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ICEMCE 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

Research on Single Phase Frequency Locking Technology

Based on Second Order Generalized Integrator

Kai Wang1,2, Huijuan Zhao3, Jingtao Huang1, Jingxian Yang1,2, Shengguo Zhang1,
and Lei Li4
1
College of Electrical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030,
China
2
College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
3
Jiyuan Vocational and Technical College, Jiyuan 459000, China
4
Sanxi Electric Power Engineering CO., LTD., Taiyuan 030000, China
E-mail:63322567@qq.com

Abstract. New energy generation has the characteristics of nonlinearity, randomness and
fluctuation, which may cause many kinds of power quality problems, such as harmonics,
voltage fluctuation, frequency offset and phase jump, so synchronization technology under
disturbance becomes one of the key factors. At present, there are many summaries about
three-phase phase-locked loop (PLL), three-phase frequency-locked loop (FLL) and
single-phase PLL, but few summaries about single-phase FLL. Therefore, single-phase FLL
based on second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) is summarized in this paper, including
SOGI-FLL, cascaded SOGI-FLL (CSOGI-FLL) and multiple SOGI-FLL (MSOGI-FLL).The
simulation models are established in Matlab/Simulink. The performance of FLLs are compared
with square error integral index (ISE), maximum frequency deviation and adjusting time in
ideal condition, voltage sag condition, frequency offset condition, phase jump condition, the
amplitude of fluctuation is used to compare the four PLLs under harmonic condition. The
application scopes of different FLLs are summarized to flexible selection in actual working
condition.

1.Introduction
New energy generation system has the characteristics of non-linearity, randomness and fluctuation.
Many kinds of power quality problems [1], such as harmonic, voltage fluctuation, frequency offset and
phase jump, are emerge, so synchronization technology under disturbance becomes one of the key
factors for the uninterrupted operation of new energy sources [2]. Among the commonly used
synchronization technologies, FLL has better robustness and real-time performance than zero-crossing
comparison and PLL [3], so characteristic of FLL needs research. The principle, parameter design and
tracking performance of single-phase PLL under perturbation are researched in [4]. Orthogonal
methods and enhanced filtering methods are listed in [5] and the influence of SRF-PLL, EPLL, QPLL
and DSOGI-PLL on the output current harmonics of inverters is studied in background harmonics. The
implementation complexity and synchronization performance of SRF-PLL, EPLL, DSRF-SPLL and
DSOGI-FLL under non-fault and fault conditions are compared in [6]. The principles of DSOGI-FLL,
CSOGI-FLL and ROR-FLL are analyzed, the transient performance is compared, and the advantages,
disadvantages and application scope are given in [7]. SOGI-FLL, LKF-FLL, CBF-FLL and CLO-FLL
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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ICEMCE 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

are compared and the advantages and disadvantages are pointed out in [8]. The harmonic disturbance
performance, transient performance and stability of single-phase SOGI-FLL and CSOG-FLL are
compared in [9]. Reference [10] compares SOGI-FLL with MSOGI-FLL, and MSOGI-FLL is
sensitive to unknown frequency, super-synchronous inter-harmonics and sub-synchronous
inter-harmonics. The single phase PLL, three-phase PLL and three-phase FLL have been summarized
and studied, while the single-phase FLL lacks of summary.
This paper describes the principles of SOGI-FLL, CSOGI-FLL and MSOGI-FLL, deduces the
mathematical model. Then simulation models are built based on MATLAB/Simulink. The
performances of FLLs are compared under ideal condition, voltage sag condition, frequency offset
condition, phase jump condition and harmonic condition. Finally, the application scope of different
FLLs is summarized.

2.Principle and mathematical model

2.1.SOGI
Figure 1 is the block diagram of SOGI, u is input signal, v and qv are output signals, ω is the angular
frequency of u,   is the angular frequency of SOGI. The closed-loop transfer function is
 v( s ) k s
 D( s ) = u ( s ) = s 2 + k s +  2

 qv( s ) k  2
Q( s ) = = 2 (1)
 u ( s ) s + k s +  2
  (s) s 2 +  2
 E ( s )= = 2
 u ( s ) s + k s +  2
Bode diagram of SOGI is shown in Figure 2.
Phase (deg) Mag (dB)

0
-20
u v -40 D(s)
k 1 s Q(s)
-60
 0 E(s)

qv -180
1 s -360 1
10 10 2 10 3 10 4
Frequency (rad/sec)
Figure 1. Block diagram of SOGI. Figure 2. Bode diagram of SOGI.
D(s) is a second-order bandpass filter, the bandwidth is set by gain k and the center frequency is   ,
the output is the central frequency section of input. Q(s) is a second order lowpass filter, the output can
obtain 90 degree information lagging input signal. E(s) is a second order bandstop filter. Therefore, the
main functions of SOGI are pre-filtering and constructing orthogonal signals, v has same phase with u,
and qv is orthogonal to u.

2.2.SOGI-FLL
SOGI-FLL is adopted for improving the real-time performance, robustness and simplicity of
synchronous signals [11]. Figure 3 is the block diagram of SOGI-FLL, SOGI acts as bandpass filter, -γ
realizes negative feedback Control,   is fed back to SOGI to realize frequency adaptive adjustment.
u qv
FLL ω0
SOGI v Δf Δω
ε -γ 1 s
ω'
Figure 3. Block diagram of SOGI-FLL.

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ICEMCE 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

2.3.CSOGI-FLL
There are two kinds of FLL using cascade form, CSOGIv-FLL uses in-phase signal v1 [12] and
CSOGIqv-FLL uses orthogonal signal qv1 [13]. Figure 4 and Figure 5 are the block diagram. CSOGI
consists of two-stage filters and FLL.
v1 v2 v1 v2
u SOGI qv1 SOGI qv2 u SOGI qv1 SOGI qv2
1 2 ω' 1 2 ω'
ε1 ε2 FLL ε1 ε 2
FLL
CSOGIv CSOGIqv

Figure 4. Block diagram of SOGI. Figure 5. Block diagram of SOGI.

The transfer function of CSOGIv and CSOGIqv are

 qv2 k1 s  k2 2  qv k 2  k 2
 2
Q ( s ) = =  Q3 ( s ) = 2 = 2
 u ( s + k1 s +   )
2 2 2
 u ( s + k s +  2 ) 2
SOGIv：  S OGIqv： (2)
 E ( s) =  2 = k1 s  ( s +   )  E ( s ) =  2 = k   ( s +   )
2 2 2 2 2

 2 u ( s 2 + k1 s +  2 ) 2  3 u s 2 + k1 s +  2


Figure 6 is bode diagram of CSOGIv. Figure 7 is bode diagram of CSOGIqv.

0 -20dB/dec 0
Phase (deg) Mag(dB)
Phase (deg) Mag(dB)

-20dB/dec -40dB/dec
-60dB/dec
-100 -100
-80dB/dec
-200 -200
0 E2(s) Q2(s) E2(s) Q2(s)
-180
-180 -360
-360 CSOGIv CSOGIqv
-540 0
100 101 102 103 104 10 101 102 103 104
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Figure 6. Bode diagram of CSOGIv. Figure 7. Bode diagram of CSOGIqv.
From Figure 6 and Figure 7, CSOGIv has sub-synchronous filtering function, and CSOGIqv has
better filter function of super-synchronous.

2.4.MSOGI-FLL
Figure 8 is block diagram of MSOGI-FLL, which consists of MSOGI filter and SOGI1-FLL. Di is the
transfer function from u to vi, the transfer function of MSOGI is deduced as
n

v1  (1 − Di )
= i =2 (3)
u 1 −  n Di D j +  n 2 Di D j Dk −
i j i  j , j  k ,i  k

Figure 9 is bode diagram of MSOGI, which shows that specific frequency harmonics (3th, 5th and
7th) are eliminated.

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ICEMCE 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

ω1 SOGI1-FLL
v3' v5' vn' v1' qv '

Phase (deg) Mag(dB)

' 0
u 1 ω1
v1 SOGI-1 FLL
'
-20
ε1 v1/u
v1' v5' vn' 3ω1' -40
. v3 SOGI-2 v3'
. 0
. vn-2' ' nω 1
v1' v3' -90
vn'
vn SOGI-n 100 101
102 103 104
MSOGI f(Hz)
Figure 8. Block diagram of SOGI. Figure 9. Bode diagram of MSOGI.

3.Performance comparison
Simulation models are built in MATLAB/Simulink, and parameters are shown in Table 1. To simplify
the representation, A stands for SOGI-FLL, B1 stands for CSOGIv-FLL, B2 stands for
CSOGIqv-FLL, and C stands for MSOGI-FLL. In order to evaluate the performance of four FLLs,
maximum frequency deviation f max defines as maximum frequency minus minimum frequency,
The moment when frequency error equals 0.01Hz is defined as adjusting time t s , Integral Squared

Error (ISE) is defines as ISE =  e2 (t )dt [14]. If ISE is bounded, which means FLL can lock
0

frequency accurately, the smaller the ISE value is, the better the performances are.
Table 1. Simulation parameters.
SOGI-FLL CSOGI-FLL MSOGI-FLL
k= 2 , γ=49 348 k1=k2= 2 , γ=23 943 ki= 2 i , γ=49 348

3.1. Ideal voltage

Figure 10 is the starting waveform of FLLs under ideal grid voltage. Figure 11 shows the performance
indicators. Four FLLs can lock frequency without deviation under ideal grid voltage. SOGI-FLL has
the smallest starting frequency deviation, MSOGI-FLL has the shortest adjust time, and SOGI-FLL
has the best ISE index.

3.2.Voltage sag
Figure 12 is the waveform of FLLs when voltage sags 0.1pu at 0.02s. Figure 13 shows the
performance indicators. Four FLLs can lock frequency without deviation under voltage sags.
CSOGIv-FLL has the smallest frequency deviation, MSOGI-FLL has the shortest adjust time, and the
ISE index of CSOGIv-FLL is the best.
50 f m ax ts ISE
40 A
SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL
f/Hz

30 B1
50
B2
40
CSOGIqv-FLL MSOGI-FLL C
30
0 0.1 0.2 t/s 0.1 0.2 0 50 0 0.1 0 4 8

Figure 10. Ideal condition. Figure 11. Indicators under ideal condition.

4
ICEMCE 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

f m ax ts ISE
50
49.6 A
SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL
f/Hz

B1
50
B2
49.6 CSOGIqv-FLL MSOGI-FLL
0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 C
t/s 0 0.6 0 1 x 10-3
0.06 0
Figure 12. Voltage sag. Figure 13. Indicators when voltage sag.

3.3. Frequency offset

Figure 14 is the waveform of FLLs when the frequency of grid voltage changes from 50Hz to 49Hz at
0.02s. Figure 15 is the main performance indicator. Four FLLs can lock frequency without deviation
under frequency offset. SOGI-FLL has the smallest frequency offset, MSOGI-FLL has the shortest
adjust time, and MSOGI-FLL ISE index is the best.
50 SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL
f m ax ts ISE

49 A
f/Hz

50 CSOGIqv-FLL MSOGI-FLL B1
B2
49
0 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 C
t/s 0 0.08 0 0.06 0 0.01 0.02
Figure 14. Frequency Offset. Figure 15. Indicators when Frequency Offset.

3.4.Phase jump
Figure 16 is the waveforms of FLLs when the phase jumps 30° at 0.02s. Figure 17 is the main
performance indicator. Four FLLs can lock frequency without deviation under phase jump.
CSOGIv-FLL has the smallest frequency deviation, SOGI-FLL has the shortest adjust time, and the
ISE index of SOGI-FLL is the best.
58 SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL f m ax ts ISE
54
A
50
f/Hz

58 CSOGIqv-FLL MSOGI-FLL B1
54 B2
50
0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 C
t/s 0 6 0 0.06 0 0.5

Figure 16. Phase jump. Figure 17. Indicators when phase jump.

3.5.Harmonic
DC is regarded as 0th harmonic by using the concept of generalized harmonic, so harmonics can be
divided into DC offset, sub-synchronous inter-harmonic, low-order harmonic, low-order
inter-harmonic and high-order harmonic. Under harmonic condition, the waveform of FLL fluctuates
and ISE is not a finite value, so the amplitude of fluctuation is used to compare the four PLLs.

5
ICEMCE 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

3.5.1. DC offset
Figure 18 shows the waveform of FLLs when 0.1pu DC is injected into the grid voltage at 0.02s. Four
FLLs have frequency fluctuations with DC offset, and CSOGIv-FLL has smallest frequency
fluctuation.

3.5.2. Sub-synchronous inter-harmonics

Figure 19 shows the waveforms of FLLs when 0.5th 0.1pu harmonic is injected into the grid voltage at
0.02s. Four FLLs have frequency fluctuations with Sub-synchronous inter-harmonics, and
CSOGIv-FLL has the smallest fluctuation, because pre-filters of four FLLs have different slope at the
sub-synchronous frequency.
51 0.1pu 0th 52 0.1pu 0.5th
50 50
49 48

f/Hz
f/Hz

SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL

51 52
50 50
49 48
0 CSOGIqv-FLL 0.2 MSOGI-FLL 0.2 0 0.2
CSOGIqv-FLLMSOGI-FLL 0.2
t/s t/s
Figure 18. DC offset. Figure 19. Sub-synchronous inter-harmonic.

3.5.3. Low-order harmonics

Figure20 shows the waveform of FLLs when 3th 0.1pu harmonic is injected into the grid voltage at
0.02s. Four FLLs have frequency fluctuations with low-order harmonics, and the fluctuation
amplitudes are different. MSOGI-FLL has the smallest fluctuation, because MSOGI-FLL has
cross-cancellation to suppress low-order harmonics.

3.5.4. Low-order inter harmonic and high-order harmonic

Figure 21 and Figure 22 show the waveforms of FLLs when 3.5th 0.1pu and 13th, 0.1pu harmonic are
injected into the grid voltage separately at 0.02s. Four FLLs have frequency fluctuations, and
CSOGIqv-FLL has smallest frequency fluctuation.
50.5 0.1pu 3th
50
49.5
f/Hz

SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL
50.5
50
49.5 CSOGIqv-FLL
0 0.2 MSOGI-FLL 0.2
t/s
Figure 20. Low order harmonic.
50.5 0.1pu 3.5th 50.2 0.1pu 13th
50 50
49.5 49.8
f/Hz
f/Hz

SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL

50.5 50.2
50 50
49.5 49.8
0 CSOGIqv-FLL 0.2 MSOGI-FLL 0.2 0 CSOGIqv-FLL 0.2 MSOGI-FLL 0.2
t/s t/s
Figure 21. Low order inter-harmonic. Figure 22. High order harmonic.

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ICEMCE 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

4.Summary
The results of section 3 are summarized, and table 2 is application scope of four FLLs. FLL can be
selected according to the actual working conditions of single phase power grid.
Table 2. Application scope of FLL.
SOGI-FLL CSOGIv-FLL CSOGqv-FLL MSOGI-FLL
Ideal voltage Voltage sag High-order harmonic frequency offset
Phase jump DC offset Super-synchronous inter-harmonics Low order harmonics

5. Conclusion
This paper introduces the basic principles of SOGI-FLL, CSOGIv-FLL, CSOGIqv-FLL and
MSOGI-FLL. Simulation models are built in MATLAB/Simulink. ISE index is used to comparing the
frequency locking performance under ideal conditions, voltage sag conditions, frequency offset
conditions and phase jump conditions. Fluctuation amplitude is used to comparing the frequency
locking performance under harmonic condition. The simulation results show that:
(1) SOGI-FLL is suitable for ideal condition and phase jump condition.
(2) CSOGIv-FLL is suitable for voltage sag condition and DC bias condition.
(3) CSOGqv-FLL is suitable for high-harmonics and super-synchronous inter-harmonics condition.
(4) MSOGI-FLL is suitable for frequency offset condition and low-order harmonics condition.
(5) Four kinds of FLLs are not suitable for large sub-synchronous inter-harmonics.
(6) FLL can be selected according to the actual working conditions of single-phase power grid.

Acknowledgments
The research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(31920170018 and 31920170013).

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1314 (2019) 012046 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1314/1/012046

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