1
0
. —Rec
tif
i
er c
i
rcu
its
.

4
5
d
e scribed i ss hown i n i t
s c ircu it. The H .T . s econda ry h as been
wound t o give aR .M .S . v oltage o f3 50 wh ich mean s that t he p eak
voltage w ill b e 350 x 1 .414 ( peak v alue o f as i nuso ida lw ave).
Thu s t he rectifier a nodes w il h ave p eak v ol
tages o f4 95 v olt
s,
t
he who le w ind ing h aving ap eak v oltage a cross i to f9 90 v olts a nd
e
ven a f
ter t he v ol
tage d rop d ue t o t he r ec t
ifier i sa l
lowed f o r the
c
apac itor A , h as av oltage a cro ss i tw el i n e xce ss o f 3 50 v olt
s—
p
robab ly 4 50 v o
l t
s. Th is exp lains why t he v oltage r ating f or t h
is
c
apac itor i s n ecessar ily h igh; a 3 50 v olt work ing c o mponen t
wou ld s oon f ai
l i n t his p osition .
The a ctua l v alue o ft he c onden ser i n m icrof arad s is more o r
l
ess of ac omprom i se f or t he f inalo utpu tv oltage o ft he p owe rp ack
depend st o ag rea te xten to nt he s i
ze o ft he r e servo ir. I fi tw ere tob e
om it
ted t he o u
tpu t v oltage wou ld b e v ery l ow a nd a s itr ises in
c
apac ity s o t he o u
tpu tv o
ltage r ises toward s the p eak v alue. B efore
t
he p eak v oltage i sr eached , h owever , t he c onden ser i se xce ssively
l
arge ( and e xpen sive ), b ut, moreover , i t wou ld b e d raw ing v ery
heavy c urren ts from t he rec t
ifier v alve o ne ach s urge o rp eak o ft he
cycle a nd t he v a
lve wou ld s oon l oose i t
s em iss
ion .
Va
luab le p ro tec tion t o t he r ectifier a nd t ran sforme r c an b e
g
iven b y i nserting s imp le f use s in t he c ircu i t as s hown i n F ig. I o
.
They c an b e oft he f l
a sh l amp b ulb t ype, w ith a c urrent r at
ing t o
suit the load t o b et aken f rom t he p ower p ack w ith e xt
ra p rov is
ion
f
or a ny s u
rges t hatm igh to ccu ra st he c onden ser c harge su p
.

H
igh Vo
ltage Transfor mers

I
ti su nl
ike ly t hatt he ama teu rw illattemp tt he ta
sk o fw ind ing a
.
High Vo ltage T ran sformer s uch a s wou ld b e used t o s upp ly a
l
arge c athode r ay t ube , b ut af ew p oints o fH igh Vo l
tage p rac t
ice
migh t b e t ouched u pon .
F
i rstly, t he p eak i nver se v ol tage a cro ss a t ypical t e
lev ision
t
ran sformer m igh tr each a sh igh a s Io ,000 v olts
,s ot hatg rea tc are is
e
ssen tial d uring t esting t o s ee t ha t n o risk o f touch ing a ny l ive
c
ircu i
t i st aken.
Second ly, t he p o s
itive s i de o f s uch a p ower p ack i s u sua l
ly
e
arthed , s o that s tra in i sp laced o n i nsulation i n many w ay s
. F or
e
xamp le t he primary o ft he tran sformer m igh te asi
ly b ee arthed v ia
t
he ma in s; i n s uch a c ase t he e nd o f the s econda ry n ea rest t he
p
rima ry wou ld b et he e arthed e nd ,t hu spreven t
ing al a
rge p otential
d
if erence d irec t
ly a cross t he i nsu lation s epara t
ing t he w ind ings .
Thi rdly air i nsu la t
ion i so f
ten r el
ied u pon. A thigh v oltage s a
t
race o f mo isture u pon a n i nsu la ting s urf ace m ight g ive r i
se t o
s
park ing o ra rcing wh ich, wh ile s ligh ta tfirst wou ld rapid ly b eco me
s
ome th ing a pproach ing a s hor t c ircu it
. F or t h
is reason t he l ayers
o
ft he s econda ry a re n o
tc arr
ied t ot he e nd c heekso ft he forme ra nd

4
6
a
s the wind ing grow s outward f rom t he c
en tre the l ayers ate made
s
horter, g
iv ing ap yram idical or st
epped e fec t
. I n this way, a s t
he
p
oten t
iala bove earth ri
se st hrough the winding s od oest he distance
b
etween a ny ear
thed o bject a nd the winding i ncrea se.
Four
th ly, t
he p otential diference between t he r ect
ifier h ea
ter
w
ind ing and t he H.T . w inding make s itn ecessary t o h ave per f
ect
i
nsulat
ion b etween t he w indings, as epara te h eater t ransformer
h
elping in t h
is respect. Me tal rec
tif
iers g
ive v ery g ood results for
c
athode ray t ube power s upplies
.

CHAPTER 5
Low F
requency Chokes
The Low F requency Choke i su sed int he power p ack tof i
l
ter
ou
t hum f rom t he c urrent s upply, for interva lve c oupling a nd i n
v
arious forms o f i nput a nd o u
tpu t c i
rcu its. S l
ightly d iferen t
methods of c onstruc tion a re used d ependen t u pon whe ther t he
c
hoke istoc arry di rec
t c urren tint he wind ing a sw ellasA .C .
; i na
power pack for e xamp le
, D .C. isf l
ow ing wh ilst in ap aral
lel f ed
n
terva
lve coup l
ing D .C. wou ld bee xcluded b y ab lock ing conden ser.
The e f
ecto fD .C.i nt he wind ing istod ecrease t he i
ncre men tal
p
ermeability of the c ore ma ter
ial— in p ractice a l am inated c ore is
u
sed asint he tran sforme r— so that the iron s aturates mo re rapid ly
a
nd the inductance o ft he c hoke isl owered . Th is i nductance l oss

I7
" 1
1"

1 GAP

I4 - 0
-
1

F
ig
. 1
. —Cor
e f
o
r L
.F. c
hok
e.

4
7
c
an o n
ly b e partially c ountered b ya rranging t oh ave as ma l
la irg ap
b
etween t he s et
s o fl aminat ion s i n the assemb led c ore .
For c hokes c arry ing A.C . alone , therefore , the l am ina tions are
i
nterleaved a s a
re t ho se in at ran sformer , b ut for ac hoke c arrying
D
.C . a nd A .C . the l am ination s a re assemb led w ith t he t wo s et
s of
s
tamp ing s o ne o n each s ide — tha t i sa l
l the E 's o n one s i de a nd al
l
t
he I 's o ppo site ( or a ll T's t oge ther o ppos ite all U 's, wh ichever
t
ype o fs tamp ing i su sed )
,a nd i tw i
llb es een t hati nthe c ore a s
semb led
i
n t h
i s manner t here w i
ll be t hree a ir gap s, o ne att he e nd o fe ach
l
imb ( Fig. II ). S o f ar a
s t he magne tic circuit isc oncerned e ven a
t
ightly c l
amped b utt j o
int a cts as a sma ll a i
r g ap, a nd f o r corres-
ponding ly larger airg aps ap iece o ft hin ti
ssue p aper may b ei nserted
b
e tween t he e nd o f each l imb a nd t he o ppo site lam ina tion s. The
c
alcu lation o fthe c orrec tairg ap f ora ny s i
ng le case israther i nvolved,
h
owever , a nd i ti s r ecommended t hat fo r m ixed A .C . a nd D .C.
o
pe ration t he g ap s hould b e d ecided u pon b y e xperimen t. A s a
r
ough g uide i t may b e said t hat t he c lo
se b u
tt join t w ill d o for
c
u rrents o f 5o r even t o mil l
iamps b ut fo
r h igher c ur ren ts the g ap
mus t b e w idened b y inserting a . 0005" s heet o f ti
ssue o r more .

Chokes f
or A
lternat
ing Curren
t On
ly

These a
re c
hokes as u
sed f
o rin
tervalve c
oupling
, tone c
ontro
l,
b
ass boost
ing, r
esonant c
ircu
its and audio o
sci
lla
tors wherever t
he
c
urrent fe
ed to the v
alve is "sh u
nted." The i nductance of t
he
c
hoke isgiven b
y :-
3
.2 xN ' x xA

I x 1 00,000,000
where L ist he induc tance i n henry s, N isthe n umber oft urns of
w
ire, itis t he i ncremen ta
l A .C . p ermeability of the i ron c ore
mater
ial,Ai st he cross sect
ional a rea ofthe winding limb i ns quare
i
nches and ti sthe l ength oft he magne t
ic path in inches
.
A s
afe figure t o use for pt
.is 1,000 u n
less greater i
nfo rma t
ion
a
bou tthe core ma teriali savai
lab le, and iis measured directly from
t
he lamina
tion s. Aw el
l-shaped c ore ha
st he two outer l
egso nly half
t
he width o ft he inner or w inding l eg so t
hat the magne t
ic p ath is
s
plitequal
ly i nto two,a nd the leng th, 1
,tob e measured ist he centre
l
ine of ONE o fthese t wo paths a s shown b yt he dot
ted line in Fig.

EX
AMPLE I
.
Ac hoke top o
sse
ss a ninductance o
ft oo hen
rysist ob e wound
o
n t
he core ofFig. I
t, the d
imen sions b
eing as s
hown.
Ca
lcu la
te the nu mber ofturns and the s
ize o
fw ire
.
i
s mea sured on the core along t
he path shown a nd is 6
.2

4
8
i
nches
. The a rea of t
he winding limb i
s .8" x 1" or .8.
squa re
i
nche
s, and asthe permeabi
lity ha
s been t
aken a
s alow fi
gure the
re
i
sno rea
l need for t
he 10% allowance t
o compensate f
or t
he th
ick -
n
ess o
ft he l
amination i
nsu
lation. The f
ormu la b
ecomes, t
hen,

3
.2 x N2 x 1
,
000 x .
8
1
00
6
.2 xI
00,000
,000
Or N2 — 2
4218750
a
nd N =4
,920 t
urn
s n
ear
ly, s
ay 5
,000 t
urn
s.
The w
inding s
pace i
s.6
" ;:1 .
3" and a
l
lowing .
1"e
ach w
ay f
or
af
ormer w
ith end c
heeks t
his r
educes t
o an a
rea o
f .
5
" x1.1" o
r

.
55 s
quare i
nches
, s
owire mu
stb
eused wh
ich w
il
lwind — x5
,000
.
55
t
urns per s quare inch or 9,090 t urns p
er sq. inch. R eference to
t
he wire t
ab le
s show st hat S
.W .G . 34enam. w inds io
,000 tu rn
s per
s
quare inch wh ich give s al i
tt
le room for u nevenness in winding.
The c hoke isfin
ished i nt he s
ame w ay a
s at r
ansformer, with a
t
igh
tly cl
amped c ore and at ape orclo
th binding toprotectt he wi
r e
.
No provision h a
s h ere b een made f or in
terleaving the w indings
w
ith paper a sitisu nl
ikely that any r
eal
ly dangerou s vo
ltage wou ld
b
e set up in such ac hoke.

Chokes f
or Mixed Curren
ts

Where t he c hoke i s to c ar ry D .C . a s w el
l a s A .C. i t wil
l
s
carcely b e p oss
ible t o w ind s uch a h igh i nduc tance ( should i tb e
needed)o ns uch asma l
lc ore unle ss t he D .C.c omponen ti spractically
negl
igible. I nt he f i
rstp lace t he w ire wou ld n eed t o beo f ah eavier
g
auge t o carry t he c urren t as w el l as t o r
educe t he D .C. resistance
t
o as low af i
gure a s p ossible. F or e xamp le, i t may b e necessa ry to
u
se a c hoke a s the a node l oad f or av alve f or t he r eason t hat a
s
uitable resis
tance l oad r educes t he a node v oltage t ot oo low af igure.
The c hoke w ill st
i l
l p resen t ah igh i mpedance t o the A .C. s ignal
butthe D .C . r
e s
istance mu stb el ow o ro therw ise t he who le p urpo se
o
ft he choke w il
l b e d efeated. Th is mean s at hicker g auge o fw ire
a
nd t herefore a l a
rger c ore , f
o r t he n umber o ft urn s mu st still be
h
igh to ma intain t he induc tance a nd t herefore t he i mpedance t ot he
s
ignal. The s imp lest w ay o ut o f t he dif i
cu lty i st o mea su re t he
winding s pace o f the c ore t o b e u sed a nd c hoo se a g auge o f w ire
which when wound t o f i
ll the s pace w ill g ive a D .C . resistance
s
uitable for t he p erm i t
ted v oltage d rop. Th is may b e d one b y
t
aking the length ofa na verage t urn o nt he wind ing l imb, mu lt
ip lying

4
9
t
he n umber o ft urns g iven b y t he w ire t able b y this l ength t ofind
t
he who le l eng th o f w ire i n t he w ind ing , and t hen t o check t he
r
esistance o ft h
is leng th i nt he w ire t able s
.
The l eng th oft he a verage t u rn is, ofc ourse, t he a verage o fthe
l
ength o f t he f i
rst a nd l a
st t urn s o n t he w inding a nd may b e
measu red o nt he cheek o fthe c o re s uppo s ing t he av erage t urn tob e
g
eome trica lly s i
tuated a th alf the w ind ing d ep th.
Smoo th ing c hoke s a l
so may b e w ound i n t hi
s w ay. Choo se a
s
uitable c o re w ith ac ross s ect
iona la rea o fa tlea s
t is quare inch a nd
awindow s pace o fa tl east 2s qua re inche sa nd d ecide f rom t he wire
t
ables t he g auge o f w ire wh ich w i
ll c arry t he max imum c urrent
s
afely,u sing ac u
rren td ensity o f1 ,500 o r2 ,000 a mpe re sp e
rs quare
i
nch. Enameled w ire i ss u
itab le f or t he w ind ing a nd again t he
l
ayers s hou ld n ot need t ob ei nter leaved ,t he s pace wh ich w ou ld be
u
sed b y t he p aper b eing o fg rea ter v alue i ff i
lled w ith w ire
.
The g ap c an b ea d
ju sted e xpe rimen tally b yallow ing the c hoke
t
os upp ly f i
ltered D .C .t o as ensi tive r eceive ro r amp lifier
. The c ore
c
lamp ing b olts a re lo osen ed j u st s uf f
ic
ien tly t o a llow t he sets of
l
am ination s to b e moved a nd t he s pace b etween t hem i sgradua lly
o
pened u nti
l t he h um i n the l oud speake r, with n o s ignals a nd the
g
ain c on tro l right o ut, isa t am in imum . The g ap c an then b e s
et
w
ith a p ape r o r very t h
in f ibre p ack ing a nd t he c ore r ec
lamped .
The t esting o finsu lation a nd g ene ralp erformance o fthe c hoke
c
an b e mode l
led o nt he line s de sc r
ibed i n Chap ter 4 .

5
0
 BERNARDS ( ISHERS) LTD
PUBL .
a
r
e p
lea
sed t
o announce t
wo important add
itions t
o
t
h
eir w
orld
-famous r
adio s
er
ies

RADIOFOLDER

A
n I
nexpen
sive T
ape R
ecorde
r
P
rice T
wo S
hi
lling
s a
nd S
ixpence
T
his high
-g rade re
corder can b e c onstructed f o
r a
f
r
act
ion of t he c
ost usualy associated w i
th t h
is t ype
o
f equ
ipmen t
. T
here are n o c ompl icated h ead s to
c
ons
truct and no la
the w ork i
sr equired . T he fidel
ity
i
s e
qual to that o
f th
e f i
nest re
co rder s avai
lab le
.

THE TELE
-KING
b
y
W
. J
. May a
nd E
. G
. 0
. A
nde
rson
P
rice S
ix S
hi
lling
s
For t h
e f i
rst time —a r ealy p ract
ical 16 i n
. te
levis
ion
r
eceiver f o
r the home -constructor. D esigned by experts
e
xp ress
ly f or the layman . F ull si
ze practical d
iagram s
a
r e supplied, all componen ts a r
e s t
andard a nd readily
a
va i
lable. T he re
ceiver operates on the superhe
terodyne
p
rinciple, and i sdes
igned f or use on any o f t
he ex
ist
ing
f
ive channe ls
. T his des
ign h as been produced w ith the
c
o-ope ration a nd a pproval o f the leading c omponen t
manu facturers.

5
1
 APPENDIX I
. -S
.W.G
. Tab
les

S D
IA AREA OHMS P E
R OHMS PER Y ARDS l
bs.n a TURNS PER INCA CLOSE WOUND
CIRCULAR NGLEDOUBLE
EL SI
WG IN
INS. M ILS. 1
000 ro s POUND ( 1
6) a m lb 1
00 0 7 -NAM
EF sILK- S ILK .
8.1 %
7
/0 5002 50000 .
1
2 2 27 -0000 53 .
440 227 1
6
/0 464 2 15296 . 14202 .000073 .
511 1
955
5
/0 - 432 1 86624 - 1
6379 -000096 • 589 1
695
4
/0 - 400 1 60000 . 1
9
11 0 -000 132 -688 1
453
3
/0 - 372 1 38384 - 2209 -000 175 -797 1
257
20 3 48 1 21104 . 2526 .000229 -910 100
I
/O -324 1 04976 - 29 12 -000305 1 .049 953
1 -300 1 05000 • 3396 .0004 15 1
-228 8
18
2 -276 7 6176 40 13 -000580 1446 692
3 -252 6 3504 - 48 15 .000834 I .7 33 577
4 - 232 5 3824 - 5679 .00 1162 2
-046 489
5 .2
12 44944 . 6804 -00 1666 2
-449 408
6 -192 3 6864 .8 292 -002476 2
-987 3 35
7 -176 30976 - 9870 -003507 3-5 5 2 81
8 -160 2 5600 194 -005 135 4
-30 2 32
9 -144 20736 1 .474 -007827 5
-3 1 188
10 -128 1 6384 1
-866 .012537 6
-72 1
49 7-8 7- 3
I -16 1 3456 2-2 72 .018587 8
.18 1
22 8-3 8
-I
2 - 104 1 08 16 2-8 26 -02877 1
0 98-2 9-3 8
.9
3 -092 8 464 3-612 -04698 1
3 76-9 1
04 10
4 - 080 6 400 4
.776 .082 16 1
7 58 .1 1-9 1-4
5 -072 5 184 5
-897 -
1 2520 2
1 47-1 13 -2 1
2-7
6 064 4096 6
.6 11 .2 006 27 37-2 1
4.8 1
4-9 1
4-7 1
4-1
7 - 056 3 136 9
.747 -3422 35 2 8
-5 1
6-9 1
6-9 1
6-6 1
5.9
8 -048 2304 1
3-27 -6340 48 20-9 1
9.7 20 1
9-6 1
8-2
9 - 04 1 6 00 1
9.11 1
-315 6 9 1
4.5 23-5 23 .8 2 3-3 2
1-3
20-036 1 296 23
-59 2
-004 85 1
-8 26.0 26
-3 25-7 23
-8
1 -032 1 024 29.85 3.209 108 9-30 29-2 29
-4 28-6 2
6 -3
2 028 7 84 38.99 5
-475 1
40 7-12 33 33 -3 3 2-3 294
3 -
024 5 76 53-07 10
.14 1
9 1 5-23 38-3 38
.5 37
-1 34-5
4 - 022 484 63-16 1
4-37 2 28 4
-40 42.4 42-6 40 37.1
5 020 400 76-42 2
1. 03 275 3153 46-5 46-5 4 3-5 40
6 0 18 3 24 94-35 32 06 139 2-94 5
1-5 5
1-8 48-5 43
.5
7 0 164 268 -96 13 -6 4 6-52 410 2
-44 565 565 52 -9 46'7
8 0 148 2 19 -04 1
39 -6 70-14 503 1
-99 62-5 62
-1 57 -8 505
9 0 136 1 84-96 1
65 -3 98-37 595 1
-68 67-6 67-1 6 2
-1 53.8
30-0 124 1 53 -76 1
98 -8 142.4 7
16 1
-40 74-6 73 6 7
-1 575
I 0116 1 34-56 2 27-2 185.9 818 1
-22 79-4 77-5 709 60.3
2 0 108 16 -64 2 62-I 247-4 9 44 1
-06 85-7 82
-6 75.2 63 -3
3 0 10 1 0 00 305 -7 336-5 10 1 -
908 9
1-7 88-5 80-1 66
.7
4 0 C92 8 4-64 361-2 469-8 1
300 -
769 100 95
-2 8 5
-5 70-4
5 008 4 70 -56 433 -2 676-0 1
564 -
641 109 1
03 9 2 80-6
6 0 076 5 7.76 529 .2 1
009 1
906 525 1
20 12 99 86
.2
7 0 068 4 6 2 4 661-I 1
574 238 1 -420 1
35 1
23 107 9
9-2
8 0 0E0 3 6 849 -
1 2596 3058 327 1
51 1
37 18 1
00
9 0 052 2 7-04 130 4603 4070 -
246 1
75 1
54 1
30 1
09
40 0 048 2 3 04 1
327 6340 4777 -
209 1
89 1
64 137 14
1 00 44 1 9-36 1
579 8979 5687 .1
76 208 1
79 151
2 0 04 1 6-0 1
911 1
3146 6880 .
145 227 1
92 1
61
3 00 36 1 2-96 2359 20040 8 493 -18 256 208 1
72
4 0 032 1 0
-24 2985 32 090 1
0753 093 285 227 1
85
5 00 28 7 .84 3899 54750 4040 -
07 1 322 250 200
6 01324 576 5307 10
1400 1
911 3 -
052 377 278 2
17
7 002 4 -00 7642 2
10300 2
7527 -
036 444 3
12 238
8 10016 2 -56 194 1 5
13500 43000 .
023
9 O W 1 -44 2
1230 1 623000 7 6466 -
013
50-00 1 1
.00 30570 3 365000 0 1000 .
009

5
2
TR
I CL WO TURNS PER SQUARE I
NCH CURRENT AT S
ECTIONAL LE
,NG114 7 E r
mu m ?
00
i
, AMPS ,:
REA OF !
S TE OH M co. mi x
M ig
t5 NAMEL S
INGLE DOUBLE S
IA GLE PC ARE NiNS
CI ME I
N YARDS
SILK S
ILK COTTON T
O
DiT
TON
1
96 .
1 963 8
179
1
69 -
1 691 7042
147 •1466 6
1 05
126 -
1 257 5233
109 -
1090 453 1
95.1 -0951 396 1
825 -0825 3434
707 -0707 2 945
59 .9 •0598 2 49 1
499 -0499 2077
42.3 .0423 1761
35-3 .0353 1
469
289 -0289 1
206
2 4
-3 -
0243 1013
20 -1 -
020 1 837
16-3 -
0163 678
71 58 49 12 -9 -
0129 536
7
-7 69 59 10-6 .
0106 440 .1
8-5 86 72 8-50 -
00849 354 1
9
-4 108 89 6
-65 -
00665 276 -9
10
-6 1
4 1 13 5
-03 -
00503 209 .9
1-9 1
75 1
41 407 00467 1
69 -9
1
3 -2 2
19 2
16 2
10 1
93 1
69 3
.22 00322
- 1
51-3
1
4•7 285 2
79 272 246 2
16 2-46 00246 1
02 .6
1
69 388 3
92 376 3
24 285 1
-8 1 -
00 181 75
.36
1
9-6 550 5
52 529 441 384 I.26 -
00 126 52-33
2
1.3 676 676 640 5
52 451 1
-02 -
00 102 42-37
233 8
52 847 800 68
1 540 -
804 -
00080 33-5 1
25-6 1
089 1
089 1017 8
46 655 -
616 -
00062 25-64
29-4 1513 1
568 1350 169 860 452 -
00045 18 -85
31 -2 1
789 1800 1590 1
346 971 •
380 -
00038 15-84
33-3 2070 2
1 60 1860 1
568 105 -
3 14 -
0003 1 13 09
3
5.7 2650 2600 2300 1
850 1
270 .255 .
00025 10-608
379 3190 3
170 2750 21 00 1
430 -
2 11 0002
- 1 8-803
403 3
900 3
800 3300 2500 1
620 •172 -
000 17 7-1 63
4 2
.4 4550 4 450 3800 2800 1
790 -
145 000 14 6 -050
44•6 5 550 5300 4450 3250 1
980 •121 000
. 12 5
- 030 k
46.3 6300 6000 5000 3550 2
140 106 -
000 11 4
.405
48-1 7300 6 800 5600 3950 2340 -
092 .000092 3-817
50.1 8400 7 800 6400 4350 2500 078 000078 3
-27 1
52-1 10000 9000 7300 4850 2700 .
066 000066
- 2
-770
57-5 12000 10000 8400 6400 2
300 055
- 000055 2
-309
60.2 1
4500 1
2500 9750 737 0 3
600 .045 000045 1.89 0
63-3 1
8200 1
5000 1000 9650 4000 -036 .
000036 1-
51
,3
66.7 22900 1
8500 1
3500 9900 4400 -028 000028 1-178
704 30600 2 3500 1
6500 1500 4900 .02 1 0 0002 1 -885
72-5 356 00 2
6500 1
8500 1
2600 5200 -018 0000 18 .
750
43000 32000 2
2000 .015 0000 15 -
633
5
1 000 36500 25500 -012 0000 12 -520
65000 43000 29000 .010 0000
- 1 -
424
8
1000 5 1 200 34000 .008 •336
04000 6
1 2000 39500 -
006 1 -
256
42000 7
1 2000 46500 -
0045 •188
97000 9
1 7000 56000 •
003 1 -
131
-
002 1 -048
-
00 11 -047 ,
-
0007 -033 -

5
3
 APPENDIX zI
. —Te
lev
ision Co
il Data

o
*
-
0 0

-
- L
I IT
URN
.3
1 2
L
2 7TURNS BOTH
34 SWG DO WILE
S
ILK COVERED
.

A
ERIAL I
NPUT
.

T
UNED GR
ID. TUNED AN ODE

L
3
5 TURNS 34 S
.W
.G.
ENAMELLED
.
L
4

L4 CONSISTS OF 80 TURNS
40 SW
.G. ENA MELLED COPPER.

CHOKE F
ED T
UNED GR
ID.

5
4
 S
UCKER C
IRCU
IT.

2 0 pi
I
I 4 t
r
i .W
S T
.GURNS
30
. ENAMEL.

I 1

L5 L5

eL
7
TO T
.R.F
. S
TAGES

- 1
50 T URNS 36
B .
L . SWG. ENA MEL
E n
i LAYER WOUND.

L
7 11
1 1
00 T URNS 40
S
.W.G
. ENAM .

R
.F. F
ILTER
.

CORE MATER
IALS
.

F
REI) .M C
/S . 45 5
1-75 5
6-75 6
1-75 6
6-75

LI I
RON I
RON I
RON
I
RON I
RON
L2 BRASS BRASS BRASS

L3 ” . BRASS BRASS BRASS

LS . .
, ” ”

5
5
 B
ERNARDS R
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57 Ultra-Shor t wave Handbook 2
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58 Radio Hints M anua l .
. .
. .
. .
. .. 2
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60 Rad io Repairs M anua l .. .
. .
. .
. .. 2
/6
61 A ma teur Trans m itter's Cons truction Manua l .. 2
/6
52 Car and Portab le Rad io Constructors ' M anua l .. 2
/6
63 Radio Calculations M anua l .. .. •
• •• 3
/6
64 Sound Equip ment Manual .. .. 2
/6
65 Radio Des igns M anua l . . .. .. .
. 2
/6
66 Co m munications Receivers ' M anua l .. .
. 2
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68 Frequency Modulation Receivers ' M anual 2
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70 Loudspeaker Manua l .
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71 M odern Battery Rece ivers ' M anual . . .
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7
3 Rad io Test Equip ment M anua l .• •
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78 Rad io and Te levision Laboratory M anual . . 2/6
80 Te levis ion S ervicing Manual . . .
. .•• 4/6
81 Using Ex-Service Apparatus . . .
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2 AC/ DC Rece iver Construction M anua l .
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3 Radio I nstru ments and t heir Construction .
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4 Internationa l W or ld Radio S tation L ist . . .
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09 High Fide lity Rad io: Design and Construction by N. Bonayia
H unt .
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• •
• .
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it " Rad iof o
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14 „ E —An I nexpensive Tape Recorder .
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15 Constructors Handbook o f Ger man iu m C ircuits .. .
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The Electronic Photograph

ic Speed
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I make i
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" Techni- Gen " Constructors' Enve lopes. Nos. 1, 2, 4 , 5 , 6, 2/-

& 7. I
. A 3-valve p lus r
ectif
ier AC/ DC Rece iver ( 200-557 M. e
ach
only). 2
. An " Econo my " 4 -valve p lus r ectif
ier AC/ DO
Super-het. (
200-577 M. on ly). 4
. An AC/ DC " Qua l
ity "
Receiver (Mediu m and long waves). 5
. A 20- watt
" Quality " A mp l
ifier
. 6
. A por table AC/ DC P .A. A mp l
ifier.
7
. A de-luxe Tuning Unit f or the 20- watt " Quality "a mp lif
ier.

H a m Notes Series
. 1
. Co mprehens
ive Crystal Calibrator
. 1
/-
2
. The " R-Der ." 3
. S ing
le Sideband Recept
ion. 4
. Lo w each
Po wer Trans m
itter
.

' IN P R E P A R A TI O N

1
10 Radiogra m Construct
ion Manua l 8
/6
I
f? " Radiofo
lder " C —An Electron
ic M ulti meter 9
/fl
2
18 D —A M nIt
iband S ignal Generator 2/6