FUNDAMENTALS

A.2 Statements (c), (d), and (e) are best described as hypotheses. These
statements have detected patterns: The universe has no boundaries, all
animals on earth do need water to survive, and global temperature is
rising, and we are generating a lot of CO2 by burning coal.

A.4 The transparency and boiling point are physical properties. The
flammability of acetone is a chemical property.

A.6 The red-brown color of copper is a physical property. The formation of

copper from copper sulfide ores, the formation of copper oxide from
copper, the formation of impure copper from copper oxide and carbon,
and the purification of copper by electrolysis are chemical properties.

A.8 The container (a) in Exercise A.5 shows a substance that could be a gas
based on the distances between two molecules and their position in the
container.

A.10 (a) Extensive; (b) extensive; (c) extensive; (d) extensive

-12  1012 picostadium 

A.12 (a) 1  10 stadium    = 1 picostadium
 1 stadium 

 1 hectopertica 
(b) 1  102 pertica    = 1 hectopertica
 100 pertica 

 10 decigradus (or step) 

(c) 1  10-1 gradus (or step)    = 1 decigradus
 1 gradus 
2 Fundamentals

 1 m  1 A 


A.14 (a) 180 pm  12  10  = 1.8 Å

 10 pm  10 m 

 1 m  1 A 


(b) 550 nm  9  10  = 5.5  103 Å

 10 nm  10 m 

(c) 1 nm = 10 Å

 1 kg   106 cm3 
A.16 (a) 2.4 gcm-3 ×   3
3
 = 2.4 × 10 kgm
-3

 1000 g  1 m 

m 17.32 g
A.18 d= = = 9.95 gmL-1 = 9.95 gcm3
V (4.98  3.24) mL

 28.35 g   1 cm3 Au  3
A.20 1.00 ounce Au    = 1.47 cm
 1 ounce  19.28 g Au 

A.22 m=Vd; the mass of lead, ml, equals to redwood, mr

ml = Vldl = mr = Vrdr; Vldl = Vrdr
Vr d r (215 cm 3 )(0.38 g  cm 3 )
Vl =  = 7.2 cm3
dl 11.3 g  cm 3

m
A.24 (a) d 
V
3
 2.0  1023 g  1 pm 
 4 3  
 3  (1.5  10 pm)   1  10 cm 
5 10

 1.4  1021 g  cm 3

(b) From A.14a, density of a carbon nucleus is 1.4  1021 g  cm3

 Fundamentals 3

m m
d  4 3
V 3r
3m
r 3 m  d1V1  d1  34  r13 
4 d
3d1  43  r13 
r 3
4 d
3
dr
 3 1 1

d
3
(5.5 g  cm 3 )(6.4  103 km)3  1m 

1.4  10 g  cm   1  10 km 

3
21 3 3

 1.0 m

A.26 The result has three significant figures. The result should be 62.9.

A.28 The result has three significant figures because the number 0.00180
has the fewest significant figures. The result is 9.92 ×104

1000 cm3 1 m3
A.30 (a) 36 L × ( )×( 6 3
) = 0.036 m3 (1 mL = 1 cm3)
1L 10 cm
45 g 1000 mg 1L
(b) ( )× ( )×( ) = 45 mg/mL
L 1g 1000 mL

1.54 mm 109 pm 1s
(c) ( )× ( )× ( 6 ) = 1.54 × 103 pm/s
s 1 mm 10 μs
7.01 cm 1 km 3600 s
(d) ( )× ( 5
)× ( ) = 0.252 km/h
s 1.0  10 cm 1h
$3.50 13.1 peso 1 gallon
(e) ( )× ( )× ( ) = 12.1 peso/L
1 gallon $1 3.785 L

A.32 The average of the four density determinations of the chemist at

Trustworthy labs:
1.68  1.67  1.69  1.69  g  cm3
d avg   1.68 g  cm3
4 ,
4 Fundamentals

or 0.06 g  cm3 below the accepted value. The standard deviation of these
four values:

1.68  1.68  1.67  1.68  1.69  1.68  1.69  1.68

2 2 2 2

s
3
3
 0.01 g  cm
So the accuracy of the data, as measured by the difference between the
average and an accepted value, is poor compared to the precision
(reproducibility) of the data as measured by the standard deviation. The
data are precise to within 0.01 g  cm3 but only accurate to within 0.06

g  cm3 .
The average of the four density determinations of the chemist at
Righton labs:
 1.72  1.63  1.74  1.86) g  cm 3 
davg =   = 1.74 g/cm3
 4 
by using the same equation as above to calculate the standard deviation of
these four values yields s = 0.09 g/cm3.
So the data from the chemist at Righon labs have good accuracy but poor
precision. Trustworthy labs have good precision but poor accuracy.

A.34 (a) 25oC would correspond to 75 on that proposed scale.

(b) 98.6 oF = 37 oC, which corresponds to 63 on that proposed scale.

1 1 1000 m 2
A.36 EK = mv 2 = (3.6  105 kg)(25 km  s1 )2 ( )
2 2 1 km

= 1.1  1014 kg · m2 · s2

= 1.1  1014 J
 Fundamentals 5

A.38 EP  mgh
 (0.51 kg)(9.81 m  s 2 )(3.0 m)
 15 kg  m 2  s 2
 15 J

A.40 The relationship between distance of separation and potential energy for
charged particles is given as:
q1 q2 (e)(e)
E p  V (r )  
4 0 r 4 0 r
(1.602  1019 C)2

4 (8.85419  10-12 C2  J 1  m 1 )(53  1012 m)
 1 eV 
 4.352  1018 J  19 
 27.17 eV=  27 eV (2 SF)
 1.602  10 J 
Considering the proton and electron beginning at rest and at infinite
separation sets the initial total energy to 0. Since the electron is not at rest
in a hydrogen atom, its total energy is represented by Eq. 5: E  EK  EP
We have calculated only the potential energy. The discrepancy between
the calculated value of the potential energy, 27.7 eV, and the measured
amount released, 13.6 eV, is the kinetic energy of the electron, 13.6 eV.

A.42 We use the expansion given in Exercise A.35 to help solve this
problem. We also recognize that EP  egh for the small difference in

distance, h, can be represented by subtracting EP at distance r between the

proton and electron from EP at distance r + h.

e2 h
Ep  =egh
4 0 r 2
e2 h  1 e
So g    when E p =egh.
4 0 r 2  eh  4 0 r
2

 0.777 g fluorine  1 kg  1 atom 

B.2 0.970 L      26

 1L  1000 g  3.16 10 kg 
6 Fundamentals

= 2.39  1022 F atoms

B.4 (a) A 40K atom has 19 protons, 21 neutrons, and 19 electrons.

(b) A 58Co atom has 27 protons, 31 neutrons, and 27 electrons.
180
(c) A Ta atom has 73 protons, 107 neutrons, and 73 electrons.
(d) A 210At atom has 85 protons, 125 neutrons, and 85 electrons.

86 72 171
B.6 (a) Mo; (b) Ge; (c) Yb

B.8

Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons Mass No.

190
Osmium Os 76 114 76 190
120
Tin Sn 50 70 50 120
184
Tungsten W 74 110 74 184
55
Manganese Mn 25 30 25 55

55
B.10 (a) Atoms of Mn, 56 Fe, and 58
Ni all have 30 neutrons. (b) They have
different masses, numbers of protons, and numbers of electrons.

B.12 (a) In PCl5, the phosphorus atom contributes 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and
15 electrons. Each chlorine atom contributes 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and
17 electrons. There are 100 protons, 106 neutrons, and 100 electrons total.
(b) Mass of protons = (100) (1.673 × 10-24 g) = 1.673 × 10-22 g
Mass of neutrons = (106) (1.675 × 10-24 g) = 1.776 × 10-22 g
Mass of electrons = (100) (9.109 × 10-28 g) = 9.109 × 10-26 g

B.14 (a) Technetium, group 7, metal; (b) tellurium, group 16, metalloid;
(c) titanium, group 4, metal; (d) thulium, group 3 (lanthanide), metal

B.16 (a) Yb, metal; (b) Mn, metal; (c) Se, nonmetal
 Fundamentals 7

B.18 (a) Halogen, bromine; (b) alkaline earth metal, radium, barium; (c) noble
gas, radon

B.20 (a) p-block; (b) f-block; (c) p-block; (d) d-block; (e) d-block; (f) p-block

B.22 (a) In; group 13; period 5; metal; (b) Ar; group 18; period 3; nonmetal.

C.2 Container a holds a single element; container b holds a single

compound.

C.4 Since w:x:y:z is 7:9:1:2 and z = 6, CwHxNyOz becomes C21H27N3O6.

C.6 (a) C3H5OCl; (b) C3H7NO3

C.8 (a) Nitrogen is most likely to form an anion, NO3. (b) Bismuth is most
likely to form a cation, Bi3+. (c) Sulfur is most likely to form an anion,
SO42. (d) Magnesium is most likely to form a cation, Mg2+.

66
C.10 (a) Zn2+ has 30 protons, 36 neutrons, and 28 electrons. (b) 150
Sm3+ has
133
62 protons, 88 neutrons, and 59 electrons. (c) Cs+ has 55 protons, 78
127 -
neutrons, and 54 electrons. (d) I has 53 protons, 74 neutrons, and
54 electrons.

24 27
C.12 (a) Na  ; (b) Al3 ; (c) 79
Se2 ; (d) 52
Cr 2

C.14 (a) Ca forms Ca2+ ion and C forms C22- ion. The formula for
calcium carbide is CaC2.
(b) Al forms Al3+ ion and O forms O2- ions. The formula for aluminum
oxide is Al2O3.
(c) Li forms Li+ ion and N forms N3. The formula of lithium nitride is
Li3N.
8 Fundamentals

(d) Sr forms Sr2+ ion and S forms S2. The formula of strontium
sulfide is SrS.

C.16 (a) Element E belongs to Group 16. (b) Selenium, Se

C.18 (a) 1 + 1 + 8 = 10 protons and an equal number of electrons; 0 + 0 + 8 =

8 neutrons.
(b) 10(1.67262 1027 kg)  1.67262 1026 kg protons
8(1.67439 1027 kg)  1.3395 1026 kg neutrons
10(9.10939 1031 kg)  9.10939 1030 kg electrons

9.10939  1030 kg
(c)
1.67262  1026 kg  1.3395  1026 kg  9.10939  1030 kg
= 3.0233  104
So about 0.03% of my body mass is electrons.

C.20 (a) Na2CrO4

(b) (NH4)2SO3
(c) +3
(d) +4

C.22 (a) Element

(b) Molecular compound
(c) Ionic compound
(d) Molecular compound
(e) Element
(f) Ionic compound

D.2 (a) cyanide; (b) IO4-

D.4 (a) Ba(OH)2; (b) Co3(PO3)2; (c) MnBr2; (d) Cr2S3

 Fundamentals 9

D.6 (a) Diphosphorus pentasulfide; (b) sulfur trioxide; (c) silicon dioxide;
(d) disulfur tetrafluoride; (e) cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate;
(f) chromium(III) oxide; (g) iridium(III) hydrogen carbonate;
(h) strontium hypobromite; (i) molybdenum(VI) bromide.

D.8 (a) Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate; (b) mercury(I)

chloride; (c) sodium hydroxide; (d) zinc(II) oxide

D.10 (a) silicon dioxide; (b) silicon carbide; (c) dinitrogen oxide or
nitrous oxide; (d) phosphorus(V) oxide; (e) carbon disulfide; (f)
sulfur dioxide; (g) ammonia

D.12 (a) Selenic acid; (b) chlorous acid; (c) periodic acid;
(d) phosphorous acid; (e) hypobromous acid; (f) hydrosulfuric acid

D.14 (a) HNO2; (b) H2CO3; (c) H2Se; (d) HBrO2; (e) HIO3;
(f) H2TeO4 (or H6O6Te)

D.16 (a) N2O5; (b) HI; (c) OF2; (d) PCl3; (e) SO3; (f) CBr4;
(g) BrF3

D.18 (a) CaBr2; (b) (NH4)3 PO3; (c) Cs2O; (d) Ga2S3; (e) Li3N

D.20 (a) Al2O3; aluminium oxide; (b) ionic compound

D.22 (a) chromium(II) bromide hexahydrate; (b) cobalt(III) nitrate

hexahydrate; (c) indium(III) chloride; (d) bromine fluoride;
(e) chromium(VI) oxide; (f) cadmium(II) nitrite; (g) calcium
chlorate; (h) nickel(II) chlorite; (i) vanadium(V) oxide

D.24 (a) Na2SO4 sodium sulfate; (b) Mg(ClO2)2 magnesium chlorite;

10 Fundamentals

(c) P2O5 phosphorous(V) oxide

D.26 (a) Methane; (b) fluoromethane; (c) bromomethane;

(d) iodomethane

D.28 BaTiO3 ; hydrogen sulfate(VI) or dihydrogen sulfate

D.30 E = Sr, strontium bromide; strontium oxide

D.32 Oxygen is present as a molecular anion in each case. (a) potassium

superoxide, ionic, K + , O2 ; (b) sodium peroxide, ionic, 2 Na + , O22 ;

(c) cesium ozonide, ionic, Cs+ , O3

D.34 (a) Arsenic (III) hydride; (b) hydrogen selenide; (c) copper(I) tellurate; (d)
calcium arsenite; (e) sodium dihydrogen antimonate; (f) barium selenite

D.36 (a) Alkane (propane); (b) haloalkane (bromoethane) ;

(c) carboxylic acid (propionic acid, or propanoic acid)

E.2 The seconds in 90 years:

365d 24h 3600s
90 y × ( )× ( )× ( ) = 2.83824 × 109 seconds
1y 1d 1h

$10 9
$ spent = 2.83824 × 109 seconds × ( ) = 2.83824 ×1018 dollars
1s
$ remaining = 6.02214 × 1023  2.83824 × 1018 = 6.02211 × 1023 dollars
Nearly 100% would remain.

E.4 Li atom has one-fourth the mass of a Si atom, so 28 Li atoms are required
to balance 7 Si atoms.
 Fundamentals 11

 1000 tons 
  6.022  10 grains  mol  1 mol 
23 1
E.6 (a) Tons of sand   12
 10 grains 
14
 6  10 tons

 volume of 1 mol of sand 

(b) Depth of sand   
 area of United States 
3
= (1 mm  grain )1  6.02  10 23
grain  mol 1 
1 mol  
1m 
2 
2  1  10 mm 
6
 1000 mm 
 3.6  10 6
mi   0.6214 mi 
 
 65 m

E.8 Moles of TiO2 =

 1 mole TiO2 
 2.4 10 TiO2 formula units  
21
23 
 6.022 10 TiO2 formula unit 
 4.0  103 mole

E.10 Molar mass of CuSO4  5H 2O  249.68 g  mol 1 :

45.20 g CuSO4·5H2O

 1 mol CuSO4  5H 2O   1 mol Cu   63.54 g Cu 

×   
 249.68 g   1 mol CuSO4  5H 2O   1 mol Cu 
= 11.50 g Cu

E.12 Molar mass of sulfur:

 93.0  1  1.2  1
  (31.97 g  mol )    (32.97 g  mol )
 100   100 
 5.8  1
  (33.97 g  mol )
 100 
 32.1 g  mol 1
12 Fundamentals

E.14 Molar mass of krypton

 0.3  1  2.3  1
  (77.92 g  mol )    (79.91 g  mol )
 100   100 
 11.6  1  11.5  1
  (81.91 g  mol )    (82.92 g  mol )
 100   100 
 56.9  1  17.4  1
  (83.91 g  mol )    (85.91 g  mol )
 100   100 
 83.8 g  mol1 80 g  mol1 to 1 SF 

E.16 The molar mass of the metal is (231.74 gmol-1 – 16.00 gmol-1)/2
= 107.87 gmol-1 (Ag); the molar mass of silver chloride (AgCl)
= 143.32 gmol-1

 3.27  1016 Hg atoms   200.59 g   1×106 μg 

E.18 (a) Mass =  23 1    
 6.022  10 atoms×mol   mol   1 g 
= 10.9 µg
 1 mol   178.49 g Hf   1×106 μg 
(b) Mass = (963 nmol)  9   
 1×10 nmol   1 mol Hf   1 g 
= 172 µg

 1 mol  157.25 g Gd  1×106 μg 

(c) Mass = (5.50 µmol)  6   
 1×10 μmol  1 mol Gd  1 g 
= 865 µg
 6.02×1025Sb atoms  121.75 g Sb  1×106 μg 
(d) Mass =  23 -1   
 6.022×10 atoms×mol  1 mol  1 g 
= 1.22  1010 µg

E.20 Molar mass of D2O: (2.014 g/mol)  2 + 15.999 g/mol = 20.027 g/mol
Molar mass of H2O = 18.016 g/mol
Since a D2O molecule and a H2O molecule occupy about the same
volume, the density of D2O will be directly proportional to the mass:
molar mass of D2O
dheavy water =  density of water
molar mass of H 2O
 Fundamentals 13

 20.027 g  mol 1 
=    1.00 g·cm-3 = 1.11 g·cm-3
1 
 18.016 g  mol 
At maximum percentage of H2O (2%), the density of D2O is:
(98%)  1.11 g/cm3 + (2%)  1.00 g/cm3 = 1.108 g/cm3
Since 1.10 g/cm3 <1.108 g/cm3, the D2O as advertised contains more than
2% H2O.

E.22 (a) Molar mass of H2 O  18.02 g  mol1

 3.60 kg   1000g 
n H 2O =  -1 
×   = 200 mol
 18.02 g  mol   1 kg 
Nwater = (6.022 × 1023 molecule . mol-1) (200 mole) = 1.20 × 1026
molecules
(b) Molar mass of benzene  78.11 g  mol1

 91 kg   1000 g 
nbenzene   1     1.2  103 mol
 78.11 g  mol   1 kg 
N benzene  (6.022  1023 atoms  mol 1 )(1.2  103 mol)  7.2  1026 molecules

(c) Molar mass of P atom = 30.97 g  mol1

 350.0 gP 
np =  -1 
= 11.30 mol
 30.97 g  mol 
NP = (6.022 x 1023 atom . mol-1) (11.30 mole) = 6.805 × 1024 molecules
Molar mass of P4 molecule = 123.88 g  mol1

 350.0 gP4 
np =  -1 
= 2.825 mol
4
 123.88 g  mol 
NP4 = (6.022 × 1023 molecule · mol-1) (2.825 mole)
= 1.701 × 1024 P4 molecules

(d) Molar mass of CO2 = 44.01g  mol1

 1.2 g 
nCO2   1 
 0.027 mol
 44.01 g  mol 
N CO2  (6.022  1023 atoms  mol 1 )(0.027 mol)  1.6  1022 molecules
14 Fundamentals

(e) Molar mass of NO2 = 46.01 g  mol1

 0.37 g 
nNO2   1 
 8.0  103 mol
 46.01 g  mol 
N NO2  (6.022  10 atoms  mol 1 )(8.0  103 mol)  4.8  1021 molecules
23

E.24 (a) Molar mass of NaCN = 49.01 g  mol1

4.00 g NaCN 1 moleCN 

nCN   1
  0.0816 moleCN 
49.01g  mol NaCN 1mole NaCN

(b) Molar mass of H 2 O = 18.02 g  mol1

4.00  107 g H 2O 1mole O

nO  1
  2.22  108 mole O
18.02 g  mol H 2O 1mole H 2O

(c) Molar mass of CaSO4 = 136.14 g  mol1

4.00 103 g CaSO4

nCaSO4   29.4 moleCaSO4
136.14 g  mol 1

(d) Molar mass of Al2(SO4)3.8H2O = 486.30 g.mol1

 4.00 103 g   8mol H 2O  5

n H 2O =  -1 
×   = 6.58 × 10 mole H2O
 486.30 g  mol   1mol cpd 

E.26 (a) The molar mass of CaH2 = 42.10 g·mol-1

 6.177 g 
Number of formula units =  1 
 42.10 g  mol 
(6.022  10 formula units  mol 1 )
23

 8.836  1022 formula units

(b) Molar mass of NaBF4  109.80 g  mol 1 .

 8.75  1021 formula units 

Mass   23 1 
(109.80 g  mol 1 )  1.60 g
 6.022  10 formula units  mol 
 Fundamentals 15

 8.15  1020 formula units 

(c) Moles of CeI3   23 1 
 1.35  103 mol
 6.022  10 formula units  mol 

E.28 (a) Molar mass of C8H18  114.22 g  mol1

114.22 g  mol 1
Mass of one octane molecule =
6.022  1023 molecules  mol 1
 1.897  1022 g  molecule 1
0.82 g
(b) N C8H8 
1.897  10 g  molecule 1
22

 4.3  1021 molecules

E.30 Mass of H2O in 360. g CuSO4·5H2O after 90% removal

= 360. g CuSO4.5H2O
 1 mole CuSO 4  2    5 mol H 2O   18.02 gH 2O 
×       × 10%
 249.70 gCuSO 4  2    1molCuSO 4  2    1mol H 2O 
= 13.0 g H2O remaining

Mass of CuSO4 in 360 g CuSO4.5H2O

= 360 g CuSO4.5H2O ×
 1mole CuSO4   2   1mol CuSO4   159.62gCuSO4 
   
 249.70 gCuSO4   2   1molCuSO4  5Η 2Ο   1molCuSO4 
+ 13.0 g = 243.0 g (mixture of CuSO4 + CuSO4.5H2O)

E.32 Molar mass of AuCl3·2H2O = 339.35 g/mol

Mass Au = 13.62 g AuCl3 · 2H2O
 1 mol AuCl3  2H 2O  1 mol Au   196.67 g Au 
   
 339.35 g AuCl3  2H 2O  1 mol AuCl3  2H 2O   1 mol Au 
= 7.893 g
16 Fundamentals

 453.6 g  1 kg 
E.34 45. lb    = 20 kg
 1 lb  1000 g 
Total moles of tetracycline per day:
 0.24mol  20kg 
   =4.8 mol/day
 kg  day  1 
Molar mass of C22H24N2O8 = 444.26 g/mol
Total mass of tetracycline per day:
 4.8 mol  1mol   444.26 g  -3
  6   = 2.1  10 g/day
 day   10  mol   mol 
Total mass of tetracycline per day:
2.1  103 g
 5.3  104 g/dose = 0.53 mg/ dose
4 doses

F.2 C16H30O
100
16 × 12.01 g = 192.16 g × ( ) = 80.60%
238.4
100
30 × 1.008 g = 30.24 g ×( ) = 12.69%
238.4
100
1 × 16.00 g = 16.00 g × ( ) = 6.711%
238.4

F.4 (a) Li2S; (b) S; the mass of sulfur is 4 times that of Li.

F.6 Molar mass of C19H28O2 = 288.42 g/mol

19×12.01 g/mol
%C =  100 = 79.12%
288.42 g/mol
28×1.008 g/mol
%H =  100 = 9.786%
288.42 g/mol
2×16.00 g/mol
%O =  100 = 11.09%
288.42 g/mol
 Fundamentals 17

F.8 (a) M2 O3 69.9% M For 100 g of compound, 69.9 g is M and 30.1 g

is O.
? g M 2 O3  100 g M 2 O3   16.00 g O   3 mol O 
=   
mole M 2 O3  30.1 g O   1 mol O   1 mol M 2 O3 
 159 g  mol1 M 2 O3
Therefore, 159 − 48 = 111 g/mol is due to M. Since there are 2 moles of
M per mole of M 2 O3 , the molar mass of M is 55.5 g/mol. That molar
mass matches Fe. (b) iron(III) oxide

F.10 For 100 g of compound:

58.77 g
Moles of C   4.893 mol C
12.011 g  mol1

13.81 g
Moles of H   13.70 mol H
1.0079 g  mol1
27.42 g
Moles of N   1.958 mol N
14.007 g  mol1
Dividing each number by 1.958 gives a ratio of 1 N:7.00 H:2.50 C.
The formula is C5H14N2.

F.12 (a) For 100 g of talc,

19.2 g
Moles of Mg   0.790 mol
24.31 g  mol1
29.6 g
Moles of Si   1.05 mol
28.09 g  mol1
42.2 g
Moles of O   2.64 mol
16.00 g  mol1
9.0 g
Moles of H   8.9 mol
1.0079 g  mol1
Dividing each number by 0.790 mol gives a ratio of
1 Mg:1.33Si:3.34O:11.3H. Multiplying by 3 to get appropriate whole
numbers gives the formula Mg3Si 4 O10 H34 .
18 Fundamentals

(b) For 100 g of saccharin:

45.89 g
Moles of C   3.821 mol
12.01 g  mol1
2.75 g
Moles of H   2.73 mol
1.0079 g  mol1
7.65 g
Moles of N   0.546 mol
14.01 g  mol1
26.20 g
Moles of O   1.638 mol
16.00 g  mol1
17.50 g
Moles of S   0.546 mol
32.06 g  mol1
Dividing by 0.546 mol gives a ratio of 7.00C:5.00H:1.00N:3.00O:1.00S.
The empirical formula is C7 H5 NO3S.
(c) For 100 g of salicylic acid:
60.87 g
Moles of C   5.068 mol
12.01 g  mol1
4.38 g
Moles of H   4.35 mol
1.0079 g  mol1
34.75 g
Moles of O   2.172 mol
16.00 g  mol1
Dividing by 2.172 mol gives a ratio of 2.333C:2.00H:1.00O. Multiplying
by 3 gives the empirical formula C7 H6 O3 .

4.69 g
F.14 (a) Moles of S   0.146 mol
32.06 g  mol1
15.81 g  4.69 g
Moles of F   0.585 mol
19.00 g  mol1

Dividing by 0.146 mol gives a ratio of 4F:1S. The formula is SF4 .

(b) Sulfur tetrafluoride

F.16 For 100 g of compound:

 Fundamentals 19

 66.01 g 
Moles of C =   = 5.496 mol
1 
 12.01 g  mol 

 5.87 g 
Moles of H =   = 5.823 mol
1 
 1.008 g  mol 

 18.43 g 
Moles of F =   = 0.9700 mol
1 
 19.00 g  mol 

 4.53 g 
Moles of N =   = 0.3233 mol
1 
 14.01 g  mol 

 5.17 g 
Moles of O =   = 0.3231 mol
1 
 16.00 g  mol 
Dividing each number by 0.3231 mol gives a ratio of 17.00C:18.00H:
3.00F:1.00N:1.00O. The formula is C17H18F3NO.

F.18 (a) For 100 g of paclitaxel,

66.11 g
Moles of C   5.504 mol
12.01 g  mol1
6.02 g
Moles of H   5.97 mol
1.0079 g  mol1
1.64 g
Moles of N   0.117 mol
14.01 g  mol1
Mass of O = 100 − 66.11 − 6.02 − 1.64 = 26.23 g
26.23 g
Moles of O   1.639 mol
16.00 g  mol1
Dividing by 0.117 mol gives a ratio of 47.0 C:51.0 H:1.00 N:14.0 O. The
empirical formula of paclitaxel is C47 H51 NO14 .

(b) Empirical formula mass = 853.92 gmol-1 = molar mass. Therefore,

the molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula: C47 H51 NO14 .

 1 g  1 mol C 
F.20 Mol C = 1.09 mg C    = 9.08  10-5 mol
 1000 mg  12.01 g C 
20 Fundamentals

 1 g  1 mol H 
Mol H = 0.183 mg H    = 1.82  10-4 mol
 1000 mg  1.008 g H 

 1 g  1 mol S 
Mol S = 0.727 mg H    = 2.27  10-5 mol
 1000 mg  32.066 g S 
Dividing by 2.27  10-5 mol gives 4 C:8 H:1 S. The empirical formula
is C4H8S. The empirical formula mass is 88.17 g · mol-1, which equals
the molar mass of the compound. Therefore, C4H8S is the molecular
formula of the compound.

 1 g  1 mol C 
F.22 Mol C = 3.99 mg C    = 3.32  10-4 mol
 1000 mg  12.01 g C 

 1 g  1 mol H 
 = 3.80  10 mol
-4
Mol H = 0.383 mg H  
 1000 mg  1.008 g H 

 1 g  1 mol N 
 = 4.75  10 mol
-5
Mol N = 0.665 mg N  
 1000 mg  14.007 g N 

 1 g  1 mol O 
Mol O = 0.760 mg O    = 4.75  10-5 mol
 1000 mg  15.999 g O 
Dividing by 4.75  10-5 mol gives 7C:8H:1N:1O. The empirical
formula is C7H8NO. The empirical formula mass is 122.14 g · mol-1,
which equals half of the molar mass of the compound. Therefore,
C14H16N2O2 is the molecular formula of the compound.

F.24 We can write the formula for dolomite as (Mg x Ca y )CO3 . Then

(Mg x Ca y )CO3 (s)  x MgO(s) + y CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

Mass of carbon dioxide lost = 10.04 g – 5.12 g = 4.92 g.

 1 mol 
Moles CO2(g) lost = 4.92 g    0.112 mol , so x + y = 0.112.
 44.01 g 
It must also be true that the masses of the oxides add up to
5.12 g.
 Fundamentals 21

 40.30 g MgO   56.08 g CaO 

x mol MgO    y mol CaO  
 1 mol MgO   1 mol CaO 
 5.12 g mixed oxides
Rearranging x + y = 0.112 gives x = 0.112 − y . Substituting for x,
(0.112  y )  40.30   y  56.08  5.12
15.78y = 0.61
y = 0.039
and
x = 0.112  0.039 = 0.073
Then the original sample contained:

 0.073 mol MgCO3   84.31 g MgCO3 

% mass MgCO3      100
 10.04 g sample   1 mol MgCO3 
 61%

F.26 (a) Molecular formula: C3H6Cl2; empirical formula: C3H6Cl2

(b) Molecular formula: C6H12O6; empirical formula: CH2O

F.28 This problem requires that we relate unknowns to each other appropriately
by writing a balanced chemical equation and using other information in
the problem.
x KBr + y K2S → (x + 2y) K+ + x Br- + y S2-
 1 mol K  
2.50 g K+   = 6.39×10-2 mol = x + 2y
 
 39.10 g K 
6.14 g total – 2.50 g K+ = 3.64 g = (79.90 g · mol-1)x + (32.06 g · mol-1)y
Rearrange and substitute:
3.64 = 79.90(6.39×10-2  2y) + 32.06y
127.7y = 1.46; y = 0.0114 mol S2-
x = 6.39×10-2 – 2(0.0114) = 0.0411 mol Br-
Therefore, the mass of KBr in the mixture was:
 119. g KBr 
0.0411 mol   = 4.89 g KBr
 1 mol KBr 
22 Fundamentals

 4.89 g KBr 
   100 = 79.6% KBr
 6.14 g KBr 

G.2 (a) False. In a nonaqueous solution, the solvent is an organic liquid.

(b) False. Decanting uses the difference in density.
(c) True.

G.4 (a) Homogeneous, distillation; (b) heterogeneous, decanting;

(c) heterogeneous, dissolving followed by filtration and distillation

 1.734 g 
G.6 (a) Molarity of NaNO3 =  1  = 0.08160 M
 (85.00 g  mol )(0.2500L) 

 1.734 g 
(b) Molarity of NaNO3 =  1  = 0.04080 M
 (85.00 g  mol )(0.5000L) 

 100. g solution 
G.8 Mass of solution = 0.453 g CuSO4   = 8.78 g solution
 5.16 g CuSO 4 

G.10 (a) Mass of K2SO4  (0.125 mol  L1 )(1.00 L)(174.26 g  mol 1 )  21.8 g

(b) Mass of NaF  (0.015 mol  L1 )(0.375 L)(41.99 g  mol 1 )  0.24 g

(c) Massof C12 H 22O11  (0.35 mol  L1 )(0.500 L)(342.29 g  mol 1 )  60. g

 8.124 g 
G.12 Molarity of Na2CO3 =  1
 = 0.3066 M
 (105.99 g  mol )(0.250 L) 

 5.124 x103 mol 

(a) V =   = 0.0167 L = 16.71 mL
1 
 0.3066mol  L 
(b) Molarity of Na+ = 0.3066 x 2 = 0.6132 M
 8.726 x103 mol 
V =   = 0.0142 L = 14.23 mL
1 
 0.6132mol  L 
 Fundamentals 23

G.14 Concentration of diluted C6H12O6 solution = 0.060 M

Moles of C6H12O6 in 100. mL = 6.0 × 10-3 mole
Moles of C = 3.6 × 10-2 mole

G.16 (a) Moles transferred to the second flask:

 (0.033 g )(2.00 mL)  6
 1   1.06  10 mol
 (249.68 g  mol )( 250.0 mL) 

 1.06  106 mol 

New concentration =   = 4.24 × 10-6 M
 0.2500 L 
(b) Mass = (249.68 g. mol-1)(1.06 x 10-6 mol) = 2.65 × 10-4 g or 0.265 mg

G.18 (a) Volume of 15.0 M NH3 that must be diluted:

(0.720 mol  L1 )(250 mL)
 12.0 mL
(15.0 mol  L1 )

(0.050 mol  L1 )(8.10 L)

(b) Volume of 15.0 M NH 3 needed =
(15.0 mol  L1 )
 0.027 L or 27 mL

(0.661 g)
G.20 (a) Molarity of the first solution 
(294.20 g  mol1 ) (0.2500 L)
 8.99  103 mol  L-1 K 2 Cr2 O7 (aq)

(8.99  103 mol  L1 )(1  103 L)

Molarity of the second solution 
(0.500 L)
 1.80  10-5 mol  L1 K 2 Cr2 O7 (aq)

(1.80 105 mol  L1 )(0.010 L)

Molarity of the final solution 
(0.250 L)
 7.20 107 mol  L1 K 2Cr2O7 (aq)

(b) Mass: (7.20 107mol  L1 )(0.250 L)(294.2 g  mol 1 )  5.30 105g

G.22 (a) Mass of NaOH  (5.0 mol  L1 )(0.0750 L)(40.00 g  mol 1 )  15 g
Add 15 g of NaOH to a 75.0-mL volumetric flask and dilute to the line.
24 Fundamentals

(b) Mass of BaCl2  (0.21 mol  L1 )(5.0 L)(208.24 g  mol 1 )  2.2  102 g

Add 220 g of BaCl2 to a 5.0-L flask and fill with water to the line.

(c) Massof AgNO3  (0.0340 mol  L1 )(0.300 L)(169.88 g  mol 1 )

= 1.73 g
Add 1.73 g of AgNO3 to a 300-mL volumetric flask and fill with water to
the line.

G.24 Mass percentage of Fe:

 55.84 g Fe   100 
0.145 mol . L-1 × (0.100 L) x  ×  = 40.2%
 1.0 mol Fe   2.016gsample 

0.10 mol 6.02214  1023 molecules

G.26 10 mL    6.0  1020 molecules are
1000 mL 1 mol
in the first 10-mL aliquot of the solution. The number of successive
tenfold dilutions, n, required to get down to just one molecule can be
found from this relationship:

6.0  1020 molecules   0.1  1 molecule

n

log(6.0  1020 )  n log  0.1  log(1)

20.78  n(1)  0
n  20.78
So after 20 such dilutions, fewer than ten molecules are left. The last
dilution should be by a factor of (0.1)0.78  0.17  0.1 in order to try to
ensure that one molecule will still remain.

G.28 Total millimoles of 500. mL of 0.10 M AgNO3 solution:

500.mL  0.10 mmol/mL = 50. mmol
Total millimoles of 100. mL of 0.30 M AgNO3 solution:
100.mL  0.30 mmol/mL = 30. mmol
50. mmol – 30. mmol = 20 mmol
The volume required from 0.050 M AgNO3 solution to obtain 20. mmol
 Fundamentals 25

 1.0 mL 
AgNO3: 20. mmol   = 400. mL
 0.050 mmol 
Therefore, 100. mL of 0.30 M AgNO3 solution and 400. mL of 0.050 M
AgNO3 solution are taken and mixed well. The final solution will be
500. mL of 0.10 M AgNO3 solution.

G.30 Assuming that the density of water is 1.00 g/mL (which is true at room
temperature):
 10.0 g Pb   1.00 g water   1000 mL 
10.0 ppb   9  ×   ×  
 10 g water   1.0 mL water   1.0 L 

 2.0 L water   365d 

× ×   = 0.0073 g Pb = 7.3 mg Pb
 1d   1y 

H.2 (a), (b), and (d) are conserved overall in any chemical reaction.

H.4 3 NO2 + H2 O  NO + 2 HNO3


H.6 (a) 2KClO3(s)   2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

(b) 4KClO3(l)   KCl(s) + 3KClO4(g)
(c) N2H4(aq) + 2I2(aq)  4HI(aq) + N2(g)
(d) P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)  4H3PO4(l)

H.8 (a) 2 CuFeS2(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 CuS(s) + 2 FeO(s) + 2 SO2(g)


(b) SiO2 (s) + 3 C(s)   SiC(s)  2 CO(g)

(c) 3 H2 (g)  N2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

(d) O2(g) + 4 HBr(aq)  2 H2O(l) + 2 Br2

H.10 (a) 2 H3PO4(aq) + 3 Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 H2O(l)

(b) Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 HClO2(aq)  2 Cr(ClO2)3(aq) + 3 H2SO4(aq)
26 Fundamentals

H.12 Step 1: 2 NH3(aq) + 3 O2(g) → 2 HNO2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

Step 2: 2 HNO2(aq) + O2(g) → 2 HNO3(aq)

H.14 4 BF3 (g)  3 NaBH4 (s)  3 NaBF4 (s) + 2 B2 H6 (g)

B2 H6 (g) + 3 O2 (g)  B2 O3 (s) + 3 H2 O(l)

H.16 (a) 2 B5H9(aq) + 12 O2(g)  5 B2O3(s) + 9 H2O(l)

(b) B5H9(aq) + 15 H2O (l)  12 H2(g) + 5 H3BO3(aq)

H.18 2 C7H16(aq) + 15 O2(g) → 14 CO(g) + 16 H2O(g)

H.20 4 C11H17N5O2(s) + 57 O2(g) → 44 CO2(g) + 34 H2O(l) + 10 N2(g)

H.22 2 C11H15NO2(aq) + 26 O2(g) → 21 CO2(g) + 13 H2O(l) + CH4N2O(aq)

H.24 4 NH3 (g)  5 O2 (g)  4 NO(g)  6 H2 O(l)

2 NO(g)  O2 (g)  2 NO2 (g)

3 NO2 (g)  H2 O(l)  2 HNO3 (aq)  NO(g)

H.26 2FeTiO3(s) + 7 Cl2(g) + 6 C(s)  2 TiCl4(l) + 2 FeCl3(s) + 6 CO(g)

I.2 The picture of the products should be (Hg2)3(PO4)2(s) precipitate at the

bottom and KNO3 (aq) solution on the top of the precipitate.

I.4 (a) Strong electrolyte; (b) strong electrolyte; (c) weak electrolyte

I.6 (a) Overall reaction:

3 MgBr2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4(aq) → Mg3 (PO4)2(s) + 6 NaBr(aq)
Complete ionic reaction:
3 Mg2+(aq) + 6 Br(aq) + 6 Na+(aq) + 2 PO43-(aq)
 Fundamentals 27

→ Mg3 (PO4)2(s) + 6 Na+(aq) + 6 Br (aq)

Net ionic equation: 3 Mg2+(aq) + 2 PO43-(aq) → Mg3(PO4)2(s)
(b) Overall reaction:
2 CsI(aq) + Hg2(HSO3)2(aq) → Hg2I2(s) + 2 CsHSO3(aq)
Complete ionic reaction:
2 Cs+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2 HSO3-(aq)
→ Hg2I2(s) + 2 Cs+(aq) + 2 HSO3-(aq)
Net ionic equation: 2 I-(aq) + Hg22+(aq) → Hg2I2(s)
(c) Overall reaction:
3 K2C2O4(aq) + 2 Co(NO3)3(aq) → Co2(C2O4)3 (s) + 6 KNO3(aq)
Complete ionic reaction:
6 K+(aq) + 3 C2O42- (aq) + 2 Co3+(aq) + 6 NO3 (aq)
→ Co2(C2O4)3 (s) + 6 K+(aq) + 6 NO3 (aq)
Net ionic equation: 3 C2O42- (aq) + 2 Co3+(aq) → Co2(C2O4)3 (s)

I.8 (a) Soluble; (b) insoluble; (c) insoluble; (d) insoluble

I.10 (a) CoCO3(s) is insoluble, but to the extent that it does dissolve, the
species are Co2+ and CO32-. (b) Li+, NO3-; (c) K+, CrO42-;
(d) Hg 2 Cl2 (s) is insoluble, but to the extent that it does dissolve, the

species are Hg 2+ 
2 (aq) and Cl (aq) .

I.12 (a) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + CaCO3(s)

Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, will precipitate.
(b) NiSO4(aq) + CuCl2(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + NiCl2(aq)
No precipitation expected.
(c) 2 Na3PO4(aq) + 3 BaCl2(aq) → 6 NaCl(aq) + Ba3 (PO4)2(s)
Barium phosphate, Ba3 (PO4)2, will precipitate.

I.14 (a) K2SO4(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → 2 KNO3(aq) + Ag2SO4(s)

28 Fundamentals

Net ionic equation: 2 Ag+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → Ag2SO4(s)

Spectator ions: K+, NO3-
(b) 2 H3PO4(aq) + 3 SrBr2(aq) → 6 HBr(aq) + Sr3 (PO4)2(s)
Net ionic equation: 3 Sr2+(aq) + 2 PO43-(aq) → Sr3(PO4)2(s)
Spectator ions: H+, Br-
(c) No reaction.
(d) CdSO4(aq) + (NH4)2CO3(aq)  CdCO3(s) + (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Net ionic reaction: Cd2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)  CdCO3(s)
Spectator ions: NH +4 , SO24

(e) H2SO4(aq) + Hg2Cl2(aq)  2 HCl(aq) + Hg2SO4(s)

Net ionic equation: Hg22+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → Hg2SO4(s)
Spectator ions: H+, Cl-

I.16 (a) Overall equation:

3 AgNO3 (aq)  Na 3PO4 (aq)  Ag3PO4 (s)  3 NaNO3 (aq)
Complete ionic equation:
3 Ag + (aq) + 3 NO3 (aq)  3 Na + (aq) + PO34 (aq) 
Ag3PO4 (s) + 3 NO3 (aq)  3 Na + (aq)

Net ionic equation: 3 Ag+ (aq) + PO34 (aq)  Ag3PO4 (s)

Sectator ions: Na + , NO3

(b) Overall equation
Hg2 (NO3 )2 (aq)  2 NH4I(aq)  Hg 2I2 (s)  2 NH4 NO3 (aq)
Complete ionic equation:
Hg22 (aq) + 2 NO3 (aq)  2 NH 4 (aq)  2 I  (aq)
 Hg2 I 2 (s)  2 NO3 (aq)  2 NH 4 (aq)
Net ionic equation: Hg22 (aq) + 2 I  (aq)  Hg2I2 (s)

Spectator ions: NH 4 , NO3

(c) Overall equation: BaCl2 (aq)  Na 2SO4 (aq)  BaSO4 (s)  2 NaCl(aq)

Complete ionic equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 Cl  (aq)  2 Na  (aq) + SO24 (aq)

 Fundamentals 29

 BaSO4 (s)  2 Cl (aq)  2 Na  (aq)

Net ionic equations: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO24 (aq)  BaSO4 (s)

Spectator ions: Na+, Cl
(d) Overall equation:
3K2S(aq) + 2Bi(NO3 )3 (aq)  6 KNO3 (aq) + Bi2S3 (s)

6 K + (aq) + 3 S2 (aq)  2Bi3+ (aq) + 6 NO3 (aq)

Complete ionic equation:
 6K + (aq) + 6 NO3 (aq) + Bi 2S3 (s)

Net ionic equation: 2Bi3+ (aq) + 3S2 (aq)  Bi 2S3 (s)

Spectator ions: K+ , NO3

(e) Overall equation:
Ba(CH3CO2 )2 (aq)  Li2CO3 (aq)  BaCO3 (s) + 2 LiCH3CO2 (aq)
Complete ionic equation:
Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 CH3CO2- (aq) + 2Li + (aq) + CO32- (aq)
 BaCO3 (s) + 2 CH3CO2- (aq) + 2Li + (aq)

Net ionic equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + CO32 (aq)  BaCO3 (s)

Spectator ions: CH 3CO2- , Li +

I.18 (a) AgNO3 (aq) and Na 2CO3 (aq) ; (b) MgSO4 (aq) and KOH(aq) ;

(c) Ca(NO3 )2 (aq) and (NH4 )2 PO4 (aq)

I.20 You should use a reagent to react with only one of the ions in the solution
and form precipitate, so that two ions can be separated.
(a) H2CO3 will be used as reagent. Zn2+(aq) + CO32- (aq)  ZnCO3(s)
(b) H2SO4 will also be used as reagent. Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)  BaSO4 (s)

I.22 (a) Pb2 (aq)  CrO42 (aq)  PbCrO4 (s)

(b) Al3 (aq)  PO43 (aq)  AlPO4 (s)

(c) Fe2 (aq)  2 OH (aq)  Fe(OH)2 (s)

30 Fundamentals

(d) Pb(NO3 )2 and K 2 CrO4 ; K  , NO3

Al(NO3 )3 and Li3 PO4 ; Li  , NO3

FeSO4 and NaOH; Na  , SO42

I.24 No precipitate with Cl indicates no Ag  . The white precipitate with

SO4 2 is CaSO4, so Ca 2 is present. The black precipitate with the

supernatant is HgS, indicating the presence of Hg 2 . Therefore we would

report Ca 2 and Hg 2 as being present in the solution.

I.26 (a) 2 (NH4 )3PO4 (aq)  3 CaCl2 (aq)  Ca 3 (PO4 )2 (s) + 6 NH4Cl(aq)

net ionic equation: 3 Ca 2+ +2 PO43  Ca 3 (PO4 )2 (s)

Mol NH 4  2.50 g (NH 4 )3PO 4   1 mol (NH 4 ) 3PO 4 

(b)   
1 L solution  70.0 mL solution   149.095 g (NH 4 )3PO4 
 3 mol NH +4   1000 mL 
  
 1 mol (NH 4 )3PO 4   1 L 
 0.719 M NH 4

Mol Cl   50.0 mL CaCl 2 (aq)   0.125 mol CaCl 2 

  
1 L solution  70.0 mL solution   1000 mL CaCl 2 (aq) 
 2 mol Cl    1000 mL solution 
  
 1 mol CaCl 2   1 L solution 
 0.179 M Cl 

J.2 (a) Acid; (b) base; (c) acid; (d) base; (e) acid

J.4 The solution is basic, with strong conductivity. It must be NaOH.

J.6 (a) Overall equation:

H3AsO4 (aq)  3 NaOH(aq)  Na 3AsO4 (aq)  3 H2O(l)
 Fundamentals 31

Total ionic equation:

H3AsO4 (aq) + 3 Na + (aq)+3 OH- (aq)
 3 Na  (aq)  AsO3-4 (aq)+3 H 2O(l)

Net ionic equation: H3AsO4 (aq)  3 OH (aq)  3 H2O(l) + AsO34 (aq)
(b) Overall equation:
Sr(OH)2 (aq) + 2 HClO4 (aq)  Sr(ClO4 )2 (aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Total ionic equation:
Sr 2+ (aq)  2 OH  (aq)  2 H  (aq) + 2 ClO4 (aq)
 Sr 2+ (aq)  2 ClO4 (aq)  2 H 2O(l)

Net ionic equation: OH (aq)  H+ (aq)  H2 O(l)

(c) Overall equation:
Ca(OH)2 (s)  2 HBrO(aq)  Ca(BrO)2 (aq)  2 H2O(l)
Total ionic equation:
Ca 2 (aq) + 2 OH  (aq)  2HBrO (aq)
 Ca 2+ (aq)  2 BrO (aq)  2 H 2O(l)

Net ionic equation: OH (aq)  HBrO(aq)  H2O(l) + BrO (aq)

J.8 (a) Pb(OH)2(s) and HI(aq);

Pb(OH)2(s) + 2 HI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2 H2O(l)
(b) Cd(OH)2(s) and H2S(aq);
Cd(OH)2(s) + H2S(aq)  CdS(s) + 2 H2O(l)
(c) Mg(OH)2(s) and H2SO3(aq);
Mg(OH)2(s) + H2SO3(aq)  MgSO3(s) + 2 H2O(l)
(d) Fe(OH)2(s) and HClO(aq);
Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 HClO(aq)  Fe(ClO)2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

J.10 (a) CH3CH2COONa, sodium propionate;

CH3CH2COO(aq) + H+(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH (aq)
 CH3CH2COO(aq) + Na+(aq) + H2O(l)
32 Fundamentals

(b) NH4NO2, ammonium nitrite;

NH3(aq) + H+(aq) + NO2 (aq) → NH4+(aq) + NO2(aq)
(c) Co2S3, cobalt(III) sulfide;
2 Co(OH)3(s) + 6 H+(aq) + 3 S2-(aq)
→ Co2S3(s) + 6 H2O(l)
(d) Ba(ClO3)2, barium chlorate;
Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH(aq) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 ClO3(aq)
→ Ba2+(aq) + 2 ClO3(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

J.12 (a) HF(aq) only partially dessociates.

J.14 (a) Acid: HBrO3(aq), base: NaHCO3(aq);

(b) Acid: HCL(aq), base: (CH3 )3 N(aq) ;

(c) Acid: H2O(l), base: O2 (aq)

 1 mol P 
J.16 (a) 43.64 g P     1.409 mol P
 30.97 g P 
 1 mol O 
56.36 g O     3.523 mol O
 16.00 g O 
3.523
 2.5  mole ratio of O:P in compound A
1.409
P4 O10 is the molecular formula with this stoichiometry that has the correct

molar mass, since (4  30.97)  (10 16.00)  283.88 g  mol1 .

(b) Hydrogen constitutes 3.087% of compound B (not 1.029%).
 Fundamentals 33

 1 mol H 
3.087 g H     3.063 mol H
 1.0079 g H 
 1 mol P 
31.60 g P     1.020 mol P
 30.97 g P 
 1 mol O 
65.31 g O     4.082 mol O
 16.00 g O 
4.082
 4.00  mole ratio of O:P in compound B
1.020
3.063
 3.00  mole ratio of H:P in compound B
1.020
The molecular formula H3 PO4 has the correct stoichiometry as well as the
appropriate molar mass, since:
(3 1.0079)  (1 30.97)  (4 16.00)  97.99 g  mol1 .
(c) For part (a): P4 (s) + 5 O2  P4O10 (s) ; for part (b):

P4 O10 (s) + 6 H2 O(l)  4 H3 PO4 (aq) ; for part (c):

3 Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2 H3 PO4 (aq)  Ca 3 (PO4 )2 (aq) + 6 H2 O(l)

J.18 (a) The anion C6H5O is a weak base.

C6H5O(aq) + H2O(l)  C6H5OH(aq) + OH(aq)
(b) The anion ClO is a weak base.
ClO(aq) + H2O(l)  HClO(aq) + OH(aq)
(c) C5H5NH+ is a weak acid.
C5H5NH+ (aq) + H2O(l) → C5H5N(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(d) NH4+ is a weak acid.
NH4+ (aq) + H2O(l) → NH3(aq) + H3O+ (aq)

J.20 (a) M of C6H5CO2

 25.0 g NaC6 H 5CO2   1000 mL   1 mol NaC6 H 5CO2 

   
 150.0 mL  L   144.10 g NaC6 H 5CO2 
 1.16M NaC6 H 5CO2 = 1.16 M C6 H 5CO2
34 Fundamentals

(b) C6 H 5CO2  H 2O(l)  C6 H 5CO2 H(aq)  OH 

Base acid conjugate conjugate
acid base

J.22 (a) SO32-(aq) + H2O(l) → HSO3-(aq) + OH-(aq)

Acid: H2O(l); base: SO32-(aq)
HSO3-(aq) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq) + OH-(aq)
Acid: H2O(l); base: HSO3-(aq)
 1 mol K 2 SO3  2 mol K  
(b) 0.054 g    = 6.8  10-4 mol K+
 158.26 g K 2 SO3  1 mol K 2 SO3 

J.24 (a) BaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ba(OH)2(aq)

(b) Li2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2 LiOH (aq)

K.2 (a) +7; (b) +4; (c) +5; (d) +3/2 (e) +5; (f) +4

K.4 (a) +3; (b) +3; (c) +6; (d) +4; (e) +3

K.6 No reaction. Ag cannot reduce Zn2+.

K.8 (a) Cl2 (g) is reduced to Cl(aq), so the oxidation number on Cl changes

from 0 to 1−. I (aq) is oxidized to I2(aq), with the oxidation number on I

changing from 1− to 0. (b) Cl2 (g) is both oxidized to OCl (oxidation

number changes from 0 to 1+) and reduced to Cl (oxidation number

changes from 0 to 1−). A reaction in which a single substance is both
oxidized and reduced is known as a disproportionation reaction.
(c) The N atom in NO, which has a 2+ oxidation state, is oxidized up to
4+ in NO2; one O atom is reduced from 0 in O3 to 2− in NO2.

K.10 (a) Oxidizing agent: Cr2O3(s); reducing agent: Al(s)

 Fundamentals 35

(b) Oxidizing agent: N2(g); reducing agent: Li(s)

(c) Oxidizing agent: Ca3(PO4)2(s); reducing agent: C(s)

K.12 2 NaCl(s)  2 Na(s)  Cl2 (g)

Na(s) is produced by reduction, while Cl2 (g) is produced by oxidation.

K.14 (a) Sb2S3 (s)  3 Fe(s)  2Sb(s)  3FeS(s)

(b) 3BrO (aq)  BrO3- (aq)  2Br - (aq)

(c) 3 Cr2O3 (s) +13 C(s)  2Cr3C2 (s) + 9CO(g)

(d) 2PbS(s) + 3O2 (g)  2PbO(s) + 2SO2 (g)

K.16 (a) Carbon goes from 2 as CH3OH to 4+ as CO2, so C is oxidized.

Nitrogen goes from 5+ as NO3 to 0 as N2 gas, so N is reduced.
Therefore, CH3OH is a reducing agent, and NO3 is an oxidizing agent.
(b) Carbon goes from 4- as CH4 to 2+ as CO, so C is oxidized.
Hydrogen goes from 1+ as H2O to 0 as H2 gas, so H is reduced.
Therefore, CH4 is a reducing agent, and H2O is an oxidizing agent.
(c) Nitrogen goes from 5+ as KNO3 to 0 as N2 gas, so N is reduced.
Oxygen goes from 2 as KNO3 to 0 as O2 gas, so O is oxidized.
Since this is a self-dissociation reaction, KNO3 is both reducing agent
and oxidizing agent.

K.18 (a) CO(g) + H2O(g) → CO2(g) + H2(g)

Oxidizing agent: H2O(g); reducing agent: CO(g)
(b) 2 ClO2(g) + 2 O3(g) → Cl2O6(l) + 2 O2(g)
Oxidizing agent: O3(g); reducing agent: ClO2(g)
(c) Cl2(g) + 3 F2(g) → 2 ClF3(g)
Oxidizing agent: F2(g); reducing agent: Cl2(g)
36 Fundamentals

K.20 (a) SiCl4(l) + 2 H2(g)  Si(s) + 4 HCl(g); silicon tetrachloride; Si4+

(b) SnO2(s) + C(s)  Sn(l) + CO2; tin(IV) oxide; Sn4+
(c) V2O5(s) + 5 Ca(l)  2 V(s) + 5 CaO(s); vanadium(V) oxide; V5+
(d) B2O3(s) + 3 Mg(s)  2 B(s) + 3 MgO(s); boron oxide; B3+

K.22 (a) 3 N2H4(l)  4 NH3(g) + N2(g); (b) −2 in N2H4; −3 in NH3, 0 in N2;

(c) N2H4 is both oxidizing and reducing agent;
(d) Factor label (dimensional analysis) can be used to find the volume of
nitrogen.
 1000 cm3   1.004 g   1 mol 
L N 2 (g)  1.0 L N 2 H 4 (l)   3  
 1 L   1 cm   32.0 g 
 1 mol N 2   28.0 g   24 L 
   
 3 mol N 2 H 4   1 mol   28 g 
 2.5  102 L N 2 (g)

K.24 (a) H3PO3(aq)  P4O10(s), P goes from +3 to +5; need an oxidizing agent
2
(b) CH3CH2OH  CH3CH2COOH, C goes from −2 to  ; need an
3
oxidizing agent

K.26 (a) Redox. Oxidizing agent: O2 in the air; reducing agent: NH3;
(b) Precipitation reaction. Ag+(aq) + OH-(aq)  AgOH(s)
2 Ag(OH)(s)  Ag2O(s) + H2O(l)
(c) Redox. Mg(s) is the reducing agent; HCl(aq) is the oxidizing agent
(d) None of them. It is a synthesis reaction.

L.2 0.5 mol Cl2 will be produced.

L.4 (a) Tl2O3(l) + 2 BaO(s) + 3 CaO(s) + 4 CuO(s) → Tl2Ba2Ca3Cu4O12(s)

 1mol CaO   2 mol BaO 
(5.0 g CaO)     = 0.059 mol BaO
 56.08g CaO   3mol CaO 
 Fundamentals 37

 4 mol CuO   79.559 g CuO 

(b) (0.24 mol product)    = 76. g CuO
 1mol product   1mol CuO 

L.6 (a) B2 H6 (g) + 3 O2 (l)  2 HBO2 (g) + 2 H2 O(l)

 1 mol B2 H6  3 mol O2  32.00 g O2 

(257 g B2 H 6 )      892 g O2 (l)
 27.67 g B2 H 6  1 mol B2 H 6   1 mol O2 
 1 mol B2 H 6  2 mol HBO2  43.82 g HBO2 
(106 g B2 H 6 )    
(b)  27.67 g B2 H 6  1 mol B2 H 6   1 mol HBO2 
 336 g HBO2 (g)

L.8 (a) 4 KO2 (s)  2 H2 O(l)  3 O2 (g)  4 KOH(s)

 1 mol O2  4 mol KO2  71.10 g KO2 

(63.0 g O2)     = 187 g KO2
 32.00 g O2  3 mol O2  1 mol KO2 
(b) (75.0 g KO2)
 1 mol KO2  4 mol KOH   1 mol CO2   44.01 g CO2 
    
 71.10 g KO2  4 mol KO2   1 mol KOH   1 mol CO2 
= 46.4 g CO2

L.10 CO2(g) + 4 H2(g)  CH4(g) + 2 H2O(l)

 0.070g H 2   1000cm   1mole H 2 

3
Moles of H2 reacted = (2.0 L) ×  3   
 cm   1L   2.0159g H 2 
= 69. mole H2
Since 4 mol of H2 gas will produce 2 mol of water, mol of water is
 2 mol H 2O 
Produced = 69 mol H2 ×   = 35. mol H2O
 4 mol H 2 

 18.01 g H 2O  2
Mass of H2O produced = 34. mole H2O ×   = 6.1×10 g H2O
 1 mol H 2O 

L.12 NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

38 Fundamentals

 1 mol HCl  1 mol NaHCO3  84.008 g CO2 

(0.482 g HCl)    
 36.458 g HCl  1 mol HCl  1 mol NaHCO3 
= 1.11 g NaHCO3

 13.35mL  0.0152 M 
L.14 MHCl =    0.0203 M
 10.00 mL 

L.16 (a) H2 C2 O4 (aq)  2 NaOH(aq)  Na 2 C2 O4 (aq)  2 H2 O(l)

Moles of oxalic acid neutralized:
 (26.72ml)(0.327 mol  L1 )   1mol oxalic acid  -3
  ×  = 4.37 × 10 mol
 1000 mL/L   2 mol NaOH 
Concentration of oxalic acid (H2C2O4):
 4.37 103 mol oxalic acid 
  = 0.174 M oxalic acid
 0.02517 L 

 0.174 mol   90.04g oxalic acid 

(b) (0.02517 L)    = 0.394 g oxalic acid
 1L   1mol oxalic acid 

L.18 (a) H3 PO4 (aq)  3 KOH(aq)  K3 PO4 (aq)  3 H2 O(l)

Moles of KOH = (0.0100 L)(3.0 mol  L1 )  0.030 mol

0.030 mole
Concentration of diluted KOH =  0.12 mol  L1
0.250 L
Moles of OH- required = (0.0385 L)(0.12 mol  L1 )  4.6  103 mol

 1 mol H3 PO4 
(0.0046 mol KOH)    0.0015 mol H3 PO4 neutralized
 3 mol KOH 
0.0015 mol
Molarity of H3 PO4   0.15 mol  L1
0.010 L
(b) Mass of H3PO4
 (0.0015 mol H3PO4 )(97.99 g  mol 1 )  0.15 g H 3PO4

L.20 HX(aq)  NaOH(aq)  NaX(aq)  H2 O(l)

 Fundamentals 39

(0.014 56 L) (0.115 mol  L1 )  0.001 67 mol NaOH and HX

0.2037 g
 122 g  mol1
0.001 67 mol

L.22 2 AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)  Ag2CrO4 (s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Precipitate: Ag2CrO4
 1mol Ag 2CrO4   331.74 g 
mAg 2CrO4  (0.0301 L) (4.2 M) x    
 1mol K 2CrO4   1mol Ag 2CrO4 
= 42 g Ag2CrO4 (formed)

L.24 Mol I 3  (0.0101 L)(0.0521 mol  L1 )  5.26  104 mol

 5.26  104 mol I 3   1 mol vitamin C   176 g vitamin C 
   
 10.0 mL solution   1 mol I 3   1 mol vitamin C 
 100.00 mL solution 
   0.926 g vitamin C per tablet
 1 tablet 
No, the manufacturer was not truthful.

 5mole U 4  238.039 g U 4 
L.26 (0.0258 L × 0.538 molL-1 KMnO4)    4 
 2 mole KMnO4   1 mol U 
= 8.26 g

8.26
%U =  100  75.0%
11.020

L.28 Let x = number of moles of CaCl2  2 H2 O in the mixture. Then 2x moles

of water lost upon heating = 2.543 g – 2.312 g = 0.231 g, or
 1 mol H 2 O 
2 x  (0.231 g H 2 O)  
 18.02 g H 2 O 
x  6.41  103 mols
Mass of CaCl2 in the dry mixture:

 110.98 g CaCl2 
 (6.41  103 mols)    0.711 g CaCl2
 1 mol CaCl2 
40 Fundamentals

Therefore, the original sample consisted of (0.711 + 0.231) g = 0.942 g

CaCl2  2H 2O and (2.543 − 0.942)g = 1.601 g KCl.

 0.942 g CaCl2  2 H 2 O 
   100  37.1% CaCl2  2 H 2 O
 2.543 g original mixture 
 1.601 g KCl 
   100  62.9% KCl
 2.543 g original mixture 

L.30 K2 CrO4 (aq)  2 AgNO3 (aq)  Ag2 CrO4 (s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

 0.5 mol K 2 CrO4 

25.0 mL    0.0125 mol K 2 CrO4
 1000 mL solution 
Since the reaction requires 2 mol of AgNO3 for every one mol of

K 2 CrO4 , the concentration of the AgNO3 solution is:

 2 mol AgNO3 
 0.0125 mol K 2 CrO4   
 1 mol K 2 CrO4   1000 mL   1.67 M
 
15.0 mL AgNO3 (aq)  1L 
NaCl(aq)  AgNO3 (aq)  AgCl(s)+NaNO3 (aq)
g NaCl = (45.0 mL AgNO3)
 1.67 mol AgNO3  1 mol NaCl  58.44 g NaCl 
×     = 4.39 g NaCl
 1000 mL AgNO3  1 mol AgNO3  1 mol NaCl 

 3 CO molecules   2 C atoms 
L.32 (a) 600. Fe2O3 form. units ×    
 1 Fe2O3 form. unit   2 CO molecules 
= 1.80 × 103 C atoms

 1000kg   1000 g   1 mol Fe   3 mol CO2 

(b) (1.0 t Fe) ×        
 1t   1 kg   55.84 g Fe   2 mol Fe 

 44.01 g CO2   1.0 L CO2 

×   ×   = 9.5 x 105 L
 1mol CO2   1.25 g CO2 
(c) 9.5 × 105 L × (67.9%) = 6.5 × 105 L CO2 (released)
 Fundamentals 41

 1000 g   1 mol Fe   3 mol CO 

(d) (5.00 kg Fe) ×      
 1 kg   55.84 g Fe   2 mol Fe 

 1 mol O2   32 g O2 
×     = 2.15 × 103 g =2.15 kg
 2 mol CO   1 mol O2 

L.34 (a) SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq)

H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
 1 mol H 2SO4 
Moles of H2SO4 = (0.01754 L)(0.100 M)  
 2 mol NaOH 
= 8.77 × 10-4 mol
 1 mol S   32.06 g S 
(b) 8.77  104 mol H 2SO4    = 0.0281 g S
 1 mol H SO   1 mol S 
 2 4 

0.0281 g S
 100  0.329%
8.54 g fuel

L.36 To prepare 100.0 mL of 0.0750 M AgNO3 solution, the total mass of

 169.88 g 
AgNO3 will be: (0.1000 L)(0.0750M) ×   =1.27 g AgNO3
 1mol AgNO3 
The mass of AgNO3 the student pipeted:
 169.88 g 
(0.0500 L)(0.0500M) ×   = 0.425 g AgNO3
 1mol AgNO3 
Mass of solid AgNO3 must be added: 1.27 g – 0.425 g = 0.85 g

 1mol H 
L.38 (a) Mol H = 0.224 g ×   = 0.222 mol H
 1.008 g H 

 1 mol C 
Mol C = 2.67 g ×   = 0.222 mol C
 12.01 g C 

 1mol O 
Mol O = (10.0 - 2.67 – 0.224) g ×   = 0.444 mol O
 16 g O 
Mol ratio C:H:O = 1:1:2  empirical formula: CHO2
42 Fundamentals

 1mol acid 
(b) Moles of unknown acid: (0.0500 L)(0.040M)  
 2 mol NaOH 
=1.00 × 10-3 mol

 0.0900g 
Molecular mass of unknown acid:  3  = 90 g/mol
 1.00×10 mol 
Empirical mass: 45 g/mol; therefore, the molecular formula: C2H2O4.
(c) H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

L.40 (a) Mass of the oxide: 27.75g – 26.32g = 1.43 g

 1mol Cu 
Moles of Cu: (1.27 g Cu)   = 0.0200 mol Cu
 63.55 g Cu 

 1mol O 
Moles of O: (1.43 - 1.27)   = 0.0100 mol O
 16.00 g O 
Dividing by 0.0100: 2 Cu:1 O; The empirical formula is Cu2O
(b) Name: copper(I) oxide.

L.42 Since the chemist has to calculate the percentage mass of iron in the
sample, the identity of the insoluble solid must be known, because it is
essential to make sure that the insoluble solid does not contain iron.
Therefore, the information in (a), (b), and (c) must be known by the
chemist before the percentage of iron can be reported. If the insoluble
solid does not contain iron, the mass of the insoluble solid will not affect
the mass percentage of iron.

M.2 Theoretical yield of V =

 1000 g   1 mol V2O5   2 mol V   50.94 g 

150.0 kg V2O5      
 1 kg   181.88 g   1 mol V2O5   1 mol V 
 8.40  104 g V  84.0 kg V

Percentage yield of V = (36.7 kg/84.0 kg) × 100 = 43.7%

 Fundamentals 43

M.4 P4 (s) + 6 Cl2 (g)  4 PCl3 (g)

Theoretical yield:
 1 mol P4  4 mol PCl3  137.32 g PCl3 
(49.91 g P4)     = 221.3 g PCl3
 123.88 g P4  1 mol P4  1 mol PCl 3 
Actual yield:
180.5 g PCl3
 100% = 81.56%
221.3 g PCl3

M.6 (a) The reaction ratio of N2H4 to ClF3 is 3:4; therefore, 12 mol of N2H4
need 16 mol of ClF3. So excess reactant is N2H4.
(b) Since ClF3 is limiting, all of the products are generated according to
ClF3. 36 moles of HF, 9 moles of N2, and 6 moles of Cl2 will be
produced. 3 moles of N2H4 will remain unreacted.

M.8 (a) Al2O3(s) + 3 C(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 AlCl3(s) + 3 CO(g)

(b) (185. kg Al2O3)
 1000 g  1 mol Al 2O3  2 mol AlCl 3  133.33 g AlCl 3 
    
 1 kg  101.96 g Al 2O3  1 mol Al 2O3  1 mol AlCl 3 
= 4.84  105 g AlCl3 = 484 kg AlCl3

 1000 g  1 mol C  2 mol AlCl 3  133.33 g AlCl 3 

(25.0 kg C)     
 1 kg  12.01 g C  3 mol C  1 mol AlCl 3 
= 1.85  105 g AlCl3 = 185 kg AlCl3

 1000 g  1 mol Cl2  2 mol AlCl 3  133.33 g AlCl 3 

(100. kg Cl2)     
 1 kg  70.90 g Cl2  3 mol Cl2  1 mol AlCl 3 
= 1.25  105 g AlCl3 = 125 kg AlCl3
Cl2(g) is limiting. 125 kg AlCl3 can be produced theoretically.

M.10 (a) 2 Co3+(aq) + 3 S2-(aq)  Co2S3(s)

Maximum mass of Co2S3(s) that can be produced depends on available
44 Fundamentals

Na2S:
 1 mol Na 2S  1 mol Co 2S3   214.06 g Co 2S 3 
(3.00 g Na2S)    
 78.04 g Na 2S  3 mol Na 2S   1 mol Co 2S 3 
= 2.74 g Co2S3(s)
Maximum mass of Co2S3(s) that can be produced depends on available
Co(NO3)3:
Moles of available Co(NO3)3 =

 0.620 mole Co( NO3 )3 

(0.0650 L)    0.0403 mole Co  NO3 3
 1L 

Maximum mass of Co2S3:

 1 mol Co2 S3   214.06 g Co2 S3 
(0.0403 mole Co(NO3)3) ×   
 2 mol Co( NO3 )3   1 mol Co2 S3 
= 4.31g Co2S3
Therefore, Na2S is the limiting reactant, and the maximum mass of Co2S3
can be produced is 2.74 g.
An alternative way to solve this problem as follows:
The moles of Co(NO3)3 required to react with 3.00 g Na2S:
 1 mol Na 2S   2 mol Co(NO3 )3 
(3.00 g Na2S)   
 78.04 g Na 2S   3 mol Na 2S 
= 0.0256 mole Co(NO3)3
Because 0.0403 mol Co(NO3)3 is present, Na2S is the limiting reactant.
The maximum Co2S3 production can be calculated based on 3.00
g Na2S:
 1 mol Na 2S  1 mol Co2S3   214.06 g Co2S3 
(3.00 g Na2S)    
 78.04 g Na 2S  3 mol Na 2S   1 mol Co2S3 
= 2.74 g Co2S3(s)

M.12 (a) 3 FeO(s)  2 Al(l)  3 Fe(l) + Al2 O3 (s)

 1 mol FeO  2 mol Al  26.98 g Al 

(12.375 g FeO)     = 3.098 g Al
 71.84 g FeO  3 mol FeO  1 mol Al 
 Fundamentals 45

Because 6.144 g Al is present, the limiting reagent is FeO.

(b) Because 1 mol Fe is produced per mole of FeO, the amount of Fe
production will be the same as the amount of FeO:
1 mol FeO
(12.375 g FeO)  = 0.1722 mol FeO = 0.1722 mol Fe
71.84 g FeO
(c) Al is present in excess. 6.144g – 3.098g = 3.046 g Al will
remain.

M.14 (a) 2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)

 1mol H 2 
1.0 g H2 ×   = 0.50 mol H2
 2.0158 g 

 2 mol H 2 
1.0 mol O2 ×   = 2.0 mol H2 (required)
 1mol O2 
As the available amount of H2 is smaller than required amount of H2, H2
is limiting. The maximum moles of H2O that can be produced:
 2 mol H 2O 
0.50 mol H2 ×   = 0.50 mol H2O
 2 mol H 2 

(b) 30 O2 molecules require 60 H2 molecules to react with, which is

smaller than 100 H2 molecules. O2 is limiting reagent.
Maximum number of H2O molecules being produced is 60.

M.16 (a)
3 CuSO4  5 H2 O(s)  2 PH3 (g)  Cu3 P2 (s)  3 H2SO4 (aq) + 15 H2 O(l)

(b) CuSO4  5 H2 O copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate; PH3 phosphine;

Cu 3 P2 copper(II) phosphide; H 2SO4 sulfuric acid; H 2 O water

4.94 g(0.85)
(c)  0.1235 mol PH3 present, therefore
33.994 g  mol1
 3 mol CuSO 4  5 H 2 O 
0.1235 mol PH3  
 2 mol PH3 
= 0.1853 mol CuSO4  5 H 2 O needed
46 Fundamentals

0.110  103 g
 0.4406 mol CuSO4  5 H 2 O present
249.68 g  mol1
>0.1853 mol needed
PH3 is the limiting reagent; CuSO4  5H 2O is present in excess.
(d) Mass of Cu3P2
 1 mol Cu 3P2   252.56 g Cu 3P2 
 0.1235 mol PH 3    (0.0631)
 2 mol PH 3   1 mol Cu 3P2 
 0.984 g Cu 3P2

M.18 H2Aˊ + 2 XOH  2 H2O + X2Aˊ

 1.20 g H 2 A'  −3
 168 g  mol 1  = 7.14 × 10 mol H2Aˊ
 
 1.00 g XOH 
 1 
= 8.00 × 10−3 mol XOH
 125 g  mol 
Moles of XOH required to react with 7.14 × 10−3 mol H2Aˊ:
 2 mol XOH 
7.14 × 10−3 mol H2Aˊ ×   = 0.0143 mol XOH
 1 mol H 2A 
0.0143 mol XOH required > 8.00 × 10−3 mol XOH present; XOH is
limiting reagent.
Molar mass of X2Aˊ = 2(125−17) + (168−2) = 382 g·mol−1
 0.985 g X 2 A' 
 1 
= 2.58 × 10−3 mol X2Aˊ produced
 382g  mol 
Theoretical yield (based on the limiting reagent, XOH):
 1 mol X 2 A' 
0.00800 mole XOH ×   = 0.00400 mol X2Aˊ
 2 mole XOH 
 2.58 × 10-3 mol X 2 A' 
Percentage yield:  -3  × 100% = 64.5%
 4.00×10 mol X 2 A' 
 Fundamentals 47

 1 mol CO 2   1 mol C 
M.20 (1.072 g CO 2 )     0.024 36 mol C
 44.01 g CO2   1 mol CO 2 
 12.01 g C 
(0.024 36 mol C)   =0.2926 g C
 1 mol C 
 1 mol H 2 O   2 mol H 
(0.307 g H 2 O)     0.0341 mol H
 18.02 g H 2 O   1 mol H 2 O 
(0.0341 mol H) (1.0079 g  mol 1 H)  0.0343 g H
 1 mol N 2   2 mol N 
(0.068 g N 2 )     0.0049 mol N
 28.02 g N 2   1 mol N 2 
(0.0049 mol N) (14.01 g  mol1 N)  0.068 g N
Dividing each amount by 0.0049 gives C:H:N ratios = 5.0:7.0:1.0.
The empirical formula is C5 H7 N. The molecular mass is 162 g  mol1 .

Its empirical formula mass is 81 g  mol1 .

Molecular formula  2  empirical formula  C10 H14 N2

2 C10 H14 N2 (s)  27 O2 (g)  20 CO2 (g)  14 H2 O(l)  2 N2 (g)

 1mol CO2 
M.22 1.32 g CO2 ×   = 0.0300 mol CO2 = 0.0300 mole C
 44.01 g 

 12.01 g C 
Mass of C: 0.0300 mol   = 0.360 g C
 1mol C 

 1mol H 2O 
0.631 g H2O ×   = 0.0350 mol H2O = 0.0700 mol H
 18.02 g 

 1.008 g H 
Mass of H: 0.0700 mol   = 0.0706 g H
 1 mol H 
Possible mass of I: (1.70 – 0.360 – 0.0706) = 1.27 g I
Possible percentage of I in the sample:
 1.27 
I% =   × 100 = 74.7%
 1.70 
Mass of I in 1.15 g PbI2:
48 Fundamentals

 1mole PbI 2   2 mol I   126.90g 

1.15 g PbI2 ×     = 0.63 g I
 461g   1mol PbI 2   1mol I 
 0.63 
I% =   × 100 = 74.1%
 0.85 
Since the percentages of I are the same and the total percentage is equal
100% from the first set of data, there is no oxygen in the compound.
 1mol I 
Moles of I: 1.27 g I ×   = 0.01 mol I
 126.90 g 
Mole ratio: C:H:I = 0.03:0.07:0.01 = 3:7:1
Empirical formula: C3H7I

M.24 4 HCl(aq)  MnO2 (s)  2 H2 O(l)  MnCl2 (s)+Cl2 (g)

 1 mol MnO2  1 mol Cl2  70.90 g Cl2 

(a) (42.7 g MnO2 )    
 86.94 g MnO2  1 mol MnO2  1 mol Cl2 
 34.8 g Cl2

 0.100 mol HCl   1 mol Cl2   70.90 g Cl2  1L 

(b) (0.300 L)      
 1.00 L  4 mol HCl   1 mol Cl2  3.17 g Cl2 
 0.168 L Cl2
0.150 L
(c)  100  89.3%
0.168 L

M.26 First calculate the theoretical percentages of C and H for C14 H20 O2 N and

C2 H2 Cl4 .

For C14 H20 O2 N :

14(12.01 g  mol 1 )
%C   100%  71.76% C
(234.31 g  mol 1 )

20(1.0079 g  mol 1 )
%H   100%  8.60% H
(234.31 g  mol 1 )

For C2 H2 Cl4 :
 Fundamentals 49

2(12.01 g  mol 1 )
%C   100%  14.31% C
(167.84 g  mol 1 )

2(1.0079 g  mol 1 )
%H   100%  1.20% H
(167.84 g  mol 1 )

If x = mass of C14 H20 O2 N and y = mass of C2 H2 Cl4 in the sample, the

total masses of C and H can be expressed thus:
mC  0.7176 x  0.1431y
mH  0.0860 x  0.0120 y
The analysis results give these relationships for a 100-g sample:
68.50 g C  0.7176 x  0.1431y
8.18 g H  0.0860 x  0.0120 y
Solving these two equations in two unknowns by rearranging and
substitution:
x  94.32
y  5.69

Therefore, the purity by mass of the C14 H20 O2 N is 94.32%.

M.28 Determine the number of moles of each element present in the compound
then find their ratios to get the subscripts for the empirical formula.
0.055 g Cl
-1
 1.55  103 mol Cl
35.453 g  mol

0.0682 g CO2
 1.55  103 mol CO2 =mol C
44.0 g  mol-1

0.0140 g H 2 O
-1
 7.78  104 mol H 2 O=1.56  103 mol H
18.01 g  mol
0.100 g compound
 12.0 g C 1.0079 g H 
  0.055 g Cl +1.55  10-3 mol   1.55  10-3 mol  
 mol mol 
 0.0247 g O
 1 mol  3

16.00 g   1.55  10 mol O
 
50 Fundamentals

The mole ratio is 1:1:1:1, so the empirical formula is CHOCl.

As 0.100 g of the compound contains 1.55 × 10−3 moles of each element,
0.100 g
its molar mass is -3
= 64.52 g  mol 1 . The molar mass of the
1.55 × 10 mol
empirical formula is 64.47 g∙mol−1, so the molecular formula is CHOCl.